Annual report of the Commissioner-General of Immigration

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U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
BUREAU OF IMMIGRATION

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

COMMISSIONER GENERAL
OF IMMIGRATION

TO THE SECRETARY OF LABOR

FISCAL YEAR
ENDED JUNE 30

1914

WASHINGTON

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFHCE

I9J5

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR

BUREAU OF IMMIGRATION

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

COMMISSIONER GENERAL
OF IMMIGRATION

TO THE SECRETARY OF LABOR

^

FISCAL YEAR
ENDED JUNE 30

1914

WASHINGTON

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

1915

A

REPORT

COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

U. S. Department of Labor,

Bureau of Immigration,

Washington, July 1, 1914.
Sir : There is herewith submitted the annual report of the Bureau
of Immigration for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1914. The detailed
tables and data, including the reports of commissioners and inspectors
in charge of the several immigration districts, are annexed hereto.
In addition wiU be found the report of ex-Commissioner General
T. V. Powderly, now Chief of the Division of Information; that of
Mrs. Kate Waller Barrett, special agent of the bureau, coverhig
special investigations in Europe; and a report filed by Mr. W. W.
Husband, special immigrant inspector, regarding immigration from
eastern Europe, each document containing important information
and valuable suggestions on the subjects treated. The reports of
the commissioners and inspectors in charge, as well as those made by
Mr. Powdeily, Mrs. Barrett, and Mr. Husband, are inserted for
general information.

ADMISSIONS AND REJECTIONS.

Immigration, judged from the results of the year, has apparently
reached the million mark permanently, and unless some affirmative
action is taken by the Federal Government to restrict it, or steps are
taken by European and other nations to reduce the steady stream of
persons leaving the various countries of the Old World, we need
hardly expect that the number annually entering the United States
wiU hereafter fall far below 1,000,000. During the last fiscal year
1,218,480 souls have immigrated to the United States, 20,588 more
than were shown for the previous year and only 66,869 less than the
total shown for 1907, the banner year in immigi^ation. Comparison
of the record of emigrating aliens with that of immigrating aliens
shows that 633,805 left the United States, so that the net increase in
population by the immigration was 769,276. It was 815,303 in 1913
and 401,863 in 1912.

the immigrant fund.

I discussed the "Immigrant fund" in some detail in my report for
1913 (pp. 30-44), and need not dwell upon the matter here further
than to reiterate what was then said and again to suggest that the
money collected from the ahens as head tax should be used (1) to
protect the people of the United States from the evils of unregulated
or insufficiently regulated immigration; (2) to provide protection and

3

4 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

comfort for alien immigrants; and (3) to relieve the various States
of the burden of maintaining aliens in their public institutions and
the communities of the menace of having in their midst the criminal
and immoral classes. The immigration act of 1907, like all previous
immigration laws, contemplated that the funds collected as head tax
on aliens should be kept intact and used in the enforcement of the
law. In Ime with this policy — adherence to which is recommended —
moneys collected from immigrants have by direction of the legislative
branch of the Federal Government been employed in enforcing Chi-
nese and other exclusion laws and agreements. Formerly, however,
Congress made annual appropriations up to $500,000 for the enforce-
ment of the Chinese-exclusion laws, but it later concluded that those
expenses should be drawn from the immigrant fund, and still later,
when that fund was abolished, the annual appropriation for the gen-
eral support of the Immigration Service was drawn upon and still
continues to meet this expense. The consequence is that the Chinese
and other exclusion laws and agreements, as well as the general immi-
gration act, are not being enforced to the extent they should be in
order to accomplish the objects in view when the same were enacted
and agreed upon by the law-making power.

There may be no objection, of course, to the payment of the ex-
penses of enforcing the exclusion laws out of the immigration appro-
priation, but the one appropriation should be made large enough to
meet the purposes in view from the standpoint of aU the laws govern-
ing this bureau in order to fully meet all conditions that may arise.
Sufficient flexibility should exist in such appropriation laws to aUow
the bureau to meet emergencies constantly arising and to use its
funds to the best and most economical ends.

As to the effectiveness of the law in selecting immigrants, it should
be observed that the bureau was able, even with the equipment at
hand, to exclude from the country 33,041 ahens, wliich was 2.3 per
cent of the number (1,436,122) applying for admission; in other
words, the debarments are 6G§ per cent greater for 1914 than for
1913. These w^ere excluded mainly on the following grounds:
Likely to become a public charge, 15,745; afflicted with physical or
mental defects affectmg abihty to earn a living, 6,537; afnicted with
tuberculosis or with contagious diseases, 3,257; afflicted with serious
mental defects, 1,274; and contract laborers, 2,793.

To do the work represented by the results above briefly indicated
and shown in more detail hereinafter, and in addition enforce the
Chinese and other exclusion laws, which without doubt are among the
most difficult statutes to enforce with even a reasonable degree of
effectiveness, the bureau was allowed appropriations aggregating
$2,645,000. It has been possible to accomplish so much as has been
done oifly because the employees of the bureau at Washington and
throughout the country have been working constantly and earnestly
for the thorough administration of the bureau's affairs. The strain
to which a large number of our officers have been subjected, with
hard work and long hours, has been so great at timer, as to be almost
unbearable, service extending with many officers quite often on an
average of 12 to 14 hours and on some occasions even more per day,
and it is only a question of a short time, if present conditions continue,
when the service wtlU suft'er the great loss that must result from the
breaking down of its force. The Government of the United States

REPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. 5

should set the example in the treatment of its employees, both with
respect to wages and hours of labor. The force should be reorgan-
ized and graded, and no employee should be requii^ed to work more
than six days in a week.

But all the efforts that are being made to secure a reasonable
enforcement of the law are not producing the desired results. This
must be obvious to all who will study the statistics and observe the
ahens now entering at our ports. Even the existing law, inadequate
and cumbersome as it is in many respects, could and should be made
to exclude many more than 2.3 per cent of such aliens as are now com-
ing to our shores. As a matter of fact, the country is not obtaining
the results that should follow from a reasonable and just administra-
tion of our laws; not because strenuous efforts to that end are not
being made, but because the funds and men available are wholly
insufficient to meet the situation. If the money for the enforce-
ment of these laws was being drawn from the general fund of the
Treasury and the taxpayers of the country burdened thereby so that
the plea of economy might with some show of reason be raised in this
connection, there might then be some excuse for limiting appropria-
tions for this bureau to the extent lately practiced. But every
penny spent for the support of the Immigration Service comes out of
the pockets of the immigrants, and there is now accumulated in the
Treasury (or ought to be if it has not been used for purposes other
than that for which collected) about $10,700,000, some of which
should be used to bring about a proper enforcement of the law in the
future.

DIVERSION OF FUNDS TO RELIEVE INDUSTRIAL CENTERS.

If any diversion of the fund constituted of the head tax collected is
permitted, it might be in the direction of protection to the immigrants
after landing and in the efl'ort to relieve industrial centers by secur-
ing emplojTiient for the surplus labor found therein, whether native
or foreign, either on farms or in other rural occupations or in set-
thng people on lands. The disposition of any part of the fund per-
mitted by law for this j3urpose with authority to loan or advance
or use the same, under such restrictions as Congress may provide,
could be confided to the board proposed in connection with farm loans,
reference to which is made hereinafter. As suggested in my last
report, this use of the funds could be justified on the ground that
congested conditions in our cities and in industrial centers are the
result of the concentration therein of our own people from the in-
terior sections of our country and of numerous aliens who come
from foreign lands. Thus any relief secured would be for the mutual
benefit of all, and as the movement progressed the result would be
greater care in avoiding renewal of congested conditions and greater
efforts to provide immediate measures to remove the causes therefor,
whether consisting of domestic conditions or of the influx of laborers
from abroad.

DEFECTIVE ALIENS.

The defects for which aliens are excluded under the law fall into
three classes — the physical, mcluding loathsome and dangerous con-
tagious diseases and all ailments and deformities that may affect

6 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

earning capacity; the mental, including insanity, idiocy, imbecility,
feeble-mindedness, epilepsy, and all mental defects that may have
like effect; and the moral, including sexual immorality, crimi-
nality, and anarchism. Whatever views may be entertained regard-
ing necessity for a more restrictive law, hardly anyone would con-
tend that the law should be made any less strict than it is con-
cerning the exclusion of defective aliens or should be given any less
rigid application to concrete cases; practically all are agreed on the
desirability of the strict exclusion of defective ahens. Of special
and general interest, therefore, are the figures showing what has been
accomplished toward the keeping out or putting out of the country
of aliens who fall below the standards set in the law.

During the past year 14,582 such aliens have been returned to the
country of origin, 12,494 of whom were debarred from entering and
2,088 of whom were arrested and expelled from the country. Those
debarred were divided into 3,257 with grave physical defects, 1,274
with grave mental defects, 6,537 with physical or mental defects not
so serious but affecting abihty to earn a living, and 1,426 morally
defective. Those arrested and deported were divided into 355
physically, 871 mentally, and 862 moraUy defective. (See Tables
XVII and XVIII, pp . 1 04 and 110.) These results should be compared
with the figures for the previous year, during which 10,629 aliens phys-
icaUy, mentally, or morall}?^ below the legal standard were returned to
the country of origin, 8,999 of whom were excluded at the ports and
1,630 of whom were arrested and expelled. The 12,494 rejected in
the past year constituted about 38 per cent of the total number
debarred, while the 8,999 rejected in 1913 constituted 45 per cent of
the total number debarred in that year. The 2,088 arrested and
deported during the past year on grounds of defectiveness constituted
45 per cent of the total expulsions, while the 1,630 arrested and
deported on such grounds in 1913 were about 47 per cent of the total
expulsions for that year.

It is important to exclude or expel the physicaUy defective, still
more important that those mentally below the standard shall be kept
out, and of paramount importance that the morally degenerate shall
not be permitted to lower American standards of life. It is well,
therefore, to give some special consideration to the showing made
during the year with regard to the mental and moral defectives.

During the past fiscal year 1,274 aliens suffering from serious
mental defects were debarred at the ports. Of these, 14 were idiots,
172 insane, 68 imbeciles, 25 epileptics, and 995 feeble-minded. In
the preceding year 753 aliens with serious mental defects were
debarred — 18 idiots, 175 insane, 54 imbeciles, 23 epileptics, and 483
feeble-minded. It will be observed that there was a very marked
increase in the number of feeble-minded excluded. And there were
expelled from the country during the year 871 aliens suffering with
serious mental defects, 91 of whom it was found had been so affected
at the time of entry, divided into 62 insane, 4 imbeciles, 16 epileptics,
and 9 feeble-minded; and 780 of the 871 deported became public
charges within three years after entry by reason of the development
of such deficiencies the underlying causes of which existed prior to
entry, divided into 737 who became insane and 43 whose public-
charge status was due to other similar causes. The corresponding

REPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. 7

figures for 1913 were 113 insane, 12 epileptics, 3 imbeciles, 15 feeble-
minded, 514 who became insane, and 19 who became otherwise
mentally defective from existing causes — a total of 676 expulsions on
mental grounds. Medical science has demonstrated that many, if
not all, of these serious deficiencies are handed down from generation
to generation, with steady increase in the strain; so that the impor-
tance of rejecting and expelhng aliens of this class, even to the extent
shown to have occurred, can hardly be overstated. The law on this
subject should be even more strict; and the bureau urgently recom-
mends that legislation supplementary to the excellent provisions of
the existing law be enacted at an early date, so that the people of
this country may be fully protected against the introduction here
from abroad of additional strains of latent but none the less dangerous
cerebral deficiencies, as well as against the introduction of such strains
actually developed into acute stages. Why should our difficulties on
this score, already sufficiently great, be increased by immigration ?

In connection with the foregoing, attention should be directed to
the amount of the fines collected from the steamship companies
under section 9 of the law for bringing to our ports aliens afflicted
with loathsome or dangerous contagious diseases, tuberculosis, or
certain mental defects (idiocy, imbecility, or epilepsy). Fines have
been assessed in 366 cases in the past year, the amount collected being
$36,600.

It has already been remarked that the exclusion and expulsion of
the mentally defective is of paramount importance. The detection of
these classes is also most difficult. Wise, therefore, is the provision
of the law that allows the sexually immoral to be deported without
time hmit, and the law should be the same with regard to criminals
and anarchists. There should be no room in this country for the
moral degenerates of foreign lands. The bureau has been exerting
special efforts to carry out the law concerning these classes, and feels
that the officers in the service are entitled to commendation for the
results achieved, when due allowance is made for the inadequacy of the
means afforded it with which to enforce the law. Reference to Tables
XVII and XVIII (pp. 104 and 110) shows that 380 immoral women,
254 procurers, 5 persons supported by the proceeds of prostitution, 755
criminals, 31 polygamists, and 1 anarchist were rejected at the ports,
and 392 immoral women, 154 procurers, 155 persons supported by the
proceeds of prostitution, 157 criminals, 1 polygamist, and 3 anarch-
ists were expelled from the country — a total of 2,288, divided into
1,340 sexually immoral, 912 criminals, 32 polygamists, and 4 anarch-
ists. The corresponding figures for 1913 were 367 immoral women,
253 procurers, 4 persons supported by the proceeds of prostitution,
808 criminals, 40 polygamists, and 2 anarchists were debarred; 330
immoral women, 121 procurers, 100 persons supported by the pro-
ceeds of prostitution, 124 criminals, 2 polygamists, and 4 anarchists
were expelled — a total of 2,155 aliens, divided into 1,175 sexually
immoral, 932 criminals, 42 polygamists, and 6 anarchists. It is
hardly necessary to say, so obvious is the fact, that these figures,
notwithstanding they show an increase over the work along these
fines done in the preceding year, really cover no more than a mere
''scratching of the surface so far as the sexually immoral classes are
concerned.

8 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

The best the bureau could do with the money and men availa])lo
for the purpose was to cause the arrest to be made in many cases dis-
co verea by or disclosed to it in the regular course of business, without
putting forth any special efforts to ''clean up" the country or even
sections thereof. I estimate, and in so doing consider myself exceed-
ingly conservative, that $1,000,000 could be spent in ridding the
country of sexually immoral aliens, and that even after a judicious
expenditure of that amount there would still be some work to do along
the same line. And how could that much of the $10,700,000 now
accumulated in the Treasury from immigration revenues be more use-
fully spent than in ridding the country of these classes ? Not only the
citizenry, but the aliens of correct life and principles, so many of whom
are yearly coming into our midst, would immeasureably benefit. Emi-
nently fitting would it be to spend some of the money contributed
by admitted ahens in making the country a better place of residence
for all now here, native and foreign, and for the countrymen of the
latter who may follow them in seeking the El Dorado of their hopes.

One of the best means of breaking up the entry to the United States
of the sexually immoral classes, so far as such entry partakes of the
cornmercial elements of the so-called white-slave traffic, is the prose-
cution of the importers. This has been done at the instance of the
bureau during the past year in 44 such cases, in 29 of which conviction
occurred. For more particulars regarding these prosecutions, see
the reports of the various commissioners and inspectors in charge
(pp. 189-355).

This subject, so far as it affects the treatment and arrest and depor-
tation of women and girls sometimes the prey of importers, is dealt
with elsewhere in this report.

ALIENS EXCLUDABLE OR SUBJECT TO DEPORTATION ON ECONOMIC

GROUNDS.

Economic conditions and safeguards are responsible for the exist-
ence in the law of the provisions requiring the exclusion and expulsion
of paupers, persons likely to become a public charge, contract laoorers,
induced immigrants, and assisted immigrants. It has been con-
sidered that a sound economic poficy in the interest of the public
demands that the taxpayers of the United States shall be saved the
expense of maintaining the indigent of other countries whose indi-
gency is in no sense chargeable to conditions existing here ; hence the
provision that paupers and those likely to become such shall be
excluded and that those who become pubhc charges from prior
existing causes within three years after entry shall be sent back to
the countries directly or indirectly responsible for them. A sound
poUcy also requires that the American standard of living and wages
shall be maintained ; hence the provisions regarding the exclusion and
expulsion of contract laborers and induced and assisted immigrants.

The time limit in these cases should be extended to at least five
years, as contemplated by the measure now pending before the
Senate. While there may be a difference of opinion on the question
of entirely removing the limit from the statute, three years is too
short a period in which to allow the removal from the country of
these economically undesirable classes.

REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION." 9
ALIENS LIKELY TO BECOME PUBLIC CHARGES.

About 48 per cent of all the aliens rejected at our ports during
the past year, or 15,745, were debarred because deemed likely to
become pubUc charges. Moreover, during the past year 1,091
aliens — public charges — were expelled under deportation proceedings,
while 1 ,356 others were so expelled because it was found that at the
time of entry they were likely to become inmates of public institu-
tions— a total of 2,447 (Table XVIII, p. 110). The corresponding
statistics for the previous year were: Debarred, 7,941 (40 per cent
of aU rejected); expelled 1,976, divided into 714 who had become
public charges and 1,262 who were Hkely to become such at time
of entry. It wiU be noted that the debarments on this ground
increased about 98 per cent and the expulsions about 24 per cent.

ALIEN CONTRACT LABORERS.

The most important §ingle event of the year with resj^ect to tliis
subject was the handing down by the Supreme Court of its decision
(232 U. S., 647) upholding the law and sustaining the cu-cuit court of
appeals in the assessment of a fine of $45,000 against Grant Bros.
Construction Co., a concern which attempted to supply itself with
45 needed laborers by importing them from Mexico. This case had
been bitterly contested, and the decision is a distinct victory for
the bureau and the law with the enforcement of which it is charged.

Another famous case disposed of during the year by compromise
was that against the Dwight Manufacturing Co., of Boston and
Chicopee Falls, Mass., and Alabama City, Ala., which was settled on
the basis of the payment by the company of $50,000. These two
cases alone brought into the United States Treasury almost twice
the sum annually set aside, under section 24 of the law, for the em-
ployment of special officers to enforce the afien contract-labor pro-
visions. In numerous other cases smaller sums were collected either
by fine or compromise, so that it may be safely asserted that, even
aside from the fact that these provisions, like all the others of the
statute, are enforced with money collected as head tax from admit-
ted aliens, the alien contract-labor law is self-supporting through the
fines which persistency in enforcing the law results in collecting,
although, with a more adequate appropriation, work of a preventive
nature would ultimately reduce violations thereof, so that the amount
of fines collected would be diminished.

Of course the work of excluding and expelling contract laborers,
as weU as that of bringing to punishment violators of the law, has
gone on as usual. Thus 2,793 aliens were excluded and 51 expelled
during the year (Tables XVII and XVIII, pp. 104 and 110), com-
pared with 1,624 excluded and 54 expelled in the preceding year.
But a few examples like the Grant Bros, and the Dwight Manufac-
turing Co. cases will do more to break up violations of the law than
any number of exclusions and expulsions could be expected to
accomplish in that direction; therefore the bureau is always espe-
cially anxious to have guilty parties convicted, and congratulates
the force assigned to such work whenever some prominent violator is
brought to a deserved punishment.

10 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.
INDUCED AND ASSISTED IMMIGRATION.

These classes to a certain extent overlap those of contract laborers
and those likely to become a public charge. The policy of the law is
opposed to induced immigration, and any alien actually assisted to
migrate is put under the burden of showing affirmatively and satis-
factorily that he does not belong to one of the directly excluded
classes. Many of the 15,745 excluded as likely to become a public
charge and of the 2,79-3 excluded as contract laborers (Table XVII)
belonged to the induced and assisted classes. Doubtless many
others who were admitted ought to have been excluded on one ground
or another because members of such classes; but it is not an easy
matter to ascertain that inducements have been held out and assist-
ance rendered, coaching on these points being readily and frequently
availed of to circumvent the law and defeat our officers. Immigra-
tion, to be healthful in the full sense, should be voluntary — should
neither be induced nor assisted. One of the most difficult as well as
important tasks confronting the bureau is the carrying out of the
spirit of the law in this regard, for the procurement of tangible evi-
dence, however suspicious cases may appear, is often practically
impossible. As to the amount of assistance prevailing in our immi-
gration, see Table XVII (p. 104), and comment thereon (p. 30).

IMMIGRATION FROM THE FAR EAST.

I believe it is quite generally conceded that immigration from the
Far East is detrimental to the welfare of the United States; not
because it has heretofore been so extensive in numbers, but because
of its peculiar effect upon the economic conditions and the possi-
bilities of an almost unlimited increase in volume if left unregulated
and unchecked. Our oriental-immigration problem, arising more
than a quarter of a century ago, has never been satisfactorily solved ;
the exclusion laws need many amendments, not in purpose but in
prescribed method. The Hindu propaganda, as yet in its infancy, is
calculated to give much trouble unless promptly met with measures
based upon and modeled to take advantage of our past experience in
trying to arrange practicable and thorough but at the same time
unobjectionable plans for the protection of the country agamst an
influx of aliens who can not be readily and healthfully assimilated by
our body politic. Moreover, other possibilities in this dnection exist,
and it would be the part of wisdom for us to meet them in advance,
so as to avoid many of the difficulties and embarrassments that have
arisen in controlling oriental immigration so far as such immigration
has developed. It is only necessary to consider the history of immi-
gration from Europe to realize how extensively Asiatic immigration
may be cultivated and exploited, and what a menace to our economic
conditions these possibilities may become.

IMMIGRATION FROM THE NEAR EAST.

Immigration from the Near East has not as yet attracted much
attention, largely because it has merged into European immigration
and has developed along somewhat similar lines. It may reasonably
be expected that western Asia will be developed and exploited more

KEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. 11

and more completely by transportation companies whose business
])rofits are dependent to a considerable extent upon filling the steerage
quarters of their ships. (See in this connection report of W. W. Hus-
band, given in Appendix V, particularly that part appearing at p. 400.)

ALIENS EMPLOYED ON VESSELS.

This matter was discussed in considerable detail in the report for
1913 (pp. 26-29), and it is not necessary to again go over the same
ground. Another year's experience only emphasizes the necessity
for legislation to cover this loophole in our immigration safeguards,
and the bureau hopes that the legislation pending in Congress affecting
this subject may be enacted, as it will materially aid in the enforce-
ment of our immigration laws and bring relief long desii'ed.^

IMMIGRATION FROM INSULAR UNITED STATES.

Separate statistics are presented on this subject this year for the
first time. They have been collected since the taking effect of the
act of February 20, 1907. (See Tables XXIV to XXVII, pp. 132-
140.) Within the term "insular United States" as used in the
above-mentioned tables and in this section of the report are in-
cluded the Territory of Hawaii and the possessions of Porto Rico
and the Philippine Islands. It will be observed that 15,512 aliens
came to continental from insular United States during the seven
years covered — 10,948 from Hawaii, 3,950 from Porto Rico, and
614 from the Philippines — and that of these, 10,740 landed at San
Francisco, 3,910 at New York, and 631 at Seattle, corresponding
approximately with the numbers from the said three divisions of
insular United States (Table XXIV). Until the annexation of
Hawaii, admitted as a Territory in 1898, the United States was all con-
tinental, such islands as were included in the domains being so close to
the mainland as to be considered to all intents and purposes as a part
thereof. From the fu-st it has been recognized that the addition to
to our country of territory purely insular introduced new elements
into the immigration problem, and with regard to all except Porto
Rico special provisions have been placed m our laws with the intent to
safeguard the mainland against the islands being used as a "stepping-
stone" thereto. Porto Rico, being already weU populated with a
people indigenous to the soil and needing only to be given oppor-
tunities for development, has caused less trouble than the other islands
from an unmioTation standpoint, though representations have been
made that owing to local conditions certain immigration thereto from
adjacent islands and elsewhere should be proliibited or made subject to
strict regulation. Aliens coming from Porto Rico have been handled
with a fan- degree of success imder rule 14, but those coming from Ha-
waii and the Philippines have given the service a great deal of trouble,
the former with regard to the admission of aliens to the Territory
and their subsequent migration to the continent, and the latter
with respect to the coming of aliens to the mainland from the Philip-
pines only, the Immigration Service having nothing to do with
respect to the admission of aUens to these possessions.

' See also comment on Tables XX and XXI, p. 30, and reports of commissioners at Boston, New York
Philadelphia, Baltimore, Seattle, and San Francisco, pp. 212, 223, 234, 247, 299, 317.

12 REPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

It has been regarded as desirable in the past to encourage the set-
tlement in Hawaii of European ahens and correspondingly to dis-
courage the settlement there of aliens from the Orient, the idea being
that the former does and the latter does not tend toward the "Ameri-
canization" of the Territoiy, which already has a large Asiatic popu-
lation. Under this poHcy, availing themselves of the exception in
favor of States and Territories to the "induced immigration" clauses
of the law contained m section 6 of the act of 1907, the board of
immigration of Hawaii has induced many Europeans, especially
Spaniards, Portuguese, and Russians, to migrate to the Territory.
During the said period, however, many of these have left Hawaii and
come to the mainland — 2,860 Spaniards, 2,414 Portuguese, and 1,010
Russians (Table XXV), or about 57 per cent of the number immi-
grating. This failure to retain their immigrants secured through the
exercise by the Federal Government of a very liberal pohcy is believed
to be due to the fact that the conditions of work and labor are unsatis-
factory and the standard of Wages too low. As soon as these Euro-
peans learn that much better conditions prevail on the continent
they exercise the privilege, which can not be denied them under
the existing law, of moving thereto. AUen laborers from China
and Japan settled or settling in Hawaii have no such privilege, the
Chinese-exclusion laws and the Japanese provisions of the immigra-
tion act of 1907 regarding laborers with hmited passports being
directed against their doing so. It is worthy to be seriously noted,
however, that with respect to other Asiatics the law contains no such
provisions, so that Hindus, Lascars, and others may soon commence
if they please to use Hawaii as a stepping-stone to the continent.
This should be remedied without delay, not only by placmg them in
the same category as the laborers above mentioned but also by
prohibiting their landing in that Territory.

The thorough "Americanization" of Hawaii is a matter which
demands serious consideration and careful and prompt action. It
never will be accompHshed, in my judgment, under the present
incomplete, haphazard methods. Conditions should be made such
as to invite the proper kind of laborers to go to Hawaii from our own
country if possible, and laws should be enacted that would induce
them to remam there as part of a happy and contented population;
anything less than tliis is not fair to Hawaii or to the mauiland,
especially so much of the latter as is nearest to that Territory. In
this connection attention is called to the fact that of the 15,512
ahens shown to have come from insular United States to the main-
land during the past seven years, 8,867 gave their final destination
on the continent as Cahfornia (Table XXVII). Incidentally it
might be noted that 2,360 gave their destination as New York,
another State which receives under existmg conditions extensive
immigration directly from foreign countries.

The Philippines are too distant to be used with the same facility
and frequency as Porto Rico and Hawaii as stepping-stones to the
United States. Hence although only 014 aliens are shown (Table
XXIV) to have come thence during the past seven years, 551 of
whom landed at Seattle, nevertheless the PhiUppines are open to be
used (and the attempt has already been seriously made so to use
them) by aliens who would be excluded at our home ports as Ukely
to become public charges to gain the advantage of being examined

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. 13

at a port where, on the assumption that they entered — as they usu-
ally do not — to remain in the PhiUppines, they will not be so closely
scrutinized or required to come up to so high a standard as would be
the case were they applying at a mainland port. For example, the
Hindus, having shown a decided inchnation to come to our countiy,
were imitating in many ways the wily methods of some Chinese to
gain admission. For economic reasons, and because of these rea-
sons, the same if not greater objection has been made to their coming
than was raised against their Chinese neighbors on the north. On
this account the Immigration Service undertook to the fullest extent
the enforcement of the laws so as to exclude, as likely to become public
charges or on other grounds when shown to exist, those of this race who
came under the objections raised. This action deflected them to
the Philippine Islands in their efforts to break into continental United
States. .

Ascertaining that passage had been engaged for many of these
people for the Pacific Coast States and for States as far east as Min-
nesota, steps were taken, by the adoption of new rules governing the
admission of aliens coming from the Philippines and by other methods,
to protect the country from what appeared then to be a determina-
tion to introduce another race agitation on the Pacific coast by the
influx, miless checked, of great numbers of these people. The sub-
sequent attitude of their leaders in British Columbia and in the
United States, and their ready ability to raise any amount of money
required to litigate with the Government, confirms this belief. It
was a fortimate circumstance that the courts sustained the bureau in
its contention, and further good fortune — as with all the efforts put
forth under the law only about 50 per cent of those applying could
be denied admission — was found in the readiness of all steamsliip
companies plying between oriental and PhiUppine ports and the
Pacific ports of the United States and British Columbia not to engage
in the traffic pending consideration of exclusion measures in Congress.
They have kept the faith and are entitled to credit therefor. I cheer-
fully concede it and am anxious that the record shall bear evidence
of the value of their work, for the West would now be engaged in
another race problem had not these great aids come at the oppor-
tune moment. This situation has given and still gives the bureau
serious concern, for — ^while so far the department has been sustained
by the courts in ordering such Hindus deported to the country of
origin on the ground that they were likely to become public charges
at the time of entering the Phihppines — should they come to the
United States it remains to be seen whether the higher courts will
uphold the lower on the points in dispute, and if it should finally be
held that admission to the Phihppines is a bar to action excluding
them therefrom on the ground stated the situation will be revived
in most of its serious aspects.

As both the Philippines and Porto Rico are merely insular posses-
sions of the United States, and wliile their citizens are not citizens of
the United States nor yet aliens within the meaning of our immigra-
tion laws (Gonzales v. Wilhams, 192 U. S., 1), there can be no«doubt
of the constitutional right of the Government to prohibit the emi-
gration thence to the mainland of ahens admitted thereto; and
Hawaii, although it is a Territory and its citizens are citizens of the
United States, has been regarded by Congress when passmg the

14 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

Chinese-exclusion laws and the provision of the immigration law
regarding laborers' limited passports as in the same category as the
Philippines and Porto Rico. This entire subject of continental immi-
gration from insular United States is subject to control by Congress,
which in my judgment should at a very early date proceed to its regu-
lation if the situation herein but very briefly and inadequately por-
trayed is to be satisfactorily met and adjusted.

The foregoing constitutes but a resume of the year's work, mainly
in the nature of an explanation of the statistical and other matter
presented in connection with this report, with recommendations and
such comments here and there as were warranted by the importance
of the subjects considered. As most of these were discussed in last
year's report, and as it is my purpose to present at this time for your
consideration certain new proposals which are of special importance,
I shall content myseK for the present with reference to and reiteration
of the suggestions made therein and the views then expressed.

PROPOSED PLAN FOR TREATMENT, ARREST, AND RETURN TO THEIR
NATIVE COUNTRIES OF WOMEN AND GIRLS EXCLUDED OR ORDERED
DEPORTED.

Learning that Mrs. Kate Waller Barrett, M. D., D. Sc, president of
the National Council of Women and the National Florence Crittenton
Missions, was to visit Europe m May and June this year to attend, at
Rome, Italy, the quinquennial session of the International Council of
Women, of the press committee of which she is chairman, I requested
the department to commission her to represent the bureau in said
council. As she proposed to have certain conferences with European
organizations of women similar to those over which she presides in this
country regarding the enforcement of the international agreement — to
which this Government and most of the nations of Europe are signa-
tories— concerning the arrest and return to the country whence they
came of persons, including women and girls, guilty of certain immoral
acts, she was also authorized to represent the bureau in those confer-
ences. The appointment was promptly made, and the department has
at all times not only evinced great interest in the labors assigned to
this distinguished lady, but offered every faciUty for conducting this
important investigation. Mrs. Barrett's report is published as Appen-
dix IV, to which special attention is requested, particularly to the
recommendations therein contained.

It was fortunate for our country that the services of Mrs. Barrett
were enlisted in the study and consideration of questions among the
most important of those to which the attention of the department and
bureau is constantly directed, as she, by virtue of her many gifts and
her labors in humanity's cause, occupies a leading place among the
world's greatest benefactors.

From a study of the subject, the experience of the bureau in the
past, and application thereto of the views set forth in said report, it
is recommended that in the treatment, arrest, and return to the
country whence they came of women and girls guilty of immoral acts
changes be made so as to accomplish: (1) A more kindly and con-
siderate handling of the cases than has been practicable by a system
under which sucli cases were handled in the main like other deporta-
tions; (2) the avoidance to the fullest extent possible of the incarcera-

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. 15

tion of women and girls in jails or other similar places and the holding
of them, where suitable immigration stations are not available, in the
houses of philanthropic and rehgious societies, preferably of the
nationality or religious sect of the alien; (3) the return of the aliens
to their native country at times and under circumstances which will
make it possible, either directly or through societies in this country in
constant communication with related or similar societies abroad, to
see that the women and girls are brought under proper surveillance
and influence when landed on the other side. This in order that, to
the fullest extent practicable, deportation shall result, not in afford-
ing means for further degradation of the alien, but rather in at least
placing her in the way of opportunities for reformation.

Until this plan is fully worked out in all its details it is desirable
that all officers in charge shall give their personal attention thereto.
Some qualified woman among the employees of each station should
be selected to look after the welfare of such women and girls of the
character above mentioned as may be in detention or under examina-
tion in warrant proceedings. Female employees so selected should be
required to submit reports to the bureau periodically. The incar-
ceration in jail of women and girls charged with immorality should be
discontinued unless authorized by the bureau as a result of a report
as to the circumstances of each case. "WTien at our stations or other
places under the jurisdiction of the bureau their custody should be
confided exclusively to female employees.

Timely and wise suggestions are made by Mrs. Barrett that "pending
investigation and deportation such women and girls be placed in the
hands of some private philanthropy which has given assurance to the
bureau of its practical value as a cooperative agency, such organiza-
tion to be of the nationality and religion of the alien if possible, and
full particulars of the case and such data as to character and ante-
cedents of the woman or girl as can be gathered to be at once sent
to the Commissioner General, who shall take up directly the corre-
spondence with the national committee in the country to which the
woman or girl belongs.

"The national committee, of course, should be furnished with all the
facts in regard to such a case, so that it may investigate the condi-
tions under which the woman or girl will be forced to live after her
return. If this were done the Commissioner General would have
information that would enable him to decide what is the best dispo-
sition to be made of the case.

"If the woman or girl is detained at an immigration station at
which there are no women employees, the commissioner in charge of
the station could at once place himself in communication with some
private organization, preferably of the same nationality and religion
as the woman or girl, such organization to be asked to take charge
of the case until other provision could be made for the care and dis-
position of the alien."

In this connection it is also suggested by Mrs. Barrett that the
Bureau of Immigration should confer with the officers of the leading
private organizations representing different international groups in the
United States and ascertain which are willing to cooperate with the
Government in assisting women of their own nationaHty held for
deportation.

16 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

A woman or girl whose case has been investigated in the manner
suggested and by the methods now proposed would, if ordered de-
ported, go to the country to which she belongs, after notice has been
given to the officers of the national organization of women of that
country, thus insuring to her proper care and attention after her
arrival there.

This method of treatment on our part is justified from a humani-
tarian standpoint and also in the mutual interest of all the nations
that have joined in the treaty affecting the subject.

In order to expect and be entitled to the assistance of the nations
parties to said treaty and of organizations of women in ferreting out
the culprits responsible for the coming of many of these women and
girls to this country, and to obtain, in other ways described by Mrs.
Barrett in her report, opportunity for work of a helpful and reforma-
tory character, the efforts toward these ends should commence*
immediately on taking a woman or girl into official custody and con-
tinue until she is deported. It is thought also that our Government
would thus be in position to receive aid of organizations in this
country which have hitherto been backward in this movement,
owing to lack of organized effort at home and abroad properly to care
for unfortunate women and girls during and subsequent to their
apprehension.

With aU these elements working in unison the evils aimed to be
reached by our laws and the said treaty will receive such a check as
to minimize, if not entirely remove, their cause in the United States.
One thing is certain, that by reason of the system proposed a greater
number of the men who are responsible for the bringing of such
women and girls here will be apprehended and punished, and if
possible deported.

To effectuate a thorough and complete organization of the system
proposed the appointment of a woman employee at each of the prin-
cipal stations is advisable; each of such stations should be visited
in furtherance of the objects of the plan, helping our officers to
install the same and in bringing the organizations of women at such
places into sympathetic cooperation with the bureau and the depart-
ment. I recommend that this course be pursued. In my judgment
this phase of the bureau's work is of paramount importance, and too
much attention can not possibly be given to opportunities for work of
a humane and reformatory character that arise almost as a necessary
incident to the duty of removing aliens of this kind from the country.

DISTRIBUTION OF LABOR.

In the annual report for the fiscal year 1913 brief reference was
made to the subject of distribution of immigrants and attention was
caUed to the three main difficulties that were then thought to interfere
with the success of an undertaking of this kind. These were: (1) The
labor required is to a considerable extent merely seasonal and usually
neither aliens nor natives care to go any great distance to accept
temporary employment, even though high wages are offered; (2) oppor-
tunities for using any plans having in view the distribution of foreign
laborers are always more or less open to the objection that labor
conditions, already uncertain in many ways, are disturbed by any
action that involves artificial interference with the "natural opera-

EEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. 17

tion" of the law of supply and demand; (3) in many sections of the
country in need of immigration to aid development of agriculture
and promote other industrial pursuits, the desire seems to be for
settlers who will invest in lands and establish homes rather than for
laborers. Hitherto the activities of the Division of Information
(a designation, by the way, which does not clearly indicate its object;
division of employment and cUstribution would be preferable) have
been employed at the Washington office, with branches at New York
and Galveston, and thus demands for laborers as well as requests for
employment coming in greater proportion from' distant States had
to be served at too long a range from the sources of information
available.

With the plans herein suggested in full operation and with a
noticeable change in sentiment in agricultural districts, there is
foundation for the belief that the difficulties above referred to, if not
overcome, will be greatly minimized.

During the year much time has been devoted to the study and
consideration of questions affecting employment and methods calcu-
lated to furnish laborers to those needing them on farms and in other
rural occupations, and an opportunity to labor to those applying
therefor, open to all citizens and residents of the United States, male
or female, native or foreign born.

PUBLICITY A VITAL NECESSITY.

In January last upon application of the New Yorker Staats-
Zeitung, the first and only one received, requesting permission to
print free of charge all opportunities offered to Germans for labor on
farms, orders were given for compliance therewith. Though the
publication of these opportunities still continues, the bureau has the
result of the first three months, in which 516 were offered and publica-
tion thereof made once a week in said journal. Of that number 283
were known to have been filled with aid thus afforded.

The favorable outcome of this experiment suggested the extension
of such publicity so as to cover all newspapers published in the great
centers of population, no matter in what language printed. The
cooperation incUcated by the replies of the newspapers so far at hand
promises great results. As publicity is a vital necessity to insure
success for the new movement, all eft'orts to enlist the press should be
continued ; and in addition a weekly bulletin should be issued by the
bureau and mailed to each newspaper printed in the United States
and daily telegraphic communication inaugurated with the journals
published in the large cities. In this way it is believed that a new
department of information as important in a news sense as that
recording the daily reports of the Weather Bureau may be created
hj the press for the benefit of its patrons, the growth of the sections
tributary to each populous center, and the general interest of all,
employer and employee alike.

EACH STATE ULTIMATELY A LABOR-DISTRIBUTION DISTRICT.

The operations of the division should be enlarged and made coex-
tensive, in so far as continental United States is concerned, with those
of the Immigration Service. The mainland for the present should be
60629°— 15 2

18 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

divided into zones, with headquarters respectively at tlie executive
offices of the immigration districts in each zone. Ultimately to
attain better cooperation with State and local authorities each State
should be constituted a labor-distribution district. The commis-
sioner or inspector in charge should be authorized to name at least
one of the members of his force or as many more as may be necessary
or can be spared from other duties to attend to the work of distri-
bution. As the plan develops and appropriations are made for the
I)urpose, additions to meet increasing demands and the establishment
of headquarters in each State can be made. Tlius established the
entire comitry will receive the benefits heretofore possible at only
New York and in a Umited degree at Galveston anci Washington.

COOPERATION OF THE POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT AND DEPARTMENT

OF AGRICULTURE.

It is suggested that the cooperation of the Post Office Department
and the Department of Agriculture be requested, that of the former
with a view to estabhshing at each post office in the United States a
depository for blanks, so that those desiring farm and other laborers
on the one hand and those desiring employment on the other may
apply for blanks to be filled out and transmitted under Government
frank to the central office, thus initiating the effort to comply with
the desires of the applicants; and that of the latter with a view to
utifization of the field force and its representatives throughout the
country in furtherance of the objects of the proposed plan. Three
or four bureaus of the Department of Agriculture have extensive
official connections with agriculturists in every section, with repre-
sentatives in nearly every county in the United States. The total
nmnber of its officers and representatives in the field serving in va-
rious capacities is in excess of 170,000; and I am infomied that the
services of all of them might be secured, not only to enUst farmers
in the movement but to carry on investigations of special cases,
obtaining information regarding farmers who apply for farm help
and in many other ways in an advisory capacity to aid the department
and bureau in their respective districts. Nothing more need be said
to show how useful cooperation in these two directions can be made.

SEASONAL EMPLOYMENT.

Labor to meet the requirements of seasonal employment could be
secured in part, during college and school vacations, from teachers
and students (incidentally many of the latter class who are working
their way to secure an education would be greatly assisted and
accommodated by this system, as no time would be lost in seeking
work), and in part — in fact, in my judgment to almost any extent
desired — from mines, mills, and manufacturing plants the managers
of which would no doubt often gladly allow vacations to their employ-
ees for that purpose, adopting a system of rotation, so that a number
of the employees could go at one time and others in their turns later,
and so on to the end of the season. This would tend to relieve the
shortage of help, particularly in agricultural industries; would pro-
vide a change from indoor to outdoor labor for numbers of the classes

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. 19

above named ; would be beneficial in an educational sense as well as
from the viewpoint of health; and besides the experience so gained
might not only be the means of directing their thoughts and ambi-
tions toward the more healthful countiy life, but also might lead to
the making of investments in country property.

As a largo number of our teachers and workmen are known to have
savings-bank deposits, it is not by any means an illusion to say that
such contact with country life and its diversified industries would
lead to investments and aid in the building up of happy rural com-
munities.

This method of supplying help in seasonal occupations would have
an advantage' over all other, both for the Government and the em-
ployer, viz, at the conclusion of the season there would not be an idle
mass of ])eople in the connnunities in which they have found tem-
porary employment, nor would they flock therefrom to congested
centers to continue in idleness or seek employment in what might bo
an oversupplied labor market.

Cortauily this system is worth a trial, one with a will and force be-
hind it that will drive it onward to success. Of course problems are
presented that will have to bo solved. They can be solved, however;
all that is required is a trial and determined effort. One problem
appears at first glance: How could we transport the people who vol-
unteered for seasonal and other labor? The ordinary method of
transportation is, of course, always open; but excursions no doubt
coidd be so arranged that those taking part therein could bo taken from
one initial point to a central place in the labor field and returned at
the conclusion of their employment.

This system would not, either in its proposal to supply seasonal
and permanent labor on the farms or in furnishing labor for work in
rural communities, tend to disturb labor conditions or to interfere
with the natural operation of tho law of supply and demand.

GOVERNMENT FARM LOANS OR RURAL CREDIT SYSTEM IN LABOR-
DISTRIBUTION MOVEMENT REVOLVING FARM-LOAN FUND FOR DE-
PARTMENT OF LABOR USE OF PUBLIC DOMAIN AND RECLAMATION

DISTRICT LANDS PROPOSED.

Perhaps one of the greatest inducements that can be offered a man
who will accept labor on a farm is tho hope that ultimately he can
secure one of his own and estabhsh a homt^ The thought is suggested
that no better service can be rendered if either of the farm-loan bills
now pending in Congress is enacted than to provide that a part of tho
funds that may bo appropriated or provided to estabhsh a system of
Government loans to farmers shall be assigned to the Department of
Labor to be used in connection with the work of distribution pursuant
to terms prescribed by tho proposed law. The Secretary of Labor,
the Secretary of Agriculture, and the Postmaster General — the re-
spective executive officers of the departments cooperating in tho plan
above set forth for the employment and distribution of farm and other
labor — could bo authorized by the proposed farm-loan law to constitute
a board to consider and make loans on satisfactory security. Another
plan that suggests itself is to make a direct appropriation from the
National Treasury or transfer a portion of the moneys in the immi-

20 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

grant fund, or of the moneys collected from immigrants, and con-
stitute the same a permanent revolving farm-loan fund of the
Department of Labor for aiding people applying for labor on farms
in acquiring lands for the establishment of homes and carrying on
farm operations thereon. The same officers could constitute a board
for the disposition and care thereof under such terms as Congress
might prescribe.

The members of a board so constituted under either of the above
propositions would possess ample facilities and exceptional oppor-
tunities— particularly the Department of Agriculture— through their
respective staffs and field officers, including postmasters, to examine
and report on the quality of land offered as security; ascertain the
value thereof; determine whether terms of loans are observed; collect
interest; and attend to such other details as may be necessary. From
the standpoint of economy no better method could be devised, as all
overhead charges would be avoided, the officers who would be
employed being already in the service and under salary. The extra
expense involved would not be large, as one or the other of the depart-
ments interested would probably have a representative in most
counties of the United States. The Post Office Department certainly
would have one or more of its force in each county, and always at
the county seat, where all records involving real estate transactions
are kept.

It might also be advisable to consider in connection with the fore-
going, in order to provide opportunities for settling laborers upon
lands, that portions of the public domain as well as lands included in
reclamation districts now offered for entry or sale by the Govern-
ment be reserved under methods prescribed by Congress for disposi-
tion by such a board.

These features are commended to the special consideration of the
tlepartment. In connection with the suggestion made elsewhere in
this report that a part of the immigrant fund or of the moneys col-
lected from immigrants be used in an effort to relieve industrial cen-
ters by securing employment for laborers on farms, etc., they may
contain the elements calculated to insure success in the labor distri-
bution plan now proposed to be inaugurated under the authority of
the Department of Labor, i. e., to furnish means the lack of which
has militated against success of other similar efforts in the past.

SMUGGLING AND SURREPTITIOUS ENTRY OF ALIENS.

Enforcement of the exclusion laws along the borders and even the
coast fines and along the lakes and rivers near our boundaries has
always been and still is a difficult undertaking. With the best
methods that can be devised and the best force that can be selected
it will so continue as long as the Government has to deal wath men
who make a profession of smuggling and also with people so desirous
of entering the country without inspection that to attain their object
they will readily assume any risk and pay high prices for the services
rendered them, no matter how trivial.

To appreciate the magnitude of the labor involved as well as the
responsibilities imposed upon this bureau and its officers, it is only
necessary to glance at a map of the United States and note the mileage

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. 21

of our borders and coast lines. And yet — take the northern border,
nearly 4,000 miles in length, and the southern, not quite so exten-
sive, with innumerable points offering opportunities in the night or
even the day time for smugglers to ply their vocation and for aliens,
even unaided by guides, to cross the boundary — comparatively few
inspectors were specially assigned to the herculean task of guarding
these frontiers; and as to the number of such officers engaged, the
same situation relatively existed on our coasts, lakes, and rivers.

In March last the bureau, with the approval of the department,
reorganized this branch of the service, assigning thereto additional
men throughout the country, including necessary equipment such
as boats, etc., for service on the coasts, lakes, and rivers. Even this
addition met the situation only in a limited degree. The utmost was
done, however, considering the state of our funds. The new system
has been tested sufficiently to justify a favorable judgment as to its
efficiency, both as to the apprehension of violators of the law and as
a preventive measure where put into force. Its scope is general, dis-
regarding immigration district lines, thus avoiding clash of authority
among officers of the respective districts; yet — and properly so, as
the main force assigned thereto forms part of the personnel of each
district organization — it possesses sufficient flexibility to permit full
cooperation throughout the service. Its continuance and extension
is strongly urged, but it is suggested that executive management be
confided to the Commissioner General and that all orders issue under
his signature. It has to its credit since its inauguration the institu-
tion of proceedings against 75 persons found engaged in illegal impor-
tation of contraband Chinese, 63 of whom were arrested — 32 have
been convicted, 30 are awaiting trial, 1 has been discharged — and the
rest are fugitives from justice. During this period, as a result
directly or indirectly of its operations, over 400 alleged contraband
aliens have been apprehended. It has met with success all along our
boundary lines and has broken up the haunts that harbored smugglers,
and wliile some of them have sought new scenes they have been fol-
lowed and watched. With the meager office force engaged and
insufficiently equipped, the success achieved thus far speaks volumes
for the ingenuity, ability, and bravery exhibited by our officers in the
field and at our stations; for it must be remembered that danger is
an element ever present in this work.

It should be emphasized that while all this may be said of the new
system it can not be asserted that it is complete, nor extensive enough
to cope with the organized efforts on the part of those who engage in
the business of bringing aliens into this country contrary to law.

This contraband traffic and illegal entry of aliens can only be broken
up by a general and complete organization of border patrol and by
active measures calculated to seek out, arrest, and deport all who are
in the United States in violation of law, treaties, and agreements.
This work should be pursued without cessation in the interior as well
as on the boundaries. Every alien who enters without right to the
privilege, determined by inspection as provided by law and regula-
tions, and every person who aids or abets liim in his illegal acts
should be made to feel the rigor of the law by prompt action and ener-
getic prosecution.

22 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

The way to break up smuggling is to make it unprofitable and dan-
gerous to engage in the business; the way to stop surreptitious entry
of aliens is to make it certain that arrest and expulsion will follow.
No half-way measures will give beneficial results.

The present organization should be made to cover all sections and
places where conditions perimt access to our boundary. More officers
and better equipment are absolutely necessary both for land and sea
service, so as to equal if not surpass at all times the means employed
by the violators of our law.

UNITED STATES IMMIGRATION SERVICE SIGNAL CORPS.

It is strongly urged that part of the increased force suggested for
the purposes above described be organized and equipped as an Immi-
gration Service Signal Corps, following whenever practicable the plans
adopted by the Signal Corps of the United States Army, and that
Congress be requested to provide for such organization and the estab-
lishment of stations on our borders and coast lines, with the necessary
equipment, so as to meet the necessities of the Immigration Service
in patrolling the same. The coast-line service might with advantage
be conducted in cooperation with the Signal Corps of the United States
Army. As the United States Customs Service is enforcing the customs
laws and regulations on our boundaries, it may be possible to secure
the cooperation of the Treasury Department in the effort to obtain
legislation that will furnish such a valuable and effective adjunct in the
work of detecting and punishing smugglers who violate immigration
laws and also those who break the customs laws and regulations.

The cost of additional organization and equipment required for the
Immigration Service Signal Corps would, of course, have to be borne
by this bureau unless by cooperation with the Treasury Department
some equitable division thereof could be arranged.

Pending action by Congress on this recommendation it is suggested
that investigation be made in all sections and places needing additional
force and equipment, and that plans and estimates for the system
as above proposed be outlined and prepared for submission to the
Department, particular attention being given first to those parts of
the two borders and the coast lines now in urgent need of better
protection.

The existing system, with the additions above suggested and its
sphere of operations extended to meet all necessities, would afford
the bureau an ideal service and one that when fully organized and in
working order would not only increase the efficiency of this branch of
our work to the maximum, but would aid in a gi*eat degree in con-
vincing lawbreakers that the Government was in earnest.

PRIVATE EMPLOYMENT AGENCIES— COOPERATION WITH STATE AND
MUNICIPAL LABOR BUREAUS.

Many complaints reach the bureau regarding the perpetration of
injustice and fraud by private employment agencies engaged in
interstate business. In order to protect applicants for employment
from such injustice and fraud and guard the pubfic welfare, private

REPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER GENERAL OE IMMIGRATION. 23

employment agencies doing business in more than one State should
by Federal laws be placed under the supervision of the Department
of Labor. Closer observation and strict regulation by the Federal
Government will be followed by similar efforts on the part of States
and municipalities in regulating such agencies doing business withm
their jurisdictions. Active cooperation with State, county, and city
labor bureaus would be advisable, indeed would seem to be a vital
necessity. Immediate steps should be taken to detail one or more
representatives of the bureau on work of organization and visitation
to all immigration stations on the mainland and to every labor bureau,
whether State, county, or city, estabhshed and maintained under
public authority.

LOCAL STATIONS— PLAYGROUNDS AND AMUSEMENTS.

I regret that owing to my desire to present some new features
attention to local station matters has for the time been postponed.
In general it can be said that marked improvement is shown all along
the line. This is apparent from the creditable record made and also
from an inspection of the reports of the commissioners and inspectors
in charge, herewith presented. One matter, however, in which the
bureau is greatly interested, which, indeed, is one of its most ambi-
tious designs, viz, so to arrange detention quarters as to afford to all
inmates the maximum comfort within its power to provide, should
be impressed upon all of our officers. To this end open spaces should
l)e provided wherever practicable and playgrounds for children
established when room is obtainable therefor — even ground space
assigned for adults if possible. Lines of amusements for young and
old will readily suggest themselves to our force, and to them I commit,
with assurances of the support of the bureau, the inauguration of
methods which wiU produce an ideal service, not only witli the point
of view of reacliing a just and reasonable administration of our laws
but in the humanitarian sense as well.

MARRIAGES AT OUR STATIONS.

There are perplexing matters that constantly arise in local admin-
istration that should be weeded out as soon as sufficient study of
conditions will permit a proper and permanent solution. These, too,
I should have been pleased to have considered in detail. One of such,
against which protests have been made and wliich the bureau has
fully investigated, should be met by positive action. Fortunately
neither the immigration laws nor other statutes intervene; practice
only gave it life, and regulation should destroy it once and for aU.
I have reference to the practice of permitting marriages at our
stations. The marriage of aliens, where both parties to a union are
applicants for admission or where one is a resident and the other
such applicant, should be discontinued throughout the service, and
no party thereto should be admitted as the wife of a resident who
has not consummated marriage with such resident entirely and com-
pletely in the country in which marriage is alleged or claimed to have
taken place.

24 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

THE BURNETT BILL.

The respective committees in charge of the Burnett Immigration
Bill, pending in the Senate of the United States, incorporated therein
many new provisions and administrative features suggested by the
Department of Labor from the experience of this bureau in dealing
with the many phases of immigration which if enacted will materially
aid in solving many of the vital problems and settling many c[uestions
which have impeded the department and bureau in administering
and executing the laws. Favorable action thereon would place upon
the statute books a system calculated, with reasonable appropriations
for its enforcement, to insure just treatment to all comers, the maxi-
mum of efficiency in administration, and many benefits for the general
welfare of the country.

In conclusion, Mr. Secretary, permit me to express the thanks of
all in the service and my sincere appreciation of the able counsel and
wise guidance with which you have at all times favored the bureau.

A. Caminetti,
Commissioner General.
Hon. W. B. Wilson,

Secretary of Labor.

APPENDIX I

STATISTICS OF IMMIGRATION

25

APPENDIX I.

STATISTICS OF IMMIGRATION.

The tables covering immigration statistics are here presented.
They are so arranged as to furnish in convenient form a basis of cal-
culation for reference and for use by those interested in studying and
discussing the statistical side of the immigration f)roblem. The fol-
lowing items of special interest shown by the figures are deserving of
particular notice and comment.

It should be explained, in the first place, that in the classification
of aUens the terms (1) immigrant and emigrant, and (2) nonimmigrant
and nonemigrant, respectively, relate (1) to permanent arrivals and
departures, and (2) to temporary arrivals and departures. In com-
piling the statistics under this classification the following rule is
observed: Arriving ahens whose permanent domicile has been outside
the United States who intent! to reside permanently in the United
States are classed as immigrant ahens; departing aliens whose per-
manent residence has been in the United States who intend to reside
permanently abroad are classed as emigrant ahens ; all alien residents
of the United States making a temporary trip abroad and all ahens
residing abroad making a temporary trip to the United States are
classed as nonemigrant ahens on the outward journey and nonimmi-
grant aliens on the inward.

Table I is a concise statistical summary of the work of the year,
with the arriving and departing ahens classified in the manner above
described, and showing also the arriving and departing United States
citizens and the number of aliens debarred at the ports and expelled
after entering the country. Immigration for the year was 1,403,081
ahens (1,218,480 immigrant and 184,601 nonimmigrant), a decrease
of 24,146 compared with the prececUng year — the immigration for
1913 having been 1,427,227, made up of 1,197,892 immigrant and
229,335 nonimmigrant ahens. Kejections for the year amounted to
33,041 ahens, or 2.3 per cent of the apphcants, compared with 19,938,
or 1.4 per cent of apphcants, for the previous year. In the past year
4,610 aliens were arrested and expelled from the country, compared
with 3,461 for the previous year, an increase of 33| per cent.

The net increase or decrease of population as the result of immi-
gration and emigration of aliens is shown by Tables II to IV, the
fiscal years 1913 and 1914 being compared by months, by countries,
and by races. In the past fiscal year 1,218,480 immigrant ahens and
184,601 nonimmigrant aliens, a total of 1,403,081, were admitted, and
during that period 303,338 emigrant ahens and 330,467 nonemigrant
ahens, a total of 633,805, departed from the United States, The net
increase in population, therefore, resulting from immigration and
emigration of ahens was for the year 769,276. To make an absolutely
correct statement as to increase in population along these fines it
would be necessary to know the number of citizens of the United
States who have emigrated during the year — an item of information
not to be gathered from any existing records. The net increase cor-
responding with the foregoing for the fiscal year 1913 was 815,303.

27

28 REPOET OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

Table V, giving the intended future permanent residence of aliens
admitted and the last permanent residence of aliens departed during
the fiscal year would be more interesting even than it is if its contents
were based upon something more definite and rehable than the asser-
tions of the aliens concerned — open to change so far as they refer to
an intent and to errors of other kinds as well.

The occupations of ahens entering and leaving the United States
are concisely but interestingly presented in Table VI. Shown sepa-
rately as immigrant and nonimmigrant, emigrant and nonemigrant,
ahens, the occupations of those arriving and departing are classified
by general divisions — professional, skilled, and miscellaneous. Of
common unskilled laborers 248,729 (226,407 immigrant and 22,322
nonimmigrant) entered, and 274,307 (176,642 emigrant and 97,665
nonemigrant) departed, as against arrivals of members of the skilled
trades aggregating 201,389 (173,208 immigrant and 28,181 nonimmi-
grant), and departures of the same aggregating 85,666 (35,160 emi-
grant and 50,506 nonemigrant). These figures might be compared
with those shown in the last report for 1913, to wit: Unskilled laborers
arriving, 251,542 (220,992 immigrant and 30,550 nonimmigrant);
unskilled laborers departing, 278,115 (191,604 emigrant and 86,511
nonemigrant); skilled laborers arriving, 192,978 (160,108 immigrant
and 32,870 nonimmigrant) ; skilled laborers departing, 74,449 (31,563
emigrant and 42,886 nonemigrant). But in considering the figures
regarding unskilled laborers, it must be remembered that a great
many — doubtless the vast majority — of those recorded as "farm
laborers" really come here to be ordinary unskilled laborers and with
no intention of pursuing here the occupation heretofore followed
abroad and naturally given as their personal avocation when called
upon to answer the questions on the manifest. It will be noted that
314,305 ''farm laborers" entered (288,053 immigrant and 26,252 non-
immigrant), and that 22,428 such departed (3,806 emigrant and 18,622
nonemigrant), compared with 368,718 (320,105 immigrant and 48,613
nonimmigrant) entering and 34,491 (3,948 emigrant and 30,543 non-
emigrant) departing in the fiscal year 1913.

Tables VII to XII-a are, from a statistical point of view, the most
important of all those presented, for they cover and furnish various
interesting details concerning immigrant ahens admitted and emigrant
ahens departed; in other words, they deal with the true immigrant
and true emigrant. Some of the more important items are deserving
of special notice.

Thus Table VII shows with respect to the 1,218,480 immigrant
ahens admitted that 981,692 were between the ages of 14 and 44,
158,621 were under 14, and 78,167 were 45 or over. The correspond-
ing figures for 1913 were 1,197,892 admitted; 986,355 between 14
and 44, 147,158 under 14, and 64,379 were 45 years of age or over.
Of those admitted, 260,152 (170,145 males and 90,007 females) could
neither read nor write and 3,074 (1,393 males and 1,681 females) could
read but not write. These figures do not include ahens less than 14
years of age. In the year 1913, 269,988 of those admitted could
neither read nor ^vrite and 5,326 could read but not write, a total of
275,314, against a total of 263,226 for the past year. A more lucid
way of presenting this, however, is to say that 26.2 per cent of all
immigrant ahens admitted in 1913 were ilhterate, compared with 24.8
per cent in 1914.

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

29

The total amount of money shown by admitted immigrant aUens
to the inspection officei*s was $42,553,266, or an average of $35 per
person. There is, of course, no way of determining how much of
this was money sent the ahens by relatives already located in the
United States. Of those admitted, 737,079 showed amounts of less
than $50 each, while 172,394 showed $50 or over each; so that of
909,473 able to demonstrate the possession of funds, over 81 per cent
had less than $50 each.

It was claimed by 770,245 of the aliens admitted that they had paid
their own passage, while it was conceded by 436,343 that their passage
had been paid by relatives and by 11,892 that theirs had been paid
by persons not related to them. These figures understate rather than
overstate the facts, for they are based on assertions made by appli-
cants, and the fact that the law imposes on assisted ahens the burden
of showing eligibihty to land constitutes an incentive to falsification.
But even these figures show that 37 per cent of the aUens admitted
were assisted to reach the United States. In 1913 the percentage
was 32.

Table VII-a is the counterpart of Table VII. It shows that a total
of 303,338 emigrant aliens (242,208 males and 61,130 females) departed
during the past year. With respect to 17,819 of these it was not
possible to keep a fully detailed record, as they left across the Canadian
border. It is shown, however, that 13,1 17 were less than 14 years old,
256,044 w^ere from 14 to 44, and 34,177 were 45 years of age or over;
201,018 had resided in the United States less than 5 years, 53,675
from 5 to 10 yeare, 12,948 from 10 to 15 years, 1,398 from 15 to 20
years, 2,878 over 20 years, and the length of United States residence
of 31,421 is unknown.

Table ATI-b gives the conjugal condition of admitted immigrant
aliens and Tables VIII to XII furnish various interesting details
regarding immigrant and emigrant ahens, while considerable data of
interest regarding nonimmigrant and nonemigrant ahens are supphed
in Tables XIII to XIV-a, Tables XV and XVI being devoted to
comparisons for past years.

The series composed of Tables XVII, XVII-a, XVII-b, and
XVIII deals with ahens refused admission and returned from the
ports and ahens apprehended within the country and deported.
They also deserve detailed comment.

It win be observed from Table XVII that diu-ing the year there
were turned back at the ports 33,041 ahens, or about 2.3 per cent
of the total number applying for admission. The principal grounds
on which these rejections occurred are shown in the following com-
parative statement:

Cause of rejection.

Idiots

Imbeciles ,

Feeble-minded persons

Insanity (including epileptics)

Likely to become a public charge

(including paupers and beggars)

Afflicted with contagious diseases

Afflicted with tuberculosis

Physically or mentally defective

Criminals

Prostitutes and other immoral aliens.

Procurers of prostitutes

Contract laborers

1907

6,866
3,822

341

18

1

1,434

20
45
121

184

3,741

2,847

59

870

136

124

43

1,932

18
42
121
167

4,458

2,308

82

370

273

323

181

1,172

16
40
125
198

15, 927

3,033

95

312

580

316

179

1,786

1911

12

26
126
144

12,048

2,735

111

3,055

644

253

141

1,336

10

44
110
133

8,182

1,674
74

2,288
592
263
192

1,333

18
54
483
198

7,956

2,457
107

4,208
808
367
253

1,624

995
197

15,784

3,143

114

6,537

755

380

254

2,793

30 EEPOKT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

Table XVII-a compares, by causes of rejection, aliens debarred
dui-ing the years 1892 to 1914, inclusive, while Table XVII-b deals
with a separate phase of rejections arising from the necessity of some-
times refusing to admit residents of foreign contiguous territory
who claim to be coming for temporary purposes, 2,014 such rejections
having occurred in the past year.

Table XVIII covers aliens expelled from the country, divided into
the three general classes — ''Deportation compulsory within tlu'ee
years," "Deportation compidsory wdthout time Umit," and "Public
charges within one year after entry, frcmi subsequent causes," and
under such general classification into specific causes for deportation.
The total number of aliens expelled on departmental warrants was
4,610, compared with 3,461 in 1913. All but 30 of these were ahens
of the mandatorily excluded classes, these 30 having been deported
by their own consent. Only 215 ahens were deported who had been
in the United States more than three years, all of whom were of the
sexually immoral classes. Of the remaining 4,365 expelled aliens,
2,028 were members of the excluded classes at the time ol entry, 1,091
had become public charges from causes existing prior to entry,
130 had become prostitutes after entry, 61 were jfound to be sup-
ported by or receiving the proceeds of prostitution, and 1,055 had
entered without inspection. Of the 215 who had been here more
than three years, 108 were immoral women, 13 were procurers, and
94 were being supported by the proceeds of prostitution.

Tables XIX and XIX-a show the appeals and applications for
admission under bond. Appeals from excluding decisions to the
number of 8,584 were reviewed by the bureau and submitted to the
department for final decision. Of the aliens involved, 1,909 were
admitted outright, 905 admitted on bond, and 5,770 ordered deported
by affirming the decision of the board of inquiry. Dissenting board
members took 73 appeals from admitting decisions. Of the aliens
involved in these, 28 were admitted outright, 8 admitted on bond,
and 37 deported. Direct applications for adnnssion under bond
were made in 81 instances, the cases not being technically appealable,
52 of which applications were granted and 29 denied.

Table XX shows the number of ahen seamen reported by masters
of vessels to have deserted in ports of the United States during the
year. These figures are far from accurate and therefore do not
"adequately portray the possibilities for violation of the immigration
law, arising from the fact that the law does not afford a practicable
means of keeping track of aliens who come to our ports as seamen —
many, of course, bona fide, but others for the very purpose of breaking
past the barriers of the immigration law. Even greater difficulty
exists regarding Chinese seamen, whose desertion and remaining here
constitute a violation of both the immigration and the exclusion laws ;
for the incentive to use the "seamen claim" is greater in their case
than in the case of ahens generally. At least 30,000 Chmese seamen
entered oiu" ports during the year; and it has been no smaU under-
taking to endeavor to prevent their remaining in the country.

Table XXI shows 787 stowaways were brought to our ports in the
past year. Stowaways should, except in rare mstances, be excluded
because of the irregular manner in which they come.

Table XXII is one of the most important statements, for it shows
the amount of revenue produced for the Government by the immigra-

REPOET OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. 31

tion act. Of the 1,403,081 aliens admitted, 1,273,223 were subject
to the $4 head tax, so that during the year the service collected
$5,092,894. The conduct of the service has cost about $2,600,000.
On this subject see also the statement on page 5, showing how
much is now accumulated to the credit of the service in the Treasury.

In Table XXIII there is furnished a comprehensive statement of
passengers departed from the United States during the fiscal year.

Tables XXIV to XXVII are presented this year for the first time.
They cover aliens who, after being admitted to the insular possessions,
have come to the mainland since the act of 1907 took effect. As
this subject is discussed in detail in the text and is being taken up
statistically for the fii'st time this year, comment upon the statistics
here is not required.

Table XXVIII, covering cases of hospital treatment, appeared in
the report for 1913 as a statement inserted in the text (pp. 10-15).
The subject of hospital treatment no longer demands the particular
notice then given it ; therefore the table is now inserted in the statisti-
cal appendix. Its showing may be very briefly commented u})on.^
It will be observed that at New York only 55 aliens were treated in
hospital, against 45 for the preceding year; at Baltimore 28, against
25 for tne preceding year; at Boston 2, against 4 for the preceding
year; at Philadelphia 39, against 54 for the preceding year; at New
Orleans 1, against 4 for the preceding year; at Galveston 1, against
1 for the preceding year; at San Francisco 571, against 873 for the
preceding year; and at Seattle 205, against 361 for the preceding year.
The bureau's constant effort has been to reduce these cases to a
minimum, for the reasons of sound policy explained in its last report.
How well it has succeeded, with the support given it by the depart-
ment, is shown by the figures compared above. Moreover, its belief
that a rigid policy in this regard would materially reduce the number
of applications has been fully justified by the results. If it is known
that the return to country of origin for treatment is going to be
enforced, afflicted aliens will not come or be brought to our ports in
any considerable numbers, and the aliens themselves and the travehng
public generally will benefit from the lessening of hardships and of the
chances of being infected aboard ship. The present policy shoidd
therefore be continued.

Tables A to F cover certain special data regarding aliens of Japa-
nese nationality. The Japanese Government issues to its subjects
when emigrating limited passports. This brings laborers from that
country within the provisions of section 1 of the immigration act and
the President's proclamation issued in pursuance thereof and creates
the necessity for presenting certain special statistics in their cases
in addition to including them in the general tables kept in pursuance
of the provisions of law appHcable to all aliens.

To make comparison convenient, the plan followed in previous
reports in presenting comment on the statistics regarding Japanese
immigration is again adopted here.

Table A shows an increase in the number of Japanese admitted to
both the continent and the Territory of Hawaii. However, the
figures shown by said table should be compared also with those for
1908, the first year the system under the proclamation and rule 11
of the immigration regulations and the understanding with Japan

I In addition to the hospital treatment listed there were 75 at Honolulu.

32 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

became operative, in which year 9,544 Japanese were admitted to
continental United States and 8,694 to Hawaii, with 643 debarred
at the ports of the former and 60 at the ports of the latter. In 1911
the corresponding figures were 4,282, 2,159, 46, and 34, while those
for 1912 were 5,358, 3,231, 103, and 63, respectively, and those for
1913 were 6,771, 4,901, 88, and 180. Those for the past year were
8,462, 4,554, 142, and 131. Therefore the number of Japanese
admitted to the mainland and Hawaii, respectively, in 1914, was 25
per cent more for continental United States and 7 per cent less for
Hawaii than the number shown for 1913.

Table B furnishes a means of comparing the immigration and emi-
gration of Japanese in 1913 with that of the past year, by months.

Table C gives in some detail the occupations of Japanese who have
entered and left the country during the year, divided roughly into
professional, skilled, miscellaneous (which includes common laborers),
and those having no occupation (including women and children).
The total number admitted to the mainland for each of these classes,
respectively, is 311, 380, 4,298, and 3,473; to Hawaii, 188, 99,
3,530, and 737.

A comparison of the records of Japanese immigration and emigra-
tion kept by the bureau with similar records compiled by the Japa-
nese Grovernment is given in Table D. The variation between tnis
and other tables is partially explained by the fact that this table is
compiled from records of embarkation and debarkation, whereas the
others relate to entries and departures recorded at United States ports.

Table E shows that during the past year 8,604 Japanese applied for
admission to continental United States, of whom 8,462 were ad-
mitted and 142 debarred. Of the total number applying, 8,350 were
in possession of proper passports and 254 were not. Of the 8,350
holding proper passports, 8,259 were fomid on examination to belong
to the classes entitled by the understanding to receive passports and
the remaining 91 not to fall within such classes. The 8,259 entitled
to passports consisted of 3,774 former residents, 3,824 parents, wives,
and children of residents, and 661 new arrivals, who were non-
laborers, together with no settled agriculturists. The 91 in possession
of passports, although apparently not entitled thereto, were found to
be laborers and not to be former residents, parents, wives, or children
of residents, or settled agriculturists. Of the 8,604 applying for
admission, 5,161 were males and 3,443 were females. Of those
applying for admission on the claim of relationship, 25 were "par-
ents," 784 were ''children," and 3,015 were "wives" of residents.
Of the passports presented 1,449 gave the holders' occupation as of a
nonlaboring character, 252 gave such occupation as laboring, and
6,649 failed to state occupation. This table also furnishes other inter-
esting pertinent details regarding the passports and the aliens pre-
senting them, which it is not necessary to emphasize in the text.

Information similar to the above regarding the Territory of Hawaii
is supplied by Table F. Durmg the year 4,685 Japanese applied at
Honolulu, 4,554 of whom were admitted and 131 debarred. AH but
8 of the 4,685 applicants had passports. Of the 4,677 holding pass-
ports, 4,460 were entitled thereto under the definitions set forth in
the table and 217 were found upon examination not to fall within
such definitions. Of the 4,460 entitled to passports, 1,212 were
former residents and 3,248 were parents, wives, or children of resi-

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. 33

dents. The 217 not entitled to passports consisted of 46 laborers and
171 nonlaborers who were neither former residents nor parents, wives,
or children of residents.

Of the total number of Japanese, 13,016, shown by Tables E and F
to have been admitted to the country during the year, 7,694 were non-
laborers and 5,322 were laborers.

Tables 1 to 8 supply special data regarding aliens of the Chinese
race, the collection of which (in addition to data concerning aliens of
said race compiled under the general law and included in the regular
immigration tables) is made necessary by the fact that there is a
special law dealmg with aliens of said race.

In Table 1 is presented a comparison between the number of Chinese
applying for admission during the years 1909 to 1914, inclusive. In
the past year 5,773 Chinese were admitted, as compared with 5,662
in 1913, 5,374 in 1912, 5,107 in 1911, 5,950 in 1910, and 6,395 in 1909,
the admissions for the past year being 2 per cent greater than for the
preceding year, 7.4 per cent greater than for 1912, 13 per cent greater
than for 1911, 3 per cent less than for 1910, and 9.7 per cent less than
for 1909. In the past year 410 Chinese were deported, as against
384 in the preceding year, 400 in 1912, 692 in 1911, 969 in 1910, and
564 in 1909.

In Table 2 will be found a statement of the disposition, preliminary
and final, of every application of a Chinese for admission. New
appUcations to the number of 5,947 were made during the year and
445 were pending from the previous year, a total of 6,392, Of these,
5,695 were admitted at the ports, 77 by the department on appeal,
and 1 by the courts, a total of 5,773, while 410 were deported and 209
remain pending. The recapitulation by ports given at the bottom of
Table 2 shows that 4,018 Chinese arrived at San Francisco, 1,109 at
Seattle, 369 at Vancouver, and 718 at Honolulu, the balance being
scattering cases at ports of less importance.

Of the section 6 exempt classes, 669 appHed for admission, com-
pared with 559 in the preceding year. Of these classes only 15 were
deported. The applicants were composed of 185 merchants, 324
students, 17 teachers, and 32 travelers, together with 111 officials
who are for convenience placed in this class. The number of ''stu-
dents" applying decreased from 345 in 1913 to 324 in the past year.

It is also shown by Table 2 that 855 domiciled merchants applied
for readmission, 52 cases having been pending from the previous
year, making a total of 907, of whom 881 were admitted and 20
deported, while 6 remain pending. Of those claiming to be "minor
children of merchants," 674 entered and 125 were deported. Of
''wives of merchants," 148 applications were considered, 133 being
admitted and 5 deported; while of "wives of natives," 138 applica-
tions were considered, in 122 of which admission was ordered and in
2 deportation effected.

Table 3 contains a special discussion of the "United States citizen"
class, which falls into two general divisions — (1) those of native birth
and (2) those born abroad of native-born parents. Of these "citi-
zens" there were admitted 2,098 (about 36 per cent of all Chinese
entering), of whom 1,373 belong to the first and 725 to the second.
In 1913 the corresponding figures were 1,553 and 495, respectively.
The 1,373 belonging to the first division are segregated further into
49 of whose claimed departure from this country there was no record
60629°— 15 3

34 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

(raw natives), and 1,324 of whose departure there was a record
(returning natives). Of the latter, status had been determined pre-
.viously in 1,155 and was determined for the first time in 169 cases.
The number of Chinese adjudicated ''citizens" for the first time, there-
fore, was 943, compared with 968 for the previous year, 585 for 1912,
534 for 1911, and 1,295 for 1910. In this connection it should be
noted from Table 6 that of the Chinese arrested and brought before
courts or court commissioners during the past year 122 were dis-
charged, practically all on the claim of birth in the United States.
The corresponding figures for 1913, 1912, 1911, and 1910 are 117,
108, 156, and 190, respectively. It should also be noted from Table 2
that 122 alleged wives of natives were admitted, compared with 126
in 1913, 88 m 1912, 80 in 1911, and 110 in 1910. Adding these
several sets of figures relating to admissions as United States citizens
and wives of citizens, it wiU be observed that the total is 5,544, or
an average of 1,108 per year for the five years compared.

Table 4 shows that during the past year 250 appeals of Chinese
were considered by the department, in 173 of which the decisions of
the officers of the ports were sustained and in 77 overruled.

Table 5 presents a concise summary of the granting of return cer-
tificates to Chinese residents of this country who applied for the privi-
lege of going abroad with the assurance of prompt admission on
return. Applications for these certificates to the number of 3,238
were submitted, cUvided into 1,349 natives, 1,093 exempts, and 796
laborers, of which applications the officers at the ports of proposed
departure granted 3,021 and denied 217. Of those denied, 79
appealed, 16 of the appeals being sustained and 63 dismissed by the
bureau. During the year, therefore, return certificates were refused
in 201 cases (of which 106 were natives, 76 exempts, and 19 laborers)
and granted in 3,037 cases (1,243 natives, 1,017 exempts, and 777
laborers).

Tables 6 and 7 are compiled from statements furnished by United
States marshals. During the year 225 Chinese were arrested on
judicial warrants, compared with 191 in 1913 and 616 in 1912. There
remained pending from the previous year 268 cases, so that the total
number of cases considered was 493. These were disposed of as
follows: In 18, Chinese died or escaped; in 122, the court or com-
missioner ordered defendants' discharge; in 131, deportation was
ordered; and 222 cases remain pending.

In connection with these tables, attention should be directed to
Table XVIII (p. 108), from which it will be observed that during
the last fiscal year 748 afiens of the Chinese race were arrested and
deported under the immigration law without resort to the provisions
of the exclusion laws. Incidentally these figures explain why there
has been a decrease in arrests of Chinese before United States com-
missioners from 616 in 1912 to 191 in 1913 and 225 in 1914.

Table 8 furnishes some interesting items of information that can
not conveniently be furnished in the same form in the preceding
tables.*

1 In connection with the foregoing regarding enforcement of the Chinese-exclusion laws, see reports of
the commissioners at Montreal, Seattle, and San Francisco and of the supervising inspector, El Paso.
(Appendix IH, pp. 189-212, 299-312, 317-327, 339-355.)

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

35

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38

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

Table IV. — Net increase or decrease of population by arrival and departure of aliens,
fiscal year ended June 30, 1914, by races or peoples.

Race or people.

Admitted.

Immi-
grant
aliens.

Nonim-
migrant
aliens.

Total.

Departed.

Emi-
grant
aliens.

Nonemi-
grant
aliens.

Total.

Increase
(+)or
decrease

African (black)

Armenian

Bohemian and Moravian (Czech)

Bulgarian, Servian, and Monte-
negrin

Chinese

Croatian and Slavonian

Cuban

Dalmatian, Bosnian, and Herze-
go vinian

Dutch and Flemish

East Indian

English

Finnish

French ,

German

Greek

Hebrew :

Irish

Italian (north)

Italian (south)

Japanese

Korean

lathuanian

Magyar

Mexican

Pacific Islander

Polish

Portuguese

Roumanian

Russian

Ruthenian (Russniak)

Scandinavian (Norwegians,
Danes, and Sw edes)

Scotch

Slovak.

Spanish

Spanish American

Syrian

Turkish

Welsh

West Indian (except Cuban)

Other peoples

Not specified i

8,447
7,785
9,928

15,084
2,354

37,284
3,539

5,149

12,566

172

51,746

12,805

18,166

79, 871

45,881

138,051

33,898

44,802

251,612

8,941

152

21,584

44,538

13,089

1

122,657

9,647

24,070

44,957

36,727

36,053
18,997
25,819
11,064
1,544
9,023
2,693
2,558
1,396
3,830

4,011
127
503

2,236
1,218
1,629
3,337

180

4,005

51

34,679

1,351

5,852

18,791

3,110

4,825

10,372

7,614

19,706

4,075

13

636

2,477

3,990

8

5,738

977

920

3,619

5,686

11,236

8,859
1,381
5,701
1,978

654
93

938
1,572

453

Total

Admitted in and departed from
Philippine Islands

1,218,480
4,408

184,601
8,238

12,458

7,912

10,431

17,320

3,572

38,913

6,876

5,329
16, 571
223
86,425
14,156
24,018
98,662
48,991

142,876
44,270
52,416

271,318
13,016
165
22,220
47,015
17,079
9

128,395
10, 624
24,990
48, 576
42,413

47,289
27,856
27,200
16,765
3,522
9,677
2,786
3,496
2,968
4,283

1,805
1,250
1,011

5,780

2,059

14,440

947

878

2,252

143

11,187

2,941

2,930

11,977

11,266

6,826

4,689

12,663

72, 767

794

43

5, 522

14,254

1,670

2

35,028

1,848

3,837

17,491

5,049

8,073

3,923

11,786

3,214

542

1,200

890

395

677

1,470

17,819

3,129

861

1,027

3,779
3,643
6,260
5,960

707

7,066

188

59,965
3,288
7,246

26,494
9,494
7,568

14,409

14,400

39,329
8,109
32
2,255
6,785
2,497
2

19,061
2, 156
2,557

11,916
7,378

19,221
13,268
4,681
6,593
2,460
1,909
622
1,086
2,049
1,017

10
38
20
14
19
27
112
8

7
21

4

54

4

6

29

12

27
17
16
9
3
3
1
1
2
2
17

1,403,081
12,646

303,338

768

330,467
9,138

633
9

7,524
5,801
8,393

-I- 7,761

- 2,130
+ 18,213

- 31

-I- 3,744

4- 7,253

- 108
+ 15,273
+ 7,927
-I- 13,842
-h 60,191
+ 28,231
4-128,482
-f- 25,172
+ 25,353
+159,222
+ 4,113
4- 90
4- 14,443
4- 25,976
4- 12,912
4- 5
4- 74,306
4- 6, 620
4- 18,596
4- 19,169
4- 29,986

4- 19,995

4- 10,665

4- 10,733

4- 6,958

4- 520

4- 6, 568

4- 1,274

4- 2,015

4- 242

4- 1,796

- 17,819

4-769,276
4- 2,740

1 Departed via Canadian border. Reported by Canadian Government as Canadians.

REPOET OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

39

Table V. — Intended future permanent residence of aliens admitted and last permanent
residence of aliens departed, fiscal year ended June 30, 1914, by States and Territories.^

State or Territory.

Admitted.

Immigrant Nontomi-
-!--• aC

Departed.

Emigrant
aliens.

Nonemi-
grant
aliens.

Alabama.
Alaska...

Arizona

Arkansas ,

California

Colorado

Connecticut

Delaware

District of Columbia.

Florida

Georgia

Hawaii

Idaho .

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Ijouisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missoini

Montana

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New Mexico

New York

North Carolina

North Dakota

Ohio

Oklahoma

Oregon

Pennsylvania

Philippine Islands

Porto Rico

Rhode Island

South Carolina

South Dakota

Tennessee

Texas

Utah

Vermont

Virginia

Washington

West Virginia

Wisconsin

Wyoming

Outside United States.
Unknown 2

1,450

Total 1 , 218, 480

32
4

33
1
1
6

5

1

105

14:

4
74

5
184

142

104

1,246

30

3,993

328

2,239

90

312

2,874

147

1,102

184

6,612

768

786

232

93

322

292

470

8,647

3,025

1,432

56

82C

420

360

97

335

5,167

85

29,140

53

292

3,253

77

632

9,685

19

738

1,313

29

200

91

1,963

297

206

234

1,828

564

1,114

142

89,912

277

78

560

44

8,049

1,079

7,571

370

405

1,961

121

747

270

23, 637

4,544

1,469

421

178

531

673

1,313

15,983

10,809

3,402

47

2,744

723

520

288

1,545

13,983

320

76,017

73

405

16,472

215

907

55,217

11

969

2,821

43

183

108

927

965

516

330

2,638

3,357

4,731

350

31,421

184,601

303,338

108

118

269

34

7,913

882

3,420

109

262

2,644

107

2,821

326

12, 536

1,270

1,457

378

158

374

541

475

12,972

5,144

3,620

99

1,855

1,045

549

226

661

6, 551

107

38,937

68

658

7,552

64

1,225

16, 726

6

279

2,746

52

276

104

484

731

355

201

3,542

999

1,874

303

184,254

330,467

1 For permanent residences of aliens arriving In and departing from the Philippine Islands, see Tables
IX, IX-A, XIV, and XIV-a.

2 Left United States via Canadian border. Figures reported by Canadian Government.

40 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

Table VI. — Occupations of aliens admitted and departed, fiscal year ended June 30, 1914.

Admitted.

Departed.

Occupation.

Immi-
grant
aliens.

Nonim-
migrant
aliens.

Emi-
grant
aliens.

Non-

Bmi^ant

aliens.

PROFESSIONAL.

Actors

1,019
384

1,144
228

1,143

1,931
296
621

1,356
428
504
663

2,578

2,306

1,055
329

1,056
241
305

2,375
689
489
494
738
889
294

1,542

1,495

257

87

288

26

132

422

36

92

296

102

138

94

466

437

1 669

Architects

527

Clergy

1,251

Editors

262

Electricians

454

Engineers (professional)

2,989
865

Literary and scientific persons

518

Musicians

846

Officials (government)

741

Physicians . . .

1,220

Sculptors and artists

394

1,921

Other professional

1,586

14,601

11,991

2,873

15, 243

SKILLED.

Bakers . .

4,298

3,656

5,181

647

186

3,685

438

15,755

41

1,125

124

16,876

9,431

1,684

725

1,406

995

1,637

432

3,102

2,676

5,185

7,722

1,954

791

741

1,933

7,770

4,178

72

424

425

761

1,283

623

11,694

11,210

1,071

1,036

27,403

355

878

1,047

75

273

770

3, 186

312

335

5,601

612

475

531

45

58

430

99

2,391

3

928

50

4,938

793

1,001

69

539

53

399

127

141

1,109

2,521

1,176

666

126

53

122

1,434

622

46

105

181

183

231

39

363

792

416

234

1,355

30

240

77

57

37

89

493

33

46

1,623

507

553

424
25
29

348

123

1,930

5

462

9

1,907

498

266
67

280
60

350

77

41

1,079

709

668

6,776

60

15

88

10, 162

432
26
40

114
76

123
25

432
1,027

565

181

2,246

29

773
77
14
19
37

350
17
50

989

1,016

747

Blacksmiths

807

Bookbinders

83

99

716

200

Carpenters and joiners

4,795
4

1,849

24

Clerks and accountants

7,755

985

1,010
135

Furriers and fur workers . .

Gardeners

868

90

769

251

104

2,523

1,941

1,698

1,208

188

Millers . ..

58

177

7,733

1,158

Pattern makers . . . .

102

130

362

Plumbers . . . . .

354

397

90

353

1,287

632

Stonecutters .

514

Tailors

2,209

75

1,105

145

40

73

91

8%

30

122

2,508

173,208

28, 181

35, 160

50,506

I For occupations of aliens arriving in and departing from Philippine Islands, see Tables X and X-A.

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

41

Table VI. — Occupations of aliens admitted and departed, fiscal year ended June SO,

1914 — Continued.

Admitted.

Departed.

Occupation.

Immi-
grant
aliens.

Nonim-
migrant
aliens.

Emi-
grant
aliens.

Non-
emigrant
aliens.

MISCELLANEOUS.

Agents

1,057

300

1,211

288,053

14,442

1,122

595

226,407

390

16,505

144,409

15,965

1,622

802

196

26,252

4,678

301

475

22,322

784

11,067

15,873

7,092

176
102
162

3,806

7,399

345

144

176,642

86

5,623
18, 208

4,815

2,128

Rank-flrs

1,378
447

D ray men, hackmen, and teamsters

Farm laborers

18,622
10,350

Farmers .

Fishermen

612

Hotel keepers ...

590

97,665
1,164

Marmfaptiirers ,

Merchants and dealers

15,314
23,087
12,817

Servants

Other miscellaneous

Total miscellaneous . . ...

710,456

91,464

217,508

184, 174

No occupation (including women and children)

320,215

52,965

47,797

80,544

Grand total

1,218,480

184,601

303,338

330,467

42 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

Table VII. — Sex, age, literacy, financial condition, etc., of immigrant

Race or people.

Num-
ber ad-
mitted.

Male.

Female,

Under

14
years.

14 to 44
years.

45
years

and
over.

Literacy, 14 years and over.

Can read

but can not

write.

Male.

Fe-
male,

Can neither

read nor

write.

Male.

Fe-
male.

Total.

African (black)

Armenian

Bohemian and Mo-
ravian

Bulgarian, Servian,
and Montenegrin.

Chinese

Croatian and Slo-
venian

Cuban

Dalmatian, Bos-
nian, and Herze-
govinian

Dutch and Flemish

East Indian

English

Finnish

French

German

Greek

Hebrew

Irish

Italian (north)

Italian (south)

Japanese

Korean

Lithuanian

Magyar

Mexican

Pacific Islander

Polish :

Portuguese

Roumanian

Russian

Ruthenian (Russ-
niak)

Scandinavian

Scotch

Slovak

Spanish

Spanish American .

Syrian

Turkish

Welsh

West Indian (e.x-
cept Cuban)

Other peoples

Total

Admitted in Phil-
ippine Islands

8,447

7,785

9,928

15,084
2,354

37,284
3,539

5,149

12, 566

172

51,746

12, 805

18, 166

79,871

45,881

138,051

33, 898

44,802

251,612

8,941

152

21,584

44, 538

13,089

1

122,657

9,647

24,070

44,957

36, 727

36,053

18, 997

25,819

11,064

1,544

9,023

2,693

2,558

1,396
3,830

4,901
6,533

5,367

13,465
2,052

26,877
2,452

4,437

7,737

163

28, 920

7,582
10, 404
44, 821
40, 207
74, 905
16, 793
33,552
184,270

3,292

58

12,282

27,517

6,584

72, 837

6,260

19, 748

38,010

23, 590

22, 996

10, 332

15, 009

8,758

1,032

6,391

2,591

1,651

818
3,553

3,546
1,252

1,619
302

10, 407
1,087

712

4,829

9

22,826

5,223

7,762

35,050

5,674

63, 146

17, 105

11,250

67, .342

5,649

94

9,302

17, 021

6,505

1

49, 820

3,387

4,32:

6,94'

718
538

1,972

689
144

'3,511

206

2,400

2

8,060

1,115

3,170

13,520

1,848

30, 113

2,482

4,775

32, 936

438

8

2,040

6,356

4,409

-4>
17

13, 137

13, 057

8,665

10, 810

2,306

512

2,632

102

907

578
277

15, 767
1,338
1.232,

2,680
3,068
2,938
4,232
1,198

245

1,110

47

443

150
92

1,218,480 798,747
4,049 3,550

419,733
499

158,621
816

7,426
6,960

7,482

13, 737
1,736

31,701
2,685

4,722

9,229

161

37, 393

11,460

12,917

60, 008

42, 264

98,236

29, 479

38, 106

201,428

8,037

135

19, 059

33, 445

7, 358

1

103, 201

7,769

18, 672

41,939

32,579

31,. 345

13, 886

19, 998

9,180

1,187

7,533

2,602

1,905

1,101
3,630

303

287

474

658

474

2,072
366

221|

9371

9'.

6,293:

230
2,079;
6, 343
1,7691
9, 702:
1,937
1,921
17,248;

466
9

485
4,737
1,322

3,'

540
4,166

875

1,468
1,640

2,173:

1,589'
686 1
112
380
44
210

145
108

981,692
3,086

78, 167
147

17

4

21

56

13

202

7

6

58

3

278
6
12

429
5
36

1,380
1,767

2,768
12

5,549
26

2,134

116

23

107

45

812

1,295

6,456

7,613

218

1,861

74, 516

355

2

4,389

1,902

1,429

403
849

50

515
158

2,307
22

228
90

162

37

288

1,596

2,450

13,591

123

606

29,032

1,067

22

4,612

1,467

1,928

1,805
2,116

3,291
170

7,874

2,366

217

23

301

91

1,133

3,024

8,920

21,490

359

2,473

103,626

1,425

24

9,708

3,380

3,405

862

2

3

21

17, 589
2,950
5,961

11,692

8,454

105

36

1,482

1,293

3

2,458

1,649

7

26
1,617

14, 463
1,830
1,605
3,133

4,668

38

40

950

544

14

1,491

38

10

72

33, 425
4,790

14,905

13,208

155

, 85

2,455

1,"

17

3,956

1 I —

18

34
1,693

1,393

1,681

170, 145

90,007

263,226
250

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.
'. aliens admitted, fiscal year ended June 30, 1914, by races or peoples.

43

Money.

By whom passage was paid.

Going to join

-

Aliens bringing—

Total

Other

Neither

amount
of money

Self.

Relative.

than
self or

Relative.

Friend.

relative

nor

S50 or over.

Less than
«50.

shown.

relative.

friend.

1,176

5,834

8200,671

5,916

2,279

252

5,955

964

1,528

735

6,191

229,817

6,179

1,547

59

6,154

1,494

137

1,576

5,171

404,968

5,794

4,073

61

7,978

1,729

221

1,485

12,272

469,461

13, 126

1,904

54

6,902

7,251

931

594

1,265

98, 676

1,194

1,021

139

1,300

785

269

2,578

28,525

1,084,631

29,392

7-706

186

26,596

9,790

898

1,813

781

168,924

2,291

1,220

28

1,298

399

1,842

327

4,440

149,368

4,578

545

26

3,345

1,661

143

3,861

3,970

748,556

7,002

5,357

207

8,422

2,838

1,306

132

23

24, 602

146

15

11

53

37

82

22,312

14,348

4,332,732

30, 923

19, 159

1,664

30, 166

8,937

12,643

1,955

9,005

447, 118

7,762

4,529

514

7,964

4,122

719

6,308

5,510

1,265,444

10,833

6,671

662

11,419

2,514

4,233

21,146

32,266

4,621,022

47,632

30,884

1,355

59, 748

13,263

6,860

6,490

33,662

1,644,425

41,, 205

4,633

43

32,314

12,543

1,024

10, 647

54,105

3,032,445

44,747

92, 826

478

130, 184

5,009

2,858

7,446

20, 286

1,673,875

20, 156

13,312

430

27,503

3,006

3,389

8,191

26, 871

1,506,014

34,779

9,617

406

33,596

9,486

1,720

23, 429

173,344

6,381,764

175, 801

75,259

552

238,982

10,602

2,028

4,237

3,243

345,308

1,729

7,145

67

7,296

711

934

55

51

3,928

24

122

6

108

33

11

1,056

15,249

427,564

9,182

12, 259

143

20,268

1,202

114

4,131

28,512

1, 157, 855

28,965

15,394

179

36,999

5,663

1,876

1,336

6,849

1

90, 170

291,673

35

2,910,837

4,827

1

69,768

7,940

322

6,798

1

111,321

1,078

5,213

6,' 389

52,433

456

9,' 957

i,'379

771

6,671

200, 828

4,330

5,297

20

8,293

1,131

223

i^IZL

19,496

643, 192

19,513

4,474

83

17,399

5,780

891

2,914

37,096

1,573,416

37,011

7,726

220

28,887

14,688

1,382

1,200

30,317

778,679

26,547

10, 030

150

30,061

5,674

992

8,407

21,923

2,043,329

25,812

9,423

818

23, 176

8,669

4,208

7,454

6,314

1,529,827

12, 105

6,552

340

11,889

3,264

3,844

2,138

16,642

622, 810

17,975

7,774

70

22,929

2,554

336

3,755

4,601

552,812

7,719

1,766

1,579

4,560

2,987

3,517

1,073

93

166, 578

843

545

156

394

292

858

1,106

5,468

302,238

6,456

2,543

24

7,488

1,291

244

230

2,279

77, 447

2,015

666

12

1,834

799

60

1,107

680

193,378

1,608

910

40

1,665

495

398

625

421

87,005

951

400

45

722

216

458

488

3,134

160,014

3,408

387

35

2,158

1,368

304

172,394

737,079

42,653,266

770, 245

436,343

11, 892

984, 125

164,282

70,073

44

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

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45

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46

EEPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

Table VII-b. — Conjugal condition of immigrant aliens
[Abbreviations: S., single; M., married;

Race or people.

African (black)

Armenian

Bohemian and Moravian

Bulgarian, Servian, Montene-
grin

Chinese

Croatian and Slovenian

Cuban

Dalmatian, Bosnian, Herze-
govLnian

Dutch and Flemish

East Indian

English

Finnish

French

German

Greek

Hebrew

Irish

Italian (north)

Italian (south)

Japanese

Korean

Lithuanian

Magyar

Mexican

Pacific Islander

Polish

Portuguese

Roumanian

Russian

Ruthcnian (Russniak)

Scandinavian

Scotch

Slovak

Spanish

Spanish American

Sjrian . .^

Turkish

Welsh

West Indian (except Cuban) .

Other peoples

Males.

Un-
der 14

years
(to-
tal).!

344

298
982

342
118

1,782
267

112
1,226

14 to 44 years.

4,035

561

1,587

6, 845

1,048

15,172

1,179

2, 4491

17, 365

291

4

1,028

3,167

2,175

7,816

689

633

1,090

1,345

1,565

1,513

2,100

636

131

620

31

246

79

47

Grand total 80, 918 377, 231 288, 222 2, 705

3,285
3,354
2,506

4,960

796

11, 487

1,508

2,223

3,796

97

14, 027

5,125

5,005

21,380

25, 889

35,903

12, 797

17, 060

78, 025

1,597

38

8,662

5,062

2,143

37, 106
2,720
3,356

16, 449
7,989

18, 077

5,656

4,167

4,975

694

4,237

1,587

895

477

2,121

M.

1,102
2,709
1,638

7,502

667

11,781

456

1,

2,147
57

7, 510

1,745

2,513
12,885,
11,772
19,047

1,820;
12, 549
77, 120

1,032
15

2,305
15,372

1,553

D. Total.

25, 427

2,525

11,684

19, 624

12, 881

2,457

2,098

7, 545

2,622

140

1,252

939

379

177

1,296

208
31
91

163
72

171
69

131

414
1

4,410
6,086
4,160

12,534
1,464

23, 352
1,981

4,121

5,980

154

21, 749

6,901

7,611

131 34,441

1 37,734

111 55,132

2! 14,688

-J 29,740

155,559

2,630

53

10,990

20, 591

3,765

11

62, 701
5,274
15, 193
36, 186
20,936
20,592
7,

11,766
7,632
837
5,570
2,530
1,283
658
3,425

59 668, 2i;

45 years and over.

S. M. W. D. Total.

16
5
10

17
1

55
28

6

76

1

411

22

184

310

77

70

234

122

373

5

58
15
22
31
26
233
197
14
62

5
18

7
22

4
10

115
139
196

525

469

1,610

160

191

414

7

2,356

2,896
1,309
4,044

552
1,174
10, 395

356
1

215
3,581

512

2, 151

259

3,756

671

1,256

502

689

1,

389

57

149

23

78

74

2,853 43,360 3,370

77
16

7

41

1

366

12
171
324

39
480
138

67
577

10

147
149

225

589

470

1,743

204

204

531

9

3,136

120
1,206
3,535
1,425
4,601

926
1,363
11,346

371
1

264
3,759

644

2,320

297

3,922

734

1,309

839

1,011

1,143

490

64

201

30

122

81

81

29 49,612

1 None divorced; 75 married, as follows: Chinese, Dutch and Flemish, Mexican, Russian, Slovak, and
Spanish American, 1 each; French, Irish, Roumanian, and Spanish, 2 each; Bohemian and Moravian,
English, and Ruthenian (Russniak), 3 each; Croatian and Slovenian, Finnish, Polish, and Scotch, 4 each;
German, Magyar, and Portuguese, 5 each; Hebrew, 9; Italian (south), 12; and widowed, German, 1.

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

47

mmitted, fiscal year ended June 30, 1914, by races or peoples.
|W., widowed; D., divorced.]

Females.

Single females.

Tin-

14 to 44 years.

45 years and over. .

der 14
vears

1

14 to
21

22 to

20

30 to
37

38 to

44

(to-
tal).2

S.

M.

W.

D.

Total.

S.

M.

W.

D.

Total.

years.

years.

years.

years.

374

2,152

738

126

3,016

21

65

70

156

994

866

215

77

240
990

435
2,123

387
1,150

52

874
3,322

2
4

71
131

65
114

138
249

347
1,470

75
540

9
86

4

46

3

27

347

351

792

58

2

1,203

3

42

24

69

225

109

15

2

26
1,729

28
4,765

244
3,345

272
8,349

""io

3
211

1
107

i

4
329

22
3,157

6
1,371

237

2

204

33

221

299

368

37

704

9

81

72

162

160

105

24

10

94

386

207

8

601

2

7

8

17

185

166

30

5

1,174

1,223

1,994

29

3

3,249

. 26

263

117

406

568

465

147

43

2
4,025

3

7,974

3

7,207

1

452

......

7
15, 644

2
2,697

1

403

1,625

1,128

1

3,157

3,212

1,517

548

654

3,524

989

45

1

4,559

20

50

40

110

2,035

1, 238

216

35

1,583

2,711

2,441

149

5

5,306

118

456

297

2

873

1,263

909

399

140

6,675

14,926

9,881

696

64

25,567

245

1,423

1,125

15

2,808

S, 652

4,676

1,246

352

800

2,472

1,948

110

4,530

8

199

137

344

1,539

847

73

13

14,941

27, 728

14,296

1,013

67

43, 104

36

2,842

2,214

9

5, 101

22, 960

4,393

310

65

1,303

12,813

1,795

182

1

14, 791

198

402

411

1,011

7,2S3

4,395

SSO

255

2,326

3,492

4,737

137

8,366

23

301

234

558

2,021

1,108

230

43

15,571

20,200

24,800

867

2

45,869

141

3,289

2,470

2

5,902

13,093

5,378

915

214

147

307

5,098

2

5,407

2

86

7

95

256

3r

12

1

4
1,012

13
6,312

69
1,660

82
8,069

7

6

98

1

116

1

8
221

10
4,521

2
1,600

1
173

97

18

3,189

6,365

5,662

793

34

12,854

11

532

433

2

978

4,857

1,261

196

61

2,234

1,217

2,083

1

11,587

293

3,593

1

40,500

24

283

371

678

848

265

80

24

7,951

28,070

840

3

36

676

655

2

1,369

23, 192

4,32i

492

65

649

1,370

1,063

60

2

2,495

23

91

129

243

939

356

54

21

599

1,063

2,131

269

16

3,479

1

162

81

244

661

360

38

4

1,053

3,423

2,192

137

1

5,753

3

86

52

141

2, 424

S72

113

14

1,335

8,356

2,857

429

1

11,643

6

70

83

159

7,242

905

104

15

1,503

8,706

1,936

100

11

10, 753

154

367

276

4

801

4,657

3,020

823

206

1,425

3,880

2,053

141

4

6,078

182

518

461

1

1,162

1,269

1,751

685

175

2,132

4,736

3,201

294

1

8,232

5

174

267

446

3,918

710

83

25

562

694

807

47

1,548

15

99

82

196

309

253

56

16

114

197

143

10

350

6

28

14

48

96

70

23

8

490

888

877

198

1,963

5

58

115

1

179

700

158

26

4

16

25

45

2

72

10

4

14

17

6

2

197

323

284

15

622

11

47

30

88

118

135

56

14

71

295

134

14

443

6

33

24

1

64

114

118

41

22

45

109

91

5

205

3

13

11

27

61

32

14

2

77,703

183,954

121,296

7,991

234

313,475

1, 769

14,898

11,846

42

28, 555

125542

1

46,272

9,588

2,552

2 None divorced; 45 married, as follows: Bohemian and Moravian, Dutch and Flemish, French, Irish,
Japanese, Lithuanian, Magyar, Scotch, and Slovak, 1 each; Portuguese and Scandinavian, 2 each; Croatian
and Slovenian, German, and Italian (north), 3 each; English and Polish, 4 each; Hebrew, 7; and Italian
(south), 8; and widowed, 5, as follows: Hebrew, Italian (north), and Italian (south), 1 each; and
English 2.

48

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OP IMMIGRATION.

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92 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

Table XIII. — Sex, age, literacy , financial condition, etc., of nonimmigrant

Num-
ber
ad-
mit-
ted.

Sex.

Age.

Literacy, 14 years
over.

and

To-
tal.

Race or people.

Male.

Fe-
male.

Un-
der
14
years.

14 to

44

years.

45
years
and
over.

Can read

but can

not write.

Can neither

read nor

write.

Male.

Fe-
male.

Male.

Fe-
male.

African (black)

4,011
127

503

2,236
1,218
1,629
3,337

180

4,005

51

34,550

1,351

5,852

18, 791

3,110

4,825

10,372

7,614

19,835

4,075

13

636

2,477

3,990

8

5,738

977

920

3,619

5,686

11,236

8,859

1,381

5,701

1,978

654

93

938

1,572
453

2,866
108

263

2,089
1,197
1,219
2,226

162

2,770

44

20,857

731

3,361

11,171

2,858

2,890

4,077

6,222

16, 846

3,707

13

429

1,346

2,276

7

3,889

750

714

3,212

4,072

6,584

5,250

853

4,570

1,344

484

82

593

931
352

1,145
19

240

147

21

410

1,111

18
1,235

7
13,693

620
2,491
7,620

252
1,935
6,295
1,392
2,989

368

165
5

51

77

8

180

341

11

426

'2,'829
106
370

1,910
104
863
408
490

1,350
42

3,482
112

400

2,078

605

1,295

2,457

154

3,125

45

24,945

1,215

4,408

14,119

2,855

3,472

8,676

6,622

16,784

3,682

13

518

1,793

2,734

4, 424

814

711

3,226

4,364

9,701

6,548

1,072

4,507

1,427

530

82

686

1,204
372

364
10

52

81
605
154
539

15

454

6

6,776

30

1,074

2,762

151

490

1,288

502

1,701

351

10

18

880
14

5

347
13

216
21

50
30

8

58

4

32

207

282

176

30

268

6,425

114

177

1

3

35
16
70
26

4
12

'""'60

3

24

174

78

231

31

51

1,092

53

1,085
15

8

382
30
290

48

54

43

8

127

10

57

387

361

409

64

320

7,522

167

Armenian

Bohemian and Moravian
(Czech)

Bulgarian, Servian, and Mon-
tenegrin

Chinese

i

4

i

Croatian and Slovenian

Cuban

Dalmatian, Bosnian, and Her-
zegovinian .

Dutch and Flemish

1

East Indian

English

2
1
1
2

2

i

5

7
2

4

1

3

Finnish

French

German

Greek

Hebrew

Irish

Ttalinn (nnrfli)

Italian (south)

Japanese

Lithuanian ...

207

1,131

1,714

1

1,849

227

206

407

1,614

4,652

3,609

528

1,131

634

170

11

345

641
101

78
394
572

'"'962

38

75

207

890

596

612

193

355

200

80

5

104

132

18

40
290
684
1
352
125
134
186
432
939
1,699
116
839
351

44

6

148

236
63

10

1
5

2
8

86

88

344

59

74
478

157
163
835

Magyar

Mexican ....

Polish

39

i

7

99

4

18
1
2

7

934

321

159

1,032

1,451

10

21

72

664

7

64

14

1

25
33

452

85

63

95

569

5

20

37

39

11

46

3

6

16
4

1,443

407

225

1,134

2,126

19

41

109

708

19

111

17

7

43
37

Portuguese

Roumanian

Russian

Ruthenian (Russniak)

Scandinavian

Slovak

Spanish

3

i

2
1

Spanish-American

Syrian

Turkish

Welsh

West Indian (other than
Cuban)

1

1

Total

184,601

123,415

61, 186

15,247

145,264

24,090

201

78

14,506

4,203

18,988

Admitted in Philippine Islands

7,484

7,056

428

163

5,405

1,916

1,007

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. 93

aliens admitted, fiscal year ended June 30, 1914, by races or peoples.

Money.

By whom passage was paid.

Going to join-

Not
going to

join
relative
or friend.

Aliens bringing—

Total
amount

of
money
shown.

Self.

Relative.

Other

than

self or

relative.

Relative.

Friend.

Admitted
in Phil-
ippine
Islands.

$50 or
over.

Less
than $50.

690

48

209

272

193

309

1,383

36

1,995

49

21,571

428

3,903

10,230

1,129

1,451

4,722

2,749

5,182

3,069

7

165

561

1,013

891

232

165

733

374

3,896

5,400

293

2,806

1,468

324

47

505

1,036
269

2,480
92

178

1,810

837

1,055

687

122

970

5

5,661

691

735

4,183

1,736

1,597

4,469

3,937

12,568

642

6

328

1,336

1,260

$96, 193
11,258

42,634

84,1%
23,655
68,966
131,670

13,263

325,370

6,870

2,621,629

75,851
528,022
1,947,175
207, 767
274,895
700,309
433, 174
888, %6
353,804
592

37,565
112,668
123, 478
650
219,276

51,390

36,094
168, 212
117,450
653,216
638, 872

53,994
388,503
380, 728
133, 770
9,817

72,631

155,288
76,896

3,176
109

363

2,000
1,149
1,286
2,058

156

2,772

46

23,042

910

4,037

13,093

2,873

2,488

7,808

6,381

15,643

3,609

13

391

1,576

2,555

7

3,761

475

708

2,941

3,616

8,224

6,351

1,006

4,521

1,244

469

78

647

1,117
354

725
17

129

235

48

335

1,168

23

1,099

2

9,668

390
1,204
4,875

230
2,293
2,102
1,092
4,033

375

110
1

11

1

21

8

111

1

134

3

1,840

51

611

823

7

44

462

141

159

91

1,679

86

329

1,116

300

1,098

1,418

112

1,801

4

13, %6

762

1,570

8,322

1,909

3,569

6,163

4,851

17,500

758

3

549

1,868

2,011

321

18

%

987
684
449
164

41

817

3

2,930

458

483

3,152

856

560

877

1,717

1,280

1,434

2

65

344

181

2,011
23

78

133

234

82

1,755

27

1,387

44

17,654

131

3,799

7,317

345

6%

3,332

1,046

1,055

1,883

8

22

265

1,798

8

286

112

58

505

115

3,475

4,067

44

3,695

1,519

239

34

404

884
245

6,107

10

86
401

55
155

13

8

166

242

869

1,317

3

32

118

1

48

15

13

53

91

1,138

386

11

320

217

16

2

63

48
35

3,416

528

619

2,449

3,481

5,190

1,849

803

1,327

107

190

81

196

195
133

1,929

487

199

625

1,979

1,874

2,122

364

860

517

169

13

228

407
64

4,654

755

628

1,955

4,176

5,268

3,817

1,178

1,305

244

331

39

417

444
122

798

110

234

1,159

1,395

2,493

975

159

701

215

84

20

117

244

86

111

21

10

47

257

2
4

31

79,810

67,949

12, 266, 757

133,053

44,308

7,240

97,077

26,709

60,815

7,484

1

94

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

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00 OS »o ■«*< 00 t- OS CD CO r- 1- CO t- .-t CN Tj* lo 00 go

t-00 OS to -^ C^iO lO t— (N O 1— t CO 00 .-I t- OS IM ^

Cq ^r-i '^lO '^OS iO'^OcDC

1-1 1-1 -*

) CO O CO i-l

H T-. 'X) (M to '<*< '^ *

00 00
OS t-
lO 00

co^

COt-h ^Oi
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00 OS i-< c^

osoo»oioc^t-o-n<ocoo

COOS'^'CD^'^CO'^—HCDCO
CO'^i— lOOOCOCO^OSCSOS

Cq 00 O t- r-l CN <N OS 't* OS -^

iQ ^ ^ 00 1-H <M to CO (n

co»o
00 -^

CO t-

1-t t- r- iM T-(

.-I t-- !M ■* ^

.-I -<** -^ —( Tt« CS t-

.— I O .-i '^ 04 CO t- CO to

tp .-I ,— ( t- f-i o CO CO ra

•^ OS y-\

t- OS

coc^

o-^

OS OS

cDcDCO^^-^cOCMCOCOcOas
COOSOOiOCDCOOOt-OCD<M
t--^ ■* 00 1-1 t- CO C<» CO Tjl

NN 1-lCO 00 00 t- ^ *<** CD lO t-
CO 04 1-1 t-t-it-COCO

CO lO OS OS CO
00 .-I to W CO

■* t^ rf< W 00 <M CD lO 00 i-f O "<

O— (OO-^cDC^OOr-cOOQCS
O^ OS 00 ^ CD .-^ CD O CD ^

1-1 lO 1-I.-1 OC^ 1-1 -^

■^co-^^oot-ost-

1-1 i-( lO to CS (M

■^lO CD ^C^ OOC^ C^ OSOOOOSCDMOSM -^CO

OSiO CD 1-1 to <M (M CO OS (M 00 OS CO '<T »-< OS O O

»0 00 t- CO -^ OSCO C-C^ -^ OS O t- OS O '^ 1— t

r-T co' c<r t-Ti-T co^ co'oTTjr^i^oo'o'cf

1-1 1-t CO 4OC0CS

I -^(M

■^O -^00

I OS t- 04 to c^ CO ■* r

^00 CO oio oot- r-o osi— losoot __,,

t- OS O 04 « 1-1 CO cot- 00 CD O CD t- t- CO CO

O (M <M OS CO O lO t

C4 Tj4 CO -* 00 04 '^ t- 0>0<M t-00(M to to to ^
r- 1 t— CS OSCO cot— CO CO 1— I 1— I OS t— CO OS .— I Tp C3S

CD CD CO CO 00

5(M coco Tp coo

r-i O CO CS CD 04 l^ <N CO
T-l 04 COCOi-l

102 EEPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

• OtOOOt^OcOOlOOC^ CO

CO t-c

o o'cc C3 -,o CD T-H C9 c<i co^rt

COi-t

CO O CD »0 1— < r-i CC b* Old
lO »0 t^ Cl CO I— « 1— I T-H O GO
lO O W (M T-» .-I 05 CO "^ GO

) UO O O 1— I CC<M

< ^ Tf*,-H .-HtM

00C0t^00OcDO»O cD-*t*
CO(Nt^GO.— 'GC'-hCO ^C^

r-H"**tCCOCO00 lO-^l--iO
cDOii— liOiOO cDCDOOi

COt-Cl'^'^COCOOO COO
O Oi 00 O lO O CO UTt CO GO

11:2

CO 00 lO .-I ^ O:) CS W r-t CO

CO <M ■* t^ O "^ rH 1

,-1 O CO -^ i-t lO i-H c_ _

coco CO CO o CO »o ■■

t^ CO ■^ CS CO O »0 O »-t 00
CO Oi CO "1* CO — ' -— ' <N l>- CO

t-- Ol OJ O' CO <N O OO --I O

T-H iXi 'too -*COCOr-i

CO cs CO ^ r-i-Hi— .»o

00 — . I- O — C-. (M CJ T-i CO

OfMcOQOOii— 1COCOCOO:>00

cot-^coi^oio COOCSiO

OO .— t O »C O rH'^J^COUO

i-i CO —« O (N lO CO Ol C<l O
OCriQCt--'<t<NcOCO CO CO

CO CM C^ O CO lO CO (M .-^ CO

■tt* CO CN) lo as oo<N

1-H C^cq 00 Cq

1— tO'oaiT-iiOi-H(M .— (CO

-^ Tf CO I

lO ^ ^ ^ t^ ,_, ^

OiO»CiCOCO'*0000
»0<Ni— 'CDiO'^.-H-^ti
00;0'^0.— '*C5(N

coooai'^cMO'-Hcot^ciTt<

l>-OS.— (r-(0c0c0^i0050i

CO t^ t^cot^ CO CO 1— t cq

(NCM <Mt^I>- QOt^'^t^

t*<McOb-Ot^CO"^

COr^^COOi— 100-^
OCO-^OOCICOCMC^I

c^T^cNio^ CO .-Tcs"

»0<N CO

o o

lOCO

T-HCO

i-Tco

oo»o,— (-^-t*,— it->ocO'— too
■^ t>- ,~i to o <Ji ;oO'*co

WCS (Nt^'O UOCOOO

irTco' ifTorTio" t^-^orTo"

CD CO CO Oi O 00 O 05 -^ r-
C5 Tt< 00 CO OS CD (N Ci (M CO
Oi Tf* lO Oi 00 CD 00 CO O lO

CO r-t i-ii-i

r^ 00 CO O CO CM CM VO Oi 05 i-H i-H
'l^ ■— I CM CM t^ QO OOCMi— I CD
>0 '^ !>• CO CO i-H 00 CD ^ CO

Ol'^OcOCOOt^'^
00— .t^COCDCMCMO
t^OwcOC

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r=<.^ ;:;c^

CO ^ ^

CMh-CDCOrHiOCMCM

. -rt* OJ •i' >-< ■— I CO CO 00 O t-- 1-H

'^ 00 00 o

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lOcDi—idOO'CM'^ i-HOO
CM i-H rt* 05 CO 00 O >0 00 UO
TtiiOO'c^OOOOit^ coo

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CO 05 O: CO
CO rl rH

cocot^r-r-i.-icoiooi»c-*

CM'^CMiOCO'^i-lCOCMCM— t
ijOCMi— ICMCM.-H O0t--'<*00

i-t CO 1— I CM lO -^ CO t^ CO h-
'^t<CDCMC000C<ICOCO t^CM
i-t -^ C^ CO lO 00 O CO -^o

Oi T-i ^

00 CD 00 lO 1-1 »0 CM CM i-t i-i

O ^ Oi -^ O t^CM t^ lOCO CO CO
OiCMCMOCOCMCMCOlO— «-* t>-
COOOICOOCM TpOOOOb- ^

CD".-r-H^00"co" Cm"-^"

OOrH — t -^ O

' -* OOOOOCM uo — ( 00^

) -^ CO OTiOCM TfCO -^ UO

I ^ CO UO CO 00 i-H »0 lO CO

CM'^CcTcM'to'i-T-^CM^CM' t-T

,— ( CO i-t »0

OCMr-OcOl^i— 't^00'<i'i-l CM OICOOCMCOCOCMO CMQO

CO CO o: t^oo '
oTTtTr-TcM'co

•O CO CO CO 05 CM 00 "(t* CD CD iJO GO CM ■* CD

- CO CO Ol

t-^co'-^co

O "^ Oi CD CO CD "^ 00 O:) CD
^"^"t-T-^^CO'r-ri-r r-T

t^ 1— I Tf CM '<*' CD lO CO CO O 00 CO r- Oi t^ t^ 00 ^ Ol 00 l>- Ol

.. ^1. ^ ._ ^ '-Ti ^ CM Ol t^ lO -^ t^ OOO

00 CO CM '^ CM Oi »0 Tf CM ''i^

CO o ■**< r*

CiCM r-H CM

CM 00 "*C0 Cl

o: CO "^ CO lO .-H

lOiOOOOlOOOOOlCOi— t
r-»iOCMCMr-i— 'CDCMOCOtO
Ol -^ CO CO t— 1— I CD CO O lO

cm"-^ -"Tco" oTuo'cm'^

lO T-H — t CM CO

O CM '^ ■<r CO CM lO O t-^ t^

00 CO CO »o c:: 00 CO CD co -4<
t^^OiOiTjiO^,— it-^ 1— It-h

GO CO CO 1— I CO T-( r

) ■* P t^ CD CO l> OOCO

»r3 to OOCO

l>"^C0tCMcO'*cO'*

- — ■■ ->f-cDC- '
I CM Or

ocm'oTi-T

CDOOW— <t^^COGO^OOO
'^CMt^i— it^CDOOCO'^OiO
COCO CO t- CM t-H O C^I CO CM

00 ^ ,-(,-(

CiiOCMCOOCOCMcDcDcD"*

SOiCMtOOCDI--cOOl03t^
CO 00 l>- .-H »-i -^ o h*

Ol CM 00 CD O CO 00 05 ■^ CO
Tp lO CO Ol 1-H O CM iO '^ OS
CMt^OOOS^t^ CO 1-H .-(

GO CM rt F-i

S-'S

! « g 2

p.

2 c&

Sj 3 3 a g ^ § g O g.§.^S;?;?05

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. 103
Table XVI. — Total immigration each year, 1820 to 1914-

Period.

Number.

Period.

Number.

Year ended Sept. 30—

1820

8,385

9,127

6,911

6,354

7,912

10, 199

10, 837

18,875

27, 382

22,520

23,322

22, 633

60,482

58,640
65,365
45, 374
76,242
79,340
38,914
68,069
84,066
80, 289
104,565
52, 496

78, 615
114,371
154,416
234, 968
226,527
297,024
310,004

59,976

379,466
371,603
368, 645
427, 833
200, 877
195, 857
112, 123

191,942
129,571
133, 143
142,877
72,183
132, 925
191,114
180,339

Year ended June 30—

1866

332, 577

1821

1867

303, 104

1822

1868

282, 189

1823

1869

352, 768

1824

1870 r

387, 203

1825

1871

321,350

1826

1872

404, 806

1827

1873

459, 803

1828

1874

313,339

1829

1875

227, 498

1830

1876 ^

169, 986

1831

1877

141,857

Oct. 1, 1831, to Dec. 31, 1832

1878

138,469

Year ended Dec. 31 —

1879

177, 826

1833

1880

457, 257

1834

1881

669,431

1835

1882

788, 992

1836

1883

603,322

1837

1884

518,592

1838

1885

395, 346

1839

1886 ...

334, 203

1840

1887

490, 109

1841

1888

546, 889

1842

1889

444,427

1890

455,302
560,319
579,663
439, 730

Year ended Sept. 30—

1891

1844

1892

1845

1893 .

1846

1894

285,631

1847

1895

258, 536

1848

1896

343, 267

1849

1897

230, 832

1850

1898 .

229, 299
311,715

Oct. 1 to Dec. 31, 1860

1899 . .

Year ended Dec. 31 —

1900

448, 572

1851

1901 . ..

487, 918

1852

1902

648, 743

1853

1903

857, 046

1854

1904

812, 870

1855

1905

1,026,499

1856

1906

1,100,735
1,285,349

Jan. 1 to June 30, 1857

1907

Year ended June 30—

1908

782, 870

1858

1909

751,786

1859

1910

1,041,570

1860

1911

878 587

1861

1912

838, 172

1862

1913

1,197,892
1,218,480

1863

1914

1864

1865

32,027,424

104 BEPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

Table XVII. — Aliens debarred from entering the United States,

as

Loathsome or

dangerous

contagious

diseases.

ca

3
g

.0

^

1^

a'

3

3

a,£3

fl

•2

ft

13 a>

8

S'

s

« 1

Race or people.

'6

to c3

§

a)

E
8

.9

1

1

ft
ft

.a

3
0

3

.2

°

3

3

0

PI
.2

©

a

2

3

C3

j2
0

"3
.-a

^

fe

W

E-i

H

^

P-4

0

Ph

fL,

iJ

5

6

6

13

211

4

1

118

1

3

207

Bohemian and Mo-

1

1

12

1

57

Bulgarian, Servian,

1

2

1

1

54

2

5

914

1

51

10

21

Croatian and SIo-

1

....

27

3

2

89
3

2

2

1

279
25

Dalmatian, Bosnian,

5

7

1

65

1

1

9

75

19

32

25

5

104
71

222
12
44

427

"3'
3

27

""4

27

4

13

2

5

20

26

44

5

7

87

115

1,126

144

525

668

881

1,055

518

270

1,945

English

1

3

13

7

27
4
5

17
6
9

29
2

11

""2

21

1
13
13
2
4
7
2
12

2

3

French

1
6

3
21

40
65
29
23
523

2

"" i

....„

"io'

6

1

German

Greek

3

14
1
3

26

" i
1

1

Italian (south)

1

3

1

2

127

10

32

3

81
28
172
261
4
30
110

1

97

24,2

1,267

783

108

480

1,003

2Q
6
14

87
5
1

20

"'i'
3

3

12
13

77
28
8
13
24

1
1

4

"'3'
2

2
2
8
2

5

1

""i

8
5

1

2
1

1

Polish

3

3

1

Ruthenian (Russ-

1

1
1
3
1

44
4
6

13

2

1

""i'

7

14
7
1

42
23

8
28
76

3
203
28

1

10
9

7

413
245
437

99
237

28
535
256

36

2
6

1
1
1
1

8

3

2

1

8

6
4

1

4

1

4

2

West Indian (ex-

1

7

Other peoples

2
14

2

1

2

28

7

2

338

Total

68

995

25

172

4

110

2,565

102

476

28

11

15, 745

Debarred fromPhil-

ippine Islands

1

58

1

80

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.
fiscal year ended June 30. 1914, by races or peoples and causes.

105

o 5 oj
© o g

^£?>>
|||

a o—

1

o

1

o

o

6
<a

B

.2 •

.9
i

a
<

8

<« ^

s|
1

1:3

i

a
■0

.a
a

■<

"3
.9

0

.9
1

1

•a

1

<

•2
.9

il

a-

a a

f

£ .

t- a
00

c.£;
<

E B

II

ftgg
<

i

§

.a
1

■e.2

P<

6
9

IS

|.

.||

V
a

1

"3
0

1

1

B
S.

■a

1

12

62

24

143

1

204

1

26
15

6

49

16

26

200

857

838

47

195

1,948

4

15
9

13

117

12

5

3
3

22
14

2
22

4
5

20
1

2
5

9

1

3

339

415

118

1,275
410

703
35

117
175

160

1,808

226

884

1,375

2,184

2,506

832

747

6,001

273

4

270

680

2,097

1,896

187

959

1,596

917

414
668
285
475

39
919
376

55

18
603

1

1

4

322

70

48
2

3
1

24

3

14

1

4
6

1
2

6
2

1

4

2
9

47
11

269

20

125

103

161

20

81

138

586

1

i'

11
2
9
30
29
37
6
8
81

6

2
57

3
32
37

1
27
17

4
14

1

2

81

44

'"'35'
26
74
45
13
14
61

29
1

42
23
14
44
25
2
34

67
7
37
63
17
35
25
26
197

34

1
14
31

2
17
15

4
14

5

1

87

54

39
275

10
489

28
286
140
279

32
17
98
50

""62'
14

2
52

3

8
91

90
22
80
234
51

50
93
8
70
2
6
55
10

'"i54"

3

31

139

25

1

1

2

9

2
12
3

8

1

22

2

4
13
117
27

1

19
15
18

10
16
15
14

""36'
1

8

6

14

3'

13
19

6
16

i'

1
5
4
2

1

3
51

6
42

6
32
20
18

8
15
16

1

6

107

16

1

4

65

9

1

2
5
2

6
16

i

3

2

2
11

1

1

1
1
2

6

2"

1
1

17
8

3

1

1

1

2
4

4
4

4

1

1

6,537

2,793

508

718

330

755

31

1

380

5

254

92

322

68

33,041

207

106 REPOET OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

Table XVII-a. — Aliens debarred and aliens deported after entering , 1892 to 1914, by causes.

d

s
1

Debarred from entering.

Year ended June 30—

-2

'3

6

■a

.9

a
i

£

ft
■ft

a

O

ft

m

a

03

c

§
o

.23 3
55 o

0)

3

Hi

<s

.a

"3
a
o

'•&

£

ft

i .
o|

II

0 3
wft

&a
ft

Surgeon's certificate of
defect mentally or
physically which may
aflfect alien's ability to
earn a living.

%

& ■

1

1
0

1892

579,663

439,730

285,631

258,536

343,267

230, 832

229,299

311,715

448, 572

487,918

648,743

857,046

812,870

1,0'26,499

1,100,735

1,285,349

782, 870

751, 786

1,041,570

878,587

838, 172

1, 197, 892

1,218,480

4

3

4

6

1

1

1

1

1

6

7

1

16

38

92

29

20

18

16

12

10

18

14

17

8
5

80
81
15

1,002

431

802
1,714
2,010
1,277
2, '261
2,599
2,974
2,798
3,944
5,812
4,798
7,898
7,069
6,866
3,710
4,402
15,918
12,039
8,160
7,946
15,756

932

1893 . .

518

1894

553

1895

694

1896

10
6
12
19
32
16
27
23
33
92
139
189
159
141
169
111
105
175
172

'""e"

8
5
15
15
2
4

2

1

258

348

393

309

709

1,773

1,560

2,198

2, '273

3,822

2,900

2,382

3, 123

-2,831

1,733

2,562

3,253

31'

56

9

9
22
10
28

776

1897

328

1898

417

1899

741

1900

833

1901

327

1902

275

1903

1,086

1904

1,501

1905

1,164

1906

2,314

1907

1,434

1908

45
42
40
26
44
54
68

121
121

125
126
110
483
995

25
26
29
33
28
23
25

870

370

312

3,055

2,288
4,208
6,537

1,932

1909

1,172

1910

1,786

1911

1,336

1912

1,333

1913

1,624

1914

2,793

Debarred from entering— Continued.

Year ended
June 30—

■1

Md
■11

§-§
ftq

al
0

<

^^
0

S2.1

03 a

a> 03
i^-ft

t, 0 S

<» 03 ^^

■d g 03
a 3 ft

t3

»

<

■3

.a
.1
0

1
1
"o

ft

i2

I
a
<

Ii

^§°
28a

ft

Aliens who procure or
attempt to bring in
prostitutes and fe-
males for any immoral
purpose.

13

ft-B

«l

ftO

ft
3
CO

■i

0

ft-H
t2

ftq
0

q

0 §

£

3
0

q
«

o3
13

I

*
0

1892

23

26
12
8
4

80

2,164

1,053

1,389

2,419

2,799

1,617

3,030

3,798

4,246

3,516

4,974

8,769

7,994

11, 879

12, 432

13,064

10,902

10, 411

24, 270

22, 349

16, 057

19, 938

33, 041

637

1893

577

1894

2

417

1895

1

177

1896

238

1897

3

79
82
2
50

1

2

8

4

7

9

51

35

44

205

341

136

273

580

644

592

808

755

263

1898

199

1899

263

1900

7

3

3

13

9

24

30

18

124

323

316

253

263

367

380

356

1901

363

1902

465

1903

9
38
19

"3'

5
10

6
24
134
57
38
40
31

i

1
1

"2

"5'

"i
2
1

547

1904 ....

3

4

2

1

43

181

179

141

192

253

254

779

1905

394
122

160
190
413
819
605
350
333
322

845

1906

180
134
168

206
315
359
226
357
508

676

1907

......

5

7
4
5

60

272
81
59

27
50
48
92

995

1908

88
138
296
549
395
492
718

54
34
34
116
94
129
330

2,069

1909

2,124

1910

2,695

1911

2,788

1912

2,456

1913

3,461

1914

4,610

REPOET OF COMMISSIONEK GENEEAL OF IMMIGEATION.

107

Table XVII-b. — Permanent residents of foreign eontiguous territory applying for
temporary sojourn in the United States rejfused admission, fiscal year ended June 30,
1914, by causes.

Cause.

Idiots

Imbeciles

Feeble-minded

Epileptics

Insane persons

Tuberculosis (noncontagious)

Loathsome or dangerous contagious diseases

Professional beggars

Paupers, or likely to become public charges

Surgeon's certificate

Contract laborers

Accompanying aliens (under sec. 11)

Under 16 years of age and unaccompanied by parent

Assisted aliens

Criminals

Prostitutes and females coming for any immoral purpose

Aliens who are supported by or receive proceeds of prostitution.
Aliens who procure or attempt to bring in prostitutes and

females for any immoral purpose

Under passport provision, section 1

Total.

Canadian
border.

505

6

7

15

32

12

24

27

1

24
1

760

Mexican
border.

162
3
694
3
38
103
75

1,243

Boston,
Mass.

Total.

5

5

11

9

5

1

253

3

1,210

9

45

118

107

12

27

113

5

14

2,014

108 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

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REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

109

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110

EEPOET OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

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HI

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112 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

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00 00 1^

S3?S

'l U0TJ08S 'UOIS

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Disposition on appeal:

Admitted without bond

Admitted on bond

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113

I

0

CO

CM

3I~

CO

10 CM

> Si-!

p a •

CO

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New
Bed-
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•

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son-
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60629°— 15-

114 EEPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.
Table XX. — Deserting alien seamen, fiscal year ended June 30, 1914, hy -ports.

New York, N. Y 4, 767

Boston, Mass 606

Philadelphia, Pa 1, 047

Baltimore, Md 231

Portland, Me 6

Newport News, Va 113

Norfolk, Va.

Savannah, Ga

Key West, Fla....
Wilmington, N. C.
Charleston, S. C...

Brunswick, Ga

Jacksonville, Fla..
Femandina, Fla..
Portlnglis, Fla...
Boca Grande, Fla .

126

94

4

3

72

11

23

15

3

Tampa, Fla 20

Pensacola, Fla 176

Mobile, Ala 237

New Orleans, La 718

Galveston, Tex 349

Gulfport, Miss 305

Pascagoula, Miss 2

San Fransisco, Cal 227

Portland, Oreg 344

Seattle, Wash.

San Diego, Cal

Los Angeles, Cal. .
Honolulu, Hawaii.
San Juan, P. R

164
7

31

29

9

Total 9,747

Table XXI. — Alien stowaways found on hoard vessels arriving at ports of the United
States, fiscal year ended June 30, 1914, by ports.

NewYork,N.Y...

Boston, Mass

Philadelphia, Pa...

Baltimore, Md

Portland, Me

Newport News, Va.

Norfolk, Va

Savannah, Ga

Miami, Fla ,

Wilmington, N. C.

Charleston, S. C

Brunswick, Ga

Tampa, Fla

Pensacola, Fla

396

56

75

51

2

3

5

9

2

1

5

1

3

Mobile, Ala

New Orleans, La. . .

Galveston, Tex

Gulfport, Miss

San Francisco, Cal.

Seattle, Wash

Alaska

San Diego, Cal

Los Angeles, Cal. . .
Honolulu, Hawaii.
San Juan, P. R

Total.

12

35

16

2

48

35

2

3

8

7

5

787

Table XXII. — Agreement hetiveen alien arrivals and head-tax settlements, fiscal year

ended June 30, 1914.

Immigrant aliens admitted 1, 218, 480

Nonimmigrant aliens admitted 184, 601

Aliens debarred 33, 041

Aliens from Porto Rico, Hawaii, and Guam 2, 918

Died 255

Erroneous head-tax collections : 2, 569

Head-tax payments pending from previous year 138, 585

Exempt from head-tax payment, as follows:

In transit. 88, 643

One-year residents of Cuba 8, 550

One-year residents of British North America 62, 320

One-year residents of Mexico 18, 176

Domiciled citizens of British North America, Mexico, and

Cuba (rule 1, siib. 3c) 14,036

Government officials 1, 215

Arrivals in Hawaii 7, 265

Arrivals in Porto Rico 3, 720

Exemptions on accoimt of aliens debarred 28, 667

1,580,449

Total exempt 232,592

Head-tax payments pending at close of year 74, 633

307, 225

Aliens on whom head tax was paid ^1, 273, 224

Amount of head tax collected during year $5, 092, 894

1 One alien arrived prior to July 1, 1907, on whom .$2 was collected; 1,273,223 aliens were taxed at $4
each.

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. 115

Table XXII-a. — Refunds of head tax, fiscal year ended June 30, 1914, by causes.

United States citizens 670

Aliens in transit 75

Destitute alien seamen 15

Aliens deported 10

Foreign diplomats 9

Mexican refugees 2

Residents of Porto Rico 2

Not specified 46

Total number on whom head tax was refunded, at $4 each 829

Amount refunded ; $3, 316

116

IJEl'ORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

Table XXIII. — Passengers departed from the

[In the absence of law requiring masters of vessels departing from the United States for foreign countries to
deliver to collectors of customs returns of all passengers embarking on such vessels, reliance is had upon
the courtesy of the agents of steamship and packet lines for information on the outward passenger move-
ment. It IS probable, however, that the departures given embrace the entire passenger movement
from the United States to foreign countries.]

Ports of departure and
destination.

Aliens.

Num-
ber.

Sex.

Age.

Class.

Male.

Fe-
male.

Under
14

years.

14

years
and
over.

Cabin.

Steer-
age.

North German IJoyd...

From Baltimore, Md., to —
Bremen

2,664
149

2,106
128

558
21

96
2

2,56*'
147

238

2,426
149

Hamburg- American

Hamburg

Total Baltimore

From Boston, Mass., to—

2,813

2,234

579

98

2,715

238

2,575

Allan

1,809

124

5,896

1,738

140

1,177

62

464

60

1,185

19

257

9

7

4

2

18

11

287

1

3,586

6,203

819

3

1,587

249

956

69

3,430

534

72

736

36

224

46

1,035

16

178

3

7

4

1

10

8

196

"2,"3i6

5,455

321

1

1,055

193

853

55

2,466

1,204

68

441

26

240

14

150

3

79

6

172

2

351

16

16

59

7

29

2

56

i-i

1

1,637

122

5,545

1,722

124

1,118

55

435

58

1,129

19

243

8

7

4

2

18

11

269

1

3,348

5,982

792

3

1,453

237

658

99

1,579

243
84

289
59

464
15
49

""i29
9

4

2
18
11
90

' 'i,'657
461
117
3
144
24

1,151

25

4,317

1,495

56

888

3

45

1,136
19

128

7

""197

1

2. 529

5,742

702

"1,443
225

Cunard

Fishguard .

Ijiverpool

Queenstown

Hamburg American

Boulogne

Hamburg

Plvmouth

lyeyland

Navigazione Generale

Genoa

Italiana.

Naples

Palermo

Red Star

Dover

Russian American

Rotterdam

United Fruit Co

Costa Rica

Cuba

1

8

3

91

I

1,270

748

498

2

532

56

is

""238
221
27

""134
12

Warren

British West Indies. . .
Liverpool

White Star

Genoa

Gibraltar

Liverpool

Naples

Queenstown

Azores

Madeira

Total Boston

From Brunswick, Ga.,to—

25,717

16, 902

8,815

1,.375

24,342

5,608

20,109

1

1

1

1

From Canada (.Vtlantic
seaports) to —
Glasgow

Allan

777

154

2,500

249

282

275

4

2,180

6

20

103

373

102

57

807

6

1,292

609

135

2,149

173

239

217

4

1,664

6

17

89

281

62

47

631

2

887

168
19

351
76
43
58

50
7
100
21
14
16

727

147

2,400

228

268

259

4

2,013

6

19

99

359

97

57

762

6

1,183

197
11

245

113

21

63

1

301

2

5
69
39
25
162

4

305

580

143

2,255

136

261

212

3

1,879

6

18

98

304

63

32

645

2

987

Havre

Liverpool

London

Canadian Northern

Avomnouth

Bristol

Liverpool

516

167

London .

Naples

3
14
92
40
10
176

4

405

1
4
14
5

45

109

Trieste

Cunard

London

Plymouth

Southampton

Donaldson

Glasgow

Compagnie Generale

Transatlantique.
White Star Dominion..

Havre

Liverpool

Total Atlautrtc sea-
ports of Canada.

Via Canadian border sta-
tions-
Canada

9,187

7,212

1,975

553

8,634

1,563

7,624

By land

93, 888

a5, 146

28, 7 12

11,451

82, 437

93, 888

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

117

United States, fiscal year ended June 30, 1914-

[In the absence of law requiring masters of vessels departing from the United States for foreign countries to
deliver to collectors of customs returns of all passengers embarking on such vessels, reliance is had upon
the courtesy of the agents of steamship and packet lines for information on the outward passenger move-
ment. It is probable, however, that the departures given embrace the entire passenger movement
from the United States to foreign countries ]

Citizens.

Total.

Num-

Sex.

Age.

Class.

Num-

Sex.

Age.

Class.

14

years
and
over.

14
years
and
over.

ber.

Male.

Fe-
male.

Under

14
years.

Cabin.

Steer-
age.

ber.

Male.

Fe-
male.

Under

14
years.

Cabin.

Steer-
age.

1,842

829

1,013

361

1,481

1,315

527

4,506

2,935

1,571

457

4,049

1,553

2,953

10

9

1

10

10

159

137

22

12

147

159

1,852

838

1,014

371

1,481

1,315

537

4,665

3,072

1,593

469

4,196

1,553

3,112

819

384

435

247

572

519

300

2,628

1,340

1,288

419

2,209

1,177

1,451

174

72

102

11

163

164

10

298

141

157

13

285

263

35

4,481

2,585

1,896

935

3,546

2,990

1,491

10,377

6,015

4,362

1,286

9,091

4,569

5,808

897

582

315

220

677

326

571

2,635

1,116

1,519

236

2,399

569

2,066

440

196

244

54

386

419

21

580

268

312

70

510

503

77

1,451

906

545

321

1,130

889

562

2,628

1,642

986

380

2,248

1,178

1,450

207

102

105

14

193

207

269

138

131

21

248

266

3

779

365

414

70

709

779

1,243

589

654

99

1,144

1,243

20

19

1

17

3

12

H

80

65

15

19

61

27

53

148

130

18

130

18

10

138

1,333

1,165

168

186

1,147

59

1,274

3

2

1

2

1

3

22

18

4

2

20

22

79

25

54

21

58

59

20

336

203

133

35

301

188

148

21

13

8

4

17

21

30

7

16

7

14

5

25

7

30

7

107

68

39

2

105

107

111

72

39

2

109

iii

23

16

7

23

23

25

17

8

25

25

204

111

93

204

204

222

121

101

222

222

10

7

3

10

10

21

15

6

21

21

430

166

264

65

365

350

80

717

362

355

83

634

440

277

28

10

18

28

27

1

29

10

19

29

27

2

2,507

1,201

1,306

444

2,063

1,696

811

6,093

3,517

2,576

682

5,411

2,753

3,340

2,127

913

1,214

561

1,566

1,574

553

8,330

6,368

1,962

782

7,548

2,035

6,295

584

280

304

152

432

236

348

1,403

601

802

179

1,224

353

1,050

4

3

1

4

3

1

7

4

3

7

6

1

522

292

230

349

173

111

411

2,109

1,347

762

483

1,626

255

1,854

36

12

24

32

4

5

31

285

205

80

44

241

29

256

16, 101

8,460

7,641

3,651

12,450

10,741

5,360

41,818

25,362

16,456

5,026

36, 792

16,349

25,469

13

8

5

13

13

14

9

5

14

14

499

177

322

71

428

457

42

1,276

786

490

121

1,155

654

622

45

18

27

11

34

34

11

199

153

46

18

181

45

154

809

565

244

147

662

622

187

3,309

2,714

595

247

3,062

867

2,442

390

159

231

22

368

371

19

639

332

307

43

596

484

155

19

10

9

14

5

5

14

301

249

52

28

273

26

275

105

57

48

11

94

87

18

380

4

2,807

274

4

1,966

106

27

353

4

2,454

150

1

710

230
3

627

302

325

186

441

409

218

841

353

2,097

6
22

6
19

6
19

4

6

2

2

2

2

3

3

18

21

8

13

7

14

15

6

124

97

27

11

113

20

104

82

40

42

23

59

44

38

455

321

134

37

418

113

342

71

38

33

18

53

58

13

173

100

73

23

150

97

76

104

61

43

15

55

49

161

108

53

15

146

80

81

667

289

378

77

590

579

88

1,474

920

554

122

1,352

741

733

9

4

5

1

8

8

1

15

6

9

1

14

12

3

1,045

457

588

91

954

904

141

2,337

1,344

993

200

2,137

1,209

1,128

4,495

2,187

2,308

696

3,799

3,650

845

13,682

9,399

4,283

1,249

12,433

5,213

8,469

68,597

46,309

22,288

14,756

53,841

68,597

162, 485

111,455

51,030

26,207

136,278

162,485

118 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

Table XXIII. — Passengers departed from the United

Ports of departure and
destination.

Aliens.

Line of vessels.

Num-
ber.

Sex.

Age.

Class.

Male.

Fe-
male.

Under
14

years.

14
years
and
over.

Cabin

Steer-
age.

Canadian Aust r a 1 i a n

From Canada (Pacific sea-
ports) to—
Australia

381

134

12

1,157

11

40

109

254

97

9

1,135

9

25

91

127
37

3
22

2

15
18

17

i7

i

364
134
12
1,140
11
40
108

268
116

11

117

8

33
106

113
18
1
1,040
3
7
3

Royal MaO.

New Zealand

Canadian Pacific

Fiji

Hongkong

Kobe

Shanehai

Yokohama. .

Total Pacific sea-
ports of Canada.

From Galveston, Tex.,
to—

1,844

1,620

224

35

1,809

659

1,185

Booth

18
34
985
8
10
5
2
5

12
11
790
4
9
3
1
5

6
23
195

4
1

2

1

1
3
41
1
1

i

17
31
944

7
9
5
1
5

18
34
150
8
4
4
2
5

""'835

6

1

Ley land

Do

North German Lloyd...

Bremen

Southampton

Spain

Cuba

Norway-Mexico Gulf...

Christiania

United Steamship Co. . .

Cuba

Total Galveston

From Honolulu, Hawaii,
to—

1,057

835

232

48

1,019

225

842

Canadian Australian

116
59

7
115
61

4
402
427

5
494

5
164
717

4

7
1,274

75

42

5

68

42

4

387

305

2

359

4

152

500

4

5

849

41
17
2
47
19

10
5

is

106
54

7
100
61

4
402
377

5
478

5
160
714

4

6
1,239

90
45

5
81
45

3
16
76

3
79

4
20

7

1

7
104

26

14

2

34

16

1

386

351

2

415

1

144

710

3

"'i,'i76

Royal Mail.

New Zealand

Oceanic

Pacific islands

British North America

Pacific islands

Pacific Mail

15

122

3

135

1

. 12

217

50

16

4

3

Kobe

Nagasaki

YnVnham.i

Miscellaneous

Toyo Kisen Kaisha

Hongkong ...

Kobe

2
425

1
35

Yokohama

Total Honolulu

From Key West to—
Cuba

3,861

2,803

1,058

139

3,722

586

3,275

Peninsular and Occi-

6,880
57

5,042

48

1,838
9

708
3

6,172
54

2,935

3,945
57

dental.
Sailing vessels

British West Indies . . .

Total Key West

Via Mexican border sta-
tions to-

6,937

5,090

1,847

711

6,226

2,935

4,002

Compania Navi^ra del

2,680
18

2,237
15

443
3

191
3

2,489
15

1,225
18

1,455

Pacifico.
Miscellaneous

Total Mexican bor-
der.
From Miami, Fla., to-
British West indies. . .

Do

2,698

2,252

446

194

2,504

1,243

1,455

Peninsular and Occi-
dental.
Saunders

541

1,108
1,237

379

897
876

162

211
361

14

39
114

527

1,069
1,123

124
""549

417

1,108
688

Sailing vessels

Do..

Total Miami

2,886 2,152| 734

167

2,719

673

2,213

EEPOET OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. 119

States, fiscal year ended June 30, 1914 — Continued.

Citizens.

Total.

Num-

Sex.

Age.

Class.

Num-

Sex.

Age.

Class.

14
years
and
over.

14
years
and
over.

ber.

Male.

Fe-
male.

Under

14
years.

Cabin.

Steer-
age.

ber.

Male.

Fe-
male.

Under

14
years.

Cabin.

Steer-
age.

177

113

64

34

143

129

' 48

558

367

191

51

507

397

161

29

23

6

29

25

4

163

120

43

163

141

22

2

2

1

1

2

14

11

3

1

13

13

1

414

336

78

25

389

161

253

1,571

1,471

100

42

1,529

278

1,293

19

7

12

19

19

30

16

14

30

27

3

122

57

65

25

97

102

20

162

82

80

25

137

135

27

129

71

58

5

124

129

238

162

76

6

232

235

3

892

609

283

90

802

567

325

2,736

2,229

507

125

2,611

1,226

1,510

2
25

1
11

1
14

1
5

1
20

0

20
59

13

22

7
37

2
8

18
51

20
59

25

997

543

454

188

809

554

443

1,982

1,.333

649

229

1,753

704

1,278

37

7

30

(

30

37

45

11

34

8

37

45

10

8

9
3

1
5

1
3

9
5

4

7

6

3

3

3

3

1

2
13

1
9

1

4

1
3

1
10

2
13

8

4

4

3

5

8

1,072

566

506

207

865

629

443

2,139

1,401

738

255

1,884

854

1,285

7ti

48

28

2

74

67

9

192

123

69

12

180

157

35

17

12

5

17

15

2

76

54

22

5

71

60

16

7

5

2

t

4

3

14

10

4

14

9

5

308

151

157

37

271

262

46

423

219

204

52

371

343

80

72

42

30

3

69

62

10

133

84

49

3

130

107

26

12

9

3

12

11

1

16

13

3

16

14

2

148

92

56

42

106

64

84

550

479

71

42

508

80

470

108

49

59

101

7

14

94

535

354

181

151

384

90

445

7

1

6

1

6

6

1

12

3

9

1

11

9

3

249

122

127

131

118

122

127

743

481

262

147

596

201

542

9

4

5

2

7

9

14

8

6

2

12

13

1

82

52

30

20

62

39

43

246

204

42

24

222

59

187

344

168

176

338

6

5

339

1,061

668

393

341

720

12

1,049

1

1

1

1

0

4

1

5

2

3

8

5

3

8

8

15

10

5

1

14

15

581

317

264

436

145

140

435

1,855

1,166

689

471

1,384

250

1,605

2,029

1,077

952

1,113

910

8^5

1,194

5,890

3,880

2,010

1,252

4,638

1,421

4,469

12,687

7,969

4,718

797

11,890

12,011

676

19,567

13,011

6,556

1,505

18,062

14,946

4,621

8

8

8

8

65

56

9

3

62

65

12, 695

7,977

4,718

797

11,898

12,011

684

19,632

13,067

6,565

1,508

18,124

14,946

4,686

690

538

152

63

627

680

10

3,370

2,775

595

254

3,116

1,905

1,465

40

34

6

1

39

40

58

49

9

4

54

58

730

572

158

64

666

720

10

3,428

2,824

604

258

3,170

1,963

1,465

869

450

419

65

804

752

117

1,410

829

581

79

1,331

876

534

77

46

31

37

40

77

1,185

943

242

76

1,109

1,185

114

72

42

41

73

100

14

1,351

948

403

155

1,196

649

702

1,C60

568

492

143

917

852

208

3,946

2,720

1,226

310

3,636

1,525

2,421

120 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGEATIOK.

Table XXIII. — Passengers departed from the United

Ports of departm-e and
destination.

Aliens.

Line of vessels.

Num-
ber.

Sex.

Age.

Class.

Male.

Fe-
male.

Under

14
years.

14
years
and
over.

Cabin.

Steer-
age.

Hubbard Zemurray

From Mobile, Ala., to—
Honduras

5

34
29
13

5
14
27

9

5

26
29
12

5

34
29
13

Orr Laubenheimer . . . . .
Seeberg

British Honduras

British West Indies . . .
Miscellaneous

20
2
4

8

i

Miscellaneous

Total Mobile

From New Bedford to—
Cape Verde Islands. . .

Total New Bedford.

From New Orleans, La.,
to—
Nicaragua

81

55

2(1

9

72

81

Tramp

449

404

45

11

438

449

449

404

45

11

438

449

Bluefields

134

279

40

32

74
22
185

221

86

29

801

202

97

189

559

173

278

162

5

97
194
34
20

43

11

130

148

63

23

615

136

55

113

399

133

204

125

4

37
85
6
12

31
11
55

73
23
6

186
66
42
76

160

40

74

37

1

10

11

4
4

10
3
14

22
21

3
55
17
24
22
59
21
15

7

124
268
36

28

64

19

171

199

65

26

746

185

73

167

500

152

203

155

5

130
51

32

74
22
29

131
1

12
467
202

97
189
559
173
278
162
3

4

228

40

■'■"156

90

85

17

334

2

Campagnie Generals

Havre

Transatlantique.

Miscellaneous

Hubbard Zemurray

Steamship Co.
Leyland

Honduras

Liverpool

London

Navigazione Generale

Palermo

Italiana.
North German Lloyd...

Norway Mexico Gulf. . .

Bremen

Miscellaneous

Christiania

Southern Pacific Co. .

Cuba

United Fruit Co

British Honduras

Costa Rica

Cuba

Guatemala....'

Honduras

Panama

Vaccaro

Honduras

Miscellaneous

Miscellaneous

Total New Orleans. .

From Newport News, Va.,
to—
Christiania

3,568

2,547

1,021

322

3,246

2,612

956

Norway Mexico Gulf. . .

1

1

1

1

From New York, N. Y.,
to—
Cherbourg

American

4,217

468

7,507

3,694

322

6,334

523

140

1,173

94
21
193

4,123

447

7,314

241

222

1,416

3,976

246

6,091

Plymouth

Southampton

Glasgow

12,060

3,505

20

2,791

55

1,023

3

5,003

5,578

8,768

54

36

103

316

29

400

1

33,000

4,448

6,827

289

109

30, 309

196

8,670

1,644

17

2,500

46

553

3

4,510

5,341

6,873

53

27

80

140

17

257

28,' 357

3,060

4,920

213

85

23,022

167

3,384

1,861

3

291

9

470

643

100

1

115

1
64

11,417

3,405

19

2,676

54

959

3

4,921

5,516

8,458

54

34

99

303

26

364

1

32, 256

4,251

6,313

274

104

29,206

188

4, 066
1,018

is

""i,'623

"'"'364

733

658

1

18

59

49

29

400

1

5,604

3,696

206

48

38

6,999

21

7,994

2,487
20

2,778
55

3

4,639

4,845

8,110

53

18

44

267

'27 ,'396
752
6,621
241
71
23,310
175

Londonderry

Messina

Palermo

Atlantic Traiisport

London

Naples

493

237

1,895

1

9

23

176

12

143

1

4,643

1,388

1,907

76

24

7,287

29

82

62

310

2

4
13
3

36

"'744

197

514

15

5

1,103

8

Patras

Trieste

Algiers

Azores

Booth

Brazil

Clyde

British West Indies. . .
Do

San Domingo

Compaguie Generale

Transatlantique.
Canard

Bordeaux.

Havre

Fishguard

Fiume

Genoa

Gibraltar

Liverpool

Madeira

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OP IMMIGRATION. 121

States, fiscal year ended June 30, 1914 — Continued.

Citizens.

Total.

Num-
ber.

Sex.

Age.

Class.

Num-
ber.

Sex.

Age.

Class.

Male.

Fe-
male.

Under

14

years.

14

years
and
over.

Cabin.

Steer-
age.

Male.

Fe-
male.

Under
14

years.

14
years
and
over.

Cabin.

Steer-
age.

39
43
35
39

28
22
13
20

11
21
22
19

1

10
4
1

38
33
31
38

39
43
35
39

44

77
64
52

33

36
40
29

11
41
24
23

1
18
4
2

43
59
60
50

44
77
64
52

156

83

73

16

140

156

237

138

99

25

212

237

8

5

3

7

1

8

457

409

48

18

439

457

8

5

3

7

1

8

457

409

48

18

439

457

211
55

164
27

47
28

21
17

190
38

210
20

1
35

345

334

40

198
156
36

262

383

91

35

2,283

402

246

453

1,083

714

3,838

482

7

261
221
34

142
72
19

173

228

67

27

1,620

282

153

273

796

544

2,531

380

6

84

113

6

56
84
17

89

155

24

8

663

120

93

180

287

170

1,307

102

1

31

28
4

33
29
12

68
48
24
9

180
37
33
39
98
78

246
41

314

306
36

165
127
24

194

335

67

26

2,103

365

213

414

985

636

3,592

441

7

340
71

198
156
36

53

270

2

18

1,766

402

246

453

1,083

714

3,838

482

5

5
263
40

166
82
14

77

162

5

6

1,482

200

149

264

524

541

3,560

320

2

122
29

8

43

80

4

4

1,005

146

98

160

397

411

2,327

255

2

44
53

6

34

82

1

2

477

54

51

104

127

130

1,233

65

29
19
9

54
26
3
6
125
20
9

11
57
231
34

137
63
5

23

136

2

"i,'357
180
140
247
485
484
3,329
286
2

166
82
14

24
139

I

1,299

200

149

264

524

541

3,560

320

2

53
23
4

""i83

209

113

89

17

517

"""2

7,820

5,282

2,538

716

7,104

7,521

299

11,388

7,829

3,559

1,038

10,350

10, 133

1,255

4

1,448
1,040
3,092

6
4,102
2,032

4
259

9
2,504

3

1

4

4

5

3

2

5

5

800

672

1,694

3

2,131

1,076

3

164

4

1,081

648

368

1,398

3

1,971

956

1

95

5

1,42;?

437
127
564

"i,'267

611

3

207

188

1,011

913

2,528

6
2,895
1,421

1
52

2
2,316

858

476

2,387

6

2,910

972

1

16

' "2," 504

590
564
705

'i,'i92

1,060

3

243

9

5,665

1,508

10,599

6

16,162

5,537

24

3,050

64

3,527

3

5,876

5,906

10,993

57

49

183

436

35

775

7

47,763

9,653

7,963

509

221

43, 208

296

4,494

994

8,028

3

10,807

2,720

20

2,664

50

1,634

3

4,951

5,565

8,033

54

33

142

202

20

530

2

36,594

6,222

5,500

298

135

30,858

217

1,171

514

2,571

3

5,355

2,817

4

386

14

1,893

531

148
757

"i,'856
711

4
322

8
252

5,134

1,360

9,842

6

14,312

4,826

20

2,728

56

3,275

3

5,381

5,779

9,334

57

39

177

336

32

698

4

42,843

9,171

6,626

435

211

39,421

264

1,099

698

3,803

6

6,976

1,990

1

29

' 3, '527

""8i2

1,035

1,555

4

23

129

88

35

775

7

14,960

8,552

415

198

148

12,378

95

4,566

810

6,796

■9,' 186
3,547

23
3,021

64

3

873

388

2,225

3

13

80

120

6

375

6

14,763

5,205

1,136

220

112

12,899

100

441

224

1,160

1

6

62

62

3

273

2

8,237

3,162

580

85

50

7,836

50

432

164

1,065

2

18

58

3

102

4

6,526

2,043

556

135

62

5,063

50

413

125

1,349

8

2
87

«

3

4,176

285

823

59

5

2,684

24

460

263

876

3

5

78

33

6

334

3

10,587

4,920

313

161

107

10,215

76

448

302

897

3

5

70

39

6

375

6

9,356

4.856

209

150

110

5,379

74

425

86

1,328

8

10
81

'5,'467

349

927

70

2

7,520

26

925

401

2,960

3

16

41

234

15

245

5

11, 169

3,431

2,463

211

86

12,350

79

495

187

1,659

io

6

100

3

77

3

4,920

482

1,337

74

10

3,787

32

5,064
4,931
9,438
53
26
54
348

32,863

1,101

7.548

311

73

30,830

201

122 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

Table XXIII. — Passengers departed from the United

Jjlne of vessels.

Ports of departure and
destination.

Aliens.

Num-
ber.

Sex.

Male.

Fe-
male.

Under

14
years.

14
years
and
over.

Class.

Cabin.

Steer-

Cunard— Continued.

Fabre.

Hamburg American

Hellenic

Holland America

Italia

Lamport & Holt

La Veloee

Lloyd I taliano

Lloyd Sabaudo

Mimson

National Steam Navi-
gation Co.

Navigazione Generate
Italiana.

New York & Cuba Mail

From New York, N. Y.,
to — Continued.

Mes.sina

Monaco

Naples

Patras

Palermo

Queenstown

Trieste

Alexandria

Algiers

Miscellaneous

Lisbon

Marseille

Naples

Spain

Villefranche

Algiers

Azores

Boulogne

Cherbourg

Genoa

Hamburg

Plymouth

Southampton

Gibraltar

Naples

Other Mediterranean

I)orts.
British West Indies . . .

Colombia ,

Costa Rica

Cuba

Haiti

Panama

Naples ,

Palermo

Piraeus

Boulogne ,

Plymouth

Rotterdam

Genoa

Messina

Italia

Palermo

Argentina

Brazil

British West Indies. .

Uruguay

Genoa

Messina

Naples

Palermo

Genoa

Messina

Naples

Palermo

Genoa

Messina

Naples

Palermo

Cuba

Palermo

Piraeus

Other Mediterranean

ports.

Genoa

Messina

Naples

Palermo

British West Indies..

Cuba

Mexico

25

7

10, 175

1,561

111

1,622

1,167

74

24

50

190

493

12,675

27

6

5

82

4

1,022

441

37,457

426

571

53

5,868

155

342
73
109
215
153
241
893
42'

5,942
698
102
16, 138
263
294

2,928
540

1,235
761
147
59
614
350

4,533
609
655
690

5,59'

1,038
422
231

2,586

445

89

329

4,409
284

1,102
715
8,638
1,298
373
4,70
1,166

24

4

8,779

1,503

100

633

1,035

40

12

21

180

398

11,222

23

1

3

71

1

599

293

26,345

297

383

38

5,266

146

172
60
75
144
107
176
800
363

5,618

431

54

12,318

191

268

2,603
442
969
597
71
45
40'
300

3,960
490
486
612

5,075
874
334
216

2,358

392

60

281

4,211
236

736
640

7,860
1,113

192
3,597

856

1

3

1,396

58

11

989

132

34

12

29

10

95

1,453

4

5

2

11

3

423

148

11,112

129

188

15

602

9

170

13

34

71

46

65

93

64

324

267

48

3,820

72

26

325

98

266

164

76

14

20'

50

573

119

169

78

522

164

88

15

228

53

29

18

198

48

366
75
778
185
181
1,110
310

273
12
1
7
23
2
1
5

13
317

30

13

1,722

16

26

2

162

1

23

4
11

9
10
14
30

7
100
36

5
657

9

3
63
16
77
51
15

3
30

8
94
13
30
22
106
22
17

5
60

8
10
14
43
11

140
29

350
101

24

7

9,902

1,549

110

1,615

1,144

72

23

45

190

480

12,358

27

5

5

81

4

992

428

35, 735

410

545

51

6,706

154

319
69
98
206
143
227
863
420

5,842
662
97
15,481
254
291

2,865
524

1,158
710
132
56
584
342

4,439
596
625
668

5,491

1,016
405
226

2,526

437

79

315

4,366
273

1,070
707
8,498
1,269
354
4,357
1,065

895
226

304

100

50

24

50

17

194

1,478

1"

5

5

15

4

1,001

260

5,269

426

571

35

278

56

340

73

109

215

153

235

12

135

934

430

102

2,174

66

11

250

384
104

20
20'

15
264

75
209

28
296

94

96

70
11
89
157
645
45

369
3

476
114
351
3,261
991

25

9,280
1,335
HI
1,318
1,067
24

173

299

11,197

10

1

67

21

181

32,188

18

5,590

99

6

881

292

5,008

268

13,964
197
283

2,678
453
739
3
43
39
40'
335

4,269
534
446
662

5,301
944
326
231

2,516
434

172

3,764

239

733

678

8,162

1,184

22

1,446

175

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. 123
States, fiscal year ended June SO, 1914 — Continued.

Citizens.

Total.

Num-

Sex.

Age.

Class.

Num-

Sex.

Age.

Class.

14
years
and
over.

14
years
and
over.

ber.

Male.

Fe-
male.

Under

14
years.

Cabin.

Steer-
age.

ber.

Male.

Fe-
male.

Under

14
years.

Cabin.

Steer-
age.

25
74

24
39

1
35

1
3

24

71

74

25

07

35

32

3

64

67

4,560

1,815

2,751

985

3,581

3,519

'1,047

14,741

10,594

4,147

1,258

13,483

4,414

'16,' .327

117

75

42

44

73

85

32

1,678

1,578

100

56

1,022

311

1,367

14

9

5

8

6

14

125

109

16

9

116

125

1,327

718

609

288

1,039

""hu

813

2,949

1,351

1,598

295

2.654

""sis

2,131

288

138

150

59

229

219

69

1,455

1,173

282

82

1,373

319

1,136

277

96

181

20

257

272

5

351

136

215

22

329

322

29

104

31

73

6

98

104

128

43

85

7

121

128

145

50

95

IS

127

145

195

71

124

23

172

195

36

25

11

7

29

31

5

226

205

21

7

219

48

""i78

551

237

314

70

. 481

539

12

1,044

635

409

83

961

733

311

2,444

1,240

1,204

1,347

1,097

1,352

1,092

15,119

12, 462

2,657

1,664

13, 455

2,830

12,289

16

9

7

6

10

16

43

32

11

6

37

33

10

39

17

22

1

38

39

45

18

27

2

43

44

1

20

10

10

2

IS

20

25

13

12

2

23

25

36

25

11

11

25

22

"u

118

96

22

12

106

37

si

36

7

29

36

36

40

8

32

40

40

3,153

1,545

1,608

""m

2,973

3,145

8

4,175

2,144

2,031

""2i6

3,965

4,146

29

1,128

470

058

84

1,044

1,116

12

1,569

703

806

97

1,472

1,376

193

22,384

11,578

10, 806

6,349

16,035

12,411

9,973

59,841

37,923

21,918

8,071

51,770

17,680

42, 161

1,134

670

464

54

1,080

1,134

1,.'')60

967

593

70

1,490

1,560

1,501

855

646

75

1,426

1,501

2,072

1,238

834

101

1,971

2,072

72

38

34

6

66

68

4

125

76

49

8

117

103

22

1,570

690

880

490

1,080

1,041

529

7,438

5,956

1,482

652

6,786

1,319

6,119

64

31

33

1

63

63

1

219

177

42

2

217

119

100

529

294

235

32

497

529

871

466

405

55

816

869

2

71

58

13

6

65

71

144

118

26

10

134

144

87

61

26

11

76

87

196

136

60

22

174

196

455

298

157

30

425

455

670

442

228

39

631

670

162

124

38

24

138

162

315

231

84

34

281

315

552

373

179

22

530

552

793

549

244

36

757

787

6

128

79

49

111

17

7

"m

1,021

879

142

141

880

19

1,002

53

34

19

49

4

34

19

480

397

83

56

424

169

311

276

190

86

205

71

163

113

6,218

5,808

410

305

5,913

1,097

5,121

1,438

495

943

104

1,334

1,412

26

2,136

926

1,210

140

1,996

1,842

294

553

224

329

47

506

553

655

278

377

52

603

655

6,460

3, 236

3,224

2,470

3,990

3,995

'2,' 465

22,598

15,554

7,044

3,127

19, 471

6,169

16,429

145

84

61

73

72

55

90

408

275

133

82

326

121

287

42

27

15

32

10

5

37

336

295

41

35

301

16

320

598

365

233

349

249

94

504

3,526

2,968

558

412

3,114

344

3,182

104

63

41

88

16

31

73

644

505

139

104

540

118

526

1,247

902

345

170

1,077

1,010

237

2,482

1,871

611

247

2,235

1,506

976

791

503

288

133

658

688

103

1,552

1,100

452

184

1,368

1,072

480

69

29

40

28

41

59

10

216

100

116

43

173

163

53

41

25

16

15

26

26

15

100

70

30

18

82

46

54

394

224

170

214

180

158

236

1,008

631

377

244

764

365

643

66

48

18

43

23

4

62

416

348

68

51

365

19

397

1,237

764

473

638

599

298

939

5,770

4,724

1,046

732

5,038

562

5,208

Ul

91

50

99

42

31

110

750

581

169

112

638

106

644

243

130

113

148

95

139

104

898

616

282

178

720

348

550

77

41

36

73

4

10

67

767

653

114

95

672

38

729

807

444

363

534

273

240

567

6,404

5,519

885

640

5,764

536

5,868

177

82

95

137

40

43

134

1,215

956

259

159

1,056

137

1;078

195

102

93

69

126

126

69

617

436

181

86

531

222

395

26

14

12

22

4

26

257

230

27

27

230

257

377

199

178

252

125

""i22

255

2,963

2,557

406

312

2,651

""i92

2,771

63

46

17

50

13

11

52

508

438

■70

58

450

22

486

226

134

92

26

200

226

......

315

194

121

36

279

315

43

25

18

37

6

32

372

306

66

51

321

189

"isi

169

102

67

118

51

93

76

4,578

4,313

265

161

4,417

738

3,840

28

21

"

23

5

"

21

312

257

55

34

278

52

260

619

338

281

318

301

350

269

1,721

1,074

647

350

1,371

719

1,002

92

53

39

74

18

19

73

807

693

114

82

725

56

751

1,450

919

531

741

709

341

1,109

10,088

8,779

1,309

881

9,207

817

9,271

230

156

74

145

85

55

175

1,528

1,269

259

174

1,354

169

1,359

865

504

361

35

830

831

34

1,238

696

542

54

1,184

1,182

56

5,250

3,609

1,641

275

4,975

4,974

276

9,957

7,206

2,751

625

9,332

8,235

1,722

1,206

851

355

77

1,129

1,182

24

2,372

1,707

665

178

2,194

2,173

199

124 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OP IMMIGRATION.

Table XXIII. — Passengers departed from the United

Line of vessels.

North German Lloyd

Norwegian American . .

Panama

Quebec Steamship Co .

Red Cross
RedD....

Red Star.

Royal Dutch West In-
dian Mail.

Royal Mail Steam Pack-
et Co.

Russian American

Scandinavian American

Sicula Americana

Spanish ,

Trinidad

United Fruit Co.

Uranium . . .
White Star.

Ports of departure and
destination.

From New York, N. Y.
to — Continued.

Bremen

Cherbourg

Genoa

Gibraltar

Messina

Naples

Palermo

Plymouth

Algiers

Bergen

Christiania

Christiansand

Copenhagen

Stavenger

Panama

Bermuda

British Guiana

British North America
British West Indies .
Danish West Indies.
French West Indies.
British North America
Dutch West Indies...

Venezuela

Antwerp

Dover

Plymouth

British Guiana

British West Indies..

Dutch Guiana

Dutch West Indies...

Haiti

Venezuela

Cherbourg

Southampton

Bermuda

British West Indies..

Colombia

Cuba

Panama

Libau

Rotterdam

Christiana

Christiansand

Copenhagen

Genoa

Messina

Naples

Palermo

Spain

Cuba

Mexico

British West Indies . .

British Honduras

British West Indies. .

Colombia

Costa Rica

Cuba

Guatemala

Honduras

Panama

Rotterdam

Cherbourg

Genoa

Gibraltar

Liverpool

Naples

Plymouth

Queenstown

Southampton

Aliens.

Num-
ber.

Sex.

Male.

41,229

999

879

56

571

9,537

1,159

908

9

2,824

1,088

437

34

352

231

1,585!

76

33

519

88

27

528

105

229

22,612

139

33

9

109

11

12

24

13

10

105

953

434

74

105

116

12,883

3,831

3,140

1,346

3,430

70

411

3,000

1,130

1,038

136

53

277

14

333

207

94

2

146

30

488

4,219

4,697

252

28

17,562

3,474

1,742

4,726

13, 156

30,665

603

603

42

527

8,663

1,030

628

6

1,536

571

226

20

242

194

807

41

15

291

35

15

319

80

161

17,306

75

17

6

63

9

11

13

6

4

53

495

287

46

75

84

10,553

3,29'

1,480

675

1,696

51

369

2,636

854

963

96

39

173

8

195

146

61

2

95

16

355

3,

3,971

18'

22

13,087

3,145

1,272

1,642

10,219

Fe-
male.

10,564

396

276

14

44

874

129

280

3

1,288

517

211

14

110

37

778

35

18

228

53

12

209

25

68

5,306

64

16

3

46

2

1

11

7

6

52

458

147

28

30

32

2,330

534

1,660

671

1,734

19

42

364

276

75

40

14

104

6

138

61

33

51
14

133

531

726

65

6

4,475

329

470

3,084

2,93"

Age.

Under

14
years.

1,358
37
30

10

227

42

14

7
6
123
4
1
32
5

23
5

16

833

3

3

5

1

5

55

36

5

9

10

585

91

100

35

128

7

5

125

54

20

13

5

42

1

12

16

4

18

2

25

122

107

6

1

705

72

60

48

457

years
and

39, 871

962

849

56

561

9,310

1,117

894

9

2,757

1,034

425

34

345

225

1,462

72

32

48'

83

2'

505

100

213

21,779

136

33

9

100

10

12

21

8

9

100

898

398

69

96

106

12,298

3,740

3,040

1,311

3,302

63

406

2,875

1,076

1,018

123

48

235,

13

321

191

90

2

128

28

463

4,097

4,590

246

27

16, 857

3,402

1,682

4,678

12, 699

Class.

Cabin.

4,829

999

484

41

6

840

9

90

5

434

244

29

6

25

105

1,585

51

33

210

49

13

528

105

229

1,991

139

33

9

109

11

12

24

13

10

105

953

340

74

101

112

1,587

374

566

102

846

14

23

137

113

143

123

53

276

14

332

207

94

2

146

30

488

177

1,002

79

20

5,

413

1,140

685

3,431

KEPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. 125
States, fiscal year ended June SO, 1914 — Continued.

Citizens.

Total.

Num-

Sex.

Age.

Class.

Num-

Sex.

Age.

Class.

14
years
and
over.

14
years
and
over.

ber.

Male.

Fe-
male.

Under

14
years.

Cabin.

Steer
age.

ber.

Male.

Fe-
male.

Under

14
years.

Cabin.

Steer-
age.

19,022

9,931

9,091

6,769

12,253

11,065

7,957

60, 251

40,596

19,655

8,127

52, 124

15,894

44,357

4,009

1,972

2,037

205

3,804

4,009

5,008

2,575

2,433

242

4,766

5,008

1,323

585

738

210

1,113

1,207

iie

2,202

1,188

1,014

240

1,962

1,691

511

156

73

83

9

147

156

212

115

97

9

203

197

15

46

24

22

34

12

46

617

551

66

44

573

6

611

2,991

1,529

1,462

809

2,182

2,6i9

972

12,528

10, 192

2,336

1,036

11,492

2,859

9,669

142

88

54

101

41

19

123

1,301

1,118

183

143

1,158

116

1,185

3,010

1,737

1,273

102

2,908

3,010

3,918

2,365

1,553

116

3,802

3,917

1

61

29

32

5

56

61

70

35

35

5

65

66

4

3,062

1,856

1,206

652

2,410

757

2,305

5,886

3,392

2,494

719

5,167

1,191

4,695

1,280

720

560

331

949

484

796

2,368

1,291

1,077

385

1,983

728

1,640

285

169

116

128

157

28

257

722

395

327

140

582

57

665

34

14

20

15

19

6

28

68

34

34

15

53

12

56

460

290

170

101

359

76

384

812

532

280

108

704

101

711

4,731

3,153

1,578

576

4,155

4,463

268

4,962

3,347

1,615

582

4,380

4,568

394

7,493

3,301

4,192

268

7,225

7,493

9,078

4,108

4,970

391

8,687

9,078

59

35

24

5

54

53

6

135

76

59

9

126

104

31

474

228

246

25

449

474

507

243

264

26

481

507

270

154

116

86

184

201

69

789

445

344

118

671

411

378

47

26

21

19

28

30

17

135

61

74

24

111

79

56

10

6

4

10

9

1

37

21

16

37

22

15

1,844

953

891

94

1,750

1,844

2,372

1,272

1,100

117

2,255

2,372

57

47

10

2

55

57

162

127

35

/

155

162

114

85

29

8

106

114

343

246

97

24

319

343

7,656

3,871

3,785

3,315

4,341

4,082

3,574

30,268

21,177

9,091

4,148

26, 120

6,073

24,195

393

171

222

34

359

393

532

246

286

37

495

532

48

23

25

5

43

48

81

40

41

5

76

81

21

17

4

2

19

21

30

23

7

2

28

30

94

66

28

15

79

94

203

129

74

24

179

203

22

17

5

22

22

33

26

7

1

32

33

3
9
2

3
9

3
9

1

3
9
2

15
33
15

14

22
6

1

11
9

3

6

15
30
9

15
33
15

2

1

25

7

18

25

25

35

11

24

1

34

35

169

77

92

8

161

169

274

130

144

13

261

274

10,405

4,511

5,894

295

10,110

10,405

11,358

5,006

6,352

350

11,008

11,358

261

161

100

25

236

259

2

695

448

247

61

634

599

96

57

38

19

9

48

57

131

84

47

14

117

131

380

239

141

57

323

379

1

485

314

171

66

419

480

5

166

116

50

10

156

. 161

5

282

200

82

20

262

273

9

1,699

870

829

1,556

143

587

1,112

14,582

11, 423

3,159

2,141

12,441

2,174

12,408

456

231

225

296

160

211

245

4,287

3,528

759

387

3,900

585

3,702

2,795

1,369

1,426

966

1,829

802

1,993

5,935

2,849

3,086

1,066

4,869

1,368

4,567

1,029

538

491

434

595

162

867

2,375

1,213

1,162

469

1,906

264

2,111

3,311

1,683

1,628

1,047

2,264

1,182

2,129

6,741

3,379

3,362

1,175

5,566

2,028

4,713

14

8

6

11

3

6

8

84

59

25

18

66

20

64

59

33

26

38

21

13

46

470

402

68

43

427

36

434

361

212

149

264

97

89

272

3,361

2,848

513

389

2,972

226

3,135

285

164

121

242

43

55

230

1,415

1,018

397

296

1,119

168

1,247

63

31

32

32

31

40

23

1,101

994

107

52

1,049

183

918

24

11

13

5

19

24

160

107

53

18

142

147

13

2

2

2

1

1

55

41

14

5

50

54

1

214

153

61

27

187

214

491

326

165

69

422

490

1

5

1

4

5

5

19

9

10

1

18

19

1,178

677

501

40

1,138

1,178'

1,511

872

639

52

1,459

1,510

i

277

197

80

8

269

2771

484

343

141

24

460

484

207

136

71

3

204

207

301

197

104

/

294

301

83

46

37

1

82

83'

85

48

37

1

84

85

92

59

33

2

90

92

238

154

84

20

218

238

39

33

6

39

39

69

49

20

2

67

69

1,334

940

394

38

1,296

1,334

1,822

1,295

527

63

1,759

1,822

498

252

246

282

216

1921 306

4,717

3,940

777

404

4,313

369

4,348

3,321

1,893

1,428

504

2,817

2,647 674

8,018

5,864

2,154

611

7,407

3,649

4,369

272

107

165

50

222

2371 35

524

294

230

56

468

316

208

44

17

27

1

43

41 3

72

39

33

2

70

61

11

9,932

5,379

4,553

1,597

8,335

7,178! 2,754

27, 494

18, 466

9,028

2,302

25,192

12,864

14,630

1,107

501

606

225

882

898 209

4,581

3,646

935

297

4,284

1,311

3,270

2,006

1,188

818

202

1,804

1, 7721 234

3,748

2,460

1,288

262

3,486

2,912

836

3,984

2,058

1,926

1,070

2,914

1,472 2,512

8,710

3, 700

5,010

1,118

7,592

2,157

6,553

7,121

4,231

2,890

1,097

6,024

4,527

2,594

20,277

14,450

5,827

1,554

18,723

7,958

12,319

126 REPOKT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

Table XXIII. — Passengers departed from the United

Ports of departure and
destination.

Aliens.

Line of vessels.

Num-
ber.

Sex.

Age.

Class.

Male.

Fe-
male.

Under

14
years.

14
years
and
over.

Cabin.

Steer-
age.

White Star— Contd.

From New York. N. Y.,
to— Continued.
Alexandria

117
12

45

77

78

8

20

42

39

4

25

35

6

3

6

Ill
12
42
71

55

7
28
72

62
5

17
5

Total, New York....

From Philadelphia, Pa.,
to—
Glasgow

444,274

346, 129

98, 145

15,203

429, 071

86, 795

357,479

Allan

49

76

2,909

423

1,092

26

157

2,475

115

34

79

1,111

40

17

60

526

42

28

59

1,207

64

62

43

1

29

45

1,952

102

731
24

143
2,290

108
23
67

992
35
12
58

478
39
18
54
1,128
57
31
26
1

20

31

957

321

361

2

14

185

7

11

12

119

5

5

2

48

3

10

5

79

7

31

17

2

6

222

59

2

49

i

5

36
1

2

10

i

21
2
2

47

70

2,687

423

1,033

26

155

2,426

115

33

74

1,075

39

17

58

516

42

28

58

1,186

62

60

43

1

21
43

651
62

187

5

67
7
9
1

31

io

22

io

2
33

62

43

28

33

2,258

361

905

26!

152

2,408!

108;

25

78

1,080

40

7

60

504

42

18

57

1,174

64

i

British North America
Liverpool

Hamburg American

Italia

Palermo

Naples

Palermo

Llovd Italiana

Genoa

Messina

Naples

Navigazione Generale
Italiana.

Genoa

Naples

Red Star

United Fruit

British West Indies . . .
Do

Total Philadelphia..

From Portland, Me., to—
Glasgow

10, 695

8,443

2,252

421

10, 274

1,266

9,429

AUau

1,180

763

1,299

3,117

930

615

921

2,575

250
148
378
542

77

64

150

208

1,103

699

1,149

2,909

258
180
434
605

922

583

865

2,512

London

Liverpool

Total Portland, Me..

From Porto Rico to—
France

6,359

5,041

1,318

499

5,860

1.477

4.882

Compagnie Generale
Transatlantique.

69

49

68

64

63

7

309

55

38

449

264

30

6

9

3

26

205

3

537

48

37

46

39

36

2

189

40

25

332

189

17

6

6

1

20

108

2

320

21
12
22
25
27
5

120
15
13

117
75
13

'I

15

11

8

1

38

5

3

37

23

8

57

43

53

53

55

6

271

50

35

412

241

22

6

9

3

24

178

2

475

46

43

43

41

11

7

197

31

14

345

167

17

4

8

3

20

127

3

303

23
6
25
23
52

""'ii2

24
24
104
97
13
2
1

6

78

""'234

Spain

Cuba

Danish West Indies. . .
French West Indies.. .
Haiti

Compagnie Generale
Transatlantique de

Santo Domingo

Spain

Cuba

Mexico

Panama

Donald .

Santo Domingo

3
2
6
97
1
217

2

27

1

62

Hamburg American

British West Indies . . .
Danish West Indies...
Haiti

Santo Domingo

Herrera

Cuba

220
321
66
7
120
250

159
234

48

6

87

170

61

87
18
1
33
80

21

25
26

2

25

199
296
40
7
118
225

150
165
57
7
108
196

70
156

9

12

54|

Pinillos

Santo Domingo

Spaia

Cuba

Red D

Dutch West Indies

Venezuela..

BEPOET OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. 127
States, fiscal year ended June 30, 1914 — Continued.

Citizens.

Total.

Num-

Sex.

Age.

Class.

Num-

Sex.

Age.

Class.

14

years
and
over.

14
years
"and
over.

ber.

Male.

Fe-
male.

Under

14
years.

Cabin.

Steer-
age.

ber.

Male.

Fe-
male.

Under

14
years.

Cabin.

Steer-
age.

394

168

226

20

374

374

20

511

246

265

26

485

429

82

79

33

46

3

76

79

91

41

5C

3

88

86

5

97

40

57

7

90

93

4

142

6C

82

10

132

121

21

27

19

8

2

25

27

104

61

43

8

96

99

5

234, 991

126, 248

108, 743

56, 096

178, 895

159,056

75, 935

679,265

472,377

206,888

71,299

607,966

245,851

433,414

24

16

8

9

15

17

7

73

45

28

11

62

38

35

42

26

16

17

25

33

S

118

71

47

23

95

76

42

1,436

580

856

372

1,064

982

454

4,345

2,532

1,813

594

3,751

1,633

2,712

342

152

190

73

269

166

176

765

254

511

73

692

228

537

891

356

535

168

723

726

165

1,983

1,087

896

227

1,756

913

1,070

5

3

2

4

1

5

31

27

4

4

27

31

18

8

10

15

3

18

175

151

24

17

158

5

170

179

92

87

156

23

13

166

2,654

2,382

272

205

2,449

80

2,574

8

5

3

7

1

1

7

123

113

10

7

116

8

115

10

6

4

6

4

4

6

44

29

15

7

37

13

31

6
99

2
56

4
43

6
90

6
89

85
1,210

69
1,048

16
162

11
126

74
1,084

1
41

84

9

10

1,169

2
3

1
3

1

2
3

2

42
20

36
15

6
5

3
3

39
17

is

42

3

7

3
64

2
30

1
34

3

41

3
36

63
590

60
508

3

82

5
51

58
539

50

63

23

28

540

3
5

1
4

2
1

3
5

3

2

45
33

40
22

5
11

3
5

42

28

n

45

3

20

10

7

3

9

1

4

6

69

61

8

10

59

6

63

88

50

38

81

7

5

83

1,295

1,178

117

102

1,193

38

1,257

4
334

1
113

3
221

4
23

4

68
396

58
144

10
252

6
25

62
371

""396

68

311

334

229

127

102

8

221

229

272

153

119

8

264

272

1

1

1

1

2

1

1

2

1

1

3,806

1,641

2,165

1,105

2,701

2,559

1,247

14,501

10,084

4,417

1,526

12,975

3,825

10,676

32

20

12

10

22

19

13

1,212

950

262

87

1,125

277

935

15

9

6

2

13

13

2

778

624

154

66

712

193

585

227

141

86

18

209

113

114

1,526

1,062

464

168

1,358

547

979

119

63

56

19

100

54

65

3,236

2,638

598

227

3,009

659

2,577

393

233

160

49

344

199

194

6,752

5,274

1,478

548

6,204

1,676

5,076

11

5

6

3

8

10

1

80

53

27

15

65

56

24

5

3

2

5

5

54

40

14

6

48

48

6

37

23

14

8

29

15

22

105

69

36

23

82

58

47

23

16

7

6

17

22

1

87

55

32

17

70

63

24

10

4

6

5

5

5

5

73

40

33

13

60

16

57

1

849

1
538

1
688

""405

1
444

8
1,158

3

727

5
431

1

199

7
959

7
602

1

311

161

556

12

9

3

3

9

8

4

67

49

18

8

59

39

28

16

/

9

9

7

12

4

54

32

22

12

42

26

28

230

111

119

97

133

210

20

679

443

236

134

545

555

124

149

105

44

19

130

97

52

413

294

119

42

371

264

149

5

3

2

5

3

2

35

20

15

8

27

20

15

7

5

2

7

7

13

11

2

13

11

2

191

158

33

IS

173

49

142

200

164

36

18

182

57

143

3

2

1

2

1

3

6

3

3

2

4

6

33

26

7

1

32

32

1

59

46

13

3

56

52

7

73

49

24

26

47

56

17

278

157

121

53

225

183

95

3
378

3
239

3
342

3
153

""225

6
915

5
559

1

356

1
98

5

817

6
456

139

36

459

70

42

28

29

41

1

69

70

42

28

29

41

1

69

658

417

241

156

502

174

484

878

576

302

177

701

324

554

1,129

761

368

201

928

235

894

1,450

995

455

226

1,224

400

1,050

37

15

22

17

20

30

7

103

63

40

43

60

87

16

31

20

11

8

23

17

14

38

26

12

8

30

24

14

50

27

23

/

43

42

8

170

114

56

9

161

150

20

169

126

43

22

147

135

34

419

296

123

47

372

33 li

88

128 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

Table XXIII. — Passengers departed from the United

Ports of departure and
destination.

Aliens.

Num-
ber.

Sex.

Age.

Class.

Male.

Fe-
male.

Under

14
years.

14
years
and
over.

Cabin.

Steer-
age.

Sailing vessels

From Porto Rico to— Con.

British West Indies...
Danish "West Indies...
Dutch West Indies

Total Porto Rico

From Providence, R. I.,
to—
Lisbon

7
17
10

7
10
10

7

16
10

6
10
2

1
7
8

7

1

3,272

2,194

1,078

359

2,913

2,131

1,141

508

19

1,041

635

Fabre

521

24

1,062

685

464

20

943

436

57

4

119

249

19

2

17

49

502

22

1,045

636

13

5

21

50

Marseille. ..

Naples

Azores

Total Providence

From San Francisco to —
Panama

2,292

1,863

429

87

2,205

89

2,203

""i26

3

9

1,599

82

32

2

560

2

14

1

138

4

21

44

21

712

172

52

4

1,504

215

139

60

Aroltae

2

1

2

5

11

471

7

46

1,755

94

51

26

978

6

62

2

299

10

39

91

57

847

193

56

67

2,604

501

330

197

2

i

2

1

332

5

33

1,704

82

40

15

885

4

41

""216

6

31

72

43

810

164

45

44

2,228

366

235

134

2
1
2

5

11

453

7

42

1,737

94

51

23

965

3

49

2

277

10

34

89

51

840

192

54

56

2,594

479

305

173

2

1

2

5

11

351

4

37

156

12

19

24

418

4

48

1

161

6

18

47

36

135

'\
63
1,100
286
191
137

New York and Pacific..

Chile

1

1

3

10

139

2

13

51

12

11

11

93

2

21

2

83

4

8

19

14

37

29

11

23

376

135

95

63

is

4

18

3

13
3
13

22

5

i

7
1
2
11
10
22
25
24

Panama

Peru

San Salvador

New Zealand

I'acific Mail

Pacific Islands

Hongkong

Kobe

Nagasaki

Shanghai.. ..

Yokohama

Costa Rica

Guatemala

Honduras

Mexico

Nicaragua

Panama

Peru

San Salvador

Yoyo Kisen Kaisha

Hongkong

Kobe

Nagasaki

Union

Shanghai

Yokohama

Australia

New Zealand

Pacific Islands

Total San Francisco.
From Seattle, Wash., to —

8,810

7,541

1,269

209

8,601

3,300

5,510

Blue Funnel

519

75

6

3

2

8

85

668

26

40

906

55

340

10

22

329

517

72

5

1

2

7

74

569

18

30

815

55

296

7

21

307

2
3

1
2

519

75

6

3

2

8

83

661

25

33

904

55

340

10

22

327

38

2

2

3

29
100

27

296

1

15

1

2

13

519

37

4

3

5

56

568
26
13

610
54

325

9

20

316

Great Northern

Kobe

Nagasaki

Shanghai

Yokohama

1

11
99

8
10
91

2

7
1
7
2

Nippon Yusen Kaisha. .

Hongkong

Kobe

Moji

Shanghai

Osaka Shosen Kaisha. . .

Hongkong

Kobe

44
3
1

22

2

Moji

Nagasaki. . . .

Yokohama

Total Seattle

From Tampa, Fla., to—
Honduras

3,094

2,796

298

21

3,073

529

2,565

Sailing vessels

11

5

6

3

'

'

8

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMICRATION, 129
States, fiscal year ended June 30, 1914 — Continued.

Citizens.

Total.

Num-

Sex.

Age.

Class.

Num-

Sex.

Age.

Class.

14
years
and
over.

14
years
and
over.

ber.

Male.

Fe-
male.

Under

14
years.

Cabin.

Steer-
age.

ber.

Male.

Fe-
male.

Under

14
years.

Cabin.

Steer-
age.

18

8

10

6

12

10

8

25

15

10

6

19

16

9

15

13

2

1

14

12

3

32

23

9

2

30

22

10

2

2

2

2

12

12

12

4

8

4,215

2,738

1,477

841

3,374

1,753

2,462

7,487

4,932

2,555

1,200

6,287

3,884

3,603

111

94

17

38

73

10

101

632

558

74

57

575

23

609

15

7

8

1

14

13

2

39

27

12

3

36

18

21

131

69

62

109

22

18

113

1,193

1,012

181

126

1,067

39

1,154

281

163

118

162

119

48

233

966

599

367

211

755

98

868

538

333

205

310

228

89

449

2,830

2,196

634

397

2,433

178

2,652

10

7

3

10

10

12

9

3

12

12

3

2

1

3

3

4

2

2

4

4

16

5

11

2

14

16

18

6

12

2

16

18

29

17

12

4

25

27

2

34

19

15

4

30

32

2

5

4

1

1

4

5

16

5

11

1

15

16

718

479

239

53

665

633

85

1,189

811

378

71

1,118

984

205

10

7

3

10

8

2

17

12

5

17

12

5

125

104

21

7

118

117

8

171

137

34

11

160

154

17

1,538

1,085

453

89

1,449

838

700

3,293

2,789

504

107

3,186

994

2,299

141

65

76

44

97

132

9

235

147

88

44

191

144

91

67

42

25

2C

47

64

3

118

82

36

20

98

83

35

154

69

85

24

130

154

180

84

96

27

153

178

2

415

239

176

108

307

357

58

1,393

1,124

269

121

1,272

775

618

6

4

2

2

4

3

3

12

8

4

5

7

7

5

46

33

13

6

40

34

12

108

74

34

19

89

82

26

13

9

4

2

11

13

15

9

6

2

13

14

1

279

217

62

25

254

244

35

578

433

145

47

531

405

173

39

29

10

5

34

32

7

49

35

14

5

44

38

11

60

34

26

5

55

53

7

99

65

34

10

89

71

28

220

160

60

20

200

161

59

311

232

79

22

289

208

103

34

25

9

34

31

3

91

68

23

6

85

67

24

744

440

304

61

683

537

207

1,591

1,^50

341

68

1,523

672

919

90

43

47

51

39

47

43

283

207

76

52

231

68

215

46

24

22

26

20

29

17

102

69

33

28

74

33

69

235

119

116

47

188

232

.3

302

163

139

58

244

295

7

681

375

306

424

257

529

152

3,285

2,603

682

434

2,851

1,629

l,a56

336

237

99

42

294

253

83

837

603

234

64

773

539

298

99

60

39

28

71

68

31

429

295

134

53

376

259

170

144

103

41

8

136

109

35

341

237

104

32

309

246

95

6,303

4,037

2,266

1,104

5,199

4,739

1,564

15, 113

11,578

3,535

1,313

13,800

8,039

7,074

94

93

1

7

87

2

92

613

610

3

7

606

2

611

267

148

119

8

259

166

101

342

220

122

8

334

204

138

49

28

21

13

36

49

55

33

22

13

42

51

4

13

4

9

11

2

2

11

16

5

11

11

5

2

14

2

1

1

2

2

4

3

1

4

4

17

9

8

2

15

16

1

25

16

9

2

23

19

6

103

56

47

8

95

76

27

188

130

58

10

178

105

83

120

63

57

84

36

45

76

788

632

156

91

697

145

643

20

7

13

10

10

15

5

46

25

21

11

35

15

31

97

42

55

20

77

88

9

137

72

65

27

110

115

22

140

67

73

65

75

93

47

1,046

882

164

67

979

389

657

9
49

9
25

9
12

1
6

8
43

64
389

64
321

64
352

2
21

62

24

37

68

37

368

8

3

5

2

6

2

6

18

10

8

2

16

3

15

22
365

21
328

1
37

23

22
342

2
21

20

36

21

15

21

15

8

28

344

1,024

576

448

288

736

571

453

4,118

3,372

746

309

3,809

1,100

3,018

3

3

3

2

1

''

8

6

3

"

'

9

60629°— 15 9

130 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

Table XXIII. — Passengers departed from the United
RECAPITULATION.

Ports of departure and means of transportation.

Aliens.

Num-
ber.

Sex.

Male.

Fe-
male.

Age.

Under
14

years.

14

years
and
over.

Class.

Cabin

Steer-
age.

Baltimore, Md

Boston, Mass

Brunswick, Ga

Canada ( Atlantic seaports)

Canadian border stations

Canada ( Pacific seaports)

Galveston, Tex

Honolulu , Hawaii

Key West, Fla

Mexican border stations

Miama, Fla

Mobile, Ala

New Bedford, Mass

New Orleans, La

Newport News, Va

New York, N. Y

Philadelphia, Pa

Portland, Me

Porto Rico

Providence, R.I

San Francisco, Cal

Seattle, Wash

Tampa, Fla

Total

Steamships

■ Sailing vessels

By land

BY YEARS.

1910 380, 418

1911 518, 215

1912 615, 292

1913 611, 924

1914 - 633, 805

2,813
25,71
1
9,187

93,888
1,844
1,067
3,861
6,93'
2,698

2,r

81

449

3,568

1

444,274

10, 095

6,359

3, 272

2,292

8,810

3,094

11

2,234
16,902!

II

7,212

65, 146.

1,620'

835

2, 8031

5,090

2,252;

2, 152)

551

404;

2,547

579

8,815

98
1,.375

346, m
8,443i
5,04l|
2, 1941
1,863 1
7,541
2,796
5

633,805

483,265

538, 577

1,340

93, 888

417, 162

957

65,146

1,975

28,742

224

232

1,058

1,847

446

734

26

45

1,021

1

98, 14,5

2,252

1,318

1,078

429

1,269

298

6

553

11,451

35

48

139

711

194

167

9

11

322

150,540

121,415

383

28, 742

279, 896 100, 522
400,294 117,921
480,7321.34,560
477,769|134,]55
483,265150,540

15, 203
421
499
359
87
209
21
3

2,715

24,342

1

8,634

82, 43'

1,801

1,019

3,722

6,226

2,504

2,719

72

438

3,246

1

429,071

10, 274

5,860

2,913

2,205

8,601

3,073

238

5,608

1

1,563

93,888

659

225

586

2,935

1,243

673

81

2,575
20,109

7,624

1,185
842
3,275
4,002
1,455
2,213

2,612
1
86, 795
1,266
1,4
2,131

3,300

529

3

449
956

357, 479
9,429
4,882
1,141
2,203
5,510
2,565

31,915 601,890

205, 903

427,902

20, 343

121

11,451

22,942
27, 175
28,593
30,368
31,915

518,234

1,219

82, 437

111,445
570

93,888

427, 132
770

357, 476
491,040
586, 699
581,556
601,890

141,789 238,629
172,485 345,730
188,550 426,742
230,496!381,428
205, 9031427, 902|

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

131

States, fiscal year ended June 30, 1914 — Continued.

RECAPITULATION.

Citizens.

Total.

Num-

Sex.

Age.

Class.

Num-

Sex.

Age.

Class.

14

years
and
over.

14
years
and
over.

ber.

Male.

Fe-
male.

Under

14
years.

Cabin.

Steer-
age.

ber.

Male.

Fe-
male.

Under

14
years.

Cabin

Steer-
age.

1,852

838

1,014

371

1,481

1,315

537

4,665

3,072

1,593

469

4,196

1,553

3,112

16, 101

8,460

7,64]

3,651

12,450

10,741

5,360

41, 818

25,362

16,456j 5,026

36,792

16,349

25, 469

13

g

5

la

13

14

9

5

14

14

4,495

2,187

2,308

696

3,799

3,650

845

13,682

9,399

4,283

1,249

12, 433

5.213

8,469

68,597

46,309

22,28J

14, 756

.53,841

68, 597

162,485

111,455

51,030

26, 207

136, 278

162, 485

892

609

283

90; 802

567

325

2,736

2,229

507

125

2,611

1,226

1,510

1,072

566

506

207

865

629

443

2,139

1,401

738

255

1,884

854

1,285

2,029

1,077

952

1,113

916

835

1,194

5, 890

3,88(

2,010

1,252

4,638

1,421

4,469

12,695

7,977

4,718

797

11,898

12,011

684

19,632

13,067

6,565

1,508

18, 124

14,946

4,686

730

572

158

64

666

720

10

3,428

2,82^

604

258

3,170

1,963

1,465

1,060

568

492

143

917

852

208

3,946

2,720

1,226

310

3,636

1,525

2,421

156

83

73

16

140

156

237

138

99

25

212

237

8

5

3

7

1

8

457

409

48

18

439

457

7,820

5,282

2,538

716

7,104

7,52i

299

11,388

7,829

3,559

1,038

10,350

10, 133

1,255

4

3

1

4

4

5

S

2

5

5

234,991

126, 248

108,743

56,096178,895

159,056

75, 935

679,265

472,377

206,888

71,299

607,966

245,851

433,414

3,806

1,641

2,165

1, 105: 2, 701

2,559

1,247

14,501

10,084

4,417

1,526

12,975

3,825

10,676

393

233

160

49 344

199

194

6,752

5,274

1,478

548

6,204

1,676

5,076

4,215

2,738

1,477

84ll 3,374

1,753

2,462

7,487

4,932

2,555

1,200

6,287

3,884

3,603

538

333

205

310

228

89

449

2,830

2,196

634

397

2,433

178

2,652

6,303

4,037

2,266

1,104

5,199

4,739

1,564

15,113

11,578

3,535

1,313

13,800

8,039

7,074

1,024

576

448

288

736

571

4.53

4,118

3,372

746

309

3,809

1,100

3,018

3

3

3

2

I

14

8

6

3

11

5

a

368, 797

210,353

158,444

82, 420

286,377

276,579 92,218

1,002,602

693, 618

308,984

114,335

888,267

482, 482 520, 120

300,039

163,938136,101

67,616

232, 423

207,855 92,184

838,616

581, 100

257,516

87,959 750,657

319,300 519.316

161

106 55

48

113

127

34

1,501

1,063

438

169

1,332

697

804

68, 597

46,309 22,288

14,756

53,841

68, 597

162, 485

111,455

51, 030

26, 207

136, 278

162,485

342, 600|201, 950 140,650

57,847

284,753

254,251

88,349

723, 018

481,846

241, 172

80, 789

642, 229

396,040

326,978

349,471^211,644 137,827

69, 717

279, 754

263,585

85,886

867, 686

611,938

255, 748

96,892

770, 794

436,070

431.616

353,890 208,666145,224

74, 117

279, 773

275, 149

78,741

969, 182

689,398

279,784

102,710

866, 472

463,699 505,483

347, 702 204, 568 143, 134

71,646

276,056

278, 782

68,920

959,626

682,337

277, 289

102, 014

857,612

509,278 450,348

368, 797 210, 353 158, 444 82, 4201286, 377

276, 579 92, 218

1,002,602

693,618

308,984 114,335

888, 267

482,482.520,120

1

132 EEPOET OF COMMISSIONEE GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

Table XXIV. — Alien arrivals from insular United States, by ports, 1908 to 1914,

inclusive.

Port.

Num-
ber.

Year of arrival.

From
Hawaii.

-From
Porto
Rico.

From
Philip-

1908

1909

1910

1911

1912

1913

1914

pme
Islands.

New York

3,910

37

3

10, 740

631

191

440

423
2

579
2

616
3

548
7

610
11
3

2,268
460
59

694
12

3,910

37

3

New Orleans .

Galveston

San FrancLsco

912
6

896

7

1,591
17
9

1,076
28
63

1,402
99
24

2,595
14
36

10,682
80
186

58

Seattle

551
5

Total

15, 512

1,358

1,328 2,198

1,786

2,080

3,411

3,351

10,948

3,950

614

BEPOKT OF COMMISSIONEK GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. 133

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EEPOET OF COMMISSIONER GENEEAL OF IMMIGRATION.

143

Table A. — Japanese applied for admission, admitted, debarred, deported, and departed,
fiscal years ended June 30, 1913 and 1914-

1913

Continen-
tal United
States.

Hawaii.

1914

Continen-
tal United
States.

Hawaii.

Applications for admission

Admitted

Debarred from entry. .

Deported after entry

Departures

6,859

6,771

88

61

5,647

5,081

4,901

180

2,793

8,604

8,462

142

153

6,300

4,685

4,554

131

2,603

Table B. — Increase or decrease of Japanese population by immigration and emigration,
fiscal years ended June 30, 1913 and 1914, by months.

Month.

1912-13.

July

August

September ,

October

November

December

January

February

March

April

May

June

Total

1913-14.

July

August

September

October

November

December

January

February

March

April

May

June

Total

Continental United States.

Admitted.

650
646
380
624
580
626
332
385
497
663
654
734

6,771

710
551
495
642
510
510
730
925
745
944
738
962

Departed.

273
256
532
718
919
764
513
387
280
400
396
209

Increase (-f)

or de-
crease (— ).

5,647

329
507
483
991
954
1,109
333
274
272
453
340
255

6,300

+ 377

+ 390

- 152

- 94

- 339

- 138

- 181

- 2
+ 217
+ 263
-I- 258
+ 525

Admitted.

328
410

385
466
565
612
411
399
367
283
337
338

1,124

4,901

+ 381

+ 44

+ 12

- 349

- 444

- 599
-t- 397
-t- 651
-f 473
+ 491
+ 398
+ 707

+2, 162

306
420
567
373
405
374
400
403
244
412
346
304

4,554

Departed.

437
259

246
259
226
332
136
76
137
137
215
333

2,793

Increase ( -I- )

or de-
crease (— ).

191
233
390
239
206
190
232
62
109
164
365
222

2,603

- 109

+ 151

+ 139

+ 207

+ 339

+ 280

-t- 275

+ 323

-f- 230

+ 146

+ 122

-2,108

+ 115

+ 187

+ 177

+ 134

+ 199

4- 184

-t- 168

+ 341

-f- 135

+ 248

- 19

-t- 82

+1,951

144 EEPOKT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

Table C. — Occupations of Japanese admitted and departed, fiscal year ended June 30, 1914.

Occupation.

PROFESSIONAL.

Actors

Architects

Clergy

Editors

Electricians

Engineers (professional).

Lawyers

Literary and scientific

persons

Musicians

Officials (government). .

Physicians

Sculptors and artists

Teachers

Other professional

Total professional.

SKILLED.

Bakers

Barbers and hairdressers

Blacksmiths

Brewers

Butchers

Cabinetmakers

Carpenters and joiners. .

Clerks and accountants .

Dressmakers

Engineers (locomotive,
marine, and station-
ary)

Gardeners

Hat and cap makers

Iron and steel workers. .

Jewelers

Machinists

Mariners

Masons

Mechanics (not specified)

Metal workers (other
than iron, steel, and
tin)

Milliners

Continen-
tal United
States.

Hawaii.

311

277

27

17

6

1

'""i"

2

1

1

2

3

12

6

188

Occupation.

SKILLED — continued .

Miners

Painters and glaziers

Pattern makers

Photographers

Plasterers

Plumbers

Printers

Saddlers and harness

makers

Seamstresses

Shoemakers

Stokers

Stonecutters

Tailors

Tinners

Watch and clock makers.
Weavers and spinners. . .
Other skilled

Total skilled.

MISCELLANEOUS.

Agents

Bankers

Draymen, hackmen, and

teamsters '

Farm laborers

Farmers

Fishermen

Hotel keepers

Laborers

Manufacturers

Merchants and dealers. . .

Servants

Other miscellaneous

Total miscellaneous

No occupation (includ-
ing women and chil-
dren)

Grand total.

Continen-
tal United
States.

380

5
20

2

517

1,171

67

163

862

4

557

99

831

4,298

3,473

8,462

19

383

18
14

1

191

1,940

13

189

1,525

5

528

4,882

758

6,300

Hawaii.

4
3,296

3
13

3
24

1
103
53
29

3,530

737

4,554

472

2

15

2

1,283

110
30
38

1,S60

467

2,603

REPOKT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

145

Table D. — Statistics of immigration and emigration of Japanese, collected by the United
States Government, compared with those reported by the Japanese Government, fiscal
year ended June SO, 1914.

From Japan.

Reported

by

Japan.

Reported

by

United

States.

To Japan.

Reported

by

Japan.

Reported

United
States.

To Hawaii

4,820
8,065

4,451
8,053

3,903
6,689

To continental United States..

From continental United

States

6,100

Total

112,885

112,504

Total

210,592

18,696

1 Embarked within the year.
60629°— 15 10

2 Debarked within the year.

146 EEPOKT OF COMMISSIONER GENEKAL OF IMMIGRATION.

Table E. — Japanese arrivals in continental United States, fiscal year ended

Came from—

In possession of proper
passports.

1-5

X)
03

o

6
V.

1

3

'B

a

3
O

o

u

s

o

Entitled to passports
under Japanese agree-
ment: Former resi-
dents.

§
o

i

o

8,115

64

152

220

53

2,257

1,517

3,774

Admitted:

Male

4,614
3,414

32
2

130

212
5

46

7

2,039
211

1,497
17

3,536
228

Total

8,028

34

130

217

53

2,250

1,514

3,764

Debarred:

Male ...

75
12

27
3

22

3

6

1

3

9

1

Total

87

158
8,115

30

22

3

7

3

10

1

i

3

181
4

2,180

6

32

37

2

1,503

6

7

i

181
4

3,683

12

39

37

3

Children under 14 without occupation . . .

Came from—

Japan '

64

152

220

'""53

Other countries

Resided in continental United States:

After Jan. 1 , 1907

3,672
11

17

5

21

73

38

8

7

2,219
38

1,512
5

3,731
43

Prior to Jan. 1, 1907

Total former residents

3,683

22

94

46

7

2,257

1,517

3,774

How related to resident:
Parents

25

3,015

783

Wives

Children

1

1

i

Total parents, wives, and children of

3,823

1

1

1

Kind of passport:

Limited to United States

7,883
5

120
41

3,244

3,334

791

353

155

99

57

16

16

39

22
23

136
16

1
7
11
25
15
9
11

107
11

143
2
52

14

1

24
6

11
3
4

i

25
1

28
15
2

2,219

31
5

898
854
225
112
51
37
19

39

22

412

5

1,840

1,514

3

649
736
57
29
16
10
6

8
6

68

176

1,273

3,733

2

34

5

1,547

1,590

282

141

■ 67

47

25

47
28

480

181

3,113

Limited to other countries.

Limited to United States and other

1

3

Passports dated during—

i

3

2

1

1

First month preceding. . ...

Prior to sixth month, but not before Mar.
14,1907

10
6

5
6
6

18
15

7

1

34

Prior to Mar. 14, 1907

Occupations mentioned in passports:

1,266

228

0,555

Occupations not mentioned in passports

142 nonlaborers and 33 laborers held passports limited to Hawaii, Canada, or Mexico; 1 laborer held
passport not genuine; 32 nonlaborers and 42 laborers claimed to have lost or left passports he.Id at time of
departure from Japan; 5 nonlaborers and 59 laborers were not in possession of any kind of passport at time
of leaving Japan; 2 nonlaborers were diplomats holding no passports and 1 nonlaborer holding no passport

KEPOET Oi" COMMiaSIOJSrEfi GENEEAL OF IMMIGEATION.

147

JuTie 30, 1914, showing various details hearing on the Japanese agreement.

In possession of proper passports— Continued.

Without proper
passport.

With and without
proper passport.

Entitled to passports under Japa-
nese agreement — Continued.

Not entitled to passport: Not former
residents, parents, wives, or children
of residents, nor settled agricultur-
ists-laborers.

Total with proper
passports.

i

o

%
Si

t
o

■a

o

•A

k4

3

Parents, wives,

and children of

residents.

Not former residents, par-
ents, wives, or children of
residents, nor settled agri-
culturists—nonlal )orers.

o

M
ft

o

T3

a

n

o

1

O

15

i2

3

g

1

•a

o

(-4

3

3

o

t
o

i

o

3,705

119

3,824

661

8,259

91

6,623

1,727

8,350

101

153

1254

6,724

1,880

8,604

582
3,111

87
32

669
3,143

026
34

4,831
3,405

67
17

3,246
3,357

1,652
65

4,898
3,422

85
6

51

136
6

3,332
3,362

1,702
66

5,034
3,428

3,693

119

3, 812 660

8,236

84

6,603

1,717

8,320

91

51

142

6,694

1,768

8,462

2
10

12

2
10

1

12
11

7

9
11

10

19
11

9
1

99
3

108
4

18
12

109
3

127
15

12| 1

23

7

20

10

30l 10

102

112

30

112

142

2,965
153

3,705

119

2,965
153

3,824

2 3, 148
1 158

3,148
158

6,355

9

34

194

31

1,694
8
8
2
15

3,148, 2|

158 ll--

2

i

66
47
110
24

7

3, 150 1 3. 150

159

6,360

25

92

213

34

1,755
39
60

7

1Q

159

470
3
2

157
29

7,977

15

41

194

32

72
2
1
2

14

8,049

17

42

196

46

5

16
58
19

3

61
31
52
5
4

8,115
64

152

220

53

at,

3,731
43

2,219
38

1,512
5

3,731
43

12
20

12
34

24
54

2,231 1,524
58 SQ

3 755

97

3,774

2,257

1,517

3,774

32

46

78

2,289

1,563

3 852

20

2,984
701

5
31

83

25
3,015

784

25
3,015

784

20

2,984

701

5
31
83

25
3,015

784

20

2,984

703

5
31

83

25

3,015

2

2

786

3,705

119

3,824

3,824

3,705

119

3,824

2

0

3 707

119

3,826

_ .,.„., —

3, 702

119

3,821

384
27

206
44

149

183

72

65

28
22
18

120

4

474

2

185

7,938
29

243
49

3,228
3,304
800
376
170
108
68

173
32

1,443

188

6,628

36

6,305
29

240
49

2,535

2,516

735

341

150

97

58

165
26

1,374

9

5,240

1,669

44
14

724
831
72
39
21
12

7,974

29

284
63

3,259
3,347
807
380
171
109

1

3

3

41
14

31
43

7
4
1

1

1

1,488
1,479
438
164
71
38
21

6

44
52

8
6
4
1

4

1,532
1,531
446
170
75
39
25

6

1

"- 1

i

1 1

!

1 1

10 68

1

3
1

6
64
21

11

7

75

243

1,409

1(6
33

1,449

252

6,649

1

1

1

488

2

3,215

1

3

115

489

5

3,330

1-

was a resident of the United States; 4 laborers and 4 nonlaborers holding no passports were ciiizens of
Canada: 1 nonlaborer holding no passport was a servant of a United States citizen; 1 nonlahorer not in
possession of a passport was bom en route; and as to 15 nonlaborers and 12 laborers the reason for not being
in possession of proper passports are not known.

148 EEPOET or COMMISSIOis^EE GENEKAL Or IMMIUKATION.

Table F. — Japanese arrivals in Hawaii, fiscal year ended June

Came
from—

In possession of passports.

d

03

i

a

3

8
o

Entitled to passports under Japanese
agreement.

■

Former residents
of Hawaii.

Parents, wives,
and children of
Hawaiian resi-
dents.

o
.o .

03 OT

o

2:

03

"3
o

o
1

h-5

3

o

Total admitted and debarred

4,684

1

308

904

1,212

534

2,714

3,248

Admitted:

Male

1,965

2,588

""i

200
107

688
203

888
310

210
316

702
1,914

912
2,230

Female

Total

4,653

1

307

891

1,198

526

2,616

3,142

Debarred:

Male

53

78

1

10
3

11

3

5
3

28
70

33

73

Female

Total

131

1

13

14

8

98

106

Housewives without other occupation

236
271

54
72

5

54

77

180
172

" "ie

180

188

Children under 14 without occupation

Resided in Hawaii:

After Jan. 1, 1907 *.

943

268

1,211

179
2,059
1,010

1

231

77

713
191

944

268

Prior to Jan. 1, 1907

Total former residents

1

308

904

1,212

How related to resident:

Parents

7
217
310

172

1,842

700

179
2,059
1,010

Wives

Chfldren

Total parents, wives, and children of residents . . .

3,248

534

2,714

3,248

Kind of passport:

Limited to Hawaii. . .

4,672
2
3

1,967
2,307
203
89
58
30
10
13

75
4,602

308

904

1,212

534

2,714

3,248

Limited to Hawaii and United States

Limited to other countries

Passports dated during—

Month covered by this report

101
121
44
18
9
9
2
4

29
279

429
415
28
12
8
4
3
5

904

530
536
72
30
17
13
5
9

29
1,183

222
254
27
12
13
5
1

5

529

1,175
1,428
63
22
15
6
1
4

'2,'7i4

1,397

1,682

90

34

28

11

2

4

5
3,243

First month preceding

Second month preceding

Third month preceding

Fourth month preceding

Fifth month preceding

Sixth month preceding ...

Occupations mentioned in passports:

Occupations not mentioned in passports

' 1 nonlaborer and 6 laborers were not in possession of any kind of passport at time of leaving Japan and
1 laborer was a servant returning from Vancouver with his master.

REPOET OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. 149

30, 1914, showing various details hearing on the Japanese agreement.

In possession of passports— Continued.

Without passport.

With and without pass-
port.

Entitled to pass-
ports under Jap-
a n e s e agree-
ment—Contd.

Not entitled to pass-
port.

Total with pass-
ports.

1

1
•A

£
0

03

3
0

i2

o:>

■a
0

i
0

Total entitled to
passports.

Not former resi-
dents, nor par-
ents, wives, or
children of resi-
dents.

£

o

o

o

I

t

o

o
^ .

i

03

1
o

0

r)

1
0

842

3,618

4,400

171

46

217

1,013

3,664

4,677

1

7

18

1,014

3,671

4,685

410
423

1,390
2,117

1,800
2,540

133
34

31
13

164

47

543
457

1,421
2,130

1,964

2,587

1

2

1
2

543
457

1,422
2,132

1,965
2,589

833

3,507

4,340

167

44

211

1,000

3,551

4,551

3

3

1,000

3,554

4,554

C
3

38
73

44

76

3

1

1

1

4
2

9

4

39
74

48
78

1

4

5

10
4

43
74

53

78

9

111

120

4

2

6

13

113

126

1

4

5

14

117

131

234
244

""'2i

234
265

2
5

i

2

6

236
249

""'22

236
271

236
249

22

236

271

231

77

713
191

944
268

231

77

713
191

944
268

231

77

713
191

944

268

308

904

1,212

308

904

1,212

308

904

1 212

7
217
310

172

1,842
700

179
2,059
1,010

7
217
310

172

1,842

700

179
2,059
1,010

7
217
310

172

1,842

700

179

2 059

1,010

534

2,714

3,248

534

2,714

3,248

534

2,714

3,248

842

3,618

4,460

166
2
3

27
65
37
23
12
5
2

46

13
24

4
2
1

1
1

212
2
3

40
89
41
25
13
6
3

1,008
2
3

350

440

108

53

34

19

5

4

72
941

3, 664

1,617
1,867
95
36
24
11
5
9

3
3,661

4,672
2
3

1,967
2,307
203
89
58
30
10
13

75
4,602

323

375

71

30

22

14

3

4

34
808

1,604

1,843

91

34

23

10

4

9

'3,'6i8

1,927
2,218
162
64
45
24
7
13

34

4,426

38
133

3
43

41
176

150

REPORT OF COMMISSlOHv^ER OEXERAT. OP T:\rMIGRATlON.

Table 1. — Summary of Chinese seeking cdmission to the United Slates, fsml years ended
June 30, 1909 to 1914, by classes.

1909

1910

1911

1912

1913

1914

Class alleged.

o
1

-d

o

P.

n

■a

ft
W

■d

a

n

■d

(3

1
1

<

"d

a

-d

1

<

■d

a

0

•d

1
•0

<

"2

0

p.
s>
Q

03

i

a

■d

1

ID

0

United States citizens
Wives of United

States citizens

Returning laborers. . .
Retumitig merchants

Other merchants

Members of mer-
chants' families

2,53{>

- 98
950
947
292

1,242
161
27
14
82
52

254

2
3

20
19

237
6

10

"5'

10

. . .

2,109

110

1,037

869

228

1,029
268
83
24
145
48

490

14
12
31

29

332

31

3

1

'26'

5
....

1,639

80
1,113

1,092
199

559
213
52
32
87
41

284

5
19
33

28

259
25

'39'

1,756

88

1,103

1,093

170

558
413
80
33
47
33

170

5

1

18
8

133

20

7

1

1

36

2,171

126

1,036

986

105

738
370
19
33
38
40

121

9
5
13
16

92
11

....

2,201

122
1,000

881
180

807

338

29

17

110

88

139

2

7
20

7

130
5

3

1

Officials

1

Miscellaneous

23 ....

116

97

Total

6,395

564

31

5,950 J969

6

5,107

692

5,374

400

2

5,662

384

1

5,773

410

EEPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAI, OF IMMIGRATION.

151

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passiinsip s^iijVi

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passitasip siBaddv

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00 t~ to OJ >0 O t^ 0» 1-1 '(NOO
00 CO lO t-( 00 c^

lO— ,i-liC»O00lO^C<»C^'HCO
COCOOOiOOOCOt^OlCOi-I^CD
« 1-1 Oi 00 ^H ,-( t^ CO ^1-1

000500t>-lCO5COT-,O00i-(
— ■ O-H (NtO (Nr-I

i-lCO>OC^t^-^CO^-lCO
rpcoco i-iC^« C<1

t^c^-^iiOlt^-^rcOi-Hco

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too

coi-T

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t^ O CO

to rt CO

tOiO t^ ■ 1^ o

If to CO »c to C^ CO

O Oi CO o ^

<N O 00 U5 t~. lO CO
»0 IN to O CS

looto 1-1 CO

Cfli-llOC^t^CiCO-HCO

i:;^'

OOOiOOt^iOOitO^OX^
1-1 O^ IN to CMt-1

C^ 0000 1 r-1 OtO

tOi-iOt*-^OS _

t^tDO C^l CO • CS 1-1

to or^ 1-1 CO

■= S S ,; M H

o_o o a fl >a
<^ a a 5i3 ? c3

_g ►-' M' S£ J? M M

••T3 „ c c <= 3 3 ,..

SS-^S -3

Eh Eh

C3— 1

'5 o

c3 -t: -o
••(ii:^ o o-y
fe 3 2? o o £

zo!

;2S

^ CO j^ •'

OiZ

eg c3

152 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

Table 3. — Chinese claiming American citizenship admitted, fiscal year ended June 30,

1914, by ports.

Port

Foreign-
born
children

of
natives.

Native born.

No record

of
departure
(known as
"raw na-
tives").

Record of departure
(known as "return-
ing natives").

Status as
native born
determined
by U. S.
Govern-
ment
previous to

present
application
for admis-
sion.

Status not
previously
deter-
mined.

Total.

San Francisco, Cal

Seattle, Wash

New York, N.Y

Vancouver, British Columbia.
Mexican border

Total continental United States.
Honolulu, Hawaii

Grand total .

BY WHOM ADMITTED.

Inspection officers .

Department

Courts

641
40

22

657
272

28

126
4

709
16

1,059
96

684

40

1

49

169

168
1

1,389

320

1

161

4

1,875
223

2.098

2,055

42

1

Table 4. — Appeals to department frovi excluding decisions under Chinese-exclusion latvs,
fiscal year ended June 30, 1914, by ports.

Action taken.

San
Fran-
cisco,

Cal.

Seattle,
Wash.

Hono-
lulu,
Hawaii.

New
Or-
leans,
La.

Van-
couver,
British
Colum-
bia.

Mon-
treal,
Can-
ada.

Total.

185

40

2

1

20

2

250

Disposition:

57
128

11
29

2

i

7
13

2

77

173

Table 5. — Disposition of cases of resident Chinese applying for return certificates, fiscal

year ended June 30, 1914.

Applica-
tions
submitted.

Primary disposition.

Disposition on appeal.

Total

number of

certificates

granted.

Total
number of

Class.

Granted.

Denied.

Sustained.

Dismissed.

certificates
finally
refused.

Native born

Exempt classes. ..

1,349

1,093

796

1,233
1,012

776

116

81
20

10
5

1

39

21

3

1,243
1,017

777

106
76
19

Total

3,238

3,021

217

16

63

3,037

201

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. 153

Table 6. — Action taken in the cases of Chinese persons arrested on the charge of being in
the United States in violation of laiv, fiscal year ended June 30, 1914.

CASES BEFORE UNITED STATES COMMISSIONERS.

Until order of deportation or discharge :

Arrests 225

Pending before hearing at close of previous year 120

Total 345

Disposition :

Died 1

Forfeited bail 5

Discharged 84

Pending before hearing at close of present year 81

Ordered deported 174

After order of deportation :

Ordered deported 174

Awaiting deportation or appeal at close of previous year 14

Total 188

Disposition :

Escaped 2

Deported 72

Awaiting deportation or appeal to United States district courts at close

of presentyear 18

Appealed to United States district courts 96

CASES BEFORE TJNITED STATES DISTRICT COURTS.

Until order o. aeportation or discharge :

Appealed to United States district courts 96

Pending before trial at close of previous year 85

Total 181

Disposition:

Died 1

Forfeited bail 4

Discharged . 36

Pending before trial at close of present year 75

Ordered deported 65

After order of deportation:

Ordered deported 65

Awaiting deportation or appeal to higher courts at close of previous year 19

Total 84

Disposition:

Escaped 2

Deported 50

Awaiting deportation or appeal at close of present year 8

Appealed to higher courts 24

CASES BEFORE HIGHER UNITED STATES COURTS.

Until order of deportation or discharge :

Appealed to higher United States courts 24

Pending before trial at close of previous year 17

Total 41

154 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

Until order of deportation or discharge — Continued.
Disposition :

Died 2

Discharged 2

Pending before trial at close of present year 26

Ordered deported 11

After order of deportation:

Ordered deported 11

Awaiting deportation at close of previous year 13

Total 24

Disposition:

Died 1

Deported 9

Awaiting deportation at close of present year 14

RECAPITULATION OF ALL CASES.

Arrests 225

Pending at close of previous year, including those awaiting deportation or appeal . 268

Total 493

Disposition :

Died, escaped, and forfeited bail 18

Discharged 122

Deported 131

Pending at close of present year, including those awaiting deportation

or appeal 222

Summary of action taken in the cases of Chinese arrested, fiscal year ended June 30, 1914,

by months.

1-1

ft

i

d

i

^

03

d

<

M

C

"A

«

1-5

p^

S

<

"^

i->

27

14

11

13

If)

17

30

12

39

20

9

17

1

7

2

1

1

2

3

1

9

6

IS

4

10

16

9

6

12

6

14

12

9

27

2

12

8

12

16

11

4

14

4

12

Arrests made

Died, escaped, and lorfeited bail

Discharged

Deported

225

18

122

131

EEPORT OF COMMISSIONER OENERAL OF IMMIORATIOlSr. 155

Table 7. — Chinese arrested and deported, fiscal years ended June 30, 1911 to 1914. by

judicial districts.

1911

1912

1913

1914

Judicial district.

Arrests.

Deporta-
tions.

Arrests.

Deporta-
tions.

Arrests.

Deporta-
tions.

Arrests.

Deporta-
tions.

3

4
6

4
1
58
20
3
5

1

2

5

1

2

30

1

12
5

1
1

13

27
6

10
5

24
17
4

7

2

18
2

8

12
1

2

g

9
9
1
6

8

1

3

2

1

1
1

6

1
1

2
1

3

Maryland -

2

6
3

1

3

1
1
1

1
4

1

1

1
1

1
2

2

2

1

2
3
6

1
1

2

1
2
43
2

7

3

1

1
10

2

27
1
2

13
1

7

22

9

6

5
1

1
1
5

8
1
1

1

1

6

1

1
1
1

South Dakota

3

1

2

8
3
1

4

1
1

2

1

1

1

1

2

1

1

EasterQ Washington

1
5

1

7

2

7
5

8

4

5

e'

42
33

2

1

3

27

57

2
4
4
4
62

4

9

Utah

Northern California

23

172

1

85

56

8

4

13
135

1
74
65
9
3

49
170

25
120

9

50

52
23
19

49
27
20

10
3
4

11
6
3

6

7
6

3

New Mexico

5

Northern Texas

3

Eastern Texas

6

137

2

6
69

Western Texas

157
8

168
5

10
1

2

6

8

25

First AlasVa.

Porto Rico

■■■■■]--

4

4

1 "1

Total

669

522

616

397

191

165

225

131

156 REPOET OP COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

Table 8. — Miscellaneous Chinese transactions, by ports, fiscal ycu ended June 30, 1914.

' Class.

San
Fran-
cisco,
Cal.

Se-
attle,
Wash

Hono
lulu,
Ha-
waii.

Mon-
treal,
Can-
ada.

Van-
cou-
ver,
B.C.

New
York,
N.Y.

Mex-
ican
bor-
der.

New
Or-
leans,
La.

Bos-
ton,
Mass.

Phil-
adel-
phia,
Pa.

Gal-
ves-
ton,
Tex.

To-
tal.

United States citizens (Chi-

1,485

2,125

241

2,373

57
637

1

269

782

35

2

320
711
63

11

228
4-12
35

"'3'
3

761

26

161
171

24

1

106
17

150

,3

23

2

5
3

612

3

122

2
33

1

4
2

2,201

Alien Chinese admitted

3,572

Alien Chinese debarred

Chinese granted the privi-
lege of transit in bond
across land territory of

21

1

410

4,029

88

Chinese denied the privilege
of transit in bond across
land territory of the

Chinese granted the privi-
lege of transit by water. . .

Chinese denied the privi-
lege of transit by water.. .

Chinese laborers with re-
turn certificates departing

Chinese merchants with re-
turn certificates departing

Chinese students with re-
turn certificates departing

Chinese teachers with re-

093

3

370

160

9

222

260
41
2
2

24

2
2

102
<3
2

1,001

1
3

1,029
53

4

Native-born Chinese with
return certificates depart-
ing 1'i7

121

1

1,325

1

WAVE OF IMMIGRATION into the United States, FROM ALL COUNTRIES, during the past 95 YEARS.

Sgg*j£akJg£g£g!Bas°8«e««,^g£g«gga8*a£^9Sggsassggg

MOO.OOO

100,000

to rv o 0) o -

♦ kft <0 N QO 0> o

2 = 2i22

1.300.000

1,200.000

1,100.000

1.000.000

900,000

800,000

700,000

600000

500,000

400000

aoftooo

100.000

^loa 'o'^c '^^'^ ^?5TO Z2633 5l64b4g374 79340 66069 80289 52496 11437 1 234968297074 379466 368645 2w)a 117)23 129571 142877 I3291&

1870 1 1872 ' 1874 ' 1876 I 1878 jl880jie82 ^ia«4_|^86_[J88ejJ890JJ892__;_l8j94j_l896
3M7Te3ll550 459551 237499 141857 iTTSK 869431 603327 395346 490I0S4444I7 """" ^-.-riJ,,.,,^ o.

;334?03[S468eq'455302;S796S3;28^63l|343267;2?9299J44«S72;648743;

. _-- . , _I894JJ896_;J89" '"" ' '""^ '

73^3258536 230832

1811 1823 1825 1827 iMs'lSl msFTs^ 1^7 115? Tsir Ts'-S' 'Ims VMTTe'w b'sT'TsIS^ *i8S issr ISSs' 7a^^^^ 18861887 1888 1891 1893,1896 IB97 1889 '9°'^j-J!^*,^'"\;^'""b^"
ARRIVALS 1820 TO 191^ 32,027,-424 ESTIMATED ARRIVALS 1776 TO 1820. 250.000 ^^^^^903

\tgratt4m for tke yean rgjr_ is^j^ fg^o, iSsj, represent respectively I

nth and 6 maniA periods, wfUU u month periods for iJu>%e yean \

1 ihe grafKte r4preietUation /

156 B ^94

Tables.- |^

OF IMMIGRATION

APPENDIX II.

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF
THE DIVISION OF INFORMATION.

157

APPENDIX n.
REPORT OF THE CHIEF OF THE DIVISION OF INFORMATION.

Department of Labor,
Bureau of Immigration,
Division of Information,

Washington, August 1, 1914.

Sm: Herewith is submitted for your consideration the annual re-
port of the Division of Information for the year ended June 30, 1914.

It is deemed advisable, owing to the wider field of activity entered
upon during the 12 months just closed, to refer briefly to some of the
causes leading up to the establishment of the division and the efforts
made in past years to carry out the intent of Congress when it created
the division.

The division was established July 1, 1907, under authority given
in section 40 of the immigration act of February 20, 1907, in this
language:

It shall be the duty of said division to promote a beneficial distribution of aliens
admitted into the United States among the several States and Tenitories desiring
immigration. Correspondence shall be had with the proper officials of the States and
Territories, and said division shall gather fi-om all available soiu'ces useful information
regarding the resources, products, and physical characteristics of each State and Ter-
ritory, and shall publish such information in different languages and distribute the
publications among all admitted aliens who may ask for such information at the
immigrant stations of the United States and to such other persons as may desire the
same.

In order to obtain useful information from all available sources, the
division corresponded with the governors and principal officers of all
the States and Territories; with all the leading manufacturers and
employers of labor whose addresses could be obtained; with all of the
labor organizations and farmers' associations then existing, thi'ough
theu' national officers; and in every way which was suggested as
likely to bring results the division endeavored to obtain the informa-
tion suggested by the statute. Some of the State officials responded
very generously; others have not as yet made reply to the letters
sent to them, although they have been corresponded with at frequent
intervals.

A bulletin containing a synopsis of the information received was
prepared and submitted to the then Commissioner General, who
approved of it and submitted it to the Division of Publications for
advice as to the best means of publishing it in different languages.
It was then discovered that no appropriation was available to defray
the expense of publication in the different languages.

After a brief experience in the effort to impart information ver-
bally to arriving immigrants at Ellis Island, it was discovered that
they were in no mood on being admitted to accept suggestions or
advice from anyone. Many of them declared that they had been
informed before leaving Europe that they must be on the lookout for

159

160 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION".

all who approached them with a view to assisting them in any way.
They were worried, anxious, in a hurry to land, and in no frame of
mind to receive or appreciate a tender of information or assistance
from anyone. As a consequence it would be a waste of time and
money to place lengthy bulletins in their hands. It was decided,
after conferring with the commissioner of immigration at Ellis Island,
that the best way to reach arriving aliens would be to establish a
branch of the division in New York City and prepare a brief notice
directing their attention to it, to be handed to immigrants on the
ferryboat between Ellis Island and New York City. This was
accordingly done. It will be noted that the statute provided that

fmblications be distributed " among all admitted aliens who may ask
or such information." The intent of Congress in providing for such
a course of procedure has never been made known to the Division of
Information, for it is not probable — and scarcely possible — that a
stranger entering a foreign country, unacquainted with the language
of that country, will know anything about such information as the
division might have to offer. Consequently no inquiries are made
either for any of the bulletins or other information which the division
had or has to oif er.

During the first year of the existence of the Division of Information
it was given a good deal of pubUcity through the newspapers and in
this way incurred the hostility of a great majority oi employment
agencies throughout the United States that saw in it a possible rival,
and the division was instructed to go as quietly about its work as
possible.

On October 14, 1908, the following letter of instructions was issued
to all commissioners of immigration and inspectors in charge in the
Immigration Service:

To aid the Division of Information of the Bureau of Immigration and Naturaliza-
tion in promoting a beneficial distribution of arriving aliens and others, as provided
by act of Congress, it is directed that active cooperation be extended to the said
division and the same measure of attention given to the work of this branch of the
service as is accorded other immigration work.

It is directed that one employee, whose name is to be sent to the division as early
as possible, be detailed to take charge of information and distribution work at each
station; to receive and distribute documents; to keep and mail to the division on
proper blanks a comprehensive record of all applicants for information and of those
who are directed to employment, and to perform such other duties as circumstances
may require. It is understood that the person so designated shall devote as much of
his timCj under the direction of his superior officer, as may be necessary, and such
designation shall not relieve him for the remainder of his time from the performance
of his other duties.

The fullest measure of assistance is expected and required.

Respectfully, F. H. Larned,

Acting Commissioner General.

Approved :

Oscar S. Straus, Secretary.

With the exception of the immigrant inspector in charge at Gal-
veston, Tex., but little notice was taken of the letter issued by the
department. A plan was prepared and submitted to the Commis-
sioner General for the guidance of such officers as would be designated
to take up the work of the Division of Information, but no action was
taken thereon.

During the fiscal year 1910 a rumor was industriously circulated
that steamship companies and large employers of labor in the United
States who were interested in stimulating immigration had advertised

EEPOKT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. 161

the Division of Information throughout Europe, and several employ-
ers were named as deeply interested in the movement. Inquiry of
the most painstaking character failed to disclose evidence of any kind
tending to prove the truth of the rumor, and up to the present time
no alien coming to the United States has ever asked a question con-
cerning the Division of Information or in any way indicated that he
knew of its existence.

It appears, however, that one of the employment agencies of New
York City, which was subsequently abohshed by act of the State
Legislature, had repeatedly stated that the Division of Information
was being advertised abroad and that such advertising stimulated
immigration. The purpose of making such a statement is so apparent
that it needs no comment.

During the year 1910 the Chief of the Division of Information
visited Great Britain and France with a view to familiarizing him-
self with the operation of the British labor exchanges act of 1909 and
the French exchange bureau. While in those countries he made
careful inquiry as to whether government officials, steamship com-
panies, or others knew of the existence of the Division of Information,
and could not discover that it had ever been brought to their atten-
tion.

The chief of the division in the various annual reports recom-
mended the estabhshment of branches of the division in Chicago, St,
Louis, and other places, but no favorable action was ever taken on
those recommendations. Perhaps the time was not yet ripe or senti-
ment sufficiently crystallized to caU for the estabhshment of addi-
tional branches of the Division of Information.

In the meantime several of the States created immigration bureaus
and proceeded to cooperate with the Division of Information. So
satisfactorily did this work progress that on July 5, 1911, the division
addressed a letter, of which the following is a copy, to the various
States and Territories engaged in the work indicated :

The Division of Information, Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization, Depart-
ment of Commerce and Labor, is considering the desirability and feasibility of endeav-
oring to arrange a conference at such time and place as will be most satisfactory to
those concerned, the members of which shall include one or more officials from each
State having a board of immigration, free employment office, or other similar agency,
and a representative of the division.

It would be the purpose of such a conference to try by discussion and exchange of
ideas to formulate a plan for the better distribution of immigrants and other residents
of tliis country, through the cooperation of the States with the division. For in-
stance, if each State were to report to the Division of Information the exact conditions
with respect to the "resources, products, and physical characteristics" of said State
and follow this up at stated intervals with reports showing the demand for labor or
the unemployment of labor, the division, having all the reports in its possession,
would be m a position to direct settlers, homeseekers, and unemployed to localities
in need of them.

This letter is written for the purpose of ascertaining your views in respect to the
holding of such a conference, and if you are favorably inclined to such a plan, whether
you or some one to represent you or your State would probably attend. In any event
I would be pleased to receive yoxir suggestions on the subject, including a statement
of your preference as to the date and place of the proposed conference.

With but one exception all the States and Territories acknowledged

that letter and agreed to participate in a conference or approve of its

work. Accordmgly a call was issued ; Washington, D. C. , was named

as the place of meeting; and November 16, 1911, the date. When

60629°— 15 11

162 KEPORT OF COMMISSIONEE GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

the conference was called to order the States of Arkansas, Califor-
nia, Colorado, Delaware, lUinois, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Mary-
land, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, New Jersey,
New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Oregon, Tennessee, Texas, Utah,
Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming, and the Territory
of Hawaii were represented, and the concensus of opmion was that
each State and Territory should have a bureau of information coop-
erating with the National Government in providing the information
to citizens and resident ahens who desired to change their residence
or improve their condition.

While the Division of Information has adhered closely, or as
closely as possible, to the lines indicated by statute, it has done far
more than to merely supply information. It has created a healthy
pubhc sentiment on the subject of bringing the man who wants land
to the land, and in favor of bringmg the man who needs employment
in touch with the man in need of his labor.

It is doubtful if to-day anyone can be found who, after giving con-
sideration to the question, wiU contend that the scope of the Division
of Information should not be enlarged so that the men and women
of labor throughout the United States may be furnished with accu-
rate up-to-date information concerning labor conditions in aU parts
of the country.

A perusal of the tables herewith submitted, which give the number
of applications for information, the number distributed to places of
employment, the races or nationaUties of those so distributed, and
the States to which they were directed, will show that fewer apphca-
tions were received and fewer persons directed to employment than in
former years. The reason for this is plainly stated in the report- —
at the end of this appendix — of the inspector in charge of the distri-
bution branch, United States Barge Office, New York City.

As in former years, the number applying for information shows a
preponderance of Germans, the number of that nationality applying
being 4,039; the next in number being the Poles with 1,973. The
Russians are next with 1,315, the Finnish following with 1,291, the
Swedish 1,184, and Danish with 1,154. American citizens, native
and naturahzed, to the number of 2,344 were applicants for informa-
tion. Here it is well to again direct attention to the act of February
20, 1907, which says that the information obtained by the division
may not only be given to admitted ahens but "to such other persons
as may desire the same. " This language is broader and enables the
division to go further than that part of the law which restricts its
activity to the imparting of information to admitted ahens "who
may ask for the same.'' Citizens and resident aliens of the United
States need not inquire for such mformation as the division has to
give, for if their wants are communicated to the division in any way
efforts are j)ut forth to supply the needed information, and in con-
versation with Members of Congress who took part in the debates
preceding the passage of the act of February 20, 1907, the Chief of
the Division oi Information was informed that the intent m passing
the act was in reahty to supply everybody who might need it with
information concerning industnal conditions throughout the United
States.

The tables are as follows:

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

163

•(noni
-nioo) sj9JoqBT:

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tOC^ 003 CO

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p n B sJ9i9AV9f :

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■Spireq JS9AJBH

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REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. 169

The report of the inspector in charge of the branch of the division
in New York City, heretofore referred to, so fully coincides with
the views of the Division of Information that it is presented in full
at the close of this appendix with approval of the recommendations
contained therein.

Under the instructions from the Commissioner General, given on
May 11, a report on "the advisability of having employment agen-
cies of all kinds engaged in interstate business placed under the juris-
diction of the Department of Labor" was submitted. That report,
with renewal of recommendations, follows:

June 9, 1914.
The Commissioner General,

Bureau of Immigration, Department of Labor:

Followiiig instructions contained iu yours of May 11, I herewith present a
report on " the advisability of having employment agencies of all kinds engaged
in interstate business placed under the jurisdiction of the Department of
Labor."

I have believed, ever since the division of information was established, that
employment agencies conducting an interstate business should be subject to
Federal jurisdiction. That belief became conviction when some cases in which
fraud was practiced on workingmen were brought to my attention as chief of
the division and it was found that we were powerless to afford relief to the
injured parties or to punish the offenders.

It may be well to cite an instance or two by way of illustration.

In July, 1908. the division received a communication from the Chicago League
for the Protection of Immigrants complaining of ill treatment and alleged rob-
bery of a number of laborers. From that letter I quote the following :

" On April 14, 1908, an employment agency iu this city — W. C. Dean, 102 East
Van Buren Street— collected $14 apiece from 51 men and 2 women (all Hun-
garians and unable to speak English) and sent them to Leslie, Ark., to work on
the Missouri & Northern Arkansas Railroad, which is being built between Leslie
and Seaxcey [Searcy], Ark. When they reached the place where the work was
going on the foreman laughed at them and told them he had work for no such
number as that. He finally took 14 men and 1 woman. The rest, having no
money, started to walk back. They scattered and tried to get M^ork on the
way. Most of them finally reached Chicago, demanded their money back from
the agent, but did not get it. Thus far I have been unable to get it for them,
although I have taken the matter up with our State officials, because the agent
says there was work for them there and the contractors (Burke & Joseph)
ordered the men. I feel sure there is an understanding between the contractors
and the agent iu this city. These Hungarians made no olficial complaints ;
they warned a man not to register with Dean's agency and told this story. He
reported it to me. Some Bulgarians have had a similar experience, and the
agency still ofi'ers to send 30 to 40 men a week to Leslie.

" I have written you about this because it is typical of what is happening
here right along and shows the need of a new bureau here in Chicago, and also
because I am in hopes you may be able to get some information for us, as [so]
that these Hungarians may recover their money and damages."

In April. 1909, J. Eads How, representing the national committee for the
unemployed, in commenting on the need for Federal supervision of employ-
ment agencies, reported as follows:

" Thomas Cleary, a well-built Irishman in the prime of life, walked and
' beat his way ' back from Louisiana, weak with hunger, and reported having
been sent from here there by the Koenig Labor Agency, with 10 other men, to a
IH'Ospective job at an unknown point in that State. While Cleary managed to
work his way back over the 700 or more miles which he had been shipped, his
companions, not so fortunate, were arrested in the State of Arkansas, and, being
without visible means of support, are now working out fines in the stone
quarries with ball and chain attachment.

" William Connors, of equal ability to accomplish hard labor, was shipped by
the same agency from their Chicago headquarters to work on the Rook Island
system in Iowa. This time the job existed but had been fully furnished with
men several days previously, and still men were being sent there ; and the
authorities of the small town adjacent were making it as unpleasant as possible

170 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

for the peuuiless strangers thrust upon them, and drastic measures were re-
sorted to to get rid of them."

lu August, 1909, the Saudusky Portland Cement Co., of Syracuse, lud., wrote
the division complaining of a New York agency. The following extract from
their letter tells its own story :

" We are writing you from the fact that recently we were in correspondence
with a concern that title themselves as the American-European Labor Ex-
change, 119 St. Marks Place, New York, N. Y., who agreed to send us 10 new-
comers or greenhorn Roumanian laborers, of which we have a few in our
employ at the present time. We advanced to these people the necessary money
to pay their fee of $2 each, and also the $14.20 each for railroad fare, amount-
ing to $16.20 each, and they in turn sent us 10 men of the wise kind of for-
eigners, who were laborers of different nationalities who have been in the coun-
try for several years knocking about from place to place in different positions,
and, although all of them arrived here, three of them never even came to the
factory, and one pulled out after he had worked two or three days ; in which
case you realize that these fellows were only after somebody to pay their fare so
that they could reach Gary or Chicago, and believe the labor agency obtained our
money under false pretenses when they stated they would send us newcomers,
all of which were to be German-speaking Roumanians, but instead send us
some Roumanians, Hungarians, Slavs, etc., who had been in the country for
several years. Nearly all of them could speak English and were simply trying
to get out of New York at somebody else's expense."

Investigation of these and other cases wherein workingmen were deceived to
their injury by employment agencies resulted in securing no measure of relief
or abatement of the practice of directing men from one State to another on
misrepi'esentation. The fraud may now be practiced with impunity, since the
transaction is not completed in one State and the court of initial proceeding
has no jurisdiction in the State to which the men are sent. Even though ade-
quate relief could be afforded through the courts, the victims are without funds
and therefore unable to secure redress.

Unscrupulous employment agents are at least impartial in their operations;
they will as cheerfully relieve a citizen of his money as though he were a
newly arrived alien.

In a recent publication of the North American Civic League for Immigrants I
find this language :

" Wherever the distribution of labor has been left in private hands for their
own profit, misrepresentation, fraud, and other dishonest practices have been
found. States and municipalities have for years endeavored to regulate employ-
ment agencies. But the jurisdiction of the State or city does not extend beyond
its boundaries, and local authorities are helpless when the fraud occurs in an
interstate transaction where laborers are sent from one State to another."

The cases cited may be duplicated by the hundred, but they are quite suffi-
cient to illustrate the need of an extended protecting hand that will cast its
shadow over and across State lines to prevent conscienceless employment agents
from wronging industrious workmen and protect the latter in their quest for
employment.

On receipt of your letter of instruction, I wrote Dr. Prentis, inspector in
charge at Chicago, requesting that he provide such facts as were easily and
quickly obtainable. From a report made to him by Inspector Hogan I quote :

" I beg to report that there were a total of 362 labor agencies in the State
of Illinois, each paying an annual license fee of $50. The fee for registering an
applicant for a position is $2. There is no limit to the amount chargeable for
the selling of a job or position. There has been considerable complaint with
reference to abuse or overcharging for positions furnished applicants. The
abuses exist largely amongst agencies operated by foreigners dealing with
foreigners, many of whose complaints are never divulged.

" From Mr. Nathan Elmer, in charge of the Freeland Labor Agency, 102
South Canal Street, Chicago, I am informed that there are about 200.000
positions filled in the interstate feature of the labor agencies of Illinois, about
85 per cent of which are filled by the Chicago agencies. The next largest
offices doing interstate business in the State of Illinois are at East St. Louis.
They supply only about 2 or 3 per cent. The charges for procuring positions
or jobs of an interstate nature range from $1 to $10, average charge being
about $4 according to Mr. Elmer. Mr. Elmer, whom I believe to be one of
the most reliable of the labor agents, expressed the opinion that the work
should be handled by the Federal Government, in order to maintain a more
rigid inspection. He stated that the abuses are usually practiced by smaller

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION, 171

and unreliable agencies, many of whom have no regular office or domicile where
they may be located and observed.

" It is seemingly possible that were the interstate feature of employment
agencies handled by the Federal Government it would be the source of con-
siderable additional revenue as well as productive of very much more satisfac-
tion than exists at the present time, although of course it is to be expected that
the labor agencies would oppose Federal agencies handling the matter direct.
They naturally would be in favor of Federal supervision or regulation, which
of course it would seem would not be productive of the desired results."

State lines, so far as the employment agent is concerned, have disappeared
and are known to him only as aids in obtaining the fee which he may exact
from the applicant who registers with him and who may be directed to another
State where employment may or may not await him.

The most cordial relations now exist between the employment and immigra-
tion bureaus of the various States and the Division of Information, and I feel
warranted in saying that these bodies will cheerfully cooperate with the De-
partment of Labor in safeguarding working men and women from fraud and
loss at the hands of careless or dishonest employment agents.

The law should make it an offense punishable by fine or imprisonment, or
both, for an employment agent to send men from one State to employment in
another without a license from the Department of Labor.

Each agent so licensed should be required to make weekly reports of all in-
terstate business to the Di^•ision of Information, giving names, nationalities,
occupation, and wages of all men directed across State lines; also the names and
addresses of firms or individual employers to whom workmen were directed.

Every State employment agency should have jurisdiction over all private em-
ployment agencies in the State. Through an arrangement with those State
agencies they could be designated as representatives of the Department of Labor
and through them the Division of Information could place such workmen as
applied to it for information concerning that State.

My best information is that the employment agencies of New York City warn
applicants against calling at the distribution branch of this division. They also
represent themselves, in some instances, as being authorized to act for the
Division of Information.

Private employment agencies charge fees ranging from $2 to $10 for their
services, but give no guaranty of employment. No contract or memorandum
of agreement entered into to establish liability or insure reliability of statement
is given or handed to the person engaged and sent forward except in rare
instances. Under Federal supervision the interests of the workmen directed to
employment could be safeguarded in this respect.

Once employment agencies doing an interstate business are under the super-
vision of the Department of Labor, and all State commissions, bureaus, and
boards of immigration are cooperating with the Department of Labor, uniformity
of practice and action may be established. A uniform system of blanks, recoi'd
cards, and reports may be adopted, and then it will be possible to determine
the causes of unemployment among the men and women willing to work who
apply at the exchanges. A card can be devised on which the name, age, occu-
pation, citizenship, place of last employment, and cause of unemployment may
be entei-ed. A card should be filled out for each applicant, whether placed or
not, and on properly arranged forms reports sent weekly to the Division of In-
formation for compilation, study, and investigation.

Under the general powers conferred by the statute which created the Depart-
ment of Labor, the Secretary may do all that is herein suggested without addi-
tional legislation other than a supplementary act giving the Department of
Labor the required supervision of employment agencies doing interstate business.

In connection with the foregoing I respectfully direct your attention to the
British labor-exchange act of 1909, a copy of which may be found in my report
on foreign labor exchanges, dated January 31, 1911. Under that act general
authority is conferred on the British Board of Trade to establish labor ex-
changes and take over private exchanges, the details, rules, and regulations to
be framed and adopted by the said board of trade.

It would appear that the passage of a law broad enough in its terms to enable
the Secretary of Labor to meet emergencies as they arise and take steps to
regulate them would be preferable to an act which would attempt to provide
for everything arising in the management of labor employment agencies and
exchanges.

T. V. POWDERLY,

Chief of Division.

172 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

Evidence tending to show the necessity for placing employment
agencies doing interstate business under the control of the Depart-
ment of Labor accumulates every month. It would appear that if
no action is deemed advisable on the various bills before Congress
looking to the establishment of an employment bureau, an act,
brief and comprehensive, should be passed in line with the sugges-
tions contained in the report just quoted.

HELP FOR THE HARVEST FIELDS.

For several years at the opening of the harvest season in the
wheat-growing States appeals have come for help to gather the
crop, but until this year no real practical steps were taken to direct
men to the places where they were needed.

On May 25 Charles L. Daugherty, State labor commissioner, Okla-
homa City, Okla., telegraphed Hon. W. B. Wilson, Secretary of
Labor, as follows:

Would it be possible for you to communicate the needs of tbis State by way
of men for tbe wheat harvest through any of the official channels of the State
Department? We will need from twelve to fifteen thousand men at from two to
two and one-half dollars per day with board, to help harvest our wheat and
thrash same, and 85 per cent of men so employed will be given employment in
this State by the farmers in handling the various forage crops, which promise
a big yield at this time, thereby guaranteeing from four to six months' steady
work. The State will maintain free employment offices at Oklahoma City,
Enid, Alva, Woodward, Frederick, and other points in the State to help dis-
tribute the men, and any publication you can give this matter through your
department will be greatly appreciated by the citizens of this State.

On receipt of that telegram the Secretary of Labor directed that
everything possible be done to inform those in need of employment
throughout the United States of the call coming from the State of
Oklahoma. Under the direction of the Secretary a copy of that
telegram was embodied in a bulletin which notified persons inter-
ested in obtaining work of the kind specified to apply to any of the
State free employment offices in the cities named in the foregoing
telegram. Postmasters were requested to post the bulletin in a con-
spicuous place and to have public attention called to it through the
press.

Immediately following the publication in the press of the needs
of Oklahoma, the States of Kansas, Missouri, and South Dakota
appealed for help, and on June 4 a bulletin, of which the following
is a copy, was sent out by the Division of Information :

postmaster : plkase post this in a conspicuous place and have public atten-
tion called to it through the press.

United States Department of Labor,

Bureau of Immigration,
Division of Information,
Washington, June ■//, J914-

NOTICE.

harvest hands wanted in the middle west.

The Division of Information of the Bureau of Immigration, U. S. Department
of Labor, has received telegrams from Kansas, Missouri, and South Dakota con-
cerning the need of harvest hands in those States, in addition to the request
from Oklahoma which appeared in bulletin dated May 27, 1914.

EEPOKT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. 173

Persons interested in obtaining worli of tliis kind sliould apply to the offices
in the States named.

It will be necessary for those desiring work to defray their own expenses
to the place of employment.

KANSAS.

40,000 men needed : wages will range upward from $2 per day and board,
average probably $2.50. Large percentage of men will be needed for from
90 to 120 days. Men can go direct to towns in wheat belt in central and west-
ern Kansas and be distributed to farmers by local organizations, or write to
W. L. O'Brien, director. State free employment bureau, Topeka, Kans., for
directions.

MISSOURI.

30,000 men needed ; wages $2 to $3.50 per day according to experience, class
of work and conditions: three to six months' work, beginning about June 15.
Apply to State free employment offices at St. Louis, Kansas City, or St. Joseph,
or write to John T. Fitzpatrick, labor commissioner, Jefferson City, Mo., for
directions.

SOUTH DAKOTA.

Harvest help needed beginning about July 15 ; wages $2 to $3.50 per day and
board. Considerable of the former wheat acreage is now in alfalfa and corn,
and help will be needed, through husking. Apply to Charles McCaffree, com-
missioner of immigration, Pierre, S. Dak.

Inquiries at once began to flow into the division concerning the
opportunities for employment in the States named, and applicants
presented themselves in person at the office of the Division of In-
formation in Washington and at its branch office in New York City.
Upward of a hundred persons called on the Chief of the Division
of Information, and of that number 63 stated their intention to go
to the West, defraying their ow-n expenses.

The principal inquiry made by every one who applied was as to
whether the Government or the States in question would defray
transportation expenses. The one drawback to the immediate filling
of every demand coming from the harvest fields was lack of trans-
portation, and if some means can be devised to advance a loan to
responsible men in need of employment during the harvest season
there need be no fear of loss through lack of help to harvest the
crops in future years.

On June 24, on notice from the States indicated, the following
bulletin was sent out and posted as were the others :

POSTMASTER : PLEASE REMOVE FROM YOUR BULLETIN BOARD THE NOTICES DATED MAY
27, 1914, AND JUNE 4, 1914, REGARDING THE NEED FOR HARVEST HANDS, AND SUB-
STITUTE THIS BULLETIN, GIVING THE LATTER THE SAME PUBLICITY AS PREVIOUS
BULLETINS.

U. S. Department of Labor,

Bureau of Immigration,
Division of Information,
Washington, June 2Jf, 1914-

NOTICE

regarding harvest HANDS.

The State officials in Kansas, Oklahoma, and Missouri have notified this
di\asion that a sufficient number of men have proceeded to those States to meet
the demands for help in the harvest fields, and South Dakota advises that
many applications are being received for work in that State.

All persons are accordingly advised not to proceed to any of these States with
the expectation of procuring work in the harvest fields without first communi-
cating with and securing definite assurances of employment from one of the

174 REPOKT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

following officials : W. L. O'Brien, director State free employment bureau, To-
peka, Kans. ; Charles L. Daugherty, State labor commissioner, Oklahoma City,
Okla. ; John T. Fitzpa trick, labor commissioner. Jefferson , City, Mo.; Charles
IMcCaffree, commissioner of immigration, Pierre, S. Dak.

It has not been possible to estimate just how many men responded
to the call for help, but sufficient is known to warrant the division in
saying that through the publicity given under direction of the Secre-
tary of Labor at least 75,000 who otherwise would not have known of
the opportunities wended their way to the wheat-growing States
and were employed during the harvest season in gathering in the
crops. This transaction taking place so close to the end of the fiscal
year makes it impossible to include the full details in this report, for
at this time all of the States have not yet made complete reports to
the Division of Information. It may not be amiss to include part of
a letter received since the close of the fiscal year, as follows:

I beg to advise that the results obtained from the publicity given by your
department and this department, so far as attracting the attention and getting
the number of harvest hands out in Missouri, was a huge success. For a very
limited time a great volume of workers were wending their way over and across
the State to the harvest fields. The approximate number of harvest hands used
in this State during the harvest, from the best source of information that I have,
namely, the board of agriculture, farm advisers, and crop reporters, was from
30,000 to 35,000.

A sufficient number of men having applied to the farmers of the
other States for employment following publication of our bulletins,
it is safe to assume that the number stated, 75,000, is a conservative
estimate of those who would not have known of the opportunities
for employment in the wheat-growing States had it not been for the
work done through the Division of Information by direction of the
Secretary of Labor.

The call for help came just when the need for the men manifested
itself. No time was to be lost. The action taken in response to the
call was prompt and effective ; and it is gratifying to be able to state,
even though full reports are not yet obtainable, that success attended
the effort put forth in behalf of the farmers of Oklahoma, Missouri,
Kansas, and South Dakota.

SALEM FIRE,

On June 25, 1914, a disastrous fire swept away the manufacturing
and tenement portions of Salem, Mass., and although the work of
providing employment for the idle and homeless of Salem was not
completed until after the close of the last fiscal year it may not be
inappropriate to report the action taken and something of the results
obtained. Perhaps a comprehensive way of stating the result would
be to incorporate the report of the Chief of the Division of Informa-
tion, which will explain what was done and how it was accomplished.

July 28, 1914.
The honorable the Secretary of Labor
(Through official channels).
Sib: As per instructions contained In your letter of July 14, 1914, and ver-
bally imparted to me prior to my departure on the 15th, I proceeded to Salem.
Mass., and performed the duties assigned to me.

That this report may be comprehensive and of value for future reference I
deem it proper to include in it the correspondence which led up to my detail
on so important a mission.

EEPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. 175

A groat lire, which destroyed many factories, business houses, and homes
in Salem. Mass.. occurred June 25, 1914.

Early in July a letter, copy next following, was presented through Repre-
sentative [Augustus P.] Gardner, of Massachusetts:

"Hon. William B. Wilson,

"Secretary of Labor,

"Washington, D. G.

" Deae Sir : As a result of the recent conflagration at Salem, Mass., in which
many factories were destroyed, large numbers of men and women have been
thrown out of employment.

" These people were for the most part employed in the boot and shoe and
cotton industries, and it has occurrred to me that you have data in your
department which would assist in locating jobs for some of these people.

" Congressman Gardner has kindly offered to present this letter to you in
person, and I trust that you may, be able to give us some information which
would lead to the finding of reemployment for some of these people in localities
either in or not far removed from New England.

" I am writing you as a member of the committee which has been formed to
seek occupations for those who are without it and who have been in many
cases burned out of house and home.

" Thanking you in advance for any information you may be able to give
me, I am,

" Very truly, yours, John L. Saltonstall."

On receipt of that letter the following telegram, prepared by you, was wired
to 95 manufacturers of boots and shoes in Massachusetts and other New
England States:

" Great fire at Salem has destroyed mills in that city. Thousands of boot
and shoe workers are homeless and idle. Can you give any of these people
employment if they apply? If so, how many? Please wire answer."

A telegram similar in all respects, save that the words "textile workers"
were substituted for " boot and shoe workers," went the same day to 218 manu-
facturers of cotton textiles.

Immediately following the telegram indicated a letter embodying the same
information was mailed by the Division of Information to 600 manufacturers of
boots and shoes and to TOO manufacturers of textile fabrics located in the New
England States, New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware, and Maryland.

The general president of the United Textile Workers of America, located at
Fall River, Mass., and the general president of tlie Boot and Shoe Workers'
Union, with headquarters at Boston, were apprised of the action taken by you
and requested to offer suggestions in connection therewith. Both of these offi-
cials were also notified of your action in detailing me to proceed to Boston and
requested to cooperate in the work in hand.

A telegram addressed by you to Alfred W. Donovan, chairman of the State
board of labor and industries of Massachusetts, relative to the unemployment
situations at Salem, was referred to Charles F. Gettemy, director of the bureau
of statistics of Massachusetts. That official, in response to your telegram,
stated that he had authorized the free employment bureau, through Walter L.
Sears. sui:>eriutendent, to assist in alleviating conditions at Salem.

Prior to my departure from Washington a telegram as follows came from
Beverly, Mass. :
" Secretary Wilson,

"Department of Labor,

"Washington, D. C.

"Estimate Salem labor situation as follows: About 3,500 thrown out of em-
ployment by fire. Of this number there remain in Salem about eleven hundred
textile workers, half of whom are women. There are about 1.000 boot, shoe, and
leather workers still here, and 400 who were employed in miscellaneous occu-
pations. If there is any information you can give us, kindly reply to Wm. H.
Reed, jr., secretary of relief committee, employment bureau, Phillips School,
Salem, Mass.

" J. L. Saltonstall."

On reaching Salem on the morning of the 16th I proceeded to the Phillips
School, where I found Mr. William H. Reed, jr., and a corps of assistants facing
a very difficult problem, one which presented several angles, all of them per-

176 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

plexing. To house, provide susteuauce, aud secure employmeut for 3,000 home-
less, workless families was a task calling for the highest order of ability,
patience, and knowledge of human nature and funds sufficient to finance the
carrying out of the plans.

I learned that in addition to the responses to your telegrams and letters re-
ceived at the Department of Labor in Washington a large number of employers,
anxious to hasten the relief work, had wired and were every day writing to
Salem direct instead of making known their wants and intentions through the
Department of Labor. I should say that perhaps 200 manufacturers had
answered your appeal by writing to Mr. Reed or to some one whom they knew
in Salem.

It is estimated that of the 40,000 people that made up the population of Salem
approximately 12,000 were workers, and of this number some 3.500 lost employ-
ment as a direct result of the fire of June 25. This statement applies to con-
ditions which existed immediately following the fire and before you were called
upon to aid and in response to that call had sent out the appeal for help for
those in need at Salem.

A third of Salem, some 253 acres, was burned; about 3,000 homes, mostly
tenements, and 46 manufactories or industrial plants covered this area before
the fire.

The 3,500 thrown out of work were for the most part French Canadians,
Poles, Italians, Greeks, Russian Jews, and a few other non-English-speaking
people.

The following is a list of 20 plants which were totally destroyed ; also the
number employed by each :

Employees.

Marston & Brooks 300

Hodgdon Durand 75

E. S. Woodbury 100

M. Shortwell & Son 50

D. Glover & Son 90

Amei'ican Toy Co 50

Highland Tanning Co 50

P. J. Smith Counter Co 100

Pitman & Brown Co 100

Emploj'ees.

Naumkeag Steam Cotton Co 1, 500

Wilkinson Counter Co 300

Arthur T. Way 175

Carr Leather Co 100

Patrick Creeden Co 150

Martin Shribman Co 50

Chas. H. Carey Co 25

Charles H. Keefe 100

Dane Machine Co 25

Marrs Bros. Leather Co 25 j

P. A. Field Shoe Co 305 I Total 3, 670

So far as I could ascertain, the Naumkeag Steam Cotton Co., the largest
concern in the city, employed before the fire 1,500 people. These represented
about one-half the unemployed on the 16th of July.

The problem at the time I arrived in Salem diffiered materially from that
immediately after the fire. Homeless, workless, aud in many cases moneyless,
the workers were panic-stricken. Relief was quickly rushed to Salem from all
parts of the country, and the conditions were not only less severe but were
becoming easier evei'y day.

I found Mr. Reed in charge of a registration and transportation department,
and, though deluged with applications for work and relief, was systematically
attending to the many details promptly and satisfactorily.

The Massachusetts State Free Employment Bureau, under the superintend-
ency of Mr. Walter L. Sears, was represented at Salem by Francis E. Deady,
an energetic, active, and very competent young man, who was rendering great
aid and to whom I am indebted for much valuable information.

I discovered that so far as taking part in the routine work of directing
men to places of employment was concerned, my services were unnecessary,
and I devoted most of my time to investigating conditions in and adjoining the
fire district.

After a discussion of the situation with Messrs. Reed and Deady it was
decided that a duplicate copy of all requests for workers received at the
Department of Labor in Washington should be sent to the free employment
bureau at Boston. In this way the latter office, with its experienced staff of
employees, could conduct the business of directing worlvers to such places as
would be opened for them in response to your telegrams and letters without
incurring the risk of sending two men to fill the same vacancy.

On the ISth, after a conference with INIr. Senrs at his office in Boston, I
wired the Assistant Chief of the Division of Information to "prepare two
copies future bulletins of opportunities for Salem. Send one to Reed, the other

EEPOET OF COMMISSIONER GENEEAL OF IMMIGRATION.

177

to Walter L. Sears, superintendent free emi^loyment office, Boston." During
one hour at Mr. Reed's desk in Salem he had arranged to place five of those
called for in response to your telegram.

Inquiry elicited the information that the greater number of the unemployed
now remaining in Salem are non-English-speaking, unskilled workers. The
difficulty in placing these lies in the fact that since their arrival in this country
they have been emploj^ed in the factories of Salem, have not attempted to learn
English, and are naturally timid about leaving there to accept employment
elsewhex'e.

In addition to this I discovered, on what I regard as reliable ground, that
the French-Canadian business men are urging their countrymen not to leave
Salem even temporarily for fear that they may not return. The Salem
relief fund, which on July 19 had grown to about $550,000. and so noted in the
press, was pointed, to by these merchants and others as evidence that the vic-
tims of the fire would be cared for in any event, and in consequence they
need not leave Snlem.

Rumors of all kinds as to the rapid building up of the factories were on every
tongue; and these, too, were potent in halting many who might otherwise leave
Salem. The 12.000 who lost their homes through the fire found shelter with
relatives, friends, or acquaintances in many instances. Those who did not
were cared for at two camps, one known as Bertram Field, the other Forest
River Park. Just before I arrived in Salem the Bertram Field Camp was
closed. Its temporary occupants were the Americanized French and others
who could speak English. They have gone to Lowell, Lawrence, Ipswich. Pea-
body, Beverly, and other near-by towns. Some have gone to cities outside the
State. At the Forest River Camp some 192 families were located, representing
817 individuals. It is expected that this camp will be closed before the end
of the month.

The careful, painstaking effort of the Salem relief committee, under Mr.
Reed's supervision, to handle the problem of unemployment has met with a
fair degree of success and each day the situation grew less tense.

In response to your telegram Mr. John Golden, president of the United
Textile Workers of America, called me on the long-distance phone from Fall
River to say that he had just returned to that city and was then about to leave
for Albany, N. Y., on official business. He further assured me that he had
confidence in the officials of the Free Employment Bureau of Massachusetts,
and would be satisfied with any arrangement I might make with that office.

I called at the office of the Boot and Shoe Workers' Union, but found none
of the officials present. At the free employment bureau I leai'ned that a repre-
sentative of the Boston Central Labor Union was one of the staff, and as all
matters relating to trade unions would pass before him I felt that no need
existed for calling on the Boot and Shoo Workers' Union to appoint a repre-
sentative to cooperate with me.

From the time your telegrams and letters went out the situation at Salem
began to brighten, and now there exists no reason why any boot or shoe worker
or textile worker need remain idle in Salem, for the railroads are cooperating
with the relief committee in providing transportation for all who find employ-
ment elsewhere, while the positions offered in response to your appeal far out-
number the skilled workers who were thrown idle by fire.

The answers received in response to your telegrams and letters show a most
gratifying result, for the number of opportunities thus secured for the Salem
textile and boot and shoe workers is approximately as follows :

July 14 213

July 15 77

July 16 71

July 17 77

July 18 171

July 20 551

July 21 27

July 28 75

Total 1,262

I have no means of determining just how many responded to your appeal by
sending to Salem direct for workers, but judge that the number must be between
three and four hundred. It is safe to assume, therefore, that your call for
help for the homeless, idle workers of Salem was responded to by the opening
of not less than 1,500 places into which they could fit and retain their standing
as producers.

As to the unskilled male portion of the fire sufferers, the work of clearing
away the debris and preparing for the rebuilding of Salem is rapidly taking up
their time and attention.

60629°— 15 12

178 EEPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

I regard the situation at Salem as gratifying. Tlie number of idle men and
women lias rapidly dwindled since July 14. The directing of workers has been
systematically carried forward. The situation is now well in hand, and the
wisdom of your course in opening the door of relief to stricken Salem has been
amply demonstrated.

T. V. POWDERLY,

Chief of Division.

Since the filing of that report it has been estimated that all who
were in need of employment were taken care of, and in this connec-
tion the division takes pleasure in stating that the cooperation of
the Free Employment Bureau of .Massachusetts with the DiA'ision
of Information was prompt, willing, and effective. Under the able
management of that bureau every application for help was at once
honored and men sent forward to places of employment. It is
gratifying to report that the most cordial relations exist between the
Massachusetts Employment Bureau and the Division of Information.

PUBLICITY.

On January 24, 1914, the inspector in charge of the New York
distribution branch advised the division that the New Yorker Staats-
Zeitung, a newspaper published in the German language, had ex-
pressed a willingness to publish, free of cost to the Government or
to applicants, brief notices of such opportunities for securing em-
ployment as might come to the Division of Information. The facts
were submitted to the Secretary of Labor in a memorandum by the
Commissioner General of Immigration on January 30, with the
recommendation that the plan of cooperation be approved, and with
the statement that, in his opinion, the same course could be pursued
with respect to other large centers of population as well as New
York City. The Secretary approved the plan, so far as it applied
to farm labor. Accordingly the New York distribution branch fur-
nishes each week to the New Yorker Staats-Zeitung a list of oppor-
tunities for agricultural work available to Germans and the Staats-
Zeitung publishes the information with such additional comment as
it cares to make.

As a result of the publicity thus given by the Staats-Zeitung, dur-
ing the first six months of its operation, 1,174 Germans applied to the
distribution branch for agricultural work, of whom 630 were directed
to definite employment on farms. These workers were distributed
to 23 different States at an average monthly w\age of $23.23, in addi-
tion to board and lodging. In other words, through this single
avenue of publicity and for but one nationality 630 persons have
been placed at farm work, for which they receive, in the aggregate,
a monthly compensation of $14,634.90, in addition to board and
lodging.

The success of this new plan of publicity was so marked that its
extension to other newspapers and other cities was deemed advisable.
Hence on June 13, 1914, the following letter was sent to all of the
leading foreign-language newspapers in the United States, and a
similar letter was sent to all of the leading American daily news-
papers in the larger centers of population:

The Division of Information of the Bureau of Immigration, Department of
Labor, has been engaged in the work of promoting a beneficial distribution
of aliens admitted to the United States, as directed by law, and. in addition,
under its general powers, a like distribution of residents and citizens of the

EEPOET OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. l79

United States wlio wish to avail themselves of opportunities for labor afforded
through its Instrumentality. For this purpose the Division of Information, as
part of the Bureau of Immigration, was established. This division has been
in receipt of applications from farmers and others resident in every State of
the Union, offering to hire men and women of the nationality and exi^erience
designated, often giving terms and other information ; and so far as the means
of publicity have permitted the division has brought these to the attention of
persons seeking farm and other employment, whether residents or aliens ad-
mitted at our immigration stations. Many have in this way secured employ-
ment outside of the industrial centers of the country. The division has sought
in the past, and is now desirous of availing itself of every avenue offered by
State, county, or municipal authority, or otherwise, to secure publicity and fur-
ther this work. The managers of the New Yorker Staats-Zeitung, a newspaper
printed in New York City in the German language, patriotically offered to
establish, free of charge to the Government or to applicants, a department In
their journal devoted to the publication of such farm-employment opportunities
as came to the Division of Information in the manner above stated. An experi-
ence of 90 days in this entirely new field of publicity discloses the fact that
during said period 516 Germans responded, and of that number 2S3 are known
to have been placed at remunerative employment. The applicants have been
located in 20 different States, New York and New Jersey receiving the greater
part, due largely to the small cost of transportation from New York City,
although Wisconsin, credited with 35, Michigan with 12, and. Illinois with 9,
received a substantial proportion of those so placed.

The average wage of those accepting employment was $24.01 per month, in-
cluding board and lodging. In other words, through this single channel of
publicity for one nationality alone, there has resulted in three months the plac-
ing of 283 Germans on farms where they have become producers.

From the success that has attended this undertaking, it is believed that with
the cooperation of the foreign-language newspapers generally, and with distribu-
tion branches established at the principal ports of entry and the leading cities,
with officers in charge as now maintained at New York City, the results attained
would far exceed even the gratifying showing which the first experiment has
demonstrated.

If your publication is willing to cooperate as above indicated, please advise
the bureau to that effect. The inclosed envelope for reply will require no
postage.

A. Caminetti,
Commissioner General.

Approved :

W. B. Wilson,

Secretary of Labor.

The time intervening between the date of sending out these letters
and the preparation of this report has not been sufficient to enable all
of the papers to give proper consideration to the matter and make
reply. Notwithstanding this fact, favorable responses have been re-
ceived from 25 newspapers printed in foreign languages and 20
printed in the English-language newspapers. The papers are dis-
tributed in 20 different cities as follows: Washington, Baltimore,
New Orleans, Galveston, Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago, Milwaukee,
Detroit, Minneapolis, St. Louis, Seattle, San Francisco, Los Angeles,
Boston, New York, Brookl}^, Buffalo, Philadelphia, and Pittsburgh.

It is believed that when sufficient time has elapsed the number of
papers agreeing to cooperate will be greatly increased. Based on
what has been accomplished through the publicity furnished by one
paper, the New Yorker Staats-Zeitung, it is safe to predict that the
results following the cooperation with this greatly increased number
of papers, and with the establishment of a sufficient number of dis-
tribution branches to make that cooperation effective, will be of far-
reaching benefit alike to the farmers who are in need of additional
help and to those in congested districts who desire to secure employ-
ment on farms.

180

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

DISTRIBUTION ZONES.

It may not be inappropriate to discuss at this time a plan which
is now in contemplation, and which in all probability will be put
into operation before this report is in print, having for its object
the dividing of the United States into distribution zones. The con-
templated number of zones, the headquarters thereof, the territory
embraced in each zone, and the subbranches are set forth in the
following table :

Zone
No.

Headquarters.

Territory.

Subbranches.

Boston, Mass

New York City, distribution
branch (and Elhs Island,
N. Y.).

Philadelphia, Pa

Baltimore, Md

Norfolk, Va

Jacksonville, Fla

New Orleans, La

Galveston, Tex ,

Cleveland, Ohio

Chicago, 111 ,

MinneapoUs, Minn

St. Louis, Mo

Denver, Colo

Helena, Mont ,

Seattle, Wash

Portland, Oreg

San Francisco, Cal

Los Angeles, Cal

Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Maine
New York, New Jersey, New Hamp-
shire, Vermont, Connecticut.

Peimsylvania, Delaware, West Vir-
ginia.

Maryland ,

Virginia, North Carolina

Florida, Georgia, Alabama, South
Carolina.

Louisiana, Mississippi, Arkansas,
Teimessee.

Texas, New Mexico

Ohio, Kentucky

Illinois, Indiana, Mictdgan, Wiscon-
sin.

Minnesota, North Dakota, South
Dakota.

Missouri, Kansas, Oklahoma, Iowa.

Colorado, Wyoming, Nebraska, Utah

Montana, Idaho

Washington

Oregon

Northern California, Nevada

Southern CaUfornia, Arizona

Providence, Portland.
Buffalo.

Pittsburgh.

Savaimah, Mobile, Birming-
ham, Charleston.

Gulf port, Miss.; Memphis,
Tenn.

Albuquerque.

Detroit.

Kansas City, Mo.; Des Moines,

Iowa.
Salt Lake City, Utah.
Moscow, Idaho.

Fresno, Sacramento.
San Diego; Tucson, Ariz.

The intention is to designate officials of the Immigration Service
already on duty in the cities named to attend to the work of distri-
bution. In this way it is hoped to extend the work of the division as
now carried on at its distribution branch in New York City to every
State in the Union. It will furnish a means for making effective the
publicity afforded by the newspapers as outlined earlier in this re-
port; it will tend to relieve the congestion in industrial centers and
awaken interest in farm life and rural occupations generally. It is
not intended to limit the activities of these distribution offices to
aliens, but our own citizens, male and female, are to be given an equal
chance.

In this connection it is also hoped, through cooperation with the
Post Office Department, to effect an arrangement whereby every post
office in the United States will become an agency for the distribution
of the blanks of this division, so that farmers who desire additional
help in the fields, farmers' wives who require workers in the homes,
and men and women seeking employment on farms or in rural com-
munities can apply at any post office for a blank on which to make
application, said blank, when filled out and signed, to be mailed
under Government frank to the division of information and the sub-
stance thereof transmitted by the division in the form of bulletins to
the appropriate distribution office or offices for attention. Notices to
the effect that these blanks may be had on request from the postmas-
ter will be posted in a conspicuous place in each post office.

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. 181

Furthermore, this plan will overcome one of the great difficulties
encountered in the distribution of labor as heretofore carried on, in
that the distance from the point of distribution to the employer was
in many instances entirely too great. Under the new system every
part of a zone will be within a reasonable distance from the head-
quarters or a branch office in such zone.

The extension of the work of the division to include the distribu-
tion and employment of labor throughout the United States, as out-
lined above, can only be accomplished with the cooperation and ap-
proval of the Secretary of Labor and the Commissioner General of
Immigration, and the Division of Information is particularly pleased
to be able to record the fact that both of these officials generously and
actively support this proposed enlargement of the scope of the duties
of the division and have practically directed that the plan be put
into operation.

In conclusion, the division hopes to be able in its next annual report
to record the fact that it has secured the cooperation of farmers' or-
ganizations in directing harvest hands to where they may be needed,
and that arrangements shall have been entered into with the various
railroad companies to provide transportation to workers at reduced
rates.

In this connection it should be noted that some complaints have
been registered regarding the treatment received by harvest hands
and the long hours they were required to work. These matters are,
however, subject to future action, and it is expected that the next re-
port will record a satisfactory settlement of all disputed questions.
Respectfully,

T, V. POWDERLY,

Chiefs Division of Information.
Hon. A. Caminetti,

C omTThissioner General of Immigration.

REPORT OF INSPECTOR IN CHARGE OF DISTRIBUTION BRANCH AT

NEW YORK, N. Y.

Chief, Division of Information,

Bureau of Immigration, Washington, D. C:

I have the honor to report that during the fiscal year July 1, 1913, to June
30, 1914, applications for information were received from 19,091 persons, as
noted in monthly reports forwarded to the division. Of this number it is posi-
tively known that 3,243 accepted employment at points to which they were
directed. Of these 3,243, 68 per cent were directed to agricultural pursuits,
27 per cent as common laborers in rural districts and villages, and the remain-
ing 5 per cent were made up of miscellaneous help who accepted work as do-
mestics, factory hands, porters, marine firemen, etc. Less than 2J per cent of
all those who accepted employment remained in large cities. No attempt was
made to cater to city employment, every effort being directed toward removing
applicants from congested centers to the rural districts. Detailed statistics
have been forwarded monthly to the division showing nationality, occupation,
wages, and States to which directed.

In point of numbers who found work through information furnished, the
total for this fiscal year is the smallest in the history of the branch. I am,
however, convinced that the numbers who profited by the information given,
but concerning whom we have not definite knowledge as to the final results,
exceed any previous year. The falling oft in numbers may be accounted for in
part by the fact that the branch moved from the old quarters at 17 Pearl Street,
where it was located a number of years, and the additional fact that said old
quarters were immediately occupied by the labor bureau of the New York

182 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

State Department of Agriculture and the Immigrant Free Labor Bureau, two
organizations engaged in the placing of men free of charge. Naturally, many
men who knew of the address as one at which information could be obtained
free of charge did not seek further when they found what they desired through
the new occupants. Another reason for the shortage is due to the fact that
hundreds of men who are usually employed on public works and improvements
went to the farms this year because of lack of work on such works and im-
provements.

Our present quarters are admirably suited to the work, being located at the
most convenient point in the city for transportation facilities and in a section
which unemployed men have been accustomed to frequent for many years
when seeking employment. Being located as we are in a Federal building
effects a saving in rent of more than $1,800 per annum and gives us quarters
infinitely better than we had and more accessible to immigrant and resident
applicants. It will take some time to make the new address well known, but
this is being rapidly accomplished through the very friendly cooperation of the
press, especially the Staats-Zeitung of this city and Zgoda, the official organ
of the Polish National Alliance.

One of the difficult problems in this work is the securing of reliable and
definite information, information which can be given out with positive assur-
ance as to its accuracy and fullness. Employers and employees alike are in
many instances prone to sins of omission rather than commission. There is
rarely a misstatement of facts by employers, but frequently conditions or re-
quirements are not mentioned if not attractive. This causes no end of trouble
to us and disappointment and expense to employers and employees. Employees
unless questioned closely by one acquainted with the kind of work they are
to do will frequently give wrong impressions as to ability, leading to disap-
pointment and dissatisfaction, and this in spite of warnings that they will not
be employed if they misrepresent their qualifications. To prevent this in so
far as is possible, we require the applicant's statement as to experience,
ability, and employment desired prior to giving information as to opportunities
available. Having secured his statement, we select the opportunity for which
he seems best fitted and as a rule get satisfactory results. Some applicants,
however, are well coached and will answer readily all questions concerning
farm work, for instance, when they know positively nothing of the work. To
properly handle such a case a practical demonstration farm would be necessary.
The average man does not seem to realize what farming is. It is neither a
science nor a trade, but both combined ; and the idea that any man with proper
physical development can properly do farm work is a myth. It must be learned
as any trade or scientific calling must be learned.

Because of the real nature of farm woi'k, cooperation with certain organiza-
tions is difficult, as some of the workers of these organizations are ignorant of
the requirements of farm work. They frequently refer to us men who have
never seen a farm except from the window of a train ; or will send a man of
40, who was born on a fanu (so stated), omitting to mention that he has lived
in the city since the age of 10; or the poor fellow who has contracted tuber-
culosis in the factory and whose physician recommends out-of-door life, taking
no note of the danger of infection should he be sent to the farm ; or the pa-
roled convict whom no one in the city will employ, and so on.

In contrast to the above are the very highly satisfactory results obtained
from cooperation of certain newspapers and mission societies. The New Yorker
Staats-Zeitung has for some months past been publishing free of all charge
bulletins of opportunities available through the Division of Information. This
paper reaches Germans of all classes, and we have found the applicants re-
sponding through this publicity most satisfactory. The results have proved
the wisdom of such publicity and the fact that among the city employed as
well as among the unemployed at large are to be found many competent men
who are anxious to enter and follow agricultural pursuits. I have forwarded
weekly reports of the results of this cooperation. I am of the opinion that
when all of our newspapers take up this matter of giving information to the
public the results will be immediately noticeable and beneficial to all concerned.

Closer cooperation with the station at Ellis Island would, in my opinion, lead
to better results. Certain aliens embark for the United States seeking employ-
ment, with no definite address. Such aliens are furnished with an address by
some agent abroad to meet the manifest requirements — often that of an employ-
ment agency, more frequently that of some so-called banker. These men have
no relatives or friends in the United States, or, if they have, they do not know

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. 183

where they are located. Other inmiigrants lose the addresses of their friends
in transit; in other cases the addresses are old, and the relatives or friends
have moved to parts unknown to the alien or immigration authorities; still
others destined to friends or relatives in the interior have not sufficient funds
for the inland transportation, and the persons to whom they are destined can
not or will not forward the necessary amount for travel. Such aliens, if other-
wise eligible to land, very frequently are admitted to the care of one of the
various mission societies which have representatives at the station. Such
societies are doing good work, and the aliens discharged to their care seldom
come to grief; but, in my opinion, all such cases should first be called to the
attention of this branch before being admitted to any society, in order that they
may be immediately directed to work, whenever practicable, thus saving
expense and valuable time and avoiding the dangers which may be encountered
in the city of New York as well as the temptation to remain in the great city
until funds are exhausted. This last named frequently happens, and hundreds
of good men — at least the wrecks of what were good men — are to be found
washing dishes in restaurants, portei's in saloons, and other similar work in
the city, brought to their present condition through not having sufiicient funds
to go to the better employment for which they were once fitted and being forced
to accept such nearer at hand employment as was available.

There is an ever-present reception committee of watchful crooks waiting
for each unattended prosperous-looking immigrant who emerges froni the
barge ofiice, where he lands in New York, and the work of separating him
from his worldly goods is a matter of but a few short pleasant moments to
these parasites who constitute the committee referred to. These men work
in the vicinity of the barge office, usually in Battery Park and near-by streets,
through which the immigrants must pass, and carry on a regular trade of petty
thieving, robbing the ignorant immigrants of anything they can lay their hands
on. A case which came to my attention in June of this year is that of a Scotch
woman who was stopping at one of the mission houses while trying to secure
employment. She went to Battery Park, and while reading her paper placed
her purse beside her on the bench. It was stolen and with it her last penny.
In this condition she was referred to this branch and placed as a domestic the
same day in the country home of a gentleman personally known to me.

Another case, which happened in the latter part of May of this year, was
that of a German and his wife who w^ere stopping at one of the mission houses
while waiting for employment. They did not place their money in the safe of
the home as advised. One afternoon they went to a moving-picture show in
the lower end of the city and upon their return the husband reported that his
pocket had been picked at the show and all his money, $600, taken. With
such good pickings and easy subjects it is small wonder that the number of
these nimble-fingered conscienceless rascals grows no less.

The " dropped-pocketbook " swindle is practiced almost daily; the old games
of " selling excursion boats " and " pai'k privileges for fruit stands " less
frequently, but regularly. It seems to be without the jurisdiction of the immi-
gration authorities to protect the landed immigrants from these rogues, and
the police are not always successful in looking after their welfare. Therefore
it might be well to use preventives Instead of cures by directing the alien to
actual work instead of places where he can only seek work, and in such a way
as to avoid the dangers which do exist. Such immigrants as are referred to
this hranch and directed by us to employment rarely see New York, except
from the deck of the ferry which takes them from Ellis Island to their trains.

Transportation as a stumbling block to distribution is properly recognized as
one of the most difficult obstacles to overcome in the bringing about of a proper
adjustment of supply and demand of labor. While New York groans under
the burden of feeding and housing its thousands of idle men, Kansas may be
crying aloud for help in her wheat fields to save the crops from destruction.
But, assuming that the idle man has been given the information that his
services are wanted, how can he reach the work? Hundreds of solutions have
been offered and rejected; the only solution which presents itself to me as one
which does not carry with it the possibility of injustice, swindling, or one of
the other many objections usually raised against proiwsed plans, is to have
the man who wants the job get himself to it and at as reasonable cost as pos-
sible, then have the employer for whom he has worked satisfactorily reimburse
him for the expense in whole or in part after his services have terminated. To
help such a plan along I would suggest that the transportation lines be per-
mitted— not compelled or even requested — to issue through the United States

184 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

Department of Labor special rates to workingmeu when traveling to positive
employment. An act based upon the following would in my opinion serve the
purpose and safeguard all interests :

" Section 1. That railway and steamship lines and other common carriers
may issue to certain workers herein mentioned special reduced rates of trans-
portation under rules and regulations to be prescribed by the Secretary of the
United States Department of Labor, who is hereby empowered and authorized
to make such rules and regulations, and that all existing laws are hereby
modified to meet the provisions of this act in so far as they may conflict with
the provisions thereof or its administration : Provided, That said rates shall be
regularly filed with the Interstate Commerce Commission in the same manner
and form as is required by the law for other passenger rates; but that the
granting of such reduced rates shall be entirely voluntary on the part of any
railway, steamship line, or other common carrier. If granted, however, they
shall be binding for the period agreed upon by said companies and the Sec-
retary of the United States Department of Labor.

" Sec. 2. That such reduced rates may be allowed only on written order of
an authorized official of the United States Department of Labor, designated by
the Secretary thereof, which official shall positively assure himself that the
ti'aveler is in reality a resident of the United States, or, if alien, that he or she
has been legally admitted to the United States by proper authority and is a
person seeking legitimate employment to which he or she is being directed by
a proper agent or agency, recognized as such by the United States Department
of Labor, to positive employment at a specifically named address : Provided,
That dependent members of the immediate family of such person seeking and
proceeding directly to such employment may in the discretion of the afore-
named representative of the United States Department of Labor accompany
said traveler at sarpe reduced rate; or if the person seeking and being directed
to employment proceed alone, then said dependent members of his or her im-
mediate family may, in the discretion of the representative of the United States
Department of Labor, travel later at the reduced rate, if still in effect, to join
said person, said dependent members to include wives, dependent children, or
dependent husbands or parents only.

" Sec. 3. That for the purpose of the administration of this act the Secretary
of the United States Department of Labor may in writing designate and em-
power any official of the United States Department of Labor or bureaus under
said department to issue orders for said reduced-rate transportation : Provided,
That all officials so designated shall be of the classified civil service and bonded
to the United States in an amount to be determined by the Secretai'y of the
United States Department of Labor, but to be in no case less than $1,000, pre-
miums for said bonds to be paid by the United States Department of Labor,
which. payment is hereby authorized, said bond to cover all financial loss to the
United States, to persons seeking employment, or to transportation companies,
through error or fraud on part of bondee in the execution of duties in ordering
said reduced rates, but not to apply to payment of fines imposed for violation
of this act: Provided further. That if any such representative orders reduced
transportation in violation of the provisions of this act, and the transportation
so ordered is used in whole or in part, his bondsman shall be liable for the
difference between the regular and reduced fare, which difference shall be
paid to the transportation company furnishing the reduced transportation, such
reimbursement not to relieve said representative from punishments provided
for violations of this act.

" Sec. 4. That any person who shall knowingly issue, cause to be issued, or
be a pai'ty to the issue of such reduced transportation for the xise of any person
or persons not of the classes by this act entitled to use the same, or for any
purpose not provided by this act, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and if con-
victed shall be punished for the first offense by a fine of not less than $10 nor
more than $100. or imprisonment at hard labor for less than ten days nor more
than one hundred days, or both.

" Sec 5. That any person other than those heretofore specified as being per-
mitted to use such reduced transportation who uses such transportation, or
any persons of the classes named as permitted to use such transportation who
uses such transportation for any purpose other than the purposes designated
shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall if convicted be punished for the
first offense by a fine of not less than $10 nor more than $100, or imprisonment
at hard labor for not less than ten days nor more than one hundred days, or

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. 185

both. Further, that second offense of violation of either section 4 or section 5
shall be punished by either maximum fine or imprisonment therein named, and
that violations subsequent to the second offense shall be punished by both
maximum fine and maximum imprisonment mentioned in said sections.

"Sec. G. That reduced transportation issued as provided in this act shall
be stamped on each ticket and coupon * Special Rate, United States Depart-
ment of Labor,' and that such tickets or orders may not be redeemed in whole
or in unused part except upon written order of the United States Department
of Labor who issued the order for the said transportation.

" Sec. 7. That trafficking in said reduced transportation, the buying or selling
of the same except upon written order of a duly designated representative of
the United States Department of Labor, the having in possession by any
person not legally and by this act entitled to use or issue same, are each and
all forbidden, and that violation of this section shall be a misdemeanor, and
in cases w^here conviction is obtained shall be punished in the same manner,
amounts, and degrees as prescribed in sections 4 and 5 of this act.

" Sec. 8. That this act shall be administered by the United States Depart-
ment of Labor; all violations thereof shall be called by representatives of the
said Department of Labor to the attention of the Department of Justice,
which shall prosecute the offending parties, and district attorneys shall bring
proper action for such reported violations in the United States courts having
jurisdiction.

" Sec 9. This act shall be effective immediately upon passage."

To make a success of this work, I believe it to be necessary that the plan
to establish additional branches of the division, now under consideration by
the department, be put in operation immediately. I am convinced that the
establishment of numerous subbranches should follow as soon as possible in
order that efficient information service may be established and maintained
throughout the land. I recommend the greatest possible publicity to the work
of the division in order that employers and employees may alike benefit from
the services rendered, also the fullest cooperation with responsible newspapers,
societies, and agencies who make no charge to employees for services rendered.

In my opinion the Federal Division of Information should be the clearing
house for information of all kinds of interest to employers, employees, and all
workers. It should collect and promptly and efficiently give the greatest pos-
•sible publicity to this information, to the end that every employer in need of
help may without delay or unnecessary expense know just where such help
is available, and every idle man be able to ascertain, without undue trouble,
expense, or delay just where his services are needed and to whom to apply
for the work wanted. This may be brought about by a close cooperation with
State and municipal bureaus and agencies, with employers' associations, and
with other like bodies which are in a position to keep in close touch with the
local needs. Just as important is the keeping of men posted as to where their
services are not needed. Daily bulletins should in my opinion be issued cov-
ering in a general way, but as specifically as practicable, conditions of the
labor market in every section of the country. These bulletins should be given
to the daily press and also posted in conspicuous places in all public Federal
buildings. They should include the address of the nearest branch of the Di-
vision of Information, to which application may be made for detailed infor-
mation concerning existing opportunities for employment.

The steps now being taken by the department to divide the country into dis-
tricts with a large and efficient branch of the division in each district, each
branch to be in charge of several subbranches for the local needs and reporting
daily to its main branch all details of the work by exchange of carbons of all
correspondence as well as reports as to all local changes in the labor situation
is timely and should prove most beneficial.

Actual placements of men and filling of opportunities should in my opinion
be made by the State, municipal, and other bureaus established for that purpose,
the Federal bureau requiring, in return for the information furnished these
bureaus, statistics of results following such cooperation.

I heartily approve of the recommendation to establish a registration system
consisting of blanks to be filled out by applicants desiring employment or em-
ployers desiring help of any kind, said blanks to be kept on hand at all post
offices of the United States for free distribution and to be forwarded officially
by the postmasters to the division in all cases where the applicant deposits same
with the postmaster, franked envelopes addressed to the nearest main branch of

186 REPORT OP COMMISSIONER GENERAL OP IMMIGRATION.

the division to be furnistiecl postmasters by the division for this purpose. In
every post office I would place conspicuously a notice advising of the existence
and purpose of such blanks.

In closing this report I beg to call attention to the very efficient services of
my associates in the work of this branch and to recommend tangible recognition
of said services. The cost of living for years past has been and still is advanc-
ing rapidly while salaries remain the same, with the result that the younger
men hesitate to assume family responsibilities and the older ones with families
find themselves overcome by the constantly increasing expenses with no increase
in income with which to meet them. There is one man in my office who receives
$60 per month and from this amount must support himself and his aged mother.
With his rent paid, he has but a trifle over $1 per day to buy food, clothes,
medicines, etc., for two persons. I have in a previous communication requested
an increase in his salary, and hope that it may be granted ; also that the other
members of my force may receive increases commensurate with their work and
such as will offset the increased cost of living which is with us in fact.

C. L. Gbeen, Inspector in Charge.

APPENDIX III.

REPORTS OF COMMISSIONERS AND

INSPECTORS IN CHARGE OF

DISTRICTS.

187

APPENDIX III.

REPORTS OF COMMISSIONERS AND INSPECTORS IN CHARGE OF

DISTRICTS.

REPORT OF UNITED STATES COMMISSIONER OF IMMIGRATION FOR

CANADA, IN CHARGE OF DISTRICT NO. 1, COMPRISING ALL CANA-
DIAN SEAPORTS AND THE ENTIRE CANADIAN BORDER.

I beg to submit the following report i^ertainiiig to immigration matters in
district No. 1 for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1914 :

Class A. Aliens manifested on board steamships and examined at ports of
arrival under the immigration laws of the LTnited States:

Number examined at Canadian Atlantic seaports 46,959

Number examined at Canadian Pacific seaports 1, 384

Total 48,843

Percentage debarred at Atlantic seaports. 1.84.
Percentage debarred at Pacific seaports, 0.21.

Regarding aliens shown in above figures as seeking entry to the United States
at Canadian Atlantic seaports and Canadian Pacific seaports the following
summary will show the manner in which their cases were disposed of:

Admitted on primary examination 45.109

Admitted by board of special inquiry 2,053

Admitted outright on appeal 76

Admitted on bond 104

Total admitted 47, 342

Admitted by board of special inquiry 2,070

Debarred by board of special inquiry 1,049

Examination not completed 72

Total held for board of special inquiry 3. 191

Admitted outright on appeal 76

Admitted on bond 104

Debarred on appeal 195

Total appeals decided 375

Causes for exclusion :

Imbeciles 1

Feeble-minded 14

Insane 7

Tuberculosis 4

Trachoma 56

Favus 2

Other dangerous and contagious diseases 8

Likely to become public charges 628

Contract laborers 71

Section 11 14

LTnder 16 years, unaccompanied 40

Assisted aliens 1

Criminals 19

Prostitutes 2

Procurers 1

Passport provision, section 1 1

Total 869

189

190 EEPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

Class B. Aliens coming originally to Canada, and who sought entry to
the United States within 1 year from date of arriA'al :

Total number examined 20.966

Total number debarred 2,185

Percentage debarred. 10.42.
Class C. Aliens who entered Canada via the United States and aliens
from the United States who sought reenti'y thereto within 1 year :

Total number examined 16,515

Total number debarred 1,465

Percentage debarred, 8.87.
Class CC. Aliens claiming residence of more than 1 year in Canada, but
who were unable to give satisfactory proof thereof:

Total number examined 3,824

Total number debarred 564

Percentage debarred, 14.74.
Class D. Aliens who api^lied for admission to the United States after
a residence of more than 1 year in Canada, the transportation lines
being exempt from payment of head tax as to this class:

Total number examined 17.909

Total number debarred 2, 295

Percentage debarred, 12.81.
Class E. Citizens of Canada entering the United States for permanent
residence :

Total number examined 45, 893

Total number debarred 3,083

Percentage debarred, 6.71.
Aliens debarred at border stations, but not included in above figui'es,
who applied for admission to the United States for temporary
sojourn 760

Total number examined at border stations 105, 867

Regarding aliens shown in above figures as seeking entry to the United States
at Canadian border ports of entry, the following summary will show the
manner in which their cases were disposed of:

Admitted on primary examination 55,473

Admitted by board of si^ecial inquiry 39,891

Admitted outright on appeal M59

Admitted on bond ^17

Total admitted 95, 364

Admitted by board of si>ecial inquiry 39.891

Debarred by board of special inquiry ^10,352

Examination not completed 151

Total held for board of special inquiry 50, 394

Admitted outright on appeal 159

Admitted on bond 17

Debarred on appeal 1,306

Total appeals decided 1,482

Causes for exclusion :

Idiots 5

Imbeciles ■ 6

Feeble-minded 35

Epileptic 13

Insane 48

Tuberculosis 88

Trachoma 587

Favus 30

Other dangerous and contagious diseases 86

1 Included in above as debarred.

3 Includes 176 aliens subsequently admitted on appeal.

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. 191

Causes for exclusion — Continued.

Beggars 24

Paupers , 11

Likely to become public charges 6,610

Surgeon's certificate —

Physically defective 44

Mentally defective 32

Contract laborers , 1, 495

Section 11 57

Under 16 years, unaccompanied 228

Assisted aliens 323

Criminals 289

Polygamists ^ 3

Prostitutes 193

Procurers 142

Passport provision section 1 20

Receiving proceeds of prostitution 3

Total 10,352

Chinese examined 988

Number debarred 53

Percentage debarred, 5.36.

For the year covered by this report 3,013 aliens were refused examination,
owing to nonreceipt of guaranty of payment of head tax. There were also
1,535 returned from the border for board of special inquiry hearing who failed
to present themselves for such examination ; also 1,586 referred to board of
special inquiry from railway stations and wharves at interior points in Canada
where the bureau's ofiicers are located who likewise failed to present themselves
for examination, and these three classes may very properly be added to the
number debarred.

Grand total of border class debarred 16,486

Percentage debarred, 14.72.

Grand total examined 161,332

Grand total debarred 17,408

Percentage grand total debarred, 10.78.

Number of United States citizens returning from Canada 44,013

During the past year, as will be noted above, 48,343 aliens destined to United
States points were examined by our officers at Canadian seaports. These flgui'es
practically duplicate the arrivals for the fiscal year previous. While aliens
arriving by the Canadian lines continued satisfactory from a health point of
view, yet it will be noted that exclusion at the Canadian ports increased more
than 100 per cent. Officers on duty at these ports, in accordance with the
bureau's wishes, have exercised extreme care in the examination of aliens
coming before them.

Where applicants destined to congested centers were without reason-
able funds, and without relatives or friends at destination capable of assisting,
boards of special inquiry have been resorted to, and this more careful pro-
cedure has resulted in the debarment of a much greater percentage of appli-
cants than has characterized the work of inspection at Canadian ports in the
past.

During the earlier portion of the past fiscal year our service met with no
end of trouble because of large numbers of aliens being booked to Quebec and
Montreal who were in reality destined to points in the United States. For a
considerable length of time aliens of this class continued to come by every
steamer, until it became necessary to appeal to the steamship officials, the
Dominion immigration service, and local consuls representing countries whence
such aliens came to aid our service in putting an end to the fraudulent mani-
festing of these passengers. Drastic action was required to destroy the prac-
tice. Upon arrival of steamers all aliens booked to Canada were closely ques-
tioned by the Canadian authorities as to real destination. If found improperly
manifested immediate deportatiou was resorted to, and as soon as foreign
booking agents became aware that this policy would prevail at Canadian ports
our troubles from fraudulent manifesting came to an end.

192 BEPOKT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.
ALIENS EXAMINED AT BORDER PORTS.

The number of aliens examined at border ports of enti*y during the last fiscal
year was 17,254 in excess of the number handled in any year previous, the total
being 105,867. There were pei-iods during the year at certain localities along
the border where the aliens excluded equaled 25 per cent of the number
examined. As will be seen by the tables above, the rejections at the border
for the entire year — 14.72 per cent — have never been so numerous. Labor con-
ditions in Canada were unsatisfactory practically during the entire year.
Large numbers of laborers had wintered in Canada unemployed, with the expec-
tation of readily finding work in the spring ; but their services being uncalled
for, an exodus to the United States of thousands of these workmen was a con-
dition with which our oQicers suddenly found themselves confronted.

It will not be diflicult to understand the perplexities which attended the
inspection of aliens at the border ports when consideration is given to the facts
that hundreds of such applicants were of a class whose admission would have
involved little or no risk had they not been practically without funds and had
not the labor markets at points of intended destination appeared already to be
fully supplied. The exclusion of laborers because of lack of funds and scarcity
of employment in the United States naturally aroused some complaint, but the
course pursued by our inspectors would seem but a reasonable and proper
exercise of the power conferred upon immigration officers in the act defining
the status of such officers, for in determining whether an alien applicant for
admission to the country will be likely to suitably maintain himself it would
seem of the utmost importance that members of boards of special inquiry care-
fully weigh all information procurable relative to industrial and labor condi-
tions at the given destination of those examined.

DISTRIBUTION OF ADMITTED ALIENS.

In its letter of May 29. containing instructions pertaining to the preparation
Of annual reports, the bureau has particularly invited comment from its various
officers in charge upon the subject of proper distribution of admitted aliens.
Touching this subject only briefly, in response to the bureau's invitation for
comment on the question of how best to accomplish the distribution of admitted
aliens so as to prevent the congestion in urban centers, it seems doubtful
whether any one plan can be devised that will provide the complete relief de-
sired, but it is firmly believed that much advantage can be gained by resorting
to all three of the plans here noted :

1. Adoption of the Federal labor-exchange system, similar to that now in use
throughout Germany and England.

2. Cooperation between the bureau's officer in charge of the division of dis-
tribution and its commissioners of immigration and the officer or officers of the
various State governments having charge of immigration matters, to the end
that a practicable plan may be devised whereby admitted immigrants may be
moved to those interior localities where help is in demand.

3. Stimulate distribution to the more sparsely settled portions of the country
among arriving immigrants themselves by a vigorous dissemination among
steamship officials, booking agents. American consuls abroad, and similar for-
eign officials residing in the United States of the information that henceforth
it will be the policy of our Government to rigorously apply the " likely to become
a public charge " provision of the immigration law to arriving aliens who may
be destined to urban centers already congested and where unemployment is
known to exist.

ENFORCEMENT OF ALIEN CONTRACT-LABOR LAWS.

Because of the cordial support given them by the department, the bureau's
officers in this district have been enabled during the past year to do work of
a highly satisfactory character in the way of enforcing our alien contract-labor
laws. As regards aliens seeking entry to the United States in consequence of
" offers," " promises," or " agreements," or because of having been " assisted,"
" encouraged," or " solicited " to migrate for the purpose of taking employment,
the observance of a policy requiring officers to discriminate in favor of the
alien whose occupation might be more mentnl than manual, thus rendering the
law effective against aliens following the pursuits common to manual laborers,
to a very large degree robbed the alien contract-labor law of its vitality, and

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

193

in addition gave rise to no end of criticism because of tlie discrimination re-
ferred to. Under present instructions, however, our oflBcers are made to feel
that it is the desire of the department that the alien contract-labor laws be
made to apply with equal strictness to all aliens seeking entry to the country,
except those specifically exempted in the act itself.

By reference to page 189 it will be seen that as regards aliens of class A
(arrivals at Canadian seaports having United States destinations) the number
excluded as contract laborers was comparatively small, but the table next
hereafter given will afford a fairly good idea as to the work which our officers
have in hand to prevent violations of the contract-labor laws along the Canadian
border, where no less than 1,570 aliens were excluded for the cause mentioned
during the past fiscal year.

Table showing number of aliens debarred as coming to the United States in
violation of the alien contract labor laws, the number of said aliens who
appealed, and the disposition of said appeal cases.

Ports.

Total aliens
debarred
as alien
contract
laborers.

Total who
appealed.

Total ad-
mitted on
appeal.

Total
whose ap-
peals were
dismissed.

Atlantic seaports:

Quebec, Province of Quebec.
Halifax, Nova Scotia

Total Atlantic seaports

Border stations:

Buffalo,N. Y

Blaine, Wash

Cleveland, Ohio

Detroit , Mich

Eastport, Idaho

Duluth, Minn

International Falls, Minn

Halifax, Nova Scotia

Houlton, Me

Montreal, Canada

Lewiston, N. Y

Marcus, Wash

Newport , Vt

Niagara Falls, N. Y

Oroville , W'ash

Port Huron, Mich

Portal, N. Dak

Quebec, Province of Quebec.

St. John, New Bnmswick

Sault Ste. Marie, Mich

Sweet Grass, Mont

Sumas, Wash

Vancouver, British Columbia
Victoria, British Columbia. . .

Winnipeg, Manitoba

Yarmouth, Nova Scotia

Total border

Grand total ■

75

175
40

3
70
15

2
16
18

8
272

9

1
45
111
13
56
75

4
15
35
12
45
215
14
219

7

43

1,495

1,570

23

27

167

1 No transactions at Pacific seaports.

Percentage of appeals sustained, 5.97.

There are but two substations in this district having inspectors employed by
virtue of authority contained in section 24 of the immigration law, namely,
Buffalo and Detroit.

The inspector (sec. 24) assigned to duty at Buffalo has displayed unusual
intelligence and energy in the performance of his official duties, and his work
in consequence has been of an effective and satisfactory character. Said officer
was actively identified during the year with the investigation of 34 separate
important contract-labor cases, though such cases afford no index to the as-
sistance which he cheerfully rendered in connection with general immigration
work.

60629°— 15 13

194

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

' Of these 34 cases, one case was settled in court for $1,500, three are pending
in court, one for $1,000 and one for $9,000, and in one a compromise for $500
and costs was agreed to.

At Detroit experience liad thus far with the extra help authorized by section
24 of the immigration law can not be said to have been of a satisfactory char-
acter. The incumbent in the position mentioned is practically a new appointee
and has yet to become thoroughly acquainted with the work for which apiwinted.

It is believed that with greater experience this officer's services will become
more valuable, in which event the inspector in charge at Detroit will suffer less
of a handicap in the matter of help for investigations that are so necessary when
attempted infractions of the alien contract-labor law are being dealt with.

Twenty alien contract-labor cases were investigated at the Detroit office, with
only fair results.

INVESTIGATIONS.

Referring to the instructions contained in the bureau's letter of May 29,
relative to officers in charge furnishing data concerning " number of investiga-
tions made regarding alien applicants," the following tal>le will show the amount
of work of this character performed by inspectors in this district during the
past year.

To avoid duplication I have not undertaken to supply, separately, data con-
cerning investigations conducted in connection with Chinese applicants, for the
reason that all such data will be supplied by the officers in charge of districts
whence applications for investigations emanated.

Report of investigations conducted concerning alien applicants for admission,
miscellaneous investigations, and investigations reqtiested made hy officers in
district No. 1 covering the fiscal year 191 Jf.

Investigations made.

Investigations requested made.

Ports.

Investiga-
tions
concerning
alien appli-
cants for
admission.

Miscellan-
eous inves-
tigations
conducted.

Total inves-
tigations
conducted.

Favorable

report
received.

Unfavor-
able report
received.

Total inves-
tigations
requested
made.

Buffalo.N. Y

76

91
2

167

2

1

1

1

95

10

141

37

9

1

5

4

9

i"

Blaine, Wash

1

1
60
10

1

1

2

Clayton, N. Y

Chiarlotte, N. Y

35

Cape Vincent, N. Y

1

1

Detroit Mich

141

28

Duluth, Minn . . . .

9
9
1

Eastport, Idaho

13

5 1 is

84
3

91
3

175

International Fails, Minn

9

17
4

26

4

6

Montreal, Canada

137

118

265

Malone, N. Y

3

8
29

11

29

3

1

16
15
10

3

Nyando, N. Y

1

Niagara Falls, N. Y

16

2
3
6

489
2

i

4

2

4

Ogdensburg, N. Y

15

3

Port Huron, Mich.

10

6
150

12

639

St. John, New Brunswiclc

2

5

99

104

1

1

5

Van Buren, Me

1
2

1
2

23

Waddington, N. Y.

23

16
4

16
1

32

Victoria, British Columbia .

5

2
3

3

Winnipeg, Manitoba

73

48

121

Total

332

383

715

844

446

1,300

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. 195
PROSECUTIONS FOR VIOLATIONS OF THE IMMIGRATION LAWS.

The tabulation next following gives the information asked for by the bureau
for annual report purposes, regarding prosecutions in this immigration district
for the past fiscal year.

An interesting feature of the prosecutions under section 3 of the immigration
act in tlie following tables is that no less than six of the cases represent the
prosecution of immoral women because of reentering after i:)revious deportation.
AVhile the sentences imposed in this class of section 3 cases have not been par-
ticularly drastic, ranging from 10 days to 9 months and averaging only about
4 months, it is believed that they were sufficiently severe to have a salutary
effect for the future.

During the past fiscal year no cases of importation for purposes of prostitu-
tion, where proof of that fact could be obtained sufficient to warrant prosecu-
tion for that cause under section 3, were handled in this jurisdiction. The
cases prosecuted, other than those of returning immoral women above alluded
to, represent couples who were coming to the United States to live together,
either for a short time or permanently. Some of tliese cases involved those who
were deserting their own spouses and families for the illicit purpose mentioned
and the aggravated circumstances in some instances where the importer had suc-
ceeded in breal\ing up a theretofore happy home circle accounts for the severity
of some of the sentences imposed. In other cases both parties seemed equally
at fault, and. the circumstances indicating that no permanent residence in the
United States was intended, but light sentences were given.

It is also apparent from the following tables that there is a decided variance
in different judicial districts as to the seriousness with which violations of sec-
tion 3 are regarded. An offense for which Congress has imposed a maximum
penalty of $5,000 fine and 10 years imprisonment seems to be treated by some
courts as of no more gravity that would be a charge of disorderly conduct in a
police court. There is also the disposition in some jurisdictions to regard very
lightly those violations of section 3 where prostitution is not involved. Since the
decision of the United States Supreme Court showing that importation for
immoral purposes other than prostitution violates the statute, releases on sus-
pended sentences or exceedingly light fines or jail sentences which result quite
frequently in some districts seem painfully inadequate. Without doubt justice
should be tempered with mercy in some cases, but to follow this practice to
too great an extent leads to the conclusion that the law can be violated with
comparative impunity and has a depressing effect upon the bureau's officers
who are zealously trying to enforce the law.

There were two cases under section 6 of the white slave traffic act, in both
instances the offenders receiving one year and one day imprisonment at hard
labor. Only one of these involved traffic in prostitution ; the circumstances in
the other case were such, however, by reason of involving the seduction of a
young girl, as to make the sentence imposed one that was richly deserved.

As in the past, those desiring to import women or girls for immoral pur-
poses have not been lacking in a multitude of devices to accomplish their un-
lawful purpose. The officers in this jurisdiction are vigilant, and the prosecu-
tions under section 3 set forth below show that the bureau's inspectors have
been successful in bringing about the punishment of a number of offenders ;
the subjoined tables, too, represent only a small portion of the cases in which
the plans of these immoral persons have been thwarted, although the evidence
obtainable was not sufficient to justify prosecution.

Civil actions and criminal prosecutions concluded during the fiscal year ended
June 30, lOl'i, other than those relating to Chinese cases.

[This table only includes cases where the Government was sustained.]

DISTRICT OF VERMONT.

Name of defendant.

Section violated.

Result.

Julian Gamelin

3, immigration act

Pleaded guilty; 6 months.
Do.

Emile Dubois

do

Sebastiano Scandura

8, immigration act

Pleaded guilty; $60 and costs.
Pleaded guilty; $120.
Do.

Levi Groteau

4'and Sjlmmigration act

do

H. W.Chase

196 EEPOET OF COMMISSIONER GENEEAL OF IMMIGRATION.

Civil actions and criminal jyrosecutions conclwded during the fiscal year ended June 30,
i914, other than those relating to Chinese cases — ^Continued.

NORTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK.

Name of defendant.

Section violated.

Result.

Peter Vechie

6, white-slave traffic act

Convicted; 1 year and 1 day.
Pleaded guilty; 60 days.
Pleaded guilty; 1 year and 1 day.
Pleaded giiilty; $50.
Convicted; 2 years and 3 months.
Forfeited $1,000 bail. Subsequently ar-
rested; pleaded guilty; sentence suspended.
Pleaded guilty; 1 year and 1 day.
Pleaded guilty; sentence suspended.

Matteo Mongeluzzi

Gordon Martin

do

AVencelaus Gregoire

do. ..

Giuseppe Stupillo

do....

Sam Flemma

do

John White

6, white-slave traffic act

Walter Snow

Alfred Stone

do

David Latour

3 and 8, immigration act

Pleaded guilty; $250 and 1 year and 9 months.

WESTERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK.

Alexander Dakicz

Fred'k Reavly Grainger.

Domenick Milszak

James Vincent McKee...

Salvatore Morabite

Leonardo Caro

Johan Fritz

Fiori D'Agostino

Joseph B. Cholodienko..

3, immigration act

8, immigration act

3, immigiation act

do

8, immigration act

do

3 and 8, immigration act.

3, immigration act

3 and 8, immigration act.

Pleaded guilty; $1 and 10 days.

Pleaded guilty; $15.

Pleaded guilty; $10 and 1 day.

Do.
Pleaded giiilty; $25 and 1 day.

Do.
Pleaded guilty; $25; committed in default

of payment.
Convicted; $25; remitted.
Pleaded guilty; sentence suspended.

EASTERN DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN.

Anna M. Burr

Jane Sterling

Martin Kelly

Capt. Peter Ekbert

Samuel Collins

Norman Woodward

Henrietta Ruth Barton.

Laurence Harlow

Dora Reid

Oscar Mergaert

Margaret Rankin

George Turcott

Jennie Beattie

Anna Neubauer

Ralph C. Connable

Owen Brooks

Joseph Dice

S. McKirdy

Dragica Viikevic

August Simrak

8, immigration act

do

3, immigration act ,

8 and 18, immigration act. .

3, immigration act

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

do

8, immigration act

do

3, immigration act

do

do

do

Pleaded guilty
Pleaded guilty
Pleaded guilty
Pleaded guilty
Pleaded guilty

Do.

Do.
Pleaded guilty
Pleaded guilty
Pleaded guilty
Pleaded guilty
Pleaded guilty
Pleaded guilty

Do.
Pleaded guilty
Pleaded guilty
Pleaded guilty
Pleaded guilty
Pleaded guilty

Do.

$100.

$250.

8 months.

$100.

3 months.

1 year.
10 days.

3 months.
9 months.

4 months.
3 months.

; .51,000.
$500.

6 months.
1 year.
3 months.

WESTERN DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN.

Worcester Lumber Co.

4 and 5, immigration act. . .

Compromised; $1,000.

DISTRICT OF NORTH DAKOTA.

Napoleon Longtin.
Nathan Steinart. .

4 and 5, immigration act

8, immigration act

Pleaded guilty; S25.

Pleaded guilty; $10 and 3 days.

WESTERN DISTRICT OF WASHINGTON (NORTHERN DIVISION).

Sherman Nickaefl

8, immigration act

Convicted; 1 year and 1 day.

Peter Markov

do

Do.

Dris DzansolofI

....do

Do.

Jakob Russiefl

....do

Do.

Pete Mankofl

do

Pleaded guilty; 9 months.

Alessandro Tanucci

do

Pleaded guilty; $150.

HEPOET OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OP IMMIGRATION. 197

Prosecutions pending June 30, 1914 :

Section 3, immigration act I 5

Sections 4 and 5, immigration act 10

Section 8, immigration act 4

All but one of tlie cases under sections 4 and 5 mentioned above are ciA'il
suits, and the total penalties sued for aggregate $35,000.

Prosecutions attempted, but unsuccessful, year ended June 30, 1914 :

Section 3, immigration act 3

Section 4, immigration act 1

Section 8, immigration act 7

Section IS, immigration act 1

Action under section 4 above mentioned was civil in character; all the others
were criminal prosecutions and only include those cases in which indictment
had been procured but prosecution was not successful. The above table does not
include a number of cases where the facts were presented to United States
attorneys for consideration as to prosecution, but where such action was deemed
inadvisable; neither does it include cases presented to United States commis-
sioners where defendants were not held for grand juries, or where, if held,
the grand juries failed to indict.

Writs of habeas corpus in immigration cases, year ended June 30, 1914 :

Number applied for 6

Number granted 5

Number denied ^ 1

Writs sustained 3

Writs dismissed .! 1

Writs withdrawn 1

DEPORTATIONS WITHIN THREE YEARS OF ENTRY.

The attention of the bureau is particularly invited to the appended tables
showing the number of aliens who, within three years from date of landing,
were returned during the past year, under department warrant procedure, to
the countries whence they came.

Deported via An<erican ports during fiscal year ended June 30, 1914 :

Males 318

Females 177

Total 495

Causes :

Criminals 33

Procurers 31

Prostitutes 48

Insane 71

Public charges ^- 274

Public charges, tuberculosis 24

Dangerous contagious disease 8

Alien contract laborers 5

Polygamist 1

Deported via Canadian ports during fiscal year ended June 30, 1914 :

Males 106

Females 29

Total 135

Causes :

Criminals 4

Alien contract laborer 1

Procurers 4

Prostitutes- 5

Insane i 21

Public charges 92

Public charges, tuberculosis 8

198 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

Deported to Canada during fiscal year ended June 30, 1914 :

Male^ 207

Females 122

Total 329

Causes :

Criminals 42

Alien contract laborers IS

Procurers 18

Prostitutes 44

Insane 17

Public charges 155

Entry uninspected 32

Dangerous contagious disease 3

Deported to Canada via otlier districts during fiscal year ended June 30,
1914:

Males 65

Females - 47

Total 112

Causes :

Criminals 14

Alien contract laborers 2

Procurers 4

Prostitutes 18

Insane 15

Public charges 56

Illegal entry - 3

Summary of deportations fiscal year ended June 30, 1914 :

Pending July 1, 1913 222

Reported during year 1,562

Total 1,784

Deported from United States ports 495

Deported to Canada 329

Deported from Canadian ports 135

Deportetl by other districts to Canada 112

Warrants applied for and not issued 25

AVarrants canceled 356

Pending June 30. 1914 332

Deportations from Canada to the United States for the fiscal year ended
June 30, 1914:

Deported- 381

Pending 44

Cases dropped — either not United States citizens or released by Cana-
dian authorities before their citizenship could be established 129

Total 554

Causes :

Procurers 1

Prostitutes 15

Insane 38

Public charges 104

Entry uninspected- 20

Criminals 1 203

Including 222 cases pending July 1, 1913, and 332 cases not entirely disposed

of at the close of the fiscal year just past, no less than 1,784 cases were given
attention by officers in this district, the actual deportations numbering
1.071. It will be noted that 112 of the above depoi'tations were made to Canada

by officers identified with other immigration districts, after arrangements had

been made with the Dominion Grovernment by this office whereby these depor-

EEPOET OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. 199

tatious were made possible. Wbeu we consider tlie cost of caring for the
above large number of aliens pending their final disposal, the labor and expense
Involved in the hearings and investigations required under the immigration
act, and finally the outlay of Government funds necessary to accomplish de-
portation, these tables seem to present a most convincing argument in favor of
the tightening of immigration inspection throughout the entire service.

During the year covered by this communication the Dominion immigration
authorities reportetl 554 citizens of the United States who had been found de-
portable under Canadian law. Deportation was actually accomplished in 381
of these cases. Tlie uudeported represent cases (a) where the person whose
deportation was sought had escapetl; (b) whose prison sentence had expired,
discharge being necessary before investigation as to claims to United States
citizenship could be completed; and (c) persons allowed to remain in Canada
upon production of guaranty of support satisfactory to the Dominion author-
ities.

As stated in previous reports, the deportation of United States citizens from
Canada presents one of the most difficult problems with which this office has to
deal, especially where the person deported is insane or requires continuous
public support. The work involved in arranging for public institutions to which
members of the above class may be taken by the Dominion officials is infinitely
greater than is the effort to arrange for the deportation of aliens from our own
country, and it is therefore felt that this office has actually been called upon to
deal with 2,338 deportation cases during the past year.

JAPANESE AND HINDU IMMIGRATION.

In its letter directing preparation of this report, the bureau suggested :
" Japanese and Hindu immigration should be covered specially by reports from
ports and stations where these subjects are of particular significance."

So far as this district is concerned, the inspection of Hindus and Japanese is
confined exclu.sive]y to the British Columbia end of the district, and the inspec-
tor in charge at Vancouver was therefore called upon for reports which would
place before the bureau the exact situation, so far as our service is concerned,
with regard to aliens of the Hindu and Japanese races, such reports being as
follows :

" In considering the question of emigration of Japanese from the Province
of British Columbia it will be necessary, in a sense, to discuss it from an eco-
nomic viewpoint, due to the fact that the Japanese residents of this district, of
which there are about 11,000, have entered into the business life of the Prov-
ince to such an extent that they have supplanted the white race and at the
present time strenuous efforts are being made to overcome this and restore the
white man to the position he occupied previous to the coming of the Japanese.

" One of the principal industries of this Province is the curing and canning
of salmon and herring. The herring trade, in catching, curing, and exporting,
has been entirely monopolized by Japanese, and in the salmon Industry prac-
tically all of the fishing is done by Japanese. To do this they have been re-
quired to become Canadian citizens, and by reason of their industry practically
control all of the fishing Incident to supplying the canneries with salmon, the
canneries being owned and controlled by white men.

" A large number of Japanese also follow the mercantile pursuits and the
number engaged in these lines is constantly increasing.

"The Japanese is a law-abiding individual. In most instances he brings
his wife and family to Canada, establishes a home, and in so far as his in-
dustry is concerned can not be considered undesirable. From the viewpoint
of his becoming a part of the people of the community and becoming assimi-
lated with the other races, he is a decided failure, for he has his own colony in
the city and very few Japanese live outside It. Japanese schools are maintained
and, while a few of the Japanese children attend the public schools, the majority
of them attend these Japanese schools, where the language and ideals of the
race are perpetuated. In every Japanese colony will be found a Japanese
association made up of leading business men of the colony, and this organization
looks after the interests of its countrymen and uses every legitimate means
to advance the interests of the Japanese.

" During the last three or four years there has been very little immigration
of Japanese from British Columbia to the United States, due to the fact that
each applicant is required to meet all the requirements of the immigration law,
and very few are able to do this. Previous to the year 1907 a large number of
Japanese laborers who had been issued passports to the United States migrated
to Canada, they no doubt giving their destination at the time the passports
were issued as some place in the United States. They were sold tickets to

200 EEPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

Vancouver or Victoria, Canada, and there caused to disembark by the trans-
portation companies, later applying for admission to the United States. The
reason the transportation companies did this was to prevent their being re-
quired to transport the applicant to Japan in the event of his being debarred at
a United States ocean port, for in the event of the applicant not being admitted
he would only be returned to Canada, the last country from which he came,
thereby saving the transportation companies considerable money and also still
allowing the alien to remain on the American Continent. A large number of
this class were debarred and remained in Canada, and it is not an infrequent
occurrence for these Japanese to apply for admission at the present time with
a passport issued to the United States, but very few of them are able to pass
inspection and they therefore remain in Canada.

" It is generally conceded by any person who has given any attention to the
question that unrestricted Japanese immigration to the United States is not
desirable, and Congress in its wisdom has seen fit to place certain restrictions
upon it, thereby removing any danger of any great number migrating direct;
but outside of the Japanese laborers who hold passports limited to Canada who
come under this congressional restriction, no restriction is placed other than
that provided, for in the general immigration law. Consequently, there are a
very large number of Japanese laborers who have resided in Canada for a num-
ber of years who hold passports In which the original destination is given as the
United States.

" Besides those above mentioned there are about 6,000 Japanese who are
citizens of Canada who also do not come under the congressional restriction
placed upon the admission of Japanese generally. It can readily be seen that,
although the United States is protected from the immigration of Japanese to this
country from Japan by special treaty, no restrictions other than those found in
the general immigration law can be applied against approximately two-thirds of
the 11,000 Japanese residents of British Columbia if for any reason they should
decide to migrate to the United States. The citizenship granted to Japanese by the
Canadian Government carries with it very few rights or privileges as compared
with naturalization in the United States, as the only privilege received is that
of securing a fishing license. Citizenship which does not grant full privilege
can not be looked npon as of much importance, and the desirability of such an
alien as an immigrant to the United States must be handled from the viewpoint
of his still being a Japanese.

" The migration of Japanese to the United States direct from Japan through
this jurisdiction comprises only such Japanese as hold passports destined to the
United States, and the number is comparatively small.

" The question of migration of Hindus from British Columbia to the United
States is at the present time of such vital importance that it is felt that special
consideration should be given it, due to the fact that there are residing in
British Columbia at the present time from three to four thousand Hindus, the
great majority of whom are employed as laborers in various sawmills of the
Province and in clearing land for corporations having large holdings in this
Province. Practically all of these people are conti-oUed by a few of the better-
educated Hindus and are exploited by them in any manner which will produce
the most revenue for the exploiter.

"Although a very strong prejudice exists against the Hindu here, he is never-
theless industrious, and I am informed by a local Hindu who is considered
reliable that out of 3.500 residing in the Province only about 400 are idle, but
my Informant states that there is a strong probability that the number without
work will increase in the near future, as there is a movement on foot to replace
Hindu labor with white labor. The officers of various municipalities in the
Province are cooperating and. are endeavoring to formulate a polic.y by which
contracts for supplies will be given only to such corporations as employ white
labor. If it becomes possible for them to do this, there will be a large number of
Hindus, as well as other Asiatics, thi'own upon the labor market, and it will be
then that the question of Hindu immigration to the United States from British
Columbia will assume such proportions as to require strenuous action, for the
Hindus at the present time are aware that to secure legal admission to the
United States it is necessary for them to meet all the requirements of the immi-
gration laws, and it has been found from past experience that very few of them
are able to do this. Therefore, knowing that they will be unable to secure
admission legally, their next step will be to enter surreptitiously across the
international border, many miles of which, stretching from the Pacific Ocean to
the Rocky Mountains, by reason of the present small inspection force are

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION, 201

unguarded. The records will show that quite a number of Hindus have
attempted surreptitious entry and have been apprehended ; some of these have
been returned to Canada and others lo India.

"An attempt has been made in the past by the Canadian immigration depart-
ment to debar Hindus coming from India. Several decisions have been made by
the courts which have nullified to a great extent the excluding sections of the
Canadian immigration law, and as a result thereof the local Hindus have not
only been clamoring for, but have been endeavoring to force, the admission to
Canada of the wives of Hindus already residing here, but up to the present
time they have been able to make no progi'ess in this matter.

"At the present time there is lying in the harbor of Vancouver a vessel which
was chartered by a wealthy Hindu and which brought a party of 370 Hindus
to Vancouver for the express purpose of testing the excluding provisions of the
Canadian immigration laws with reference to Hindus. The matter has created
intense feeling against East Indians; mass meetings have been held, and such
a strong prejudice has been worked up as to make attacks upon Hindus by
whites a frequent occurrence. By reason of the intense feeling aroused no
Hindus are attempting to leave the Province, but, on the contrary, it is reported
that quite a number of Hindus from the Pacific Coast States of the United
States are surreptitiously coming to Canada for the purpose of assisting their
countrymen. In the event the courts establish the right of the Hindu to
migrate to Canada, the local Hindus openly claim that thousands of their
countrymen will come to British Columbia. In the event of the courts deciding
against the Hindu in the test case the feeling against the race will be so strong
as to cause many of them to leave the Province. Very few of them will be able
to migrate to India and the only other place for them to go will be to the United
States. If it is found that they are not admissible under the United States
immigration laws, it is felt that there will be a general attempt to secure
admission surreptitiously.

" From the above it can readily be seen that whichever way the question is
decided in Canada it will have a material effect on the question of Hindu emi-
gration to the United States from this vicinity. For if it is decided in favor
of the Hindu, the population of that class no doubt will be increased enor-
mously, and our service will be put to the necessity of fighting back the hordes
which will migrate to Canada ; if decided against the Hindu, he will be practi-
cally forced to leave the Province, and in that event our service will be com-
pelled to make an effort to prevent the thousands who reside here from securing
admission. Regardless of the fact that he may be a good laborer his racial
characteristics and methods of living make him a person with whom the white
race will not assimilate or associate, for his social condition as found in
British Columbia is such as demands considerable adverse critici-sm. A number
of them have been convicted of crimes against children and large numbers for
perjury. They are constantly in court, bringing action against one another, and
stop at no degree of perjury to attain their ends. In fact, in one case which
was brought in the local court, it was proven that a charge of attempted
murder which had been brought by a Hindu against a local resident was the
result of a conspiracy entered into by the Hindu with some of his countrymen
in which one of the Hindus went so far as to inflict a gunshot wound upon his
own person to prove that the local resident had made the attempt. He was
sustained in this by his countrymen, although it was conclusively brought out
at the trial that the defendant in the case was nowhere in the vicinity at the
time the act took place. This is only an instance of what this class will do, and
a large number of other instances of a similar nature could be cited. He is
consequently an undesirable immigrant in a country where it is desirable to
secure the migration of a class of immigrants which in the course of time will
assimilate and build up one strong virile people.

" In closing, this office feels that it can not too strongly call attention to the
fact that the immigration of the Hindu is undesirable, for the mere fact that
practically all of the Hindus are employed at the present time in this Province
while a very large percentage of the white men are unemployed proves con-
clusively that their admission would be detrimental to the interests of the labor-
ing classes. They will take whatever work is offered at whatever wages they
can secure, as their methods of living are such as to make it possible for them
to live at a very low cost. In fact a local attorney in a case before the court
stated, referring to Hindus, ' They can live nicely on 25 cents per day, and all
they make over that is saved, the greater proportion of it being sent to India.'
I would therefore strongly recommend that the inspection force on that por-

202 EEPOET OP COMMISSIONER GENERAL OP IMMIGRATION.

tiou of the international boundary line from the Pacific to the Rocky Mountains
be strengthened to such an extent as to make it possible to keep a proper super-
vision over the avenues by which surreptitious entry is possible."

KEPOBT CONCERNING CHINESE ENTERING THE UNITED STATES THROUGH AND FROM
CANADA FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 1914.

Table 1. — Appeals to department from excluding decisions under Chinese^
exclusion laws, year ended June 24, 191^, (it Vancouver, British Columbia.

Pending at close of previous year 7

Appealed 22

Total 29

Disposition :

Sustained (admitted) 7

Dismissetl (rejected) 14

Withdrawn or disposed of by means other than departmental de-
cision 5

Pending at close of current year 3

Table 2. — Investigations requested regarding departure of applicants and essen-
tial trips by their alleged fathers, year ended June 24, 1914. Chinese
division, Vaivcouver, British Columbia.

Port.

Number.

Verified.

Not veri-
fied.

San Francisco

Seattle

Tampa, Fla. .

Total. . .

Table 3. — Summary of Chinese seeking admission to the United States at Van-
couver, British Columbia, year ended June 24, 1914, by classes.

Class.

Deported.

United States citizens

Wives of United States citizens

Returning laborers

Returning merchants

Other merchants

Members of merchants' families

Students

Travelers

Miscellaneous

Total

Table 4. — Disposition of cases of resident Chinese applying for return certifi-
cates, year ended June 24, 1914, at Vancouver, British Columbia.

Class.

Appli-
cations
sub-
mitted.

Primary disposi-
tion by officer in
charge.

Disposition on ap-
peal.

Total
number

of cer-
tificates
granted.

Total
number

of cer-
tificates

finally
refused.

Pend-

Granted.

Denied.

Sus-
tained.

Dis-
missed.

Native born

148
61
119

125
51
103

23
10
16

4

2

1

7
4

7

129
53
104

14
6
13

5

2

2

Total

328

279

49

7

18

286

33

9

Total number of Chinese departing without making provision for return, 295.

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

203

Table 5. — Applicants for admission, by classes, showing investigations requested
of the different ports, year ended June 2Jt, 191.'/. Chinese division, Van-
couver, British Columbia.

Ports.

Natives.

Sons of
natives.

Wives
of

natives.

Mer-
chants.

Mer-
chants'
sons.

Mer-
chants'
wives.

Mer-
chants'
daugh-
ters.

Section
6.

Mis-
cella-
neous.

Total.

2
6

1

11
13

1

2

3'

2
4
1

1

1

18

28

Philadelpliia

Baltimore

• 2

1
2

1

2

1

3

St. Louis

1

1

1

Helena

1

Portland

1

1

Seattle

2

1

1

4

San Francisco

2

1

3

Cleveland, Oliio . .

1

1

Total

12

28

4

4

11

2

1

1

1

64

Table 6. — Nature of report and disposition of applicants, by ports, year ended
June 24, 1914. Chinese division, Vancouver, British Columbia.

BOSTON.

No.

Favor-
able.

Unfavor-
able.

Neither.

Report
not yet
received.

Disposition of applicant.

Class.

Admit-
ted.

Deported.

Pending.

Natives

2
11

1
2
1
1

2
8
1
1
1
1

2
7
2

Sons of natives

1

1

1

3

I

Wives of natives

Merchants' sons

i

1

Merchants' wives

Merchants' daughters

Total

18

1

2

14

1

13

4

1

NEW YORK.

Natives

6

13

2

3

4

4
1

2
11
2

1
4

6
9
2
3
2

Sons of natives

1

2

2

Wives of natives

Merchants

2

Merchants' sons

2

Total

28

7

20

1

22

2

4

PHILADELPHIA.

Natives

1
1

1
1

1

Merchants' sons . .

1

Total

2

2

1

1

BALTIMORE.

Sons of natives

1
1

1
1

1

1

Wives of natives

Total

2

2

2

CHICAGO.

Natives

1
2

1

1
1

Sons of natives

2

1

Total

3

'

2

2

^04 EEPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATTION.

Table 6. — Nature of report and disposition of applicants, by ports, year ended June 24,
1914. Chinese division, Vancouver, British Columbia — Continued.

ST. LOUIS.

No.

Favor-
able.

Unfavor-
able.

Neither.

Report
not yet
received.

Disposition of applicant.

Class.

Admit-
ted.

Deported.

Peniing.

Merchants' sons

1

1

1

•

HELENA.

Merchants' sons

1

1

1

PORTLAND.

Merchants' wives.

CLEVELAND, OHIO.

Sons of natives 1

SEATTLE.

Natives

2
1

1

2

1

1

2

Merchants

1
1

Wife of United States inter-
preter

Total

4

4

2

2

SAN FRANCISCO.

Merchants' sons

2
1

1 1

2

Section 6 merchant

1

1

Total

3
^4^

1

1 1

1

2

Grand total . .

10

3 49

2

45

12

7

Table 7. — Cases returned for further investigation, year ended June 24, 1914.
Chinese division, Vancouver, British Columbia^.

Port.

Natives.

Sons of
natives.

Wives of
natives.

Mer-
chants.

Mer-
chants'
sons.

Mer-
chants'
wives.

Mer-
chants'
daugh-
ters.

Total.

Boston

1

2
3

1

I
1

1

1

6

New York

1

1

6

Cleveland

1

Philadelphia

1

1

Chicago

1

1

Total

1

7

1

1

3

1

1

15

Table 8. — Number of Chinese rejected, number admitted on appeal, and numher
deported, year ended June 2't, 191Jf. Chinese division, Vancouver, British
Columbia.

Class.

Admitted
on appeal.

Rejected
at port.

Dejjorted.

Native born

3

10
3
1
2

10

4

Other citizens

5

7

1

1

Other merchants

2

Merchants' children

2

9

Total. .. .

7

29

24

Total applicants, 369 ; percentage finally deported, 6.5.

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

205

Table 9. — Chinese miscellaneous report, year ended June 2-'f, 191J{.

British Colunibia.

Vancouver,

United States citizens (Chinese) admitted 161

Alien Cliinese admitted 171

Alien Cliinese debarred 24

Chinese laborers with return certificates departing 101

Wife of deceased merchant with return certificate departing 1

Chinese merchants with return certificates departing 43

Exempt (United States interpreter) 1

Chinese students with return certificates departing 2

Chinese, exempt (missionary), with return certificate departing 1

Native-born Chinese with return certificates departing 121

Table 10.-

-Recapitulation of work performed in Chinese division, Vancouver,
British Columbia, year ended June 24, 1914, by classes.

Applications.

Disposition.

a
&

1

!

p.

o

•a
1

3
o

Eh

Prelimi-
nary.

Final.

Pending at
close of cur-
rent year.

Class allegod.

Rejected.

Admitted.

.2

03

a
K

Q

1
.1
1

<D

m

1

1

1

■a

li

1
8

1

1

PQ

6

1

i
0

1

0

Native born

135

8

33

95

33

16

4

14

8

1

5

2

""e
'"'h'

4

137

8
39
95
33
16

4

19
12

1

5

3

1

133

8

23

92

32

14

4

5

8

1

5

132

1
8
1
1

"■4"
1

"4

133

8

28

92

32

14

4

7

8

1

5

4

Citizens' wives

Other citizens

Returning laborers

Returning merchants. ..

10
3

1
2

5

1

5

27
91
32
14

7
1
1
2

2
2

2

4
2

Other merchants

Merchants' wives

Merchants' children

Students

10

7

2

6
8
1
1

9

2

1
4

3

4

Travelers

Miscellaneous

Total

352

17

369

29

14

325

7

312

20

332

24

6

7

13

Recapitulation:

Citizens

168
184
269
83
25

33

3

128

4

8
9
2
15
4

6

1

1

176
193
271
98
29

39

3

129

5

13

16
8

21
2

10

2
1

6

8

2

12

5

1

156

169

263

62

23

23

1
127

5

5
2

■y

5

159
153
260
52
23

27

1
126

5

2

18
3
17

1
1

161
171
263
69
23

28

1

127

5

11
13
6

18
2

7

2
2

2
4
2
4

2

2

5

....„

4

2

4
9
2
11
4

4

Aliens

Residents

New arrivals

Section b cases

Foreign -bom chil-
dren of natives

Native bom-
No record of depar-
ture

Status previously
determined

Status not pre-
viously deter-
mined

206

REPOET OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

Table 11. — Report of disposition of Chinese seeking udinission to the United
States at the port of Montreal, Canada, year ended June 24, 1914, by classes.

New
applica-
tions.

Disposition.

Preliminary.

Final.

Rejected.

Admitted

by in-
spectors,
male.

Class alleged.

By in-
spectors.

Appeals

dis-
missed

by

depart-
ments.

Deported
male.

Mfirf^>ifirit and native bnm

1
1
1

2

1

1
1

1
1

1

Other citizens

1

Rptnrning mprchants

1

2

Travelers

1

1

Total

6

3

2

3

3

Recapitulation:

2

4
4
2
1
1
1

2

1
1
2

1

1
1

2

2

Aliens

3
3

1

Residents

1

1
1
1
1

1

New arrivals

2

Section 6 cases

1

Foreign-bom children of natives

1

Native bom, status not previously determined . .

1

Percentage of applicants rejected and deported, 50.

Table 12. — Appeals to department from excluding decisions under Chinese-
exclusion laws, fiscal year ended June 30, 1914, at the port of Montreal,
Canada.

Appealed (dismissed, rejected) 2

Table 13. — Chinese miscellaneous report, fiscal year ended June 30, 1914,

Montreal, Canada.

Alien Cbinese admitted 3

Alien Chinese debarred 3

Chinese granted the privilege of transit in bond across land territory of

the United States 761

Chinese denied the privilege of transit in bond across land territory of

the United States 26

Chinese merchants with i-etuin certificates departing 2

Chinese students with return certificates departing 2

Table 14. — Disposition of Chinese applicants at Montreal, Canada, for the privi-
lege of transit through the United States during the fiscal year ended June
30, 19H, hy months.

Month.

July

August

September.
October. ..
November.
December .

January . .
February.

March

April

May

June

1914.

Number of
applicants.

87
82
138
161
94
19

5
27
48
117

Number
admitted.

87
81
135
161
93
13

5
25
45
111

761

Number
rejected.

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

207

Table 15. — Report of ijnhsecutions for Chinese sinugglutg instituted hy officers in
district No. 1 during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1914.

DISTRICT OF VERMONT.

Name.

Result.

W. B. Cobb

Pleaded guilty; sentenced to 9 months in jail. Judge Martin.
Pleaded guilty; sentenced to 1 year and 1 day in penitentiary.

Judge Martin.
Awaiting action of grand jury.

Norman S. Dunn

NORTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK.i

Burt Gillette ' Pleaded guilty; sentence suspended. Judge Ray.

Stephen A. Murray Defaulted bail.

Harry White Pleaded guilty; sentence suspended. Judge Ray.

Lee Sam Pleaded gui'ty; $1,000 fine. Judge Ray.

Judd Clark Pleaded guilty; sentence suspended. Judge Ray.

Duncan J. Johnston I Pending since 1910; convicted and sentence suspended. Judge

Ray.

John Slattery Do.

Frank Schrier Do.

NgYukChing ' Indicted; pending.

Chin Sin Kai Do.

DaTld Mitchell Pending since 1910; convicted and sentence suspended. Judge

Ray.
Ward Toland , Pending since 1911; convicted and sentence suspended. Judge

Ray.

WESTERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK.2

Gustave Winkler

Mclvin Tucket

John Obert

George Schwartzenberg

Thomas O'Brien

Joseph McElroy

Edward Geenan

Carl Wilson

Richard Bleakley

Orman L. Weaver

Pleaded guilty; $75 fine. Judge Hazel.

Pleaded guilty; sentenced to 6 months in jail. Judge Hazel.

Do.
Pleaded guilty; sentenced to 1 year in jail. Judge Hazel.
Indicted; awaiting trial.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

EASTERN DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN.^

George Latour

John Rogers

Lee Poy

John Geiser

William Anderson
Walter Wilcox

Convicted of 3 separate offenses (1 pending since 1911 and 1

pending since 1912) and sentenced to an aggregate of 3 years

m the Detroit House of Correction. Judge Tuttle.
Convicted and sentenced to 6 months in the- Detroit House of

Correction. Judge Tuttle.
Convicted and sentenced to 3 months in the Detroit House of

Correction. Judge Tuttle.
Pleaded guilty; sentenced to 2 years in the Detroit House of

Correction. Judge Tuttle. (Sentence suspended for 1 oflense

pending since 1913.)
Pleaded guilty; sentenced to 2 years in the Detroit House of

Correction. Judge Tuttle.
Convicted and sentenced to 30 days' imprisonment and $100

fine. Judge Tuttle.

WESTERN DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN.*

Doc Wing.

Indicted for bribery in connection with Chinese arrest; await-
ing trial.

1 Cases pending from previous years which have not yet been completed : Joseph La
Barge, Fred S. Santwer.

- Prosecutions for Chinese smuggling, 3.

^ Cases pending from previous years which have not yet been completed : Guy McEnteer,
Frank Wilbur, Dan Etherington, Frank West.

* Prosecutions for Chinese smuggling, 4.

208 EEPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

Table 15. — Report of prosecutions for Chinese smuggling instituted by officers in district
No. 1 during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1914 — Continued.

WESTERN DISTRICT OF WASHINGTON.

Name.

Result.

George Nelson

Pleaded guilty; sentenced to 5 months' imprisonment.
Indicted; awaiting trial.

Peter J. McGregor

RECAPITULATION.

Vermont.

Northern
New
York.

Western
New
York.

Eastern
Michigan.

Western
Michigan.

Western
Wash-
ington.

Total.

Prosecutions pending from pre-
vious years

7

7
9

4

6

6
6

4

13

Prosecutions instituted during
year

3
2

1

10

4

6

1

2

1

1

29

22

Pending at close of fiscal year
1914

1

17

Table 16. — Disposition of cases of Chinese arrested under immigration warrants
by officers in District No. 1 during the fiscal year ended June SO, 191^.

Pending before the department June 30, 1913 3

Pending before courts on habeas corpus, June 30, 1913 12

Arrested under department warrants during the fiscal year 73

Deported under department warrants during the fiscal year — 44

Taken before courts on writs of habeas corpus 15

Writs of habeas corpus dismissed 1

Writs of habeas corpus allowed 4

Aliens discharged by order of courts 3

Warrants canceled by the department 2

Oases in which immigration proceedings dropped and aliens rearrested under

Chinese-exclusion laws 3

Cases pending before courts on writs of habeas corpus 21

Cases pending before the department or inspectors 15

Table 17. — Disposition of cases of Chinese arrested upon United States commis-
sioners' icarrants by officers in District No. 1 during the fiscal year ended
June 30, WUf.

Pending June 30, 1913, before circuit court of appeals 2

Arrested upon commissioners' warrants during year 14

Deported 4

Discharged 4

Cases appealed to district court 6

Appeals dismissed by courts 2

Cases pending before commissioners " 2

Cases pending before district court 6

June 30, 1914, terminated the third year of the enforcement of the Chinese-
exclusion law under an agreement entered into between the Canadian Pacific
Railway Co. and the department whereby all Chinese from the Orient en route
to the United States via the Canadian boundary arriving on said transporta-
tion company's steamers are examined by our officers at Vancouver.

No material change has been noted during the past year in either the char-
acter or volume of our work, and generally speaking conditions have remained
practically the same. The total number of Chinese applying for admission
very nearly corresponds with the number applying during the preceding year.
As in the past, no Chinese found not entitled to enter the United States have
been permitted by the Canadian officials to enter Canada upon payment of the

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. 209

$500 head tax assessed upon Chinese laborers by the Dominion Government,
thus precluding the possibility of their surreptitious entiy into the United
States at a later date. Rejections have been slightly less than during the
previous yeai", which is due to the fact that we have had a little better class
of applicants. But three Chinese of that class known as " raw natives " made
application, one of whom was admitteti and the other two deported.

A slight but steady increase has been noted in the number of Chinese de-
parting who have had their cases favorably passed upon. Those who have
made no i>rovision for return also continue to depart through this port in large
numbers. Many of the latter class are well along in years and presumably
were registered laborers, but rarely are we able to secure their certificate of
residence. Thej' claim either that they never had such a certificate or that it
has been lost or destroj-ed. Quite a few of those departing without provision
for return, however, are comparatively young Chinese who state that they never
had any papers, and it is believed that in a majority of such instances they
entered the United States unlawfully.

A new Canadian immigration building, which has been under consideration
for the past two years or more, is now in actual course of construction, work
having been started on the same about two months ago. This building is to
be located but a short distance from the present one, and an arrangement has
been made by the Canadian Pacific Railway Co. for the United States Chinese
force to have ample quarters on the top floor. It is anticipated, however, that
it will be at least a year before the new building is ready for occupancy.

The Canadian Pacific Railway Co. has continued to carry out in a perfectly
satisfactory manner the terms of the agreement entered Into with the Gov-
ernment, and our relations with the representatives of this company are of
the most pleasant.

CHINESE SMUGGLING.

Referring to another part of this report which pertains to the arrest and
conviction of persons charged with having violated the immigration and Chinese-
exclusion laws, it will be observed that in certain localities along the boi'der
Chinese smugglers have been especially active during the past year. The results
of our efforts to prosecute these offenders suggest that our inspectors have not
been altogether idle.

Enforcement of the Chinese-exclusion laws along the Canadian border was
placed under the control of this oflice July 1, 1909. Notwithstanding there was
a border line of some 4,000 miles to cover, across which Chinese could be smug-
gled at almost innumerable points, thei'e were not to exceed a half dozen in-
spectors allowed exclusively for Chinese work.

The Canadian census of 1911 showed the Chinese population of Canada to be
27,000. Since the taking of the 1911 census an additional 25,000 Chinese have
been admitted to Canada upon payment of the $500 head tax. It is a well-
known fact that the objective point of large numbers of Chinese who effect entry
to Canada is the United States, and the presence of so many 'Chinese in Canada
has proven a veritable harvest for the Chinese smugglers. Yet, notwithstanding
this situation, and the fact that the danger of Chinese smuggling from Canada
has increased a hundredfold since July 1, 1909, owing to inadequate appro-
priations the department has found itself unable to increase our force of
Chinese inspectors even by a single appointment, and for the enforcement of
the Chinese-exclusion laws, so far as this disti'ict is concerned, we have been
compelled to depend almost entirely upon officers employed in regular immi-
gration work, whose time was already more than employed in the inspection
of other aliens coming within the terms of the regular immigration act. Almost
invariably when these officers have been called upon to assist in the enforce-
ment of the Chinese-exclusion laws it has meant extra hours of duty for such
employees, all of which have been contributed without quibble or complaint and
oftentimes at the risk of losing health and even life itself.

Arrest and punishment for the crime of burglary and like offenses constitute
no permanent check against the commission of those crimes, and it may be
taken for granted that the arrest and prosecution of some of the criminals
engaged in the smuggling of Chinese will by no means put an end to that
practice. So long as the present situation in Canada with regard to Chinese
prevails, so long as the smuggling business continues so financially alluring,
and so long as light fines and suspended sentences characterize the action of
some of the Federal courts in dealing with Chinese smugglers who are shown

60629°— 15 14

210 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

to have been chronic offenders and to accomplish whose arrest and conviction
the hardest kind of work and a large expenditure of Government funds were
required, just so long may we look for Chinese smuggling along the northern
border.

If it be the intention of the Government to continue its present policy, then
to even approximate enforcement of the laws relating to Chinese within this
immigration district it is difficult to see how the service is to escape a con-
tinuous and expensive campaign, and rational procedure would seem to demand
immediate strengthening of the border force of insi^ectors so that it will be
sufficient as to numbers, such employees to be so trained and instructed as to
present an aggressive, militant body of officers at all times able to checkmate
the movements of the smugglers who are, by the way, never lacking in either
daring or resources. The present policy contemplates the maintenance of police
and detective power along more than 6,000 miles of land boundary. In order
to acquire information that may lead to the arrest of Chinese smugglers
the bureau's officers are forced to become the associates of the very scum of
the underworld and to resort to methods of procedure that are often far from
complimentary to any self-respecting Government service.

The alternative to the above would be the adoption by Congress of the
infinitely more practicable, far less expensive, and more dignified plan of
directing reregistration of all Chinese now in the United States, all arrivals
thereafter, excepting members of the exempt classes, to be speedily returned
to the country whence they came. Reregistration by districts or States, with
carefully drafted rules requiring those registered when moving from one district
or State to another to report such change of residence to the proper district
officer, would place the bureau in a position promptly to locate those of the
unregistered class by the periodical checking of registration lists.

The adoption of some such scheme as that of reregistration and immediate de-
portation of all unregistered Chinese laborers after a specific date would soon
put an end to Chinese smuggling, for Chinese would quickly tire of paying the
$500 head tax to effect landing in Canada, and thereafter the substantial fee
to the smuggler, only to be deported upon entry to the United States. If the
legislative branch of our Government is desirous of putting a stop to the con-
stant incoming of the Chinese laboring class, it would seem imperative that
provision in law should be made for the immediate reregistration of all
Chinese now in the United States, and the prediction is made that once it be-
comes known that Chinese laborers, other than those accounted for in registra-
tion records, found in the United States are to be expelled with celerity, the
financial attractiveness of the Chinese-smuggling business and the trade of
criminals who now fatten on the profits of smuggling will soon cease.

IMMIGRATION BUILDINGS.

An unusually commodious and well-appointed fireproof immigration building
has just been erected and put into use at Quebec by the Canadian Government.
By arrangement with the Canadian Government and Canadian steamship lines,
strictly first-class accommodations were provided in the above building for the
examination of arrivals destined to the United States, and as soon as pro-
vision can be made for supplying furniture and other equipment for the various
offices set aside for the use of our officers the latter will be in a position to
boast of facilities for the examination of immigrants second to none on this
continent.

At the port of Halifax the Canadian Government is now engaged in the
erection of an immigration building which will practically duplicate the mag-
nificent structure at Quebec, and it is expected that the Halifax building will
be ready for occupancy within a few months. The members of our own serv-
ice will be allotted quarters in the new building at Halifax that should in
every way meet the needs of the service in the work of examining aliens
coming to that port destined to the United States.

As reported under the heading " Chinese entering the United States through
and from Canada," a new immigration building is also under process of con-
struction at A''ancouver in which space will be set aside for the use of the
bureau's employees stationed at that port, and it should be stated that in the
Vancouver building care has been observed to provide proper facilities for the
handling of aliens of the Chinese race who patronize the steamships of the
Canadian Pacific Steamship Co. to the above port.

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

211

Progress has been made also iu arranging for suitable buildings for immi-
gration purposes supplied by transportation lines at various ports of entry along
the border, the quarters provided iu the new Michigan Central Railroad sta-
tion at Detroit being especially worthy of mention. The question of other
buildings at important border points is now under discussion with the lines in-
volved, and every effort will be made to have the buildings asked for supplied
within the current year.

For handy comparison of immigration to Canada with records of immigra-
tion to our own country, the following table is appended through the courtesy of
Hon. W. D. Scott, superintendent of immigration, Ottawa, Canada :

Total immigration to Canada, continental and other sources, for the 12 months

ended June 30, 191^.

Year and month.

British.

Conti-
nental,
etc.

From
United
States.

Total.

1913

July

August

September

October

November

December

1914

January

February

March

April

May

June

Total

14,804
12,975
9,115
7,664
3,593
1,356

362
1,520
5,923
10,032
10, 343
7,115

85,802

16,854
9,165
6,208
5,519
3,451
3,537

1,610
1,620
5,864
13,654
13,411
7,316

9,042
9,681.
9,159
7,450
5,942
4,268

3,398
3,468
10, 124
11,748
8,965
7,573

88,209

90,818

40,700
31,821
24, 482
20, 633
12,986
9,661

5,870
6,608
21,911
35,434
32, 719
22,004

264,829

Occupations of immigrants admitted into Canada from the United States, fiscal
year ended June 30, 191 ).

Year and month.

Farming
class.

Common
laborers.

SkiUed
laborers.

Female
servants.

Not
classified.

Total.

1913

July

August

September

October

November

December

1914

January

February

March

April

May

June

Total

2,471
3,568
3,431
2,307
1,865
1,356

1,029
1,174
5,664
5,900
3,165
2,298

34,228

1,769
1,910
1,833
1,337
941
683

531
590
1,233
1,707
1,678
1,108

2,461
2,111
2,108
1,875
1,512
1,191

976
913
1,683
2,727
2,407
2,246

342
902
234
279
216
180

150
152
206
237
269
363

1,999
1,190
1,553
1,652
1,408

712
639
1,338
1,177
1,446
1,558

15,320

22,210

3,530

15,530

9,042
9,681
9,159
7,450
5,942
4,268

3,398
3,468
10, 124
11,748
8,965
7,573

90,818

212 EEPOET OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

The following tables show immigration movement from the United States to
Canada and from Canada to the United States for the last two fiscal years :

Month.

From Canada to the United States.^

United

States

citizens.

Cana-
dian citi-
zens.

Other
aliens.

Total.

From the United States to Canada. 2

United

States

citizens.

Cana-
dian citi-
zens.

Other
aliens.

Total.

Pending from pre-
vious year

1912.

July

August

September...

October

November . . .
December

1913.

January

February

March

April

May

June

3,735
3,384
4,235
5,619
7,273
6,139

3,139
3,493
3,538
4,496
4,452
4,994

3,042
3,073

4,118
4,641
4,674
3,761

2,975
2,628
3,146
4,903
4,055
3,672

2,880
3,564
3,727
4,041
4,420
3,678

2,629
2,452
2,726
3,926
4,990
5,360

9,657
10,021
12,080
14,301
16,367
13,578

8,743
8,573
9,410
13,325
13,497
14, 026

7,553
8,603
6,894
6,886
5,166
3,739

3,235
3,726
10,851
13,847
9,345
7,815

1,902
1,753
1,276
1,511
1,323
1,252

890
926
1,690
2,430
2,494
1,832

3,102
2,953
2,280
2,084
1,406
772

903
920
2,070
2,983
2,408
1,844

Total.

54,497

44,701

44,413

143,611

87,660

19,279

23,725

Pending from pre-
vious year

1913.

July

August

September . . .

October

November...
December

1914.

January

February

March

April

May

June

4,051
3,876
4,380
5,032
5,131
4,901

2,545
2,476
2,583
3,280
2,936
2,822

3,126
3,405
4,527
5,027
5,414
4,238

2,780
2,317
2,974
4,602
3,929
3,543

6,339

7,701
6,827
6,116
6,886
5,885

3,067
2,668
2,915
3,561
3,412
3,748

13,516
14,982
15, 734
16,175
17,431
15,024

8,392
7,461
8,472
11,443
10,277
10,113

6,003
7,039
6,776
5,043
4,180
2,805

2,174
2,220
7,498
7,699
5,195
4,396

1,615
1,435
1,259
1,443
983
971

787
774
1,615
2,611
2,600
2,325

1,424

1,207

1,124

964

779
492

437

474

1,011

1,438

1,170

852

Total.

44,013

45,893

59,214

149, 120

61,028

18,418

11,372

12,557
13,309
10, 450
10,481
7,895
5,763

5,028
5,572
14,611
19, 260
14,247
11,491

130,664

9,042
9,681
9,159

7,450
5,942
4,268

3,398
3,468
10, 124
11,748
8,965
7,573

90,818

1 Figures show applications for admission to the United States, but do not include aliens arriving at
Canadian seaports having United States destinations.

2 Figures show admissions to Canada, but do not include those arriving at United States seaports hav-
ing Canadian destinations.

John H. Clark, Commissoner.

EEPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF IMMIGRATION AT BOSTON, IN CHARGE
OF DISTRICT NO. 2, COMPRISING THE NEW ENGLAND STATES.

While this report is submitted to me for signature, it should be said that the
year which it covers closed before my appointment as commissioner took effect.
iMy predecessor in office resigned soon after the close of the fiscal year and
before this report was prepared.

The total of arriving aliens at the port of Boston during the year just closed,
81,440, shows a substantial increase over the record of 66,827 for the preceding
year; while the total passenger arrivals for 1913, aggregating 79,272, was far
surpassed in 1914 by a record of 96,334. Immigation for the entire district, on
the other hand, shows a slight diminution in 1914 as compared with 1913, the
totals of arriving aliens being, respectively, 102.421 and 107,118. Table 1, in
the statistical division of this report annexed, shows the variations for the two
years at the ports of Boston, Providence, Portland, and New Bedford.

During the past year four new lines have established a trans-Atlantic passen-
ger service at the port of Boston. An intermittent service has been maintained
by one or two other lines which may eventually establish a regular traffic.

EEPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. 213
ADDITIONS AND IMPROVEMENTS AT IMMIGRATION STATIONS.

We have in past years referred to the inadequate office facilities at ttie Bos-
ton immigration station. Desli room is at a premium ; tlie corridors are piled
high with filing cabinets; stationery and other supplies are packed away in
corners here and there where space may be found. The space used for hearings
by the boards of special inquiry is an interior room with no direct access to
the open air. In warm weather esi^ecially the lack of ventilation constitutes a
positive hardship to the members of the boards who are obliged to sit hour
after hour in a close, hot room. The waiting room used by relatives and
friends who call for the detained immigrants is similarly located.

We dislike to contemplate the havoc that might be, and probably would be,
wrought by a fire if once started in the immigratioA station. The three small
iron safes now installed in the offices accommodate but a part of the current
records. A fire undoubtedly would mean the complete destruction of all records
of immigration at this port since the Federal Government assumed charge. In
the event of a conflagration we should probably be compelled to confine our
efforts to saving the lives of immigrants in the detention quarters.

The antiquated buildings which serve as quarters for an immigration station
at the port of Boston were described in last year's report. The problem of con-
ducting an increasing business at this station becomes more complicated, not
to say hopeless, with each succeeding year.

The monthly average number of occupants in the detention quarters had in-
creased a year ago nearly 50 per cent over the preceding year. For the fiscal
year just ended, however, we have to report a further increase of almost exactly
50 per cent over the record for the fiscal year 1913. Thus the monthly oc-
cupancy for 1912 averaged 46 ; for 1913, 67 ; and for 1914, 131. The difficulty
of maintaining cleanly and sanitary conditions in a wooden building crowded
with immigrants, many of whom are quite unfamiliar with modern standards,
may be better imagined than described.

The medical officer in charge of the station refers in his annual report to the
fact that the detention quarters and their appurtenances are kept in a mechan-
ical state of cleanliness that never fails to elicit favorable comment from
visitors. But in spite of such efforts, he adds, the partitions and ceilings,
which are constructed of matched boards, " have now finally become hope-
lessly infested with vermin." Referring to the dormitories, the medical officer
speaks of the insanitary conditions and the efforts made to prevent morbidity
among the inmates. " For considerable periods during the past year the num-
ber of detained passengers held at the station has averaged over 200, and from
time to time the limit of sleeping capacity has been practically reached.
Catarrhal affections, bronchitis, and tonsilitis or septic sore throats have been
constantly prevalent in spite of the fact that persons showing symptoms of
throat trouble are always immediately removed from the station. Slight
wounds or scratches received by inmates or immigration employees working
about the station almost invariably become infected. During the winter at
least one probable case of typhus fever was removed from the station under
circumstances pointing to possible infection in the station itself. Twice during
the winter it was deemed advisable to remove all the inmates of the station to
the local (municipal) quarantine station and clean them and subject their
clothing to steam disinfection. In the meantime the detention quarters them-
selves were disinfected so far as it was possible to do so."

Occasional complaints and protests on the part of the detained immigrants
are to be expected. Not long since a gentleman addressed his Congressman in
behalf of a sister-in-law who had recently passed through the station. The
complaint charged that the girl had been detained three weeks without oppor-
tunity to secure a change of clothing ; and that while she had been kept from
her belongings the rats had had no difficulty in gaining access to and despoiling
the baggage. Here, certainly, was double cause for complaint. We explained
that the baggage room is located in a separate building so that it is necessary
to send an employee with every detained alien who desires any part of his
baggage, and that a limited force of employees often prevents prompt com-
pliance with the desires of those detained. We also referred to the impossibility
of guarding effectually against rodents. Our letter stated that " the building
in which we are housed is old, the interior of wood construction, and it is
located on a wharf where rats congx*egate in great numbei's. Every effort is
made to make detained aliens comfortable and to protect their baggage. But,
owing to the handicaps of scarcity of help and inadequate quarters under which

214 REPORT or COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

we labor, it is a matter of congratulation that complaints are not more
numerous."

A few months ago a family of detained aliens was reported by one of the
surgeons as showing " in general no tendency to cleanliness, with the result that
their clothing has been found alive with vermin. This has caused numerous
complaints on the part of other inmates trying to keep clean with our limited
facilities." Occasionally, indeed, tlie environment here proves to be literally
intolerable. In such cases the detained immigrant, in preference to availing
himself of the right of appeal, with the consequent necessity of further deten-
tion, elects to return by the first available steamer. Cases of this nature occur
more frequently among English-speaking aliens.

Such conditions can scarcely lay claim to tlie term civilized. What must be
the impressions of our prospective citizens toward the Government that meets
them with this welcome to the promised land? The Government can hardly
excuse itself on the plea that the immigrants come of their own volition and
not at the Government's invitation. The aliens come in good faith, with the
knowledge that they must pass the governmental inspection. It is through no
choice of their own that they become our involuntary guests. The primary
dictates of humanity point the need of radical reform in existing conditions and
standards. There is no sufficient reason why Congress should not be willing
to expend for the proper enforcement of the immigration laws at least the
amount collected from head tax on immigrants. As a matter of fact, less than
half that amount is ordinarily consumed.

But there is a brighter side. The erection of a modern immigration station
at the port of Boston was authorized by an act of Congress aiDproved February
23, 1909. The sum of $100,000 was appropriated, a part of which was sijent for
a site in East Boston. By reason of a proposed change in the harbor line the
original site was exchanged for another, which involved an additional payment.
In succeeding years the sum of $275,000 was added to the original appropria-
tion, making a total of $375,000. Plans were eventually prepared. In June,
1914, somewhat over five years from the date of the authorizing act, the Gov-
ernment is advertising for proposals to erect the station.

At Providence an immigration office was established January 1, 1914, by
the transfer to that port of the inspector formerly in charge at New Bedford.
The office is located in a small, unfinished room on the fourtli floor of the
Federal building. No office furniture, filing or index cabinets have yet been pro-
vided. In submitting his reiwrt for the year the inspector in charge expresses
the hope " that the necessary authority will be granted to fit up an office that
will be in keeping with the dignity due the department and expected by the
public in the case of an immigration office." It appears that Providence during
the past year has attained fifth rank among ports of the United States in re-
spect to volume of immigration.

The Rhode Island State authorities, in cooperation with the municipality, have
erected a fine, modern dock in the hope of securing the establishment of of an
immigration station with a permanent force of employees. Under existing con-
ditions all aliens refused landing, with the exception of those sent to the local
hospitals, are removed by train to Boston and thence transferred in barges to
the immigration station here.

Conditions at Portland remain the same as heretofore. There is no immediate
prospect, at least, of the establishment of an immigration station at Portland,
where, indeed, the fiuctuating conditions may not warrant the investment.

MEDICAL INSPECTION OF IMMIGRANTS.

From the report submitted by the medical division at this station, we have
excerpted a number of items which possess more than ordinary interest.

The conditions affecting medical inspection at Boston have changed mate-
rially during the past year. This is not due so much to increase in volume as
to change in character of immigration and to the difficulties of maintaining an
efficient medical inspection under the peculiar local methods of conducting the
passenger traffic. These methods are necessitated by the lack of an adequate
immigration station and the practice of performing the primary inspection at
a number of widely scattered steamship docks. A total has been reached in a
single day of 3,500 passengers on several ships docking at different points, and
the problem of covering this wide area with a limited force has been a serious
one.

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. 215

And yet the medical inspectors play a most important role in the passenger
traffic of the port, since the proper utilization of the docks and passenger ter-
minals depends primarily upou the expedition with which the medical insi)ection
of arriving aliens can be made. The speed of the immigration inspection is de-
pendent entirely upon the number of immigrants per hour that can be supplied
by the medical inspection. Even the stevedores can not begin their work on
cargo until the docks are cleared of steerage passengers; and when, as fre-
quently happens, the medical inspection is made on shipboard, the deck is not
cleared until the last passenger has beeu passed by the medical inspectors.

But the weakness of the present medical inspection at Boston is due to the
lack of adequate provisions for making what may be called the secondary ex-
amination in the case of those individuals who, at the pxnmary examination,
are recognized and detained as abnormal. The lack is general in its nature.
There is in the first place an insufficiency of medical inspectors. For interpret-
ers in the mental examination of immigrants reliance must be had upon other
immigrants who speak English or upon such interpreters connected with the
Immigration Service as can be spared from time to time. Finally, there are no
hospital accommodations at the immigration station. It thus becomes neces-
sary to transfer a large proportion of those cases requiring extended examina-
tion, physical or mental, to various local hospitals and to depend uix)n the
staffs of those institutions for the actual examinations. And in spite of the
various makeshifts to overcome existing handicaps, tardiness in completing the
medical examination of arriving immigrants has been a subject of frequent and
justifiable complaint.

Statistics for the year show that 4,558 aliens were certified for "conditions
specifically calling for exclusion under the immigration laws or for conditions
which do, permanently or temporarily, affect the ability of individuals to earn a
living." These figures represent 8 per cent of the second-cabin and 5 per cent
of steerage aliens. It is interesting to note that of the total of 4,558 so certified
all but 473 were landed; 446 were deported and 27 were pending at the close
of the fiscal year.

During the year 533 cases were distributed for treatment among seven differ-
ent hospitals in this vicinity regularly utilized for such purpo.se. As compai'ed
with the previous year there is a marked increase in the number of aliens certi-
fied as insane or feeble-minded, as well as in the number of cases of trachoma,
syphilis, and favus.

DESERTING SEAMEN.

The problem of deserting seamen continues in the foreground, and under the
existing law there appears to be slight hope of its solution. The number of
deserters reported by the masters of departing vessels affords little clue to the
facts. In some cases, where desertions are relatively few, it is probable that
correct returns are made. In other cases a partial list may be submitted, while
in still other cases apparently no attempt is made to furnish the Immigration
Service with reports of alien seamen who desert their vessels.

An interesting illustration is afforded by a recent experience in the case of a
deserting seaman that was under investigation. In the absence of any record
at this office of desertions from the vessel by which he arrived recourse was had
to the files of the local consul, where it was discovered that no less than 22 sea-
men, including the one in question, had deserted from the same vessel. There
is reason to believe that desertions are on the increase. Nor is there doubt that
the practice on the part of inadmissible aliens of entering the country in the
guise of deserting seamen long since assumed the proportions of a wholesale
business.

LEGAL ASPECTS OF IMMIGRATION.

We have been somewhat embarrassed this year through the attitude of the
United States district court here in matters affecting the administration of the
immigration laws. Writs of habeas corpus have been granted in medical cases,
especially those of mental defectives, and the court has held that it is within its
jurisdiction to pass upon the correctness of the findings of the board of special
inquiry, and that it may examine an alien and overrule the medical diagnosis
made by officers of the Public Health Service. A specific example is cited by
the medical officer in charge at this station, as follows :

216 EEPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

" Simon Sitner, an easily demonstrable mental defective, certified as feeble-
minded and subsequently reported as feeble-minded by a medical board and
actually used during his period, of detention at the immigration station for the
purpose of demonstratnig mental defectiveness to visiting students in psychiatry,
was found by the court, after examination and on the testimony of physicians
employed by the alien's relatives, to be a ' normal person ' and thereupon ordered
admitted into the country."

The one case that has reached the circuit court of appeals (entitled In re
Felix Petkos) has been decided favorably to the Government's views. In its
decision the court of appeals brings out three important points: (1) In order to
debar an alien as " having a physical defect which may aifect ability to earn
a living," the medical certificate in the case must contain the words " which
may affect ability to earn a living," or equivalent words; (2) if a court decides
that a proper hearing under the immigration law has not been given by this
service, the case is to be returned to us by the court in order that the improper
action may be remedied; (3) a court has no right to release an alien because
the hearing befoi-e this service has not in its opinion been proper.

CONTRACT LABOR.

In this district there are two section 24 inspectors employed for the enforce-
ment of that portion of the immigration act which excludes contract laborers.

Some important work in the enforcement of the contract labor provisions of
the law has been accomplished. A number of investigations in cases of groups
of aliens held by boards of special inquiry at New York, Boston, Montreal, and
other ports disclosed activities on the part of padrones which show that they
continue to be an important factor in the employment of alien laborers. With a
view to developing some effective method of dealing with the situation in this
district, one of the section 24 inspectors suggests that a directory be compiled
of all active "connnunitj^ agencies," such as bankers, steamship agents, grocers,
saloon keepers, boarding-house keepers, etc., for use by the inspectors at Ellis
Island and at other ports of entry. He is of the opinion that the compilation
of this directory could be undertaken incidentally to their other work by the
contract-labor inspectors without material expense. He believes that such a
list would be of much assistance in giving the names and addresses of parties
under suspicion as the mediums for exploiting foreign laborers.

Another section 24 inspector believes, as a result of his experience, that there
are many more violations of the contract-labor laws by aliens from Canada
than is generally supix)sed. He suggests the advisability^ of admitting sus-
pected groups of aliens occasionally, with the view of following them up and
possibly securing evidence that could not be obtained before admittance, which
would implicate the importers as well as the laborers.

Little success has been obtained by the section 24 men in attempts to appre-
hend contract laborers at the time or arrival, since in nearly all cases it appears
that real violators of the law are well informed concerning its provisions.

WHITE-SLAVE TRAFFIC.

The work of suppressing the so-called white-slave traffic in this district has
suffered by reason of the more or less constant necessity of using the total
available force of inspectors in routine duty. There has been, however, a
marked decrease in the number of complaints of violations of law, probably
due to the increased activity in the campaign against vice conducted by the
State and municipal authorities.

A State commission during the past year conducted an investigation of mat-
ters appertaining to the white-slave traffic. In spite of the fact that there are
no restricted, regulated, or tolerated districts or sections confined to this vice in
Massachusetts, the commission found a number of parlor houses of prostitu-
tion doing open business. In the larger cities the most flagrant open expres-
sion of commercialized vice is in connection with certain disorderly cafes or
saloons habitually frequented by known prostitutes. The methods of suppres-
sion in general appear to be pursued with vigor. Available statistics, in addi-
tion to the records of arrests by police at the different cities, show a minimum
number of prostitutes amenable under the immigration laws within the statu-
tory limit of three years. It is obvious, however, that a considerable number
of alien prostitutes who have been in the United States more than three years

KEPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. 217

are frequenting these questionable cafes practically unopposed by the local
authorities. Owing to our inadequate facilities for detention and our inade-
quate force for assignment to this work, practically no arrests of such aliens
have been made in this district.

By reason of the peculiar local conditions this district becomes at times the
dumping ground for violators of the law driven from Canadian towns, as well as
from New York City. The inspector who has been in charge of white-slave
investigations believes that the rendezvous frequented by this class should be
subjected to constant and vigilant espionage by the Immigration Service, since
in the absence of any systematic regulation or segregation but little information
is available from local authorities.

CHINESE DIVISION.

The work in general of the Chinese division is shown by the tabular state-
ments appended to this report.

We desire to call attention to the cooperation extended by the force of cus-
toms guards on duty day and night at the various docks in Boston. During
the year only two Chinese were found attempting to smuggle ashore from
steamers arriving from foreign ports. One of these was apprehended at night
by a customs guard; the other was found on a boat hidden in a barrel and
deported as a stowaway. It is felt that this system of guarding foreign
steamers, especially at night, which has been in force at this port for the past
two years, has served as an effectual deterrent to many who might otherwise
successfully violate the law regarding the illegal entry of Chinese.

VERIFICATIONS OF LANDING.

At the port of Boston during the past year we have verified or attempted
to verify considerably in excess of G,000 landings. The record would have been
much greater if it had been found practicable with our limited force to co-
operate with the State authorities in the enforcement of a new school-attend-
ance law requiring all minors under 21 years of age. engaged in gainful occu-
pations, to secure an educational certificate. As evidence of age upon which
to base the certificate many alien minors sought the immigration records. The
demand for certificates of registry, however, became so insistent that we were
obliged in self-defense either to secure aditional help or to decline the requests
for certificates. The latter was the alternative finally adopted by the bureau,
to which the matter was referred.

One of our most important duties under the immigration law is the relief of
the community or State from the burden of supporting defective or delinquent
aliens of certain classes who may be deported at the expense of the steamship
company at any time within a period of three years from the date of landing.
In view, therefore, of the immense sums expended by the people of this country
upon the care and maintenance of citizens of other countries it seems worth
while to strengthen, so far as practicable, the weaker parts of the administra-
tive machinery by which it is intended to relieve this pressure upon the public
treasuries. The increasing burden of alien public charges gives prominence to
the important work of verifying landings, since deportation at the expense of
the transportation company is predicated upon a certificate of arrival which
shall clearly indicate the steamship company responsible. The verification of
landings consequently becomes one of the fine arts of the Immigration Service.

The ignorance of local authorities concerning the immigration laws is prob-
ably .surpassed by their lack of familiarity with the spelling and pronunciation
of foreign names. Each of these defects in the official intelligence has a direct
bearing upon the problem of alien public charges. For not only are numerous
deportable cases being supported at public expense, but in many cases an
attempt to secure expulsion is thwarted by failure to verify a landing through
inability to submit the alien's proper name to the immigration authorities.

BONDS AND BONDSMEN.

The rule which became effective during the past year of requiring at the
expiration, resi>ectively. of periods of six months and one year after date of
landing reports showing the location and occupation of aliens admitted on
public-chai-ge bonds has proved a step in the right direction. An illustration

218 BEPOKT OF COMMISSIONEE GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

of the value of this rule is afforded by the case of a Lithuanian family consist-
ing of a mother, aged 30, and two children, one aged 3 years and the other 4
months, the older child being certified to have " shortness, weakness, and
atrophy of right leg from disease of hip joint." The father had been in the
country 10 mouths. The family was landed, after appeal to the department,
upon the giving of the usual public-charge bond in the case of the afflicted
child. At the expiration of six months the usual notice was sent to the sureties
reminding them of the necessity for submitting a report showing the present
conditions and residence of the bonded child. In the absence of response a
second notice was sent which brought a reply from one of the bondsmen that
suggested the need of further inquiry. An investigation disclosed the fact that
the afflicted child had been placed in a local institution for treatment, and that
a bill of $61 had already been contracted of which only $3 was paid. The case
is still under consideration at the close of the fiscal year.

CONCLUSION.

In the foregoing comments we have several times intimated the need of
further legislation to strengthen the present laws. We have also referred to
the necessity of greatly increased facilities, both in men and . equipment, to
provide for the proper enforcement of the existing statutes.

The defects in the present law are well known to all persons familiar
with the subject of immigration. The absence of provisions relative to alien
seamen, of provisions permitting the expulsion of aliens on account of crimes
committed in this country (other than those relating to sexual immorality),
the lack of adequate provisions for the detection of alien criminals on arrival,
the inadequacy of the provisions relative to expulsion of undesirable aliens as
well as for the protection of worthy immigrants after arrival — these are some
of the weaknesses in the existing law which would be immensely strengthened
by the enactment of the so-called Burnett bill, which for some time has been
before Congress. W6 believe that the Burnett bill should be passed without
delay. We also believe that the present attitude of Congress regarding the
support of the Immigration Service should be materially modified.

In view of the fact that the Commission on Industrial Relations, appointed by
the President, is giving consideration to the subject of labor bureaus and the
distribution of labor and has secured the testimony of the superintendent of
the State free employment offices of Massachusetts, it has not seemed desirable
at this time to make further investigation.

Appended are the statistical statements.

Table I. — Arrivals at New England ports.

1913

1914

Increase
(-f)or

Port.

Passengers.

Aliens.

Passengers.

Aliens.

decrease
(-)of
aliens.

Boston

79, 272

26, 624

12, 752

1,163

66,827

26,422

12,752

1,117

96,334
7,973

11,514
2,164

81,440
7,846

11,016
2,119

+14,613
18 576

Portland .

Providence

New Bedford

- 498
+ 1,002

Total

119,811

107, 118

117,985

102,421

Table II. — Arrivals at Boston, 1913 and 191.'i.

Years.

Passen-
gers.

United

States

citizens.

Immi-
grant
aliens.

Non-
immi-
grant
aliens.

Alien
stowa-
ways.

Cattle-
men.

Aliens
deported.

1913

79, 272
96,334

12,284
14,894

54,560
69,329

11,819
11,085

21

57

161

78

397

1914

891

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. 219
Table III. — Fines under section 9.

Port.

Dangerous

or

loathsome

contagious

disease.

Tubercu-
losis.

Mental
defects.

Boston

25
2

2

2

Providence '

No fines for improper manifesting.

Table IV. — Gases landed for hospital treatment.

Uaffaa, Bertha, age 14, female, Hebi-ew, tractioma.

Time estimated for cure. 6 mouths or more ; actual time, 4 months.

Expenses, $60.47.
Shapiro, Henry, age 16, male, Russian Hebrew, trachoma.

Time estimated for cure, possibly 6 months; actual time, 5 months.

Expenses, $171.21.

Miscellaneous statistical matter.

Boston.

Provi-
dence.

New-
Bedford.

Portland.

Total number of passengers examined

Number of aliens examined

Number of aliens admitted on primary iaspoction

Number of aliens held for board of special inquiry

Number of aliens admitted by board of special inquiry

Number of aliens rejected by board of special inquiry '.

Number of aliens finally deported "

Number of aliens who appealed from decision of board of steam-
boat inspectors

Number of aliens admitted outright on appeal

Number of aliens admitted on bond

Number of aliens denied admission on appeal

Seamen:

Deserting, reported by masters of vessels

VoluDtarily apprehended seeking admission to United
States

Examined seelimg discharge from vessel to reship on other

vessels in foreign trade

Stowaways

Niunber died before final disposition

96,322
81,440
74,876
6,564
5,409
1,155
891

723
159
105
459

616

12

199

65

5

11,514

11,016

9,775

1,241

988

246

173

154
47
26
81

2,164

2,119

1,916

203

163

40

28

28
12

7,973
7,846
7,441
405
270
135
133

41

(0

1 145 seamen applied for admission with the regular immigrants at time of arrival, were manifested, and
are included in the number of aliens examined.

INVESTIGATIONS.

1. Alien applicants. — By reference to our card index we find a list of some
255 requests from officers in charge of other stations for investigations in this
district relating to alien applicants for admission. These figures, however, do
not convey an accurate idea of the actual number of investigations made. The
American commissioner at Montreal, for example, refers to this office for inves-
tigation of citizenship cases of alleged American citizens who have become
inmates of penal or charitable institutions in Canada. It is the rule that such
a case involves several investigations before the fact of citizenship can be
determined in one way or the other or before the Canadian authorities are
.satisfied; but our records are credited only with the one original investigation.
Again, the commissioner for Philadelphia or the supervising inspector for the
Mexican border may submit request for an investigation of several applicants —
Syrians, Armenians, or Turks — located perhaps in the same town or in different
localities of the State. Nevertheless, our record is cretiited with but one inves-
tigation for the group.

2. Additional investigations. — It is impracticable to give an accurate state-
ment of investigations other than those relating to alien applicants. We find
specific record of some 30 investigations of a general nature, including a num-
ber regarding economic or labor conditions at various manufacturing centers.
This record does not, of course, include investigations requested directly of the

220 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OP IMMIGRATION.

section 24 inspectors, nor does it refer to matters of strictly local consequence
such as missing baggage. Innumerable inve.stigations are undertaken in con-
nection with alleged public charges, criminals and other lawbreakers, as well
as in warrant cases, no statistics of which are compiled.

Statistics of warrant cases.

These statistics relate only to warrant cases originating in this district No
account has been taken of cases originating in other districts, even though
deportation was effected through ports of this district.

Warrants applied for 337

Causes :

Phthisis 9

Tuberculosis 25

Insane 140

Likely to become a public charge 41

Syphilis 2

Pregnancy 4

Without inspection 13

Other physical defects 33

Other mental defects 25

Prostitutes 9

Escaped aliens 6

Deserting seamen 4

Criminals 7

Immoral 9

Procurers ^ 5

Stowaways 1

Contract labor 4

Total 337

Issued, by States:

Massachusetts 204

Connecticut 94

Rhode Island 19

Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont 20

Total 337

Warrants issued 337

Warrants served _ 303

Warrants canceled — 77

Warrants executed 228

Warrants pending 30

Statistics of Law Division — Proceedings instituted.

Criminal (act and section violated).

Civa.

Disposition.

Section
11, 1882.

Section
9, 1888.

Section
3, 1907.

Section
8, 1907.

Section
18, 1907.

Section

79,
Penal
Code.

On
bonds.

Section
19, con-
tract.

MASSACHUSETTS DISTRICT.

4

1

1

1

1

Discharged by United States com-

Discontinued by United States com-

1

1

1

Pending before United States corn-

1
1

1

1

Filed

1

3

2

2
1

2

1
3

2

1

VEEMONT DISTRICT.

KEPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. 221

In the cases of 9 aliens (including Chinese) petitions for writs of habeas
corpus have been filed in the United States district court and the following
actions have been had in those cases : Aliens landed by district court 2, in one of
which the circuit court of appeals has overruled the lower court and iu the other
an appeal is now pending before the circuit court of appeals; the district court
has released 4 aliens, in which cases its decision is still pending; petitions dis-
missed by district court 2; petition withdrawn 1.

Cases in which the United States attorney advised against proceeding are not
included in the above table. The figures indicate the violations, not the num-
ber of defendants. Where jirosecution might have been under more than one
section, only the most apparent violation is indicated. The 6 section 18 cases
relate to aliens who escaped from the custody of steamship companies in which
proceedings were undertaken.

The following explains the nature of the work in connection with the enforce-
ment of the Chinese exclusion law performed during the fiscal year ended June
30, 1914:

Cases investigated.

Seeking admission at Boston :

Students 5

Native (raw) 1

Laborer 1

Total 7

Rejected 2

Admitted 5

Number finally deported 2

Seeking admission at other ports :

Court natives 3

Raw natives 1

Children of natives 42

Wife of native 1

ChiWren of merchants 7

Wife of merchant 1

Additional evidence in appeal cases 17

Laborer 1

Applications for return certificates through other ports {preinvestigations) .

Class.

Applica-
tions.

Granted.

Refused.

Natives

109
54
13

79
56
14
1
12

6

Laborers

2

Merchants

MLssionary

Students

3

1 Departed through Boston.

MisccUancous.

Unlawful residence 27

Duplicate certificates of residence 2

In transit 1

Aiding and abetting unlawful entiy of Chinese 3

Verification of McGettrick certificates 7

Verification of Johnson certificates 14

Vei'tification of Young certificate 1

Verification of United States District Court of Vermont certificate 1

Additional evidence in api>eal cases, applicants for return certificates 20

Surveillance of section 6 students 7

Surveillance of sons of natives 3

Stowaway 1

Smuggling operations 9

222 REPOKT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

Cases before United States district courts.

Until order of deportation or discharge:

Appealed to United States district courts during present year 5

Pending before trial at close of previous year 3

Total cases 8

Bailed on appeal to United States district courts during year 4

Disposition —

Pending before trial at close of present year 6

Ordered deported (department warrant cases remained to com-
missioner of immigration) 1

After order of deiwrtation :

Awaiting deportation or appeal to higher courts at close of previous
year 1

Disposition —

Awaiting disposition or appeal at close of present year 1

Cases before higher United States courts.

After order of deportation :

Awaiting deportation at close of present year 1

Chinese seamen.

Arriving in port 1,630

Escaped from vessels ^3

Department icarrants.

Pending at close of previous year • 2

Applied for 3

Issued * 7

Served 6

Canceled 2

Executed 1

Pending June 30, 1914 6

Action taken in the cases of Chinese persons arrested on the charge of being
in the United States in violation of law, fiscal year ended June 30, 1914 :

Cases before United States commissioners.

Until order of deportation or discharge:

Arrests made during present year 9

Pending before hearing at close previous year 4

Total cases 13

Bailed on bond during year 7

Disposition —

Discharged 3

Pending before hearing at close of present year 3

Ordered deported 7

After order of deportation :

Ordered deported during present year 7

Disposition —

Escaped (defaulted bail) 1

Deported 1

Appealed to United States district courts 5

1 Case of 1 reported ; captain held by United States commissioner for Federal grand
jury, which found no bill.

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

223

KECAPirULATION OF ALL CASES.

Arrests made during present year 9

Pending at close of previous year, including those awaiting deportation
or appeal 9

Total- cases 18

Disposition :

Died, escaped, and forfeited bail 1

Discharged -- — 3

Deported ^ 3

Pending at close of present year, including those awaiting deporta-
tion or appeal 11

Summary, hy months, of action taken in the cases of Chinese arrests, fiscal year

ended June 30, lOl'i.

Month.

July

August

September.
October —
November .
December. .

January

February . .

March

April

May

June

Arrests
made
during
present
month.

Died,
escaped,

and
forfeited

bail.

Dis-
charged.

Actually
deported.

Total.

1 These were department warrant cases remanded to commissioner of immigration, Boston.

Chinese persons arrested, deported, and discharged, fiscal year ended June 30,
WUi, hy judicial circuits.

District.

Arrested.

Deported.

Dis-
charged.

Forfeited
bail.

3
5
1

1 2
1

3

1

' These were department warrant cases remanded to commissioner of immigration, Boston.

Respectfully submitted.

H. J. Skeffington, Commissioner,

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF IMMIGRATION AT NEW YORK, IN
CHARGE OF DISTRICT NO. 3. COMPRISING NEW YORK AND NEW
JERSEY, AND THE IMMIGRATION STATION AT ELLIS ISLAND, NEW
YORK HARBOR.

During the year ended June 30, 1914, 1.009,854 aliens arrived at this port.
Of these, 834,274 were admitted on primary inspection and 175.580 either held
for special inquiry or temporarily detained. Approximately 70,000 were held for
special inquiry and 23,162 were exclude<l. Of these latter, 1,231 were admitted
on appeal and 720 on bond, the cases of 116 being still pending at the close of
June.

> Two of these were department warrant cases remanded to commissioner of immigration, Boston.

224 EEPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

Tlie year presented some very unusual features. During the months of July,
August, and September immigration was heavier than in the same season of
any preceding year, and the indications were that all records would be ex-
ceeded. The decrease during the latter six months, which is usually the
heaviest period of immigration, was correspondingly great, so that the total
arrivals for the year were approximately 42,000 less than the preceding one.
Yet the number of ineligibles was disproportionately high, the available force
being taxed to the utmost promptly and properly to handle the situation. The
deportations for the entire year were 10,588, or 55 per cent in excess of that
during the year ended June 30, 1913, when but 10,709 of those seelilng admis-
sion were returned to the countries whence they came.

During the year the department authorized hospital treatment in the cases
of 41 aliens afflicted with dangerous or loathsome contagious diseases, and
there were 15 aliens of this class detained in hospital from the preceding year.
I wish to repeat what has been said as to the inadvisability of holding such
cases for treatment. The friends and relatives of the afflicted persons usually
have very limited means, and the diseases involved are extremely difficult to
cure. The necessarily prolonged and tedious detention results often in great
hardship to those already domiciled here, and in some instances almost, if
not complete, pauperization. I have reported several such cases. There are
now such excellent facilities abroad for treating such diseases as trachoma,
favus, tinea tonsurans, etc., that it is usually no kindness to hold the afflicted
persons here at the expense of their relatives. Cure could be accomplished
abroad as quickly and with less expense, although the Government rate is
only such as to make the hospital self-supporting. While there may be extraor-
dinary cases in which as a matter of humanity requests for detention and
treatment should be granted, any leniency in this respect seems to be but an
inducement to interested persons to attempt to bring here diseased aliens.
Notwithstanding the fact that fines have been imposed whenever the limitations
of the law have been met, there has been a gradual increase in the number of
immigrants afflicted with dangerous or loathsome contagious diseases; in fact,
the number which arrived during the year just closed is double that of 1912.
A table is submitted showing those held for treatment during the past year,
their nationality, length of time treatment was accorded and final disposition.^
Fines were imposed in such cases aggregating $17,000, a total almost three
times as great as that shown for the preceding year.

Fines aggregating $2,940 were assessed against various steamship companies
for failure properly to manifest arriving aliens. The steamship companies
usually furnish reasonably accurate and complete manifests, but there has been
delay in a number of instances in supplying the coupons as to departing
passengers.

During the year 974 alien seamen were discharged and examined at this port.
It always has been a difficult task to secure accurate data as to deserting sea-
men. The lack of adequate legislation renders it almost impossible for the
Immigration Service properly to control this very important element which we
know is entering the country. During the past six months the larger steamship
companies have, as a result of personal solicitation, furnished more complete
information upon this subject. From January to June, inclusive. 1,905 alien
seamen were reported as having deserted. What percentage of these men
abandoned their calling and remained in the United States it is impossible to
say. That many aliens who felt that they were unable to pass the inspection
as immigrants endeavored to enter the country under the guise of seamen has
long been known. A recent case in point was that of the bark Fido. Informa-
tion had been received that a shipping master at a South American port had
placed aboard that vessel some aliens who were not bona fide seamen, and when
the bark reached New York a careful investigation was made. Two men were
found who were not seamen, although their names appeared upon the articles.
One was a Russian Hebrew who had been certified for several defects and
deported from New York two years ago. He had never been a seaman, but after
being deported had gone to South America and. by paying a sum of money to an
agent there, been shipped on the Fido. He had some relatives here, and they
voluntarily returned him to Russia. The second alleged member of the crew
was found to have trachoma. He had never been a seaman. Appropriate notice

1 Included in bureau statistical Table XXVI I I-a, p. 142.

REPOET OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. 225

was served upon the master of the boat to iireveut the landing of the diseased
man, but the latter nevertheless made his escape and an indictment is now pend-
ing against the consignees of the vessel.

STOWAWAYS.

During the past year 394 alien stowaways were apprehended, and with very
few exceptions were deported. As to any who were admitted exceptional cir-
cumstances existed.

ESCAPES.

Considering the great number of aliens who arrive at this port the escapes
have been exceedingly few, totaling but seven from vessels throughout the year.
Four of the cases were reported to the United, States attorney for suitable action.
In the other three cases the circumstances were such as to indicate the impracti-
cability of a successful prosecution, the ascertained facts absolving the steamship
companies concerned from blame. In addition to the seven escapes from vessels,
two aliens escaped from the Ellis Island hospital. One of these voluntarily
returned and was deported. The other one has been placed under arrest and
ordered deported.

IMPROVEMENTS.

During the past year the boarding division has moved into its new offices at
the barge office. When that building was constructed special attention was
given to the furnishing of suitable quarters for the Immigration Service, with
the result that they are more adequate and better in all resi>ects than any we
previously had at the New York landing.

The new story on the baggage and dormitory building is nearing completion.
It will be ready for occupancy early in November. In it double-tier beds will
be substituted for the three-tier heretofore used. The latter have proved cum-
bersome, extremely difficult to keep in repair, and unsatisfactory in many
respects. The new quarters will provide much more satisfactory accommoda-
tions for the detained steerage passengers. We are still without suitable ac-
commodations for such cabin passengers as it is necessary to detain, and dur-
ing periods of normal immigration these average slightly in excess of 100 a
day. It is to be regretted that up to the present time Congress has not made
the necessary appropriation for this much needed improvement.

The old hospital building has been renovated, new floors and modern and
sanitary plumbing installed.

In the contagious-disease hospital group the connecting corridor has been
inclosed in copper and glass, thereby affording needed protection from the ele-
ments to the patients and the hospital staff.

Additional electric tie lines connecting the contagious-disease hospital group
with the main power plant have been installed, thereby providing sufficient
light and power for that important unit of the station.

The first section of the new concrete, granite-faced sea wall was completed.
The old cribwork is rapidly decaying, and it is important that additional ap-
propriations for the extension of this work be made without delay. By utiliz-
ing the ashes from the power plant, ferryboat, and cutter we have filledin back
of the new sea wall, thereby saving several thousand dollars which otherwise
would have been expended for scow service and the purchase of fill.

Plans and specifications were prepared for the new carpenter shop, bakery,
and storage building, and the contract ha§ been awarded. The erection of this
building will eliminate the serious fire risk which has existed by reason of the
necessity of storing highly combustible materials in wooden structures and the
use of an inadequate and inflammable building as a bakeshop.

The installation of a forced-draft system in the power house has also been
contracted for. It is anticipated that its installation will result in a material
saving in the operation of this plant.

A high-pressure steam drip return trap system throughout the station has
also been provided. There is no doubt that this will result in an additional
saving in the furnishing of heat and power.

Although the appropriation made for an additional story on the main building,
whereby it is hoped to gain at least some of the much-needed additional space
for the medical inspection, was less than the estimate, plans and specifications
were drawn, and it may be possible to construct an addition within the limits

60629°— 15 15

226 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

set by Congress. This will relieve to a great extent the congestion heretofore
existing in the medical division, with resulting difficulty in the proper per-
formance of this important part of the inspection.

The necessity for a covered way connecting islands Nos. 2 and 3, both hospital
islands, is obvious to anyone who will insi)ect present conditions. It is not
creditable to this Government to have sick children exposed to the elements and
the spray from the bay while being transported across the present open walk.
Several "times Congress has been asked for an appropriation of $60,000 for the
construction of a concrete, fireproof corridor connecting these islands, the dis-
tance being approximately 500 feet.

The necessity for suitable accommodations for detained cabin passengers was
previously referred to. There can be no wonder that such passengers complain
when placed in the present detention rooms, though they be the best Congress
has given us. The attention of Congress has been called to this very much
needed addition to our plant on several occasions, but without result.

The plank walks adjoining the landing docks are in very bad repair, and
should be replaced by concrete, the area to include that now intervening be-
tw/een the former pierhead line and the new granite sea wall. An appropria-
tion of $20,000 was requested for this purpose, but was not made. The present
walks are so badly decayed that it is almost impossible to repair them, and to
replace them with suitable wooden flooring will cost nearly as much as the
concrete, whereas the latter will be a lasting improvement.

The floor of the main inspection hall is composed of an asphalt preparation,
has been in use for 14 years, and is now full of indentations and cracks which
render it extremely difhcult to keep clean and sanitary. It is surprising that
it has lasted so long, subjected to the hard usage given it by the millions who
have passefl through this station.

Additional improvements whereby economies can be effected in the operation
of our steam plant are also possible and should be made.

MEDICAL INSPECTION.

Attached is a summary of the work of the medical division during the year
just closed.^ Of the 16,588 deported under all provisions of the law, 8,858 were
certified to have some mental or physical defect. The 10,485 inmates of the
hospitals represented a diversity of ailments, defects, or injuries, and the diffi-
culty of caring for them was increased by the many languages spoken and the
almost appalling ignorance and superstition of many of the patients. But 30
medical officers were assigned to the task of inspecting over a million aliens
and conducting the hospitals. This was an increase of 4 over the preceding
year, but by no means the number required for this most important part of
the inspection of innnigrants.

Since the beginning of the service diphtheria, measles, and scarlet fever
have developed among detained children, the contagion being distributed by
those infected aboard ship. Upon the advice of the chief medical officer that
the most infectious period was during the early stages of the diseases, arrange-
ments were made whereby the temperature of all detained children under the
age of 12 was to be taken each morning by our matrons. Since the inauguration
of this practice in November last and the si)eedy removal to the hospital for
observation of all children having a temperature higher than normal, the
number of cases of infection has been materially reduced and unquestionably
much good has resulted, not only as a preventive, but by reason of the prompt
treatment given those actually affected.

TRANSFER BOATS.

Until almost a year ago it was the practice of the steamship companies to
transport their sick passengers from the respective piers to Ellis Island aboard
the barges and boats used to convey the others. The accommodations for the
sick were very inadequate and inappropriate. By reason of representations
made by this office considerable improvement has been made and the danger
of spreading contagion materially reduced. Even yet these accommodations are
not what they should be, and I am of the opinion that the steamship companies
should be required to supply a separate boat, suitably equipped, for bringing
to this station aliens suffering from infectious or contagious diseases.

1 Not printed because of lack of space.

REPOET OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. 227

DEPORTATION OF ALIENS ALREADY IN THE UNITED STATES.

The work of removiug from this country those who have gained admission
in violation of law or become public charges from causes existing prior to land-
ing has greatly increased. During the year just closed this office investigatetl
1,376 such cases. Of these the department ordered the deportation of 743
persons and 189 were pending at the close of the year. As to 127 the warrants
were canceled after due investigation. Of the remaining 104 a number had
died in the public institutions in which they were confined or had absconded.
The following list contains the details as to those deiwrted :

Insane 399

Public charges (from other causes) 219

Epileptics 9

Entered without inspection ^ 28

Immoral and prostitutes 49

Procurers 7

Criminals 13

Feeble-minded > 5

Under 16 8

Living off the proceeds of prostitution 4

Professional beggars 2

As the bureau is aware, much detail is involved in every such case, and it
is often difficult to secure the facts. Hundreds of other cases, which have
been investigated at inland ix)iuts, are brought to New York for deportation.
The total of those expelled through this port during the past year was 2,050.

In the course of our work it becomes necessary to refer numerous cases to
the L'nited States attorney for prosecution or an expression of opinion as to
whether further legal action should be taken. Details as to the number of
such cases, their nature, and the result are shown in the following table :

Gases referred to the United States attorney from July 1, 1913, to June 30, WlJt.

Number.

Class.

Result.

2

Recovered, $1,000; 1 pending.
Pending.
Do.

4

School bonds

3

4

Contract-labor cases

1 pending; 3, United States attorney
recommended no action. Also re-
covered $3,000 in the Ritz-Carlton
case, which was instituted in the fall
of 1912.

Pending.
Do.

1

2

2

Prosecution under section 8

1 pending; 1 dismissed.
Pending.

Defendant pleaded guilty; Mayer, J.,
suspended sentence.

1 defendant fined $75; 1 defendant
fined $25; 1 defendant's sentence sus-
pended.

United States attorney recommended
no prosecution.

2 United States attorney recommended
no prosecution; 1 defendant pleaded
guilty and sentenced to 30 days.

1

Prosecution under section 18

1

Prosecution under section 19

3

1

3

Prosecution fraudulent use of naturalization certifi-
cate.

Prosecution importing woman for immoral purpose. . .

Prosecutions for perjury

1

Order to show cause

62

writs withdrawn, 1 writ sustained.
Warrant cases— 5 writs dismissed, 2
writs withdrawn.

You will note that of the 62 writs of habeas corpus sued out as to aliens in
our custody 61 were dismissed or withdrawn, and but 1 sustained. It affords
me pleasure to report the unfailing assistance and support given this service
by the United States attorney for the southern district of New York.

One of the mo.st important cases was that of Max Wax. For some time past
he had been engaged in the nefarious business of smuggling into the United
States diseased and otherwise ineligible aliens, many of whom had been de-
ported when they first applied for admission. He had a well-organized band
of conspirators located at the Canadian ports along the border, at Boston, and

228 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

at Philadelphia. By reason of the fact that the people imported in this manner
were here in violation of law and well aware of that fact, the difficulty of
obtaining satisfactory evidence was materially increased. One of our inter-
preters, having located some of these people, energetically pursued the matter
until he was in possession of sufficient facts to present it to the United States
attorney. The assistant attorney who took charge of it pursued it with unusual
activity with the result that four indictments were returned against Wax. He
was tried and found guilty as to three of them and sentenced to 15 months in
the Atlanta Penitentiary, where he is now confined. The fourth indictment,
which relates to his importing women for immoral purposes, is still pending
against him. The evidence obtained indicated that Wax and his confederates
had imiwrted a great many ineligible aliens and i-eceived from $150 to $500 in
each case. In addition, he had obtained like sums from residents who feared
that their relatives might have difficulty in securing admission, but who, when
they came, wei'e found eligible to land.

Those deported by the Government are but a small percentage of the ones
who have failed to succeed here. There are thousands of others who have not
been able to withstand the competition encountered in this new land of promise.
They do not, however, fall within the provisions of the law authorizing deporta-
tion after landing has been secured. Many are returned by charitable organiza-
tions and thousands by the consuls of some of the countries whence they
originally came. For instance, one of the consuls repatriated during the
calendar year 1913 over 5,000 persons and during the first six months of the
calendar year 1914 approximately 2,500. Another consul during the year
July 1, 1912, to July 1, 1913, returned over 1,000, and during the year ended
June 30, 1914, nearly 1,800.

As the bureau is well aware, we have some very difficult cases to handle,
and the difficulty is not lessened by the fact that one's sympathies may be
aroused. Yet there is another side to this question, and more real hardship
occurs in many instances where admission is permitted than if deportation
were directed at the time of application for entry. Among those arrested
and deported are many cases in which it was reasonable to suppose that
family ties were sufficiently strong to have the relatives domiciled here extend
whatever assistance the new arrival might require; but, as your records will
show, sons and daughters admitted to go to parents have been placed in public
institutions; parents going to children have been expelled from the latter's
homes within a short period; and brothers and sisters have declined to sustain
the burden imposed upon them by their newly landed relatives.

An important item of our work is the receipt and delivery, where possible,
of remittances and letters sent here for immigrants. The following statement
concisely shows what occurred in this respect daring the year just closed:

Remittances received, 25.678, amounting to $643,092.83.

Remittances returned, 4,160, amounting to $103,201.64.

Remittances delivered, 21,518, amounting to $539,891.19.

Railroad tickets received, 557.

Letters for aliens, 12,851.

Letters for aliens returned, 5,492.

Letters for aliens delivered, 7,359, containing $27,178.28.

Deposits made by immigrants for safekeeping, 1,866, amounting to $176,898.06.

Immigrants should not be brought here unless in possession of sufficient
means to meet immediate needs, and the Government should not be burdened
with the receipt, custody, and, where possible, delivery of remittances and rail-
road tickets. Trans-Atlantic carriers should see to it that their passengers are
properly equippetl in this respect before embarkation.

Of recent years much has been said in reference to white slavery, and the
allegation made that newly arrived immigrant girls were fi'equently victims.
There is no question but that alien women are involved in prostitution, but I
know of but one instance where innocent immigrant girls were so involved.
Even they were not imported for that purpose, and had been here for several
months before they fell into the clutches of procurers. These procurers, the
Ferenczys, were indicted by the local authorities under a New Yoi'k State
statute and convicted, the man being sentenced to from 7 to 15 and the woman
to from 10 to 15 years in State prison. An officer of this service made the in-
vestigations and secured the evidence which enabled the local authorities to
take action. The two girls were returned, after the trial, to their relatives
abroad and, strange as it may seem, contrary to their desires, they showing a
disinclination to relinquish the life into which originally they had been forced.

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OP IMMIGRATION. 229

We bear occasional reports that immigrant girls have not reached their desti-
nations promptly or have disappeared. A few months since a list of women be-
tween the ages of 17 and 21 was taken at random from the manifests of dif-
ferent vessels and an investigation made to ascertain whether they could be
located. They were of different nationalities and had gone to different points
in New York City or adjacent territory. They were all found, although not with-
out some difficulty in a few instances. The experience was reassuring, since it
indicated that the majority of people are willing to help girls situated as were
these, rather than to prey upon them. An inexperienced investigator probably
would have been unable to locate a number of these particular girls, owing to
the inclination of those having knowledge of them, or of the immigrants them-
selves to withhold information. In the course of the investigation referred to
the Government officer was a number of times informed by persons interrogated
that they had never heard of the girls, when, as a matter of fact, the girls were
present in the room at the time. After ascertainment of the truth, effort was
made to determine the motive, and it was usually suspiciousness. One girl
said that she had had a bad dream the night before, and when two strangers
asked for her (there were two of our officers present) she feared something evil
was going to happen to her. This merely illustrates the necessity of anyone
making inquiries as to newly arrived immigrants being acquainted with their
peculiarities and their too frequent desire to conceal the facts or supply mis-
leading information. Our numerous investigations have shown that it is not so
much the possibility of girls being led astray as it is the inclination of em-
ployers to exploit them which need give us concern. I have submitted numerous
specific instances where young girls and boys have been grossly imposed upon
by employers — almost invariably their fellow countrymen — paid a mere pittance
for exceptionally long hours of drudgery, and broken under the strain. Not
often have the girls resorted to immorality, but frequently the boys have become
petty thieves or pickpockets, and when their relatives who should have looked
after them from the time of the landing endeavored to give belated supervision
thej' have found themselves unable to control the situation.

Appeals were filed in reference to 6.639 aliens, and the cases of 30 others in
which appeals had been filed were otherwise disposed of. In the cases of 4,542
the appeals wei-e dismissed and as to 720 others the filing of a bond was I'e-
quired. Many of these bonds concerned children under 16 years of age, and, in
addition to requiring that they should not become public charges while in the
United States, there was the further provision that they be sent to school until
16 years of age. We have had much difficulty in securing the rei>orts called
for by these bonds, and in many instances those who should have had the
interests of the children at heart have endeavored to evade their obligation
and placed them at employment often unsuited to their years or physique.
Likewise when physically defective applicants have been admitted on bond by
reason of the presence here of near relatives, we have found many instances
where the relatives almost inmiediately took steps to have them placed in
some charitable institution at public expense, ignoring both their moral and
legal obligations in the matter.

INMATES OF PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS.

The States and large cities to which newly arrived immigrants go in large
numbers justly complain of the burden placed upon their public institutions by
those who become inmates thereof. This applies to almshouses, hospitals, in-
sane asylums, and correctional institutions. Owing to lack of appropriation,
the department was compelled to cease paying the maintenance charges even
as to such aliens as have been found here in violation of law and ordered de-
ported. It is but equitable that the Federal Government should bear its por-
tion of these expenses, and when it is borne in mind that the head tax collected
usually exceeds by two or more millions of dollars the appropriations made for
the maintenance of the Immigration Service the resi^ective State, county, and
municipal institutions seem to have well-founded ground for complaint. One
element which has been a considerable drain upon charitable institutions of
Greater New York is diseased alien seamen. Conceding that by reason of
treaties and the maintenance of commerce some latitude should be accorded
persons following this occupation, it does not seem reasonable that the respective
municipalities sliould be burdened with their maintenance and treatment, but
that their employers, the steamship companies, which are morally bound, should
be legally compelled to bear this expense.

230 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

CLEANLINESS.

With the completion of the new dormitory quarters we shall have more
adequate facilities for bathing than have heretofore existed. It is optional
with the immigrants whether they avail themselves thereof. It does not seem
to me to be an unusual requirement that each alien who is detained here over-
night should be compelled first to bathe and have his clothing disinfected.
Certainly this would be a proper sanitary measui'e and unquestionably an addi-
tional safeguard to the health of others held here and to the communities to
which the passengers ultimately go.

DISTRIBUTION.

For years past the subject of properly distributing newly arrived immigrants
has been discussed. My years of observation and experience in this office in
attempting to place able-bodied men eligible to land but without sufficient means
to reach their original destination have convinced me that little can be ac-
complished at the time the immigrants apply for admission. If able to go to
their original destinations, they will go. It is only after they have reached
their friends or relatives, had a short visit with them, and learned of the condi-
tions there prevailing that they can be persuaded to go elsewhere. The hope
of placing the vast army of new arrivals where their services are needed rests
upon the Federal bureau of distribution and the respective State, county, and
municipal employment agencies, with the cooperation of the public press. Many
attempts have been made by States, through a representative sent to Ellis
Island, to persuade the new arrivals to go inland. The representations as to
farm lands, need of labor, and good living conditions have fallen upon deaf
ears, and all States which have tried the experiment have abandoned it within
a short period.

SUNDAY CLOSING.

I have suggested to the bureau the desirability of closing this station to all
public business on Sunday. There has been much agitation and legislation for
a six-day week and an eight-hour day. Surely from the viewpoint of efficiency
there can be no doubt as to the desirability of this. The peculiar requirements
of this service render it impracticable to arrange a schedule whereby each
officer and employee may have every seventh day off duty. Even when the
entii'e force is available, it is inadequate properly and promptly to inspect the
new applicants. In these days of express steamers departures from other
ports can be so set that there need be few or no arrivals on Sunday. The
slight inconvenience or alleged hardship to the passengers in being compelled to
wait a few additional hours before being inspected could be retluced to a
minimum. In addition to the question of efficiency, there is a broader moral
question involved. There is much agitation as to the lack of observance of the
Sabbath, and many denominations are expending thousands of dollars for home
missions. Is it to be wondered at that these efforts have little effect when the
Federal Government sets the example of disregarding the Lord's Day?

Byron H, Uhl,
Acting Commissioner.

Report of Chinese Inspector in Charge, District No. 3, Comprising New

York and New Jersey.^

I have the honor to submit the following report covering the administration
of the Chinese-exclusion law in district No. 3 for the fiscal year ended June
30, 1914:

applicants for admission.

During said period 124 Chinese applied for admission at this port. While
this number is more than twice that of the preceding year, it is small in com-
parison with the number seeking entry at the Pacific ports, due to the fact that
there is no line of vessels plying direct between China and New York, the

iThe magnitude of the work in district No. 3 necessitates conducting the Chinese
separately from the immigration portion thereof.

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION,

231

applicants Iiere, generally si>eaking, being those of the higher class who have
been engajied in business in Europe or temporarily residing there and officials
traveling to juul from their respective stations.

The following table shows the various classes and the disposition of the
cases :

Class.

Number
of appli-
cants.

Admit-
ted.

Denied.

American citizen (native)

Officials

Section 6, travelers

Section 6, merchants

Section 6, students

Retuniuig merchant

Returning students

Theatrical performers (under bond)
Stowaways

Total

107

All of these applicants were admitted upon primary inspection except 1
theatrical performer and 16 stowaways, who were rejected, and ns no appeals
were taken were returned to the countries whence they came.

APPLICANTS FOR RETURN CERTIFICATES.

Applications for return certificates, all of which were ■ granted, were sub-
mitted in the cases of 9 Chinese contemplating visits to Europe, departing via
this port, dividetl as follows: Natives, 2; merchants, 2; students, 4; laborer, 1.
In addition thereto, applications for return certificates in behalf of Chinese
departing for China via other ports were filed in 218 cases, as follows: Niitives.
95; students. 4; merchants, 47; laborers. 72. Total number of cases of this
character, 227. in which, of course, decisions were rendered at the various
ports of proposed departure.

MISCELLANEOUS INVESTfGATIONS.

There were 214 cases referred to this office from other districts for investi-
gation, of which 122 were applications for admission and the other 92 applica-
tions for return certificates. Also, five applications for duplicate certificates
of residence were forwarded by the bureau for investigation and report.

TRANSITS.

Six hundred and eighteen Chinese appli,ed at this port for the privilege of
passing through the United States to other countries. The privilege was
granted to 605. of whom 405 departed overland and 200 by water, and was
refused the other 13 applicants on the ground that they were afflicted with a dan-
gerous contagious disease. In addition, the departure was verified of 783
Chinese to whom this privilege was granted at other ports.

ARRESTS UNDER THE CHINESE-EXCLUSION ACT.

Complaints against Chinese charging unlawful residence were filed before
United States commissioners in 49 cases, which, with the 33 pending from the
previous year, made a total of 82 cases considered by the courts, of which 31
were discharged, 15 deported. 1 died, and 14 were awaiting deportntion at the
close of the year. Only 3 of the defendants in the last-mentioned 14 cases are
in custody, however, the other 11, as stated in my previous rejiort, having been
released several years ago upon their personal recognizance and nominal bail
by the consent of the Ignited States attorney at Buffalo. N. Y., by whom they
were used as witnesses against the persons who smuggled them into the United
States. I have attempted repeatedly to have these cases disposed of, but with-
out success.

232 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.
The following table shows in detail the status of the cases:

Before commissioner.

Before district court

Before circuit court
of appeals.

Summary.

CO

s
a

0

•o

ri

-g

0

fl

0)

-a

■n

fl

a

OJ

1-H

0

n

05

o

01

CO

Fl

03

2

2
0

en

a

C3

0

1

05

in
0

0

Ml

a

.g

•a

S
o

.3

.a

O

a

p

0

H

0
a

0

bt!
.3'

0

9
0
0

1
0
0

0

.a

t

0
"a

M

^
^

■§

g

C3

o

w

^

•d

a

^

■o

ft

s

^

■^

•0

III

03

0

0
ft

-o

"H

%

^

<

H

M

O

«

Ph

dH

<!

H

o

0

PL,

Plh

<1

Eh

H-l

h4

PL,

-^

P

Q

0

Ph

<

Shields, J. A

8

24

32

17

10

5

4

5

5

3

3

?.

1

18

8

10

Houghton, C. S...

5

5

2

r

3

7.

Cochran, J. G

1 1
3

8
3

9
6

3
3

4
3

2

2

4
3

6
4

1

3

5

8
3

1

2
4

Stockton, R......

1

3

3

3

Joline

1
2 11

"i

1

"2

?!

Keating, G. P

Moody, E. H

1
2
3

1

2
3

1

"i

2

1
2

"2

...

1

211

2
2

Carpenter, J. D...

1

Wright, W. A....
Lawrence, E. C. ..

"i

1

"i

1

1

1
1
1

1

1

1

Wilson, R

...

"i

1

1

Semple, E. R

1

Total

13

49

62

25

25

1

11

6

13

18

6

5

7

3

3

6

~2

1

3

12

31

15

1

21

14

1 One case pending close of 1913 before Commissioner R. M. Cahoon transferred.

2 These Chinese not in custody, 10 having been released on personal recognizance, 1 awaiting action on
bail.

While the results of these proceedings were not as satisfactory as those of
the preceding year, the cases were more difficult to handle, as instructions have
apparently been issued to the Chinese throughout the district that when ap-
proached by ofHcers concerning their lawful residence, if they are unable to
produce documentary evidence they should stand mute. This procedure pre-
vents the procurement of statements which might be used in rebuttal upon the
trial of the case and affords them an opportunity to obtain witnesses and pi"e-
pare a defense without fear of contradiction upon our part. Furthermore, the
District Court for the Eastern District of New York reversed the finding of the
commissioner in all cases brought before it, holding that the complaints were
not sufficient, as they simply alleged that the defendants were Chinese laborers
not holding certificates of residence; and this decision, from which an appeal
has been taken and which we hope to have reversed, has rendered it practically
useless for us to make arrests in that judicial district.

ABBESTS UNDEE GENEBAL IMMIGEATION ACT.

Departmental warrants of arrest were applied for in seven cases upon the
ground that the Chinese in question entered without inspection in violation of
section 36 of the act of February 20, 1907. In one of these cases the warrant
was not issued because the entry could not be verified, and in the other six cases
the warrants were issued and duly servol but only one warrant of deportation
was executed. The other five cases were pending at the close of the year.

WBITS OF HABEAS COBPUS.

Writs of habeas corpus were served in three cases, the defendants therein hav-
ing been delivered at this office from Chicago for the purpose of embarking via
the Southern Pacific Steamship Line en route to San Francisco for deportation
to China upon departmental warrants. In two of these cases, wherein it was

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. 233

alleged that the hearings accorded the aliens under the warrants were unfair,
the writs were dismissed and the aliens subsequently deported, while in the
other case the writ was sustained and the alien discharged upon the ground
that the evidence did not show that he had entered the United States within
three years.

SMUGGLING.

Information having been received from the American consul at Kingston,
Jamaica, that certain persons suspected of being interested in the smuggling
of Chinese into this country were becoming unusually active ni that respect
and that investigation showed that a large number of unemployed Chinese were
in Jamaica simply awaiting an opportunity to stow away on vessels bound for
New York, all vessels arriving from that port have been carefully searched and
some kept under surveillance, with the result that 16 Chinese were apprehended,
some while leaving the vessels and others hidden in various unfrequented places
on board. Owing to the size of these vessels and the fact that on an average
two or three of them arrive here each week, the precautions taken to prevent
the entry of these Chinese have required the services of every available officer
and the cooperation of the customs service, and while undoubtedly some have
succeeded in landing. I believe we have the situation well in hand.

CRIMINAL PROSECUTION.

Proceedings for smuggling in violation of section 11 of the Chinese-exclusion
act and conspiracy to violate section S of the Immigration act were Instituted
and results obtained as follows:

Name.

Hans Petersen...

John Petersen...
Ernest Webster.

Mark Yick Hee..

Lee Chung Ho...

Charley Mun

Hugh LaBad

Fletcher Dennis.

Result.

Pleaded guilty; sentenced to 6 months' imprisonment in the New York Coimty
penitentiary.
Do.

Pleaded guilty; sentenced to 3 months' imprisonment in the New York County
penitentiary.

Convicted; sentenced to 6 months' imprisonment in the New York County pen-
itentiary and a fine of $100. Appealed.

Convicted; sentenced to 5 months' imprisonment in the New York County pen-
itentiary and a fine of $100. Appealed.

Convicted; sentenced to 60 days' imprisonment in jail and a fine of $100.

Pleaded guilty; sentence suspended.
Do.

The lack of severity in imposing sentences in these cases is discouraging
in view of the difficulty experienced in securing the evidence necessary for
conviction, the Chinese apprehended invariably refusing to render any
assi-stance in this respect; and it would seem that when persons are "caught
in the act" the full penalty should be inflicted. I therefore feel that the
statutes applicable to these cases should provide for a minimum sentence as
well as a maximum.

SEAMEN.

Two hundred and one vessels, having aboard 3,975 Chinese seamen, arrived
at this port. Of this latter number 27 disappeared or escaped, and while
in each instance an investigation was conducted and a report filed with the
United States attorney in the proper district, we were invariably advised that
in view of decisions rendered in the southern and eastern districts of New
York the facts were not considered sufficient to warrant the px'osecution of
the master.

A-s I have previously reported, if the law with respect to seamen is to be
enforced in this district, new legislation is necessary, as in the southern
district of this State the courts have held that the Chine.se-exclusion law does
not apply to seamen, and in the eastern district it has been held that it does
apply, but that it is necessary to show the actual landing of the Chinese and
that it was effected with the knowledge of the master. It is practically im-
possible to secure such evidence, and in my opinion the only way the difficulty

234 REPOET OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

can be overcome is by a statute requiring tbat owners, agents, or masters
employing labor of this kind deposit with the collector of customs upon arrival
at any port in the United States a bond of $500 conditioned upon the departure
of each Chinese seaman aboard the vessel.

When the large area used for docking purposes at this port and the further
fact that many of these vessels clear at daylight are taken into consideration,
it will be realized that the verification of tlie arrival and departure of these
Chinese requires a great deal of work and causes irregularity of liours.

CONCLUSION.

The work above outlined was handled by the 13 officers assigned to this
station, and had not the heartiest cooperation prevailed the results shown
could not have been attained.

H. R. SissoN, Inspector in Charge.

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF IMMIGRATION, PHILADELPHIA, IN
CHARGE OF DISTRICT NO. 4, COMPRISING PENNSYLVANIA, DELA-
WARE. AND WEST VIRGINIA.

I respectfully beg leave to submit herewith report of the workings of the
Immigration Service at this port and in this district during the fiscal year ended
June 30, 1914 :

EXAMINATION OF ALIENS WHO APPLIED FOR ADMISSION ARRIVALS.

Aliens from foreign ports to tlie number of 60,483 arrived at the port of
Philadelphia and were examined and inspected as required by the several ;icts
of Congress. This number includes 2S2 aliens in transit, 22 alien tourists, 130
citizens of Canada, Cuba, and Mexico, 45 persons who arrived as passengers
for the purpose of reshipping outbound as members of crews, 25 birdmen, 7
workaways, and 74 stowaways (including 21 Chinamen), and also includes
744 aliens debarred on arrival and deported. It does not include 3,354 United
States citizens w^ho arrived at this port from foreign ports, nor 1.063 seamen
who deserted their ships at this port during the year.

Of the 60.483 aliens who were inspected during the year 53,320 were ad-
mitted on primary inspection. This number includes 8,143 persons who were
temporarily detained on account of indefinite or illegible addresses, awaiting
receipt of funds, arrival of friends to whom destined, etc.

BOARD OF SPECIAL INQUIRY.

Seven thousand one hundre<l and fifty-seven aliens were held by the examin-
ing inspectors for hearings before boards of special inquiry, of whom 5,916 were
admitted.

REJECTIONS.

Eight hundred and ninety aliens were rejected by boards of special inquiry.
Of this number 210 were mandatorily excluded, and 6S0 had the right of ap-
peal under the immigration laws and regulations.

ADMISSIONS ON APPEAL AND BOND.

One hundred and fifty-four aliens were admitted outright on appeal, and 85
were admitted on bond conditioned otherwise than for hospital treatment.

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

235

ADMITTED FOB HOSPITAL TREATMENT.

Thirty-nine cases arose durinfj tlie year in which aliens were accorded hos-
pital treatment under sections 19 and 37 of the immigration laws, as follows:

Race.

Age.

Sex.

11

M.

30

V.

18

V.

20

i\

10

M.

0

F.

25

F.

8

F.

18

F.

.58

M.

17

Al.

3

M.

20

Al.

10

M.

47

F.

20

M.

5

M.

r^

F.

11

F.

31

F.

25

F.

4

M.

50

M.

28

F.

30

F.

0

M.

4

F.

10

M.

17

F.

25

M.

25

M.

24

F.

19

F.

26

F.

55

F.

48

F.

11

M.

5

M.

3

M.

Disease.

Length
of treat-
ment.

By whom

expenses

paid.

Disposition.

Hebrew...

Polish

Hebrew...
Ruthenian

Polish

Armenian.

Syrian.

.do.
.do.

Polish...
Hebrew.
....do..
English .

Italian. .
Hebrew.

Armenian.

Hebrew.
Syrian . .

do. .

Polish...
....do..

Hebrew

Polish

Armenian. .

Syrian

do

do

Hebrew

German

Lithuanian .

Hebrew.
German.

Hebrew.. .
....do....
....do....
Armenian.

do

Hebrew.. .

Trachoma
..do.
..do.
..do.
..do.
..do.

.do..

.do.
.do.

.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.

.do.
.do.

.do.

.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
-do.

.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.
-do.

.do.
.do.

do

do

do

Lupus

do

Ringworm.

M.D.

.. 26

.. 16

1 22
.. 26

2 ..
1 C

1 19

5 23
1 23
3 6

Father . . .
Husband.
Father...
Husband.
Father...
...do

Husband..

Father...
Brothers.

Daughter
Parents . .
Father...
Sister

Brother.

..do.
..do.

Father..

..do

Uncle

Husband.

..do

Father...

Children .
Husband.

..do

Father...

..do

..do

Brother..

Uncle

Brother-
in-law.

Husband.
B r 0 1 her-

in-law.
Husband.

Son

...do....
Father...

..do

...do

Cured.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Released as cured; reexam-
ined by Public Health
Service surgeon at Bos-
ton, Mass., and certified
as having trachoma; ar-
rested, placed again in
• Medico-Chirurgical Hos-
pital, Philadelphia, for
treatment, and still ta-
mate there.
Cured; reexamined at stated
intervals for evidence of
recurrence.
Do.
Cured, but to report for sub-
sequent examinations for
recurrence.
Do.
Do.
Still receiving treatment.
Cured, but to be subse-
quently examined for re-
currence. Has left United
States.
Cured, but to report for sub-
sequent examination for
recurrence.
Do.
Do.

Eyes cicatricial, but to re-
port for subsequent exami-
nations.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Still imdergoing treatment.
Eyes cicatricial, but to re-
port for subsequent exami-
nations.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Stai undergoing treatment.
Eyes cicatricial, but to re-
port for subsequent exami-
nations.
Still undergoing treatment.
Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.
Cured.
Still imdergoing treatment.

236 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

DEPORTATIONS.

Seven hundred and fifty aliens were deported during the year. This includes
6 pending from the previous fiscal year, and is a percentage of 1.24.

FINES ASSESSED UNDER SECTION 9.

Fifty-two fines, in the sum of $100 each, were imposed on the steamship com-
panies for bringing to this port the following physically and mentally afflicted
aliens :

Loathsome or dangerous contagious diseases (trachoma), 50.

Mental defects (idiocy), 2.

SEAMEN (OTHER THAN CHINESE).

The records of this oflice show that 1,06.3 seamen deserted at this port during
the fiscal year. This number includes 31 alleged United States citizens.

In addition to the above. 362 seamen were inspected at this office, 20 for the
purpose of remaining in the United States and 342 stating that they intended
to reship. In this connection I might state that by an arrangement between this
office and the various consuls the latter require a seaman to produce a certificate
from this oflice before he is paid ofC or discharged.

CHINESE SEAMEN.

There arrived at this port during tlie year 122 ships, having 1.897 Chinese
members of crews. These Chinese seamen are inspected on arrival, and their
departure is checked by officers from this station. There were also four Chinese
seamen landed at this port, under bond, for transfer to other vessels.

MEDICAL INSPECTION OF ARRIVING ALIENS.

Of the total number of aliens examined on arrival, the United States Public
Health surgeons on duty at this station certified 2,099 as having physical or
mental defects, 348 of whom were deported.

During the fiscal year there were 875 aliens treated by the United States
Public Health surgeons at the detention house at this station for diseases and
injuries, totaling 1.300 treatments. There were 3 cases of childbirth, and 1
death due to lobar pneumonia.

VESSELS BOARDED.

Officers at this port boarded and exaninied 1..3S1 steam and 59 sailing vessels
during the fiscal year.

DEPARTURES.

During the fiscal year 8,090 emigrant aliens, 2,605 nonemigrant aliens, and
3,806 United States citizens departed from this liort, a total of 14.501.

THE PREVENTION OF UNLAWFUL ENTRY.

Stowaways {other than Chinese). — Sixty-six stowaways arrived at this port
during the fiscal year, 13 of whom proved to be United States citizens and 7
bona fide seamen. The latter were allowed to ship out on foreign ships. Of the
remainder 4 were admitted by board of special inquiry and 42 were debarred,
41 of whom were deported, 1 having escaped.

Chinese s^oi«fft(;ays.— Twenty-one Chinese stowaways arrived here dui'ing the
year, all of whom were deported. This matter is treated more at length under
heading " Chinese smuggling operations."

Chinese smuggling operations. — Smugglers of Chinese via the water route
have been active at this port during the past year. Two important attempts
were fimstrated. The more notable attempt was made by members of the crew
of the P.ritish steamship Chisnnel\ who brought 15 contraband Chinese to this
port from a Mexican port, having hidden them away in the hold (water tanii)
of the ship. The boatswain and two sailors belonging to the ship's crew, all

REPOET OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. 237

Chinese, were prosecuted; tlie boatswain was given a sentence of one year in
prison, and the two sailors received a sentence of three mouths each.

The other attempt at smuggling Chinese into the United States at this port
was made by one James L. Gorman, an American, who shipped as a sailor on
the fruit ship Catharine Citneo and attempted to bi'ing in at this port two con-
traband Chinese (stowaways) from Port Antonio, Jamaica. The scheme was
detected and frustrated, and Gorman was prosecuted. He pleaded guilty. The
court, in sentencing him to only 30 days in prison and a fine of $100, considered
his poor physical condition, which indicated that he had but a few months
longer to live.

THE ARREST OF ALIENS ( OTHER THAN CHINESE) AND EXPULSION FROM THE COUNTRY.

Application was made for 254 warrants of arrest in this district, as follows :

Likely to become public charges 96

Entered without inspection 19

Entered or imported for immoral purposes 15

Moral turpitude 13

Prostitutes 6

Insane 40

Tuberculosis 24

Loathsome or dangerous contagious diseases 6

Idiots, imbeciles, or weak-minded persons 5

Epileptics 3

Other physical defects 22

Contract laborers 4

Beggar 1

Total 254

Pursuant to said applications, 235 warrants were issued by the depax'tment,
as follows :

Likely to become public charges 80

Entered without inspection 19

Entered or imported for immoral purposes 14

Moral turpitude 13

Prostitutes 5

Insane 40

Tuberculosis 24

Loathsome or dangerous contagious diseases 6

Idiots, imbeciles, or weak-minded persons 5

Epileptics 3

Other physical defects 22

Contract laborers 3

Beggar ^ 1

Total 235

Of this number 216 were served or executed, as follows:

Likely to become public charges 74

Entered without inspection 9

Entered or imported for immoral purposes 14

Moral turpitude 13

Prostitutes 4

Insane 40

Tuberculosis 23

Loathsome or dangerous contagious diseases 5

Idiots, imbeciles, or weak-minded persons 5

Epileptics 3

Other physical defects ^ 22

Contract laborers 3

Beggar 1

Total 216

238 EEPORT OF COMMISSIONEE GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

After consideration by the department. 73 warrants were canceled or filed,
as follows :

Likely to become public charges 23

Entered without inspection 16

Entered or imported for immoral purposes ; 7

Moral turpitude 5

Prostitutes 2

Insane 3

Tuberculosis 9

Loathsome or dangerous contagious diseases , 2

Other physical defects 5

Contract laborer 1

Total 73

Warrants to the number of 148 resulted in the deportation of 179 persons,
as follows :

Warrants. Persons.

Likely to become public charges 55 82

Entered without inspection 3 3

Entex'ed or imported for immoral purposes 6 10

Moral turpitude 5 5

Prostitutes 2 2

Insane 35 35

Tuberculosis 14 14

Loathsome or dangerous contagious diseases 2 2

Idiots, imbeciles, or weak-minded persons 5 5

Epileptics 3 3

Other physical defects 17 17

Beggar 1 1

Total ' . 148 179

Warrants still pending, 15, as follows :

Likely to become public charges 3

Entered or imported for immoral purposes 1

Moral turpitude 3

Prostitutes 1

Insane 2

Tuberculosis 1

Loathsome or dangerous contagious diseases 2

Contract laborers 2

Total 15

DEPORTATIONS.

As a result of warrant proceedings, there were deported from this port during
the year 152 aliens, as follows :

Likely to become public charges 87

Insane 25

Tuberculosis 10

Procurers 9

Idiots, imbeciles, or weak-minded persons 7

Moral turpitude 4

Loathsome or dangerous contagious diseases 3

Other physical defects 3

Prostitutes 2

Entered without inspection 1

Ctmtract laborer 1

Total '152

1 Does not include 5 American-born children accompanying parents.

EEPOKT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

239

This number includes aliens delivered here from other districts for deporta-
tion under departmental warrants, which aliens arrived at this port and were
deported hence. However, the above number does not include 17 aliens who
were deported from other ports, 5 from Halifax and 12 from Boston, on ships
which touched this port en route foreign, in which cases the departure of the
aliens from this port was verified by officers from this station.

There were conveyed to other ports for deportation under departmental
warrants :

To New York :

Likely to become public charges 45

Insane 26

Tuberculosis 13

Other physical defects 3

Entered without inspection 3

Loathsome or dangei'ous contagious diseases 2

Idiots, imbeciles, or weak-minded persons 2

Procurer . 1

Moral turpitude 1

'96

To Baltimore :

Likely to become public charges _* 7

Other physical defects 2

Insane 1

Procurer 1

11

To Niagara Falls — Likely to become public charges 3

To Montreal — Likely to become public charge 1

To Boston :

Likely to become public charge 1

Procurer 1

Total 113

THE ARREST AND EXPULSION FROM THE COUNTRY OF CHINESE ALIENS.

Application was made for departmental warrants for the arrest of 6 Chinese
aliens in this district on the ground that they had entered the United States
without inspection. Said warrants were issued and served. After considera-
tion by the department, deportation was ordered in each case; 5 of the Chinamen
have been deported and 1 is still being held pending perfection of arrangements
for deportation.

Sixteen Chinamen were arrested in this district in proceedings before United
States commissioners for having been found in the United States in violation of
section 13 of the Chinese-exclusion act. Six of these Chinamen were ordered
deported, which order has been executed in each instance; 7 were discharged
by the United States commissioner; and 3 cases are still pending.

INVESTIGATIONS FOR THE PURPOSE OF DETERMINING WHETHER ALIENS (OTHER THAN
CHINESE) ARE ADMISSIBLE.

This refers to investigations made in this district in connection with the ad-
missibility of aliens detained at seaports on arrival pending the ascertaining of
conditions at destination. Following is a list of such cases investigated by this
office:

Port of arrival.

New York...

Montreal

Boston

Quebec

Niagara Falls
Winnipeg

Cases.

Aliens.

16

39

13

16

6

14

6

7

3

4

1

'

Port of arrival.

Baltimore. .

Buffalo

El Paso....

Total

Cases

Aliens.

89

' Does not include 2 American born cbildren accompanying parents.

240 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

The above does not include investigations made in this district in connection
with the admissibility of aliens detained at this port, no list being liept of such
investigations.

MISCELLANEOUS INVESTIGATIONS FOB THE PURPOSE OF DETERMINING WHETHER OR
NOT ALIENS (OTHER THAN CHINESE) ARE LEGALLY IN THE UNITED STATES.

There were 587 investigations of this nature made during the year, as follows :

Likely to become public charges 355

Entered without inspection 112

Prostitutes and immoral women 45

Moral turpitude 20

Procurers and importers 16

School-bond investigations 8

Citizenship 7

Under 16 4

Assisted aliens 3

Contract laborers 3

Loathsome or dangerous contagious diseases 2

Insane , 1

All others 11

Total 587

This does not include cases in which warrant proceedings were instituted.

INVESTIGATIONS FOB THE PURPOSE OF DETEEMINING WHETHER OR NOT CHINESE
ALIENS ARE ADMISSIBLE, ETC.

Chinese preinvesUgations.

Preiuvestigations made . — 33

Applications by merchants for return certificates 16

Certificates granted 11

Certificates refused 5

Applications by laborers for return certificates 11

Certificates granted 6

Certificates refused 4

Application pending 1

Applications by students for return certificates granted 2

Applications for return certificates by alleged native-born Chinamen 4

Certificate granted 1

Certificates refused 3

It will be noted by comparison with the report for the preceding fiscal year
that there has been a remarliable falling off in the number of applications for
preiuvestigations of claimed status of alleged merchants, domiciled laborers, and
native-born Chinamen. This is doubtless due to the fact that during this fiscal
year the former Chinese interpreter, whose conduct is now under investigation
in connection with malfeasance in oflice, was absent from this station the
greater portion of the year.

Of the 4 native-born cases of preinvestigation, only 1 was approved.

INVESTIGATIONS REGARDING CHINESE APPLICANTS.

Six investigations were made regarding Chinese applicants, as follows:
Four alleged minor sous, of whom 2 were admitted and 2 denied admission;
2 alleged uative-born Chinamen entering, of whom both were admitted.

This year there were only half as many minor-son cases investigated by this
office as in the preceding year, and only 2 out of 4 gained admission. It would
appear that most of the minor-son cases are based on fraud, more so in that
the claimed status of the alleged father is in most instances fraudulent, but
strongly sustained by perjured Chinese testimony, firm membership, juggling,
and frame-up, and that in few cases the claimed relatiouship really exists.
" Minor sous " as a rule do not remain long in the exempt class, but. after a
brief stay in the stores in which the alleged fathers claim membership, disap-
pear from sight and doubtless find their way into laundries.

REPOKT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. 241
CIVIL SUITS.

There were two civil suits disposed of during tlie fiscal year.

Suit was brought against the sureties on the bond of one Flaviano Cariteno,
who was admitted under bond conditioned for his treatment in hospital for
pulmonary tuberculosis and the provisions of the bond not complied with.
Proceedings were discontinued on payment by the defendants of the Govern-
ment's expenses and court costs.

The suit instituted against the Logan Iron & Steel Ck). for importing an alien
in violation of the alien contract-labor law was compromised by payment of
$500 by the company.

CRIMINAL PROSECUTIONS.

Attention is called to the following prosecutions which were terminated dur-
ing the year:

1. Prosecution of Ho Kow, Kok Kum, and Leoug Sam for attempting to smug-
gle Chinese stowaways into the United States in violation of section 11 of the
Chinese-exclusion act of May 6, 1882, as amended and added to by the act of
July 5, 1884. Ho Kow was sentenced to one year in prison and Kok Kum and
Leong Sam to three months each.

2. Prosecution of Joseph L. Gorman for attempting to smuggle Chinese stow-
aways into the United States in violation of section 11 of the Chinese-exclusion
act of May 6. 1SS2, as amended and added to by the act of July 5, 1884. De-
fendant pleaded guilty and was fined $100 and sentenced to serve 30 days in
jail.

3. Prosecution of Nazareno Alussio for inducing one Maria Peluzzo to come
to the United States from Italy under promise of marriage. After arrival he
refused to marry her but induced her to live with him in immoral relationship,
afterward turning her over to another man for the same purpose. He was tried
in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania,
the court susijending sentence on condition he would marry the girl, which he
did in the presence of the court.

4. Prosecution of Amin Laham for violating the Mann White-Slave Act of
June 25, 1910, he having brought a girl named Adal Shaheen Abdalla to the
United States and maintained immoral relations with her. Defendant pleaded
guilty and was sentenced to nine months' imprisonment.

5. Prosecution of Francis W. Breuil for importing one Petra Lopez for im-
moral pui-poses. A warrant for his arrest was issued by the United States
commissioner at Philadelphia, but he was not apprehended and is now a fugi-
tive from justice.

HABEAS CORPUS.

In two instances habeas corpus proceedings were resorted to in behalf of
aliens, as follows:

1. Case of Cilia Sheves, or Ciila Selves, who arrived at St. John, New Bruns-
wick, February 4, 1913, and entered the United States at Detroit, Mich., Feb-
ruary 6, 1913, accompanied by husband and two children. She was admitted
to the Philadelphia General Hospital on ]March 5, 1914, sufi'ering from insanity.
Warrant proceedings were instituted and the alien was ordered by the depart-
ment to be deported. Habeas corpus proceedings were instituted by the hus-
band, as a re.sult of which Judge Thompson, in the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, sustained the writ and released the
alien. The department then canceled the warrant proceedings. On June 22.
1914, the alien was again admitted to the Philadelphia General Hospital suf-
fering from the same affliction — insanity. Warrant proceedings were again in-
stituted, but, while the alien has again been ordered deiwrted, execution of the
order has been deferred owing to the political situation in Europe.

2. Case of aliens Roman, Ewa. Paraskawa. Wasylie, Olga, and Marie Ivanoff,
gypsies, who arrived at this port on April 15, 1914, per steamship Merion, and
were excluded by a board of special inquiry as persons likely to become public
charges. Habeas corpus proceedings were instituted, but in an opinion by Judge
Dickinson, District Court of the United States for the Eastern District of Penn-
sylvania, the writ was dismissed and the aliens remanded into the custody of
this office. An appeal was taken to the United States Circuit Court of Appeals
pending disposition of which the aliens were released under bond.

(30629°— 15 16

242 BEPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

CONTRACT LABOR.

There were 12 cases of suspected or alleged violations of the alien contract-
labor law investigated by this office during ths fiscal year. Investigation failed
to disclose such violation in any of the cases, with the possible exception of the
case of the Susquehanna Silk Mills Co., which is still pending.

The matter of the suit against the Logan Iron & Steel Co. for importing a
contract laborer has been mentioned under item of " Civil suits," supra.

WHITE-SLAVE CASES.

The cases of 49 prostitutes and women imported for immoral purposes and
13 importers and panderers were investigated during the year, resulting in the
issuance of 22 warrants of arrest and ultimately in the deportation of 11 aliens.
This number includes only notorious or flagrant cases and does not include all
cases in which aliens entered the country or were brought here for immoral
purposes.

In this connection attention is called to the case of Amin Laham, convicted
of violating the Mann White-Slave Act ; also to the prosecution of Nazareno
Alussio and Francis W. Breuil, importers, mentioned under the heading of
" Criminal prosecutions," supra.

There has been a marked decrease in the number of cases of this nature
arising in this district during the past year. It is believed this is due mainly
to the many deportations of foreign prostitutes last year, among whom were a
number who had been in the United States for long periods of time, which liad
the effect of driving many out of the business and causing tliem to seek honest
employment. Other contributing causes were the breaking up of the " red-light "
district in Philadelphia by quarantine and other methods, which di'ove many
prostitutes to other cities, and the activities of the local office of the Bureau of
Investigation, Department of Justice, with which this office is cooperating in
cases coming within this scope.

PITTSBURGH SUBSTATION.

The Pittsburgh substation and the district covered by it were part of district
No. 4, under the jurisdiction of this office, from the beginning of the fiscal year
until November 30, 1913. at which time it was made an independent office,
termed district No. 19, and so continued to the end of the fiscal year (although
with the beginning of the present fiscal year it was again covered into this
district), for which reason the report of that district for the fiscal year is sub-
mitted separately, being attached hereto.

Report of the Work Performed by the Pittsburgh Substation During the
Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1914.

investigations.

Cases other than those in which warrants were requested.

Investigations made regarding alien applicants for admission into
the United States:

Suspected alien contract laborers 5

Others 212

217

Investigations in cases where provisions of school bonds were disre-
garded 3

Examination of aliens applying for citizenship papers whose land-
ing could not be verified by naturalization officers :

Certificates issued 22

Certificates denied 5

Pending 6

27

KEPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

243

Investigations iu cases reported with a view to deportation in which
no ground for deportation could be found, failed to verify, died, or

returned by friends, etc 1

Pending : 10

Investigations alleged violations of alien contract-labor law

Miscellaneous cases

Total

Investigations resulting in warrant proceedings.

Warrant cases pending beginning of fiscal year 7

Warrants applied for during year 161

Warrants received from other districts for execution 4

Total warrant cases

Warrants executed 127

Warrant cases pending end of year 23

152

13
29

441

Warrant cases disposed of other than those executed and pending.

Subsequent cases.

Cases in which deportation was ordered under rule 24

Case where alien departed prior to receipt of authority for deportation.
Number of aliens actually deported under rule 24 (5 cases)

172

150
22

G

1

'12

Table showing number of warrants ^ applied for, issued, served, canceled, etc.,
segregated under grounds for arrest.

Grounds upon which warrants issued.

Pend-
ing.

Ap-
plied
lor.

Is-
sued.

Served.

Can-
celed.

Re-
ferred

to
other
dis-
trict.

Exe-
cuted.

Pend-
ing.

Likely to become public charge at time of entry. .

4
3

51

67

4

18
2

8

7
2

2

47

67

4

18
2
8

7
2

2

44

67

4

15
2
5

6

2

2

6

1

40

63

4

11

2
2

1
2

5
6

Insane within 5 years, not public charges

Prostit utes prior or subsequent to landing or com-
ing for immoral purpose

7

Procurers

Entered without inspection

4

3

1

3

Convicted of or admitting the commission of
crime or misdemeanor, etc

2

Violation of alien contract-labor laws

Entered United States after being debarred as
aUen contract laborers

Total

7

161

157

147

21

1

127

1 These aliens are counted in with the regular deportations and are shown in the table
of aliens deported.

2 Each warrant is counted as 1 regardless of the number of aliens named in the warrant. The total of
127 warrants executed represents 168 aliens deported.

244 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

Aliens deported during the fiscal year 1914, by races or peoples and causes.
[Deportation compulsory within 3 years.]

Members of excluded class at time of entry.

Race or people.

Loathsome or
dangerous conta-
gious diseases.

.Q

a

03
© .

as
.s-g

3

S2
£

o

C3

1

a

6

•i

a
5

Mil
111

Aliens who procure or at-
tempt to brine in pros-
titutes or females for
any immoral purpose.

Total.

.S9

1
1

5

C3

a

o

1

o

English

1

8
2
2
8
2
4
1
9

2

1

1

13
2
3

10
4
5
1

Finnish

French

1

German

1
1

1

Hebrew

1

Irish :

1

Italian (north)

Italian (south)

1

1

11

Magyar

3
1

3

Polish

1

9
1
1

5

1

12

Ruthenian

1

Roumanian

1

Slovak

5

Scotch

1

1

Servian

1

3

1

Turkish

3

Total

4

3

1

1

57

3

2

5

2

Public charges from causes existing prior to entry.

Race or people.

Insan-
ity.

Other
mental
condi-
tions.

Loathsome or
dangerous con-
tagious diseases.

Preg-
nancy.

Physi-
cal
condi-
tions.

Other
causes.

Total.

Tuber-
culosis.

Other.

Bosnian

1
3
1
1
4
4
1
2
2
4

1

Croatian

1

3

7

English

1

Finnish

1

2

4

4

Greek

2

6

1

2

Irish

1

1
1

7

4

3

1

3

15

Lithuanian

1

1

Polish

4
2
1
2

3

1

1
1
2

9

Russian

3

Ruthenian

3

Slovak

2

Scandinavian

1

1

1

1

Syrian

1

1

Total

S3

2

17

1

2

11

2

fiS

KEPOKT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. 245
Aliens deported during the fiscal year 1911, by races or peoples and causes — Continued.

Deportation com-
pulsory within
3 years.

Deportation com-
pulsory without
time limit.

Deportation under
provisions of sec-
tion 24.

Race or people.

Prosti-
tutes
after

entry.

Entered
without
inspec-
tion.

Prosti-
tutes
and

females

coming
for

immoral
pur-
pose.

Pro-
curers.

Depend-
ent
members

of
family.

Physical
condi-
tions.

Total.

1

1

2

5

7

1

1

2

1

3

1
1

1

4

1

6

1

1

1

1

Slovak

1

1

Total

3

2

3

2

9

3

22

In addition to the aliens deiwrted there were four American-born children
who accompanied their parents.

CIVIL SUITS.

Logan Iron & Steel Co. imported an alien from Canada to work in their plant
at Burnham, Pa. The case was investigated and placed in the hands of the
United States attorney at Scranton, Pa., and suit brought against the company.
The case was settletl out of court, the company paying $500 in settlement of its
liability for importing the contract laborer.

CRIMINAL PROSECUTIONS INSTITUTED.

Mary Yuhass, alias, etc., deported as a prostitute fj-om Detroit in December,
1912. Married alleged American citizen two days before deiwrtation. Returned
to the United States and opeueil up a sporting house. Arrested on departmental
warrant. Pleaded guilty to violation of sec-tion 3 of the immigration laws,
served three mouths in jail, and was deported at expiration of sentence.

Julian Toth, alias Carmandy, case identical with that of Mary Yuhass men-
tioned above. Alien served three months in jail for violation of section 3 of the
immigration laws and was deported at expiration of sentence.

With these two women was associated one Carl Toth. who, after serving four
months imprisonment for violation of the Maun White-Slave Act, was deiwrted
at the expen.se of the Government.

CHINESE INVESTIGATIONS.

Departmental warrant issued and executed on charge of entering without
inspection (deported) 1

Case tried before United States commissioner, alien alleging birth in the
United States (discharged) 1

Investigations in cases of alleged smuggling, aliens presumably destined to
this district 7

Application for duplicate certificate issued 1

Investigation of cases of " students" not in school 7

246 EEPOKT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

Preinvestigations :

Merchants departing . * 6

Sons of natives departing L 2

Native-born Cliinese departing ^12

Laborers departing ' 14

Total 34

Applicants for admission :

Students entering 1

Sons of native born 13

Merchant's minor son 1

Departed from this district without making provisions for returning to

the United States

Miscellaneous Chinese cases additional to the foregoing 8

Total Chinese cases investigated 33

15
10

Deportations by races and by causes of deportation.

RACES DEPORTED.

Bosnian 1

Croatian 7

English 14

Finnish 7

French 3

German 21

Greek 7

Hebrew 9

Irish 9

Italian (north) .5

Italian (south) 32

Lithuanian 1

Magyar 4

Polish 21

Russian 3

Kuthenian

Roumanian

Slovak

Scandinavian

Scotch

Syrian

Servian

Turkish

Total 168

American-born accompanying alien
parents deported 4

Total 172

CAUSES OF DEPORTATION.

Alien contract laborers *3

Criminals 2

Entered without inspection 2

Insanity 37

Likely to become a public charge at

time of entry 57

Mental diseases other than in-
sanity 2

Prostitutes at time of entry 5

Prostitutes after entry 3

Prostitutes deported without time

limit 3

Procurers 2

Piocurers without time limit 2

Pregnancy 2

Physical conditions 11

Tuberculosis 20

Trachoma ' 1

Syphilis 1

Other contagious diseases 1

Subsequent cases :

Dependent members of family. _ 0

Physical conditions 3

Other causes 2

Total 168

American-born accompanying alien

parents deported 4

Total 172

Deportation by ports
New York "130 | Boston _

Philadelphia 21

Baltimore 6

1

Quebec 1

Canada '13

1 1 denied.
23 denied.

3 2 denied. , . ,

i 2 of these were deported for having entered the United States within 1 year after having been debarred
as alien contraet laborers.
■> Includes 4 American-born children,
t Buffalo and Niagara Falls.

REPOET OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. 247

Investigations.

Investigations conducted during tlie year :

Cases otlier tlinn those in wliich warrants of arrest
were requested 441

Warrant cases in wliicb warrants were canceled owing
to death of alien, inability to locate, insufficient evi-
dence, etc 22

Case under rule 24 in which deportation was not effected- I

464

Aliens deported as a result of investigations other than those
enumerated above, including 4 American-born children taken
with alien parents 172

Chinese investigations of all classes 84

Total number of cases for the year 720

Cases pending 39

Alien contract labor.

Investigations in case of alien applicants susi)ected of being alien con-

ti'act laborers 5

Investigations subsequent to landing, alleged violations of alien con-
tract-labor law 13

Deported 1

Total cases investigated ^29

Included in the total of 29 cases investigated is 1 case pending, the record
having been placed in the hands of the United States attorney with a view to
prosecution of the importer.

STATEMENT OF MILEAGE PURCHASED AND USED DURING THE FISCAL YEAR.

Miles.

Pennsylvania mileage 115, 866

Baltimore & Ohio mileage 24,405

New York Central mileage 8, 561

Total mileage used !___ 148.832

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF IMMIGRATION, BALTIMORE. MD.,
IN CHARGE OF DISTRICT NO. 5, COMPRISING MARYLAND AND DIS-
TRICT OF COLUMBIA.

There is submitted herewith aimual report of the port of Baltimore for fiscal
year ended June 30, 1914.

During the fiscal year ended June 30. 1014, the inward passenger movement
through the port of Baltimore was as follows:

Alien passengers examined 40.233

United States citizens (including S stowaways) 1,079

Alien stowaways 51

Deserting alien seamen 235

Total arrivals 41,598

An increase over last year of 6,000. Of the alien arrivals 35.983 were admit-
ted on primary inspection, 4.301 were held for the board of special inquiry,
of which number 3,804 were admitted and 497 rejected.

1 The 29 contract-labor cases investigated Involved 115 aliens, some cases referring to
groups of 5 to 20 traveling together.

^48 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OE IMMIGRATION.

DEPORTATIONS.

Likely to become public charges 96

Favus 2

Trachorua 31

Otlier loathsome contagious diseases 16

Surgeou's certificates .- 57

Contract laborers 63

Section 11 (guardian) 7

Convicted of crime 7

Immoral purpose 13

Assisted alien 1

Under 16 years 19

I'eeble-miuded 5

Tuberculosis 1

Insane 1

Importers 2

Number of aliens finally deported 321

APPEALS.

Number of appeals 214

Aliens involved 383

Admitted outright 108

Admitted, school bond 31

Admitted, public-charge bond 29

Deported 194

Admittetl for hospital treatment 21

Aliens cured and admitted 13

Cases pending at close of fiscal year 8

21

It will be noted that 214 cases were forwarded on appeal as against 113 for
last year, an increase of over 47 per cent.^

It still seems almost impossible to make the relatives and friends understand
the necessity for prompt remittances in cases of aliens undergoing treatment in
the hospitals. Almost without exception they fail to make the necessary de-
posits 15 days prior to the expiration of the period which the previous remit-
tance covered, and it is necessary each month to urge compliance with the stipu-
lations of the bond. The usual charge in trachoma and ringworm of the scalp
and favus cases is $1 a day for each alien for ordinary hospital accommodations,
but with favus and ringworm there is an additional charge of $2 per application
of X rays, which must be used to effect a cure. These applications are made
once or twice a week, sometimes oftener, so that hospital bills mount rapidly
where two or three children are undergoing treatment. The Zirotzki case is
still pending at Jackson, Mich. Of the remaining cases, two were cured and
admittetl and the third was deported. This was the case of Alexander and File-
mon Borszis (department file 534G2/43). These children were at the St.
Joseph's Hospital, and time and again that institution asked that they be taken
away as the older boy was incorrigible and caused a great deal of trouble;
moreover, the father of the boys became quite indifferent and made no effort
to assist the bondsmen in paying the bills, and eventually these boys were re-
turned to the old country after having been under treatment for 8 months and
19 days.

I am still of the opinion that it is mistaken kindness in the majority of these
cases to permit treatment in the hospitals of this country. While the relatives
are willing enough at the outset to agree to any stipulations or requirements
exacted by the Government, neverthele.ss, when the payments commence to
mount up, they become more or less indifferent, and it is difficult to keep the
accounts from getting in arrears. Again, such aliens make bad hospital patients,
as aside from the particular disorder for which they are being treated they
are in good physical condition and the enforced confinement in a hospital ward
becomes irksome, and they are in a great many instances a source of continual
annoyance to the hospital authorities.

From the Public Health surgeon's report hereinafter referred to, it is shown
that the number of certified dangerous and loathsome contagious diseases is

1 For list of cases treated in hospital at Baltimore, see p. 142.

REPORT OP COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. 249

less than last year. I believe tliat if the pending immigration bill becomes a
law and the fine is increased from $100 to $200 there will be a still further
reduction.

CHINESE TRANSACTIONS.

No Chinese are examined here for admission, as Baltimore is not a port of
entry for Chinese. There were investigated in the district the following cases :

Merchants 8

Laborers 13

Native-born 21

Student 1

Total 43

Disposition:

Acted upon favorably 35

Denied 1 6

Pending 2

One department warrant was issued for the arrest of a Chinese but was not
served, as the man left for parts unknown before he could be apprehended. It
is hoped that he may be apprehended at a later date. There were 8 Chinese
arrested and arraigned before United States commissioners as being unlawfully
in the United States, and disposed of as follows:

Discharged as native-born citizen of the United States 3

Deported 1

Pending 4

8

There were 8 investigations made in connection with Chinese cases at the re-
quest of Pacific coast ports, 1 at the request of the Chicago ofiiee in connection
with a smuggled Chinese under arrest there on a department warrant, and 1 at
the request of the Los Angeles office in connection with a prosecution for perjury
pending there against 2 Chinese.

Numerous investigations have been made in Chinese laundries upon informa-
tion furnished to the effect that Chinese would be found there who are unlaw-
fully in the United States. Three Chinese seamen were granted the privilege of
hospital treatment under bond, 2 of whom left the United States, and 1 died.

Two Chinese were accorded the privilege of transit under bond to New York,
from which port they left for Europe, and 3 seamen were brought here in transit
under bond from New York for transshipment at Baltimore.

Seventy-one foreign vessels arrived with a total of 1,059 Chinese members in
crew, all of whom were checked upon arrival and departure of their respective
vessels.

No Chinese stowaways were found during the year, nor did any Chinese sea-
men escape from vessels at this port. I am gratified to report that no intimation
as to the smuggling of Chinamen has come to my knowledge during the entire
year.

While the number of Chinese cases investigated (43) is less than last year,
nevertheless we have been busier with Chinese work, as there have been more
cases before United States commissioners, and further the instructions promul-
gated by the bureau during the year make necessary a more searching inquiry
and investigation in connection with Chinese applying for a determination of
their status. A strict watch has been kept both by this service and that of the
customs oflicials over the 234 fruit vessels entering this port. All of these fruit-
ers were carefully searched for Chinese or other .stowaways, and I am satisfied
that for the present at least Chinese smuggling has been broken up. While we
have not won all of our cases before United States commissioners, yet the re-
sults obtained have been such as to warrant the belief that the efforts put forth
were fully justified.

STOWAWAYS.

United States citizens 8

Alien stowaways deported 50

Alien stowaways escaped and not apprehended 1

51

Total number of stowaways arrived 59

250 KEPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

Three West Indian stowaways escaped, 2 were apprehended and 1 is still at
large. The man at large was one of two negroes who got away from the
American schooner Bayard Hopkins, bringing pineapples here from the West
Indies. The master and owners of the schooner offered a reward, and every
effort was made to retake him. The United States attorney, with the approval
of this office, granted the captain and owners an extension of time, until the
next return of the schooner to Baltimore, in order that further efforts might be
made to apprehend the negro.

How to prevent the coming of these West Indian negroes to the United States
as stowaways is a serious problem, as it is almost impossible to connect the
master or members of the crew with having anything to do with their being on
board ship. As a matter of fact, the masters and crew absolutely deny any
knowledge of the matter, and as these fruit boats are loaded by negro steve-
dores in the West Indies it is a very simple matter for them to secrete them-
selves aboard ship. The captains are undoubtedly confronted with a hard
proposition, but I am not fully persuaded that they search their vessels as
thoroughly as they would have us believe. There is ground for this belief, as
on 1 vessel we found 13 stowaways, 6 in one hatch and 7 in another ; all, of
course, were deported. Legislation providing an appropriate penalty for hav-
ing unmanifested aliens on vessels under any circumstances seems to be the
only solution by which this practice can be broken up.

DESERTING ALIEN SEAMEN.

There were boarded and insi>ected 9S1 foreign vessels; 235 seamen were re-
ported as having deserted their vessels, 117 of whom were apprehended. This
is a considerable increase over last year in the i)ercentage of deserting alien
seamen apprehended. However, I can but reiterate what I have stated in pre-
vious annual reports, i. e., that statistics relating to alien seamen are not of
much value owing to facility with which they change their names and shift
from vessel to vessel. These nomads of the sea apparently have an inherent
disinclination to stick to one ship for any length of time, but are continually
shifting, no doubt with the idea of obtaining a better berth, and in this prac-
tice, as is well known, they are aided and abetted by the boarding-house run-
ners who are interested In having the sailors change vessels for the shipping
fees involved.

WARRANT OF ARREST CASES.

Pending July 1, 1913 2

Issued during year 26

Served during year (causes as shown below) 25

Canceled by department 3

Executed — deportation accomplished 20

Pending at close of fiscal year :

Served and pending 5

Not served and pending 1

6

Persons included in warrants of arrest 37

CAUSES FOR WHICH WARRANTS WERE ISSUED.

Convicted of crime and likely to become public charge 1

Likely to become public charges at time of entry 11

Likely to become public charges and insane from prior causes 11

Likely to become i^ublic charges, entered without inspection (3

Tuberculosis— prior to entry cause 4

Mitral insufficiency and stenosis, cardiac enlargement and myocardial insuf-
ficiency, and public charge 1

Insane and enteretl without inspection 1

Psoriasis and public charge 1

Acute nephritis and aortic insufficiency 1

The number of warrants issued was less than last year. All charitable organ-
izations have been i)rompt in reporting cases for investigation. At the same
time it is gratifying to report a decrease in the numl)er of aliens locating in this
district who become public charges after landing. The number of warrants
asked for, or issued, however, can in no sense be taken as a measure of the time

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OP IMMIGRATION. 251

and effort spent in investigations which develop data and facts insufficient to
justify the institution of deportation proceedings. Again, Maryland and the
District of Columbia get a very small proportion of the total immigration into
the country, and but a low percentage of tliat coming through the port of Balti-
more; therefore, the pro rata of deportable alien ])ublic charges in the charitable
institutions of this district is low as compared with other States which have a
much larger alien population.

In addition to investigations made at hospitals and charitable institutions,
numerous miscellaneous cases arise in the local courts, police or magistrates'
offices, where as a rule it develops that the matter does not come within the
purview of the immigration law. At the request of officers in charge of other
districts 30 investigations were made during the year.

FINES IMPOSED AND COURT CASES.

Under section 9. for bringing diseased aliens, $G00 in fines were certified, to
the collector of customs and covered into tlie Treasury.

Ringworm of scalp (tinea tonsurans) 1

Trachoma ■ 5

Total 6

The Baltimore steamship lines seem to realize the necessity of furnishing
manifests correctly made out and no occasion arose dui'ing the year for the im-
position of any fines for improper manifestation.

Perjury. — Russian girl, aged 22, single, arrived at Baltimore, Md., destined to
male cousin. Cousin was arrested for perjury and held for the grand jury,
which dismissed the case.

Importation -for immoral purposes. — ^Another cas^, extremely interesting, and
in which the Government was successful in securing a conviction, was that
involving a Government employee who advertised in a paper of Habana, Cuba,
for a housekeeper and imported a woman for immoral purposes. Proceedings
were instituted in the United State;? district court against the man; he was
indicted, tried, and found guilty, a fine of $100 being imposed.

Contract labor importer. — A German from Russia arrived and was excluded
as contract laborer. Civil suit was instituted against importer who accompan-
ied alien but was later discontinued.

Extortion by Government employee. — Complaint was made to me that an in-
terpreter had taken money from three detained women at the detention house
under promise of securing their release therefor and later had cashed unused
coupons of railroad tickets of two of the women and returned to them only
about one-half of the refunded fare. Proceedings were instituted in the district
court. The interpreter pleaded not guilty and stood trial. He was found guilty
and sentencetl to GO days in jail.

Disbarment of attorney. — This was the case of a family in which three of the
children were allowed hospital treatment for ringworm of scalp. An attorney
of Chicago, 111., overcharged the relatives for his services and was disbarred by
the department from further practice in immigration cases.

HABEAS CORPUS CASES.

But one habeas corpus case arose in the district, that of Sore Enie or Sarah
Fischman, which was of interest. The alien, who had been an inmate of the
Phipps Psychiatric Clinic at Baltimore, was found to be mentally unsound, and
later sent to Bayview Asylum, a public charitable institution. The warrant
charged her with being a public charge from causes existing prior to entry,
i. e., insanity. The case was of particular intei'est to the doctors who had seen
the girl. Her attorneys at the habeas corpus hearing contended that the evi-
dence was legally insufficient to show that she was insane prior to landing or
that any causes had been shown to exist to warrant such a conclusion.

The judge overruled her attorneys on every point raised, ruling, as he has
consistently done in other immigration cases, that it was not within the province
of the court to decide as to the sufficiency of evidence where the Secretary of
Labor had issuetl a warrant of deportation. Cases were cited by the attorneys
to sustain their contention that the court could go into the facts, but his honor
said the weight of the holdings were all the other way. An odd feature of the

252 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

case was that the father of the girl, upon whose testimony the warrant for her
arrest was secured, as also the warrant for deportation, endeavored to have her
released on habeas corpus after doing everything he could to assist the Gov-
ernment in sending her out of the country.

SPECIAL INQUIRY CASES.

The number of aliens held for board of special inquiry, including stowaways,
was 4,301.

The number of special-inquiry cases have increased enormously, the total
being nearly twice that of two years ago ; i. e. for fiscal year ended June, 1912,
approximately, 1,200; 1913, approximately, 1,604; 1914, approximately, 2,269,
exclusive of rehearings. which form no small portion of the work of the board.
With only one stenographer it has been extremely difficult at times to keep the
work of the office in shape to promptly and expeditiously dispose of the public
business.

The number of children under 16 years of age unaccompanied by or not going
to, parents has somewhat diminished. This is due unquestionably to the known
difficulty of such children gaining admission. Of course, there is a studied
attempt to evade this provision of law by raising the ages of the children a few
years, and this is very difficult to detect, as some children 14 or 15 years of age
have the physique and facial api>enrance of those 17 or 18. In some instances
the deception is patent and investigations are made to check up the testimony
of the children and those in charge of them. Between an attempt to reduce the
children's ages in order to obtain half-fare tickets on the one hand, and an
endeavor to get around the " under-16-year provision " by increasing their ages,
the interested relatives are sorely tried.

Cases of aliens traveling together as man and wife, though not actually mar-
ried, arise from time to time, but as tliey generally travel second cabin and
have their storj' well learned it is most difficult to detect them. Apt questions
are asked wherever circumstances warrant suspicion and every endeavor made
to satisfy ourselves of the bona fide relationship.

Another proposition which it is difficult for the Government to combat is that
of fraudulent affidavits prepared and submitted in connection with aliens apply-
ing for admission. In some cases it is found that the signers of the affidavits
have absolutely no knowledge of the contents of the instruments; again, exag-
gerated statements of their earning capacity are inserted, or misleading decla-
rations as to the property they own or cash in hand or in bank.

MEDICAL INSPECTION.

There is inclosed herewith as a part of my annual report that of the Public
Health surgeon on the medical examination of aliens. It will be seen that 913.
certificates were rendered for all causes.

Feeble-minded 5

Insanit.v 1

Trachoma 33

Tinea tonsurans 17

Syphilis 1

Gonorrhea 1

Tuberculosis 1

Diseases or defects affecting ability to earn a living 441

Diseases or defects of lesser degree 414

As indicating the increasing carefulness of the North German Lloyd Line
(which brings most of the aliens here), it will be noted from the surgeon's
report that both the trachoma and ringworm of scalp (tinea tonsurans) cases
have been decidedly less, although immigration has increased considerably.

We are handicapped in our medical examination, as the surgeon should have
an assistant. The method of examining aliens for mental defects has been
extended, manifested in the increased number of certificates, and this, of
course, takes more time, the net result of which is that in a given time there
is a less number of aliens being examined than formerly. Although request
has been made for additional medical aid. it has not been granted. With one
medical officer it not infrequently happens that registry inspectors have empty
aisles, waiting for the sui'geon to complete his examination. Should we have a
ship with 1,500 to 1,800 on board, their examination would necessarily be greatly

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. 253

prolonged, aud the work of the port can not be as advantageously arranged as
it could be with an additional medical officer.

The surgeon calls attention to the inadequate hospital facilities, and this I
will touch on more fully hereafter under the caption " Detention house."

OUTWARD-BOUND PASSENGER MOVEMENT.

Citizens departed 1, 852

Aliens departed 2, 813

Total 4, 665

This is an increase of over 25 per cent in outward-bound passengers over last
year, all of the increase being due to aliens. The North German Lloyd are put-
ting larger boats on the Baltimore to Bremen line, some touching at'Southamp-
ton, England, and the Hamburg-American Line, which has entered the Balti-
more field, is maliing bid for both inward and outward bound business, so it is
not unreasonable to believe that the coming year will show a greater flow
through Baltimore for Europe.

VERIFICATIONS OF LANDING.

While the number of verifications furnished for the year is somewhat less
than last year, the aggregate work of the office was not proportionately de-
creased. The decrease in verifications was occasioned by the bureau's instruc-
tions that verifications should only be furnished to naturalization examiners
and officials of our own service. Therefore, it was necessary to return large
numbers of applications to the senders, with instructions in the premises. In
course of time, however, it is reasonable to suppose that the bureau's rule will
become known and most of such applications cease. Of the 2,631 requests made
2,237 were verified and 394 could not be found.

WHITE-SLAVE TRAFFIC.

For another year Baltimore has been fortunate in not having had any cases
of white-slave traffic, as the term is generally understood, nor have there been
any prostitutes found to be here in violation of law. Baltimore has gotten the
enviable reputation of being a good place for traffickers in this form of vice to
keep away from. The Federal white-slave act and the Maryland State pander-
ing act have also produced most beneficial results in this State, and the uniform
convictions heretofore secured in both the Federal and State courts have been
most satisfactory. Panderers, pimps, and other gentry of like ilk know that in
the State courts they can expect little consideration, and less in the Federal
court.

LANDING STATIONS.

Passengers from the North German Lloyd steamers are still being disem-
barked at the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Pier No. 9. Locust Point, generally
termed the " Immigration pier." This pier is owned by the above-named rail-
road company, and the Lloyd Line dock there with freight and passengers under
a traffic agreement, no other line being allowed except by consent of the Balti-
more & Ohio.

During the year the Hamburg-American Line inaugurated a passenger serv-
ice from Hamburg to Baltimore, and the Pennsylvania Railroad fixed up a land-
ing station at one of their Canton piers adjacent to Baltimore City. The
passengers were disembarked on the first floor of the pier and the arrangements
were very convenient. Unfortunately the pier was burned the early part of this
year and since then the Hamburg-American passengers have been examined
aboard ship; a few of the vessels docked at the Baltimore & Ohio pier when that
railroad was to haul the passengers, and others have been inspected at Western
Maryland Pier at Port Covington, this city, where the last-named railroad has
arranged a satisfactory place on one of their piers for the inspection.

DETENTION HOUSE.

We are still using the detention house at Locust Point, which is taking care
of all passengers from the North German Lloyd and Hamburg-American Lines.
Of course the building was never designed nor intended to be used as a deten-

254 EEPOET OF COMMISSIONER GENEEAL OF IMMIGRATION.

tiou house, but it has, nevertheless, been so used for many years. By a liberal
use of disinfectants and deodorizers it is kept in as sanitary condition as is
possible, but is far from being satisfactory for the purpose. Wholesome food
is served and the sleeping accommodations are as good as can be expected under
the circumstances. Of course, we must take into consideration the f;ict that a
great many of the aliens have no idea of personal cleanliness as we understand
it, know nothing of hygienic standards and care less.

At certain seasons measles cases occur frequently among children of arriving
aliens, and as the city hospitals refuse to receive them they must be treated in
a small room attached to the detention house set aside as hospital quarters.
Among other acute communicable disea.ses during the year thei'e were 155
measles cases and at times the small hospital room was overcrowded. This
matter was taken up by me with the Commissioner General, and after confer-
ences with the steamship agents, the mayor of Baltimore, and other officials
arrangements were made whereby aliens suffering with the contagious diseases
of childhood were to be disembarked either at New York or Philadelphia for
hospital treatment, or when this could not be done the city of Baltimore agreed
to take c;ire of the situation. To the firm stand taken by the Commissioner Gen-
eral this fortunate solution of a serious situation was brought about.

NEW IMMIGRATION STATION AT FORT M'HENRY.

It was a red-letter day for Baltimore when the House of Representatives,
under a suspension of rules, on June 29. 1914, passed the bill (H. R. 11625)
appropriating for the Baltimore immigration station $550,000, and from au-
thoritative reports received it is believed that no opposition will be met in the
Senate, so that it is reasonable to hope that early in July the bill will be
1)11 ssed by the Senate, signed by the President, and this great and needed im-
provement at last assured to Baltimore. According to plans prepared by the
Supervising Architect of the Treasury the proposed station here is to be a
model one, embodying all the best features of those heretofore constructed.
There is hardly any question as to a great increase in immigration through
Baltimore when the new station is completed. It will include a pier on the
main w;iter channel into Baltimore, where all vessels may dock without being
under obligations to any corporation. It will be an open field, and no favor,
and I am persuaded that the beneficial results to the port of Baltimore by the
new station will be quite commensurate with the money expended. Located
at Fort McHenry, which, by a recent transfer from the War Department, is
now one of Baltimore's chain of public parks, the new station will not only
be an ornament to the harbor and city, but a monument to the Government's
interest in our future citizens.

The new station will include a receiving building for aliens, hospital, ad-
ministration building, power house, pier at which the incoming steamers may
discharge the aliens, and other things acces.sory to the site.

It is hoped that in starting this improvement preference will be given to the
hospital building, for which the most need is felt. The detained aliens are
scatteretl about the city in the various hospitals and at the detention house.
This is a very inconvenient arrangement, and ranch of the time of the surgeon
and of my employees would be saved were the aliens all together on one
reservation.

WORK OF DISTRIBUTION OF ADMITTED ALIENS.

As a matter of fact, there is little opportunity afforded to distribute ad-
mitted aliens. It is generally assumed by the public that a large proportion of
immigrants immediately go on the farms. While this was no doubt correct as
to the homeseeker from northern Europe 50 or 60 years ago, it is not true as a
general statement of present conditions, as the major portion now seek em-
ployment in the mines, on railroads, and in various other industrial pursuits.
A number of causes, such as lack of means and inability to speak our lan-
guage combine to make immigrants seek occupations distasteful to them and
compel them to take the first job offered. Again, practically all the new-
comers are ticketed through at the foreign port of embarkation to a final
destination (either a town or city) in the United States, and it is my opinion
that the foreign steamship agencies discourage immigrants leaving for the
United States without having a good street address to some city or town, where

BEPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. 255

eacli has a relative or frieud to receive him. Without such au address, and
with a small amount of money, the chances of being detained and refused
landing as likely to become a public charge are ever present. For some years
I have felt that this was one of the reasons why an alien, who in the old
country was a farmer or farm laborer, enters upon industrial work at once
upon arrival here, rather than go upon the farm, where he is needed. More
frequently he does this not from choice, but under a form of restraint. At the
same time it must be admitted that the rural community is better suited for
his assimilation of American ideas and manner of living.

No changes in the force have occurred, although immigration has materially
increased. The board of special inquiry has had much more work to do, and
when steamers arrive late in the afternoon the force has been on duty as late
as 9 p. m., starting again early the next morning, in order that the passengers
may be promptly disi)osed of.

The force is not adequate promptly and properly to dispose of a large number
of arrivals in one day, and it has therefore l>een necessary during the year to
at times call upon the Philadelphia office for assistance. Also, from time to
time some of our officers have been detailed to help out the Philadelphia station.

From the foregoing it will be noted that the work at the port of Baltimore
has materially increased and the outlook is favorable for its continuance.
With the Hamburg-American Line in the local field bidding for both inbound
and outbound immigrant traffic, in competition with the North German Lloyd
Line, more immigration is bound to flow through the port. The North German
Lloyd are building special steamers for the Baltimore to Bremen service, and
the movement of cabin passengers through Baltimore is on the increase.
Families continue to prefer Baltimore as a port of landing, and the local steam-
ship agents report that generally 50 per cent of the tickets sold are prepaid
orders, but at this time they are even exceeding 50 per cent in that resi>ect.

The prediction for increase of immigration through Baltimore made in my
last annual report has been borne out by the figures for this year.

The work of the port has been administered in a practical, businesslike way,
and every effort has been made to see that the laws and regulations are given
full effect. The administration of the inunigration laws has ever been found
to present complexities which must be handled promptly and expeditiously.

The splendid showing in the economical operation of the station is due to the
interest taken in and application to their duties by the members of the force,
all of whom I take pleasure in commending for their cooperation with me
during the year.

Bertram N. Stump, Commissioner.

REPORT OF INSPECTOR IN CHARGE. DISTRICT NO. 6, COMPRISING
VIRGINIA AND NORTH CAROLINA, WITH HEADQUARTERS AT
NORFOLK.

There is transmitted herewith a brief report of the transactions of the Immi-
gration Service in the sixth district.

As has been stated in former reports, and as the bureau is well aware, there
is but little immigration to this port, despite the fact that there are few ports
on the Atlantic seaboard where the arrivals of foreign vessels are greater than
at Norfolk and Newport News.

During the past year there were 191 aliens examined for admission, of which
179 were admitted on primaiy inspection and 12 held for boards of special
inquii-y. Of the latter, 4 wei*e admitted and 8 excluded, or about 4J per cent of
total arrivals. Head-tax collections for the year amounted to $640, being a
decrease of $860. This is accounted for by reason of the fact that the Norway-
Mexico-Gulf Line, which formerly brought passengers to Newport News, dis-
continued that service in favor of Boston, Mass. It is understood now, though,
that this line will return to Newport News.

There arrived in this district 9 stowaways, 15 American citizens, and 242 alien
seamen as deserters.

256 EEPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

During the fiscal year 1914, 1,421 foreign vessels were boarded at Norfolk,
Va., and 831 at Newport News, making a total of 2.252, being an increase of
81 over last year. Of this number 132 at Norfolk and 85 at Newport News, a
total of 217, had Chinese seamen aboard, on which were found 4,231 Chinese,
the greatest number to arrive in this district during one year since the organiza-
tion of the Immigration Service here, not one of whom escaped from the vessels,
all being checked on their arrival and on their departure.

There have been applications for writs of habeas corpus in two cases, both
of which are still pending in the eastern district of North Carolina.

Departmental warrants were issued to the extent of 13. Of these 11 were
served, 4 canceled, 4 executed, 2 are pending but not yet served, and 3 pending
since service. The causes for which these warrants were issued are as follows :

Aliens other than Chinese :

Likely to become a public charge at time of entry 2

Prostitute 1

Public charges from prior causes 2

Unlawful landing 5

Chinese :

Unlawful entry (sec. 21, act of Feb. 20, 1907) 3

There were 8 preinvestigations made in Chinese cases, as follows:

Exempts (merchants), approved 3

Laborers, approved 3

Natives, 1 approved, 1 disapproved 2

Other investigations were :

Other than Chinese 8

Chinese 1

Miscellaneous, additional to foregoing, of which 2 are pending 48

Total 57

There were 3 Chinese arrested and brought before the United States court, of
whom 2 claimed to have been admitted as minor sons of merchant and 1 as
the minor son of a teacher. All were dismissed.

There were 3 fine assessments under section 9, 2 being for loathsome or dan-
gerous contagious diseases, and 1 for tuberculosis ; a total of $300, all of which
was finally covered into the Treasury.

We thought that during 1913 the limit in arrivals of Chinese seamen had
been reached, but we find that during the past year nearly 100 more have come
to this port as seamen on various ships. The work of checking these vessels,
which leave at all hours of the day and night, has been much simplified by the
addition to this service of a launch. Norfolk is nearly surrounded by water,
and most of the points at which vessels arrive are either solely I'eached by
water, or are in such out-of-the-way places that street car service is out of the
question. We have a well-kept, staunch boat for boarding purposes, at a mini-
mum cost. It has been the means of saving a great deal of time and expense.
Whereas before it was necessary for the boarding officer to remain at the
dock waiting for a chance to get back to the office, he is now able to complete
his work and return at once, and one man can easily handle all the work.

Regarding 3 Chinese who were arrestetl at Wilmington, N. C., under section
6 of the act of May 5. 1892, as amended by section 1 of the act of November 3,
1893, and discharged by the district judge, 2 were minor sons of merchants and
1 a. son of a Chinese teacher, all of whom were found laboring as laundrymen.
It would seem that some action on the part of the bureau should be taken
toward amending this section, which has been reenacted and which is the law.
Judge Connor held that there was no law in existence by which Chinese enter-
ing the country as of the exempt class and thereafter found laboring in the
United States could be deported, as section 6 states that any Chinese laborer
" within the limits of the United States who shall neglect, fail, or refuse to
comply with the provisions of this act * * * shall be deemed and adjudged
to be unlawfully within the United States," etc. Whatever Congress may have
meiint. it seems certain that the act, as it is now worded, excludes Chinese
laborers who were in the United States at the time of the passage of the act

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

257

only, and makes no provision for tlie exclusion of those who may thereafter
come to the United States. This is a hig loophole in the law. It is noted that
the Attorney General reached the couclnsiou that an appeal from Judge Connor's
decision would not be justified. If it is the general opinion that Congress did
not intend to leave such a loophole in the law, it would seem that an amendment
could be easily brought about, and that no time should be lost in so doing is
apparent.

It gives me pleasure to express my appreciation of the cooperation given me
by the men of this district. Their efficient service has enabled the officer in
charge to carry out the work of the bureau as best we may.

W. R. MoETON, Inspector in Charge.

REPORT OF INSPECTOR IN CHARGE, DISTRICT NO. 7, COMPRISING
SOUTH CAROLINA, GEORGIA, FLORIDA, AND ALABAMA, WITH
HEADQUARTERS AT JACKSONVILLE.

There is transmitted herewith a summary of the immigration work accom-
plished in di.strict No. 7 during the fiscal year 1914. The information required
is submitted in tabulated form, as it is believed this is the most concise way of
covering practically the entire work.

Examination of aliens at seaports, not including Chinese.

Admit-
ted on
pri-
mary
inspec-
tion.

Held

for
special

in-
quiry.

Admits
ted by
board

of
special

in-
quiry.

Reject-
ed by
board

of
special

in-
quiry.

Admit-
ted
out-
right

on
appeal.

Admit-
ted
on

bond.

Total aliens admitted.

Name of port.

Immi-
grant.

Non-
immi-
grant.

Total.

7

4,992

3,694

3,164

313

7

5

12

15

3

1

5

1,406

1,429

1,695

124

7

3

11

14

3

2

3,614

2,273

1,512

195

2

1

1

i'

7

Key West

79
36
63
23
3
1
4

19
8

42
6

60

28

21

17

3

1

4

8

1

5 020

Miami

3,702

Tampa

1

3 207

MobUe

319

Savannah

7

Charleston

5

12

Brunswick

IS

Boca Grande

3

Femandiaa

1

Total

12,213

209

75

134

9

1

4,697

7,601

12,298

Name of port.

United
States
citi-
zens
ar-
rived.

Aliens finally
deported.

Total
inward
passen-
ger
move-
ment.

Stowa-
ways.

Alien
seamen
depon-
ed.

Alien
seamen
arriv-
ing.

Head
tax.

Es-

Num-
ber.

Per
cent.

capes.

17

11,828

1,405

2,045

226

22

8

13

2

24

16,899

5, 135

5,272

562

32

14

29

17

3

1

2

3

12

12

5

4

1

2

U

23
4

27'

237

94

72

176

12

8

15

3

1,310

507

2,247

6,015

11,867

4,127

3,729

4,623

681

928

618

697

$28

1,996

14,264

2,168

664

28

12

36

51
28
20
17
3
1
4

1.01
.75
.62
5.06
30.00
16.67
25.00

Tampa

Savannah

3

Charleston

Pensacola

Brunswick

Boca Grande

8
8

Femandina

Port Inglis

Total

15,566

124

1.00

27,988

42

671

37,349

19,212

3

1 One stowaway arrived at Femandina, Fla., from Porto Rico. Head tax was collected on his account.
60629°— 15 17

258 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.
Arrest and expulsion of aliens.

Warrants.

Chinese

Name of port.

Applied for.

Issued.

Served.

Can-
celed,
other
than
Chi-
nese.

Exe-
cuted,
other
than
Chi-
nese.

arrested

before

commis-

Other
than
Chi-
nese.

Chi-
nese.

Other
than
Chi-
nese.

Chi-
nese.

Other
than
Chi-
nese.

Chi-
nese.

sioners of
United
States
courts.

Jacksonville

2
1
3
13
21
1
4
1
2

i'

i'

2
1
3
12
21
1
4
1
2

i'

2
1
2
8
17
1
5
1
2

2

Key West

1

Miami

2

8
7
1
4

Tampa

4

8

Mobile

1

1

1

2

Total

48

2

47

1

39

1

14

27

1

Grounds on which warrants were issued.

Name of port.

Likely to be-
come public

charge at
time of entry

Prostitution
and pro-
curers.

Entered
without in-
spection.

Under
16, un-
accom-
panied,

exe-
cuted.

Epi-
lepsy,

exe-
cuted.

Public
charge
from
prior
causes,
exe-
cuted.

Crimi-
nals,
exe-
cuted.

Con-
tract
labor-
ers,

Exe-
cuted.

Can-
celed.

Exe-
cuted.

Can-
celed.

Exe-
cuted.

Can-
celed.

exe-
cuted.

1

1

1

Key West

1

MiftTni

1

1

4

2

2

2

8

2

2

4

1

1

3

1

1

1

1

Total

9

3

3

1

5

10

1

1

4

9

2

CHINESE IMMIGRATION.

Tampa is tlie only Chinese port of entry in this district, and there has been
only 1 Chinaman, a student, admitted there during the fiscal year just ended.

Preinvestigations have been conducted concerning 5 Chinese merchants (4
with favorable and 1 with unfavorable results) and in the cases of 4 Chinese
claiming native birth (3 with favorable and 1 with unfavorable result).

SMUGGLING AND UNLAWFUL ENTRY.

At various times during the year this office has received information from
confidential sources to the effect that Chinese had embarked at certain foreign
ports with a view to gaining illegal entry into the United States at some one
of the various seaports in this district, and three Chinese actually entered at
Mobile in this manner from the steamship Aim. They were afterwards appre-
hended and used as witnesses in prosecuting Nils Thomas and Thor Strom,
members of the crew — the persons who were thought to be responsible for their
Illegal entry. The evidence furnished was sufficient to cause these men to
plead guilty. They were prosecuted under section 37 of the Criminal Code and
section 8 of the immigration law. The sentence imposed was so light that it
is not likely to produce a deterrent effect upon persons who have an inclina-
tion to engage in this business.

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. 259

The gasoline boat Corinthia has been detailed by the bureau for scout duty
on the west coast of Florida, with a view to ascertaining whether Chinese
smuggling operations are being carried on in this territory. This boat is in
charge of Inspector Isaac H. Vincent, of Key \Yest, Fla., and began scout
duty June 27. It was put into operation in this district so near the end of
the fiscal year that it is impossible at this time to tell what the results of this
cruise will be.

COURT PROCEEDINGS.

There have been no court cases of any kind except the one criminal prose-
cution mentioned above; nor were there any cases in which writs of habeas
corpus were applied for.

ESCAPES.

Other than the three Chinese mentioned under the head of " Smuggling and
unlawful entry," there were no escapes of aliens from vessels during the fiscal
year 1914, except three stowaways at Savannah, Ga., in the month of December,
1913. There being no United States district attorney at Savannah, the immi-
grant inspector laid the matter before the United States commissioner, who
advised him that under the circumstances he did not believe there was sufiicient
ground to justify arrest, as our service was unable to show that the master of
the vessel was in collusion with the stowaways in effecting their escape.

WHITE-SLAVE TRANSACTIONS.

Owing to the limited number of inspectors in this district there has been no
systematic investigation with a view to ascertaining to what extent the white-
slave trafiic act has been violated. In this connection it will be seen from
the tabulated statement above that a number of cases of this kind have been
handled under warrant proceedings and deportation effected.

HINDU IMMIGRATION.

During the year quite a number of Hindu laborers have applied for admission
at Key West and Tampa, Fla., the majority of them coming from Habana, Cuba,
and from the Canal Zone. These aliens, when denied admission, almost inva-
riably appealed their cases, and in every case the excluding decision of the
board has been sustained by the department. The Peninsular & Occidental
Steamship Co., which handles practically all of the passenger business coming
from the Canal Zone and Habana to Key West and Tampa. Fla., has refused,
except in rare instances, to sell passage to this class of aliens, due to the fact
that the great majority of them have been unable to establish their right to
land upon applying for admission at ports in this district.

CONTRACT LABOR.

The section 24 inspector stationed at Birmingham. Ala., has made a number
of investigations relative to violations of the contract-labor law. The majority
of these investigations did not show a violation of the law. An investigation
which he made at Ozona, Fla., showed that the Ozona Citrus Growers' Associa-
tion, through ignorance of the law, were guilty of making an effort to import
labor from Canada. This company was advised as to the provisions of the law
and no aliens were imported.

IMMIGBATION STATION.

There is but one immigration station in district No. 7. located at Charleston,
S. C, regarding which the bureau in its annual report for 1913 used the follow-
ing language:

u * * * ^g jjo immigration comes to Charleston, it has not been necessary
to put the station there to any use, and it is standing idle and unoccupied, but
protected as fully as possible from decay and deterioration in value by employ-
ing two watchmen to guard it day and night."

The same conditions still prevail at the Charleston immigration station.

260 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

RECAPITULATION.

A glance at the following important items shows a large increase of business
in this district over all preceding years :

Total number of aliens applying for admission 12, 422

Total number of aliens debarred from admission 124

Total number of aliens admitted 12, 298

Total number of United States citizens arrived 15, 566

Total inward passenger movement 27, 988

Chinese seamen arrived 2, 800

Alien seamen (not including Chinese) who arrived direct from for-
eign ports 37, 349

Head tax collected $19,212

INVESTIGATIONS IN IMMIGRATION CASES.

Investigations were conducted in 30 cases of arriving aliens and in 24 miscel-
laneous cases.

CONCLUSION.

In conclusion, it gives me pleasure to express my appreciaton of the hearty
cooperation furnished our service by the officers detailed to conduct the medical
examination of aliens. Furthermore, I owe it to the officers stationed in this
district to state that the relations existing between them and this office have
been pleasant and harmonious for the entire year, and that the effective enforce-
ment of the immigration laws could not have been accomplished without the
intelligent interest which they manifested.

Thos. V. Kirk,

Inspector in Charge.

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF IMMIGRATION, NEW ORLEANS, IN
CHARGE OF DISTRICT NO. 8, COMPRISING LOUISIANA, MISSISSIPPI,
ARKANSAS, AND TENNESSEE.

The following l)rief summary of transactions in district No. 8, covering the
fiscal year ended June 30, 1914, is respectfully submitted:

inward PASSENGER MOVEMENT.

As shown by Exhibit A herewith, 5,125 aliens arrived at the port of New
Orleans during the fiscal year ; 2,628 immigrant and 2,434 nonimmigrant aliens
were admitted^ and 63 were debarred. Of the immigrant aliens, 1,411 were first
cabin, 153 second, and 1.064 steerage. Of the nonimmigrant, 2,075 were first
cabin, 172 second, and 187 steerage. The money brought by these aliens totaled
$356,298, or about $70 per capita. During the same period 11,177 citizens
returned through this iwrt.

During the fiscal year 30 aliens arrived at Galfport, Miss., 25 of whom were
classed immigrant, 3 nonimmigrant, and 2 were debarred. Two citizens arrived
at Gulfport during the year. At Pascagoula, Miss., 27 aliens arrived, 18 of
whom wore classed immigrant and 9 nonimmigrant. Five citizens also arrived
at that port.

OUTWARD MOVEMENT.

Exhibit A also i=hows that 792 emigrant aliens and 2,776 nonemigrant aliens
departed through the port of New Orleans during the year. Covering the same
period, 7,820 citizens departed.

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. 261
Comparative summary.

1913

1914

INWAED MOVEMENT.

Immigrant aliens admitted

Nonimmigrant aliens admitted

Aliens debarred

Oovernment officials (sec. 41)

Chinese transits (not included in statistics).
Citizens

Total.

OUTWARD MOVEMENT.

Emigrant aliens

Nonemigrant aliens

Chtaese transits (not included in statistics).
Citizens

Total.

1,446

1,941

62

66

8,634

12, 149

516
1,933

8,955

2,628

2,434

63

88

301

11,177

16, 691

792
2,776

715
7,820

11,404 12,103

From the foregoing it will be noted that the alien arrivals at New Orleans
during the fiscal year exceeded those of the previous year by 1,676, or an
iucrease~of over 48 per cent. At the same time the increase in citizen arrivals
over the preceding year is shown to be 29 per cent. Of the alien arrivals at
this port during the year over 75 per cent were cabin passengers, which in a
measure accounts for the small number of debarred aliens.

MISCELLANEOUS TEANSACTIONS.

Exhibit B shows in condensed form transactions under departmental war-
rants, number and disposition of cases before boards of special inquiry, number
of passenger and nonpassenger ves.sels arriving, fines for improper manifesting
and bringing diseased aliens, number and history of cases admitted for hospital
treatment.

Exhibit C shows the number of vessels arriving at subports of Gulf port and
Pascagoula, Miss., during the year, number of seamen arriving, number and dis-
position of cases before boards of special inquiry, number of seamen placed in
hospital, and final disposition of such cases.

CHINESE TRANSACTIONS.

Exhibit D is a condensed summary of all transactions relating to Chinese
during the fiscal year, and shows that 301 were admitted in transit, while 715
who were admitted at other ports passed out at New Orleans. It is shown
that 4,527 Chinese seamen were in this port during the year on 239 different
vessels, all of whom departed except 2, who died in the Charity Hospital in
this city.

There were 17 Chinese seamen in port at Gulfport, Miss., at the beginning
of the fiscal year, and, subsequently within the year 79 others arrived. Of
this number 1 died and 2 were deported by the British consul. The remaining
ones departed in their capacity as seamen.

Exhibit D also shows the class and number of investigations conducted
during the year pertaining to domiciled Chinese desiring to depart and others
applying for admission at other ports. Nineteen Chinese laborers, refugees
from Mexico, applied for admission during the year, and were debarred. Two
of this number, natives of Cuba, were deported to Cuba ; 2 were subsequently
I>ermitted to pass through the country in transit to Hongkong; 1 was returned
to Mexico, and 14 are now in detention at this station. Only 1 arrest (de-
partmental warrant) was made during the year which resulted in deportation.

CHINESE SMUGGLING.

Constant vigilance on the part of officers at this station has failed to disclose
any organized effort at Chinese smuggling through this port during the year.
In fact the most careful watching and searching of vessels arriving from

262 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

foreign ports where Chinese could be obtained has been without result, unless
it can be said that such activity has pi'oduced a deterrent effect. Frequent
investigations through Chinatown and reiwrts from confidential sources in that
quarter lead to the conclusion that this port has been comparatively free from
attempts at infractions of the Chinese exclusion law during the year, and it is
hoped that continued vigilance will prove as effective the coming year.

CONTKACT-LABOR LAW.

All aliens are carefully examined with the object of determining whether
or not they have been induced to come by promises of employment. The
comparatively small number of arrivals makes it possible to more rigidly
examine all applicants, thus affording less opportunity for an alien to enter,
if for any reason such alien is inadmissible. As stated in former reports, the
contract-labor law is undoubtedly violated at this ix)rt. as at all other ports
of the service ; and it would be no less than remarkable if every attempt to
evade the law in this particular should be detected at any port.

WHITE-SLAVE TRAFFIC.

Owing to the results accomplished under this heading during the previous
year, there has been a very noticeable exodus of undesirable aliens who might be
handled under departmental warrants from New Orleans. But few cases have
been handled during the year. When the deterrent effect of the activities of
officers of the service during 1913 has worn off it is fully expected that another
crusade will be necessary in this district.

DESERTING ALIEN SEAMEN.

Six hundred and thirty-six alien seamen deserted at this port during the
year, as compared with 673 the year previous. During the year 25 departmental
warrants issued for the arrest of seamen were disposed of as follows : Can-
celed, 8 ; deported, 13 ; reshipped. foreign, 3 ; pending, 1.

It is necessary to point out in this connection that a large majority of desert-
ing seamen reship foreign, and frequently it is the case that a seaman reported
as a deserter leaves one ship to immediately sign as a member of the crew of
another. The seaman question is a vexing one at best, and it is believed that
it can not be handled satisfactorily under the law as it stands at present. The
most perplexing and apparently unsolvable problem arises in connection with
the apparently increasing number of Chinese seamen. Of the large number of
Chinese seamen in this port not one. perhaps, would be found admissible upon
examination, but it is impossible with the small force at this station to at all
times so guard the vessels on which they are employed as to insure their de-
parture. It is considered indeed fortunate, under all the circumstances, that
there were no desertions from Chinese crews at this port during the year.

DIVISION OF INFORMATION.

Relying on its construction of bureau instructions date July 2. 1913. this
office inaugurated a system of distribution of natives and aliens through the
instrumentality of the Louisiana State Board of Immigration, but the system
was ordered discontinued by the bureau in its letter dated January 19, 1914.
From January to the end of the fiscal year there were practically no transac-
tions, therefore the officer in charge of that division has no data of importance
or interest for tabulation. In lieu of such data the officer in charge presents the
following :

" I do wish, however, in connection with my short experience in the affairs
of the division, to present a few impressions which it is hoped will aid in lead-
ing to a proper solution of the division's problems in this portion of the country.
I concur with the division's recommendation ' that an appropriation be asked for
the establishment of a branch of the division in New Orleans, La.,' as there
is much to be accomplished in this section, but not without the exclusive atten-
tion of the officer in charge to that one particular subject. The real object of
the division should be at once curative and preventive, instead of curative alone;
by which I mean that it should not wait for the voluntary solicitation of those

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. 263

in need of employment, but rather through its initiative discover the existence
of persons who are without employment and connect or place them where they
can both profit themselves and the country. The land opportunities are natu-
rally grand in the South, and no doubt there are thousands of people who would
gladly locate in this section for the purpose of farming if they were fully ad-
vised regarding the opportunities and advantages in this locality. It should be
a part of the work of the division to see that they are properly informed. There-
fore, it would seem advisable to place the work in exclusive hands, and through
the medium of the press inform the public of the readiness of the division to
aid farmers and employers on the one hand and laborers on the other, thus
locating and bringing all parties together for their mutual benefit and the wel-
fare of the country. Under present conditions but little can be accomplished
along this line, although I have the warmest sympathy and best of wishes for
the realization of the division's ideals."

SXJBPORTS OF GULFPORT AND PASCAGOULA.

The affairs of the service at Gulfport and Pascagoula have been satisfactorily
administered during the year. The work at these ports consists mainly in the
examination of alien seamen, searching vessels from foreign ports to prevent
the illegal entry of stowaways, and to guard the coast against the possible
operations of smugglers.

The officers in charge of these subix)rts have been energetic and have per-
formed their duties efficiently, with the result that there have been few viola-
tions of the laws along the coast within the year.

INTERIOR STATION, MEMPHIS, TENN.

On January 1, 1914, a new station was created in this district at Memphis.
This seemed necessary in order that a closer and more constant check might be
kept on the ever changing and increasing number of Chinese in the northern
cities and towns in this district.

The officer in charge at Memphis has transacted all business pertaining to
the service in the northern section of the district since January 1 in a very
efficient and satisfactory manner, and the wisdom of the action in placing an
officer at that point has been clearly established.

The facts stated in the last annual reiwrt regarding the station at New Or-
leans may be repeated here. The buildings are in first-class condition and the
grounds are well kept and inviting in appearance. It is believed that the
present almost perfect condition of the station may be maintained during the
next fiscal year at small cost.

MEDICAL EXAMINATION OF ALIENS.

The two medical examiners assigned to duty in connection with this service
at New Orleans have performed their work in a highly satisfactory manner
during the year. They are competent and have cooperated heartily with this
office in all matters in which their services were necessary.

CONCLUSION.

This report should properly have been submitted by former Commissioner
S. E. Redfern. who was in charge of district No. 8 to the end of the fiscal year,
and who. together with the officers and employees, is entitled to whatever credit
may be due for the results accomplished within the year.

Joseph H. Wallis, Acting Commissioner,

264 EEPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

Exhibit A.
Inward and outward passenger movements.

Male.

Female.

Total.

Immigrant aliens admitted

Nonimmigrant aliens admitted .
United States citizens arrived...
Aliens debarred

1,868

1,775

7,501

57

760

659

3,676

6

2,628

2,434

11,177

63

Total .

11,201

5,101

16,302*

Emigrant aliens departed

Nonemigrant aliens departed . . .
United States citizens departed.

Total departed

558
1,988
5,282

234

788
2,538

792
2,776
7,820

7,828

3,560

11,388

Exhibit B.

misceu^laneous transactions at new orleans, la.

Departmental wa/i'rants.

Pending at close of fiscal year 1913

Received during fiscal year 1914

29
41

Total-

70

Canceled

Deported

Pending at close of fiscal year

"Warrants forwarded to New York for execution.

31
22
16

1

Aliens deported at New Orleans on warrants issued in other districts

Board of special inquiry cases :

Admitted by board of special inquiry

Rejected by board of special inquiry —

Mandatorily 23

With right of appeal 59

76

82

Total 158

Took appeal 14

Excluded upon appeal.

Admitted outright

Admitted under bond.

11
2
1

Passenger vessels arriving

Nonpassenger vessels arriving .

753

895

Total number of vessels arriving 1.648

Government ofiicials arriving (sec. 41).
Porto Ricans arriving

Fines.

For improper manifesting :

Inward

Outward

85
38

$30
100

For bringing diseased aliens :

Trachoma $300

Tuberculosis 100

130

400

Total.

530

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. 265

Aliens granted hospital treatment.

Marian Abraham: Section 19; age, 15; race, Syrian; female; trachoma;
estimated time to effect cure, indefinite; probably one year. In
Charity Hospital, New Orleans, La., from July 1, 1912, to Nov. 14,
1912, 137 days, at $1 per day _ $137. 00

Alien left Charity Hospital on Nov. 14, 1912, and proceeded to
Alexandria, La., under instructions to report every 30 days to
Dr. R. F. Harrell, of Alexandria, until cured. Case still pend-
ing July 1, 1914. Expenses paid by alien's father.
Boniface Sandoval: Ex steamship Marietta di CHorgio, Feb. 2, 1913;
age, GO; male; race, Spanish-American; carcinoma (cancer); alien
permitted to go to Touro Infirmary, New Orleans, La., for treatment
at his own expense; alien landed temporarily by virtue of medical
certificate stating that to debar the alien would incur an unnecessary
hardship. Departed from the United States per steamship Escondido,
Dec. 13, 1913. Expenses unknown.
Siiig Lee: Deserted from steamship Eaicorth on or about Apr. 12,
1913 ; entered United States without inspection and afflicted with
secondary syphilis, warrant of arrest issued in his case; detained at
immigration station. New Orleans, La., for medical treatment from
May 3, 1913. to July 5. 1913. Departed from the United States per
steamship Norman Monarch July 5, 1913. Age, 35; race, Chinese;
male. Expenses paid by steam.ship agent, as follows:

Confined in parish prison from Apr. 30, 1913, to May 3, 1913 4. 00

Laundry . 20

Medicine 4. 00

Meals at immigration station 47. 75

55.95

Georges Hanna Slayman : Ex steamship Louisiana, June 20, 1913; age,
16; male; race, Syrian; trachoma; estimated time to effect cure,
four months ; granted medical treatment at immigration station. New
Orleans, La., beginning June 24, 1913. Expenses paid by alien's
father. Rule 19 :

Medical treatment 100. 00

Laundry 2. 65

Meals 69. 25

171. 90

Alien admitted by board of special inquiry Nov. 4, 1913.

Olga Leouovich : Ex steamship Koln, Apr. 19, 1914 ; age, 18 ; female ;
race. Russian ; pregnant ; estimated time for medical treatment, two
or three months ; placed in Charity Hospital on May 1, 1914, for
treatment. Expenses paid by steamship company. Gave birth to
child in Charity Hospital on June 20. 1914. Departed with child
from the LTnited States per steamship Frankfurt, July 15, 1914.
Meals at immigration station 9.25

Maxiliano Molina: Ex steamship Yoro, May 4, 3914; age, 24; male;
race, Spanish-American; tuberculosis; estimated time to effect cure,
indefinite: landed for treatment under bond for one year, to reside at
his stepfather's residence at Metairie Ridge (New Orleans), La.

Meals at immigration station paid by steamship company 8.00

Case pending July 1, 1914.

Exhibit C.

miscellaneous information at pascagoula, miss.

Vessels arriving from foreign ports 67

Vessels arriving coastwise 45

Total 112

Seamen arriving on vessels from foreign ports 533

Seamen arriving on coastwise vessels 694

Seamen discharged to reship foreign 240

266 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.
MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION AT GULFPORT, MISS.

Board of special inquiry cases 3

Rejected, with riglit of appeal ^ 2

Admitted 1

Vessels arriving from foreign ports 148

Vessels arriving coastwise 108

Total 256

Seamen arriving:

From foreign ports 2,578

From coastwise 2, 037

Total 4, 615

Aliens placed in Kings Daughters Hospital (seamen) 33

Returned on board their vessels 15

Discharged to reship foreign 2

Died in hospital 1

No record of final disposition 3

Now remaining in hospital 2

Sent to New Orleans by consul for treatment 2

Returned home by consul via New Orleans 8

Exhibit D.

chinese transactions.

Transits.

Arriving at the port of New Orleans by steamship 301

Departing from the port of New Orleans by steamship 715

Tcssels loith Chinese in creic.

In port at beginning of fiscal year 3

Arrived during fiscal year 236

Total 239

Vessels departed during fiscal year 239

Chinese crews.

In port at beginning of fiscal year 53

Arriving seamen 4, 474

Total 4. 527

Departing seamen 4, 525

Died in the United States 2

Sniport of Gulfport, Miss.

Vessels in port with Chinese in crew 1

Arriving vessels with Chinese in crew 5

Total 6

Departing vessels with Chinese in crew 6

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. 267

Chinese seamen in port ^ 17

Ari'iving Chinese seamen 79

Total 96

Departing Chinese seamen 93

Died 1

Deported 2

INVESTIGATIONS.

Merchants ( domiciled ) .

Departing, preinvestigations 25

Granted 22

Denied 1

Pending 2

Merchants' reives.

Preinvestigation 1

Merchants' sotis.

Arriving at ports of entry 8

Laborers.

Preinvestigations 2

Granted 2

Arriving at New Orleans as refugees from Mexico (denied admission) 18

Applying at New Orleans for admission (denied) 1

Domiciled laborer's.

Returning to the United States 1

Natives.

Preinvestigations 8

Granted 5

Denied 3

Sons of alleged natives.

Arriving at ports of entry 3

Arrests.

Arrested present fiscal year 1

Deported 1

Miscellaneons.

Duplicate certificates of residence 1

Other miscellaneous investigations 16

268 EEPOET OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

REPORT OF INSPECTOR IN CHARGE, DISTRICT NO. 9, COMPRISING
SO MUCH OF TEXAS AS IS CONTIGUOUS TO GALVESTON, THE DIS-
TRICT HEADQUARTERS.

I hereby submit the following report covering immigration matters relating
to disti'ict No. 9 during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1914 :

Aliens arrived, 1913 and 1914-

1913

1914

Increase.

Number of male aliens arrived

4,053
1,945

4,946
2,310

893

Number of female aliens arrived

365

Total alien arrivals

5,998
1,263

7,256
4,376

1,258

United States citizens arrived

3 113

Grand total arrivals

7,261

11,632

4,371

Statistical statement for fiscal year ended June 30, 1914-

Number of aliens admitted on primary iusi^ection 5, 264

Number of aliens held for board of special inquiry 950

Number of aliens detained outside of board of special inquiry 1, 042

Total aliens accounted for 7, 256

Number of aliens held for a board of special inquiry 950

Number of aliens admitted by board of special inquiry 605

Number of aliens rejected by board of special inquiry 339

Number of aliens died 2

Number of aliens who escaped 1

Number of board of special inquiry cases pending 3

Number of aliens rejected by board of special inquiry 339

Appealed 154

Did not appeal 185

Number of aliens rejected by board of special inquiry who appealed 154

Number of aliens admitted outright on appeal 35

Number of aliens admitted on bond 31

Number of appeals denied 84

Number of cases appealed by members of board of special

inquiry 4

Number of cases appealed by members of board of special inquiry

(all sustained) 4

Number of aliens finally deported *287

Numher of aliens admitted for hospital treatment.

One Russian-Hebrew female 36 years old, suffering with trachoma, received
hospital treatment from July 25 to November 13, 1913, the expenses being paid
by her husband. She was discharged as cured and was admitted.

Aliens arrived, 1912 and 19H.

1912

1914

Decrease.

Increase,

Immigrant aliens admitted . .

5,468
281
249

6,709
260
287

1,241

NnnJTTi mi grant aliens admitted , , .

21

38

Total

5,998

7,256

21

3 1,258

1 0.039 per cent.

2 Net increase.

REPORT OP COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. 269
Aliens deported, 1913 and 1914-

Likely to become public charges

Accompanying aliens (sec. 11) ,

Contract laborers ,

On medical certificates —

Trachoma

Dangerous contagious disease (bubo) .. .

Insane ,

Mentally defective

Feeble-minded

Imbeciles

Tuberculosis

Not specified ,

As assisted aliens

Under Iti, unaccompanied

Coming for an immoral purpose

Bringing in a woman for immoral purposes.

Total.

96

2

104

165
2
3

38
1
1

287

Fines imposed by the department.

1913. 1914.

On account of mental afflictions $100

On account of aliens with tuberculosis $100

On account of other loathsome and dangerous contagious dis-
eases :

Trachoma 3,900 3,600

Venereal bubo 100

On account of nonmanifesting 180 110

Total 4,280 3,810

Fines pending at" close of fiscal year 310

Vessels and erews.

Seamen :

Vessels arrived from foreign ports and boarded 805

Seamen serving on same " 27, 553

Vessels arrived, with passengers 134

Passengers carried 11, 651

Vessels carrying Chinese crews 65

Chinese in said crews 1,464

Deserting seamen reportect by masters 293

Seamen discharged to reship 460

Stowaways :

Arrived at tliis port 19

Admitted 5

Deported 13

Escaped 1

WORK OF THE MEDICAL OFFICERS.

I desire to emphasize the statements contained in previous reports as to the
eminently satisfactory services of the surgeon of the United States Public
Health Service who has had charge of the medical inspection of arriving aliens
since March 22, 1912. In view of the fact that the surgeon's time was largely
devoted to other work in connection with the care of marine-hospital patients
and the construction of the new Federal quarantine station at this port, it was
necessary to take up with the bureau the matter of making such arrangements
as would enable him to devote more time to the medical inspection of arriving
aliens. Under the present arrangement whereby he is medical officer in charge
at this port, with an assistant, and the probability that an examining medical
ofiicer will be appointed for Texas City, it is believed that matters will so ad-
just themselves that the medical work will be satisfactorily attended to.

270 EEPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.
Table showing class of medical certificates issued.

Class.

Cabin.

Steerage.

Crew.

Stow-
aways.

Total.

Class A (1)

8

40

329

48

1
2
1
2

9

Class A (2)

3

43

6

1
1

46

Class B

374

Class C

56

Total

52

425

6

2

485

Of the mandatorj^ diseases and defects, trachoma still leads with a total of
43 certified during the year. As a result of more careful mental examinations
made possible by the provision of mental-test apparatus. 5 feeble-minded and
2 imbecile persons wei'e detected since January 1. It might not be amiss in
this connection to call attention to the preponderance of hernias among our
aliens; 122 cases were certified for this defect, constituting 1.6 per cent of all
aliens arriving at this port.

STATION BUILDINGS, EQUIPMENT, ETC.

The new immigration station located on Pelican Spit, an artificial island
formed by the dredgings from the channel, exposed to the elements, while doubt-
less the best constructed for the money invested and the most suitable for the
purposes for which designed of any immigration station in the United States,
yet is not located in a suitable place, nor is it such a sanitary and up-to-date
building as the importance of Galveston as an immigration port justifies.

The last two annual reports have carried an urgent recommendation for the
construction of a protective sea wall around said station, the building of a
ferryboat and a boarding boat, and other necessary improvements, at an ap-
proximate cost of $125,000 ; but for some unknown reason up to date no appro-
priation has been made by Congress for the cari'ying out of the needed im-
provements.

Realizing the growing importance of Galveston as an immigration port, our
department and bureau hesitated as to the advisability of spending any further
money for improvement of the present immigration station, and strongly urged
upon the people of Galveston the desirability of having a modern, fireproof,
sanitary, up-to-date immigration station constructed on a suitable site on Gal-
veston Island proper ; and while the i>eople here as a whole are heartily in favor
of such a plan, certain reactionary interests apparently wield such an influence
that they have succeeded in blocking the whole enterprise. In view of this
hostile attitude on the part of the aforesaid interests, most naturally our depart-
ment and bureau do not feel inclined to assist any further in the advancement
of this enterprise, which would be such an important addition to Galveston and
the State of Texas.

The spare time of the watchmen and laborers has been utilized to great
advantage in making repairs to the building and in carrying out needed im-
provements, a great deal of work being thus accomplished at a minimum cost.

WORK OF DISTRIBUTION OF ADMITTED ALIENS.

While there were 100 applications for farm laborers and 60 applications for
domestics, only 43 laborers and 3 domestics were directed to employment during
the fiscal year, owing to the failure of aliens to avail themselves of this means
of securing employment, the arrivals here invariably having a destination se-
lected prior to arrival.

Cooperation with outside agencies is not believed feasible in the distribution
of admitted aliens, except to the farms, as it is thought the result would be to
encourage the illegal coming of aliens to this country.

WARRANTS.

Number of warrants for aliens applied for 37

Number on hand at beginning of year 2

Number received without application 1

Number received from other stations 2

Total to be accounted for 42

EEPOKT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. 271

Disposition of warrants.

Ground of arrest.

Applied
for.

Issued.

Served.

Canceled.

Executed

(de-
ported).

Deporta-
tion or-
dered at
expiration
of jail sen-
tence.

Pending.

Violation of section 18

12
1
2
1

16

2

1
3

2
1
1

11
1
2
1

16

2

1
3

2
1
1

9
1
2
1

16

2

1
3

2

1
1

4
1

'

Under 16, unaccompanied

Prostitutes

1

1

Violation of section 36

1

Likely to become a public
charge at time of entry

8
1

6

1

1
2

1

}

2

Dangerous contagious disease
at time of entry

Convicted of or admitted com-
mission of crime as misde-
meanor involving moral tur-
pitude

Procurers

1
1

Entered United States for im-
moral purpose

Insane at time of entry

Insane within 5 years

INVESTIGATIONS.

Ui'der the above beadiug there is but little to i-eport, as there were compara-
tively few investigations made by the officers in this district, the work here being
largely in connection with arriving aliens. While a large number were detained
pending investigations as to their eligibility to land, the investigations in con-
nection therewith were made by the officers of other districts upon request by
this office.

There has been only one civil suit in this district, that one having been
brought against the Steele Towing & Wrecking Co., of Galveston, Tex., owing
to the damage done to our marine telephone cable by one of its boats October 10,

1913. A verdict was rendered in the Federal court at Galveston, Tex., June 5,

1914, in favor of the Government for $1,007.58, covering the expenses of repairs
to the cable and costs of suit.

There were two cases of procurers. Franz Niedzielski, an alien who arrived
on the North German Lloyd steamship Breslau April 25, 1913, was admitted
on primary inspection ; was subsequently arrested on department warrant and
indicted and tried in the Federal court for the Southern District of Texas for
violation of section 3 of the immigration act. He was found not guilty and was
released by the department. The other case was that of Edward Stege, who
arrived at this port on the North German Lloyd steamship Chemnitz December
14, 1913, accompanied by tlie alien INIarie Neuman. This alien was boimd over
for the Federal grand jury by a United States commissioner Janu;iry 5, 1914,
duly indicted, pleaded guilty, and was sentenced by the Federal judge for the
southern district of Texas to serve 60 days in the county jail at Galveston, Tex.
The woman was deported, and the man also at the expiration of his sentence.

There is still pending in the hands of the United States attorney for the
eastern district of Texas the matter of the alleged violation of section 18 of
the immigration laws by the master of the Danish ship PoJarstjcrne at Port
Arthur. Tex., in connection with the landing of tlie alien L. K. Easmussen.

There was only one habeas corpus case in this district during the fiscal year,
that of an alien who was excluded by a board of special inquiry as a person
likely to become a public charge. This alien subsequently entered this country
surreptitiously and proceeded to Beaumont, Tex., to his father, who had resided
in the L'nitcd States some years, and who had taken out his first papers and who
was arranging to take out his final papers. A warrant of arrest was secured
for this alien, and when he was taken into custody it was discovered that he
was afflicted with a malignant form of trachoma. A certificate was furnished
by our medical officer to the effect that it would require from 8 to 16 months
or even longer to effect a cure. A warrant of deportation was duly issued in
the case on tlie grounds that he was afflicted with trachoma at the time of his
entry and that he entered at a time and place other than that designated by the
immigration officers, but before this warrant could be executed the attorneys
for the alien appeared before the Federal judge for the southern district of
Texas, at Houston, Tex., and secured a writ returnable November 15, 1913, at
Beaumont before the Federal judge for the eastern district of Texas.

272 KEPOET OF COMMISSIONER GEISTEEAL OF IMMIGRATION.

The contention was made by the attorneys for the alien that the board of
special Inquiry was in error in excluding this alien at Laredo, Tex., in January^
1913, as the alleged facts upon which was based the excluding decision that
alien was likely to become a public charge were erroneous. Furthermore, that
said alien was entitled to hospital treatment, he beiug a minor and his father
having taken out his first papers. The contentions of the Government were
fully sustained in a most comprehensive oral decision, and the alien was
remanded to my custody and duly deported.

CONTEACT-LABOR WORK,

There has been but little work along this line during the fiscal year just
ended. In July, 1913, the services of the section 24 inspector were discontinued,
and uo officer has been detailed to take his place.

During recent years groups of Bulgarians, Russians, Servians, and Armenians
have arrived at this port destined to the packing plants at Fort Worth, Tex., to
points in California, and other places, undoubtedly coming here in violation of
the contract-labor laws, but they have invariably been held up pending investi-
gation of their cases, resulting generally in their beiug returned to the country
whence they came. The rigid investigations of the cases and the resulting
deportations have had a most salutory effect on groups of aliens coming here
in attempted violation of the laws. Only three aliens have been debarred as
coming in violation of the contract-labor laws, and there have been a few
scattering investigations of no particular importance.

WHITE-SLAVE WORK.

The case of Franz Niedzielski, who was tried in connection with the alleged
importation of a woman for immoral purposes and found not guilty, has al-
ready been taken up, and also the similar case of Edward Stege, who was
found guilty and sentenced to serve 2 months in the Galveston County jail.

The former case is rather interesting owing to the fact that the alien was
released, practically on the instructions of the judge, in view of the fact that
the passage to this country was paid for with funds furnished by the woman in
the case.

In consideration of this ruling by the Federal court it was not deemed ad-
visable to institute prosecution in the case of the alien, Paul Hopf, a German
who arrived at Galveston, Tex., on the North German Lloyd steamship Chem-
nitz accompanied by Mrs. Hedwig Ehrlich, alias Mrs. Luise Hopf. Paul Hopf
was duly deported, while the warrant in the case of Mrs Hedwig Ehrlich was
canceled, and she was allowed to remain in this country.

There were several other cases under this heading taken up during the fiscal
year, but the only other case of special interest, indirectly under the classifica-
tion, is that of the alien Lettie McCabe, alias Elizabeth Ann McCabe, alias
Buster McCabe, alias Mrs. Gus L. Buck, who arrived at the port of New York,
N. Y., on the steamship Olympic September 6, 1911, and who was subsequently
found practicing prostitution at San Antonio, Tex. On April 24, 1913, a de-
partmental warrant of arrest was issued, but pending the disposition of the
case the alien escaped from a hospital at San Antonio where she was detained
and proceeded to Corpus Christi, Tex., whence she was later conveyed to Bee-
ville, Tex., by a United States citizen, Gus. L. Buck, a traveling salesman of a
jewelry firm of Houston, T-ex., who married her for the avowed object of de-
feating the purposes of the Immigration laws. However, this alien was sub-
sequently deported.

TEXAS CITY AND PORT ARANSAS.

In view of the growing importance of Texas City, Tex., as an immigration
port it has been deemed necessary to station an inspector there, his services
also being utilized when there is a rush of work at this station.

Of course this oflicer is materially handicapped in his work on account of the
fact that there is no medical examining otficer stationed at that port. The
bureau has taken steps to secure the services of a medical examiner there,
and as the recommendation has been made for such an appointment by the
proi>er authorities it is presumed that in the near future the apiwintment will
be made.

The same condition had existed at Port Aransas as regards the difliculty of
transacting business promptly on account of there being no local medical ex-
aminer, but a few months ago one was appointed for that port to look after
the medical inspection of aliens and other Government work, thus relieving an
embarrassing situation.

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. 273

As Stated in previous reports, tlie Chinese residing here and in this vicinity
are nearly all old-timers, having in their possession certificates of residence;
and apparently there seems to be no incentive for smuggling Chinese into the
United States through this district, for there have not been even any rumors
of attempted violations of the Chinese exclusion laws in this section.

During the last two years there has been a large increase in the number
of vessels entering this port with Chinese crews aboard, the number for the
fiscal year 1914 being Go vessels and 1,465 Chinese seamen.

There was only one Chinese seaman deserted during said period — ^from the
steamship Frankb}/. The deserter was promptly apprehended by our officers
and i-eturned to his ship.

Outside of the regular routine work of looking into the papers of resident
Chinese, the principal investigations conducted and made a matter of record
are as follows : Investigating two Chinese laborers who were granted return
certificates; one Chinaman granted transit privileges; two cases relative to
the genuineness of certificates of identity; and one investigation made for an
outside district.

The Chinese-seamen question is a most difficult and unsatisfactory one for
all parties concerned, notwithstanding the change in the regulations regarding
the handling of this class of aliens. There should be some specific provision in
the law authorizing immigration officials to take into custody every Chinese
seaman found on shore who has not given a suitable bond insuring his departure
from the United States.

PERSONNEL.

Owing to the imusual conditions existing at this port as to the arrival of
aliens in the interest of efficiency and economy certain inspectors render valu-
able assistance as stenographers and clerks while the watchmen and laborers
when not otherwise employed utilize their time to great advantage under the
direction of our capable general mechanic in making necessary repairs and
improvements to our immigration building.

While this arrangement has- proved most satisfactory and advantageous to
the Government — and the interest shown by the officers and employees, with
very few exceptions, has been most gratifying and their cordial cooperation
most commendable — yet the failure on the part of the Government to suitably
compensate many of those men, j^articularly among the watchmen and laborers,
for faithful and efficient services rendered is very disheartening to those con-
cerned, most discouraging to myself as officer in charge, and extremely detri-
mental to the best interests of the service.

The officers stationed at points outside of Galveston have also been faithful,
efficient, and attentive to their duties and ready at all times to heartily assist
by their work and conduct in placing the service in this district on a high
plane.

Alfred Hampton,
Inspector in Charge.

REPORT OP INSPECTOR IN CHARGE', DISTRICT NO. 10, COMPRISING
OHIO AND KENTUCKY, WITH HEADQUARTERS AT CLEVELAND.

The following report is submitted covering the work done in district No.
10 during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1914.

A careful review of the office records shows that action has been taken by
the officers of this district in the cases of 1,944 i^ersons during the fiscal year.
This record does not, of course, cover hundreds of minor investigations and
answers to verbal inquiries made at the three offices.

As stated in previous reports, the statistical tables do not adequately account
for the actual time and labor expended in handling the various classes of cases
involved. Of the five tables following herein, the first relates to warrant cases
handled by the Cleveland office, the second to such cases handled by the substa-
tion at Toledo, the third to such cases handled by the substation at Cincinnati,
the fourth is a combined statement for the entire district, excepting Chinese
cases, and the fifth covers Chinese arrest cases under the immigration law and
the Chinese exclusion law, respectively, as well as statement of Chinese cases
of various classes.

60629°— 15 18

274 KEPORT OP COMMISSIONER GENERAL OP IMMIGRATION.

Statement of Action Upon Warrants of Arbest.
cleveland office.

Warrant cases pending at beginning of year 22

Applications made for warrants of arrest 206

Warrants received for service, having been applied for by other districts 5

Total 233

Disposition.

Class.

1

03

<

1

.2

<

o
1

.s

<

a -t

i

o

0

u

03

i

■a

M

.2

H

P.
1

1

Alien contract laborer

1

"i'

4
....„

1

1

Public cliarge

1

1

1
1

"n

6
16
76

5
26

5

2
10

7

8

Tubercular public charge

2

1

1

3

22

Likely to become a public charge

6

102

Epileptic

5

Insanity

1

1

1

1

4

2
2
1

31

Criminals

8

Prostitutes

6

Females for immoral purpose

1

2
1

1
1

13

Procurers

11

Receiving proceeds of prostitution

2

Contagious diseases

3
3
1

3
2

1

....„

4

Entry without inspection

1

6

11

Convicted under section 3

2

Under 16 years old

1

4

Feeble-minded

2

Professional beggars

1

Total

9

2

3

10

2

30

166

11

233

TOLEDO OFFICE.

Warrant cases pending at beginning of year 1

Applications made for warrants of arrest 20

Warrants received, for service, having been applied for by other districts 1

Total 22

Disposition.

"d

i

•6

T3

o

<»

M

Class.

+3

1^

o

O

s

ft

3

-<

^

^

-<

o

^

Public charge

1

1

2

1

1

6

1

1

8

Insanity

2

2

Criminals .

1

1

2

Prostitutes

2

i
1

3

Receiving proceeds of prostitution

1

2

1

3

Total

1

1

10

7

3

22

Of the 10 cases in which warrants of arrest were canceled, 6 refer to a Syrian
widow and 5 children, in which cancellation was recommended by the examining
officer, conditions having been found upon hearing to be different than previously
reported; the remaining 4 cancellations refer to the cases of Balkansky et al.,
released upon departmental instructions owing to conflicting evidence.

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. 275

CINCINNATI OFFICE.

Warrant cases pending at beginning of year 1

Applications made for warrants of arrest 31

Warrants received for service, tiaving been applied for by other districts 2

Total 34

Disposition.

■rt

'6

•d

m

•S

Ol

T3

^^

V.

s

o

B

£P

Class.

£5

t

5

o

O

ft,

S-
^M

a

n

a

3

P=

^

<j

<

<

o

Eh

Public charge

1

1

Tubercular public charge

1

1

Liable to become a public charge

8

1

5

2

16

Insanity

5

5

Criminals

1

1

Females for immoral purpose

1

1

Procurers

1

1

i

2

1

2

Entry without inspection

1

3

Professional beggars

I

2

3

Total

8

1

1

4

17

3

34

Of the nnmber of aliens credited as deported above, one was delivered from
Connersville, Ind., to London, Ontario, by the Toledo inspector, and seven were
taken in charge by officers from Cleveland.

ENTIRE DISTRICT.

Warrant cases pending at beginning of year 24

Applications made for warrants of arrest 257

Warrants received for service, having been applied for by other districts 8

Total 289

Disposition.

Class.

■a

ft
i

<

■d
'•3

1
<

■d
1

o

p

"a

§2
w S

03

i

o

1

■d

1

&
■o

a
.2

<

■■B

i

o

1

Alien contract laborer

1

""2

7

'""3"

2

'"'i'
"'i'

1

Public charge

1
1

2

1

......

19

8
16
82
5
33
6
3
10
7
1

1
4
5
1
3
2
3

11

Tubercular public charge

2
1

1
3

24

Liable to become a public charge

14

126

Epileptic

5

Insanity

1
I

1
1
6
3
3
1

2

38

Criminals

1

11

Prostitutes

9

Females for immoral purpose

1

2

1

14

Procurers

12

Receiving proceeds of prostitution

3

Employed by, in, or in connection with house
of prostitution

3

Contagious diseases

1
2

6

Entry without inspection

r

6

14

Convicted under section 3

2

Under 10 years old

1

4

Feeble-minded

2

Professional beggars

I

4

Total

17

3

3

11

4

44

190

17

289

United States bom children accompanying parents, 10.

276 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.
Statement of action in Chinese cases.

Cleve-
land.

Cincin-
nati.

Toledo.

Total.

Preinvestigatlon for visit to China:

Laborers

Native born

Merchants

Wives and minor children , merchants; arriving.

Native born; investigation for readmission

Miscellaneous investigations

Son of native; arriving

Student; arriving

Miscellaneous Chinese matters

Total.

14

79

CHINESE ARREST CASES.

Under immigration law :

Pending at beginning of fiscal year 1

Applications made for warrants 4

Total 5

Disposition.

Class.

De-
ported.

Forfeited
bail.

Pending.

Total.

Entrv without inspection

1

1

1

2

3

Violating Chinese-exclusion law

2

Total

1

1

3

5

Under Chinese-exclusion law :

Pending at beginning of fiscal year 5

Complaints before United States commissioner 12

Total 17

Disiwsition.

Deported 1

Escaped . 3

Pending in United States district court 6

Pending in circuit court of appeals 3

Pending before United States commissioner 2

Discharged by United States commissioner 2

Total.

17

In one of the cases of Chinese discharged by commissioner the proceedings
were dismissed in order that the Chinese alien might be taken into custody un-
der department warrant.

The table for the entire district shows a substantial increase in the number of
warrant cases handled as compared with the previous fiscal year. The figures
for the five fiscal years showing number of warrants handled and number of
deportations are as follows :

Year.

Warrants.

Deporta-
tions.

1910

95
126
190
256
289

47

1911

72

1912

120

1913

156

1914 . .

190

REPOET OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. 277

During the fiscal year investigations have been made by inspectors of the
Cleveland office in 533 cases of aliens detained at ports of entry where relatives
or friends have called voluntarily in behalf of said aliens, while 233 such in-
vestigations have been made at the request of the bureau or other otfices, and
investigations concerning 269 detained aliens have similarly been made at the
request of the bureau or other offices in which the feature of alien contract
labor was involved. At the Toledo substation there were 79 investigations
made at the request of relatives or friends, 101 at the request of ports of entry
or the bureau, and 19 additional cases involving contract labor. At the Cin-
cinnati substation investigations were made in tlie cases of G3 aliens in which
relatives or friends called voluntarily and 27 at the request of the bureau or
ports of entry. At Cleveland there were 21 bonds prepared, at Cincinnati 3.
and at Toledo 2.

During the fiscal year primary inspection data was furnished the Canadian
border offices in the cases of 7 aliens who had crossed the border without
proper inspection. There were investigations made in the cases of 12 alleged
Unitetl States citizens whom the Canadian authorities desired to deport to the
United States. There were 48 examinations of aliens made preliminary to the
issuance of so-called " certificates of arrival " to be used in connection with
naturalization proceedings, these aliens not having complied with the re-
quirements of law as to inspection at the time of their entry into the United
States. There were no civil suits instituted by this office during the fiscal
year. Four contract-labor cases were pending in the United States district
court at the beginning of the year, which unfortunately remain in the same
status.

As regards writs of habeas corpus, I take some pleasure in reporting that
only one writ was issued oiit of the total of 294 department warrant cases
handled, including Chinese. The one writ relates to Woo Mon, alias Woo Jan,
a Chinese person who departed from and secured readmission at San Francisco
upon fraudulent evidence. A warrant of arrest was issued charging him with
being unlawfully in the United States in violation of the Chinese exclusion laws,
pursuant to section 20 of the act of February 20, 1907. Before the inspector
could complete the hearing, however, attorneys for the Chinese alien sued out a
writ of habeas corpus in the eastern district of Kentucky, and hearing thereon
was pending at the close of the fiscal year. In another habeas corpus case,
which was pending at the beginning of the year, the Supreme Court dismissed
the writ and the Chinese alien was deported. This case did not involve any
important features, the appeal to the Supreme Court having been taken for the
sole purpose of retarding deportation two or three years.

One prosecution was had under section 3 of the immigration act, and one
person was apprehended and turned over to the proper authorities for prosecu-
tion for violation of the white-slave traffic act.

Miscellaneous unclassified investigations have been made in 12S cases. At
the present time there are 3 aliens serving sentences in penitentiaries for whom
this office holds warrants of deportation to be executed at the expiration of
their sentences.

The number of Chinese cases handled is relatively small compared to the
general immigration work, and while there has been an increase in this work
over last year, it has not been possible with the small foi'ce of inspectors to
engage in extensive enforcement of the exclusion law. The investigations that
have been made, however, serve to convince us that there are very many young
Chinese within the borders of this district who, having been either admitted
as members of the exempt classes or smuggled into the United States, are now
engaged in laboring pursuits and consequently here in violation of law. The
smuggled Chinese invariably set up the claim of birth in the United States
and fortify same with concocted evidence of two or three Chinese who were
familiar with the circumstances of their birth and early boyhood. The courts
have been .slow to throw out this evidence and order deportations, but only
in one case during the past fiscal year has a commissioner discharged a China-
man as a native citizen of the United States.

The alleged smuggling of Chinese has received considerable attention, but
owing to the meager information it was possible for the border officers to
furnish, efforts to apprehend such expeditions in transit through this district
have proven futile. In one case a Chinese was arrested at Toledo, who claimed
that he crossed the river from Windsor to Detroit and boarded a passenger
train leaving the regular terminal in that city. On numerous occasions reports

278 REPOET OF COMMISSIONEE GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

have come to our Toledo office to the effect that parties of Chinese were about
to euter that citj', and, with the aid of local officers, every avenue of ingress to
the city was covered, yet no Chinese put in his appearance, and it can not be
authoritatively said that any actually traversed the district as rumored.

A careful comparison of the work accomplished in this district this year with
that of the three officers in the State of Ohio five years ago shows an increase
of approximately TOO per cent, yet (excepting the expense for alien contract
labor) there has scarcely been a 10 per cent increase in the amount paid for
salaries. The force in Ohio on July 1, 1909, consisted of 5 immigrant inspectors,

1 Chinese inspector, and 1 Chinese interpreter. At present the force for the
States of Ohio and Kentucky is as follows: Cleveland (district headquarters),
inspector in charge, 2 immigrant inspectors, 1 immigrant inspector (sec. 24),

2 clerk-stenographers, and 1 Chinese interpreter ; Toledo, 1 immigrant inspector ;
Cincinnati, 1 immigrant inspector. The only increase in the force in 5 years
has been for clerical help. The great increase in the amount of business handled
has been due to the earnest efforts put forth by the members of the force, and
by their singleness of purpose and devotion to duties. The bulk of the field
work has been handled by officers detailed from Cleveland, and these officers
report thorough cooperation on part of the officials of institutions and others in
the work of our service. The cities of Columbus, Akron, Canton, Youngstown,
and Steubenville have contributed considerably to the number of cases handled,
and were any attemp,t made to scour the district for deportation cases, neither
the force nor the funds would be one-half sufficient to handle the situation. Ohio
alone is a vast melting jiot of foreign races, the percentage of foreign-born and
children of aliens being exceedingly heavy — at Cleveland 76 per cent of the
population is such. The great tendency here as elsewhere in the district is to
colonization on part of immigrants. The industrial center, with its regular
hours of employment, comparatively high wages, cheap though squalid lodgings,
stews of native flavor, companionship of kin or old neighbor, all tend to bring
together in particular sections of cities the incoming immigrants, as against
the strange environments of the rural districts, together with the immigrant's
inability from lack of language, training, and experience to adapt himself
to our rural conditions. Those of the general classes now coming must of
necessity, therefore, remain in a close colony, or at gang labor, for a sufficient
length of time to adapt themselves somewhat at least to American standards,
when they drift into less congested districts, either to take up rural residence
or to acquire a home and establish themselves in business. Many thousands,
however, have no intention of remaining and ai'e attracted here by our higher
wages — men who earn from $1.75 to $2.50 per day, yet spend barely 50 cents
per day, remitting the remainder to their foreign home, to which they later
return and live in ease.

Approximately one-thirteenth of the population of the United States reside
within the States of Ohio and Kentucky, and when this fact is considered and
the number of inspectors compared with those assigned to other sections the
amount of work performed by our force does not appear to be any cause for
apology.

In addition to usual duties, inspectors at Cleveland have met a steamer from
Canada at an early morning hour on alternate days. The record of these
inspections, together with the consequent reports of boards of special inquiry
incident thereto, have been omitted from this report, as the data has been
furnished the commissioner of immigration at Montreal to be included in the
business of the border district.

J. A. Fluckey, Inspector in Charge.

REPORT OF INSPECTOR IN CHARGE, DISTRICT NO. 11, COMPRISING
ILLINOIS, INDIANA, MICHIGAN, AND WISCONSIN, WITH HEAD-
QUARTERS AT CHICAGO.

I beg to submit herewith my report with reference to the Chicago district
(No. 11) for the year ended June 30, 1914. The work in this district during
the past year has reached proportions unequaled in any previous year, a total
of 332 aliens having been removed from the district through the process of
deportation, with 22 aliens under order of deportation awaiting either the con-
clusion of habeas corpus proceedings or other detaining cause. A total of 774
cases have been investigated with reference to possible deportation. At the

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. 279

request of tlie various ports of eutry, iuvestigations were made iu the cases of
1,107 aliens seeiiing admission. The following tables give data in detail regard-
ing work performed.:

DEPORTATIONS.

Criminals 11

Dangerous contagious disease at time of eutry 1

Entered in violation of section 36, act of Feb. 20, 1907 3

Entered without inspection 18

Persons bringing women for immoral purposes ^ 23

Women who entered for immoral purposes 22

Aliens found practicing prostitution 17

Aliens found receiving, sharing in, or deriving benefit from a part or the

whole of the earnings of prostitutes 9

Aliens who have become public charges from causes existing prior to
landing :

Insane ^ 75

Tuberculosis 20

Leprosy 1

Other causes_- 84

■ 180

Aliens belonging to class likely to become public charges at time of entry

into United States 17

Epileptics 2

Feeble-minded 4

Idiots 1

Professional beggars 4

Under 16 4

Violation alien contract-labor law 8

Escaped from other stations 1

Rule 24 (public charges from physical disabilities arising subsequent to

landing) 7

Total 332

ORDERED DEPORTED AND REMOVAL DEFERRED.

Awaiting expiration prison sentence 5

Habeas corpus proceedings pending 7

Removal stayed by department order 6

Held as witnesses by Department of Justice in connection with prosecutions- 3

Removal deferred until released by State 1

Total 22

Trips made to United States and Canadian Atlantic seaports and Canadian
interior ix»ints in effecting deiioi-tations 35

The policy of effecting the conveyance of aliens ordered deported to the port
of departure through combination parties, so far as the Chicago station has been
involved, has proven eminently satisfactory and has no doubt contributed ma-
terially to the economy so earnestly desired by the bureau. The practice serves
to eliminate many trips from different stations, thereby leaving the service of
inspectors available, and greatly lessens the number of attendants necessary.

The Chicago office during the last year investigated 420 additional cases
wherein we had been credibly informed, or had reason to believe, the aliens were
in the United States in violation of law. The following table shows the statu-
toi'y class to which these aliens belonged and reasons why they were not
deported :

NOT DEPORTED.

statutory class.

Likely to become public charges at time of landing (miscellaneous

causes) 177

Tuberculosis 39

Insane 35

280 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OE IMMIGRATION.

Insane before coming to the United States 3

Sypliilis 1

Trachoma 2

Feeble-minded 4

Entei'ed without inspection 28

Entered through false and misleading statements 10

Prostitutes 11

Alleged prostitutes 19

Procurers 2

Importers of women for Immoral purposes 14

Entered for immoral purposes 33

Living off proceeds of prostitution 3

Criminals 21

Guardian accompanying inadmissible aliens 1

Under 16 unaccompanied by either parent or guardian 4

Violation alien contract labor law 9

Forfeited bond 1

Public charges from physical disabilities arising subsequent to landing__ 3

Total 420

Reasons.

Sufficient grounds not establishetl for issuance warrant of arrest 120

Department canceled warrants of arrest 93

Landing within three-year limit not verified 47

Informant failed to supply information promised 33

Not sufficient information to locate aliens 36

Three-year limit expired 14

Kept under surveillance for period and warrants canceled 8

Left United States prior to termination warrant proceedings-- 18

Left charitable institutions where confined prior to receipt of warrant of

arrest 17

Died before termination deportation proceedings 8

Disappeared while under investigation 3

Disappeared while I'eleased on own recognizance 4

Disappeared while released under bond 4

Escaped from institutions where confined 3

Unable to travel without danger to life 2

Permitted to remain under bond 1

United States citizenship established 2

Referred to other immigration offices for completion of proceedings 7

Total 420

OTHER WORK.

Investigations made concerning arriving aliens at the request of the

various ports of arrival 1,107

Affidavits (Form 547) filed for admission of aliens by relatives and in-
vestigations made thereon 814

Investigations made regarding citizenship of persons Canada sought to

return to the United States 20

Persons inspected for naturalization purposes 236

Bonds conditioned for admission of aliens 44

ALIEN CONTRACT LABOR.

During the year the activities of the alien contract-labor feature of the work
have been mainly in the investigation of cases of aliens detained at the various
ports who were suspected of migrating in violation of the law. These investi-
gations resulted in unfavorable reports with reference to the cases of a large
number of aliens. So much time was devoted to port inquiry cases that very
little time was left for original investigation work.

During the year fines amounting to about $7,800 have been collected through
the Department of Justice on information furnished by this office concerning

importers violating the alien contract-labor law and there are still suits pend-
ing involving several thousand dollars additional.

KEPOET OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. 281
CHINESE INVESTIGATIONS.

Laborers, departing 59

Natives, departing 44

Appeals G

Mercliants, departing 11

Mercliant's wife, departing 1

Students, departing 5

Merchant and native status preinvestigated on account of application of

wife or minor son for adioission 5

Applications for duplicate certificates of residence 4

Investigations at tlie request of other cities as well as miscellaneous in-
vestigations 104

Investigations as above pending July 1, 1914 2

Total 235

CHINESE ARRESTS.

Cases pending July 1, 1913.

Before United States commissioners 2

Before United States district courts 7

Before United States Circuit Court of Api>eals 6

Before United States district court (habeas corpus) 1

Before United States Circuit Court of Appeals (habeas corpus) 1

Before United States Circuit Court of Appeals (on criminal charge) 1

Before department (immigration warrants) 2

Total 20

Arrests during year.

For being unlawfully in the United States 10

Being unlawfully in the United States (immigration warrants) 23

Brought befoi'e courts on habeas corpus 64

Total 97

Disposition of cases.

Ordered deported by United States commissioner 8

Discharged by United States commissioner (forfeited bond case dis-
missed motion of Government, later apprehended at Pittsburgh on immi-
gration warrant) ' 1

Ordered deported by department 14

Ordered deported by United States district court 1

Ordered deported by circuit court of appeals 6

Discharged by department 2

Pending before department (immigration-warrant cases) account appear-
ing as witnesses in smuggling cases 5

Immigration warrant cases pending before hearing 4

Appeal by Chinese to Supreme Court (appeal dismissed) 1

Deported on department warrant 11

Deported on court order of deportation 9

Forfeited bond (after habeas corpus dismissed by .circuit court of ap-
peals) 1

Forfeited bond (after circuit court of appeals dismissed appeal from dis-
trict court) 1

Disposition of haieas corpus cases.

Application dismissed by United States district court 5

Appeal to circuit court of appeals by Chinese 4

Appeals dismissed by circuit court of appeals 1

282 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

Cases pending June 30, JOl-'i.

Before United States commissioners (unlawful residence) 3

Before United States district court (unlawful residence) 10

Before United States circuit court of appeals (unlawful residence, await-
ing deportation) 1

Before United States circuit court of appeals (habeas corpus) 4

Befoi'e United States circuit court of appeals (criminal charge — deporta-
tion of this Chinese on order of department stayed pending outcome
of criminal charge) 1

ADMINISTRATION OF THE CHINESE-EXCLUSION LAWS.

The work under the exclusion law in this district presents practically the
same features from year to year. Approximately the same number of appli-
cations is filed by laborers, merchants, students, and alleged citizens of the
United States for preinvestigation of their status as a preliminary to a visit
abroad. We have found it necessary to report unfavorably on the applica-
tions of over 30 per cent of the domiciled laborers seeking return certificates.
Many of these unfavorable reports were caused by the failure of Chinese who
are without certificates of residence to prove the legality of their residence
in the United States by parole evidence. In quite a number of cases the
property or debt qualification on investigation has been shown to be false.
It is to be regretted that Chinese laborers who are duly registered should be
required by the law to show the possession of the statutory amount of prop-
erty. I believe it to be the concensus of opinion among officers of experience
in the Chinese work that this provision of the statute serves no good purpose
and merely places a premium upon perjury.

In most instances where favorable reports have been rendered on the
applications of departing natives the report has been based on a court or
commissioner's adjudication of the applicant's status. In only one or two in-
stances have applicants succeeded in securing return certificates on proof be-
fore this office of their nativity. Since the change in the rule governing this
class of applications and the requirement that the native status shall be con-
sidered res adjudicata only on the production of a certified copy of the docket
of the commissioner, showing that American nativity was the issue, applications
of this character have been few in number. The Chinese have found it prac-
tically impossible to secure native return papers on commissioners' discharges.

The number of merchants applying for prtinvestigation continues to be so
small as to be entirely out of proportion to the Chinese population of the dis-
trict or the number of stores therein. It is believed that numerous laborers
leave this district and secure merchant's return papers at the larger ports
through fraudulent applications.

In former years most of the Chinese arrested were taken under the exclusion
act and brought before the courts for trial. This year's work shows a consider-
able decrease in the number of arrests before the courts and an increase in the
cases brought before the department upon immigration warrants. This feature
of the work is capable of expansion to an indefinite limit. The Chinese popula-
tion of Chicago is large, and there are numerous Chinese scattered throughout
the district. If the force were available for this purpose an investigation of
the Chinese resident in the district would undoubtedly show a large number
subject to deportation. There is a pressing need for additional help in the work
of breaking up smuggling from the borders. Large numbers of Chinese un-
doubtedly secure illegal entry at Detroit and Buffalo, destined to Chicago, and
to a lesser degi*ee at more distant points on the Canadian and Mexican fron-
tiers. The large amount of office work devolving upon our small force assigned
to Chinese work precluded our giving to the smuggling feature the attention
that it deserves. As stated in my last annual report, I believe that an addi-
tional number of inspectoi's should be detailed to this work both at this point
and at Deti'oit.

In the cases handled before the courts we have met with a pleasing measure
of success. In a number of instances application has been made for writs of
habeas corpus after Chinese have been ordered deported on immigration war<-
rants, but all applications have been denied. No Chinese have been discharged
by United States commissioners. Our only difficulty is in bringing to trial cases
appealed to the United States district court. As pi'eviously reported, the court
calendar is so congested that cases can not be brought promptly to trial. This
condition, of course, is beyond our control.

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. 283

A number of appeal cases have been decided by the circuit court of appeals
during the past year, the decisions being unifoi'mly in favor of the Government.
In most of these no written opinion was rendered. A very valuable decision
was handed down in the case of Moy Guey Lum against the United States, in
which the circuit court of appeals held, in construing the provision of the
statute which provides that the arrested Chinese shall show to the satisfaction
of the justice, judge, or commissioner his lawful right to be in the United
States, that it is the duty of the defendant to show " beyond a reasonable
doubt " the legality of his residence. The defendant in the Moy Guey Lum case
appealed to the Supreme Court, but the application to said court for a writ of
certiorari was denied. This decision is in line with, and even goes beyond, the
considerable number of decisions handed down by our cirbuit court of appeals
in favor of the Government in Chinese cases.

The law has been enforced as vigorously and efficiently as the means at our
command would permit. I believe, however, that there is a field in Chicago and
vicinity for a much more comprehensive application of the deportation pro-
visions of the statute than has been possible in the past.

HABEAS CORPUS.

The attorneys for arrested aliens in this district continue to attack, by habeas
corpus proceedings, the jurisdiction of the Secretary of Labor and the finality
of his decisions in ordering arrested aliens deported. Such proceedings have
been instituted at Indianapolis. Springfield, Grand Rapids, Milwaukee, and
Chicago during the past year. This attack has been made both in general immi-
gration and Chinese cases. The applications for writs of habeas corpus in most
instances have been denied, and the various district courts have held generally
that the jurisdiction of the Secretary of Labor is exclusive and his decision
final, except for a denial of a fair hearing. Our coui'ts have also held uni-
formly that aliens falling within the provisions of section 3 of the act approved
March 26, 1910, are subject to deportation without regard to the three-year
limit. Although the District Court for the Northern District of Illinois in the
Chomel and Brion cases had previously upheld this construction, which decision
was affirmed by the circuit court of appeals, the authority of the Secretary of
Labor to deport a prostitute beyond the three-year limit was again attacked on
habeas corpus during the present fiscal year in the case of L^nited States ex rel
Sail Zimmersi^itz v. Prentis. This case was decided in favor of the Gov-
ernment by the district court, and a subsequent application on the part of the
alien for a writ of certiorari was denied by the Supreme Court of the United
States.

Writs of habeas corpus have been granted by the District Court for the
Northern District of Illinois in several instances. In one case it appeared that
a departmental warrant was issued for an alien within the three-year limit.
The alien, however, w\ns not apprehended until after the expiration of three
years from the date of his entry. The court held that it was necessaiy that the
warrant of arrest be executed within the three-year limitation, and accordingly
he discharged the alien from custody. In another case a Chinese alien whose
hearing was held in another district w^as surrendered by his bondsmen in Chi-
cago. He was charged with being connected with the management of a place
where prostitutes gather. On the hearing of the application for a writ of
habeas corpus it appeared that no witnesses had been called to testify against
the alien, but that the order of deiwrtation rested solely upon ex parte affi-
davits and hearsay evidence. The court held that it was the duty of the ex-
amining inspector to hear the testimony of witnesses when they were available,
and that when an order of deportation was based solely upon hearsay and ex
parte evidence the hearing would not be considered a fair one. Accordingly, a
writ issued for the purpose of giving the alien the fair hearing w'hich he had
been denied. The attorneys for the alien demanded the discharge of the alien,
but this was refused by the court.

In still another case an alien was discharged on a writ of habeas corpus
because the record showed that she had entered into a marriage with an Amer-
ican citizen. It was contended on behalf of the Government that the marriage
was a pretended one contracted solely for the purpose of evading the operation
of the immigration law, and that in any event the question of whether or not
the alien was married to an American citizen was a question of fact for the deter-
mination of the Secretary of Labor. Doubtless this case will be carried to the
circuit court of appeals.

284 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

The marriage of arrested prostitutes to American citizens is becoming a com-
mon practice. It is apparent ttiat if tlie courts sustain the proposition that
marriage under these circumstances to an American citizen confers citizenship
upon the alien prostitute, the deix)rtation of alien prostitutes will be seriously
interfered with, as it is no difficult task to secure a disreputable citizen who will
marry a prostitute for a consideration. I believe that a test case involving this
point should be carried to the higher courts in order that this question may be
settled.

PROSECUTIONS.

Cases presenting evidence of criminal violations of the immigration laws,
have been exceptionally rare, and in the limited number brought to the atten-
tion of the appropriate United States attorney it has been the latter's opinion
in a majority of the cases presented that the circumstances and available facts
did not justify prosecution. In other cases grand juries did not find the evi-
dence sufficient upon which to return an indictment.

In the case of a young Polish girl, where confession revealed an appalling
revelation of importation for immoral purposes, an indictment against the
alleged seducer was dismissed for the reason that the girl herself, upon whose
testimony the success of the prosecution was largely dependent, repudiated her
confession before the date of trial. In other cases wherein there was not ob-
tainable sufficient evidence upon which to secure a Federal indictment, convic-
tions under State laws were obtained through cooperation with local authorities.

IMMIGRATION STATION.

In accordance with the bureau's instructions, under date of July 10, 1913, the
writer, together with the Assistant Chief of the Division of Information, sub-
mitted to the bureau possible sites for the establishment of the new immigrant
station in the city of Chicago, as provided by the act of Congress approved
February 25, 1913. The appropriation authorized by Congress for the new
station was in the amount of $20,000. covering rent, including heat, furnishing,
and equipment. On November 4, 1913, the Secretary of the Department, after
careful inspection of the numerous available premises, selected the Newbury
Building at 845 South Wabash Avenue as the most suitable location. Accept-
ance of the owner's proposition for rental of the premises was authorized by
the bureau under date of December 9, 1913. Extensive alterations and addi-
tions to the premises were necessary. These were practically completed Jan-
uary 15, 1914, and on January 28 the general offices at Chicago were transferred
to the new station, awaiting the bureau's instructions for the opening of the
station for the additional purposes contemplated by Congress, namely, " the
protection of the United States and aliens migrating thereto from fraud and
loss."

The station comprises four floors and a basement of a substantial building
about 50 by 90 feet in dimensions. The basement has been divided into apart-
ments for male and female immigrants and is equipped with rest rooms, shower
baths, toilet and laundry facilities. The first floor is planned as a receiving
room for immigrants and their relatives and friends to whom, immigrants may
be destined. In this room arriving immigrants may be registered and promptly
discharged. The second floor presents a most practical arrangement for the
accommodation of the general offices of the Immigration Service for the Chicago
district. The offices consist of a large general office for the accommodation of
the inspectors and appropriate executive office rooms, a well-lighted room for
the clerical force, and two excellent rooms for use in conducting hearings in
deportation cases and taking evidence and making investigations. The third
and fourth floors are each fitted as dormitories for the accommodation of
emergency cases and the detention of aliens under arrest, but against whom it
is not desired to inflict the odium of confinement in jail.

The new station is conveniently located to the various terminal railway sta-
tions at which the larger number of immigrants arrive in Chicago, and is easily
accessible for Chicago people who may have business at the station.

As to the practicability of the new work sought to be accomplished by Con-
gress in the establishment of this station, time and experience combined with
proper effort on the part of those charged with the performance of the added
service will determine.

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. 285
COOPERATIVE AGENCIES.

During the past year the Chicago office has profited through the hearty co-
operation of various local agencies, including the Division of Investigation,
Department of Justice, the Chicago police department (particularly the city
inspectors of morals), the juvenile court officials, the Immigrants' Protective
League, and the Catholic Women's League Protectoi-ate.

It is noticeable that the public in general evinces an increasing knowledge
and appreciation of the work of the Government in the administration of the
immigration laws, and in notable instances in this district practical cooperative
service has been rendered.

PERSONNEL.

The WfOrk of the Chicago district, including the administration of the Chinese-
exclusion law and the alien contract-labor law, has been accomplished by eight
inspectors, with the assistance of three stenographers and one interpreter, with
the occasional employment of local interpreters for short service. The official
force as a body has given the Government conscientious and intelligent service.
The amount of work performed presents sufficient evidence of the industry of
the officers.

P. L. Prentis, *
Inspector in Charge.

REPORT OF INSPECTOR IN CHARGE. DISTRICT NO. 12, COMPRISING
MINNESOTA AND NORTH AND SOUTH DAKOTA, WITH HEAD-
QUARTERS AT MINNEAPOLIS.

I beg to submit the following summarized report for fiscal year ended June
30, 1914, covering immigration district No. 12, comprising the States of Minne-
sota, North Dakota, and South Dakota.

The two former States being on the Canadian border, examination of all
aliens entering from the Dominion — at Duluth by boat or at the various land-
border ports — is solely under the supervision of the United States commissioner
of immigration at ^lontreal. The work of this immigration district, therefore,
principally consists of (1) arrest of aliens (including Chinese) and expulsion
from the country, and (2) investigations for the purpose of determining whether
aliens (including Chinese) are admissible; whether Chinese are entitled to
return certificates; and other similar investigations.

DEPORTATION WORK OF DISTRICT.

As the beneficial work of this service becomes better known throughout the
district there is a substantial annual increase in the number of aliens reported
for deportation. This is esi^ecially true of those aliens who have become public
charges. Naturally a great many cases are investigated which never come to
the attention of the bureau or department. These are dropped owing to in-
ability to verify landing, expiration of time limit, insufficient evidence, mortal
illness, deaths, removal, etc. While no direct result is secured through these
investigations, they frequently awaken the interest and secure the later co-
operation of State, county, and municipal officials. It is impossible to estimate
the value of this educational work or to forecast the beneficial effects.

During the past fiscal year 64 aliens (including 1 Chinese) wei'e deported by
the Minneapolis office, grouped as follows: Minnesota, 50; North Dakota. 7;
South Dakota, 6; Wisconsin (district No. 11), 1. At the close of the present
fiscal year 15 other aliens wei*e under orders of deportation, awaiting release
from various penitentiaries and reformatories.

In addition to these G3 district deportations accomplished by the Minneapolis
office, the Duluth office deported 30, the Winnipeg office 17, and the Portal
(N. Dak.) office 1. making a grand total of 111 for the three States of this dis-
trict. Total district deportations for three preceding years were : 1913. 51
(Minneapolis 36) ; 1912, 94 (Minneapolis 57) ; 1911, 107 (Minneapolis 60).

The following table shows in detail the deportation work of the Minneapolis
office during the past year. The numbers refer to persons rather than warrants,

286 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

as two or more persons are frequently included in one warrant. Wliile many
warrants of arrest allege two or more violations, the principal or more serious
one is selected in each case.

Deportation cases referred to department and action thereon.^

Principal ground.

Applied
for.

Issued.

Served.

Can-
celed.

Exe-
cuted
(de-
ported).

Likely to become a public charge at time of entry. . .
Entered in violation of section 30, withoutinspection,

34

22
29

2
3

1

3
2
1

2
1
1

1
1
1

29

22
29

2
3

23

13
26

2
2

22

20
3

Public charge from prior causes

2

24

Procured or attempted to bringlnto the United States

3

Entered for immoral purposes

3

Employed in house of prostitution

Convicted of felony or crime or misdemeanor before

3
2
1

2
1
1

3

4

2

Insane within 5 years prior to entry

1

2
1

1

1

Entered in violation of section 18, without inspec-

1

1

1

Mentally deficient at time of entry.

1
1

1

1
1

2

Under IG years of age at time of entry

1

Entered within 1 year after rejeciion as a contract

Chinese deported imder exclusion laws

1

104

98

76

27

64

1 A number of the deportations accomplished were ordered during preceding years. Referring to the
apparently large number of warrants canceled, attention is called to fact that some of the aliens left the
district or country before receipt of warrant, while others were discharged after warrant hearing.

CENTRALIZATION OF DEPORTEES AT CHICAGO.

Since November, 1913. in conformity with bureau instructions, all Atlantic
deportees from this district have been turned over to other inspectors at Chi-
cago for delivery to steamship or immigration authorities at respective ports.
Even previously the Chicago and Minneapolis offices had worl^ed along the same
line to a limited extent. To the same end, this office has recently received a
number of deportees from the Winnipeg and Duluth offices for delivery at
Chicago.

IMMIGRATION AND CHINESE COURT CASES.

During the past year habeas corpus proceedings were brought on behalf of
two brothers ordered deported by the Secretary of Labor. Cases were decided
in favor of the Government by the district court. A rehearing having been
granted by the department in one case, deportation warrant was later canceled.

At the instigation of the Winnipeg office Franli Nathan Stein was indicted
by the Federal grand jury at Fargo, N. Dak., for violation of section 8 in secur-
ing admission of his married sister through false and misleading testimony.
He later entered a plea of guilty and was sentenced to three days' imprisonment
and $10 fine. This case will doubtless be included in the Montreal report.

Siu Tak Sam, Chinese, arrested by the Duluth office under department war-
rant and ordered deported, recently sought and secured release under habeas
corpus proceedings before the district court. Surreptitious entry was not in-
volved in this case. It is believed the Montreal office will carry the case to the
circuit court of appeals.

Horn Wah Bing, Chinese, arrested under the Chinese-exclusion laws, was
ordered deported by a United States Commissioner; appealed to the district
court, which affirmed the decision ; then apiiealed to circuit court of appeals,
but did not perfect the appeal and was deported.

A number of other court cases are now pending in this district, awaiting pre-
sentation to grand juries, location of witnesses, additional evidence, etc.

KEPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. 287
INVESTIGATIONS PRIOR TO ADMISSION OF ALIENS.

During the year just closed 101 investigations on behalf of incoming aliens
were made by this office at the request of the various port authorities — an in-
crease of 45 investigations over the preceding fiscal year. Each such investiga-
tion covered one to eight persons. In addition to these requested investigations,
a very large number of affidavits (bureau form 547) were executed and filed by
domiciled relatives prior to arrival of aliens. The majority of these were
investigated and indorsed by this office.

MISCELLANEOUS INVESTIGATIONS.

Claims of 15 alleged American citizens whose deportation was sought by the
Canadian authorities were reported to this office for investigation, a deci*ease of
8 by comparison with the preceding year.

Thirty-six miscellaneous investigations were made during the year in addi-
tion to several contract-labor cases.

Seventy aliens who had petitioned for citizenship, but whose entry could not
be verified, were examined by Minneapolis inspectors. This work, which never
comes directly to the attention of the bureau, involves considerable time and
correspondence, and the results are far from satisfactory. Testimony as to
time and place where aliens entered the United States by land without inspec-
tion is rarely corroborated. Work of this character has more than doubled
during the year, 31 examinations showing on last annual report. At least 35
other petitioners were directed to communicate with this office regarding ne-
cessity for immigration examination. These cases are still pending. Some of
these parties have been notified two or more times of opportunity to be exam-
ined at or near their homes. Others have moved without leaving a forwarding
address.

RESULTS OF CHINESE INVESTIGATIONS BY MINNEAPOLIS AND DULUTH OFFICES.

Laborers. — Eleven applications for return certificates; 10 granted, 1 denied.
(Includes one investigation account of Chicago.)

Merchauts. — Seven applications for return certificates; all granted.

Sons of natives. — Seven seeking admission; 4 admitted; 2 denied; action
unknown, 1. (Including 2 investigations for Chicago office.)

Natives. — One claimant denied admission; 5 others requested preinvestigation
of status ; 4 granted ; 1 denied.

Domiciled student. — One application for I'eturn certificate denied.

Two applications were filed for duplicate registration certificate; 1 denied;
1 pending.

Two investigations were made at request of American consuls in China.
These were on behalf of applicants for section 6 certificates as students.

Gong Don Jung, arrested under Chinese-exclusion law, was discharged by
United States Commissioner. Wing Lee, whose case was pending before district
court on appeal at close of last fiscal year, was discharged. Horn Wah Bing,
who was deported, is referred to above in " Immigration and Chinese court
cases."

EMPLOYMENT OF ALIENS AFTER ARRIVAL.

I recently had a long interview on this subject with tlie superintendent of the
Minnesota State Free Employment Bureau, which maintains offices in Minne-
apolis, St. Paul, and Duluth. According to last biennial report these three
offices filled an average of 7.7(X) positions monthly. As pointed out by the
superintendent, almost all applicants for work are either citizens or residents,
very few of the recently admitted aliens seeking positions. It is the local
observation, however, that aliens generally go to work almost immediately
after arrival, employment being secured through or with others of their race.
While hundreds of men may be idle here at one time, the newcomer usually
seeks and finds work of some kind. There is a continuous demand for domestics
throughout this district. Likewise there is a good demand for farmers and
agricultural laborers. One difficulty, as explained by the superintendent, is
that such of his applicants as are willing or J^ble to do farm work seldom have
sufficient means to reach the prosi>ective employment. On the other hand,
employers are unwilling to advance transportation, as men using same fre-
quently leave the train short of destination and procure other work. The

288 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OE IMMIGRATION.

men thereby avoid working out tlie price of the ticljet, and the farmer has lost
his investment. At the time of interview the superintendent was unable to
advance any suggestions as to cooperation of his bureau with the Division of
Information.

The local Jewish societies have rendered exceptionally good service in placing
and looking after their coreligionists who have come to them through their
Galveston agency. However, I understand this work will be discontinued in
the fall. I am of opinion that the present practice of displaying labor bulletins
in post offices might be extended to advantage, supplemented by daily or weekly
post cards to such State labor bureaus or employers of labor as might file same.

Several prosperous agricultural settlements have already been established
by a number of the races in Minnesota and the Dakotas. These settlements
in turn attract others of the same race, either from the cities or the old country.
As one instance only, within the last few years a prosperous Polish settlement
of 65 families has been established in Mille Lacs County, this State. I am
reliably informed that almost all of these people went to the farm after work-
ing and saving in the city.

MISCELLANKOUS.

The sum of $2,100 was allotted to this district for the fiscal year 1914. At
close of June, with a number of small accounts unpaid, the balance was $73.68.
Under normal conditions the allotment would have been insufficient.

Local work has been seriously handicapped during the past six months owing
to the illness of one of the inspectors from January 10 to March 21, followed by
his indefinite assignment by the bureau to special duty, on which he is still
engaged. Additional work occasioned by his absence has been willingly per-
formed by the remaining employees, but it has been impossible to handle some
important business requiring considerable time and travel.

I desire to acknowledge the faithful and efficient support given by my asso-
ciates. Personnel at this station is the same as at time of last annual report.

During the past year I have received the hearty cooperation of other immi-
gration officials, especially the inspectors in charge at St. Louis, Chicago,
Winnipeg, and Duluth, with whom tlais office comes into frequent contact.

CiiAS. W. Seaman, Inspector in Charge.

REPORT OF INSPECTOR IN CHARGE. DISTRICT NO. 13. COMPRISING
MISSOURI, IOWA, KANSAS. AND OKLAHOMA, WITH HEADQUARTERS
AT ST. LOUIS.

I have the honor to transmit herewith the report of the transactions of this
office, together with general comments on the work of the Immigration Service
in the thirteenth district for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1914.

The increase in the volume of business handled by the St. Louis office and its
branches at Kansas City, Mo., and Des Moines, Iowa, is somewhat greater than
the ratio observed in the several preceding years, and it is apparent that the
broader publicity given to the work of the Department of Labor and Bureau of
Immigration has aroused the personal interest of citizens generally as well as
that of local officials throughout the States, with the result that reports are
received from far more numerous sources than ever before calling attention to
alleged violations of the immigration and Chinese-exclusion laws. The amount
of travel involved on the part of inspectors detailed to pursue investigations at
such increasingly numerous points necessitates a considerable addition to the
expenses of administration and accentuates my repeated requests for an increase
of our working force, both of inspectors and clerks.

The operations of this ofiice in both immigration and Chinese cases for the past
fiscal year are briefly stated in the following statistical resume :

STATISTICAL STATEMENT.

Warrant proceedings for fiscal year ended June 30, IDU/ (other than Chinese).

Number of aliens for whom warrants of arrest requested 350

Number of aliens for whom warrants of arrest i.ssued 345

Number of aliens for whom warrants of arrest refused by department 5

Number of aliens on whom warrants of arrest served 320

Number of aliens for whom warrants of arrest were canceled 31

Number of warrant cases pending at close of fiscal year 28

EEPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. 289
Deportation proceedings for fiscal year ended June 30,1914 (other than Chinese).

Number of aliens under deportation orders not removed before close of pre-
vious fiscal year 25

Number of aliens ordered deported during fiscal year 284

Total - 309

Number of aliens deported during this fiscal year 288

Number of aliens ordered deported, awaiting removal 21

Total 309

Classification and grounds of arrest.

Waxrant cases.

1

1 .

III

■3

0 03

is

i

H

■3

1^

■§•05

•H

2

0
3
Pi

3
0

1— 1

^

H

0

(^

0

w

a<

H

18

136

17

24

7

34

7

34

73

350

Warrants issued

18

18

4

132

127

11

5

114

17
17

"17"

23

21

2

2

19

7

7

....„

34
21
3
13

18

7
7
1
2
4

34

31

1

3

30

73
71
9
3
61

345

Warrants served

320

Warrants canceled

31

Warrant cases pending

28

Aliens ordered deported

14

284

Aliens ordered deported previous fiscal

vear, but unexecuted

1
14

3
113

1
17

2
32

18
66

26

Aliens deported

18

7

17

4

288

Aliens ordered deported awaiting re-

1

4

1

1

1

13

21

General and special investigations.

Number of aliens on behalf of whom investigations were made concerning

their applications for admission to the United States 419

Number of miscellaneous cases investigated in addition to foregoing 414

In addition to the cases formally recorded there were approximately 3.000
minor inquiries and investigations handled by the main office and branch offices.

Court proceedings.

Number and character of civil suits instituted and results 2

Ignited States r. John Blair, northern district of Iowa, suit for importation of
alien contract laborer. Case pending in district court. Fort Dodge. Iowa.

United States r. John Leisy. eastern district of Nebraska, suit for importation
of alien contract laborer. Case tried and jury disagreed ; second trial i^end-
ing in district court, Omaha, Nebr.

Number and character of criminal prosecutions instituted and
results 4

United States r. Bettinger, northern district of Iowa, prosecution for importing
woman for immoral purpose. Tried in district court at Fort Dodge, Iowa,
and court directed verdict for defendant.

Ignited States v. G. Pontos, district of Kansas, prosecution for perjury before
immigrant inspector in warrant hearing. Grand jury at Leavenworth found
" not a true bill."

United States v. J. Heim, eastern district of Missouri, prosecution for perjury
before inspectors to secure admission of detained alien. Preliminary hearing
waived and case pending before grand jury at St. Louis, Mo.

69629*— 15 19

290 REPORT OP COMMISSIONER GENERAL OP IMMIGRATION.

United States v. T. Malia, southern district of Illinois, prosecution for import-
ing woman for immoral purpose, pending before United States commissioner
at Springfield, 111. Alien not apprehended.

United States v. E. de Corompa. southern district of Iowa, prosecution for
violation of the interstate white-slave act. Tried in the district court at Dav-
enport, Iowa. Alien convicted and sentenced to 10 years' imprisonment
where he is now resting under an order of deportation.

Number of cases in which writs of habeas corpus were applied
for and granted 11

Gust Jouras, white slaver; writ of habeas corpus sued out in western district
of Missouri. Writ dismissed in district court ; defendant appealed to Circuit
Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit, where case is now pending.

Darwish Ramadan and Sam Hassan, white slavers; writ of habeas corpus sued
out in northern district of Iowa. Now pending in district court at Sioux
City, Iowa.

George Hanges, Jim Lamper, Steve Pantza, and Peter Francas, white slavers;
writ of habeas corpus sued out in northern district of Iowa. Writ sustained
by district court at Fort Dodge, Iowa, and petitioners discharged. Cases ap-
pealed by Government to the Circuit Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit,
where now pending.

B. Krawza, prostitute; writ of habeas corpus sued out in southern district of
Iowa and writ sustained by district court at Des Moines, Iowa, and peti-
tioner discharged. Case appealed by Government to the Circuit Court of
Appeals for the Eighth Circuit, which court dismissed the appeal because of
failure of the Government to comply with the court rules.

Joe Schmoan and Barbara Schmoan, latter imported by the former for immoral
purpose; writs of habeas corpus sued out in southern district of Iowa and
writs sustained by district court at Des Moines, Iowa, and petitioners dis-
charged. Appeal to circuit court of appeals now pending.

Gee Fount, white slaver ; writ of habeas corpus sued out in northern district
of Illinois, and case now pending in district court at Chicago. This alien
was arrested in Des Moines, Iowa, granted hearing there, and released under
bond. He then removed to Chicago, and when the bonding company was
called upon to produce him for deportation writ of habeas corpus was served
on the Chicago office and the case accordingly handled by the Chicago district
court.

Chinese court cases.

Cases pending July 1, 1913, before United States courts 1

Arrests during current year 3

Disposition of cases:

Ordered deported by the United States commissioner 1

Ordered discharged by United States commissioner 1

Pending before United States commissioner 1

Pending before United States district court on appeal 1

Total 4

Chinese cases handled under departmental warrants.

Chinese for whom warrants of arrest requested ^__ 5

Chinese for whom warrants of arrest issued 5

Chinese upon whom warrants of arrest served 5

Chinese for whom warrants of arrest canceled 3

Chinese ordered deported during fiscal year 2

Chinese under orders of deportation, not executed before close of previous

fiscal year 1

Chinese deported during this fiscal year 2

Chinese ordered deported, awaiting removal 1

BEPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. 291

Chinese investigations.

Departing Chinese:

Return certificates, laborers 7

Preinvestigations —

Mercliants 11

Student 1

Natives 4

Merchant's son 1

Total 24

Arriving Chinese:

Investigations of —

Merchant ___. 1

Merchants' sons 4

Student 1

Arriving or returning natives' sons 2

Total 8

General investigations :

Conducted for other offices 7

Conducted in re application for duplicate certificate of residence 1

Miscellaneous Chinese 29

Total 37

The approximate estimate of 3,000 minor inquiries and investigations, in
addition to the recorded cases of recognized importance shown in the foregoing
statements, is by no means overdrawn, and it is only proper to say that the
number of recorded investigations, as well as the number of arrests and
deportations, would have been considerably larger but for the unfortunate fact
that the time of one or more of our inspectors has been lost to such work by
the necessity for their appearance in the United States courts at various
points in the district for considerable periods of time, this greatly interfering
with their regular work. The total of 290 actual deportations (including 2
Chinese aliens) as against our largest previous record of 206 for the preceding
fiscal year, is a fair indication of the development and effectiveness of the
work of our officers and employees, whose faithful devotion to duty I can not
too highly commend.

CONTRACT LABORERS.

As to contract laborers the usual difficulties have been encountered, and,
although we have warrants for a considerable number and have reason to
believe that there is gross violation of law by the importation of alien labor
to this district, I regret that, through the cleverness of the importers and the
fact that the contract laborers usually are manifested under assumed names
or adopt aliases after landing, our efforts in dealing with this class of aliens
have been very' disappointing and measurably unproductive. Only 17 contract
laborers were actually deported during the year, but it is hoped that better
results will be obtained hereafter through measures now being undertaken.

ORIENTAL SOLICITORS.

An interesting phase of our work has been the apprehension and deportation
of 7 aliens arrested at various points in the district and technically charged as
" professional beggars." these being generall.v known as " oriental solicitors."
As a rule these aliens are Persians, Syrians. Turks, and Chaldeans, and they
invariably are armed with credentials from alleged bishops and other supposed
ecclesiastical dignitaries purporting to authorize them to collect moneys
throughout the world and especially the United States for the erection and
maintenance of hospitals, schools, orphanages, etc.. in the countries whence
they come. On the strength of such credentials, and perhaps also their own
ecclesiastical garb and demeanor, these fraudulent solicitors appear to have
no difficulty in obtaining letters of introduction and recommendation from
national, State, and local officials, some of the accumulations which we have

292 REPOET OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

seen comprising very valuable autograph collections. Naturally the display
of such credentials and autograph letters arouses the interest of the average
citizen. By such means and by addresses given from various pulpits these
imposters succeed in collecting enormous amounts of money — vphich in almost
every instance within my knowledge they have confessed, under oath, have been
obtained by fraud — for their own personal support and that of their con-
federates. With few exceptions the indorsements and letters from American
citizens and officials appear to be thoroughly genuine, but investigation proves
that the ecclesiastical credentials are absolutely fraudulent, mostly manufactured
in America and sold or disposed of, for a sharing interest, to the itinerant
solicitors.

The wickedness of this fraud appears more flagrant because its victims are
generally our best citizens and mostly of the religious classes, who assume that
by their contributions they are aiding in establishing the Christian religion and
in protecting and educating unfortunate children in benighted lands. I have
yet to learn of a single one of the indorsers of these oriental solicitors or their
victimized contributors who has ever discovered the very obvious inconsistency
in the documents with which they are supplied. In every case the solicitor is
armed with credentials from an alleged " bishop " or " patriarch " authorizing
the bearer to collect funds for the saving of the unfortunate victims of " Turkish
despotism," and also with credentials from the representatives of the state de-
partment of the Turkish Government or the diplomatic representatives of
Turkey.

CRIMINAL ALIENS.

Among our deportations were included 18 aliens of the criminal class. It
should be the hope of all interested in the purification of our citizenship to
prevent the immigration of criminals, whether convicts or fugitives from justice,
and I believe that especial consideration should be given to this subject. I
had great hopes that if a new immigration law were finally enacted its provi-
sions would be such as to render our protection from this class of undesirable
citizens less difficult. By all means the law should forbid the admission and
also provide for the deportation of all criminals except those charged with
purely political offenses, whether they be ex-convicts or persons who have escaped
trial and punishment for their offenses. The present law debars ex-convicts
and those who admit the commission of offenses involving moral turpitude.
The proper phrasing of the law would exclude all who have committed such
offenses, whether or not confession is made. I note with regret that an
effort is being made to amend the pending bill in such manner as will greatly
weaken the measure — that is, in the provision for the exclusion and deporta-
tion only of those unconvicted criminals who are " justly charged with crime."
Undoubtedly every experienced officer in our service would testify that under
the present law his best success in dealing with criminals comes through
securing confessions of guilt, and heretofore these have been deemed sufficient
evidence to satisfy the department : but the proposed enactment would tie our
hands deplorably. Besides the objection of the long delay involved in the in-
A'estigation in foreign countries of the criminal records of aliens apprehended
here and the resultant propability of escape before proceedings could be ad-
vanced sufficiently to hold the culprits, I can imagine no good reason why
the confession of a criminal should not be considered ample proof of his status,
or even the testimony of a sufficient number of credible witnesses now resident
in America who are cognizant of the crime committed prior to the immigra-
tion of the accused.

WHITE-SLAVE CASES.

I wish especially to mention the splendid work of my assistant inspectors in the
handling of the so-called " white-slave " class of aliens. Of these — prostitutes
and procurers — we deported 6G and there are several important cases pending.
The present law applicable to prostitutes and persons found receiving, sharing
in, or deriving benefit from the earnings of prostitutes, or who frequent or are
connected with the management of places or resorts habitually frequented by
prostitutes, etc., has been found by test to be very strong, and the operations of
your officers in striking at this vicious class of aliens have been wonderfully
assisted by the present statute. We have experienced but little difficulty in
pursuing to deportation the cases of numerous aliens involved in the white-
slave traffic, and the country has indeed been greatly purified by the energetic

REPOET OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. 293

enforcement of the present law pertaining to tliis class of immigrants. The
statute is clear and concise and has stood the tests of habeas corpus proceedings.
In connection with our investigations of white-slave cases there have been
frequent occasions of violation of the interstate (Mann) act, and in every such
instance this service has cooperated with the Department of Justice and we
have worked hand in hand very often. In not a few cases convictions have been
obtained as the result of evidence adduced by this service and furnished to
the Department of Justice. A great amount of the time of our inspectors has
been consumed in attending the United States courts in connection with criminal
prosecutions arising out of investigations of immigration cases. I am gratified
at the result of our efforts in the handling of white-sUive cases.

The Chinese branch of our work in this district as in all others involves
difficulties which at times appear insurmountable. The rules and regulations
promulgated by the department for the enforcement of the Chinese-exclusion
law are as effective, in the main, as can be hoped for in view of existing judicial
decisions, but tliere is no question as to the farcical character of much of the
work performed under such rules in dealing with the claims of domiciled
Chinese, both laborers and the exempt classes. Had the registration of Chinese
under the acts of 1892 and 1893 been performed with an intelligent understand-
ing and competent oversight there would have been little difficulty in securing
the honest enforcement of the law forbidding the influx of Chinese laborers
since the last year of registration, 1894 ; but it is generally known and admitted
that certificates of residence were issued in various portions of the United
States upon totally inadequate proof as to the status of the applicants, and in
thousands of instances such certificates were obtained, and have been used,
fraudulently. In almost all sections of the country Chinese laborers appear to
have found little difficulty in obtaining certificates as merchants, while the
genuine " merchant " class, under most unwise advice, declined to be registered.
The very fact that large numbers of Chinese who were domiciled laborers in
the United States failed or refused to register and subsequently never were
molested by the Government had a tendency to bring the law into disrepute and
contempt. Speaking from a very wide experience in dealing with Chinese mat-
ters, I have no hesitancy in saying that at no time during the past 20 years
has the Government received the benefit and protection from the registration
laws to which it was entitled. During this period manifold evils of fraudulent
importation of Chinese as alleged natives and minor sons of the exempt classes
have added greatly to the difficulties encountered by immigration officers, and
I believe that certain measures should be undertaken which would not only
preserve the integrity of the service but protect lawful Chinese residents in all
their rights.

In my opinion there should be a reregistration of all Chinese residents of
whatsoever class. This work should be done by the Immigration Service under
instructions far more explicit and capable of enforcement than in the previous
registration. The number of Chinese residents of the United States at the
present time would not appear to be a menace to the welfare of the country in
the view of the most prejudiced opponent of Chinese immigration ; hence I
would recommend that such registration should include all Chinese now domi-
ciled in the United States, without regard to the legality of their entry, except
as to those who are amenable to the immigration law. After such reregistration
the departure from and return to the United States of any Chinese person hold-
ing a new and valid certificate of residence should be permitted without regard
to property rights or claims as at present required. In a few instances Chinese
laborers seeking return certificates under rhe present law and regulations are
the actual and bona fide owners of claims or money amounting to more than
a thousand dollars. It is safe to say that in every such case where the applicant
honestly intends to leave his money in America to return to, he will have no
objection to placing the fund in the form of a certificate of deposit not negoti-
able until his actual return, as sometimes is done, but in the vast majority of
cases, even although the Chinese laborer may possess money or claims to the
statutory limit and may declare that no change will occur in the status thereof
until his return, he actually carries with him to China and there invests or
lea^■es the funds upon which he has based his claim of a right to return. This
applies to laborers whose applications have such sufficient basis in fact, but, as
all of your officers are aware, in 9 cases out of 10 there is no good reason to

294 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

believe that the testimony of an applicant and alleged debtors as to the existence
of claims amounting to $1,000 is worthy of credence or would be accepted in
any other proceedings, and yet the immigration inspectors must spend many
hours in taking testimony and compiling voluminous records in this class of
cases wherein there is no possible means of contesting or disproving the palpa-
bly fraudulent claims. The fraudulent character of the claims set up by appli-
cants for preinvestigation as merchants seeking to visit China and return
do not call for further (-omment, but it is my firm belief that in the process
of a new registration of all Chinese residents the investigations necessarily
made by the registering officers would establish a permanent i-ecord of the
present status and occupation of e\ery Chinaman, and thereafter the matter
of dealing with unregistered Chinese or members of the exempt classes who
lose such status and become laborers would be comparatively easy, and immeas-
urable fraud and trickery would be eliminated.

DEPORTATIONS.

I take the liberty of expressing my belief in the wisdom of the recent action
of the bureau in providing for a more economical and common-sense method
of handling aliens in transit to seaports for deportation. There can be no
question as to the ultimate economy which this practice will accomplish, and
I believe that when the system is thoroughly developed it will prove entirely
satisfactory to the department and greatly promote the efficient treatment of
a very bothersome phase of our work, and this without injury to our unfortu-
nate wards, who, with very rare exceptions, may be cared for quite as well
while en route as under former methods.

LABOR BUREAUS AND AGENCIES.

I am strongly in favor of the most general cooperation between the Immigra-
tion Service and the State, county, and local officials in dealing with all mat-
ters of mutual interest, and I can see no reason to doubt the feasibility of
active cooperation with labor bureaus in this section of the country in the
work of the disti'ibution of admitted aliens. As a rule the trouble is that
the arriving aliens do not wish to be distributed. They are either destined to
promised employment or to their personal friends and relatives, and there are
comparatively few who reach any western city, such as Chicago, St. Louis,
or Kansas City, which oftentimes are spoken of as distributing points for
labor, without definite knowledge of their own destinations or the promise
that they will be met by friends or future employers and taken in charge at
the railway trains. There are, however, exceptions to this rule, and there are
many reasons why the Immigration Service should be in close touch with both
the labor bureaus and those charitable and eleemosynary organizations which
interest themselves in newly arrived immigrants.

In my estimation there are somewhat similar and even stronger reasons for
cooperation with and general oversight of all labor agencies engaged in inter-
state traffic or dealing with newly arrived immigrants.

James R. Dunn,

Inspector in Charge.

REPORT OF INSPECTOR IN CHARGE, DISTRICT NO. 14, COMPRISING
COLORADO, WYOMING, NEBRASKA. AND UTAH, WITH HEADQUAR-
TERS AT DENVER.

Following is the annual report of immigration and Chinese transactions in
this (fourteenth) district for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1914:

IMMIGRATION TRANSACTIONS IN THE FOURTEENTH (DENVER) DISTRICT.

Alien prostitutes.

Pending June 30, 1913 3

Arrested 10

Deported ti

Discharged 2

Escaped 1

Pending June 30, 1914 4

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. 295

Supported hy proceeds of prostitution.

Pending June 30, 1913 10

Arrested 33

Discharged 20

Deported 20

Pending June 30, 1914 3

White-slave traffic act.

Pending June 30. 1913 8

Arrested 5

Convicted 3

Discliarged 3

Deported 6

Pending June 30, 1914 3

Insane aliens.

Arrested 4

Discliarged 1

Deported 3

Alien public charges.

Arrested 5

Deported 4

Pending June 30, 1914 1

Criminal record prior to entry.

Pending June 30, 1913 2

AiTested 1

Deported 2

Pending June 30, 1914 1

Contract-labor cases.

Investigated (no action) 2

Surreptitious entry.

Arrested 6

Discliarged 4

Deported , 2

Aliens held at ports of entry.

Investigated 27

Other districts.

Investigated 21

For Naturalization Bureau.

Investigated for purpose of naturalization 24

American citizens in Canadian prisons for Canadian authorities.

Investigated 7

Miscellaneous.

Investigated 96

Impersonating United States immigration officer.

Arrested 1

Indicted (not apprehended) 2

(One turned over to county authorities, and pleaded guilty to charge

of receiving money under false pretenses. Sentenced to 30 days in

county jail.)

296 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

CHINESE TRANSACTIONS.

Arrested 6

Deported 1

Discharged 5

Application for laborer's return certiflcate 19

Application for merchant's return certificate 5

Investigations for admission of alleged sons of domiciled merchants 1

Investigations for admission of domiciled merchants 2

Investigations for admission of alleged natives or children of alleged

native born 5

Certificates forwarded to the bureau for cancellation 2

Applications for duplicate certificates 2

Preinvestigations of native born 1_ 1

Investigations for admission of students 4

Investigations for other offices 5

Miscellaneous investigations 20

We have had numerous miscellaneous Chinese Investigations concerning which
we did not deem the keeping of a record necessary.

Henry H. Moler,

Inspector in Charge.

REPORT OF INSPECTOR IN CHARGE, DISTRICT NO. 15, COMPRISING
MONTANA AND IDAHO, WITH HEADQUARTERS AT HELENA.

I hand you herewith the report of work done by this district for the year
ended June 30, 1914.

The two criminal proceedings instituted against procurers in which the grand
jury failed to indict were cases of men bringing women into the United States
from Canada for immoral purposes in which there were no aggravating cir-
cumstances. In the one ca^se pending alien is serving a five-year sentence
in the Montana State penitentiary for assault with intent to kill, committed
upon the woman whom he brought into this country.

It will be noted that two warrant cases were instituted against Chinese pros-
titutes during the past year. In the case pending the woman has been delivered
to Seattle for deportation and is being held awaiting the department's decision
on a petition to reopen the case. A petition for writ of habeas corpus in this
case was denied by the United States district judge at Boise, Idaho.

It will be noted that while the number is not very large, there has been quite
an increase in public-charge cases investigated. Whether this increase will
continue or is only temporary is difficult to say at this time.

Quite a large proportion of the cases handled, it will be seen from the report,
have been those of aliens entering without inspection. This is due in a large
measure to the immense distances between immigration stations along the
Canadian border in northern Montana. As I stated in my last annual report,
the unoccupied Government land in the northern section of this State is rapidly
filling up, and a considerable percentage of the new settlers are families who
have driven across the line from Canada after proving up on and selling their
homesteads there.

It would be such a hardship and inconvenience for them to enter by rail
through one of our established ports of entry that they can hardly be blamed
for entering as they do, by driving across the boundary with all their equip-
ment and effects along the overland trails. During the past year three visits
have been made to the different county seats in that section of the State, and
advance notice of these visits have been published in the local papers. This
has given an opportunity for those who w^ish to do so to present themselves and
their families for examination under warrant proceedings, and, as the report
shows, a great many have availed themselves of the opportunity. These aliens
must become citizens before they can obtain patent to their land, and so it is
for their interest to have the legality of their residence in the United States
established as soon as possible.

In view of the enormous area of this district, it being as large as all of the
States east of Chicago and north of the Ohio River, and the limited transpor-
tation facilities, I have arranged with the Commissioner of Naturalization
that he forward me copies of all letters written by him to aliens in this district
who apply for certificates of arrival (Form 526a).

REPORT OP COMMISSIONER GENERAL OP IMMIGRATION. 297

By this arrangemeut we save the aliens a great deal of expense and incon-
venience without any expense to the Government, as they can be examined by
one of our ofhcers while he is in their vicinity on regular immigration work.

I have not given any account of cases under the Mann Act this year. These
cases ai-e now handled by the special agents of the Department of Justice in
this district, although this office has made several investigations and done con-
siderable of this work. The average police officer or county officer does not
discriminate between these cases and those of aliens, and when a case is i"e-
ported by one of these officers to us it is necessary that we take some
action. Otherwise they would lose interest in assisting us in any work. Fre-
quently these cases develop a violation of the immigration law, but when they
do not, and can not be handled in connection with some other work so as to
avoid expense on our part, I see to it that they are properly reported to the
Department of Justice.

Chinese work has been about the same as the year preceding. Without doubt
there are some section 6 students and merchants employed in this district as
laborers, the same as in other districts, but unless these cases can be handled
by departmental warrant I believe that it would be practically useless to make
the arrests. When the average Chinese student, well dressed in citizen's clothes,
appears before a United States commissioner and tells the story of his attempts
to obtain an education in this country, the prospects of making the case appear
to the commissioner in its true light are very slim.

Both the States of Montana and Idaho maintain immigration bureaus whose
work is to encourage the immigration into the States of people who desire to
remain permanently and take up and improve land. As neither of these bureaus
encourages the immigration of anyone unless he has money enough to purchase
an outfit for working his homestead and maintaining himself until his land has
produced a crop, it hardly seems that there could be much cooperation between
these State agencies and the division of distribution in our bureau. The labor
market as a very general rule is well supplied here, and while both States are
anxious for settlers who will come with their families and take up or buy land
they are not anxious for those who would come solely as common laborers.
Enough of this latter class get into the State without any State or Federal en-
couragement.

I feel that I am thoroughly justified in saying that during the past year the
officers of this district have worked with an intelligence and loyalty that will
favorably compare with any like number of men employed either by the Gov-
ernment or private concerns.

STATUS OF IMMIGRATION CASES (OTHER THAN CHINESE), FISCAL YEAR ENDED

JUNE 30, 1914.

Warrants applied for, present fiscal year 89

Warrants issued, present fiscal year 87

Cases pending June 30, 1913, in which warrant issued 12

99

Disposition :

Warrants canceled 42

Warrants executed, aliens deported 34

Warrants forwarded to another district 3

Alien died 1

Cases pending, warrant issued 19

DETAILED STATEMENT OF CASES HANDLED.

Criminal proceedings.

Instituted current fiscal year

Disposition :

Failed of indictment 2

Convicted 2

Pending June 30, 1914 1

99

298 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

Deportation proceedings.

Pending June BO, 1913 ^ 4

Instituted current fiscal year 10

14

Disposition :

Deported , 4

Pending deportation, warrant issued 3

Referred to anotlier district for deportation 1

Evidence insufficient for warrant 6

• 14

Prostitutes and women entering for immoral purpone.

Pending deportation June 30, 1913 3

Instituted curi-ent fiscal year 12

15

Disposition :

Deported 6

Warrant canceled 3

Referred to another district for deportation 1

Evidence insuflicient for warrant 5

15

Chinese procurers.

Warrant issued present year 2

Disposition :

Failed to apprehend ]

Deported 1

2

Chinese prostitutes.

Warrant issued current fiscal yeai* 2

Disposition :

Warrant canceled 1

Pending, alien delivered at port 1

2

Public charges.

Instituted current fiscal year 22

Disposition :

. Deported 13

Died after warrant issued 1

Warrant canceled 1

Evidence insuflicient for warrant 6

Pending, warrant issued 1

22

Illegal entry.

Pending June 30, 1913 8

Instituted current fiscal year 65

73

Disposition :

Deported 10

Warrants canceled 37

Referred to another district 2

Evidence insufficient for warrant 7

Pending, warrant issued 14

Pending, warrant not issued 3

73

Naturalisation.

Total number of applicants for certificates of arrival (form 526a) 158

Miscellaneous.

Investigations in cases aliens applying for entry 12

Investigations at request of other offices 23

REPOET OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. 299

STATUS OF CHINESE CASES FISCAL YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1014.

Cases in court.

Pending June 30, 1913 1

Arrests made current fiscal year 1

2

Disposition :

Discharged by United States commissioner 1

Ordered deported by United States commissioner (de-
ported witliout appenl) 1

2

Department xcarrant proceedings.

(Tliese cases have been reported on page 298 under headings "'Chinese pro-
curers " and " Chinese prostitutes." )

Investigations.
Laborers :

Pending June 30, 1913 3

Cases of current fiscal year 53

56

Disposition —

Departing, favorable 50

Departing, unfavorable 2

Duplicate certificates of residence 4

56

Merchants :

Pending June 30, 1913 2

Cases of current fiscal year 13

15

Disposition —

Departing, favorable 4

Departing, unfavorable 2

Returning, unfavorable 1

Sons applying for admission, favorable 5

Sons applying for admission, unfavorable 3

15

Natives,

Cases of current fiscal year 4

Disposition :

Applying for admission, favorable 1

Sons applying for admission, favorable 3

4

Chinese investigations at request of other districts.
Total investigations 5

Respectfully submitted.

Lorenzo T. Plummer,

Inspector in charge.

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF IMMIGRATION, SEATTLE, IN CHARGE
OF DISTRICT NO. 16, COMPRISING THE STATE OF WASHINGTON.

I have the honor to submit herewith annual report regarding transactions
under the immigration laws in District No. 16, for the fiscal year ended June
30. 1914.

The inward passenger movement of the current year increased from 5,363 to
6,473, or 1,110. Japanese arrivals alone increased from 2,979 to 4,035, or 1,056.

300 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

A detailed report of the inward passenger movement in this district follows;
Inward passenger movement.

Males.

Females.

Total.

Immigrant aliens admitted

1,339

2,386

664

134

12

1,503

145

264

7

19

2 842

Nonimmijjrant aliens admitted

2 .531

United States citizens arrived

'928

Aliens del)arred

141

Aliens whose eases are pending either before this office or the bureau

31

Grand total

6 473

Of the 2,842 immigrant aliens admitted, 2,189 were Japanese; 736 males
and 1,453 females. Of the 2,531 nonimmigrant aliens admitted, 1.846 were
Japanese; 1,740 males and 106 females. Of the total (4,035) Japanese arrivals,
2,075 were former residents. The total of Japanese immigrant females admitted
increased from 1.123 to 1,453, or 330; of these 511 were proxy brides, against
517 of the preceding year, a decrease of 6.

The following is a statement of admissions by races :

Races of immigrants and nonimmigrants admitted.

Race.

Immigrant.

Nonimmigrant.

Males.

Females.

Total.

Males.

Females.

Total.

Japanese

736

243

81

111

77

1

13
4
2
27
8
2
2
2
1
1

1,453
25

2,189
268

81
117

83
1

13
5
2

34
8
3
2
2
1
1

1,740
436

54
9

44
1
5
6
3

41

16

106

7
1
4
2

1,846

443

55

Russians

6
6

13

Germans

46

Spanish

1

Finnish ,

5

Irish

1

5

11

Dutch

3

English

7

11

8

52

Scotch

24

East Indians

r

North Italians

2
1
1

1
3
7
1
1

2

Greek

1

Polish

1

Hebrew

1

South Italians

6
6

6
6
3
4
3
1
1
1
2
3
1
1

3

French

7

Welsh . .

3

1

Servian, Montenegrin, Bulgarian

4
3
1
1
1
2
3

1

West Indian

■Dalmatian

Maevar

1

1

11

11

1

Other peoples

1

Cuban

2

1

3

Grand total

1,339

1,503

2,842

2,386

145

2,531

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. 301
Debarred aliens.

Cause.

Jap-
anese.

Chi-
nese.

Eng-
lish.

East
Indian.

Lith-
uanian.

Polish.

Rus-
sian.

Total.

M.

F.

M.

F.

M.

F.

M.

F.

M.

F.

M.

F.

M.

F.

M.

F.

55

1

55

22
37

8
9

1

Likely to become a public

1

....

7

1

13

Passport, provisional, sec. 1

Dangerous contagious disease

37

9

1
1
3
1

1

4
3

2

1

Trachoma 1 3

1

2

3

1

Epileptic 1

1
2

Contract laborer

1

1

Total

44

6

62

1

1

9 i....

1

1

1

....

16

....

134

7

Outward passenger movement.

Emigrant aliens departed

Nonemigrant aliens departed . . .
United States citizens departed.

Grand total..

Males.

576

2,220

576

Females.

58
240

448

total.

634
2,460
1,024

4,118

Of the 634 emigrant aliens departed. 228 were Japanese; 189 males and
39 females.

Of tlie 2,400 nonemigrants departed. 1.979 were Japanese; 1,769 males and
210 females.

AEKIVALS FROM INSULAR POSSESSIONS.
[Not included in statistics.]

A total of 245 passengers arrived from insular possessions. Of this number
2 were East Indians, against 406 the previous year, a decrease of 404.

ALIEN SEAMEN.

Vessels arrived 1,324

Alien crews ( Chinese 12,383 ; others 13.987) 26,370

Certified by marine hospital surgeon 136

Certified seamen, deserting 1

Certified at San Francisco, deserted in this district 1

Deserting seamen ^ 165

Discharged (admitted to the United States) 249

Discharged (passed to follow their vocation) 378

STOWAWAYS.

Total number of stowaways for the year, 35 (Japanese 33, Russians 2).

EXAMINATION UNDER IMMIGRATION LAWS.

Aliens examined (including Chinese) 5,545

Admitted on primary inspection 4,739

Pending primary cases 15

Board special inquiry cases 791

1 Of the 165 deserting seamen, 32 were Japanese and 2 were Chinese.

302

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

Board special inquiry cases 791

Admitted , 508

Excluded mandatorily 217

Excluded with right of appeal 66

283

Excluded under immigration act 283

Deported (1.75 per cent) (not including Chinese) ^85

Landed on appeal 4

Landed after hospital treatment 176

Landed on rehearing i 2

Pending 16

Investigations made regarding alien applicants, except Chinese 272

MISCELLANEOUS INVESTIGATIONS.

Public charge cases where no warrant was secured 100

Prostitute, procurer, etc., cases where no warrant was secured 145

Naturalization cases 125

United States citizens which Canada desired to return to United States 52

Total 422

In addition to the above there were numerous other investigations made
which it is impossible to estimate with any degree of accuracy.

WRITS OF HABEAS COBPUS.

Applied for 91 I Aliens released 13

Granted 91 1 Aliens remanded 78

FINES.

Failure to furnish the manifest required by section 12 (7 cases) $70

Bringing diseased aliens in violation of section 9 (4 cases of trachoma) 400

Total 470

Aliens apprehended near international boundary after entry without inspection
and returned to border ports for examination imthmit formal warrant of
arrest.

station of officer apprehending alien.

Border port to
which returned.

Total.

Blaine,
Wash.

Sumas,
Wash.

Custer Wash

192

192

160
6
41

47

160

Everett Wash

13

19

41

60

8

107

8

Total

273

254

527

1 In addition to the 8.5 shown, 56 Chinese were deported under the Chinese exclusion
iaws, making a total of 141, or 2.54 per cent.

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

303

Cases in which tcarrants of arrest and orders of deportation were issued, etc.,

by causes.

Warrants of Arrest.

J.

M

c3
P.
<U

•a
"3 §

■°a

C

Orders of deportation.

i
1

<

CO

1

i

Served.

-a

1
o

■d

0)

i

"3

i

Executed.

Cause.

OS

.a

.a|

3.2

3

2

.a
1

•9 t»>

3.2

0

EH

i

a

Procurers

17
30

17
20

62
37
23

77

2
1

4
2
1
3
5

301

10
30

17
19

61
37
23

77

2
1
4
2
1
3
5

298

5

1

9
1

7

4

1
.....

.....
1

12
21

10

18

50
35
12

73

1

1
3
2
1
2
4

2
1

3

4

1
2

14
22

13
18

54
36
14

73

1
1
3
2
1
2
4

4
2

2

2

1
4

1
1

.....

2

13

21

13
17

52
36
14

73

1

1
3
2
1
2
4

3
1

.....

1

"'i'
1

1
.....

9
17

10

8

33
32
12

2

6
1

3

5

10
3
2

15
18

13
13

43
35
14

2

1

3

Receiving proceeds of prosti-
tute

3

8

Likely to become a public
charge

18

Insane

4

W ithout inspection

1

Hindus— without inspection

70

Dangerous contagious dis-
eases:

1
2
1

1
1
4

■■■4"

1
2
1
1

1
8

1

Contract labor

1

Chinese— without inspection.

Total

38

245

13

258

15

5

253

10

133

34

167

110

Note.— In addition to the above, there were 8 Chinese and 7 other aliens arrested in other jurisdictions
delivered at this station for deportation on warrants secured by other jurisdictions.

Criminal prosecutions.

Name.

Charge.

Court.

Disposition.

CASES PENDING JUNE 30,
1913.

Ray Courtemache

A. A. Plant

Vernon L. Heathman.
J. Archie Hess

Ray Howard.

Leon S. Becker.

Wm. Porter

Al Porter

James Morrow..

B. Aurand.

A. K. Watson.
K. Umeda

K.Ito

B. K. Sugiura.
A. H. Young..
S. Washio

Max Holtser..
Charles Ryan.

Violation of white-
slave traflBc act.

.do.
.do.
.do.

.do.

.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.

.do.
.do.

Conspiracy to violate
white-slave traffic
act.

do

do

do

do

Violation of white-
slave traffic act.
do

United States District
Court for Western Dis-
trict of Washington.

do

do

do

United States District
Court for Eastern Dis-
trict of Washington.

do

do

do

United States District
Court for Western Dis-
trict of Washington.

do

.do.
.do.

.do.
.do.
.do.
.do.

United States District

Court for Oregon.
do

Dismissed.

Pending.

Dismissed.

Pleaded guUty; sentence,

1 year and 1 day, McNeil

Island.
Dismissed.

No true bill.
Dismissed.

Do.
Pleaded guilty; sentence,
90 days.

Pleaded guilty; sentence,
2 years, McNeil Island.

Forfeited bail.

Pleaded guilty; sentence,
30 days.

Do.
Acquitted.

Do.
Pleaded guilty; sentence,

30 days.
Pleaded guilty; sentence,

1 year.
Jurj; disagreed twice; dis-
missed.

304 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.
Criminal prosecution — Continued.

Name.

Charge.

Court.

Disposition.

CASES PENDING JUNE 30,

1913— continued.

Roy McKinley . .
Charles Guignon.
Louis Laroux

NEW CASES.

Harry Toy .

James Williams.
Carl Laparo

Bob Armstrong.

H. E. Fortier...
James Brerman.

Bert Mart in...
Henri Dachat.

Frank Pavone.

Max Schwartz.

W. C. Esling...

Luman Nolan . . .
Jas. S. Stephens.

FredKrebit

Rossie Miller

JoeZydman

Frank S. Boothe.
J.W.Welch

Violations of white-
slave traffic act.

White-slave traffic act
and section 3 immi-
gration act.

do

Violation of white-
slave traffic act.

.do.
.do.

.do.

.do.
.do.

.do.

Violation of white-
slave traffic act and
section 3 immigra-
tion act.

Violation of white-
slave traffic act.

.do.
.do.

.do.
-do.
.do.
.do.
.do.

.do.
.do.

United States District
Court for Eastern Dis-
trict of Washington.

do

.do.

United States District
Court for Western Dis-
trict of Washington.

do..:

.do.

.do.

.do.
.do.

.do.
.do.

.do.

Transferred to District
Court of Oregon.

United States District
Court for Eastern Dis-
trict of Washington.

do

.do.
.do.
.do.

United States District
Court for Western Dis-
trict of Washington.

do

.do.

Acquitted.
Do.
Do.

Convicted; sentence, 8
months and SoOOfine.

Pleaded guilty; sentence,

30 days.
Pleaded guilty; sentence.

1 year and 1 day, McNeil

Island.
Convicted; sentence, 2

years, McNeil Island.
Dismissed.
Convicted; sentence, 2 J

years, McNeil Island.
Pleaded guilty; sentence,

6 months.
Pleaded guilty to Qrst

coimt; sentence, 1 year,

county jail.

Pleaded guilty; sentence,
1 year and 1 day, McNeil
Island.

Pleaded guilty; sentence, 2
years, McNeil Island.

No true bill.

Pleaded guilty; sentence, 6

months, county jail.
Pleaded guilty; sentence,

SlOO and costs.
Pleaded guilty; sentence, 3

months.
Pleaded guilty; sentence, 6

months, county jail.
Pleaded guilty; sentence, 2

years, McNeil Island.

Convicted; sentence, 5
years, McNeil Island.

Pleaded guilty; sentence,
60 days.

CHARACTER OF IMMIGRATION.

The character of immigration for the past year has been, as heretofore, prin-
cipally Chinese and Japanese. With the opening of the Panama Canal the char-
acter of immigration coming to this coast will, in a large measure, be changed
and the major portion of the immigrants that will arrive at our ports will be
from European countries. What the probable volume of that immigration will
be no one can at this time foretell. If it is a tenth part of the number that
enthusiasts predict it will increase our present annual immigration many fold.

Compared with I^astern ports, the volume of immigration heretofore arriving
at the ports of this district has been small indeed. As many immigrants have
arrived at Ellis Island in a single day as have applied at the ports of the State
of Washington in an entire year. The Chinese and Japanese immigrants, how-
ever, are much more difiicult to examine and handle than are immigrants from
any other country. Chinese and Japanese are the only classes of immigrants
whose laborers are excluded from admission to this country, the Chinese abso-
lutely and the Japanese to a limited extent. After passing the ordinary immi-
gration examination they are also examined under the Chinese and Japanese

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. 305

exclusion i^rovisious of our laws. As roucli time is often consumed in handling
one Chinese case as it would take in passing upon the rights to admission of a
hundred immigrants of other nationalities.

JAPANESE.

Another year's enforcement of the law shows that the Japanese Government
is living up to the agreement entered into with this country in the spring of
1908 regarding the issuance of passports to only three classes of Japanese
laborers, to wit. " former residents." " parents, wives, and children of residents,"
and " settled agriculturists."

There is, however, a comparatively large number of Japanese females coming
to this country. While most of them are coming, ostensibly as housewives, they
are in reality laborers and become coworkers in the fields with their husbands.

A Japanese resident of this country who desires to send for a " picture " or
" proxy " bride is obliged to secure a certificate from the local Japanese consul
to the effect that he is a proper person and can support a wife. Many of the
"proxy" brides conclude shortly after arrival that they have made a bad bargain
and desert their husbands, and sooner or later enter upon an immoral life.
Realizing this, the consul for this district is endeavoring to discourage the
bringing of " proxy " brides to the United States. This, no doubt, accounts for
the fact that although as many females arrived this year as last, fewer of them
were " proxy " and more of them regular marriages.

In view of this, I would I'ecommend that competent oQicers who understand
the Japanese language make investigations occasionally in order to ascertain
whether or not these " proxy " wives are living with their husbands. They
might also investigate as to the occupations of recent female arrivals. I believe
the results would be somewhat surprising.

There have been but few Hindu arrivals at the ports of this district during
the past year. It has been the practice for several years to examine very closely
all Hindu laborers arriving at our ports, and as a result practically all such
arrivals from India were excluded and returned to their native countrty. They
then resorted to the practice of first entering the Philippine Islands, and coming
later to the United States proper.

The policy of the administration was at that time to admit any alien to the
mainland who had previously entered the Philippine Islands. The present
admini.-^tration, very wLsely, we think, regarded their entry to the islands as
a mere subterfuge, and promulgated the present rules, which have resulted in
stopping their migration for the time being.

A few days prior to June 30, 1913, 220 Hindus arrived at Seattle from Manila.
They were given a very rigid examination. Certificates were produced by 131,
who were admitted. Eighty-nine were arrested on departmental warrants and
ordered deported. Writs of habeas corpus were applied for and the learned
.iudge of this disti'ict decided that the decision of the Secretary of Labor was
final; that a proper hearing had been granted, that he had no jurisdiction in
the premises and remanded the aliens to my custody. From this decision an
appeal has been taken direct to the Supreme Court of the United States, where
the case is now pending. While I believe the decision of the local Federal
court will be upheld, it is impossible to forecast a decision on a close question
with certainty, and I am in hopes that in the near future an absolute exclusion
law will be passed by Congress somewhat similar to the present law excluding
Chinese laborers, forbidding the entry of Hindu laborers into either the insular
cv continental territory of the United States.

These S9 Hindus were confined in the detention house at Seattle for several
months, and I am sure that the most ardent advocates for the admission of
Hindu laborers would become strict exclusionists if compelled to work for a
long period of time in a small building, such as we have at Seattle, insanitary
at the best, with a large number of this class of aliens.

The Hindus are clannish to a degree and are ready and willing to render
financial assistance to the full extent of their ability to their relatives and
friends who are in detention. Pending their appeal, they were permitted to go
at large on furnishing a bond in the sum of $500 each. By the end of December
all but three had secured their liberty by depositing in cash the sum of $500

60629°— 15 20

306 EEPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

each witli some bank or surety company who became surety for their appear-
ance when wanted. The three who were unable to furnish bond were deported.

The Hindus are persistent and determined to gain admission to America if it
is possible to do so. They seem to have no difficulty to obtain all the money
they want for this purpose. A boatload consisting of several hundred are now
in the harbor of Vancouver, British Columbia, clamoring for admission to that
country. Another boatload is reported on the way, and it is rumored that they
may attempt entry to the United States through one of our Puget Sound ports.

The steamship companies entering this district have agreed to carry no more
Hindu laborers for the present, although they could possibly not be required
to return, at their expense, those who embarked at Manila for the continent
and who are denied admission here. The safest plan to preclude the possibility
of a Hindu invasion is for Congress to enact a suitable exclusion law.

CONTRACT LABOR.

W. J. McConnell (section 24 inspector), stationed at Moscow, Idaho, is under
the jurisdiction of this office in the handling of contract-labor matters. His
district consists of the States of Washington, Oregon, Idaho, and Montana.
Although he has secured no convictions during the year, he has been actively
engaged in corresponding and advising with the various labor organizations.
State, county, and city officials of the district regarding the provisions of the
contract-labor law, and through his efforts has no doubt prevented many viola-
tions of the law.

He has the situation well in hand, and is now investigating a number of
cases where he hopes to secure convictions. A copy of his report ^ for the year
will be mailed the bureau under separate cover.

SMUGGLING.

Several causes have contributed to the increased number of surreptitious
entries of aliens from British Columbia into western Washington during the
last year, the principal cause being the serious depression which has existed
in our neighboring Province for many months. Thousands have walked across
the border. Several hundred aliens have been arrested and returned to the
border ports of Blaine and Sumas for examination. Hundreds of others have
undoubtedly crossed the border during the nighttime, thus evading our ofiicers.

We now have a sufficient number of men to take care of the border in west-
ern Washington during the daytime, but if the border is to be effectively
patrolled an additional force is needed for night work. Chinese house servants
in British Columbia are losing their positions in large numbers owing to a
couple of prominent ladies being recently killed by their servants. As a result
of this and also on account of the general depression, many Chinese are attempt-
ing to enter the country unlawfully. We are using our best endeavors, with
the force of employees available for the purpose, to prevent the entry of
Chinese into this State.

My judgment is that the most effective method to stop smuggling is to destroy
the incentive to smuggling. In addition to watching the land and water borders,
frequent arrests should be made of those Chinese who are unlawfully here.
Give them to understand that there is no " haven of rest " anywhere in the
United States for a lawbreaker. In other words, destroy the profit, and smug-
gling will soon be reduced to a minimum. Just so long as we say in effect to
these Chinese, " We will catch you in the act of crossing the border if we can,
but if you are shrewd enough to evade us there and gain admission to our large
cities, you are ijerfectly safe," just so long will the traffic continue.

The last year's work has demonstrated more and more the need for a suitable
building at the port of Seattle. We have 126 beds in the male quarters. For
several months the past year we had 89 Hindus in the building. At times we
had more than 100 Chinese in the house and probably 40 other aliens of all
classes. About one-third of those detained were obliged to sleep on the floor.
If the city officials had been advised of this state of affairs, we would probably
have been instructed to rent an additional building for temporary use. Happily,

1 Not printed because of lack of space.

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. 307

however, the prospects of securing u building are mucli brighter than ever be-
fore. The Secretary, as w^ell as the Commissioner General, has visited us dur-
ing the last year and as a result a free site has been tendered the Government
on which suitable buildings may be erected.

Bills asking for an adequate appropriation for immigration buildings at
Seattle have been introduced in both branches of Congress, and if a public build-
ing bill passes at the present session assurances have been given that buildings
for our use will be included therein. With the opening of the Panama Canal
additional quarters will be absolutely required for the proper handling of the
immigration business at this port.

Chinese Transactions.

The following is a brief resum6 of the work done in connection with the en-
forcement of the Chinese-exclusion laws in this district :

APPLICATIONS FOR ADMISSION.

During the year 1,131 applications for admission were considered, a decrease
of 145, or 11 per cent, from the previous year, and 998 applications of domiciled
Chinese for return certificates, a decrease of 83, or 8 per cent, from the previous
year. Of those applying for admission 833 wei'e returning to a former domicile
and the remainder, 298, were new arrivals. These figures do not include Chinese
entering the country via Seattle who arrived first at Vancouver, Canada, and
who were detained there for examination, nor those deiJarting by Canadian
Pacific steamers (except those first receiving return certificates at this port),
as transportation companies carrying i>asseugers to foreign contiguous territory
are not required by law to file passenger lists. The cause of the decrease in
travel can only be conjectured. It may be that the number of lawfully domiciled
Chinese in the country who go abroad temporarily is becoming smaller (note
the decrease of 22 per cent in the number of returning laborers and 12 per cent
in the number of returning merchants), and that a careful enforcement of the
law with respect to " new arrivals " is deterring members of this class from
seeking admission. Returning passengers report that there are hundreds of
Chinese now at Hongkong anxious to come to America, but who are being
detained tliere indefinitely by a system of medical inspection now in force which,
aside from its being expensive to the applicant, is unsatisfactory because the
certificate which is ultimately secured, showing freedom from disease, is of no
value on arrival in this country, the holders thereof often being found to be
afflicted with the very ailment from which they are thus certified to be free.
Undoubtedly many domiciled Chinese are restrained from visiting their home
country through fear of being rejected medically on return. Since the promul-
gation of bureau circular letter of September 16, 1913, directing the medical
inspection of aliens irrespective of whether they are immigrants or residents,
a number of applications for return certificates have been withdrawn.

All Chinese passengers now arrive at and depart from the port of Seattle,
the Blue Funnel Line heretofore entering its steamers at Tacoma, having re-
cently moved its general offices to this city. Hereafter all vessels of the line
named will both enter and clear at Seattle.

Total applications for admission before commissioner during fiscal year 1. 131

Disposition :

Admitted L 031

Passed in transit 22

Returned 63

Pending :

Awaiting deportation 2

On appeal to the department 3

Before inspectors 10

From the foregoing it will be seen that, omitting the 15 pending cases, 5i
per cent of all arrivals were returned to China. However, as practically all
domiciled Chinese now have their status determined before departure from the
country, the.se may be deducted. There then remain 298 " new arrivals," of
which 231 were admitted, 53 (18 per cent) actually returned to China, and 14
cases remain undisposed of.

308 EEPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION".

Division by classes.
Laborers :

Cases pending from previous year (stowaways) 5

Applications for admission current year 339

344

Disposed of as follows —

Admitted 339

Returned (stowaways) 5

Decrease from 1913, 96, or 22 i>er cent.

Domiciled exempts (merchants, etc.) :

Cases pending from previous year 2

Applications for admission current year 183

185

Disposed of as follows —

Admitted 181

Returned 3

Pending 1

Decrease from 1913, 25. or 12 per cent.
American-born Chinese (citizens and children of citizens) :

Cases pending from previous year 14

Applications for admission current year 339

353

Disposed of as follows —

Admitted 320

Returned 25

Pending on appeal to department 2

Pending before inspectors 6

Further subdivisions.

"Raw" natives (new arrivals) returned 5

Record of departure — prior landing :

Admitted 272

Returned 1

273

Prior residence — status not determined :

Admitted 8

Returned 1

9

Children of citizens (new arrivals) :

Admitted 40

Returned 18

Pending 8

66

Grand total 353

The decrease in number of applications is but 4, or 1 per cent. Of all classes
applying for admission as citizens 25, or 7 per cent, were actually returned.
There were but 5 applicants of the class known as "raw" natives, and all of
these were turned back. The only class showing an increased number of appli-
cants is that of " children of citizens." the increase being from 43 to 66. or 53
per cent. On the other hand, the percentage of rejections in this class is the
highest, being 27 per cent. Citizens of all classes admitted were largely those
whose status had theretofore been determined by either the courts or this
service.

"section 6"^ (NEW ARRIVALS).

Cases pending from previous year '. 2

Applicants for admission 91

Total - 93

Disposed of as follows:

Admitted 90

Returned 3

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. 309

The decrease in this case is 29 per ceut, due, it is believed, to the firm stand
taken by the bureau against the soliciting of so-called students in China by
Americans who apparently were commercializing the movement, as explained at
length in last year's report. So far as learned, all such schemes have been aban-
doned, at least by the persons who heretofore have been operating out of
Seattle. Of those admitted in parties it has been found that with certain ex-
ceptions few are bona fide students. Many can not now be located through the
addresses given at time of admission. Of course, repeated inquiries as to
present whereabouts and occupation have kept a number of them in school, and
as a rule such boys have been found living with relatives in some laundry,
restaurant, or store, and following a laboring pursuit except during the hours
actually spent in school or in receiving instruction from a private teacher. In
one instance the I'eport received showed a certain student (?) to be receiving
instruction one hour a day from a colored man and devoting the remainder
of the time to working in a restaurant. During the past year there were 36
applications of " section 6 " merchants from China and 4 from Canada, 39
students from China and 5 from Canada, and G teachers and 3 travelers from
China.

EXEMPTS OTHER THAN "SECTION 6" (NEW ARRIVALS).

Cases pending from previous year 11

Applications for admission current year 123

Total 134

Disijosetl of as follows :

Admitted-- 101

Returned 27

Awaiting return 2

Pending on appeal before department 1

Pending before inspectors 3

This class may be subdivided as follows :

Minor sons of merchants (exempts) :

Admitted 75

Returned 26

Awaiting return 2

Pending before department 1

Pending before inspectors 2

Minor daughters of merchants (exempts) admitted 3

Admitted 3

Wives of merchants (exempts) :

Admitted 15

Returned 1

Wives of citizens (exempts) :

Admitted 8

Pending 1

Increase fi-om 1913, 1 per cent. This increase occurs in the class known as
minor sons of merchants. There was a decrease in the number of wives and
daughters of merchants applying for admission, as well as in the number of
wives of citizens. The number of these different classes returned amounted to
13 per cent.

TRANSITS.

By land . 11

By water 11

Total 22

There were no applications during the year for landing under bond pending
final determination of right to enter the United States.

310 EEPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.
APPEALS TO DEPARTMENT (ARRIVALS).

Pending from previous year 4

Appealed during current year 46

Total 50

Disposition : ==

Dismissed 29

Withdrawn 7

Sustained 11

Pending June 30, 1914 3

APPEALS TO BUREAU ( PREINVESTIGATIONS) .

Total appeals 29

Disposition :

Sustained by the bureau 1

Dismissed 26

Pending , 2

The increase in appeals to the department was 22 per cent, and was confined
almost wholly to new arrivals, as domiciletl Chinese now have their status pre-
determined, and if a return certificate be refused appeal is taken to the bureau
and its decision accepted as final. Of the 40 cases passed on by the department
the appellants were successful in 11 instances — that is, 27 per cent of the appeals
was sustained. Of the 29 applications reviewed by the bureau on appeal from
decisions denying domiciled Chinese return certificates on which they might go
abroad temporarily but 1 contestant was successful.

WRITS OF HABEAS CORPUS.

The Mac Fock case, pending from last year, has been disposed of and the
applicant returned to China, the court finding that there exists no authority
in law for the issuance by a United States commissioner of a certificate of dis-
charge and that a certificate so issued is not evidence of a judgment ; that,
as Mac Fock had admitted his being born in China, the certificate of discharge
issued by the United States commissioner finding him to be a citizen of this
country must have been fraudulently issued or have been procured through
perjury, and therefore that the petitioner was not in a position to complain.

ARRESTS UNDER THE EXCLUSION LAW.

Cases pending July 1, 1913 2

Arrests during fiscal year 2

Total - 4

Disposition : Deported 4

As heretofore reported, it is deemed inadvisable to make arrests under the
exclusion law unless it is reasonably certain that a claim to American citizen-
ship will not be set up as a defense. If It can be shown that a Chinese entered
the country unlawfully within three years, application is always made for a de-
partment warrant, procedure under the exclusion law being simpler and more
effective before the department than before a T'nited States commissioner. Of
those arrested, two had been regularly admitted through the port of San Fran-
cisco, one as a "section 6" traveler and the other as a "section 6" merchant.
Both of these men were found laboring in a fish cannery. Another one of the
arrests was that of a Chinese who had entered the country some years since
surreptitiously and who on hearing presented a certificate of residence belonging
to another person. The most interesting case, however, was that of Ng Ah Bow.
This Chinese was arrested September 4, 1912, on the charge of being unlawfully
within the United States. He was reputed to be a gambler and was said to be
the person who had shot Charley Moy Kee. of Chicago, in a tong fight in this
city. Able counsel was retained in the case, and the matter was carried to the
district court, where, after a delay of some two years, the original order of de-
portation was affirmed. Notwithstanding the fact that counsel had made a

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. 311

most persistent fight in an effort to have the man discharged, setting up at
great length the claim that the defendant had been regularly admitted at the
port of Astoria as the minor son of a domiciled merchant and supporting his
position with the positive testimony of many Chinese witnesses. Ah Bow ad-
mitted while detained at this station and just prior to his deportation that he
had entered the country surreptitiously from Canada about one year prior to
his arrest, giving in detail all the facts surrounding his entry, thus showing
that all the witnesses who appeared in his behalf at the hearing before the
United States commissioner gave perjured testimony.

To effectively rid the country of contraband Chinese all arrests should be
made on department warrant. So long as United States commissioners are per-
mitted to make citizens of Chinese presumably unlawfully within tlie country
the exclusion laws must remain more or less of a nullity. In a recent arrest
case a Chinese presented an identification paper showing him to be a former
resident of Portland. When from the records of this office it was shown that
the defendant was not the person he claimed to be, his attorney admitted the
imposition, abandoned the claim, and then set up one of citizenship, introducing
two Chinese witnesses who swore to knowing that the defendant was born In
The Dalles, Oreg. On this showing the defendant was adjudged to be an Amer-
ican citizen.

PROSECUTIONS.

In connection with the enforcement of the Chinese-exclusion law there has
been instituted recently a prosecution for conspiracy which it is believed will
tend strongly to deter white persons from swearing falsely for Chinese in re-
turn for a consideration. Three white men and two Chinese have been indicted.
The plan of the principal, a leading Chinese merchant of this city, seems to
have been to carry on his partnership books a number of laborers and to take
them into his store one at a time just prior to the arrival of an alleged minor
son, and to then attempt on the testimony of certain white men to prove that
the Chinaman so taken into partnership had been a merchant for the preceding
year. In the pending case the alleged father, a restaurant worker in Los
Angeles for some years past, came to Seattle a few weeks prior to the arrival
of an alleged son and entered the store of the principal. On hearing of the
application the principal, the alleged father, and the three white witnesses all
swore positively to the father's having been an active member of the firm in
question for the period required by the statute. Subsequently, by independent
inquiry, the truth as to the father's status was learned. The applicant was of
course rejected and returned to China. The father thereupon returned to his
restaurant in Los Angeles, at which place he was later arrested. It appears
that a conviction may be secured, as one of the white men has made a written
confession to the United States attorney.

PBEINVESTIGATED CASES.

Applications for return certificates under rules 13, 15, and 16 of the regula-
tions to the number of 998 were disposed of as follows :

Laborers :

Pending from previous year 33

Applications current year 418

Total 451

Disposition —

Certificates issued 413

Certificates refused 32

Applications withdi'awn 5

Applications pending 1

Appeals dismissed by bureau, 7.
Exempts (merchants, etc.) :

Applications i>ending from previous year 31

Applications current year 213

Total 244

312 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

Exempts (merchants, etc.) — Continued.
Disposition —

Certificates issued 205

Certificates refused 34

Applications withdrawn 3

Applications pending 2

Appeals dismissed by bureau, 8.
Citizens :

Applications pending from previous year 32

Applications current year 271

Total 303

Disposition —

Certificates issued 263

Certificates refused 28

Applications withdrawn 7

Applications pending 5

Appeals sustained by bureau 1

Appeals dismissed by bureau 11

Of the applications enumerated above, 302 arose in this district, of which

278 were approved and 24 were denied, as follows:

Laborers :

Granted 62

Refused 12

Exempts :

Granted 324

Refused 4

Citizens :

Granted 92

Refused 8

Total 302

In connection with arriving Chinese there were made in this State 75 inves-
tigations, as follows :

Wives of exempts 10

Children of exempts 53

Children of citizens 12

Total '^5

During the year there were issued 653 certificates of identity.
Respectfully,

Henry M. White, Commissioner.

REPORT OF INSPECTOR IN CHARGE, DISTRICT No. 17, COMPRISING
THE STATE OF OREGON, WITH HEADQUARTERS AT PORTLAND.

Annual report for the fiscal year 1914 of district No. 17, comprising the State
of Oregon, port of Portland and subport of Astoria, is hereinbelow submitted.

General and subdivisions under which the bureau seeks to have all annual
reports itemized, both as to statistical data and matters of general informa-
tion, have been adhered to, and this office has endeavored to fulfill the require-
ments thereof categorically and in the order prescribed by the bureau.

EXAMINATION AT SEAPORTS OF ALIENS WHO APPLY FOR ADMISSION.

Aliens examined

Aliens admitted on primary inspection 42

Aliens held for board of special inquiry -

Aliens rejected by board of special inquiry ^

EEPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. 313

Aliens finally deported '2

Fines assessed under section 9. dangerous contagious diseases 2

Arrivals of seamen :

White aliens 3, 355

Ctiinese 1, 397

East Indians 430

Japanese 376

Total 5,558

Of above number there deserted from their vessels:

Aliens other than Chinese 369

Chinese seamen 3

Total 372

Chinese seaman recaptured 1

Head tax collected $1,572

PREVENTION OF UNLAWFUL ENTRY AT SEAPORTS AND LAND BORDER PORTS.

Portland and Astoria, Oreg., are both seaports, but neither enjoys an alien
passenger business. During the past year, however, 201 vessels, both sail and
steam, arrived at the two ports named from foreign countries. There seems to
be no way of preventing the unlawful entry of alien seamen by desertion, and
372 such entered without inspection. The vessels carrying Chinese crews are
guarded while in port by watchmen employed at the expense of the vessels.
All Chinese seamen arriving within this district are carefully identified and
checked, both upon arrival and departure, by officers attached to this district.
During the past fiscal year only 3 Chinese seamen deserted out of a total of
1.397 arrivals, of which 3 deserters 1 was recaptured.

One Yong Song, Chinese seaman of the British Steamship Queen Mmul, de-
serted his vessel at Westport, Oreg., October 7, 1913. A criminal charge was
filed against the master for failure to adopt due precautions and for permitting
said Chinese to escape. The master pleaded guilty and was fined $500 by the
district court. This Chinese seaman was recaptured at Astoria and was placed
aboard the Queen Maud just before the vessel proceeded to sea. The fine was
not remitted, however.

Ten Chinese seamen left the British steamship Harlow on September 13, 1913,
while the vessel was at this port. They were assisted in their escape by two
white men with a gasoline launch. The launch was captured and the identity
of the owners ascertained. All the Chinese subsequently returned to the vessel.
In view of this fact, and of the inability of any witness to identify the white
men as occupants of the launch at the time of the escape, the United States
attorney advised that the action be not commenced, and the matter was dropped.

THE ARREST OF ALIENS (INCLUDING CHINESE) AND EXPULSION FROM THE COUNTRY.

Aliens {other than Chinese) arrested under immigration laios.

3

a

<

lib

SS.o
§ >- fe
0

3
ft

go

if

0)0

•3 ft®

ft

•sj

-Si

4J

d

Id

a

1

0
ft

.2

<

1a»
ft

© C3 0

a
1-1
0

1

§

0

■i

0

Warrants applied for

1
1

1

10
10
11
1

10

10
11
10
5

1
1
1

16
16
15
6
6

1
1

2

1

1
1

1
1

1

1

1
1
1

42

Issued i

43

Served -

42

Canceled

14

Executed

1

3

10 ! i

28

Alien permitted to return to coun-
try whence he came, in lieu of
deportation

1

1

Alien escaped while en route for
deportation

1

1

Deportation pending

3

3

1

7

^ 2 per cent.

314 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.
Chinese arrested under immigration taxes.

Entered

without

inspection.

Insane and

public
charge from
priorcau^es.

Prostitutes.

Total.

Warrants applied for

4
4
4
1
2
2

1
1
1

4
4
4
1
1

9

Issued

g

Served

g

Canceled

2

Executed

1

4

Proceedings peuding

2

Dismissed on habeas corpus

2

2

Number of Chinese arrested hefore United States commissioners or courts, and

results in cases.

Arrested 4

Discharged 2

Deported 1

Pending . 1

The investigation at points within tlie country for the purpose of determin-
ing whether aliens (including Chinese) are admissible, or whether Chinese are
entitled to return certificates, and other similar investigations, disclose the
results shown below :

Number and character of Chinese preinvestigations and results.

Classification.

Applica-
tions filed.

Approved.

Denied.

Merchants departing

Merchants' wives departing.

Citizens departing . . . •.

Laborers departing

Students departing

Teachers departing

Total.

177

167

Number of investigations made regarding alien applicants (other than

Chinese) 74

Number of miscellaneous investigations (other than Chinese) 132

Number of investigations made regarding Chinese applicants 54

Number of miscellaneous Chinese investigations 56

Number of cases in which forms 547 were filed and investigations made 90

Number and chai'acter of criminal prosecutions instituted (for details and

results, see case of One Yong Song, above) 1

Number of cases in which writs of habeas corpus were applied for 2

Number granted 1

In the case of Chin Gum the writ was sustained and the petitioner discharged.

Contract-labor tvork. — The inspector at Moscow, Idaho, nominally subordinate
to the commissioner of immigration at Seattle, is in charge of section 24 work
in this district. All matters comprehended by said section are referi'ed to him.

White-slave investigations and prosecutions for this district are in charge of
a special agent of the Department of Justice attached to the local United States
attorney's oflice. The Immigration Service in this district cooperates with this
special agent and tenders him all the facilities within its scope and ability in
the prosecution of this branch of the work. Under these circumstances no sta-
tistical data or information as to white-slave work is available.

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. 315

There is no Japanese or Hindu immigration to tliis port. This office has
caused the arrest of several Hindus on a charge of entry without inspection.
On such occasions it invariably has met with extraordinary opposition by the
defense. Release on bond is promptly had, and the best legal talent obtainable
is retained to resist the Government's action. Our greatest difficulty is in find-
ing trustworthy Hindu interpreters.

The personnel of district No. 17 has experienced several changes during the
past year. One inspector of 2 years' service at Astoria and one of 10 years at
Portland were dismissed for cause. Both vacancies have been filled bj* the
bureau, effecting a material improvement in the character of the service in this
district.

Station buildings, equipment, improvements made, contemplated, or desirable,
etc. — Headquarters of this district occupy five rooms in the Railway Exchange
Building at Portland. The subport of Astoria occupies two small rooms in the
Spexarth Building. Astoria. The present general equipment of both offices is
ample for all present purposes. No improvements have been made, nor are any
contemplated or desirable either at Portland or Astoria.

During the absence of the inspector in charge while fulfilling an assignment
in the Orient in January, February, and March of this year, the administration
of the duties of the local office were admirably discharged by the acting inspec-
tor in charge. I have no criticism to offer of any member of the present local
force of the Immigration Service. On the contrary, I desire at this time to
commend each and all for faithfulness, loyalty, and devotion to the Govern-
ment's interests.

Work of diiitrlbution of admitted aliens. — Ports through which European immi-
grants are admitted are so remote from this district and such a comparatively
small number roach the Northwest that apparently there is no necessity for a
particular distribution of alien immigrants as such. The Oregon State Immi-
gration Commission is doing some advertising abroad of the State's resources.
It also furnishes information in response to inquiries concerning opportunities
for investment and settlement in the State.

As to the feasibility and ])rncticability of cooperating with State, county, and
city labor bureaus established by public authority in the work of distribution of
admitted aliens, this office of^'ers the following:

I must confess that I am unable to perceive any plan or scheme whereby alien
immigrants of various races and nationalities may be persuaded to distribute
themselves, or be distributed, until there be some volitionary choice on the part
of such immigrant. Since there can be no compulsion on the part of the Federal
Government in determining tlie destination or residence of one who comes from
abroad to settle here, we can do little more than lay certain propositions before
him and let him make a choice. There is, in this vicinity at least, no State,
county, or city labor bureau or immigration commission which has a sufficiently
comprehensive grasp on the subject to enable it at this time to cooperate with
the Federal authorities in the distribution of alien immigrants. The two do
not meet on a common ground. The State wants settlers, citizens preferred, or
lacking these, aliens. All it does, all it can do, is to afford opportunities for the
purchase of land. It offers no guaranty to the purchaser, nor does it protect
him from the rapacity of agents, brokers, and others. The average alien immi-
grant, through contact with the more sophisticated of his own race, has learned
that he must look out for himself and his own interests; in fact, he has become
supersuspieious of those who would sell him something. Until a State can exer-
cise an option on salable lands and can offer them in its own name at reason-
able prices and terms to intending settlers, there can be little public promotion
of this kind.

The State of Oregon is not seeking laborers. The law of supply and demand,
augmented by private contractors and labor agents acting for their own profit,
has heretofore effectively answered all the requirements in this respect. The
average labor bureau, so called, whether it be a State, county, city, or private
enterprise, finds its principal function in filling jobs of a more or less temporary
character. Positions offering permanent employment are not, as rule, filled by
non-English-speaking aliens. Furthermore, an employer does not wish to buy a
" pig in a poke."

In my opinion there is but one way to distribute non-English-speaking aliens.
They must be colonized in sections of their own choice or meeting with their
approval or they must be induced to settle where there is already a nucleus of
their own race or nationality. I believe it would be an excellent plan for the

316 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

Immigration Service, through its various offices and officers, to secure a list of
all so-called colonies, communities, settlements, o-r extension neighborhoods in
which a foreign element has settled or resides in any considerable number.
These lists should be supplemented by general and particular information, such
as geographical location, the size of the community, the language spoken, the
country, province, or district abroad whence the majority come, the occupations
engaged in, the opportunity for further accessions, character of the land or
other physical surroundings, and all else that may suggest itself to the investi-
gator. These colonies or communities, some old and some new, abound in every
State. They have come together through natural accretion, and have invariably
prospered. Very naturally, most of them have preserved throughout the present
generation their mother tongue and many of the habits, customs, and institutions
of the motlierland. Some of them resent the intrusion of outsiders, and are
developed and built up only through natural increase and by the addition of rela-
tives or close friends of those already here. While such communities, through
their attitude of self sufficiency and satisfaction do not encourage a general
immigration of their own liind to their own precincts, they will welcome many
such who may come of their own volition, and the latter in turn will come and
settle in such neighborhoods if they but know that a common bond and interest
will unite them with members of their own race already here and under the
influence of American Institutions.

I can not avoid the conclusion that newly arrived immigrants, irrespective
of race, nationality, or tongue, can not be indiscriminately distributed, and
therefore an effort must be made to meet them halfway and secure their
adaptation to our view of life via a modified form of their own. Such a proc-
ess would obviate any particular cooperation with State or municipal activities.
An immigrant given a knowledge of or brought into touch with a community
of natives of his own particular country, province, or district would more
readily embrace an offer or a chance to identify himself with such a com-
munity, wherein his latent talent or ability might more quickly expand and
develop, than in a neighborhood where he will be surrounded by those alien
to himself.

This is written with a full realization that foreign colonies in the United
States are objectionable to social economists. I make a point of distinction,
however, between the foreign colony in the city and that in the smaller towns
and in the country. It can not be other than true that large numbers of the
foreign element now huddled together in colonies in our large industrial cen-
ters, since they have tasted of the city's oppression, would welcome the oppor-
tunity to leave the surroundings to which they and their ancestors have never
been accu.stomed to find a permanent home in a smaller colony of their own
kin, where they will have room to breathe and to live according to the hopes
they felt when they left their native land. Thus, the suggestion herein con-
tained might effect a double purpose, that of deflecting the arriving immi-
grant from the overcrowded foreign colony in the big city and also that of
encouraging the denizen of the crowded foreign colony to go onto the land
or into the smaller manufacturing community. The whole matter resolves Itself
into an alternative question : Whether we shall by arbitrary means endeavor
to distribute aliens without their entire sympathy or consent, and fail largely
in so doing, or whether we shall with greater promise of success guide them
in paths which their instinct and inherent desires suggest, even though by
so doing we delay their conversion to American ideals the better part of a
generation ; for, after all. what do a few years more or less amount to in the
prospective life of the Republic? Better that the conversion be gradual, and
better still that it be had in the succeeding generation, born upon our own
soil and e<lucated in our own institutions.

In the adoption of the suggestion outlined above, the method best calculated
to impart this information to 'arriving immigrants or to aliens in the large
industrial centers could be worked out as the investigation of foreign com-
munities progressetl. The foregoing has been in the writer's mind for a long
time, but no opportunity for its expression arose until the bureau's request for
suggestions was receivetl. I do not believe it would be difficult for investi-
gators in the various districts to obtain a list of distinctly foreign communi-
ties and the information suggested in reference thereto.

J. H. Barbour, Inspector in Charge.

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

317

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF IMMIGRATION, SAN FRANCISCO, IN
CHARGE OP DISTRICT NO. IS. COMPRISING NORTHERN CALIFORNIA
AND NEVADA AND THE ANGEL ISL.\ND IMMIGRATION STATION.

I have the honor to submit annual report for the fiscal year ended June 30,
1914:

There has been an increase in almost every department of the work of this
district, and much which has been of more than usual interest, especially in
connection with the efforts of Hindu aliens to gain admission to the United
States mainland from the Philippines, and the court work and decisions which
have grown out of the induction into office of a new United States district judge
and a new personnel in the United States district attorney's office. I inclose in
duplicate a number of statistical tables and exhibits,^ which tell in figures the
story of the year's work, and in connection therewith I will endeavor herein
under appropriate headings to make such comment as will tend to give the
bureau a complete understanding of what we have undertaken, accomplished,
and failed in during the year.

CHINESE APPLICATIONS FOR ADMISSION TO THE UNITED STATES.

The total number of Chinese applying for complete admission to the United
States during the year was .3.832, an increase of 282, or slightly less than S per
cent. This increase is entirely accounted for in the increase in the two classifi-
cations " sons of citizens " and " sons of merchants," which increased 175 and
107, or about 28 and 20 per cent, respectively. The percentages of increase and
decrease in the various classes of Chinese handled at this port were, in detail,
as follows :

Class.

1913

1914

Decrease.

Increase.

Natives

832

80

627

298

708

81

84

540

201

99

776
79
802
315
645
121
73
647
245
129

Per cent.
7
1.3

Per cent.

Sons of citizens

28

Laborers

2.3

Returning merchants

9

Other merchants

50

Merchants' wives

13

Merchants' children

20

Students

21

Other classes

30

During the year there were landed by the commissioner 3.552 as against 3,344
the previous year, an increase of 6 per cent: landings by the department were
57 as against 39, an increase of about 50 per cent; but while the landings by
both the commissioner and the department increased, the rejections by both
authorities also increased, the local office having rejected 242 as against 221,
an increase of 9.5 per cent, and the department having sustained this office in
rejection orders in 128 cases as against 85 the previous year, an increase of 50
per cent. Actual return to China or the country whence they came was accom-
plished in 251 cases as against 170 the previous year, an increase of about 48
per cent. The actual percentage of deportations of those who applied for
admission during the year, however, was only 6.5, an increase of 2 per cent over
the previous year.

CHINESE LANDED UNDER BOND.

The privilege of landing under bond has been kept within much more reason-
able bounds during the year and has been accorded in only a very few cases
where the purpose of such landing was to test the good faith of the applicant.
Observation has taught that while there is real need for a " bonding " pro-
cedure in instances where a temporary landing only is sought, such a procedure
as a part of the investigation of the merits of an application for permanent
landing does not work for efficiency and should be employed only in the rarest
instances.

1 Lack of space makes the omission of these necessary.
detail In the text.

They are commented on in

318 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

APPLICATION FOR CHINESE RETURN CERTIFICATES AND MISCELLANEOUS WORK UNDER

THE CHINESE LAWS.

The total number of applications for return certificates submitted during the
year were 2,168, of which 2,047 were finally granted and 121 denied. Of these
totals, 1,025 of the cases considered were claims of American nativity, 957 of
which were finally given favorable indorsement and 68 denied. This office feels
that the probing of Chinese claims as to American nativity is not conducted in
this district with the thoroughness which the importance of the \vork requires.
The physical limitations against which our force is compelled to labor, however,
precludes the possibility of more searching investigations without great conges-
tion. This fact some time ago prompted this office to suggest to the department a
modification in the rules extending the privilege of preinvestigation to " natives "
whereby such preinvestigations would be granted to certain classes only and
not to mature Chinese who could present no record evidence in support of their
claims. Reference is made to this office's letter proposing the modification
referred to and the recommendation therein made is renewed.

A total of 3,580 miscellaneous investigations were made during the year by
the force of this office, an increase of about 20 per cent. The total Chinese
departures for the year were 5,210, an increase of about 8 per cent. The work
of handling these departures, together with that involved in the checking in
and out of the 12,178 Chinese crew men who came into this port during the
year — a considerable increase — is due to the volume of which comes to the
attention of the bureau only once a year, but which demands from our available
force substantial consideration.

Speaking in general of the work of handling Chinese applicants for admis-
sion, the fiscal year just ended has tended toward a more effective enforce-
ment of the laws. Certain abbreviations of the privileges heretofore accorded
attorneys representing Chinese have lessened the chances for importunity, have
simplified procedures, and enabled a more expeditious disposition of the work.

INWARD AND OUTWARD PASSENGER MOVEMENTS FOR THE YEAR.

The total passenger movement through this port during the fiscal year was
approximately 31,122, an increase of 5.7 per cent. These were divided into
16,009 inward-bound and 15,113 outward-bound passengers. Of the inward-
bound passengers 10,138 were aliens, as against 9.201 the previous fiscal year,
an increase of 937, or 10.2 per cent. As the previous year's figures showed a
less percentage of increase, it will be appreciated that the immigration to this
port is showing a steady growth which is likely to receive a heavy impetus
during the next fiscal year, the first in which the Panama Canal will be
available to traffic.

DEBARMENTS UNDER THE IMMIGRATION LAWS.

Of the 10,550 aliens arriving ;it this port during the year, 338 were debarred
and returned to the foreign ix)rts of embarkation.

INWARD AND OUTWARD MOVEMENTS OF JAPANESE FOR THE YEAR.

The total number of Japanese arrivals at this iwrt duriug the year was 3.944,
as against 3,477 the previous year, an increase of 467, or about 13 per cent.
The departures for the year were 3,844, as against 3,633 the previous year, an
increase of 211, or 5.8 per cent. Of the total arrivals for the year, 2,099 were
males and 1,845 were females, the former showing an increase of 173, or about
9 per cent, and the latter an increa.se of 270. or 17 per cent. The total number
debarred was only 37 — 31 being males and 6 females.

The Japanese "bride" has continued to be the predominating factor in the
Japanese female arrivals during the year, and as the year closed the number of
that class of arrivals indicated still further increase in the year to come.

MOVEMENTS OF HINDU ALIENS.

The applications of Hindu aliens from foreign ports were practically the
same as during the previous fiscal year, and the policy pursued in handling
them gave about the same results as in the previous year. The movement of
Hindus from the Philippines to the mainland, however, starting during the

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. 319

fiscal year of 1913, and increasing during tlie last fiscal year, gave us much
concern. This is more fully referred to under the heading " Court work for
the year."

WORK UNDER THE EXPULSION PROVISIONS OF THE IMMIGRATION AND CHINESE LAWS

DURING THE YEAR.

The year has seen the handling of prohably the largest number of immigra-
tion "warrant" cases ever initiated in this district in a single year — 414 — an
increase of over 300 per cent as against last year, which in turn showed an
increase of 200 per cent over the year previous. Deportation was accomplished
in 134 cases, and 181 cases remained pending at the close of the year.

Our labors under the deporting provisions of the laws relating to Chinese
have been most unsatisfactory during the year, and the results achieved do
not in any sense compare favorably with the results of the previous year, partly
because of the attitude of the United States district court toward our work and
partly for the reason that changes in the methods of handling Chinese arrest
work practically relieved this office of that class of duty near the end of the
first six months of the fiscal year.

MOVEMENT OF KOREANS TO THE UNITED STATES.

A somewhat iiotewortliy movement was that of incoming Koreans, there
having been 67 applicants of that race during the year (part of them from
insular territory) as against 12 for the previous fiscal year. Of the total num-
ber coming, 37 were students, usually arriving on vessels tinder the American
flag, embarking at Shanghai and thereby laying the foundation for the claim
that they are not Japanese subjects and therefore are excepted from the require-
ment as to passports. None of them will admit the status of a laborer, and in
most instances they state that they left Korea before or about the time that
Japan assumed sovereignty over Korea and that therefore they are not subjects
of Japan. In many cases they are what might be termed " working students "
in that they proceed to different educational institutions and actually pursue
a student course, but maintain themselves, partially or in whole, by working
in some capacity near by the school. The movement has not reached a serious
volume at present, but inquiries now coming to us would indicate that it may
soon become so large as to require the bureau's special attention.

HEAD-TAX COLLECTIONS.

Although head-tax collections for the fiscal year 1913 increased almost
$9,000, the collections for the year just ended again show an increase in net
amount of about $3,000, the total sum deposited in the Treasury from that
source being $37,056.

ESCAPES FROM VESSELS AND STATION DURING THE FISCAL YEAR.

The year has seen four escapes from the station and two from vessels in the
bay after delivery for deportation — the largest number for any year since
the station opened. "While such instances were regrettable, investigation in
each instance showed no serious culpability on the part of watchmen and others
concerned, and it is gratifying to be able to report that in every instance recap-
ture and ultimate deportation were accomplished in from four days to two
weeks. In one instance the escape was a stowaw^^y who had three times been
deported from the United States, and who after his escape, recapture, and de-
portation at this port in June of this year, again escaped from the ship on
which he was deported, gaining his complete freedom at San Pedro, Cal., where
the vessel called on her voyage foreign.

FINES UNDER SECTION 9 OF THE IMMIGRATION ACT.

The year has seen the assessment of $4,900 against steamship companies
plying between this port, the Orient, Mexican, and Central and South American
points, With $500 more pending at the end of the year. These fines are largely
the fruit of a change in policy in the handling of aliens afflicted with unci-
nariasis or hookworm. Prior to the closing months of the last calendar year
the medical examiners at this station would not certify that hookworm could

320 EEPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

have been discovered prior to embarliation of aliens found to be afflicted on ar-
rival at this iK)rt who produced evidence that they had been examined prior to
embarkation and had been certified free from the disease — this on the theory
that it was impossible to be certain that the presence of the disease might not
have been overlooked even with a competent medical examination at the port of
departure or that the infection had not taken place at such a time in the
journey as would not have made it discoverable at the port of embarkation, but
in the closing months of the last calendar year the Pacific Mail Steamship Co.
adopted a plan of merely examining their prospective passengers prior to em-
barkation in the Orient and, if they were found to be afflicted with hookworm,
taking them on board ship for treatment during the journey to the United
States. As it was apparent from this procedure that in those instances where
aliens arrived here still afflicted with the disease a competent medical examina-
tion had discovered its presence prior' to embarkation, a fine of $100 has been
assessed in each of such cases. The fines have been paid without protest, the
steamship company manifestly considering it as a charge against the fund which
accrued to them in their fees for medical treatment given their passengers en
route, amounting to $30 each.

While this method of handling passengers afflicted with hookworm would
appear! to be a violation of the spirit of the law as contained in section 9 of the
immigration act, it should be said in all fairne.ss that since the practice of treat-
ing on board ship has been inaugurated the percentage of hookworm certifica-
tions at this port has fallen very substantially.

COURT WORK FOR THE YEAR.

During the year the executions of 102 orders made by the Secretary of Labor
and by boards of special inquii-y for the deportation of 102 aliens were resisted
by the institution of habeas corpus proceedings in the courts of this district.
In two of these instances a United States district judge denied the petitions
without issuing orders to show cause. The other petitions were all made to
another United States district judge, who in each case called upon the immigra-
tion authorities to show cause. Of these aliens, 75 were Hindus who came to
this port from the Philippine Islands, and who after being landed were im-
mediately arrested under departmental warrants ; 18 were aliens who had re-
sided in this country for some time and were also arrested under departmental
process; 7 were applicants for admission under the Chinese-exclusion laws, in
whose cases my excluding decisions were affirmed by the Secretary of Labor.
The remaining 2 were certified by the medical examiner as being afflicted with
imcinariasis, or hookworm, and the Secretary of Labor refused to allow them
hospital treatment.

By far the greatest in importance of the court proceedings referred to were
those in behalf of the Hindus. Previous to the spring of 1913 East Indian
applicants at this port had nearly all come directly from Chinese or Japanese
ports. The apprehension caused by the large numbers of these people that
were gaining entrance at this port was stilled in 1910, when a stricter enforce-
ment of the law against them was established, with the result that the number
of their applications for admission became small. No further apprehension was
felt from the Hindu until the spring of 1913. when a number arriving in small
groups presented certificates — issued at Manila under rule 14 — entitling them
to admission. Every effort was made to induce these aliens to admit, what
was believed to be the truth, that their original purpose in going to the Philip-
pines was thereby to obtain entry into the mainland. This they steadfastly
refused to do, maintaining that they had no thought of coming to the continent
until after they had been landed in the islands, and that in going to the Islands
and afterwards coming here they were not otherwise moved than by their indi-
vidual desires. Some of the cases were sent to the department, but it was
determined that the applicants were entitled to admission and to residence
here under the provision of rule 14 as it then existed. The feeling that a
scheme was on foot whereby it was proposed to use the Philippines as a " back-
door " entrance to the mainland was voiced in my last annual report.

In June, 1913, rule 14 was amended so as to read as it appears in the last
edition of the pamphlet containing the immigration laws and rules. It was
considered that the Hindu situation could be dealt with by the enforcement of
the amendments to the rule, among which is the following :

" If it is found in accordance with subdivision 3 hereof that such aliens
were at the time of entry into Porto Rico, Hawaii, or the Philippines members

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. 321

of tlie excluded classes or likely to become public charges if tliey proceeded
thence to the maiulaud, they shall be arrested in accordance with rule 22 on
either or both of those grounds."

The number of Hindu applicants from the islands was increasing, and word
came that thousands were being lauded there. Of those who left the Philip-
pines in July, 1913, after the promulgation of amended rule 14 and arrived here
in August, nearly all, it appeared from their own statements, had been farm
laborers or soldiers in their native country. They told of having migrated to
Hongkong or some other port on the continent of Asia, of being employed there for
a time as watchmen, of going thence to the Philippines, of staying there, as a
rule, for periods ranging from a few days to a few months, and of following there
the occupation of watchman, or peddler, or no occupation at all. Each was
possessed of about $50 in gold, and some made extravagant claims of owning
valuable farm lands in India. No evidence was offered, however, to substan-
tiate those claims. The majority expressed the intention of becoming farm
laborers in California, while others said they intended to peddle, but if not
successful would follow any laboring occupation procurable. They were of a
low type, and were in no way distinguishable from the great majority of their
countrymen living on this coast, and against whom there was developing a
strong prejudice among the people generally because of their uncleanliness,
their obnoxious habits, their unfitness for labor, etc. It was realized that this
prejudice, sooner or later, in one way or another, would cause those already
here to become public charges, and likewise those who were entering if they
were allowed to remain. The circumstances surrounding the latter justified
the conclusion that they had concealed fi'om the immigration officials who
landed them in the Philippines an existing purpose of going to the mainland of
the United States. It was considered, therefore, that the tests conducted by
those oflicials were of a character to determine only whether the aliens were
likely to become public charges in the islands, and not on the continent, where
entirely different social and climatic conditions and standards of living pre-
vailed and made necessary a test much more rigid. Accordingly, the applicants
were landed on the presentation of their certificates, but were immediately
arrested under departmental warrants charging as follows :

" That the said aliens are members of the excluded classes, in that they were
persons likely to become public charges at the time of their entry into the
United States."

During the hearings there were filed in behalf of the aliens affidavits made
for the most part by Hindus who were lessees of farms in California, some of
whom were of considerable prominence, denying the existence of a prejudice
against the people of that race, and that any of them would ever become public
charges in the United States. The affiants also offered employment to the aliens
under arrest should they be permitted to remain in the country. This office
then caused an extensive investigation to be made, securing many statements,
affidavits, and letters by representative men from difi'erent walks of life who
had come in contact with the Hindus on the coast, which, together with a large
number of newspaper clippings, went to show that such a prejudice did exist
and gave reasons therefor. When the Secretary of Labor found that the
charges in the warrants of arrest had been substantiated, and accordingly
issued warrants of deportation, writs of habeas corpus were applied for in
22 cases. The chief contentions of the petitions were (1) that the Secretary
of Labor could not under the law order the deportation of aliens who had
been admitted into the Philippine Islands because they later came to the main-
land, and (2) that there was an abuse of discretion on the part of the Secretary
of Labor in ordering these aliens deported, because they were not considered as
individuals but racially as Hindu laborers, and, as such, did not come within
either the exclusion or expulsion provisions of the law. It is most gratifying
that the court sustained the Government (200 Fed. Rep.. 700). An appeal has
been taken to the circuit court of appeals. The court later rendered a deci-
sion in favor of the Government involving 34 other Hindus coming from the
Philippine Islands, who were ordei-ed df ported on the same ground; but those
cases were somewhat differently presented to the court (213 Fed. Rep., 128).
An appeal from this decision has also been taken to the circuit court of appeals.

In two of the executive warrant cases in which the action of the Secretary
of Labor was sustained the decisions of the courts were quite important. One
is the case of Li Yau Ngan. a Chinese woman, who after being admitted as the
wife of an American-born citizen of Chinese descent was arrested under a
warrant in which she was charged with having been found practicing prosti-

60629°— 15 21

322 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

tution subsequent to entry. After she had been taken hito custody and formally
advised of the charge against her, and about two days after her counsel had
appeared and been recognized in tlie proceedings pending under the warrant,
an inspector, without notifying counsel that he might be present, without counsel
being present and without Ijnowledge of counsel, examined two police ofQcers,
who made statements that were very damaging to the alien. The questions
asked by the inspector and the answers given by the policemen were taken
down by a stenographer, who made ti-anscripts of them, which transcripts were
placed in the record of the case that went to the Secretary of Labor for decision.
Upon counsel being shown the transcripts, he protested that it was unfair to
use them against the alien, as he had not been afforded an opportunity to be
present when the examinations were made, and he requested that he be given
an opportunity to cross-examine the policemen, which request was refused.
Under habeas corpus proceedings the ease was heard during the preceding fiscal
year on a demurrer to the petition interposed by the Government, but was not
decided until July 2, 1913, when the court handed down a memorandum opinion
which has not been reported and w^hich in full reads as follows:

"On authority of the cases of Low Wah Suey v. Backus (225 U. S., 460),
and the Japanese Immigrant case (189 U. S.. 86), the demurrer must be
sustained and the writ denied. It is so ordered."

No appeal was perfected in this case, and the woman has been deported.

The other case referred to is that of Loo Shew Ung, in which the Secretary
of Labor being satisfied that the charge upon which the alien had been arrested,
which substantially was that he had been employed as a cook in a house of
prostitution, had been proved, issued a warrant for his deportation. The court
refused to interfere with the execution of the warrant (210 Fed. Rep., 990).

In two cases that may be considered worthy of mention the court refused to
interfere with the execution of orders of deportation made under the Chinese-
exclusion laws. Chun Kim sought admission in December. 1912, as the Chinese
wife of Hong Lung Yiug, American born. While the record did not disclose
enough that was unfavorable to warrant rejection and return to China, the
case was surrounded by circumstances which suggested that she might in fact
not be the wife of her alleged husband, but a woman brought here for immoral
purposes. Therefore, in order to give her an opportunity to disclose her true
character, she was enlarged under a departmental bond and kept under sur-
veillance. For some months her movements excited suspicion, and when she
was finally found an inmate of a house of prostitution her application to land
was denied, which denial was sustained on appeal by the Secretaiy of Labor.
The point was raised that her release under bond was tantamount to a landing,
and that an expulsion proceeding and not an exclusion proceeding should have
been employed against her. The court orally expressed the opinion that it
was evident that her release was only pi-obationary and for the purpose of
furnishing this service with additional evidence with which to decide finally
whether she should be landed. This case is now on appeal before the Supreme
Court of the United States, where it is understood an effort will be made to
secure her release on bail, an application for such release having been denied
by the court before the ca.se went up. Chin Fong, a citizen of China, had been
a merchant in New York for more than a year, when, in February, 1912, his
application for a certificate that would entitle him to go to China and return
to the United States was denied by the Seattle oflice and by the bureau, on
the ground that his entry into this country some years before had been sur-
reptitious, and that therefore his unlawful residence could not be cured by
any occupation in which he might have engaged. Notwithstanding this he soon
afterwards went to China, and on returning he applied for admission at this
port as a merchant of New York. My action in denying him admission was
aflirmed by the Secretary of Labor. The court, in a written decision (213 Fed.
Rep., 288), held that Chin Fong, being an applicant for admission, was within
the jurisdiction of the immigration authorities, who had the power to exclude
him for the reason assigned. Chin Fong has appealed from this ruling.

Although the court's favoralile rulings in the cases that have been discussed
in the foregoing, particularly in the Hindu cases, have given this office no little
inspiration in its difficult task of enforcing the immigration and Chinese laws,
its unfavorable rulings in other cases, in which it has criticized the department
and us, have sometimes had a correspondingly depressing effect.

KEPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. 323

There will now be recounted some of the most important of the considerable
number of unfavorable holdings of the court :

Yep Kim Yuen, a Chinese applicant, claimed to be the son of one Yep
Lung Ngon, a laborer, who in turn claimed to be the Yep Lung Ngon shown by a
record of the United States district court of this district to have been adjudged
by that court in 1890, on habeas corpus, an American-born citizen. It was con-
ceded that they were father and son, but the Secretary of Labor, upon com-
paring the photograph of the alleged father with a photograph of the photograph
in the court record of the Yep Lung Ngon who was adjudged a citizen in 1890,
reached the conclusion that the alleged father had not had his citizenship
established by the court as claimed, and consequently ordered the applicant
excluded upon the ground that the alleged father, being a Chinese laborer and
not an American citizen, could not, under the law, secure the admission of his
son. When this case came before the judge, he compared the alleged father
with the photograph in the court record and heard witnesses on the question
of identity. In the immigration record that was before the Secretary of Labor
there was a report by Chinese Inspector and Interpreter Gardner, of this oflice.
to the effect that after comparing the signature of the alleged father with
the signature of Yep Lung Ngon in the court recoi'd, he was of the opinion that
the alleged father was the person before the court in 1890. The court expressed
itself satisfied as to the identity and ordered the applicant discharged upon
the theory that the power is inherent in a court to determine the identity of
the parties to whom its records relate. The judge was sitting in the court that
decided the case of Yep Lung Ngon in 1890. Again the court took occasion to ex-
press its views as to the superior value of the opinions of local officers over
those of the Secretary of Labor in such cases. This case has been appealed.

Gin Dock, alias Gin Dock Sue, a Chinese subject who departed for China in
1907 under the name of Young Lung Sop, applied in 1908 for admission at San
Fi'ancisco as a returning merchant. Because of his failure to establish a mer-
cantile status, he was denied landing and was about to be deported, when he
escaped from detention, his whereabouts being unknown to the service until it
was discovered that he was identical with a Chinaman who called himself Gin
Dock and who had been arrested under a Unitetl States commissioner's warrant
charging him with being illegally in the Llnited States. He being at large on
bail, this ofUce took him into custody upon the theory that he was still an
applicant for admission, he not having left the country since his escape in 1908,
and subject to the deportation order entered against him in 1908. A writ was
applied for, but before the time for hearing had arrived a motion was made
for the admission of Gin Dock to bail pending result of the habeas corpus pro-
ceeding. It was argued in behalf of the service that Gin Dock was an applicant
for admission, who was in the proper custody, and could not, in view of section
5 of the act of May 5, 1892, be released on bail. In admitting Gin Dock to bail
and expressing the opinion that, by reason of his uninterrupted residence of
over five years in the United States, he had the right to have the legality of
his residence determined by a United States commissioner or judge, the judge
virtually decided the jurisdictional point involved on habeas coi'pus. The depor-
tation proceeding before the United States conmiissioner followed, and Gin Dock
was ordered deported, the habeas corpus proceeding having in the meantime
been dismissed without a hearing having been had on the petition. An appeal
from the connnissioner's order is pending before the court. Had the commis-
sioner discharged the defendant, this office would have again assumed custody
of him, with the intention of resisting to the last any habeas corpus proceeding
that might have been instituted -to prevent deiwrtation.

Kwan So, a Chinese woman, was ordered deported on departmental warrant
in December, 1912. it having been found that she had practiced prostitution ■
since her entry. A writ was applied for, and a United States district judge
during the first half of 1913. while sitting temporarily in San Francisco, duly
considered the matter and handed down a written decision, which has only
recently been reported (211 Fed. Rep.. 772). An appeal to the Supreme Court
was taken by the alien, but never perfected, and the alien was enlarged on bail.
Some time after the period allowed for perfecting the appeal had elapsed the
failure to ijerfect it was discovered, and the warrant of deiwrtation was about
to be executed, when another petition was filed, and the case was considered
by another judge upon an immigration record in every respect similar to that
upon which the first judge rendered his decision. The full record of the case

324 EEPOET OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

decided by the first judge, together with the written decision of that judge, was
submitted to the court. It was urged that the court should not consider this
second petition, inasmuch as another judge had already passed upon the case
and refused to grant the writ. The second judge nevertheless rendered a deci-
sion, not yet reported, in which he ordered that the alien be discharged from
custody upon the ground that there was no evidence upon which the finding of
the Secretary of Labor could have been based. The department has decided
not to appeal.

Gin Nom, alias Wong Tuey Hing, is a Chinese who departed for China in
December, 1910, having secured, upon application and investigation, a merchant's
return certificate. Upon his return in September, 1912, he was promptly landed
as a merchant. A few months later evidence was secured that Gin Nom had
not only been employed in a restaurant in Tucson, Ariz., ever since his return
to the United States, but had been so employed during the year before his
departure, and was therefore a laborer and not a merchant when he secured
his certificate and departed as a merchant in 1910. He was arrested under
a departmental warrant, and after he had been accorded a hearing a warrant
was issued for his deportation, this warrant containing the finding that he
had been found in the United States in violation of the act of February 20,
1907, amended by the act of March 26, 1910, in that he was likely to
become a public charge at the time of his entiy, and in that he secured
admission by false and misleading statements, thereby entering without
inspection. The immigration record in this case contained ample evidence
to show that the alien was subject to deportation under section 21 of the
immigration law, having last entered within three years and being here
in violation of the Cliinese-exclusion laws. Although the applicability of
the said section was not expressly stated either in the warrant or in the
return to the petition, the assistant United Staes attorney who handled the
case is positive that he raised the point on oral argument. If he did so, the
court either ignored or forgot it, for the decision rendered (213 Fed. Rep., 112)
makes no reference to this section, but states that if the alien is here in
violation of law, the machinery for his removal is provided by the Chinese-
exclusion laws, and not the immigration law. Inasmuch as the alien was not
apprised from the warrant of arrest, or otherwise during the proceeding, that
it was held against him that he was a person likely to become a public charge
at the time of his entry, the decision says that the finding to that effect in the
warrant of deportation must be wholly disregarded. As to the finding of ad-
mission by means of false and misleading statements, thereby entering without
inspection, the decision calls attention to rule 3 of the Chinese regulations,
which provides that Chinese applicants must first be examined under the
general immigration laws.

This case will probably not be appealed.

Lin How, alias Ung King I.,ong, was ordered deported as an alien prostitute,
as the result of an executive warrant proceeding. The record showed that her
attorney w-as duly notified that an insi>ector would examine witnesses for the
Government at a certain time and place and that the attorney might be present.
The inspector questioned several witnesses, who gave important testimony for
the Government. At the conclusion of the examination of each the attorney
asked leave to cross-examine the witness, and the request was each time uncon-
ditionally and unqualifiedly refused by the inspector. The court decided (213
Fed. Rep., 119) that the absolute refusal to iiermit the attorney to cross-examine
the witnesses made the hearing unfair, and the alieu was ordered discharged.
In this case no appeal has been taken.

Of the district court's adverse actions, none have caused the service more
•embarrassment and concern than its liberality in admitting aliens to bail. The
most serious instance of this has occurred in the cases of prostitues, who dur-
ing enlargement, as is well known to the service, nearly alwnys resume their im-
moral life, their attorneys in the meantime, by taking appeals, in which there
often is no merit, and by the emjiloyment of other dilatory tactics, keeping them
at large for unconscionable periods of time. The result is that the deportation
of prostitutes under executive warrants has been practically stopped for the
time being, and the purpose of the law has been thwarted.

Repeated protests against this practice have been made to the court, which
could be persuaded to go no further than to lay down a rule that when a motion
is made for the bonding of an alien prostitute the court will set a date for the
hearing on the motion, when the Government will have an opportunity to satisfy
the court by competent evidence that the alien will probably reengage in prosti-

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. 325

tution if given Iier freedom. The imposition of tliis burden upon the service is
a new departure. It seems needless to point out laow hopeless it is for us to
procure evidence of what is the intention of the woman or her procurers should
she be released. In a recent case the testimony given in court by credible wit-
nesses that the woman in question, a Chinese, had been rescued from a house
of prostitution ; that she had confessed to her rescuers that she had been im-
ported to this country for immoral purposes and had. practiced prostitution since
coming here; that afterwards, on tlie occasion of her arrest, she was positively
identified in another city as having been an inmate of a house of prostitution
there; and that subsequently, while on bail, she was again found in a house of
prostitution, was held insufficient, though met only by the woman's own denials.
In striking contrast with the above-described practice in the matter of grant-
ing immoral aliens freedom under bond is the practice that formerly obtained
in the northern California district. Then the court refused absolutely to grant
bail without the approval of this department and the United States attorney.
For a time the department adopted the iwlicy of disapproving such applications.
The result was that a considerable number of alien prostitutes were being main-
tained in custody by this service. In the year 1912, when the end of vexatious
habeas corpus proceedings on behalf of alien prostitutes seemed, in sight, the
department came to the conclusion that the expenses of maintaining them was
too great a burden, and consequently those in custody were permitted to go on
bail, this notwithstanding the protest of the United States attorney to the
department.

WORK OF THE MEDICAL EXAMINERS AND HOSPITAL FORCE.

The total number of aliens examined by the medical officers of tliis station
during the fiscal year was 16,924, an increase of more than 4,000 over the pre-
ceding year. Of this total. 6,2G6 pi-esented such indications of physical ailment
as required their bringing from arriving vessels to Angel Island for a further
and more detailefl examination. These more extended examinations resulted
in specific certifications for about 100 different ailments, the following of which
seem most noteworthy :

Cases.

Beriberi ■- 12

Conjunctivitis 20

Cerebrospinal meningitis 5

Childbirth 2

Favus 2

Mumps 46

Pneumonia 4

Soft chancre 3

Scabies 87

Trachoma 30

Tuberculosis : 8

Uncinariasis (hookworm) ^- 500

Insanity 4

Observation of beriberi at this station has shown it to be a disease requiring
a long course of treatment and especial care of the patient to accomplish a
cure. Because of these circumstances this office is not encouraged to believe
that it is a disease for which hospital treatment should be granted, excepting
in cases where undue hardship would clearly result from deportation.

Of a total of 244 cases held during the year for observation of the eyes 30
were finally certified as afflicted with trachoma, 20 for conjunctivitis, and the
remainder were discharged. Of the 30 trachoma cases 22 were granted treat-
ment by the department, in most instances on the medical examiner's certifi-
cate that a cure might be possible within 60 days. However, as showing the
tenability of the medical examiner's opinion that it is exti-emely difficult for a
physician to give an advance assurance as to the time required to cure tra-
choma, it may be pointed out that in 7 of the 22 cases treated the period of
treatment reached or exceeded 12 weeks.

The five cases of cerebrospinal meningitis arising during the year brought
the station face to face with most serious problems. The station is absolutely
deficient in proper facilities for handling this class of diseases, and we were
forced to throw ourselves on the charity of the San Francisco authorities, who
consented to take the cases only on personal request and as a personal favor.

326 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

All detention buildings of the station had to be ceiled and fumigated, and the
several hundred inmates of the station had to be taken to the quarantine sta-
tion, three-quarters of a mile away, for fumigation of their persons and be-
longings. Despite this, the last three cases were apparently the fruit of the
second case, and death resulted in three of the five cases.

While no fatalities resulted, some of the difficulties and complications were
encountered in the handliag of the 46 cases of mumps developing during the
year. A large number of these case were undoubtedly due to the abence of
proper isolation hospital quarters, and this office is earnestly of the belief that
the service will be in an indefensible position as to its hospital facilities until
the isolation building heretofore repeatedly recommended is provided.

The total number of hookworm cases treated in the hospital during the year
was 539 (including 39 cases iu the hospital at the end of the previous fiscal
year), a reduction of about 36 per cent from the number of cases treated the
previous year. Of the number treated. 387 were discharged in one week,
67 the second week, 17 the third week, and in only 5 cases during the
year did the period of treatment reach or exceed four weeks. The adminis-
trative problems arising incident to the handling of aliens afflicted with hook-
worm have been the subject of frequent communications during the year.

The total " treatment days " for the year In the hospital are 10,664, or an
average of 29.22. The total hospital earnings for the year were $13,194.50,
although it should be understood that a small portion of this was for cases
from which there was no actual income, the patients being held under war-
rants of arrest. The actual cash earnings were $12,072.25, and the expenses
of maintenance of the hospital (exclusive of salaries) was $6,401.86, the latter
amount coming from the district's annual allotment, while the total receipts
were turned back into the general fund for the expenses of regulating im-
migration.

CONSTRUCTION WORK AND ADDITIONS TO FACILITIES.

During the year this station has spent in the neighborhood of $20,000 on
construction work and equipment, as follows :

Concrete addition to power house $5,000.00

Garbage incinerator 860. 00

Furnishing and installing boiler (150 horsepower), feed-water heater

and feed pump in new concrete addition to power house 9,914. 00

Furnishing and installing one motor-driven salt-water pump, capable
of delivering 150 gallons of water per minute against head of 150

pounds per square inch 971.00

Furnishing and installing new Seabury water tube boiler (175 horse-
power) in cutter Inspector 2,816.47

Alterations to detention building, windows enlarged, two additional
doors provided and stairway constructed from second floor to

recreation grounds (materials only) 180.57

Installation only, new propeller on steamship Angel Island 125.00

Additional machinery, 1 Buss 8-inch jointer, 1 Fay 16-inch planer, 1

Wright 26-inch band saw 320. 00

Additional hospital equipment, 48 hospital ward tables and cabinets

combined - 576. 00

Additional filing equipment, 10 sections letter-size filing cabinets 103. 50

Additional equipment for detention quarters, 400 blankets 1,460.00

Total 22. ,326. 54

While much the greater part of this was taken from a special appropriation
for additions and alterations to the station, very considerable items were
required to be taken from our allotment for the conduct of the work of the
district, and this fact forced upon us a most rigid system of economy in order
that we should keep within the amount of our allotment. This was done only
by foregoing some of the needs which were essential to proper upkeep of the
station.

NEEDS FOB THE COMING YEAR.

In the fiscal year 1913 this district expended a considerable sum on repairs
to the wharf at Angel Island under instructions from the department for the
making of such repairs as would keep the wharf in a usable condition for two

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. 327

years. The end of that period is approaching, and it is apparent that further
expenditures should be. made at no distant date for the concreting of an addi-
tional number of the supporting piles, at a cost now roughly estimated to be
$5,000.

One of the greatest needs of the station at the present time is an isolation
ward for the hospital, wherein patients afflicted with contagious diseases may
be kept. The detailed reasons for such a recommendation have already been the
subject of communications now in the bureau and are further set forth in this
report under the heading devoted to " HosiMtal work for the year." It is be-
lieved that a proper structure and. equipment to meet the requirements will cost
not to exceed $10,000.

While the growth of "European immigration to this coast incident to the open-
ing of the Panama Canal is now expected to be slow, it seems certain that some
increase may be looked for within the present fiscal year. The station is par-
ticularly equipped for the handling of immigration from the Orient, but can fur-
nish proper detention quarters for only the most limited number of European
passengers — in fact, if so many as 30 were brought to the station at one time we
would not be able to furnish them with such accommodations as they should be
given. It is therefore recommended that if the situation does not promise an
early decision as to the future permanent location for the station, the question
of constructing and equipping an additional detention building or buildings for
European immigrants, at a cost approximating $30,000, be considered.

The buildings of the station have not been painted for practically three years,
and proper upkeep would require an appropriation of $4,000 for that purpose.

PERSONNEL.

I am pleased to report that the force in general is working loyally and har-
moniously for the best interests of the service, and that our relations with the
officers and employees of other departments of the Government are harmonious
and pleasant. As a closing word, however, I would request your attention to the
growing disquietude and discontent throughout the force on the question of
salaries. We have employees who have long been deserving of increased com-
pensation and are helpless not only to give them any recognition but even to
hold out any hope to them. I feel that the obtaining of relief for this situation
is a matter deserving your best and earliest effort.

Samuel W. Backus, Commissioner.

REPORT OF INSPECTOR IN CHARGE, DISTRICT NO. 20, COMPRISING
ALASKA, WITH HEADQUARTERS AT KETCHIKAN.

There is submitted herewith report covei'ing the administration of the Immi-
gration Service in this district for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1914.

In order to convey a clear idea of the conditions under which this office Is
performing its task, that of examining and admitting aliens into the United
States, some explanation is necessary.

The examination of aliens arriving from Vancouver and Prince Rupert,
Canada, is conducted on board of steamships. The steamships arrive at all
hours of the day and night, and the examination must be accomplished with
the least possible delay. As a general I'ule the arrivals occur during the night
hours, between 1 and 6 o'clock in .the morning. Therefore the immigrant in-
spector must hunt over all the boat and knock at each stateroom in order to
wake up the passengers for examination. .On gaining admission the aliens are
examined in their berths. As a matter of course, the surgeon goes first through
the same performance, then the immigrant inspector follows, reawakening the
passengers.

Aliens examined 2, 000

Admitted on primary inspection . 631

Held for board of special inquiry 16

Rejected by board of special inquiry 12

Admitted by board of special inquiry 4

Percentage of aliens finally deported, 1.9.

328 EEPOET OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OP IMMIGRATION.

By deducting the number of admissions on primary inspection from tlie num-
ber of aliens examined a difference of 1,369 will result, which is the number
of transit aliens going from one part of Canada to another. This class of
aliens constitute the bulk of the work in this district. According to law they
require as thorough inspection as though they were seeking admission into the
United States. In certain instances it requires on the part of the immigrant
inspector sound judgment and common sense to enforce the law in accordance
with its spirit rather than the mere letter thereof. The condition of the labor
market in Canada and the requirements of the Canadian immigration law must
be taken into consideration. By disregarding these elements aliens thus
admitted at the port of Ketchikan are liable to debarment by the Canadian
immigrant inspector stationed at the summit of White Pass, British Columbia.

The immigration movement in this district can aptly be compared to the
birds of migratory habit; in fall the trend is toward the south, while in
spring it is toward the north.

In addition to the transit aliens it is noteworthy that 4,486 United States citi-
zens arrived who do not come under the immigration law yet whose claim to
citizenship must be verified. They constitute approximately 70 per cent of the
arrivals.

Rejections by boards of special inquiry are accounted for as follows:

Likely to become a public charge 2

Contract labor 8

Prostitutes 2

Total - 12

Warrants for aliens applied for 6

Issued 6

Served 5

Canceled 1

Executed 5

Causes of arrest :

Entry without inspection 2

Living on proceeds of prostitutes 1

Returning prostitute after being deported 1

Prostitute 1

During the year there were two civil suits instituted and convictions had, in
both instances the culprits pleading guilty; accounted for as follows:
Landing aliens in violation section 18, fined $200 in the United States com-
missioner's court at Ketchikan 1

Returning prostitute in violation section 3, sentenced by United States com-
missioner to 3 months' imprisonment in the Federal jail at Valdez 1

Fine of $40 collected for violation of section 15, for improper manifesting — 1

Two Chinese persons charged with unlawful residence, whose cases were
pending at the close of the fiscal year 1913 in the United States commissioner's
court at Ketchikan, were discharged without prejudice. One Chinaman was
permitted to go in transit through United States territory from one point in
Canada to another.

MEDICAL INSPECTION.

The surgeon has not reported a single case since the establishment of the
district in 1903. This probably is due to the peculiar conditions under which
the aliens are being examined, namely, on board of steamships at night and
while they are lying in their berths.

CONTRACT LABOR.

As shown elsewhere in this report, the board of special inquiry excluded eight
aliens as contract laborers. All but one of these were Ossets coming from
Prince Rupert, Canada, to work in quartz mines in Juneau. This particular
class of people began to come into this district from Canada in considerable
numbers, with the view of finding employment on the proposed Alaska railroad
construction work. This class of aliens are hard to assimilate. My experience
in the service leads me to believe that these peoples never move from place to
place unless some one induces them to do so.

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENEEAL OF IMMIGEATION. 329

WHITE-SLAVE CASE.

One case was recently reiwrted and is now in tlie course of investigation.

PERSONNEL.

The force of the district consists of two regular immigrant inspectors and
five deputy collectors of customs. The deputy collectors attend to the small
volume of business at their regular stations where the conditions would not
warrant an appointment of a regular inspector. In addition, there are five
deputy collectors of customs, one United States marshal, one deputy marshal,
two United States commissioners, and one United States district attorney
designated as members of a board of special inquiry, making a total of 17 em-
ployees detailed to enforce the immigration and Chinese-exclusion laws in this
district.

DOMIANUS MaSKEVICZIUS,

Inspector in Charge.

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF IMMIGRATION, SAN JUAN, P. R.. IN
CHARGE OF DISTRICT NO. 21, COMPRISING ISLAND OF PORTO
RICO.

I have the honor to submit the following report regarding transactions under
the immigration and Chinese-exclusion laws in this district during the fiscal
year ended June 30, 1914.

The arrival of aliens in Port Rico for the past fiscal year has broken all
previous records, the increase over last fiscal year being 57 per cent and more
than 8 per cent over any previous year since the service was established on this
island.

INWARD passenger MOVEMENT.

United States citizens 3, 192

Aliens 3, 614

Total 6,806

OUTWABD PASSENGER MOVEMENT

United States citizens 4,056

Aliens 3, 338

Total 7,394

Of the 3,614 aliens arriving, 1,205 were immigrants and 2,409 were nonimmi-
grants. Of the 3,338 aliens departing, 957 were emigrants and 2,381 were non-
immigrants.

DETENTIONS.

Of the aliens arriving from foreign ports and applying for admission, 3,432
were admitted on primary inspection and 182 were detained for hearing before
the board of special inquiry, 122 of whom were admitted by the board and 60
excluded; 23 of those excluded by the board were admitted on appeal to the
department, as follows: 6 under school bond, 3 under public-charge bond, and
14 admitted outright.

DEPORTATIONS.

Of the total number of aliens applying for admission during the fiscal year,
33 were deported and 4 were pending at close of the fiscal year. In addition
to the number of deiwrtations above mentioned there were 6 other deportations,
as follows: Warrant procedure, 1: warrant procedure pending from last fiscal
year, 3; board of special inquiry pending from last fiscal year, 2, making a
grand total of 39 deported during the year. This is exclusive of 4 Chinese
persons who were deported through court procedure.

330 EEPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

Causes of deportation were as follows :

Imbecile 1

Tuberculosis 1

Likely to become a public charge 9

Surgeon's certificate 3

Contract labor 10

Accompanying aliens 5

Under 16 ^ 3

Admit crime 5

Coming for immoral purpose 1

Procurer 1

TotaU 39

Thirty fines were assessed during the year, 2 under section 9, and 28 for
improper manifesting. Of the fines under section 9, 1 was for mental defect
(imbecile) and 1 for tuberculosis, which is still pending. One fine of $100,
pending from last fiscal year foi- trachoma, was covered into the Treasury this
fiscal year.

BOARDS OF SPECIAL INQUIEY.

There being only three immigrant inspectors in this district, one at San Juan,
one at Mayaguez, and one at Ponce, it necessarily follows that this service must
depend on other designated United States officials for service on boards. Such
officials have invariably responded to our call many times at their inconvenience,
and this service is much indebted to them, for without their hearty cooperation
many vexatious delays would necessarily have occurred.

DETENTION QUARTERS.

Prior to the fiscal year covered by this report no detention quarters of any
kind were maintained at any port on the island. Aliens were permitted their
liberty by the steamship companies on the deposit of a sum of money guarantee-
ing their appearance befoi'e the board of special inquiry when required, and
sometimes on the alien's bare promise. No alien evev failed to appear before
the board when required; however, when he did aiipear he almost invariably
had been coached as to what answers he should make to the board, the result
being, especially in cases of aliens who had been held as contract laborers, a
failure on the part of the Government to make out its case. This system of
detention, or, rather, lack of detention, permitted criminals, prostitutes, and
diseased and insane aliens to mingle with the public. I am very glad to be
able to report that this condition of affairs has been partially remedied, so
far as the port of San Juan is concerned. At the urgent insistence of the
Immigration Service the steamship companies have combined at this port,
secured quarters at the Espanola Hotel for detained aliens, and employed a
guard, the understanding being that all aliens be detained under guard until
the board has passed on their cases, after which all those excluded are to be
cared for as the steamship company elects until the final determination of their
cases or deportation, except such as in the opinion of the commissioner should
be segregated from the public. These latter will be held in detention under
guard. Immigration is very light at the other ports of the island, and while no
detention quarters are established at any of them, the immigrant inspectors take
such precautions as are necessary for the prevention of coaching prior to
examination A noticeable increase in the percentage of exclusions of aliens
held as contract laborers has resulted.

DESERTING ALIEN SEAMEN

Only nine alien seamen were reported as deserting in this district during the
fiscal year, none of whom were apprehended, although the aid of the police was
requested to assist in locating them. Under the existing laws regarding seamen
it is an easy matter for an undesirable alien to enter the country, and no doubt
many aliens, realizing that they would be refused admission on application in the

EEPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. 331

regular way before the immigration authorities, evade the law by signing on
vessels as seamen with the intention of deserting on arriving in this country.
The provisions of the pending immigration bill regarding seamen, if enacted
into law, will minimize the danger of undesirables entering in this fashion.

SEAMEN APPLYING FOR ADMISSION.

Forty-four alien seamen applied for admission during the fiscal year, 43 of
whom were admitted and 1 deported.

ALIEN STOWAWAYS.

Three alien stowaways arrived during the year, one of whom was admitted
and two deported.

HOSPITAL TREATMENT.

No applications were formally made for hospital treatment, although, owing
to accident and emergency cases, seven aliens were permitted landing upon the
guaranty of the steamship company and received treatment in the hospital at
this port, all of whom have departed. One discharged alien seaman was allowed
to land for treatment at the port of Ponce on the assurance of the acting
French consul at San Juan that he would care for him and return him to
France at the expense of the French Government.

CONTRACT LABOR.

Ninety per cent of the immigration from Spain to Porto Rico are young men
coming to Spanish merchants ostensibly on a visit, but really under contract.
Observation at this port has shown that almost without exception such young
men, although vigorously denying that they come to work for said merchants,
may be found behind the counters the next day after admission. Only the men-
tally obtuse, the truthful, and those ignorant of the provisions of the law in re-
gard to contract labor are ever deported, the mentally obtuse because by ju-
dicious inquiry they frequently let out the facts, the truthful because they do
not lie, and the ones ignorant of the law because they do not realize it would
be to their advantage to perjure themselves. There being a very small per-
centage belonging to either of these classes the result is few exclusions and
deportations. These observations regarding the difficulties encountered in ex-
cluding contract laborers from Spain apply to the same class from other
countries.

Quite a number of aliens from West Indian ports applied for admission at
this port the past autumn who had left the island in the spring, after the cane-
grinding season was over, and were returning to the same employer, having been
promised by said employer prior to their departure that they would be given
the same position at the same pay in case they returned. Under a ruling of
the department such aliens were admitted. It is believed, however, that since
the decision in the Lapina case this service will be able to exclude this class,
thereby giving the Porto Ricans the benefit of this work.

MEDICAL EXAMINERS.

The medical examiners of aliens at this port are men of recognized ability
in their profession and have had long experience in the Public Health Service.
Their services have been eminently satisfactory. The medical examiners at the
other ports of the island have also given satisfaction.

WARRANT PROCEDURE.

Two warrants were applied for during the year, both of which were issued
by the department. The first charged the alien with being illegally in the
country on the ground that at the time of his entry he was an assisted alien
and a contract laborei*. This alien was deported. In the other case the alien
was charged with procuring and importing a woman for an immoral purpose.
This alien was ordered deported by the department, but sailed foreign before
the order was received. Three aliens arrested under departmental warrants
issued June 25, 1913, one charged as procurer, one charged as entering the

332 EEPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OP IMMIGRATION.

United States for an immoral purpose, and one charged as being lil^ely to become
a public charge, pending at the close of last fiscal year, were deported during
the year.

HABEAS COKPUS.

During the year there was only one case in which habeas corpus was sued out
in behalf of an alien. Guillermo Perez, aged 38, Venezuelan, was arrested on
departmental warrant dated July 19, 1913, charging him with being unlawfully
in the country in that he was a contract laborer at the time of his entry, that
he was an assisted alien, and that he secured his admission by false and mis-
leading statements. After a hearing in his case he was ordered deported.
Departmental warrant of dei)ortation was issued on the 27th of August. On the
15th day of September this office was served with a writ returnable the next
day. The case came on for hearing before the judge of the United States dis-
trict court, the writ was dismissed, and the alien deported.

WHITE-SLAVE CASES.

Only one case of this kind arose during the year, and in that case the grand
jury failed to return a true bill against the party charged with having paid the
passage of and importing an alien woman for an immoral purpose.

OFFICE QUARTERS.

This service has been assigned quarters in the new Federal building, into
which we have just moved. These new quarters consist of four rooms on the
third floor of the building. These quarters are all that could be desired.

Two vessels engaged in transporting sugar cane and passengers from Santo
Domingo to the port of Guanica. P. R., during the months of December, January,
February, Mar'^h. and April, employed Chines^e crews, one vessel employing nine
Chinamen and the other five. Four Chinese persons, members of the crew of
one of these vessels, were found ashore and arrested for being illegnlly in the
United States, and were ordered depoi'ted to China by the United States com-
missioner. This case was appealed to the United States district court and
affirmed as to the order of deportation. The destination was changed, however,
from China to Santo Domingo.

During the year one Chinese seaman furnished bond for shore leave, which
was canceled on his departure from the country.

Prosecutions for violation of Chinese-exclusion law.

Defendant.

Section
violated.

Decision.

Sentence.

S. H. Cook

9
13

F ound

guilty.

...do

Suspended.

Lum Yin, Leong Dot, Low Sing, Lum Mee

Deported.

Prosecutions other than those relating to Chinese.

Defendant.

Section
violated.

Decision.

Sentence.

Edwin C. Lee

13

Found
guilty.

Fine $100.

EEPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

333

CHARACTER OF IMMIGRATION.

Of the 3,577 aliens admitted, the following races were represented, as follows ;

Race.

Spanish

Spanish American

West Indian

African (black) . . .
All others

Total

Immi-
grant.

78
161
279
166

1,182

Nonimmi-
grant.

761
184
531
293
626

2,395

Total.

1,259
262
692
572
792

3,577

It will be noted from the foregoing table that 35 per cent of the aliens arriv-
ing were Spaniards and that 40 per cent of these were immigrants and 60 per
cent nonimmigrants. This immigration is composed almost entirely of young
men of a high mental and moral standard and forms a desirable addition to
the population of the island. The Spanish Americans and West Indians are
similar in habits and customs to the native population. The African blacks
are from the neighboring foreign islands and are about on a par, morally and
mentally, with the Xegi-o in the States.

FINANCIAL CONDITION OF ALIENS.

The 3,577 aliens admitted brought to this country $438,130, or an average of
$122.50 per capita.

ALIEN CERTIFICATES ISSUED.

Certificates were issued covering 632 aliens proceeding from Porto Rico to
the mainland of the United States under Rule 14, immigration regulations.

INADEQUATE FORCE.

With the present limited force this service has been able to give but little
attention to aliens who may be illegally in the country. An additional in-
spector should be allowed in this district solely for this work. An additoinal
inspector should also be allowed the port of San Juan to assist the immigrant
inspector here and to be available for emergency work throughout the district.

EXAMINING INSP'fcCTORS.

Immigrant inspectors on primary inspection are intrusted with great power.
They can admit or detain. There are 10 chances to 1 that an undesirable
admitted on primary inspection will not be deported on warrant. For this
reason examining inspectors should not only possess intelligence of the first
order but should be good judges of human nature, patient, tactful, and be able
to approach the alien in a way calculated to win his confidence and elicit the
truth. A man qualified to fill this position creditably is invaluable to the
service. They should be selected with great care and handsomely remunerated.

PERSONNEL.

The difficulties of supervising the nine ix)rts of entry on this island with only
three immigrant inspectors can readily be appreciated. The personnel in this
district are all men who have spent many years in the service and are ener-
getic, vigilant, capable, and loyal. The demands upon them for the fiscal year
have been great, but they have responded not only willingly but enthusiastically.

COURT DECISIONS.

An important court decision in the case of the United States r. Cook, in the
District Court of the United States for Porto Rico, on March 30. 1914. touching
the right of Chinese seamen to land from vessels in tlie United States without

334 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

making Shore-leave bond, was rendered. S. H. Cook, master of the British
steamship Norhilda, permitted four Chinese seamen to go ashore in the harbor
of Guanica without complying with Rule 7, which requires that in such cases
a bond be given. Said master was charged with violation of section 9 act of
September 13, 1S8S, and was found guilty by the court.

The court followed the decision in the case of the United States v Crouch
rendered April 8. 1911, iu the Circuit Court for the Eastern District of New
lork. and held that a Chinese seaman is a Chinese person within the purview
of the exclusion act, and that the immigration authorities are justified in mak-
ing the rule requiring the master to give bond before giving such seamen shore
leave,

GENERAL COMMENT.

Should the pending immigration bill become a law, its proper enforcement
will insure the best immigration ; indeed, the present law strictly enforced would
leave little to complain of. Congress has very clearly expressed the will of
the people of the United States in regard to immigration, but has provided in-
sufficient means for its thorough execution. The Immigration Service is under-
manned, and as long as these conditions obtain the best results can not be had.

L. E. Evans, Comnvissioner.

REPORT OF INSPECTOR IN CHARGE, DISTRICT NO. 22, COMPRISING
TERRITORY OF HAWAII, WITH HEADQUARTERS AT HONOLULU

I have the honor to submit herewith my annual report for the vear ended
June 30, 1914. ^ euueu

Aliens examined k qqo

Aliens admitted on primary inspection IIIIIIII 3329

Aliens held for board of special inquiry 2* 638

Aliens admitted by boards 2' 415

Aliens rejected by boards '223

Aliens admitted outright on appeal '_ 2

Aliens admitted for hospital treatment 75

deportations.

Trachoma -j^Qg

Likely to become a public charge II_IIII 19

Procurers a

Contract laborers ~~ WSZ 3

Hookworm (uncinariasis) IIIII 3

Gonorrhea '_ ^

Chinese, status not proven _" '_"_ 26

Aliens finally deported ij^

Deportations pending, 1913, finally deported:

Trachoma 26

Likely to become public charge 22

Tuberculosis 2

Hookworm (uncinariasis) 1

50

Of the above deportations 49 were Spanish aliens brought by
and under the care and treatment of the Territorial board
of immigration.
Under the agreement of the Territorial board to deport aliens likely
to become public charges within 3 years after being brought here
by the board, they have been deported, aliens voluntarily con-
senting :

Russians.

118

Spanish gj

Portuguese 28

Total.

233

^ Per cent of deportations, 2.7.

EEPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. 335

CHINESE.

Chinese examined 724

Chinese rejected 42

Chinese admitted outright on appeal 2

Chinese admitted on bond :

On habeas corpus 6

Ou habeas corpus, 1913 3

Chinese cases pending before courts 9

Chinese finally deported ^38

Chinese admitted as citizens :

Foreign-boru children of natives 15

Native born —

No record of departure (raw natives) 20

Status determined prior to application 99

Status not determined prior to application 74

Total citizens admitted 208

Chinese aliens admitted as exempt :
Section 6 —

Merchants 3

Teachers 4

Students 6

Travelers 2

Editor 1

Wives of teachers 2

Children of teachers 2

Domiciled teachers 3

Domiciled wives of teachers 2

Domiciled children of teachers , 3

Wives of citizens 37

Domiciled merchants 49

Wives of domiciled merchants 39

Children of domiciled merchants 34

Total admission of exempts 187

Chinese returning laboi'ers admitted 287

Chinese cases pending 10

Applications of Chinese for papers to depart.

Form 480 (native born) :

Granted by inspector in charge 22

Denied by inspector in charge 3

Form 431 (exempts) :

Granted by inspector in charge 41

Denied by inspector in charge 3

Denied by bureau 2

Form 432 (laborers) :

Granted by inspector in charge 239

Denied by inspector in charge^ 4

Denied by bureau 1

Preinvestigations (wife or children of merchants to arrive) :

Granted by inspector in charge 13

Granted by bureau 1

Denied by inspector in charge 4

Denied by bureau 4

Citizens denied by inspector in charge 1

Investigations, cases at other ports 24

Fines.

Imposed under section 9 14

Assessed under section 9 12

Pending before department 2

1 Per cent of deportations, 4.5.

336 REPOKT 01*' COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

Court cases.

Case of Japenese escaped from steamship Hamstead in June, 1913. Settled
by United States attorney by payment of fine of $100.

Case of Chinese seamen escaped from steamship Strathesk. Captain arrested ;
discharged by United States commissioner without penalty.

Case of bondsman's failure to produce alien procurer ordered deported. Case
pending.

Warrant . cases, 1914.

Warrants applied for 144

Wai-rauts issued 144

Warrants served 82

Warrants canceled 4

Procurers deported _ 19

Prostitutes deported 32

Habeas corpus, released under bond pending further proceedings:

Procurers 5

Prostitutes 8

Vice landlords '. 3

Discharged on habeas coiinis, prostitutes 2

Pending before inspector :

Prostitutes 5

Procurers 4

Warrant cases pending from 1913.

Deported 5

Pending on habeas corpus 5

Canceled 2

Escaped from bondsman 1

Pending before inspector 1

STOWAWAYS.

Deported (Japanese) 7

Deported (East Indian) 1

Admitted (English) 1

ESCAPES.

Escapes from vessels (seamen) :

German 6

Japanese 10

English 6

Norwegian 1

Chinese 1

Total escapes 24

SEAMEN.

Alien seamen (Chinese, 7,025; others, 14,221) 21,246

PASSENGER MOVEMENT.

Aliens departed for foreign ports 3,878

Citizens departed for foreign ports 2,009

Certificates issued to aliens departing to mainland 2,061

Citizens admitted from foreign ports 1,047

FILIPINOS.

Brought in by Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association, not subject to

contract-labor law 3, 185

CONTRACT-LABOB LAW.

There is little to be said concerning the contract-labor law here, inasmuch as
most of the contract laborers, arriving in numbers that swamp the labor mar-
ket, are Filipinos who are brought in by the sugar planters' association and

BEPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. 337

are exempt from the coutract-labor law. Several Hindus were denied as con-
tract laborers who were evidently the advance guard of a movement to be inau-
gurated from Hongkong, but their deportation has evidently checked it.

WHITE-SLAVE TKAFFIC.

In the early part of the year we arrested many in Honolulu's prostitute quar-
ter. Others tied from Its precincts to avoid arrest, and to our knowledge 10 of
them fled to Japan, and undoubtedly others of whom we have not heard also
left for Japan, Until the court changed its rule as to habeas corpus these unde-
sirable aliens could not be found there, but a number have now returned to
their old quarters and are plying their trade. Many French have come from
the mainland to take the places of those arrested. They invariably present cer-
tificates purporting to show that they are married to American citizens. These
certificates are mostly of recent date. These women acknowledge having prac-
ticed prostitution before their marriage, and some that they started again in a
week after their marriage. We do not know In what manner and by whom they
were brought from California. It is very diflicult to secure convictions here.

TERRITORIAL CERTIFICATES OF HAWAIIAN BIRTH.

Territorial certificates of Hawaiian birth have been issued in a hasty, incon-
siderate, and wholesale manner. Many have been issued to persons absent in
Japan and China years after their alleged departure from Hawaii, and they
have been issued to persons here without inspection of or request for Govern-
ment records, which would be decisive as to the ex parte allegations on which
they have been granted. In numerous cases we have found their fraudulent
character to be readily shown, and we have been forced to the conclusion that
while they may have some evidential value they are open to question. We have
had evidence that the desire to take up public laud has been a cause for fraudu-
lently obtaining these certificates. The department itself has had cases under
Its review from which it has been made aware of their unfortunate unreliability.
I have had conferences with the Territorial officials, and recently the issuance
of the certificates has been discontinued.

JAPANESE.

During the year 4,516 alien Japanese were admitted, and the departure of
alien Japanese were 2,.569, showing an excess of arrivals over departures of
1,947. There has been an evident extension in the time in which passports are
issued to former residents desiring to return to the islands. Of the number of
arrivals, 1,407 were so-called '* picture brides." These are cases of marriage
between a man who is residing here and who receives a woman who comes as
his wife on whose face he has never laid eyes. She is usually supplied upon
the prosiiective husband's requisition to the head of his family, who secures
her through a middleman. She arrives and goes forth with the husband to
whom she has been delivered and who usually declares that she will become
a farm laborer or a servant. Rarely do we find these men declaring that their
unseen brides will be simply housewives. Usually they lead them forth to the
plantations, where, stripped of their finery, their worth will be estimated by
the work they can do.

LABOR CONDITIONS.

Labor conditions in the islands have been much disturbed during the past
year. There has been no enlargement in productive enterprises and there has
been no further importation of labor by the territorial board of immigration.
The Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association, however, has brought in over
3,000 Filipinos, who have come accepting a guaranty of a wage that is con-
siderably below that given to and necessary for the sustenance of white laborers
under the conditions and prices that obtain in the islands and is also lower
than the rate of wages that the Japanese will accept. The planters' labor
bureau has brought in altogether about 13,000 Filipinos, and is continuing to
import them. The introduction of this large number of Filipinos is resulting in
the displacement of other labor. The statistics submitted in this report will show
the excess departure of white persons. Nearly all of the departures for the coast
have been such. Of Spanish and Portuguese, most of whom were brought here
by the territorial boai'd of immigration for the ostensible purpose of American-
izing the islands, there have been departures to the coast of 1.287. The moi'e
skilled among the Japanese laborers come to the city of Honolulu and by their

60629°— 15 22

338 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

competition have displaced many white laborers. Another cause of discourage-
ment to white labor in this country is that there is no congressional provision
that only citizen labor should be employed on Government work performed
under contract. As a result a large amount of Government work under con-
ti'act is done by orientals. While the promotion committee is active in endeavor-
ing to induce citizens to come to these islands, the prospect for their obtaining
remunerative employment is precarious. The Filipinos who have been brought
in, as you have been advised in previous reports, are most undesirable. Many
of them are of a low social order, and the number of them confined in jail for
various offenses exceed that of any other element in the population.

HABEAS CORPUS.

There have been 40 cases of habeas corpus before the United States district
court, the petitioners in 13 cases being arriving aliens denied admission, and
in 27 cases aliens arrested on department warrants. The petitions were denied
in 4 cases, granted in 18 cases, and are pending in the others. In some cases
the petitioners are admitted to bail and in some released on their own recog-
nizance. No appeal has been perfected by the Government in any case, and in
some of them the time for taking an appeal will soon expire. Of those whose
petitions w^ere denied 2 have been deported and 1 gave notice of appeal,
but has not perfected it.

There were 10 habeas coii^us cases pending from the previous year, of which
all were cases of arriving aliens. Three were denied by the court and de-
ported, 2 denied and appealed, and 5 granted, and an appeal taken by the
Government.

In nearly all of these cases which have been brought before the court techni-
cal matters have been set forth. To illustrate, it is contended that the alien
came to Hawaii before annexation and did not enter the United States; that
there is no verification of landing, when it was impossible to be found, although
the alien admits he was born in a foreign country and came here ; that there
is no fair hearing and that the judge should review the decision as to the
facts found. Undesirable aliens ai*e almost invariably set free with or without
bonds on writs of habeas corpus. Even after the warrant of deportation has
been issued the courts have released on the nominal bail of $250 those whose
bail under the warrant of arrest was fixed at $1,000. Some of the aliens con-
tinue openly — and undoubtedly many secretly — to practice prostitution. A pros-
titute in one case said she had to continue her immoral practices in order to
get money to pay her lawyer, admitting that she was still in the business. Afii-
davits are made out containing the most brazen falsehoods. In one instance
the petitioner under oath admitted the falsity of his statement, which he said
he made by the direction of his counsel who told him he would have to make
it in order to obtain the writ.

GENERAL ADMINISTRATION.

In last year's report extensive repairs and alterations at this station were
recommended, but, as the Army desires the property, extensive expenditures
would not be advisable, yet there are some which are imperative.

During the year suitable quarters, which meet with his approval, have been
provided on the ground floor for the examining surgeon. I desire to reiterate
and emphasize the need of improvements in the matter of toilets, as set forth
in last year's report. Conditions have not improved, and the necessity for
repairs is still greater. The building should be painted ; it has not been painted
since it was erected, in 1905.

Another inspector should be added to the force. No Chinese have been ar-
rested for being illegally in the country. It is impossible to take up this work,
which has never been followed up at this station, except in isolated cases which
have obtruded themselves upon our attention. There are doubtless those who
are illegally resident here or who do not maintain the status on which they were
admitted. That nothing has been done along these and other lines which we
desire to take up can not be attributed to negligence, but is due to our inability,
owing to the absolute inadequacy of our force. It is respectfully submitted that
the work shown to have been done by the three inspectors and myself is of
such an extent as to have taxed all of our time. I have acted as inspector and as
my own interpreter in the examination of a large part of the arriving Japanese,
in order that the Interpreters and inspectors might be able to handle the woi'k
of the board of special inquiry and Chinese cases. The inspectors themselves
do most of their typewriting while taking evidence. A large part of the time

EEPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. 339

an inspector is absent on boarding duty or in the investigation of other cases
on this or otlier islands. When an inspector is absent on investigations and an-
other is absent fi-oni tlie office all day in boarding or checking out vessels the
condition of affairs in the office is too apparent to need explanation. The offi-
cers at this station work together in harmony and with exemplary fidelity. We
regret that one inspector and one clerk now in the office have resigned to enter
other pursuits and trust that their places may be soon filled.

Richard L. Halsey,
Inspector in Charge.

EEPORT OF THE SUPERVISING INSPECTOR, DISTRICT NO. 23. COM-
PRISING TEXAS (EXCEPT DISTRICT NO. 9), NEW MEXICO, ARIZONA,
AND SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA.

I have the honor to submit herewith annual reix»rt for district No. 23 (Mexi-
can border) for the period ended June 30, 1914.

ALIEN ARRIVALS.

As has been pointed out in previous reports, the bulk of the immigration into
this district is composed of aliens coming for temporary sojourn, and who, so
far as the regulations are concerned, have, properly speaking, no place in
statistics. As is well known, however, the same inspection is made of this class
as of those coming for permanent residence. The following table embraces both
classes :

Statistical.

Non-
statistical.

17,058

52,739

13,925

51,090

3,133

1,649

907

407

321

183

1,905

1,059

1,564

1,026

341

33

61

3

276

30

4

2,161

1,239

14,897

51,500

Examined

Admitted on primary inspection

Held for hearing by board of special inquiry

Admitted by board of special inquiry

Rejected by board of special inquiry (mandatorily)

Rejected by board of special inquiry (with right of appeal or bond)

Rejected by board of special inquiry who did not appeal

Rejected by board of special inquiry who appealed

Admitted by department on appeal

Rejected by department on appeal

Admitted by department on bond

Debarred

Admitted

The 2,161 Statistical aliens and the 1,239 nonstatistical aliens were excluded
for the following causes :

Nonstatis-
tical.

IJljely to become a public charge

Trachoma

Accmopanying alien (sec. 11)

Under 16 years of age unaccompanied by either parent. .

Alien contract laborer

Prostitutes

Procurers

Other loathsome or dangerous contagious disease

Assisted aliens

Feeble-minded

Surgeon's certificate certifying mental or physical defect.

Idiots

Tuberculosis, contagious "

Epilept ic

Passport provision

Professional beggar

Imbeciles

Criminals

Insane

Paupers

Supported by proceeds of prostitution

Total

691
98

102
75
38
86
38
54

1,239

Per cent of statistical aliens excluded. 12.G.J.
Per cent of nonstatistical aliens excluded, 2.35.
Per cent of all classes of aliens excluded, 4.88.

340 BEPOKT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OE IMMIGRATION.

The foregoing table is self-explanatory and extended comment in connection
therewitli is unnecessary. A comparison of the data therein contained with
the previous year's report, however, is appropriate. Reference to the latter
shows 85,132 arrivals as against 69,747 during the current year, a decrease of
15,335. While it will be noted that the percentage of statistical aliens ex-
cluded this year is 1.75 greater, the percentage of nonstatistical debarred re-
mains practically the same. Unlike previous years, immigration during the
year just passed has been marked by a preponderance of the so-called " better
classes," particularly among applicants of the Mexican race. These in the
main, however, come seeking temporary refuge only, with no desire for em-
ployment. The change noted in the character of immigration is the natural
and inevitable result of the continued unsettled political, social, and industrial
conditions in Mexico. It is apparent to those conversant with the situation
that the war in that country has deprived the peons (who have under normal
conditions heretofore constituted the major portion of the immigration over
this border) of the means wherewith to travel, while, on the other hand, these
same conditions have brought about an exodus, voluntary or involuntary, of
other classes.

ILLEGITIMATE IMMIGRATION,

The only race falling within the class indicated by the above caption which
has caused any concern is the Syrian. Investigations conducted and informa-
tion received "from various sources demonstrate that Syrian immigrants are
deflected through Mexico as a result of representations made to them at trans-
oceanic points to the effect that less difficulty is experienced in securing ad-
mission through this district than is the case at seaports. During the year
357 Syrians applied for admission, of which number 158 were finally admitted,
187 debarred, and the cases of 12 remained pending at the close of the year;
54 were admitted on primary inspection, 91 by board of special inquiry, and
134 were either mandatorily excluded or waived the right of appeal; 66 of
those excluded appealed, of which number the appeals of 53 were denied and
13 sustained.

As illustrating the persistency of Syrians and their determination at all
hazards to secure admission to the United States, it may be stated that while
but 231 individuals of this race actually sought to enter, the sum total of
applications made by them first and last aggregated 357. Sixty-one of the
foregoing applied two or more times, resulting in 175 applications, each of
which was considered de novo. Nine of those excluded presented themselves
at various times, making an aggregate of 33 applications. Eighteen appeals
grew out of these applications, resulting finally in the admission of all in-
volved. Twenty-nine of those eventually excluded subsequently effected illegal
entry, of which number 26 were deported and warrants of arrest issued in
respect of 3 canceled. A firm enforcement of the law is the only method by
means of which the migration of aliens through Mexico rejected at European
ports can be discouraged.

EEFtlGEES.

ISIention has been made in the preceding reports of the many complex prob-
lems arising from the influx of alien refugees. The difficulties in the way of
a thorough yet humane administration of the law have steadily multiplied.
Many aliens have been summarily " deported " to the United States whose con-
tinued presence in Mexico was considered a menace to the interests of the con-
stituted authorities. .

One of the most difficult problems in connection with refugees arose during
October when approximately 8,000 panic-stricken aliens, mainly of the Mexican
race entered the United States at Eagle Pass, Tex., within a few hours, fleeing
from the then Federal forces who were reported about to attack the town of
Piedras Xegras, and who did subsequently occupy the same without resistance.
It was only by heroic efforts on the part of the officers of this service, ably
assisted by the Marine Hospital Service and the Army, that these aliens were
prevented from scattering aimlessly over the country. They were all eventually
Inspected and those found excludable returned to Mexico.

A somewhat similar situation, handled in a like manner, arose at Presidio,
Tex., in January last, when Mexican Federal forces to the number of about
5 000 accompanied by camp followers and hundreds of civilian refugees,
crossed into the United States and surrendered to the military of this country.

0

KEPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. 341

Experiences similar in many respects to those described have repeatedly been
encountered and similarly dealt with by this service at every port on the
border.

JAPANESK.

The situation in respect of Japanese migration continues very satisfactory.
During the year 145 aliens of this race applied for admission, and of that
number 21 were debarred. While this is a slight increase over the number who
applied during the previous year, such increase undoubtedly ai-ose from neces-
sities imposed upon a considerable number of representative Japanese by the
unsettled conditions in Mexico. During the year 67 Japanese were arrested
on departmental warrants, 58 of whom were dei)orted, 1 escaped, the cases of
0 were pending at the close of the year, and warrants in respect of 2 were
canceled. Of those deported, 53 were prostitutes or persons receiving, sharing
in, or deriving benefit from the earnings thereof; 13 of the same class, in re-
spect of whom warrants were issued, evaded arrest. The deportations referred
to resulted in the obliteration, root and branch, of the oriental "Red Light"
colony of Fresno, Cal., and dealt the traffic and its wealthy beneficiaries a
blow from which it is confidently believed they will not recover.

But one fine was assessed during the year and that under section 9 for
bringing into the Port of !San Diego, Cal., a Chinese seaman afiiicted with loath-
some or dangerous contagious disease. Penalty in the amount of $100 against
the steamer Messina was paid on December 31, 1913.

DESERTING SEAMEN.

Seamen to the number of 28 deserted at seaports within this jurisdiction and
1 was discharged. Of the 28 deserters 6 were apprehended and returned to
their respective vessels. Chinese seamen to the number of 1,065 arrived at
Pacific coast ports on 101 ships. Only 1 such seaman deserted, and he was
apprehended and returned to his vessel. There does not seem to exist within
this district any systematic evasion of the immigration laws by inadmissible
aliens in the guise of seamen. Twelve stowaways were discovered, 7 of whom
were admitted and 5 excluded.

MEDICAL INSPECTION.

The medical inspection has been as thorough as the inadequate facilities per-
mitted. The officers charged with the medical inspection of aliens are perform-
ing their duty in a conscientious and capable manner. During the month of
October, 1013, approximately 8,000 alien refugees entered the United States at
Eagle Pass, Tex., within a few hours. The medical examiner at that point is
entitled to special commendation for the highly efficient manner in which, under
the cii'cumstances, he inspected and looked after the health of the aliens, as well
as the precautions employed by him to prevent the spread of smallpox, which
broke out among the detained refugees. The officer in question was untiring in
his efl'orts and displayed ability and unusual resourcefulness.

DISTRIBUTION OF ALIENS.

There are no officers of the Division of Information assigned to this district
for the purpose of furnishing information to arriving aliens and looking after
their beneficial distribution. Such work as has been possible along these lines
has been conducted by the regular force, in addition to its routine duties. The
problem is an important one, viewed from any standpoint, and the conditions
peculiar to the border render it one impossible of solution by methods employed
at seaports. In this district the bulk of immigration is composed of aliens of
the Mexican race, coming for temporary residence wnth employment as track
laborers on railway lines radiating from the border in view. This subject has
been exhaustively treated in special reports submitted from time to time and
comprehensive plans outlined to handle the situation. It is of such magnitude
as to preclude anything like a satisfactory discussion thereof within the con-
fines of a report of this character.

%

342 EEPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

CONTRACT LABOR.

As is shown elsewhere in this repoi't, the sum of $62,943.90 has been collected
as a result of fines and penalties imix)sed against persons or corporations
charged with violations of the contract-labor provisions of the immigration act.
While most of the money paid in during the year was derived as a result of
suits instituted during previous years, two successful actions were concluded
during the current year. A section 24 officer was assigned to this district be-
ginning with the current year, and he has given practically his undivided atten-
tion to this class of work. He has made numerous visits over the district for
the purpose of getting in close touch with persons interested in the enforcement
of this particular feature of the law. Reports submitted by him indicate that
there is no systematic importation of contract laborers into or through this
district.

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. 343

344 REPORT OP COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

Recapitulation.

Chinese.

Other
aliens.

From previous fiscal year

34

834

34

Warrants applied for during current year

423

Total

868

457

Warrants issued

867

457

Warrants applied for, not issued

Total

868

457

Warrants served . .

866

426

Warrants issued, not served

31

Warrants applied for, not issued

Total

868

457

DISPOSITION.

Deported

813
3
1
2
3
45
1

317

Canceled

47

Issued, not served

31

4

Died

2

Pending

56

Applied for, not issued

Total

868

457

111 addition to the foregoing, 36 aliens from ottier districts were deported
tlirongli this jurisdiction, as follows: Seventeen public charges (prior causes),
1 prostitute, 6 procurers, 2 contract laborers, and 10 entry without Inspection.

Reference to the annual report for the preceding year shows that 730 war-
rants were Issued, while for the current year 1.256 were issued, an increase of
526. In the current year 1,130 aliens were actually deported, while in the
preceding year 647 were returned, an increase of 483. This increase is due
largely to the luiusual number of Chinese arrested at or near Calexico, Cal.,
found illegally in the country following transit through the United States from
China. The large increase noted in the number of arrests accomplished \yithout
any additional assistance whatsoever has imposed an unusually heavy burden
upon the officers in this district. While the above table shows that the 855
aliens arrested were simply charged with entry without inspection, it will be
noted that 805 of this number were Chinese and. as such, were deportable under
the provisions of the Chinese-exclusion acts as well as under the immigration
laws. Mention was made in last year's report concerning aliens found unlaw-
fully in the United States in the immediate vicinity of the border, who were,
after having signified a desire to return to INIexico. permitted to do so, it ap-
pearing in some instances that the only disqualification was that of entry
without inspection. The same conditions have obtained to even a greater extent
during the past year, and the same practice has been employed in disposing of
such cases. This procedure results in a substantial saving of both labor and
money.

WHITE SLAVERY (MANN ACT).

The customary careful attention has been given to the enforcement of this
act. Strictly speaking, the activities of this service have been largely coopera-
tive with officials of the Department of Justice. Much information of a valu-
able character has been referred to such officials and made the basis of success-
ful prosecutions by them. The results attained by this service under those
provisions of the said act in connection with which this service has jurisdiction
are shown elsewhere in this report.

CHINESE APPLICANTS FOR ADMISSION.

Returning laborer admitted 1

United States citizens (status previously determined) 5

Returning merchant 1

Exempt (section 6 student) 1

Total 8

No applicants for admission were rejected under the provisions of the Chinese-
exclusion act, and as a result there were no appeals.

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. 345

TRANSITS (CHINESE).

Admitted at Mexican border ports to pass out of the United States at
other ports 612

Admitted at San Francisco to pass out of the United States through
Mexican border ports 2,050

Total 2, 662

Of the 612 admitted at border ports 462 departed into Lower California at
Calexico, Cal., and of the 2,050 admitted at San Francisco 1,955 did likewise,
making a total of 2,417 entering Lower Califoniia. That many of the Chinese
proceeding to Lower California sought the transit privilege with an ulterior
object in view is evidenced by the fact that 564 of the same Chinese were
arrested during the year, following surreptitious entry. Information in posses-
sion of this office indicates that from one to two thousand Chinese now residing
along the west coast of Mexico will be forced out of that section of the country
into Lower California, and as arrangements have been made since the period
covered by this report to transport from three to five thousand additional from
China to Lower California by way of San Francisco, the difficulties which will
ensue in preventing the lodgment in this country of a large proportion of their
number are obvious, particularly when the fact is considered that the new
arrivals will so augment the numbers already in Lower California as to create
a supply of laborers in that section far in excess of its present and prospective
requirements.

INVESTIGATIONS (CHINESE).

The following is a summary of investigations conducted in connection with
Chinese matters other than those relating to deportation and criminal pro-
ceedings :

Applications for laborer's return certificates :

Granted 101

Denied 1

102

Applications of departing exempts :

Granted 148

Denied 10

158

Applications of departing natives granted 68

Applications of returning exempts :

Admitted 96

Denied 20

116

Applications of returning natives admitted 58

Applications for duplicate certificates:

Granted 29

Denied 26

Pending 15

70

Miscellaneous 203

Investigations conducted to determine whether certificates of residence

were in possession of proper persons, resulting in cancellation thereof — 116

Total 891

Thousands of investigations have been conducted in connection with the crim-
inal work of this district which it is impracticable to tabulate. The result of
such investigations are shown elsewhere in this report.

CHINESE ADMITTED AS EXEMPTS FOUND LABORING.

The officers of this district have kept under close surveillance Chinese landed
as exempts, and in every case where observation has shown that the alleged
status was a mere subterfuge employed to secure the landing of a laborer

346 REPORT OP COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

appropriate steps have been taken to effect deportation, by means of depart-
mental warrant where possible, otherwise by the institution of judicial pro-
ceedings. The majority of such cases are alleged sons of merchants, and the
circumstances under which many of them have been found laboring indicate
bad faith at the time of entry. In many such cases it would likewise appear
from circumstantial evidence that the claim of relationship is fictitious and
was assumed solely for the purpose of securing admission. The difficulty of
determining the fraud in such cases at the ports of application is realized, for
as a rule the unlawful status can only be developed by the actions of the appli-
cants. Thus is emphasized the necessity for the strictest character of sur-
veillance. While "vigilance" is our watchword in respect of this class of
Chinese, at the same time care has been observed not to take advantage of an
alien who was a bona fide exempt at the time of landing and for some time
thereafter, and subsequently involuntarily became a laborer through business
reverses or other misfortunes either on his own part or that of the person whose
status he has acquired. Notwithstanding these precautions and the entire
fairness and justice with which the law has been enforced, our efforts have
been strenuously opposed by those interested in a freer admission of the Chinese
coolie, the powerful Chinese Six Companies lending its assistance to the fight
and employing the best legal talent available. As a result there are now pend-
ing in the courts of this district, on habeas coi-pus and by deportation proceed-
ings under tlie exclusion acts, a number of cases involving the question of the
right to deport a Chinese landed as an exempt and subsequently found en-
gaged in laboring pursuits. Most of these cases are pending in southern Cali-
fornia and Arizona. There is also one such case pending in the Luited States
District Court for New Mexico and one in the United States District Court for
the Noi'thern District of Texas. No authoritative decision has as yet been
rendered, but the different United States attorneys are vigorously prosecuting
the Government's interests, and it is hoped that within a short time, from the
haze of uncertainty which now envelops the question, a precedent may issue
which will serve to clarify the legal atmosphere.

CEBTIFICATE CHINESE.

During the past year but 76 Chinese persons were checked out of El Paso
through the immigration office. Without exception such persons were known
to be old residents of El Paso or vicinity or individuals who had previously
been checked into El Paso from some other part of the country. These are
remarkable figures as compared with those of former years, wlien certificate
men — those holding good certificates of residence — departed from El Paso by
the hundreds each year. Foi'merly, owing to the difficulty of presenting to the
courts sufficiently convincing proof of illegal entry, it was impossible to secure
deportation of such Chinese unless they were actually apprehended in the act
of crossing the boundary — a physical impossibility except in relatively few
instances. Under such circumstances there was no alternative but to check
the Chinese out of El Paso on presentation of the necessary certificate of resi-
dence or other documentai-y evidence, and for years El Paso's Chinatown was
simply overcrowded with certificate Chinese who had effected illegal entry from
Mexico and were awaiting convenient opportunity to depart to other parts of
the country. However, following the decision of the Supreme Court of the
United States in the Wong You case (223 U. S., 67), holding that Chinese were
amenable to the provisions of the immigration laws, no new Chinese was per-
mitted to leave El Paso without a thorough investigation of his status, embrac-
ing his life history, and particularly his residence and travels in the United
States. These statements, accompanied by photographs, have been forwarded
to those places where previous residence has been claimed for the purpose of
developing evidence .showing whether departure for China without return pro-
vision was made. So far-reaching have been the results that it is literally
within the truth to say that no Chinese venture to remain in El Paso after
crossing from Mexico, and none such apply at the immigration office for the
purpose of being checked out of town. Compared with previous years, El Paso's
Chinatown now resembles a deserted village. It will be remembered that El
Paso was formerly the clearing house for all certificate Chinese who had left
the country without return provision and who, as previously pointed out, con-
stituted numerically the largest and financially the most profitable element of
the smugglers' clientele.

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. 347

As a result of the activities pursued in this particular direction two conditions
now obtain: (1) Certificate Chinese no longer remain openly in El Paso after
illegal entry, but are immediately removed by automobile, freight car, etc. The
success in overtaking and apprehending contrabands has resulted in the financial
ruin of at least two notorious Chinese smugglers of Juarez, Mexico, one of whom
braved indictments pending against him in this district in an attempt to return
to China with the remnant of his once large fortune, derived from smuggling
operations ; and the other of whom is now reported to be financially embarrassed
to such an extent that he is unable to advance expen.se money for his operatives
and as a consequence has nothing but the most undesirable and least profitable
business at this time. (2) A large number of certificate Chinamen have been
forced east and west of El Paso. This is still more satisfactory, as their appre-
hension is thus made easier by reason of more favorable topogi'aphical condi-
tions, and in the smaller Mexican towns through which they are forced to pass
greater opportunity is afforded for observation and the securing of witnesses
to their recent presence in Mexico.

While these gratifying results have been accomplished at El Paso, it must not
be supposed that there is any room for relaxation of vigilance, as greater pre-
cautions now attend the efforts of the smugglers, requiring more diligent activity
on the part of the officers. And it is known that the smugglers are waiting
and hoping with such patience and philosophy as their losses render possible for
some relaxation of the embargo which will permit a renewal of their formerly
lucrative traffic.

Chinese arrests {court cases).

North-
ern
Texas.

South-
ern
Texas.

East-
ern
Texas.

West-
ern
Texas.

New
Mexico.

Ari-
zona.

South-
ern
Cali-
fornia.

Total.

Cases before United States commis-
sioners:
Cases considered-
Pending close of 1913

51
8

1
7

2
5

16
62

70

Arrested, 1914

6

88

Total

6

2
4

59
21

8

1

6

7

3
4

78

7
50

158

Disposition —

34

Ordered deported

32
3
3

16

96

Died, escaped, forfeited bond.

3

Pending close of 1914

1

2

21
4

25

Awaiting deportation or appeal,

22

Cases before United States courts:
Cases considered-
Pending on appeal close 1913.
Appealed, 1914

1
4

29

48

1
1

1

2

12
14

44

169

Total

5
3

77

2

1

3

1
1

26

11
2
1

12

113

Disposition-

28
17
2
30

44

Reversed

20

Died, escaped, forfeited bond.

3

Fending close of 1914

2

1

1

46

Status and final disposition of all
cases for fiscal year ended June 30,
1914:
Discharged

2
3

38
25

1
5

4
3

9

50

1

1
33

54

Actually deported

86

Died, escaped, forfeited bond

5
3
33

6

1

2

2

1

7

Pending close of 1914

2

2 71

'Grand total

7

104

9

10

94

224

' Including 20 appealed to circuit court of appeals.
2 Including 20 pending in circuit court of appeals.

During the year the cases of 224 Chinese were considered by courts in this
district, which figure includes those pending from the previous year. It may
be remarked parenthetically, however, that this figure falls far short of por-
traying actual conditions in respect of the number of contraband Chinese

348 EEPOET OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OP IMMIGRATION.

apprehended when consideration is had of the fact that 866 such aliens were
proceeded against by departmental processes. Treating these two classes col-
lectively, it will be observed that the cases of 1,090 contraband Chinese were
considered. Of these, 899 were deported, 57 discharged by court on warrants
canceled; 11 died, escaped, or forfeited bond; 7 are awaiting deportation; and
the cases of 116 are pending.

While there has been an increase in the number of Chinese deportation pro-
ceedings instituted before United States commissioners this increase is confined
mainly to the southern district of California. There have been found in that
section many Chinese without color of right to residence, in whose cases it
has been impossible to establish entry within three years. Against such it
has been necessary to Institute deportation proceedings under the Chinese-
exclusion acts. It will be noted that the cases pending in courts at the close of
the year are fewer in number, and efforts are directed to clearing the dockets
and keeping them clear.

In this connection a peculiar condition of affairs exists at El Paso. There
are now pending on appeal in the United States Circuit Court of Appeals for
the Fifth Circuit 20 Chinese deportation cases. Eighteen of these appeals were
perfected subsequent to January 1, 1914, from El Paso, Tex. Examination of
the records shows that from 1903 until that date — January 1, 1914 — but 19 cases
were taken to the circuit court of appeals in the whole Mexican border district,
embracing the northern, eastern, southern, and western judicial districts of
Texas, the judicial districts of Arizona, New Mexico, and southern California.
The present state of affairs is unquestionably due to the decision of the Circuit
Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit in the case of N. Jim Quan v. The United
States, the opinion in which was rendered January 13, 1914. That was a purely
fact case, in which an officer of the Immigration Sex'vice positively identified a
certificate Chinaman as having been seen by him in Juarez, Mexico. The
Chinaman, of course, denied this, but could advance no reasonable explanation
for his presence on the Mexican border. The case resolved itself into a ques-
tion of veracity between the Chinaman and the Government witness, and as
such was one in which the trial court's impression of the witnesses was pecul-
iarly valuable in reaching a proper determination of the issue. Notwithstand-
ing this, and contrary to the expressed declarations of other circuit courts of
appeals, that for the fifth circuit reviewed the facts and held that the trial
judge had decided the case contrary to the weight of evidence. Further, as a
direct result, it is now more difficult than ever to secure orders of deiwrtation
from the United States commissioner at El Paso and the district court, and
unless the circuit court of appeals can be induced to change its attitude much
embarrassment will ensue.

PROSECUTION.

A summary of criminal prosecutions and civil suits instituted for violation of
either the Chinese exclusion or immigration laws follows :

Violations of Chinese-exclusion laws.

Hiland D. Maynard, indicted (2 separate indictments) April, 1909; charged
with conspiracy to smuggle Chinese in violation of section 37, Criminal Code;
indicted again in October, 1909, on same charges and for same offense; all in-
dictments dismissed October, 1913, on account of conviction on another charge
growing out of the same transaction.

G. M. Scott, indicted in April, 1909; charged with conspiracy to smuggle
Chinese in violation of section 37, Criminal Code; indictment dismissed October,
1913, on account of defendant turning State's evidence.

Mar Chew, indicted in April. 1909; charged with conspiracy to smuggle
Chinese in violation of section 37. Criminal Code; indictment dismissed on ac-
count of defendant having been indicted, tried, and acquitted in another district
on same charge.

Ira E. Kennedy, indicted April. 1911 ; charged with conspiracy to smuggle
Chinese in violation of section 37. Criminal Code; awaiting trial.

W. J. Patterson, indicted April, 1911 ; charged with conspiracy to smuggle
Chinese in violation of section 37, Criminal Code; awaiting trial.

Woo Wai, indicted June, 1911; charged with aiding and abetting the smug-
gling of Chinese in violation of section 11, act of July 5, 1884 ; also indicted
June, 1911, charged with conspiracy to bribe Government officers in violation of

EEPOET OF COMMISSIONER GENEEAL OE IMMIGEATION. 349

section 37, Criminal Code; awaiting trial on account of conviction under an-
other indictment growing out of the same criminal transaction.

Mar Jick, indicted June, 1!)11 ; cliarired with conspiracy to bribe Government
officer in violation of section 37. Criminal Code; awaiting trial.

^^'ong Yee. indicted June, 1911 ; charged with conspiracy to bribe Government
officer in violation of section 37, Criminal Code; awaiting trial on account of
defendant having been convicted under another indictment growing out of same
transaction.

Wong Wing Sai, indicted June. 1911 ; charged with conspiring to bribe Gov-
ernment officer in violation of section 37. Criminal Code; awaiting trial on ac-
count of defendant havjng been convicted under another indictment growing out
of same transaction.

Wong Chong. indicted June, 1911 ; charged with aiding and abetting the
smuggling of Chinese in violation of section 11. act of July 5, 1884 ; also indicted
June, 1911, charged with conspiring to bribe Government officers in violation of
section 37, Criminal Code; awaiting trial on account of conviction under another
indictment growing out of same criminal transaction.

Charley Soo, indicted April, 1910 ; charged with conspiracy to smuggle
Chinese in violation of section 37. Criminal Code; awaiting trial on account of
having been convicted under another indictment growing out of same transac-
tion.

Mar Ben Kee, indicted April, 1910; charged with conspiracy to smuggle
Chinese in violation of section 37, Criminal Code ; awaiting trial on account of
having been convicted under another indictn^ent growing out of same transac-
tion.

Ming Wo, indicted (3 separate indictments) April. 1910: charged with con-
spiracy in violation of section 37, Criminal Code: convicted on one indictment
April. 1914 ; sentenced to serve four months in jail and pay a fine of $400 ; other
indictments pending.

Yee Kim Yoke, indicted April, 1910 : charged with conspiracy to smuggle
Chinese in violation of section 37. Criminal Code; awaiting trial on account of
having been convicted under another indictment growing out of same transac-
tion.

Thomas Montes, indicted April. 1910; charged with conspiracy to smuggle
Chinese in violation of section 37, Criminal Code; awaiting trial.

Domingo Flores, indicted April. 1910; charged with conspiracy to smuggle
Chinese in violation of section 37. Criminal Code: awaiting trial.

Teodoro A^iescas, indicted April, 1910; charged with conspiracy to smuggle
Chinese in violation of section 37, Criminal Code: awaiting trial.

Miguel Hernandez, indicted April. 1910 ; charged with conspiracy to smuggle
Chinese in violation of section 37, Criminal Code; awaiting trial.

Antonio Feliz, indicted (2 separate indictments) January, 1912; charged
with conspiracy to smuggle Chinese in violation of section 37, Criminal Code;
awaiting trial account conviction under another indictment growing out of same
transaction.

Charley Wing, indicted December, 1911; charged with conspiracy to smuggle
Chinese in violation of section 37, Criminal Code; tried and acquitted March,
1914.

Ma Tin Loy, indicted December, 1911; charged with conspiracy to smuggle
Chinese in violation of section 37, Criminal Code; tried and acquitted March,
1914.

Lone Fat, E. W. Tracy, Antonio Feliz. jr., John Doe. Mary Doe, indicted
December, 1911 ; charged with conspiracy to smuggle Chinese in violation of
section 37, Criminal Code: fugitives from justice. These cases were erroneously
carried in last year's I'eport as awaiting trial ; they will be dropped in future
reports unless apprehended. (Two separate indictments returned against E. W.
Tracy.)

Ed R. Hall, indicted January. 1913: charged with conspiracy to smuggle
Chinese in violation of section 37, Criminal Code; fugitive from justice. This
case was erroneously carried in last year's report as awaiting trial: it will be
dropped in future reports unless apprehended.

Sam Yick. indicted November, 1911; charged with conspiracy to smuggle
Chinese in violation of section 37, Criminal Code; convicted May, 1914; sen-
tenced to serve one year in jail.

Jung Kin. indicted November. 1911 ; charged with conspiracy to smuggle
Chinese in violation of section 37, Criminal Code; convicted May, 1914; sen-
tenced to serve 1 year in jail.

350 KEPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

Yee Hong, indicted November, 1911 ; charged witli conspiracy to smuggle
Chinese in violation of section 37, Criminal Code; fugitive from justice. This
case was erroneously carried in last year's report as awaiting trial ; it will be
dropped in future reports unless apprehended.

Ng Foo Sai, Ng On, Wong Suey, Ng Gim Bow, indicted September, 1911;
charged with attempting to bribe Govei-nment officer in violation of section 39,
Criminal Code ; awaiting trial.

Lee Lung, indicted June, 1912 ; charged with falsely impersonating the right-
ful owner of certificate of residence in violation of section 8, act May 5, 1892;
Government consented to dismissal of criminal proceedings in view of the fact
that defendant was ordered deported to China.

Hom AVong, indicted May, 1912; charged with false impersonation of rightful
owner of certificate of residence in violation of section 8, act May 5, 1892;
pleaded guilty October, 1913, and sentenced to serve 3 months in jail.

Ngun Bing, indicted June. 1912 ; charged with falsely impersonating rightful
owner of certificate of residence in violation of section 8, act May 5, 1892;
pleaded guilty December, 1913, and sentenced to pay a fine of $50.

Jee Doug Kew, indicted June, 1912 ; charged with falsely impersonating
rightful owner of certificate of residence in violation of section 8, act May 5,
1892; pleaded guilty February 27, 1914, and sentenced to pay a fine of $50.

C. Carpenter. E. Kramer, indicted June. 1912; charged with conspiracy to
smuggle Chinese in violation of section 37, Criminal Code; awaiting ti'ial.

Liw Tuck Yeng, indicted June, 1912; charged with conspiracy to smuggle
Chinese in violation of section 37» Criminal Code; fugitive from justice. This
case was erroneously carried in last year's report as awaiting trial; it will be
dropped in future reports unless apprehended.

Joaquin Naud, indicted August, 1911 ; charged with conspiracy to smuggle
Chinese in violation of section 37, Criminal Code; awaiting trial.

Ng Fun, indicted September, 1910; charged with aiding and abetting the
illegal entry of Chinese into the United States in violation of section 11, act
July 5, 1884 ; awaiting trial account conviction and sentence under another
indictment.

Muy Fat, Vincente Castellum. Chin Man. Ah Yet, John Doe, Fan Chow. Louis
Fernandes. Jordan Feliz, and Wong Gong Huey, indicted October. 1912; charged
with conspiracy to smuggle Chinese in violation of section 37. Criminal Code;
fugitives from justice; these cases were erroneously carried in last year's
report as awaiting trial ; they will be dropped in future unless apprehended.

Mah Kwong Yeun, indicted January, 1913 ; charged with falsely impersonat-
ing owner of certificate of residence in violation of section 8, act May 5, 1892;
pleaded guilty November, 1913. sentenced to serve 1 day in jail.

Louis R. Briggs, Jack Hetzel, Miguel Chavez, and Santos Duran, indicted
April, 1912, charged with conspiracy to smuggle Chinese in violation of section
37. Criminal Code; convicted April, 1914; Briggs sentenced to pay a fine of
$300; Hetzel sentenced to serve 1 year and 1 day in the penitentiary; Chavez
and Duran to serve 3 months each in jail.

Chin Man Kan, Chin Fong, Wong Lew Quong, Ging Fon, and Lim Toy, in-
dicted January, 1913; charged with conspiracy to smuggle Chinese in violation
of section 37, Criminal Code; Chin Man Kan pleaded guilty June, 1914, and sen-
tenced to serve 6 months in jail ; indictment against Chin Fong was dismissed
in June, 1914 ; the other three defendants are fugitives from justice, and their
cases were erroneously carried in last year's report as awaiting trial ; they
will be dropped in future reports unless fugitives are apprehended.

John Osterhaus. A. E. O'Banion, William Kirby. Harry Lloyd, and Frank
Wertz. indicted November, 1912. charged with conspiracy to smuggle Chinese
in violation of section 37, Criminal Code; indictment as to Harry Lloyd dis-
missed account defendant turning State's evidence; indictment as to Frank
Wertz dismissed account insufficient evidence; Osterhaus pleaded guilty, but
has not yet been sentenced — will be carried as awaiting trial; trial of O'Banion
and Kirby resulted in hung jury.

Jim Hong, indicted April, 1913 ; charged with perjury in violation of section
5392. Revisetl Statutes of the United States; indictment dismissed, December,
1913, on motion of United States attorney.

George Gill, J. C. Lee, Lee See Kam, Wong Ming. Wong Gong Huey, Jew
Bew Quong. Fuey Moon, and Wong Wai, indicted June, 1913 ; charged with con-
spiracy to smuggle Chinese in violation of section 37, Criminal Code; Gill
pleaded guilty August, 1913; sentenced to serve 1 year in jail. J. C. Lee con-

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. 351

victed March. 1914 ; sentenced to serve 15 months in penitentiary. Indictment
as to Wong Wai dismissed March, 1914, account turning State's evidence. De-
fandants Wong Gong Huey, Jew Bew Quong, and Fuey Moon are fugitives from
justice, and their cases were erroneously carried in last year's report as await-
ing trial ; they will be dropped in future reports unless apprehended. The
remaining defendants are awaiting trial.

Damasio Bejarana. indicted October, 1912 ; charged with conspiracy to smug-
gle Chinese in violation of section 37, Criminal Code; fugitive from justice;
this case was erroneously carried in last year's report as awaiting trial ; it
will be dropped in future reports unless fugitive is apprehended.

Dong Nom Bew and Dong John, indicted April, 1914, charged with perjury
in violation of section 125 of the Criminal Code; awaiting trial.

Yee Wing, arrested June, 1914; charged with falsely impersonating rightful
owner of certificate in violation of section 8, act May 5, 1892; awaiting action
of grand jury.

You 'Lum, indicted November, 1913 ; charged with attempting to bribe Govern-
ment officer in violation of section 39, Criminal Code; pleaded guilty November,
1918, and sentenced to serve 10 days in jail and pay a fine of $50.

Ah Fong, indicted May, 1914. charged with subornation of perjury in violation
of section 126, Criminal Code; awaiting trial.

Jesse Stewart, arrested June, 1914 ; charged with aiding and abetting illegal
entry into the United States of Chinese in violation of section 8, act of February
20, 1907 ; awaiting action of grand jury.

Manuel Mendoza. indicted April, 1914; charged with aiding and abetting
illegal entry of Chinese in violation of section 8, act February 20, 1907 ; pleaded
guilt.v June, 1914, and sentenced to serve 18 months in penitentiary.

Charles L. Sharp, indicted April, 1914 ; charged with aiding and al)etting the
smuggling of Chinese in violation of section 11. act July 5, 1884; convicted April,
1914, and sentenced to serve five months in jail and fined $100.

Manuel Villareal, indicted April, 1914 ; charged with aiding and abetting the
smuggling of Chinese in violation of section 11, act of July 5, 1884 ; convicted
April, 1914, and sentenced to serve seven months in jail and fined $1.

Harry R. Ross, arrested May, 1914 ; charged with aiding and abetting the
smuggling of Chinese in violation of section 11, act of July 5, 1884 ; awaiting
action of grand jury.

Lee Hop, arrested June, 1914 ; charged with impersonating rightful holder of
certificate of residence in violation of section 8, act of May 5, 1892 ; awaiting
action of grand jury.

Lee Hing, arrested June. 1914 ; charged with falsely impersonating rightful
owner of certificate of residence in violation of section 8, act of May 5, 1892;
awaiting action of grand jury.

Gregorio Guzman, indicted October, 1913; charged with aiding and abetting
the illegal entry of Chinese in violation of section 8, act of February 20, 1907;
convicted and sentenced to serve four years and four days in the penitentiary.

Wong Him Ching. indicted May, 1914 ; charged with aiding and abetting the
illegal entry of Chinese ; convicted May, 1914, and sentenced to serve one year in
jail.

Clinton Culver, William Freeman, E. J. Mason, Chew Bing, Hom Ging Lung,
Dominic San Fillippo. and Andrea Basile, indicted April, 1914; charged with con-
spiracy to smuggle Chinese in violation of section 37, Criminal Code; all of the
defendants in this case are awaiting trial with the exception of Chew Bing, who
pleaded guilty and was sentenced to serve two years in the penitentiary.

George Hubbert, Burt Hall, and Charley Moore, indicted February, 1914;
charged with conspiracy to smuggle Chinese in violation of section 37, Criminal
Code; defendants pleaded guilty February, 1914; sentenced to serve 60 days
each in jail.

Young Sing and Leroy Hughes, indicted January, 1914; charged with con-
spiracy to smuggle Chine.se in violation of section 37, Criminal Code; first
named pleaded guilty and sentenced to serve two years in penitentiary; second
named pleaded guilty and sentenced to serve two months in jail.

Jose Gabriel Gonzalez, indicted October, 1913 ; charged with aiding and abet-
ting illegal entry of Chinese in violation of section 8. act February 20, 1907;
pleaded guilty October, 1913, and sentenced to serve eight months in jail.

Chang Gin, indicted April. 1914 ; charged with falsely impersonating rightful
holder of certificate of residence in violation of section 8. act of May 5, 1892;
convicted April, 1914, and sentenced to serve six months in jail.

352 BEPOET OF COMMISSIONER GENEEAL OF IMMIGRATION.

Injinio Miranda, iudicted October, 1913; charged with conspiracy to smuggle
Chinese in violation of section 37, Criminal Code; pleaded guilty October, 1913,
and sentenced to serve one year and one day in the penitentiary.

Horn Chee, indicted November, 1913; charged with falsely impersonating right-
ful owner of certificate of residence in violation of section 8, act May 5, 1892;
convicted November, 1913, and sentenced to serve one year and one day in
penitentiary.

Thomas Martin, arrested April, 1914 ; charged with conspiracy to smuggle
Chinese in violation of section 37, Criminal Code; awaiting action of grand
Jury.

Rafael Piaz and Estevan Martinez, indicted October 7, 1913; charged with
conspiracy to smuggle Chinese in violation of section 37, Criminal Code ; con-
victed October, 1913 ; first named sentenced to serve eight months in jail and
fined $1 ; second named sentenced to serve six months in jail and fined $1.

Violations of immigration laws.

Manuel Sandoval, indicted September, 1911 ; charged with attempting to bring
alien woman into the United States who was not entitled to enter in violation of
section 8, act February 20, 1907 ; escaped from jail ; fugitive from justice. This
case was erroneously carried in last year's report as awaiting trial; it will be
dropped in future reports unless apprehended.

Erlinda Gonzales, iudicted November. 1912; charged with reentering the
United States after having been deported as a prostitute, violation of section 3,
immigration act; defendant failed to appear for trial; bond in sum of $100
forfeited April, 1914. This case will not be carried in future reports unless
apprehended.

Guadalupe Gonzales, Indicted October, 1912 ; charged with attempting to
bring an alien into the United States not entitled, to enter, in violation of
section 8, act of February 20, 1907 ; fugitive from justice. This case was erro-
neously carried in last year's report as awaiting trial, and. it will be dropped in
future reports unless apprehended.

Trinidad Billauneva, indicted November, 1912 ; charged with attempting to
import an alien woman for immoral puri^oses, in violation of section 3, act of
February 20, 1907, as amended; defendant failed to appear for trial and bond
in the sum of $100 was forfeited in April, 1914. This case will not be carried
in future reports unless apprehended.

Henri La Marque, iudicted January, 1913 ; charged with importing an alien
woman into the United States for immoral purposes, in violation of section 3,
act of February 20, 1907, as amended; defendant failed to appear for trial and
bond in the sum of $1,000 was declared forfeited during May, 1914. This case
will not be carried in future reports unless apprehended.

Jorge Arellano, indicted October, 1913; charged with bringing into the United
States aliens not entitled to enter, in violation of section 8, act of February 20,
1907 ; pleaded guilty in October, 1913, and sentenced to serve 1 year in jail.

Shigeshi Matsuola, indicted April, 1913; charged with attempting to bribe
Government officer, in violation of section 39, Criminal Code; plead guilty
March, 1914, and sentenced to serve 1 day in jail and pay a fine of $300.

Tyo Saito, indicted October, 1913, charged with attempt to bribe Government
officer, in violation of section 39, Criminal Code ; pleaded guilty October, 1913,
and sentenced to serve 30 days in jail and pay a fine of $1.

Anastasia Marquez, arrested June, 1914 ; charged with entering the United
States after having been deported as a prostitute, in violation of section 3, act
of February 20, 1907, as amended; awaiting action of grand jury.

Maria Soils, arrested April, 1914 ; charged with entering the United States
after having been deported as a prostitute, in violation of section 3, act of
February 20, 1907, as amended ; awaiting action of grand jury.

A. D. Hicks, John Bell, Arthur Walker, Josephine Barnett, indicted October,
1913 ; charged with conspiring to import an alien woman into the United States
for immoral purposes, in violation of section 3, act of February 20, 1907, as
amended; October, 1913, Hicks was found guilty and sentenced to serve 18
months in the penitentiary; Bell was acquitted; the indictments against Walker
and Barnett were dismissed in April, 1914.

Felipe Villax'eal, indicted November. 1913: charged with attempting to bring
aliens into the United States, who were not entitled to enter, in violation of
section 8, act of February 20, 1907; pleaded guilty November, 1913, and sen-
tenced to serve 60 days in jail.

REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. 353

Juana Rodriguez, indicted November, 1913: charged with having reentered
the United States after having been deported as a prostitute, in violation of
section 3, act of February 20, 1907, as amended ; pleaded guilty and sentenced to
serve 60 days in jail.

Pablo Medina, indicted September, 1913; charged with attempting to import
an alien woman into the United States for immoral purposes, in violation of
section 3, act of February 20. 1907, as amended; pleaded guilty September, 1913,
and sentenced to serve 6 months in jail.

Furst Stanislaus Sulkowski. indicted November. 1913; charged with importing
an alien woman into the United States for immoral punioses. in violation of
section 3, act of February 20, 1907. as amended : fugitive from justice. This
case was erroneously carried in last year's report as awaiting trial; it will be
dropped in future reports unless apprehended.

Frederico Torres, indictetl January, 1914; charged with having committed
perjury before a board of special inquiry, in violation of section 24, act of Feb-
ruary 20, 1907 ; pleaded guilty February, 1914, and sentenced to serve 30 days in
jail.

Concepcion Aguirre. indicted October, 1913 ; charged with bringing an alien
woman into the United States for immoral pun)Ose.s. in violation of section 3,
act of February 20. 1907. as amended ; pleaded guilty October, 1913, and sen-
tenced to serve 1 year and 1 day in the penitentiary.

Francisco Rosas, arrested June, 1914, charged with importing an alien woman
into the United States for immoral pui^oses, in violation of section 3, act of
February 20, 1907. as amended; awaiting action of grand jury.

Maria Siqueiros, arrested June, 1914, charged with reentering the United
States after having been deported as a prostitute, in violation of section 3, act
of February 20. 1907, as amended ; awaiting action of grand jurj'.

Aurelio Hernandez, indicted April. 1914, charged with importing an alien
woman into the Unitetl States, not duly admitted, in violation of section 3, act
of February 20. 1907 ; convicted April, 1914, and sentenced to serve 90 days in
jail.

Trinoteo L. Flores. indicted October, 1913, charged with perjury before board
of special inquiry, in violation of section 24, act of February 20, 1907 ; pleaded
guilty and was sentenced to serve 60 days in jail and fined $100.

CIVIL SUITS.

Suit filed December, 1909, charging importation of 45 aliens in violation of
contract-labor provisions of the immigration act (sec. 4. Feb. 20. 1907) ; tried
June, 1910; jury rendered verdict in favor of Government for $45,000 and costs;
the case was appealed through various courts to Supreme Court of United
States, which court affirmed the judgment of the lower court March, 1914 ;
penalty and costs, totaling $58,798.34. paid after close of fiscal year.

W. W. Vaughan and F. L. Lovett. suit instituted March, 1912. charging impor-
tation of 23 aliens in violation of the contract-labor provisions of the immigra-
tion act (sec. 4, Feb. 20. 1907) ; owing to inability of tlie Government to secure
service on Mr. Vaughan. who proceeded to ]Mexico before suit was filed, this
case was compromised in Januarj'. 1914. on payment of fine of $1,000.

Eighty-five Mining Co.. suit filed February. 1913, charging importation of 16
aliens in violation of the conti'act-labor provisions of the immigration act (sec.
4, Feb. 20, 1907) : compromised in December. 1913. defendant paying the Gov
ernment a fine of $2,000 and costs, the latter amounting to $145.5(5.

J. M. Archuletta, suit filed May. 1913. charging importation of two aliens in
violation of the contract-labor provisions of the immigration act (sec. 4. Feb. 20,
1907) ; proceedings dismissed ^Nlarch. 1914. account of two aliens, who were the
chief witnesses in tlie case, repudiating their former statements.

Pacific Library Binding Co., suit filed June. 1913, cliarging importation of two
aliens in violation of the contract-labor provisions of the immigration act (sec.
4, Feb. 20. 1907) ; case compromised June, 1914, defendant company paying
costs and tlie expenses of deportation of aliens.

John S. Hull, suit filed October. 1913. charging importation of two aliens in
violation of the contract-labor provisions of the immigration act (sec. 4, Feb. 20,
1907) ; suit dismissed February. 1914. account of two aliens, who were the chief
witnesses in tlie case, repudiating their former statements.

American Beet Sugar Co.. suit filed August. 1913. charging importation of two
aliens in violation of the contract-labor provisions of the immigration act (sec.

60629°— 15 23

354 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

4, Feb. 20, 1907) ; compromised April, 1914, upon payment of tlie sum of $1,000
by the defendant company to tlie Government.

RECAPITULATION .

Criminal prosecutions.

Number of persons awaiting trial close of previous fiscal year, together with number
indicted during fiscal year 1914

Number of persons held by United States commissioners for action of Federal grand
juries whose cases have not been presented

Total.

DISPOSITION.

Convicted

Acquitted

Forfeited appearance bonds

Fugitives from justice

Indictments dismissed account defendants turning State's evidence, or for other
reasons

Awaiting trial

Awaiting action of grand jury .

Total.

Chinese.

110

110

Immigra-
tion.

Civil suits.

Civil suits pending from previous year, together with suits instituted during
current year 7

Disposition :

Suits prosecuted and penalties assessed or partial judgment con-
fessed and compromised (penalties aggregating $62,943.90,
which were actually paid) 4

Suits dismissed 3

The usual success has attended the efforts of the officers in this jurisdiction in
connection with criminal prosecutions. Reference to the report for 1913 shows
85 persons convicted. During the year just past 43 convictions were had and 3
forfeitures of appearance bonds. As stated in previous reports, the criminal
features of the work on this border are decidedly the most important with which
this service has to deal. Each succeeding year brings added difficulties to a
successful enforcement of the laws. New methods are constantly employed by
violators of law, and our officers are of necessity required to exercise unremit-
ting vigilance and the greatest skill to successfully cope with the ingenuity of
the lawbreakers. The service has been fortunate in this district in developing
officers unusually adroit and successful in the detection of crime, and they may
be safely relied upon to meet all requirements in this district, provided proper
equipment is furnished, the necessity for which was earnestly requested in the
report for 1913.

HABEAS CORPUS.

During the year writs of habeas corpus to the number of IS were sued out in
behalf of aliens either denied admission to the United States or arrested under
departmental warrants; 1 writ was granted, 5 were denied, and 12 remained
pending at the close of the year. The courts in this district, without exception,
have held that when a fair hearing has been had they are without jurisdiction.
The issue raised in 10 of the cases pending is the legality of proceedings looking
to the deportation of Chinese under section .21 of the immigration act. The
merits of the Government's contention as to its authority to proceed in the man-
ner indicated have been forcefully presented by its attorneys. The greatest care
has been exercised in the preparation of the cases under consideration, and it is
believed that the records can not be attacked on the ground of unfairness. The
importance of the principle is fully realized by this office, and while it considers
the same sound, the outcome is being awaited with much interest and no little
anxiety.

BEPORT OF COMMISSIONER GENERAL OP IMMIGRATION. 355

BUILDING EQUIPMENT, ETC.

The equipment for handling arriving aliens is very unsatisfactory. The
buildings provided at the various ports of entry within this district, except so
far as offices are concerned, are extremely unsatisfactory. The service oc-
cupies rented quarters at the various j)orts within this jurisdiction. At every
port some individual or corporation has been prevailed upon to erect a building
for the use of this service. In practically every instance excessive rent has been
demanded, largely by reason of the fact that the Government refuses to lease
for a protracted period. Enforced economies have resulted in cramped quarters
poorly adapted to and inadequately equii)ped for the needs of the service.
Medical inspection at a number of the ports is conducted on the street. The
pressing need of proper buildings has been realized ever since the establishment
of this district and much thought has been given the subject, and while it is not
practicable at this time definitely to state what would be the cost of neces-
sary buildings, it is believed that satisfactory ones could be erected at every
port in this district at an expense not to exceed $200,000. When consideration
is had of the fact that this service is now paying $6,175 annually in rentals, it
will be .seen that the Government could well afford to construct and maintain
its own buildings. It is earnestly hoped that the necessity for proper buildings
owned by tlie Government may receive serious consideration. The writer Is
prepared to submit plans covering the buildings required.

PERSONNEL.

I desire especially to emphasize the necessity for increasing the entrance
salaries of clerlvs and watchmen in this jurisdiction. There has not been a
time since the organization of the district when all positions of the class re-
ferred to have been filled. Experience has demonstrated that it is impossible
to retain competent clerks or watchmen at the present entrance salaries. The
necessity for some degree of permanency in any business organization is funda-
mental, and the axiom certainly applies with equal or even greater force to
our service.

To the cooperation of the officers of this district one with another, their readi-
ness to make personal sacrifice, their unflagging zeal and devotion, is largely
due such measure of success as has marked the administration of affairs in this
district during the year just closed.

P. W. Beekshike, Supervising Inspector.

APPENDIX IV

Report of Mrs. Kate Waller Barrett, M. D., D. Sc, Special Agent,
United States Immigration Service, covering a special investi-
gation and inquiry conducted by her in Europe in April,
May, and June, 1914, for the Bureau of Immigration,
under authority of the Department of Labor

357

1

APPENDIX IV.

REPORT OF MRS. KATE WALLER BARRETT, M. D.,
D. SC, SPECIAL AGENT, UNITED STATES IMMIGRA-
TION SERVICE.

Sir: The following summary and report cover the period from
April 15 to June 30, 1914. The capitals and a number of other im-
portant cities of the following countries were visited : Italy, Switzer-
land, Austria- Hungary, Servia, Bulgaria, Turkey, Roumania, Bavaria,
Saxony, Bohemia, Prussia, France, Belgium, The Netherlands, Eng-
land, and Scotland.

The reason that investigations could be conducted over so large
an area in so short a time was the fact that the letters which I car-
ried from the Secretary of State put me in immediate touch with the
different diplomatic corps, and through them I at once received the
cooperation of the representatives of the foreign Governments who
were in a position to know the facts which I desired. In addition,
I had visited the same countries during the summer of 1913, and
through the cooperation of the officers of the different national
societies of women had unusual opportunities for finding out the
true conditions. For these reasons I was able to accomplish in a
short time the w^ork which, under less advantageous conditions,
would have required at least a year.

In the summary I give the countries visited and the number of
women's societies with which I came in touch and which have pledged
their cooperation with the United States Government for the after
care of deported women.

To this summary is added a list of the national societies of women
composing the International Council of Women. I have also given
figures showing the female population of the different countries in
which councils are organized, taken from the latest statistics avail-
able. This information will be interesting when taken in connection
with the organized societies in each country.

A list of the members of the committee on immigration, which will
cooperate with the Bureau of Immigration of the Uniteci States in the
after care of deported w^omen and girls, is furnished ; also a list of the
officers of the Councils of Women represented at the International
Council, in order that you may know how representative and cosmo-
politan the meeting at Rome was.

SUMMARY.

NATIONAL COUNCILS AFFILIATED WITH THE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL OF

WOMEN.

United States. — National societies, 15, with branches in every part
of the country. State societies, 4. Universitv societies, 14. Total
membership, about 3.000,000. Female population, 44,639,989 in 1910.

Canada. — Nationally organized societies, 16. Total membership,
approximately 150,000. Female population, 2,372,768 in 1891.

359

360 EEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONEE GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

Germany. — National and provincial societies in all parts of the
country. Local societies in all parts of the country, 278. Total mem-
bership, more than 500,000. Female population, 31,259,429 in 1907.

Sweden. — Associations with numerous local committees, 26. Local
council, 1. Total membership, about 33,000. Female population,
2,863,455 in 1912.

Great Britain. — Affiliated societies, 168; many with branches in
all parts of the country. Local councils (or branches) in all parts
of the country, 47. Total membership, about 2,000,000. Female
population, 21,361,430 in 1901.

Denmark. — Societies, 32. Total membership, about 38,000. Fe-
male population, 1,419,176 in 1911.

Netherlands — National societies, 24, with members in all parts
of the country. Local societies, 11. Council, 1. Total member-
ship, 42,824. Female population, 2,583,508 in 1899.

Victoria. — Affiliated societies in Melbourne, 44; some of which
have country branches. Total membership, about 50,000. Female
population, 597,458 in 1901.

^Vest Australia. — Affiliated societies, 17, of which 12 are local and 5
national. Total membership, 8,550. Female population, 71,249 in
1901.

Italy. — Societies in all parts of the country, 129. Total member-
ship, 26,121. Female population, 16,320,123 in 1901.

France. — Affiliated societies, 130. Local councils, 7. Total mem-
bership, about 140,000.

Argentina. — Societies, 01. (Twenty-three in Buenos Aires, 15
in the Province of Buenos Aires, and 23 in the 13 other Provinces.)
Total membership, about 10,000.

Sivitzerland.-^—A^\\i\.tQ<\. societies, 60, composed of 3 national and
57 local. Total membership, about 18,000. Female population,
1,692,522 in 1900.

Austria. — Societies, 78. Total membership, about 40,000. Female
population, 13,298,015 in 1900.

Hungary. — Societies, 88 ; in Budapest, 41 ; and in the provincial
towns, 47. Total membership, 34,000 to 36,000. Female popula-
tion, 9,672,407 in 1900.

Norway. — Nationally organized societies, 13; composed of 309
local societies. Provincial societies, 27; composed of 101 societies.
Total membership, between 40,000 and 50,000. Female population.
1,154,784 in 1901.

Belgium. — Associations, 9. Some of these have branches in the
Provinces and towns. Female population, 3,368,821 in 1900.

Greece. — Affiliated societies, 12, in Athens and Piree. None in
the rest of the countrv. Total number of active members, 269.
Female population, 1,166,990 in 1896.

Bulgaria. — Societies, 37. Total membership, 2,088. Female pop-
ulation, 1,834,716 in 1900.

Serria. — National societies, 6. Local branches in all parts of the
country, 39. Total membership, 6,475. Female population, 1,211,-
177 in 1900.

Firdand. — Affiliated societies, 7, with branches in all parts of the
countrv. Total membership, about 3,500. Female population,
1,374,480 in 1900.

EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. 361

THE INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL OF WOMEn's COMMITTEE OF COOPERATION
WITH THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT.

Contessa Danieli Camozzi, chairman, 80 Piazzia SS. Apostoli,
Rome, Italy.

Miss Sadie American, 448 Central Park West, New York City.

Miss Fitzgibbon, GG Wellesley Street, Toronto, Canada.

Fraulein Bertha Pappenheim, Liebigstrasse 25 c, Frankfort on
the Main, Germany.

Froken Clara Wahlstrom, 6 Mosebacketorg, Stockholm, Sweden.

Lady Knightley of Fawsley, Fawsley Park, Daventry, England.

Froken Paliidan Miiller, Amaliegade 40, Copenhagen, Denmark.

Mejuifroiiw E. Baelde, Kortenaerstraat 11, Eotterdam, Holland.

Mrs. Vickery Berachah, Darling Point (Sydney), New South
Wales.

Mrs. Henry Dobson, Elboden Place, Hobart, Tasmania.

Dr. Edith Barret, 24 Collins Street, Melbourne, Australia.

Mrs. W. Smyth, care of Mrs. Carvosso, Arthur Street, New Farm,
Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.

INIrs. Juleff, 21 Smith's Chambers, Barrack Street, Perth, West
Australia.

Mme. L. Pegard, 116 Rue Saint-Dominique, Paris, France.

Mme. Maria R. de Lahitte, Calle Provincias Unidas 2995, Buenos
Aires, Argentina.

Frau Colestine Truxa, Kostlergasse 5, Vienna VI, Austria.

Frau Nico Hambro, Bergen, Norway.

Mme. Milka Voulavitch, 10 Jougavicheva Uliza, Belgrade, Servia.

Froken Anna-Lisa Petterson, 9 Mariegatan, Helsingfors, Finland.

OFFICIALS OF THE NATIONAL COUNCILS OF WOMEN REPRESENTED AT THE
•INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL OF AVOMEN, HELD AT ROME, ITALY, MAY 5 TO
21, 1914 (quinquennial MEETING).

United /S^«i^e5.— Federated 1893. President, Mrs. Kate Waller
Barrett, M. D., D. Sc, 408 Duke Street, Alexandria, Va. ; secretary,
Mrs. Flo Jamison Miller, Wilmington, 111. ; treasurer, Mrs. Maud D.
Eaton, 701 Smith Street, Providence, R. I.

Canada. — Federated 1897. President, Mrs. Torrington, 12 Pem-
broke Street, Toronto, Ontario; secretary, Mrs. Willoughby Cum-
mings, 44 Dewson Street, Toronto, Ontario; treasurer, Mrs.* George
Watt, 104 St. Paul's Avenue, Brantford, Ontario.

Germany. — Federated 1897. President, Fraulein Dr. Gertrud
Baumer, 9 Gillstrasse, Berlin; international secretary and treasurer,
Frau Dr. Elisabeth Altmann-Gottheimer, 7 Rennershof strasse, Mann-
heim.

Sweden. — Federated 1898. President, Fru Eva Upmark, 53
Sj^billegatan, Stockholm; secretary, Froken Ellen Terserus, Kom-
mendorsgatan, Stockholm; treasurer. Baroness E. Frohlich.

Great Britain and Ireland. — Federated 1898. President, Mrs.
Creighton, Hampton Court Palace, London; organizing secretary,
Miss Emily Janes, Parliament Mansions, Victoria Street, London
S. W. : treasurer, Mrs. Rowland Prothero, 3 Cheyne Walk, Chelsea,
London S. W.

362 REPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

Denmark. — President, Froken Henni Forchhammer, 3 B. Inge-
manns Vej., Copenhagen; secretary, Fru Clara Tybjerg, 9 Rosen-
vaengets Sidealle, Copenhagen; treasurer, Froken Marie Mathiesen,
112 Aagade, Copenhagen.

Netherlands. — Federated 1899. President, Mevrouw van Biema
Hymans, 54 Prins Manrits Laan, The Hague; secretary, Mevrouw C.
A. de Jong van Beek en Donk-Khiyver, 51 Theresiiistraat, The Hague ;
treasurer, Jonkvrouwe M. van Hogendorp, 150 Waldeck Pyrmont-
kade. The Hague.

Italy. — Federated 1903. President, Contessa Spalletti Rasponi,
Villino Spalletti, Via Piacenza, Rome; secretary, Mme. Betts, 135
Via Giovanni Lanza, Rome; treasurer, Mme. Marie Grassi Koenen,
53 Via Manin, Rome.

France. — Federated 1901. President, Mme. Jules Siegfried, 226
Bouvelard Saint-Germain, Paris; secretary, Mme. Avril de Sainte-
Croix, 1 Avenue Malakoff, Paris; treasurer, Mme. Eugenie Weill, 43
Rue Blanche, Paris.

New South Wales. — Federated 1899. Secretary, Miss Rose Scott,
Lynton, 294 Jersey Road, Paddington, Sydney; treasurer, Mrs. J.
Goldschmidt, Holebrook, New South Head Road, Edgecliff, Sydney.

Tasmania. — Federated 1899. President, Mrs. Henry Dodson, El-
boden Place, Hobart; secretary. Miss M. H. Bisdee, Elboden Place,
Hobart.

Yk-toria. — Federated 1903. President, Lady Fleetwood Fuller,
State Government House, Melbourne; secretary. Miss Michaels, Lin-
den, Ackland Street, St. Kilda ; treasurer, Mrs. Edward Bage, Cran-
ford, Fulton Street, East St. Kilda.

Qnee7h^land. — Federated 1906. President, Mrs. J. Kingsbury,
Robert Street, Toowong, near Brisbane; secretary, Mrs. W. H. Car-
vosso, Arthur Street, New Farm, Brisbane; treasurer, Mrs. A. J.
Boyd, ^Milton.

M'est Australia. — Federated 1911. President, The Lady Edeline
Strickland, Government House, Perth; secretary, Miss Evie Mar-
mion, 9 Colin Street, West Perth; treasurer, Mrs. G. H. Johnston,
Havelock Street, West Perth.

Argentina. — Federated 1901. Sehora Alvina Van Praet de Sala,
741 Calle Carlos, Pellegrine, Buenos Aires; secretary, Mrs. J. T.
Raynes, 36G3 Avenida Diaz Velez, Buenos Aires; treasurer, Sehora
D. de Devoto, 1063 Calle Rivadavia, Buenos Aires.

Sicltzerland. — Federated 1903. President, Fraulein Klara Honeg-
ger, 45 Todistrasse, Zurich II; secretary, Frau E. Rudolph, 45
Scheideggstrasse, Zurich II; treasurer, Mme. Chaponniere-Chaix,
16 Chemin Dumas, Geneva.

Austria. — Federated 1903. President, Frau Marianna Ilainisch, 7
Rochusgasse, Vienna III; secretary, Frau Karoline yon Niebauer,
5 Naglergasse, Vienna I; treasurer, Frau Emilie Hainisch, 1 Lager-
gasse, Vienna III.

Hungary. — Federated 1904. President, Grafin Albert Apponyi, I
Verboczi u 17, Budapast; secretary, Frau George de Markos, X
Szaboky u 47, Budapest; treasurer,' Fraulein Margit von Krajner,
Muzeumring 7, Budapest IV.

Norway. — Federated 1904. President, Froken Gina Krog, 5 Vic-
toria Terrasse, Christiania ; secretary, Fru Clare M. Mojoen, AVin-
deren, Christiania.

BEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. 363

Belgium. — Federated 1906. Secretary pro tern, Mile. Leonie La
Fontaine, 41 Rue des Deux Eglises, Brussels; treasurer, Mme. E.
Nyst, 104 Avenue Brugmann, Brussels.

Greece. — Federated 1908. President, Mme. Helene Gardikioti
Griva, Athens; secretary, Mile. Virginia Simopoula, 2 Rue Metro-
pole, Athens; treasurer, Mile. Augusta P. Xanthakes, Piree.

Bulgaria. — Federated 1908. President, Mme. I. Malinoff, 11 Uliza
Graf-Ignatieff, Sofia; secretary, Mme. Irene Sokerotf, 6 Septem-
bre 30, Sofia; treasurer, Mme. DimtchefF, Rue Gladstone, Sofia.

Servia. — Federated 1911. President, Mme. Catherine Milovuk, 17
Rue Brancova, Belgrade; secretary, Mme. Helene Marcovitch, 2 Rue
Danitichitch, Belgrade; treasurer. Mile. Catherine Holtz, 6 Rue
Lorino, Belgrade.

Finland. — Federated 1911. Secretary, Fru Georgina Leinbergv 42
Alexandersgatan, Helsingfors; treasurer, Fru Hanna Nerdrun, 15
Nylandsgatan, Helsingfors.

Portugal. — Federated 1914.

COOPERATION WITH EUROPEAN PRESS.

In considering the agencies for the dissemination of information
in regard to immigration laws, I shall mention one that may be of
far-reaching value. The press committee of the International
Council of Women, of which I am chairman, is composed of the
leading women writers in every country of Europe. These women
have pledged themselves to be responsible for seeing that any data
which the United States Government desires to bring to the attention
of the public reaches the best class of periodicals. As all of them
are leaders in literary and press work in their respective countries
the value of their cooperation can readily be seen.

PRESS COMMITTEE.

Mrs. Kate Waller Barrett, chairman, 408 Duke Street, Alex-
andria, Va.

Mrs. Willoughby Cummings, 44 Dewson Street, Toronto, Ontario,
Canada.

Froken Dr. Kathe Kallisky, Fasanenstrasse 31, Berlin W. 15,
Germany.

Froken Sigrid Ulrich, Kungsgatan 28, Stockholm, Sweden.

Miss Orred, 59 Lowndes Square, London S. W., England.

Fru Alexandra Moller, Londevangsvej 12, Hellerup, Denmark.

Mejuffrouw E. J. Belinfante, Sweelinkstraat 168, The Hague,
Holland.

Miss INI. H, Bisdee, Elboden Place, Hobart, Tasmania.

Mrs. William Young, Norman Park, Brisbane, Queensland.

Miss Eva Marmion, 9 Colin Street, West Perth, West Australia.

Mme. Bernocco Fava Parvis, Piazza Carlo Felice 10, Turin, Italy.

Mme. Cruppi, 80 Rue de I'Universite, Paris, France.

Miss Eliza M. Martinez, Calle Independencia 758, Buenos Aires,
Argentina.

Mile. E. Serment, Charmettes, Lausanne, Switzerland.

Frau Gisela Urban, Larochegasse 10, Vienna XIII, Austria.

364 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

Frau Irene Zemplein, VIII Alfoldi Ut, 15, 42, Budapest, Hungary.

Fru Alice Optedal, Stavanger, Norway.

Mile, van der Wiele, care of Mme. E. Nyst, 104 Avenue Brugmann,
Brussels, Belgium.

Mme. C. Barren, Rue de I'Universite 27, Athens, Greece.

Mme. Delfalvanitch, 3 Resavska Uliza, Belgrade, Sei'via.

Frue Llmi Hallsten, Kronbergsgatan 9, Helsingfors, Finland.

Correspondent in New Zealand, Miss Henderson, 53 Andover
Street, Christcliurch.

One of the prominent results of the quinquennial session of the In-
ternational Council of Women was the formation of an International
Council of Jewish Societies. In every country organized groups of
Jewish men and women are especially active in behalf of their co-
religionists, but hitherto there has been no organized international
effort. The National Council of Jewish Women of the United States
possibly is the most active society in the United States in the care
of immigrants. This machinery is especially effective in the follow-
ing up of foreigners and extending intelligent relief to them when
necessary.

The Jewish societies in Germany and England are also active, and
one of the most important societies cooperating with the representa-
tive of the United States was the society of Servia. In Bohemia
also organized Jewish societies are very strong. The above societies
express their willingness to cooperate with the United States.

REPORT.

As an introduction to the body of this report I desire to record
my appreciation of the interest shown by the members of the United
States diplomatic corps in the work intrusted to me by the United
States Department of Labor. Ambassadors, ministers plenipoten-
tiary, and consuls, as well as their secretaries, evinced profound in-
terest in the subjects which were to be investigated, and with one
accord expressed their belief in the benefit which would follow such
investigation.

I wish to express my recognition of the splendid personnel of the
representatives of the United States in Europe — men alive to and
familiar with the social conditions and needs of their own country
as well as those of foreign lands. Each embassy is a center for
the growth and dissemination of the highest ideals of social justice
and mutual helpfulness.

I also desire to record that I found everywhere a recognition of
the advancement which the United States is making in the care
and proper handling of its immigrants and of the principles of
social justice which have stimulated our present laws.

The value of the Bureau of Immigration to the United States
Government has long been recognized, but we have failed to realize
its international importance as an interpreter to other countries of
our national spirit.

Concrete examples are more powerful to educate the masses than
State documents or philosophical essays. The kindly and merciful
interpretation and application of our immigration laws have pene-
trated the most remote parts of Europe and have made a deep im-
pression upon the minds of the public, an impression which is

REPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. 365

reflected in the universal expression of confidence and admiration of
the United States.

Many European countries are for the first time beginning to have
problems similar to ours. Hitherto emigration has been the only
phase of the subject which was acute with them, but now the ques-
tion of immigration has reached such proportions in many Euro-
pean countries that it has become a problem almost as great as Avith
us; therefore they are able to appreciate some of the difficulties
under which the United States labors.

The charge of paternalism and the criticism of our laws and
their enforcement usually begin and end in our own country, for
European nations without exception feel that our laws are both just
and generous. Except for the remarks of one woman, who showed
that she was not familiar with conditions either in this country or
in Europe, I did not hear an unfavorable comment on our immigi-a-
tion laws or on their enforcement by the Bureau of Immigration.

The women whose names and addresses appear in the preceding
pages have undertaken to organize committees of cooperation with
the United States Government in the care and protection of deported
women and girls in their respective coimtries.

The duties assigned me by the Department of Labor at the request
of the Bureau of Immigration contemplated that I should:

1. Investigate conditions surrounding immigrant women on steam-
ships bound for the United States and suggest methods whereby the
United States Government might further protect both itself and
them.

2. Attend the International Council of Women at the quinquen-
nial meeting to be held at Rome ISIay 5 to 21, 1914, and place before
this gathering the measures and aims of the United States Govern-
ment, partictdarly in regard to the after care of deported women and
girls.

3. Sectire the indorsement and assistance of the International
Council of Women toward the establishment in each countrj^ of
groups of representative persons who would correspond directly with
the United States Government and would assume the care and pro-
tection of deported girls or women from their respective countries
until such time as they were capable of self-direction.

4. Hold unofficial conferences with the representatives of the dif-
ferent Etiropean Governments and find out what in their opinion
would be helpful to the proper solving of the problems connected
with the general subject of immigration in its relation to the white-
slave traffic.

5. Learn from these representatives what would be the attitude of
their Governments toward the proposal of the National Council of
Women of the United States for the holding of an international con-
ference on inmiigration in its bearing on the white-slave traffic and
improved methods for enforcing the provisions of the international
agreement, if in their opinion such a conference would be valuable.

6. Confer with the prefects of the different police departments in
European cities to ascertain what might be accomplished by a closer
cooperation between them and the United States Government to
reach the persons responsible for the shipment of women to the
United States knowingly for immoral purposes.

366 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

7. Discover if some means of cooperation might be established
whereby the Bureau of Immigration of the United States might re-
ceive notice in advance of the arrival of such persons in the United
States; also of the coming of women for such purposes.

8. Inquire into the after condition of women deported from the
United States, as to whether they were forced into becoming regis-
tered prostitutes on reentering their respective countries or were
encouraged and assisted to establish themselves in some respectable
means of livelihood.

9. Learn what private organizations in European countries would
be willing to cooperate with the United States Government in giving
information which would assist the Government in its efforts to dis-
cover the individuals responsible for the presence of such women in
the United States.

10. Consult with members of the United States diplomatic corps
and receive from them such suggestions as would assist the Depart-
ment of Labor in rightly solving some of the problems growing out
of the white-slave traffic.

Before leaving on this important and extended mission I had a
conference with the Secretary of Labor, receiving instructions from
liim. I also had a number of conferences with the Commissioner
General of Immigration, under whose direction the inquiry was con-
ducted, receiving much instruction and enlightenment concerning the
character of information which the United States Government de-
sired. I then spent a day at Ellis Island in consultation with Acting
Commissioner Uhl and other members of the Immigration Service
who had had much experience in dealing with these and kindred
subjects. Here my interest was further quickened by interviews
with a number of women held for deportation.

I also held conferences with over 40 national societies of a philan-
thropic character in the United States to ascertain from them any
points which would require a special investigation and to advise with
them in regard to the scope and method of the proposed inquiry to
be made by me.

In addition to my official credentials from the Secretary of State,
which brought me in immediate touch with the members of the
diplomatic corps, I carried letters of introduction from Maj.,
Sylvester, superintendent of the Metropolitan police, Washington,
D. C, to the prefects of police in Berlin, Paris, Vienna, Eome, and
London. I found these letters of great value in carrying on my
investigations in regard to the white-slave traffic in the different cities
which I visited.

As the Italian Government has taken the lead among civilized
nations in its legislation to protect its immigrants and has recently
passed far-reaching and drastic laws to this end, I was anxious to
test the value of these laws, especially when enforced upon ships of
another nationality. I therefore selected the Canada^ of the Fabre
Line, for my ocean voyage. The Canada is registered under the
French Government, but as it touches at Naples, an Italian port,
en route to Marseille it comes under the provisions of these laws. I
learned that a large number of returning immigrants had engaged
passage on this ship, and that many immigrants who were brought
over on her western trip and had been refused admittance to the
United States were returning at this time, and also that several

EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. 367

deportees were among her passengers. Because of information that
I gathered and the observations which I made I was well repaid for
having selected this route. I Avas also especially anxious to observe
the value of the presence of a royal commissioner of the Italian
Government.

The International Council of Women, convening at Rome on the
5th of May and presided over by Her Excellency Lady Aberdeen,
was composed of delegations of 20 representative women from each
of the following countries: Great Britain, Norw^ay, Sweden, Den-
mark, Holland, Belgium, Germany, France, Italy, Austria-Hungary,
Servia, Bulgaria, Russia, Finland, New South Wales, Tasmania, Vic-
toria, Queensland, West Australia, and the United States. It is
impossible to overestimate the importance of a gathering of this
character, because of the catholicity of interest as well as the immense
influence wielded by its component members in different parts of the
world.

I had the opportunity of presenting the laws and practices of the
United States Government as regards immigration at the opening
meeting of the council — a meeting attended by the diplomatic corps
resident in Rome, members of the Government, and the representa-
tives of the Vatican. As an introduction to my address the United
States colors were exhibited and the orchestra played the Star
Spangled Banner.

It is gratifying to note that every allusion to the United States was
warmly applauded. Italians have had ample opportunity for testing
the treatment accorded to immigrants in the United States, for over
a quarter of a million have immigrated to us in the last year ; there-
fore this applause was significant.

At the close of the meeting many expressed their appreciation of
the international attitude of our country. Afterwards in a personal
interview Queen Helena expressed her pleasure at the United States
Government sending a special representative to this conference and
also her interest in the efforts of this Government in regard to im-
migration. Queen INIarguerita, the Queen mother, also personally
expressed to me her interest in similar terms.

Hon. Thomas Nelson Page, United States ambassador to Italy,
voiced his gratitude for the interest which the Government had
taken in this meeting and his belief that the presence of so many
representative American w^omen in Rome would materially assist a
correct understanding and appreciation of the true ideals of the
American Government.

The following resolutions w^ere unanimously adopted by the Inter-
national Council of Women as representing the cooperation which
the United States desired of the international council and which the
council unanimously extended :

Resolved, That the International Council of Women request each national
council to form a committee to correspond directly with the United States
GJovernment for the care and protection of deported women.

Resolved, That the International Council of Women request each national
council to ask its respective Government to unite in an international conference
of immigration officials.

Special appreciation was expressed by the council of the recom-
mendation of the Commissioner General of Immigration in his re-
port to the Secretary of Labor that section 2 of the present immi-

368 REPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

gration law should be made to apply to male as well as female
aliens of the sexiialh^ immoral classes and should otherwise in its
provisions relating to the sexually immoral be brought into exact
agreement V\ath section 3.

Her Excellency Lady Aberdeen and many other prominent dele-
gates to the International Council of Women expressed their pleas-
ure at the opportunity for service which the United States Govern-
ment had given to the International Council of Women in the realms
of activity for which it was especially fitted by reason of its inter-
national affiliations. The opinion was universally expressed that if
no lines of activity had opened other than those suggested by the
United States Government and embodied in the above resolutions
the results would be far-reaching and would justify the coming to-
gether of so large and representative a group of women.

ITALY.

The laws of Italy protecting emigrants sailing from her ports are
voluminous and drastic. Every ship touching at an Italian port,
whether it carries the Italian flag or is registered under that of some
other country, must carry a royal commissioner appointed by the
Government. Between 80 and 90 surgeons of the royal navy have
been designated to serve as commissioners. Each commissioner is as-
signed to a different ship after every return trip. A suite of rooms
is selected by the Government for this commissioner; his place at the
table is at the captain's right and no one can replace him in his
seat of honor except an ambassador or a member of the royal house.
The commissioner is required to make an extended inspection of
every part of the ship twice a day, to test the food furnished
the emigrants, and to examine the water supply both as to quality
and quantity.

When the ship reaches the Italian port for which it is bound the
commissioner must personally see that the quarters and all the
bedding in the steerage are cleansed and fumigated. If the captain
does not cooperate Avith the commissioner in carrying out his pre-
scribed duties, on touching at an Italian port the commissioner may
order the captain's arrest. In addition to the foregoing the Govern-
ment requires a strict medical examination of any person desiring to
purchase a steamship ticket.

I have detailed at length this phase of the Italian laws as an
example of what a Government may exact of steamship companies
who desire to avail themselves of the advantages of its ports.

The Government requires that emigrants refused admission shall
be returned to the initial point of journey rather than the port of
embarkation.

These laws are intended primarily to protect Italian emigrants,
but under their operation a person of any nationality sailing from
an Italian port has the same protection.

Immigrant stations are maintained by the Italian Government at
the principal ports of Italy, and no department of the Government is
better supported or considered of more importance than that of
immigration.

I found that the laws and regulations of the Italian Government
are rigidly and intelligently enforced and that the welfare and

REPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEK GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. 369

interest of emigrants is materially augmented by the presence of a
commissioner on a ship. That he is there wearing the uniform of the
Italian Navy is of itself an eloquent testimony that Italy considers
its most lowly citizen worthy of consideration and protection, and I
doubt not that this attitude on the part of the Government is an
important factor in the continued affection and loyalty which Italians
display to their Government even after an absence of many years.

The physical well-being of the emigrant is the special object of
this supervision, and while doubtless the moral welfare is also of
interest the instructions issued to the commissioners deal entirely
with matters pertaining to the health and comfort of the emigrants
rather than any matters of ethical or moral import.

The governmental importance which is attached to the department
of immigration of Italy is reflected in the private associations and
agencies which have as their special work the care and deportation
of emigrants. These societies are numerous, some of them being
subsidized by the Government and others supported by philanthropic
and ecclesiastical organizations. One of the most important of these
is Segretariato Femminile per La Tutela delle Donne e dei FanciuUi
Emigranti, which is affiliated with the International Council of
Women. It has as its patrons Queen Helena and the Queen mother,
Queen Marguerita, both of whom take a profound interest in the
activities of this society as well as in the general subject of emigra-
tion. The president of this society is Countess Camozzi, who is
known for her intelligent work in behalf of immigration throughout
the whole of Europe, being chairman of the international council's
standing committee on immigration and emigration.

Not only is there much for these societies to do in protecting
trans- Atlantic emigrants, but Italy is supplying a large percentage
of the labor employed in the constantly increasing manufacturing
interests of Switzerland. During the three weeks that I was in
Rome five trainloads of Italian women and girls were taken to Swit-
zerland. Each train was accompanied by a nmiiber of carefully
selected women appointed by the above-named society, who not only
accompanied the girls to Switzerland but remained a sufficiently
long time to be assured of their being suitably placed after reaching
there.

The Countess Camozzi and the members of the various emigration
societies in Italy were unanimous in their indorsement of the attitude
of the United States Government and of the resolutions which were
presented by the representative of the United States Bureau of
Immigration at the council meeting. They recognized the far-
reaching influence of such a movement and at once placed the re-
sources of their societies at the disposal of the United States Govern-
ment in caring for such women as should require their assistance,
when notified by our Government.

After leaving Eome I made extensive investigations in southern
Italy, from which the major part of our Italian immigration comes.
I found many villages without a sufficient number of able-bodied
men to carry on their activities, all having emigrated. It is a strange
and pathetic sight to see a village of several hundred persons, of
which all the inhabitants are very old or very young.

60629°— 15 24

370 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

In an interesting interview which I had with the mayor of Naples,
a man who had been identified with the government of the Province
for many years, I found him keenly alive to the disadvantage under
which Italy is laboring because of the absence in foreign lands of the
flower of her industrial population, and I learned from him that
every effort was being made by the Government to influence young
Italians to remain at home and to encourage those who had left to
return.

I also visited several cities in northern Italy, and I found that
the most intelligent efforts were being made to encourage Italians
from southern Italy who were not satisfied with the conditions under
which they were living to move into northern Italy, where most
excellent opportunities exist.

I can not close my report of the visit to Italy without expressing
my appreciation of the interest shown by Ambassador Thomas
Nelson Page. He was in constant attendance, placing the embassy
at my service. He frequently visited the Hotel Quirinal, where the
American delegation was lodged, to advise and facilitate in every
way the work placed in my hands. As a further means of showing
his interest and belief in the Avork and to propagate the ideals of the
United States Government, he tendered a handsome reception to the
American delegation, at which all representative Americans resident
in Kome were present, also the representatives of the Italian Govern-
ment as well as the ecclesiastical authorities. At the garden party
to which the Queen mother invited the delegates Mrs. Page repre-
sented the diplomatic corps; also at other public meetings held in
Rome by your representative the wives of the secretaries of the
embassy were present.

As has been noted before in this report, Mr. Page expressed his
gratitude to the United States Government for having shown its
interest in this meeting, and he said that he believed American ideals
would be much better understood hereafter in Europe because of the
presence of this delegation and the interpretation which was given
through them of the attitude of the United States Government upon
international subjects.

SWITZERLAND.

Next to Italy, perhaps, Switzerland has passed the most practical
laws for the protection of its emigrants.

No steamship company is permitted to sell a ticket in Switzerland
except through such agencies as are authorized by the Swiss Govern-
ment. If any steamship company attempts to sell tickets through the
mails or in any other way than through the regular licensed agencies
of the Federal Government, it is severely penalized and the tickets
confiscated. In addition the Government requires certain fixed pro-
visions for the protection of persons purchasing steamship tickets
within its jurisdiction. Among these are provisions that persons
buying tickets shall be furnished board and lodging free if for any
cause the ship fails to sail at the designated time; that an insurance
policy shall be taken out on the life of every passenger; and a num-
ber of other very sensible requirements for the protection of these
emigrants. One of the principal ports of embarkation is Lugano.
I inspected the buildings there for the detention of emigrants prior

EEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION, 371

to sailing, and I found that every effort was made to protect waiting
emigrants, both physically and morally.

An interesting and instructi\e interview was had with Mr. T.
Mohr, chief of the Federal bureau of immigration for Switzerland,
at Berne. Mr. Mohr has held his present position for three years,
but he has been connected with the immigration bureau since its
establishment, and he is deeply interested and very well informed
regarding immigration and the white-slave traffic. He stated that
the only fault which he found with the United States regulations for
immigration was the injustice of long delays in holding immigrants
at Ellis Island wdiile inquiries were being made. He expressed the
hope and belief that the delay which necessarily occurs in adjusting
cases of this kind through diplomatic and other channels might be
obviated by making some arrangement whereby the immigration
bureaus of the different countries might come in closer touch with
one another.

The Swiss Federal Government has never officially become a party
to the international white-slave agreement because of the rights of
the Cantons, and all white-slave cases are handled directly through
the Swiss Federal bureau of immigration. Mr. Mohr felt that an
arrangement such as above suggested by him or other conference
Avould be of great assistance to Switzerland in dealing with white-
slave cases, especially with women emigrating knowingly for immoral
purposes and passing through Switzerland, and who if refused pas-
sage would still find an avenue through France or some other adjacent
country.

Mr. Mohr organized a committee of the Swiss Council of Women
to cooperate with the United States in the case of deported Swiss
girls, which he felt would be of great assistance.

Hon. Pleasant A. Stovall, minister plenipotentiary, was alive to
the importance of the white-slave work and felt that through the
European press a public sentiment could be fostered that would be
beneficial.

GERMANY.

Although the Imperial Government of Germany controls all inter-
national activities of the different countries forming the German
Empire, I desired to make an investigation of the conditions in each
German State, to gather such data as might be valuable. I found
everywhere great surprise expressed at the large number of German
immigrants who had come to the United States during the past year,
the general impression having been that with the growing industrial
interests of Germany she had absorbed her working population.

While I was able to have interesting conferences with the officials
of several of the German States, such officials preferred not to be
quoted, as they felt expressions of opinion ought to emanate from the
imperial officials at Berlin.

In Berlin I found Ambassador James T. Gerard much impressed
with the association existing between the subjects of immigration and
white slavery. He felt assured that when the Bureau of Immigration
was able effectively to handle persons of both sexes who sought a
field of operation in America for white slavery, it would largely
solve the white-slave proKlem, as the vast majority of those guilty
are foreigners who in turn exploit aliens of their own country upon

372 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

their arrival in the United States. He stated that in his opinion a
conference on these subjects would not only be of great value in
solving the problems of immigration, but also from this would come
more practical cooperation with the police systems of the dili'erent
European countries, which would lessen enormously the constant
change of residence on the part of undesirable citizens. He desired
to do everything possible to further interest in such a movement.

He especially appreciated the efforts made by the United States
Government to organize committees consisting of private individuals
to cooperate with the Government in the care of such girls as were
held for deportation. He felt that such committees would be of
great value, and from his judicial experience in dealing with many
cases in the courts in New York City that not only would justice be
assisted but in addition a tremendous social force would be evolved.

Both Ambassador and Mrs. Gerard have interested themselves in
the labors with which I was connected while in Berlin, and the efforts
of the embassy and its officials were at all time so directed as to afford
me the greatest assistance possible in securing information of the
kind I sought.

The German Imperial Government has a department of immigra-
tion and one of emigration. Like our own, the German problem of
immigration is exceedingly complicated, owing to the large number
of persons from the Orient passing through Germany and taking up
a temporary residence there.

Also, as may be seen by the report regarding Great Britain, Ger-
many has a very complicated system to deal with in the matter of
Russian, Polish, and Lithuanian deported immigrants who, having
immigrated through one of the German control stations situated on
the Russian border, when they are deported from other countries
make an effort to remain in Germany rather than return to Russia.

We are assured of the intelligent cooperation of the German Gov-
ernment in any movement which will be undertaken by the United
States Government to assist in handling these very complicated
matters in the best manner for all concerned and from an inter-
national viewpoint.

The private organizations in Germany promise enthusiastic co-
operation with the United States Government. Dr. Gertrude Bau-
mer, president of the German council and heading the delegation at
Rome, and other prominent German women gave similar assurances.

While we have every reason to think that the present German
immigration officials are heartily in sympathy with the movement
for international cooperation, it is a fact that the societies of women
are so enthusiatic on the subject that an appeal to the Reichstag is
planned.

AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.

At Vienna I conferred with the embassy, and, through the first
secretary, Mr. U. S. Grant Smith, received valuable assistance.
Mr. Smith is familiar with conditions in Austria and interested
himself in arranging an interview for me with the immigration
officials of Austria-Hungary. I found that these officials were es-
pecially interested in the subject and promised the cooperation of
their respective Governments.

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER GENEEAT. OF IMMIGRATION. 373

I also met a committee of ladies — members of the National Coun-
cil of Women — and with them I inspected the various private
agencies which will cooperate with the United States Government
in caring for deported women, and through the honored president
of the council of women, Frau Hanisch, I received the assurance of
hearty and intelligent cooperation upon all subjects for international
and social betterment.

At Budapest I found that both the Government and representa-
tive groups of men and women are deeply interested in the subject
of immigration. The Countess Apponyi is president of the National
Council of Women of Hungary, following the lead of her illustrious
husband, Count Apponyi, who has been a member of the Hungarian
cabinet for years. He is recognized as one of the potent social
forces in harmonizing the discordant racial elements in Hungary
and is an ardent supporter of all social movements. The Countess
Apponyi gave me an opportunity of meeting many prominent mem-
bers of the aristocracy and discussing the subject of this inquiry at
a luncheon arranged by her for that purpose.

Trieste and Fiume, the principal ports of Austria-Hungary, were
also visited and the arrangements for caring for immigrants in-
spected. At Fiume the Cunard Co. has built a very well equipped
emigrant station, and it is the desire of the Imperial Government to
confine emigration to that port, but this effort is rendered practically
abortive by abuses attending the sale of tickets by agencies.

At Trieste the buildings are large and complete. The new Gov-
ernment Code of Austria-Hungary shows decided advance, but there
is not the same general national interest in the subject of emigra-
tion along social lines nor the cooperation by the Government with
private philanthropic organizations which I found in other countries.

Many parts of Hungary are suffering from the large number of
its men who have emigrated. Some parts of northern Hungary have
been left practically without sufficient men to carry on local activities.
Much educational work is being done by the organizations of women.

BALKAN STATES,

Although the Balkan States have hitherto furnished but a small
part of the alien population of the United States, the opinion has
been expressed that this number will be largely augmented because
of the heavy war taxes following the recent war. I desired to make
investigations in these countries, so as to be prepared in advance for
any need by having secured the assistance of groups of representative
women. Therefore I visited Belgrade, Servia; Sofia, Bulgaria; and
Bucharest, Roumania. In each of these cities I found many women
wdio were deeply interested in the subject of emigration, and although
heavily burdened by the need of caring for the widows and orphans,
as well as disabled soldiers of the last war, determined to leave no
stone unturned wdiich would assist their country in reaching its
highest development.

In Sofia both governmental officials and influential women were
consulted and a committee to act with a similar one in the United
States was named. A special committee was formed of Jewish women
to have charge of any Jewish girls who might need their care. Servia

S74 REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

is expecting but little emigration, but on the other hand is preparing
for an influx of immigrants owing to the opening of large areas of
agricultural lands.

The Queen of Bulgaria has especially interested herself in these
and other matters pertaining to the welfare of her people and is a
patron of several societies that have the protection of women as
their object.

The Bulgarian Council of Women, which was the first council
organized in the Balkan States, is especially active in social move-
ments and will cooperate with the United States Government through
a special committee.

At Bucharest, led by Queen Elizabeth, the beloved " Carmen
Sylvia " of the Roumanians, the women have taken a vital interest
in this and kindred subjects. I found both the Government and
several organizations alive to their importance to Roumania as one of
the nations of the world with a mission to fulfill, and, in spite of the
burdens incident to the recent war, prepared to cooperate in every
movement of international importance.

TURKEY.

The information gathered and promises of assistance secured in
Turkey (in Asia and Europe) through our ambassador, Hon. Henry
Morganthau, constituted a valuable addition to the cause for which
this journey was undertaken.

I had the opportunity of meeting at the embassy a representa-
tive group of gentlemen and ladies who represented the different
diplomatic corps, as well as foreign residents in Constantinople.
Both the ambassador and Mrs. Morganthau are deeply interested
in making their residence in Turkey of real international value, and
the beautiful palace occupied by them is frequently used for the hold-
ing of meetings of educational value. It is impossible to overestimate
the splendid influence which emanates from the American Embassy,
and which is meeting ready response in various quarters.

A representative committee was formed for the abolition of the
white-slave traffic and especially for the protection of foreign young
women in Turkey. A handsome sum was subscribed for the use of
this committee in carrying on this work, Mr. Morganthau himself
heading the list with a large donation.

One of the most important subjects discussed by this committee
was the care of oriental girls who will come to San Francisco at the
time of the exposition, engaged for exhibits by the concessionaires.
As is well laiown, the "Streets of Cairo " and other amusement con-
cessions are almost entirely conducted by orientals. This committee
in Constantinople is exceedingly anxious that the United States Gov-
ernment shall do everything possible to protect the aliens who will
be temporarily resident in the United States at that time. I found
interest expressed in this subject not only in Turkey but elsewhere,
and the universally expressed hope is that the Government, through
the Bureau of Immigration, will exercise its power to the limit for
the protection of such persons.

The danger of young women going to a foreign country for tem-
porary employment is recognized by all, and even the most careful
protective measures fail in accomplishing all that is desired. The

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. 375

feeling in foreign countries for the protection of girls coming to the
exposition is echoed in our own country, as is shown by the activity
in many quarters for the establishment of protective measures, but
without the close cooperation of the Bureau of Immigration much
of this eft'ort would be abortive.

In this connection is noted the very efficient arrangements which
were made at Ghent by the National Council of Belgium for the
exhibit of 1913, when an international home was established for for-
eigners who were temporarily employed at the exhibit, and all
3'oung women who came unaccompanied by guardians were lodged
there.

EGYPT AND SYRIA.

The difference of ideals, religion, and customs between Turkey
(including its dependencies) and western nations makes the problem
of immigration especially difficult.

Owing to the strict laws against emigration in Turkey, most emi-
grants leave secretly. This fact leads to "great exploitation, espe-
cially of oriental women, who because of their cloistered life are
little able properly to care for themselves.

I found many women had emigrated from Egypt and Turkey,
especially Armenian women, and of these a considerable number had
suffered great hardship. Steamship companies had carried them to
Marseille and thence to Liverpool. They were so ignorant that when
they reached Liverpool they were made' to believe by imposters that
they then were in America. There they remained, after learning they
had not reached their destination, expecting to continue their voyage
to this country. "When they found that there were reasons that would
prevent them from coming here directly from Liverpool they were
taken to other trans- Atlantic countries, hoping to enter the United
States from such countries.

FRANCE.

In Paris I met our ambassador, Hon. Myron T. Herrick. He
expressed a friendly interest for this movement and felt that a proper
appreciation of the question by all nations would decrease enormously
the white-slave traffic as well as other troubles. Knowing the value of
cooperation with private societies, he felt the Department of Labor
had been very wise in enlisting their aid in this movement. The
same feeling was expressed by M. Hennion, prefect of police of Paris,
who was good enough to place the information in the possession of
the police department of Paris at my service to assist in understand-
ing the French system of dealing w^ith the social evil. I had an op-
portunity of making a very interesting investigation of the methods
of the Paris police in prosecuting white slavery, and I was glad to
learn that no French woman deported for immorality was forced to
become a registered prostitute because of this fact, but if she showed
any willingness or desire to redeem her past she was given every
opportunity to do so. I am glad to correct the statement which is
frequently made that women deported for immorality are forced to
become registered ]3rostitutes when they are returned to their coun-
tries. In all my travels not a single instance of this kind was found.
I am also glad to state that not a single American woman was either

376 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER GENERAL OP IMMIGRATION.

registered as a prostitute in Paris or was confined as a prisoner in
Saint Lazare.

I found the French women exceedingly alive to the need of pro-
tecting French girls in their own country as well as in foreign lands.
An impetus has been given to this work by the generous action of
the French Government in placing a large sum of money in the hands
of a committee of ladies to establish hotels for French students in the
university cities of France. I was assured not only by the national
council but from others, including Mme. Cruppi, wife of the ex-
minister of the interior, of enthusiastic cooperation with the United
States Government in dealing with deported women.

HOLLAND.

The Hague, Rotterdam, and Amsterdam were visited and con-
ferences held with private individuals and State officials. Holland
has done everything possible to protect the physical and moral
welfare of all persons who sail from her ports. Accompanied by
governmental and municipal authorities I inspected the buildings
where the outgoing steerage passengers are quartered. Without
desiring to make invidious comparisons, it will be generally agreed
that the immigration station at Rotterdam is the most complete of
any in its equipment.

Although these splendidly equipped and commodious buildings are
owned and supported by the steamship companies, they are under
strict governmental inspection, many of the attendants being ap-
pointed by the Government in order that they may see that the re-
quirements are rigidly enforced.

The Department of Labor is assured of very intelligent coopera-
tion by the Government of Holland as well as many private organiza-
tions with which I held conferences.

RUSSIA.

Although I did not visit Russia I had a very interesting report
from the Russian delegates in regard to the changed attitude of the
Russian Government toward emigration. The Government has
removed its interdiction on emigration, and now issues passports to
anyone desiring them. It has also released the tax which was
assessed against such persons as were absent for more than six
months from their country.

The new laws controlling emigration in Russia deal at great length
with the care and protection of women. They forbid the emigration
of women imder 20 years of age w^ithout the written consent of their
parents, and even then unless under the care of some reliable
guardian. There are many other points in the new Russian law
which I commend to the attention of the United States authorities
as being of especial value in the protection of our country from
undesirable aliens. The exceedingly liberal and advanced spirit
which is shown in every particular in these new laws is especially
noticeable as an illustration of the advance which Russia is making
along social lines.

FINLAND.

A representative group of Finnish women were present in Rome
at the meeting of the quinquennial council, and at a conference held

REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER GENERAL OP IMMIGRATION. 377

with tlieni I received a promise of their aid. These women believe
unless conditions are materially changed, now that the Russian laws
have been amended so that persons desiring to emigrate are at liberty
to do so, that a large number of their people will come to the United
States. They are very anxious for proper instruction and advice,
and will gladly Avelcome any information which our Government can
furnish for dissemination.

SCOTLAND.

A very interesting group of public officials and private individuals
were consulted in Glasgow, Edinburgh, and Aberdeen, in Scotland.
The number of Scotch women deported from the United States
during the past year has been the cause of a great awakening among
their leaders.

The opinion was expressed in Scotland, as well as in many other
countries, that a longer period of time should elapse before a person
could be naturalized in the United States, and that citizenship should
be refused to an}^ man who Avas guilty of wife or family desertion.

The question of what could be done to punish family desertion
seems to be of immense importance to Scotland, and the Scottish
societies which have been dealing with the subject are especially
anxious to cooperate with the Department of Labor in the hope of
doing something to lessen this evil. The thought was suggested
that if family desertion was made an extraditable offense by the
United States and Canada it would help materially. Also, that if
the commitment of the crime rather than the conviction therefor
prevented aliens from entering the United States it would materially
lessen the number of those who now, because of the ease with which
they can escape from family burdens, are leaving their family respon-
sibilities for others to bear.

CANADA.

The drastic laws which Canada has recently passed for protection
against its increased immigration was the subject of much discussion,
and the attitude of its Government was warmly defended by repre-
sentative women, several of whom were in the Government employ.

The fact that the United States and the Canadian delegates were
very friendly, in spite of the circumstance that more aliens from the
United States had been refused admission into Canada than from any
other country, was the cause of much favorable comment. I believe
that the very harmonious association which has characterized the
Anglo-Saxon delegations, in spite of the conflicting interests of the
various nations represented by them, has been a tremendous lesson of
the practicability in teaching the needs of patience and forbearance
which we expect between individuals but which is sometimes ignored
Avhen a sufficient number of individuals are gathered together under
one flag and call themselves a nation.

The interests of Canada and the United States must ever remain
identical so far as their international relationships are concerned,
and for this cause as well as because of the similarity of their national
institutions the United States and Canadian Governments should
cooperate with each other upon the great problems discussed at the
quinquennial council and likewise upon many phases of immigration

378 EEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER GENERAL OP IMMIGRATION.

subjects. This was the consensus of the discussions held in Rome
between the women representing the two countries.

NORWAY, SWEDEN, AND DENMARK.

I did not visit Norway, Sweden, and Denmark, being very familiar
with conditions and having held an interesting conference with the
delegates from these countries in Rome. Madam Nico Hambo, chair-
man of the Norwegian Council of Women, has been called upon by
the commission to study reform in emigration laws and to make such
recommendations as she thinks wise for the protection of women.
Madam Hambo proposes that a medical examination shall be obli-
gatory, and that the police, in issuing passports to emigrants, shall
give them also the necessary instructions, the names and addresses
of Norwegian consuls, with instructions in the immigration laws
of the country to which they are going.

Local committees have been organized at Christiania, Bergen, and
Christiansancl to give instructions to immigrants and emigrants.

Sweden and Denmark have also been active. In Denmark the
immigration committee, under Froken Paludan Mliller, has col-
lected reliable addresses in the United States and Canada and other
useful information for women emigrants, which has been published
in pamphlet form and is given free to such persons as desire it.

In Sweden the " Frederika Bremer Association" (which is named
in honor of one whose character and work will ever remain in the
foreground of women's activities) has taken the lead in all progres-
sive movements for the women of Sweden, particularly in the laws
affecting women. The value of cooperation of this society is shown
by the efficient manner in which its National Red Cross Association
is organized. They were asked to send a complete equipment to be
used as a model for the organization of the Turkish Red Crescent
work ; and when the war broke out between the Balkan States and
Turkey the Swedish Red Cross was the first to send an expedition
to both Greece and Servia.

BELGIUM.

Belgium has a considerable problem in immigration of women,
many of whom come from adjoining countries to work in her large
factories. Through the invitation of the members of the National
Council of Belgium I had an opportunity to visit a number of these
factories and to observe the arrangements which were made for the
care of alien women. I found that the interest was exceedingly acute
and very practical and, as has been noted elsewhere, illustrated by the
establishment of an international home for women, though foreign,
who are temporarily in the country.

The " Congres Syndical Feminin," organized by Catholic women,
is devoted to social work. Local committees of importance have
been organized at Antwerp and Ghent with the special view of car-
ing for immigrants.

GREAT BRITAIN.

In London, through the courtesy of the American Embassy, I was
accorded every opportunity for getting information and making in-

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. 379

vestigations, Ambassador Page and the secretary of the legation,
Mr. Bell, arranging interviews with the Government officials.

I found Mr. Pettee of the home office, for many years commissioner
of immigration for the British Government, one of the best informed
persons interviewed during my European tour. Indeed, I may say
he was also fully acquainted wdtli conditions in every European
country.

Because of the large number of persons who sail from British
ports and who, if refused admission by the United States or de-
ported, are returned to the port of embarkation, the handling of so
large an alien population constitutes a great problem. In addition
British immigration laws are very lenient and hence a large number
of foreigners fill the congested districts of all large cities. Therefore
their immigration department perhaps has really more acute prob-
lems to contend with than the American Immigration Service. Much
suifering is experienced in all seaport towns both by foreigners re-
fused tickets by steamship companies, as is noted in the report on
oriental immigration, and those deported or debarred from the
United States.

One of the first subjects which Mr. Pettee brought to my attention
was the need of closer relations betw^een the immigration officials of
the different countries. That cooperation would lessen enormously
the causes of friction between Governments he felt assured, and,
moreover, the well-being of individual mimigrants would be vastly
improved by the same. He promised his aid.

One of the most important requirements for the United States
to make, in his opinion, was that steamship companies shall return
those refused admittance or deported to the initial point of their
journey rather than to the port of departure. Unless this was done,
he claimed, it meant that a large number of persons deported from
the United States will be left in the port towns of England without
any means of livelihood and in turn come into the hands of the
British authorities, who must deport them.

After this interview wdth Mr. Pettee I am convinced that much
of the hardship which has been reported as following the cases of
women deported from the United States, especially Russian sub-
jects, has come from the lack of cooperation between the various
nations upon this point.

Most Russians, especially those who travel without proper gov-
ernmental credentials, leave through German control stations and
hence when deported must travel the same course.

Mr. Pettee cited several instances of deportation by the British
Government of aliens who had been returned to port of em-
barkation by the United States Government. These cases affected
citizens of Russia. When the German control station on the border
of Russia was reached the deportees — being subject to punishment if
they returned, as they had left that country without passports —
refused to enter; hence they were left on the German side of the
frontier by the transportation company. As Germany would not
accept them they were sent back to Great Britain, where they finally
landed in prison.

I do not suppose that instances of this kind, as related to me by
Mr. Pettee, happen frequently, but they occur often enough to present
a pathetic condition which should be remedied by agreements with

380 REPOET OP THE COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

the various nations which Avould compel their acceptance of emigrants
therefrom when denied admission to the United States or in case of
deportation for any cause by our Government.

Through the courtesy of the superintendent of the metropolitan
police of London I visited Scotland Yard and learned many things
of interest in regard to the measures by which the British Govern-
ment controlled the white-slave traffic. English w^omen who are de-
ported from the United States for immorality are given every op-
portunity to regain their lost position. The best relations exist be-
tween the British Government and private philanthropic organiza-
tions, and their assistance is considered indispensable in the care of
such cases and in the handling of many of the problems with which
the Government has to deal. In no other country, possibly, have
private organizations been developed to the degree of efficiency shown
in Great Britain. This is due largely to the close affiliation between
the various governmental departments and these societies and to the
requirements by the Government that every society which receives
governmental recognition shall standardize its work to the highest
degree of efficiency.

The committee on immigration of the National Council of Great
Britain is splendidly organized, and its activities reach every part
of the Empire. In addition to its splendid work an immense amount
of educational work is done, information being given to the emi-
grants in regard to the laws and customs of the country to which
they are going and also advice as to the best section in which to
locate. In many instances contributions are made to the proper
equipment of those who desire to take up special work in their new
liome.

The British Women's Emigration Association is a very important
society for the education and protection of emigrants, and its work
is most valuable, especially to emigrants to British colonies.

RECOMMENDATIONS,

First. — That the United States take the initiative in calling a con-
ference of immigration officials of the nations which have given their
adherence to the existing international agreement regarding the
white-slave traffic, with the view of improving the methods for
enforcing the provisions thereof and of making such regulations as
experience under said agreement has demonstrated to be necessary to
carry out the spirit and intent of the same.

As will be seen from the foregoing report, the representatives of
many European countries, including Government officials, private or-
ganizations, and the United States diplomatic corps, unqualifiedly
approve of such a course. It is the consensus of opinion that the
United States Government should take the initiative in calling this
conference, because of her harmonious relationship with all nations.

If such conference is called it will doubtless lead to the building up
of some permanent machinery whereby the immigration bureaus of
the various Governments will not only provide for proper action in
white-slave cases but also for the an-est and punishment of the
culprits who are responsible for the traffic in women.

Much good has come from international gatherings in which
Governments have taken part, involving the subjects of education,

REPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. 381

hygiene, medicine, temperance, and others. I have but to mention
three permanent results of international conferences to prove their
value — The Hague Conference, the Institute of International Law
at Paris, and the International Institute of Agriculture at Rome.
These are all supported by the Governments signatory and are of
great value in their respective fields.

Second. — That every steamship company touching at United
States ports and carrying immigrants shall furnish free transporta-
tion for one woman supervisor for every 100 female immigrants or
fraction thereof — this woman to be suggested or appointed by the
Bureau of Immigration.

The need of proper supervision on transcontinental trains and
ocean steamships is recognized as one of the most urgent necessities
of the present time. This subject has been frequently discussed at all
national and international gatherings and was one of the most im-
portant subjects for consideration at the session of the International
Council of Women at Rome. The committee on this subject for
the International Council of Women has published a very complete
study ,^ covering the practices of different countries, which accom-
panies this report. Other societies interested in the abolition of the
white-slave traffic and the protection of immigrants in other countries
have made exhaustive studies, and all unite in observing the need of
additional safeguards.

While it is true that some steamship companies profess to employ
such supervisors, it will be readily seen that if such persons are in
the employ of the steamship company they can not be depended upon
to report anything adverse to the interests of the company. While
the steamship companies which have attempted to supply this need
through a regular official of their own are to be complimented for
having attempted to safeguard their patrons, if their interest is
sincere they should be the first to realize the inadequacy of such
supervision.

Mrs. Yickery, of New South Wales, made a very interesting report
of the investigations conducted by the Australian committee of
women in regard to the need of additional supervision during the
voyage, and agrees that the supervision furnished by the matron
appointed by the steamship company is insufficient protection to
young immigrants. They also urge that the agent general of the
Australian Government resident in London shall see that all female
immigrants are examined by a female doctor before they are permit-
ted to leave the English ports for Australia.

From these reports it is apparent that the highest interests of the
Government as well as of the individual will be conserved by such
supervision. Frequently women and girls are made unfit for future
citizenship by the influences to which they are subjected in transit.
In addition to the ethical value of such supervision much educational
work which would be of great benefit to the individual and conse-
quently to the Government may be accomplished during a sea voyage.

The value of such supervision will depend largely upon the char-
acter and qualifications of the persons selected as supervisors.
Should the United States Government decide to require such super-
vision I recommend that the supervisors be appointed by the Bureau
of Immigration from its corps of workers, selecting women who by

1 Not printed ; on file in Buieau of Immigration.

382 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

natural aptitude and experience have proven their fitness for the
duties involved.

Should the difficulty of securing suitable persons or the payment
of additional salaries be an obstacle to such action, I feel certain that
private organizations could be found which would be willing to fur-
nish persons for such service until its value could be tested. The
following suggestions also fall under this general head :

(a) That steamship companies be required to return all persons
brought by them who are refused admission, or w^ho are deported, to
the initial point of journey rather than the port of embarkation.

(?>) That steamship companies furnish complete separation be-
tween the sexes both in living and recreation quarters, and that they
be required to enforce the rules that all members of the crew be
debarred from visiting the steerage quarters except as their duties
require.'

(c) That first and second class passengers be prohibited from
visiting the steerage.

The reasons for suggestions (a) and (b) are fully stated in the
foregoing report.

Suggestion (c) I consider very important. From the 30 or more
ocean voyages which I have taken, and from the superficial obser-
vations possible to a mere tourist, on every trip I have discovered
irregularities arising from the lack of some such regulation. Steer-
age passengers are almost invariably flattered by receiving attentions
from those occupying more expensive quarters. The prestige which
they acquire from this fact alone is sufficient, in the eyes of unso-
phisticated persons, to make them feel that this friendship may mean
a good deal to them when they land in America.

On one occasion a man whom I had had opportunity of observing
on shipboard in his association with the first-class passengers — who
was open to criticism even there — had arranged to take with him
three young women who were traveling in the steerage, although they
had left home with the definite understanding that they were to
remain with relatives. I remonstrated with all the parties concerned,
and even reported the case to the immigration authorities, but they
were unable to do anything, owing to the fact that two of the girls
were of age and the father of the third consented to her accompany-
ing this man — the father in the meantime having made arrangements
to marry a woman whom he had met on board ship.

Doubtless the steamship companies will object to the above require-
ments, but when we recognize that their chief interest in the immi-
grants is the money I'eceived for their transportation, and that when
they are safely through the immigration station their responsibility
practically ends, I do not see that they would have any right to
consider such requirements as a hardship. If the steamship com-
pany desires the patronage of these persons and enjoys the privilege
of the ports of entry to the United States, surely the United States
has a perfect right to protect itself and the immigrant as well.

It has been suggested that European Governments will object to
the United States exercising any supervision beyond the 3-mile
limit over steamships flying a foreign flag. It can readily be seen
that these requirements are confined to the 3-mile limit, for it is only
such ships as desire to enter United States territorial waters that will
come under these laws. The fact that Italy has been able to enforce

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. 383

siicli drastic laws upon non-Italian steamship companies touching at
Italian ports establishes a precedent in the premises.

Third. — That an}^ immigrant desiring to enter the United States
coming from a country which requires a passport to be issued to such
of its citizens as desire to emigrate be required either to have such
passport or to show just cause why he has failed to obey the laws
of his country in not procuring it.

A study of the laws controlling emigration of the different Euro-
pean Governments shows that these laws are based upon principles
of justice, and that through them the welfare of the emigrant is
protected as well as that of the country to which he proposes remov-
ing. Therefore, if an immigrant has left his country without the
proper papers he should be required to show why he has failed to
comply with the requirements of his Government.

I have made a rather thorough study of the emigration laws of
Italy. Austria-Hungary, Switzerland, Bulgaria, and Russia, and I
find that if the hiAvs are obe^^ed by immigrants from those countries
the results would be in direct accord with the desires of the Bureau
of Immigration and that many persons who give promise of becom-
ing undesirable citizens would be prevented from leaving their re-
spective countries. Thus, all of these countries forbid the emigra-
tion of girls under a certain age Avithout the consent of their parents.
In Russia the age is 20 years ; in Bulgaria, 17. The age for admission
in the United States is 16, but it is the desire of all interested in the
protection of young girls that the age should be increased. It would
seem that if the Russian and Bulgarian Governments think it unsafe
for their girls to leave home under 20 and 17 years, respectively, we
should as far as possible cooperate with these Governments, because
all will agree that in the majority of cases this means the extending of
the zone of safety around such girls.

Our Government might go a step further with advantage and
require that every Government which is willing for its citizens to
emigrate to the United States shall give some evidence as to their
worthiness for citizenship. With the complete system of registration
which is practiced in all European countries, such investigation as
M'ould be necessary for the giving of such a document could be made
without expense to such Government. These requirements would not
work a hardship to any worthy person, but would be a great deterrent
to those who are unfit.

Fourth. — That some system of cooperation between the Bureau
of Immigration and the police departments of the different European
cities be established and a more complete system of identification
and registration for aliens be adopted.

I believe that through such an arrangement measures could be
developed which would prevent undesirable citizens from constantly
changing their domiciles. As soon as these persons were made to
realize the many avenues of information at the service of the Gov-
ernment in detecting their shortcomings, they would cease their at-
tempts to enter this country, and although the chiefs of police might
be anxious to be rid of troiiblesome lawbreakers, when they found
that through the activity of the Bureau of Immigration such persons
would be returned to their original haunts, they would see the futility
of permitting them to leave in the first instance.

384 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

Fifth. — That special attention be given by the Bureau of Immigra-
tion to the devising of a practicable plan by which the international
committee for cooperation for the care of deported women — the
nucleus of which was formed by the International Council of Women
at Rome — may be made of definite ser\dce.

The problem of the male immigrant has had years of experience
to guide in its solution, but the question of the unattached immigrant
woman is comparatively new. Formerly alien women were of riper
years and always accompanied their families. Now every steam-
ship company brings a large number of unattached young women,
ignorant of everything except the practices of their narrow home
sphere. Everywhere we travel in the United States we find them,
and everywhere they are being exploited. All that one needs to
prove the truth of this is to talk to any one of them who happens
to be a traveling companion for a few hours. The worst of it is that
this problem will be increased in the future. In my intimate in<Jfer-
course with European women of all classes I find that there is a lurk-
ing hope in the heart of practically all women who must earn their
living that some day they may come to America. Conditions are
hard for women in many European countries and America seems to
them the land of hope, and thousands are carefully hoarding their
pennies, hoping that some day they will realize their dream.

I believe that Avhen this committee is well organized it will be far-
reaching in its influence for good. The need of some such coopera-
tion will be seen by a study of the report of the Commissioner Gen-
eral of Immigration for 1913. During that year 367 w^ere debarred
from the United States because of immorality and 330 were arrested
and deported for the same reason. While it is true that the majority
of these belonged to the professional prostitute class, the picture of
a deported woman is so pathetic that it immediately arouses the
sympathy of the most callous. Hitherto this sympathy has found
its chief expression in criticism of the Government and in futile and
hysterical utterances, frequently based upon the flimsiest sort of
testimony, rather than in helpful measures. But a single case of
unnecessary suffering is sufficient to call down criticism upon the
Government and to retard the development of proper measures for
the protection of this country from inimical influences.

Many persons are prevented from giving the information which
may lead to the deportation of women because they feel that deporta-
tion is too gi'eat a hardship.

The fact that members of the opposite sex have largely dealt wdth
members of this class of offenders has also led to some criticism,
although much exaggerated. All these grounds for criticism will
be eliminated wdien the machinery of the Bureau of Immigration
to cooperate with this international committee is completed.

When it is known that from the time the United States Govern-
ment places its hand upon a woman held for deportation she is in
charge of a woman officer and in touch with those of her own nation-
ality and that even after her return to her native country she will
have protection and help extended to her, much of this criticism will
be eliminated and many persons who now refuse to give information
which may lead to deportation will find that the truest kindness to
the individual is conserved by placing her in the hands of the Gov-
ernment.

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. 385

Sufficient time should elapse before a woman is deported to permit
her testimony to be used in the criminal courts — both Federal and
State — in convicting those contributory to her delinquency. Fre-
quently her partners in crime are the ones most anxious to have her
sent out of the country. Specific cases have been known where the
officers at immigrant stations have unwittingly assisted in carrying
out the wishes of such guilty parties. On the other hand, whenever
a suspicion of such motives is shown the Bureau of Iinmigration
always refuses to permit the laws to be used for such ulterior purpose.

The large number of persons debarred from entering the United
States because of not being able to meet the requirements of the law
might 1 e materially reduced if information could be given in advance
of 'what is required by our laws. The matter of devising some means
for disseminating this knowledge has been discussed, but as yet no
very efficient agencies have- been discovered. It is useless to expect
European Governments to interest themselves particularly in the
dissemination of this information. If the work is done, it must be
accomplished through philanthropic and voluntary agencies. The
international committee of cooperation for the care of deported
women represents 8,000,000 organized women in the different coun-
tries of Europe. This immense group of intelligent womanhood is
at the service of the Government for the purpose of educating the
people in their respective countries.

The need of proper interpretation of our proposed immigration
legislation to other Governments is frequently felt. Objection is
often raised to proposed legislation because foreign Governments do
not understand the need of such legislation, nor do they recognize the.
value of its application to their subjects. Women have both the
leisure and the social instinct to inform themselves upon these sub-
jects, and most of the problems appeal more readily to women than
to men.

A translation of all immigration laws and rules should be sent
to the secretary of each of these national committees and to the inter-
national committee of cooperation for deported women, who should
also be sent such further information as will enable them to form
a correct opinion in regard to conditions in the United States. Time
and effort spent in this direction will bring a rich reward to the
Government through intelligent appreciation and interpretation of
American laws and ideals.

Sixth. — In order that the Bureau of Immigi'ation may profit to the
fullest measure from the international committee of cooperation for
the care of deported women, I would recommend that one woman at
each immigration station be placed in charge of this work, and that
all women held in that station for deportation be placed directly
under her supervision; that wherever feasible women held for de-
portation pending decision be placed in the hands of some private
philanthropy which has given assurance to the Bureau of Immigra-
tion of its practical value as a cooperative agency, such organization
to be of the nationality and religion of the alien if possible ; and full
particulars of the case, with such data in regard to the character and
antecedents of the woman as can be gathered to be at once sent to
the Commissioner General of Immigration, Avho shall take up directly
the correspondence with the national committee in the country to

60629°— 15 25

386 KEPOET OP THE COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

which the woman belongs; the committee, of course, to be furnished
with all the facts in regard to the case and to investigate the condi-
tions under which the woman will be forced to live after her return.
If this were done the Commissioner General would have information
that would enable him to decide what is the best disposition to be
made of the case. If the woman is detained at an immigration sta-
tion at which there are no women employees, the commissioner in
charge of the station could at once place himself in communication
with some j^rivate organization, preferably of the same nationality
and religion as the woman, such organization to be asked to take
charge of the case until other provision could be made for the care
and the disposition of the alien.

In this connection it is also suggested that the Bureau of Immigra-
tion should confer with the officers of the leading private organiza-
tions representing different international groups in the United States
and ascertain which are willing to cooperate with the Government in
assisting women of their own nationality held for deportation.

CONCLUSION.

In concluding this report I desire to call attention to the practice
of the different Governments which have established " emigration
funds" from the revenues of their emigration departments. In
every instance it is required that all of such funds shall be used for
the emigration department, administration expenses, education, and
after care and relief among emigrants. In addition, most countries
make provision for the replenishment of these funds from other
sources of the Government when the revenues of the department are
not sufficient for its needs.

The data which I gathered by my personal intercourse with the
classes from which the majority of immigrants come I consider of
great value, because it was gathered when those interviewed were
entirely unconscious of the reason for my interest. I visited these
people in their houses, talked with them in shops and factories, drank
goat's milk with them in tiny Swiss chalets, ate polenta and raw
green peas with them in the vineyards of Italy and goulash on the
plains of Hungary, and drank coffee with them in Turkish baths in
Constantinople.

In every instance I found that some member of the family was
living in the United States, and in every house where I saw evidence
of comfort or luxury it had come from the members of the family
who were living in the United States. Every one knew more about
the history and geography of the United States than they did of any
European country, and all had marvelous tales to tell of the freedom
and wealth of the United States. That such impressions as these are
current in Europe among the families of those who have emigrated
to the United States is in itself irrefutable evidence that the policy of
this Government is just and generous and that those who are in-
trusted with the enforcement of the immigration laws have done
their work intelligently and kindly.

Next to the gratifying knowledge that the Bureau of Immigration
of the United States is greatly appreciated in European countries was
my pleasure at learning that there w^as not a single American woman

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. 387

in jail or the penitentiary in any country which I visited, nor was
there any American woman a registered prostitute in any of these
countries. I made very careful inquiries in every country I visited
upon these points. When we realize how many unaccompanied
American girls go abroad for pleasure or profit, and what large
American colonies are to be found in all European centers, this fact
is worthy of note.

In conclusion I wish to express my appreciation of the interest
manifested in and the assistance given to my work under this detail
by my colleagues, a complete list of whom follows :

Dr. Anna Howard Shaw, president National Woman's Suffrage
Association, Moylan, Pa.

Mrs. Elizabeth Grannis, president National Christian League for
Promotion Christian Purity, New York City.

Miss Sadie American, executive secretary National Council of Jew-
ish Women, New York City.

Prof. Elizabeth Thelberg, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, N. Y.

Miss Lucy Anthony, Pennsylvania State Suffrage Association,
Moylan, Pa.

Dr. Harriet Hunt, National Montessori System, Washington, D. C.

Mrs. Ida Husted Harper, lecturer, Washington, D. C.

Miss Janet Richards, D. A. E. and General Federation of Women's
Clubs, Washington, D. C.

Prof. Laura J. Wiley, English, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, N. Y.

Mrs. Clarissa Williams, National Woman's Relief Society, Salt
Lake City, Utah.

Miss Crans, National League of Women Voters, Washington, D. C.

Mrs. Susa Young Gates, Young Women's Mutual Improvement
Association, Salt Lake City, LTtah.

Miss Katherine Steele Barrett, Virginia Suffrage League, Alex-
andria, Va.

Miss Adelaide Johnson, sculptor, Washington, D. C.

Mrs. Brewster McDonald, vice president National Child Welfare
League, New York City.

Mrs. May Wright Sewall, honorary president National Council of
Women, Indianapolis, Ind.

Miss Marian May, corresponding secretary New York State Suf-
frage League, New York City.

Miss Lvdia Sparkman, Barnard College, Paterson, N. J.

Mrs. Willard Ashton, Rockford, 111.

Respectfully submitted.

Kate Waller Barrett,

Special Agent.

Hon. A. Caminetti,

Commissioner General of Immigration.

APPENDIX V

Report of W. W. Husband, Special Immigrant Inspector,
regarding immigration from eastern Europe

389

APPENDIX V.

REPORT OF W. W. HUSBAND, SPECIAL IMMIGRANT IN-
SPECTOR, REGARDING IMMIGRATION FROM EASTERN
EUROPE.

Sir : I have the honor to submit herewith a report on immigration
to the United States from certain eastern European countries and
Turkey in Asia, which report is based on investigation made in the
countries concerned during the last six months of the year 1913.

A summary of the more important findings and various recom-
mendations precede the report proper, while a considerable number
of exhibits are submitted as an appendix.^

In presenting this report I desire to acknowledge the valuable
assistance rendered by American diplomatic and consular officers in
the various countries visited. I also want to commend in the highest
terms Mr. Harvey W. Anderson, of Missouri, and Mr. Samuel N.
Harper, of Chicago, who in the capacity of interpreters assisted me
in the work in Russia. Mr. Anderson, who is connected with the
international students' movement of the Young Men's Christian As-
sociation, accompanied me through w^estern Russia, while Mr.
Harper, who has spent much time in Russia as a student of Russian
life and institutions, was with me nearly two months in various parts
of the country. Both of these men were enthusiastic in the work,
and their assistance was invaluable.
Respectfully,

W. W. Husband,

Immigrant Inspector.

Hon. A. Caminetti,

C omTTiissioner General of Immigration.

REPORT.

The accompanying report concerns the present large immigration
movement to the United States from eastern Europe and Asiatic
Turkey. It is based on investigations conducted during the last six
months of 1913, the purpose being to make a general survey of the
whole situation, with special reference to the following matters:

1. The causes of such immigration.

2. Whether such immigration is promoted in violation of United
States law.

3. Wliether emigrants are subjected to undue hardships and ex-
ploitation while in transit.

4. Whether diseased or otherwise inadmissible emigrants are
brought to United States ports when the fact that they are of the
excluded classes might have been determined before leaving home,
or at least at the port of embarkation.

' Not printed.

391

392 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

5. Whether foreign Governments will cooperate in disseminating
information relative to the United States law, in order that intending
emigrants may know before leaving home the conditions of admission
to this country and thus avoid the hardships which attend rejection
here or at intermediate points on the journey.

6. What other measures can be taken to remedy evils that may
exist.

CAUSES OF IMMIGRATION.

Immigration from the sources under consideration is for the most
part due to the fact that the demand for labor is much greater and
the wages paid far higher in the United States than in the countries
from which the immigrants come. Avoidance of military service,
a desire for adventure, dissatisfaction with political and social con-
ditions, alleged discrimination on account of race or religion, and
various other causes are also operative, but all of these combined
are of little importance when compared with the simple economic
inducement referred to.

The chief secondary or immediate causes are the advice — and often
the financial assistance — of previous immigrants, and the activity of
steamship ticket agents and brokers and the so-called runners who
serve them. Opinions differ as to the relative importance of the two
causes named, but the question is a difficult one to determine for the
reason that the work of agents is so largely supplementary in char-
acter. In other words, the desire and purpose to emigrate is for
the most part due to encouraging letters from friends in the United
States, or the evidences of prosperity exhibited by those who have
returned to the homeland, while the agents' function is largely to
convince potential emigrants that going away is possible and to
assist and direct them in so doing.

As a matter of fact it is doubtful whether steamship ticket agents,
however active and persuasive, could promote anything like the
present volume of emigration from eastern Europe Avere it not that
an intense spirit of emigration has been created and kept alive by
the encouraging reports of those who have sought their fortunes in
the New World. Nevertheless, it is certain that such agents are
so important a factor, at least in a contributory sense, that their
elimination would resvilt in a greatly reduced emigration while
their better control along lines contemplated by the United States
law, as well as by the emigration laws of most European countries,
woidd have the same effect, only in a lesser degree.

The theory of the United States law is that transportation com-
panies shall not attempt to promote immigration, but that they may
strive for a share of the natural flow by advertising dates of sailing,
facilities for travel, etc.; and this is also essentially the theory of
existing European laws upon the subject. Nevertheless, high offi-
cials in Russia expressed the opinion that more than one-half of the
emigration from that country is due to the activity of steamship
ticket agents, while a competent authority in Hungary estimated
that 50,000 emigrants left that country in 1913 as the result of such
propaganda. Further evidence in this regard is the claim of Gov-
ernment officials that the suppression of ticket agents in Bulgaria
has reduced emigration from that country to a minimum — a claim
that seems to be substantiated by our statistical records.

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMTORATION. 393

In one sense the above statements probably are not unreasonable,
for it must be remembered that the agent is a natural facility to
emigration and the elimination of that facility of course would
greatly reduce the movement. It is problematical what the effect
would be if such agents could be compelled to abandon the practice
of agitating emigration and to confine themselves solely to facili-
tating the going of those who have been otherwise induced, but it
is very doubtful whether the reduction in emigration would even
approximate the results suggested relative to Russia and Hungary.
Nevertheless, agents as a whole are an important factor in promoting
immigration to the United States, while the system they have in-
augurated in most of the countries is in many cases exceedingly
detrimental to the welfare of the immigrant.

CHARACTER AND METHODS OF STEAMSHIP TICKET AGENTS.

In the eyes of the law of most, if not all, eastern European coun-
tries there are two general classes of steamship ticket agents — legal
and illegal.

Legal agents as a rule are those who represent transportation con-
cerns which are authorized to conduct an emigration business in
such countries and who usually operate under Government regula-
tions strictly forbidding the solicitation of emigration and par-
ticularly of emigration that is not in compliance with law. In
some countries also there are authorized emigration concerns which
do not directly represent any specific transportation company or
companies, but in the main the so-called legal agents serve some
particular steamship line. When they comply with the laws of the
countries in which they operate these legal agents also comply to a
gratifying degree with the United States law, because in the main
all such laws contemplate that the great movement of population
from Europe to the United States shall be natural rather than
artificial, and that the people who compose it shall be treated
honestly and humanely. Unfortunately in some instances the law
respecting the artificial promotion of emigi-ation is not well ob-
served, and legal agents solicit business with the same eagerness
that characterizes their illegal competitors. But it must be said that
the restraint put upon legal agents by Governments, and to some
extent by the steamship companies they represent, results in far
better protection to emigrants, and, through medical and other
inspection at home, prevents the attempted emigration of many
defectives Avho otherwise would journey to a distant port of em-
barkation— or perhaps to an American port — only to learn that
they could not be admitted to the country of intended destination.

The number of bona fide legal agents operating in eastern Euro-
pean countries is quite limited. In Russia only steamship lines
flying the Russian flag are authorized to sell steerage tickets; in
Austria and Hungary, particularly the latter, concessions to transact
an emigration business are difficult to obtain and are guarded by
restrictions which make the traffic both expensive and hazardous;
while the Bulgarian law is so severe that only one legal agency exists
under it. In view of these restrictions it "is perhaps only natural
that probably the greater part of the emigration business in such

394 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

countries should be done by illegal, secret, or contraband agents as
they are variously called.

So far as could be learned this class of agents as a rule does not
directly represent any particular steamship company, but rather
deal with general agents of such companies or semi-independent con-
cerns which are more or less closely allied to some particular line
or group of lines. Secret agents, and also legal agents, as a rule
do not sell actual tickets but merely furnish orders for transporta-
tion for which they accept deposits, the purchase of a ticket usually
being completed at ports of embarkation. In many cases the so-
called agents are merely brokers who round up emigi-ants and turn
them over to the representative of some line or semi-independent
agency just outside the borders of the country where they are re-
cruited, or in some cases to legal agents at home. Still further down
the list are the runners who go about the villages and direct their
patrons — or victims, as the case may be — to some legal agent or
illegal broker for a small commission per head.

Still another important feature of the business is the piloting of
illegal emigrants out of the country of origin, and it is in this trans-
action that emigrants undergo the greatest exploitation. It should
be understood that for military and other reasons emigration from
an eastern European country is illegal unless consented to by the
Govei'nment, which consent is in all cases represented by a foreign
passport. The emigrating class in such countries is almost entirely
composed of young men, many of whom can not secure a passport
because of their liability to military service, and legalized agencies
are bound under heavy penalties not to furnish transportation to
persons not in possession of such a document. Moreover, in some
countries the cost of a foreign passport is deemed to be prohibitive,
and the delay and trouble in getting one too great; while in many
cases emigrants elect to leave the country secretly because it seems
adventurous or merely to show independence. This condition of
affairs affords a wide and fertile field for the secret ticket agent or
broker as well as for those who make a business of piloting this
illegal emigration out of the country. In Russia, Austria-Hungary,
and to a lesser extent in the Balkan States, the business of conducting
groups of illegal emigrants has reached enormous proportions, and
in the aggregate scores of thousands so cross the frontiers of their
respective countries annually. It is easy to see how a movement of
this nature opens the way for wholesale exploitation of the emi-
grants. Their fear of detection by frontier guards and their igno-
rance of the country traversed tend to place them at the mercy of
their guides, who, it is generally claimed, exploit them at every turn.

Some seemingly competent authorities, however, stated that cur-
I'ent stories of such exploitation are overdrawn and that the services
rendered by the guides under discussion are in the main subject to
fixed charges which are well laiown among the emigrating classes.
But even such informers agree that the situation is deplorable and
that emigrants are subjected to undue expense and hardship thereby.
These secret agents as a class are very generally detested because
of their exploitation of helpless emigrants, and in Eussia the word
" agent " is so widely associated with them that persons taking
agencies in other lines of business often prefer to be designated by
some other title.

EEPOET OP THE COMMISSIONER GENEEAL OF IMMIGRATION. 395
OUTSIDE STEAMSHIP AGENCIES.

While as before stated the so-called secret agents, brokers, run-
ners, and guides do not appear to be the accredited representatives
of trans- Atlantic steamship lines, the system is organized so as to
play directly into the hands of the representatives of such companies
who are located at convenient points outside the countries where
emigration originates. Agencies of this nature are to be found at
various German railway points along the Russian and Austrian
frontiers. The most convenient route from the chief sources of
eastern European immigration to ports of embarkation is through
(xermany, and as all who choose such route are compelled by the
Prussian Government to pass through so-called control stations situ-
ated at the railway points referred to, their value as locations for
steamship ticket agencies is obvious.

Moreover, it is only natural that the advantages of such a situation
should accrue chiefly to the German steamship companies, as is the
case. These lines, and various others associated with them in the
so-called steamship pool, can not legally maintain agencies in Russia,
and strict regulations hamper their business in other eastern Euro-
pean countries ; but because of the " underground railways " which
lead from such countries to the outside agency points referred to, it
does not appear that their interests suffer materially. Similar
agencies, as well as a considerable number of more or less independ-
ent emigration concerns, operate in Switzerland, at Rotterdam, and
elsewhere. They are not in such close contact with the sources of
immigration as are the border agencies, but they are quite well rep-
resented in such fields hj agents or brokers, and some of them also
conduct a vigorous propaganda through form letters, etc., sent to
potential emigrants whose names are secured in various ways.

It should not be understood that the operations of the system above
described necessarily result in violations of the United States law,
because in that respect much of the movement is entirely normal.
The system exists primarily to contravene the laAvs of emigrant-fur-
nishing countries, and from the standpoint of such laws a consider-
able part of the business so handled is illegal and therefore is looked
upon as abnormal. But the worst feature of the situation, from a
humanitarian point of view, is the opportunities the system affords
for the exploitation of helpless emigrants.

ATTITT7DE OF GOVERNIklENTS.

Eastern European nations recognize emigration as a natural move-
ment which can not well be stopped but which ought to be kept
under careful control. In every country there is a more or less
widespread sentiment in favor of restricting emigration or of for-
bidding it altogether, but as a rule it is considered to be an economic
necessity. The Governments, however, seem to look with disfavor on
the permanent emigration of their people, except in the case of some
so-called " alien " races, and the laws and projected laws apparently
are designed to permit emigration under certain restrictions, to
protect emigrants while abroad, to facilitate the sending home of
their earnings, and finally to induce their return to the homeland.
Hungary and Bulgaria have enacted comprehensive emigration laws,

396 BEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

and Russia, Austria, Greece, and Servia are contemplating such
legislation, while attempting to regulate the movement in the mean-
time by passport, conscription, and other regulations. In every
country visited the artificial promotion of emigration is greatly
deprecated. In some cases the war on illegal agents has compelled
them to carry on the work of promotion from outside the country,
and in general such agents are regarded as veritable outlaws.

The emigration laws already in force as well as those projected
contemplate that emigration shall conform to the immigration laws
of the country to which destined, and on the whole the policies of the
emigrant- furnishing countries in several important particulars are
essentially the same as the policy of the United States. This is
especially true of the attitude toward the artificial promotion of
emigration and the exploitation of emigrants. The promotion of
emigration by foreign steamship companies is especially frowned
upon in countries having a seaboard, the natural antipathy to such
promotion being accentuated by a desire on the part of such countries
to utilize emigration in building up their own nierchant marine.

In some of the countries the possibility of controlling immigration
and emigration in some particulars through international coopera-
tion was informally discussed with officials, and in every instance the
proposition was looked upon with favor.

INSURED PASSAGES.

The practice of insuring emigrants against rejection at United
States ports has become a very common one. It is openly carried
on in practically all of the important ports of eastern Europe, and
in some cases the business is transacted in emigration stations main-
tained by steamship companies or at their ticket agencies, although
it appears that such companies are not directly interested. In some
instances the business appears to be honestly conducted, while in
others the policies or certificates issued are so modified by conditions
that a rejected immigrant's chances of recovering any part of his
passage money are greatly restricted.

CONTRACT LABOR AND INDUCED IMMIGRATION.

Undoubtedly a great majority of eastern European immigrants
coming to the United States are assured before leaving home that
work will be available here, and usually they loiow the nature of the
work and approximately what the wages will be. It is such assur-
ance, as a rule, that induces them to come. Nearly all immigration
originates in the villages and smaller towns, and when a community
has sent out even a few emigrants those who remain at home are kept
well advised relative to labor conditions in America. A considerable
part of the immigration seems to result from general knowledge of
this nature while another large part moves in response to more direct
advices from relatives or friends here. So far as could be learned the
average eastern European who is contemplating emigration does not
require an assurance that some specific job awaits him in this country,
but only that labor is in demand. During the inquiry in Russia many
attempts were made to ascertain the nature of the promises of work
that had induced emigration in specific cases, and only rarely was

EEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. 397

it found that the emigrant had the promise of a particular job. The
emigrating classes are confident that Avork is available here, because
their friends have found it so, and their chief trouble is to get money
with which to follow them.

In many instances, of course, the assurance of employment is based
on a more or less direct promise of employers that work will be
available ; but, as before suggested, a less specific assurance probably
would have the same result in most cases. Nevertheless the practice
alluded to undoubtedly is so common that many of the immigrants
are, technically at least, contract laborers. It is doubtful, however,
whether these immigrants as a rule understand that they are coming
to the United States in violation of law, at least at the time they start
on the journey. As a matter of fact, the emigrating classes, as well
as the people generally, seem to be ignorant of, or at least not to
understand, the contract-labor law. Perhaps this is not true of the
older sources of immigration, but it was quite apparent in the parts
of Russia visited. This ignorance or misunderstanding may be due
in part to the fact that the contract-labor policy of the United States
is the direct opposite of Canada's policy in that regard. Immigration
to Canada is largely induced by specific promises of employment or
assurances of agricultural opportunities. Otherwise the Canadian
law is essentially the same as ours, and as the emigrating classes
frequently do not distinguish between the United States and Canada,
but regard all as America, it is not strange that the misunderstand-
ing alluded to should exist. Perhaps the importance of this conflict
of laws has been exaggerated, but whatever the reason may be it is
certain that our contract-labor law is not generally comprehended, at
least in Russia.

Some indications were found which pointed to direct violations
of the contract-labor law through the recruiting of groups of
laborers for specific employers. This method is commonly employed
in promoting immigration to Canada, but it is not believed that it
is very general in the case of the United States. The Canadian
demand for labor is largely spasmodic, while in the United States
it has continued quite steadily for many years. Consequently a
system has developed which makes artificial promotion of this nature
practically unnecessary here so far as common labor is concerned.

There is evidence also that steamship ticket agents in the United
States sometimes seek to promote business by advising potential
immigrants in Europe of opportunities for labor here, but whether
there was collusion between such agents and employers of labor in
America could not be ascertained. Various attempts were made to
learn whether labor agents in the United States cooperate with
steamship ticket agents abroad in promoting immigration, and while
a little affirmative evidence in this regard was secured the existence
of such a system was very generally denied.

INSPECTION ABROAD.

Every emigrant, or at least every steerage passenger, who attempts
to embark for a United States port must submit to a medical inspec-
tion at the port of sailing. In the case of emigrants handled by legal
steamship agencies an examination is usually made at the time appli-
cation for passage is received, and in this way many are prevented

398 EEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

from undertaking a useless attempt to reach the United States or
other proposed destination. Emigrants passing through Germany
are medically inspected at the so-called control stations along the
Russian and Austrian frontiers. Therefore many eastern European
emigrants are inspected twice and often three times before embarka-
tion. Agents of the Russian America Line are penalized by the
company for sending to Libau, the port of sailing, persons who are
afflicted with certain diseases, and in Hungary the Government in-
sists that intending emigrants be inspected before leaving home if
possible.

In the case of emigrants handled under the secret agency system,
however, it is probable that inspection at place of origin is not com-
monly practiced. As a result large numbers leave their homes only
to be rejected at a control station or port of embarkation. The hard-
ship thus inflicted is one of the most deplorable features of the
secret agency system, for in many cases the intending emigrant sacri-
fices practically all he has in the attempt to reach America.

The inspection at ports of embarkation is reasonably thorough, as
a rule, and at many of them one of the examining physicians repre-
sents the United States Consular Service. At all such ports facili-
ties for treating diseased emigrants are provided, but this is not
generally practiced by transportation companies except in cases of
easily curable diseases. The treatment of trachoma and other
chronic diseases, however, is a well-organized business in the larger
ports, and in many instances this is one of the worst features of the
widespread system of exploitation with which helpless and ignorant
emigrants have to contend.

What is most needed in this connection is some method of deter-
mining whether an intending emigrant is admissible to the United
States before he starts on the journey. Of course this would not
entirely prevent rejections at United States ports, or at ports of
embarkation, but undoubtedly it would considerably reduce the num-
ber of such rejections, especially at intermediate points. If the
movement from eastern Europe could be liandled in a legal way,
fairly competent inspection at home propably would result; but the
business is so largely controlled by irresponsible agents who are
obliged to w^ork secretly, and who often have no interest in the wel-
fare of their patrons, that such an inspection is out of the question.

Various means of accomplishing the desired end were discussed
with officials in the countries visited, but the only seemingly prac-
tical solution proposed was that of circulating information relative
to the requirements of the United States law among the emigrating
classes. In this matter assurance was received that various Gov-
ernments would cooperate with the United States.

FUTURE IMMIGRATION.

There is little on which to base a prophecy concerning future immi-
gration from eastern Europe, but the indications are that unless
artificially restricted the movement will continue in its present flood-
like proportions for many years to come. Some express the belief
that industrial development in the various countries will soon create
a home market for surplus labor as in the case of Germany, but
unless such development goes on more rapidly than at present it

EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. 399

seems unlikely that immigration will be greatly affected. Moreover,
so large a part of the immigration under consideration returns to the
homelands that the population drain is not nearly so great as the
statistics of arrivals alone would seem to indicate.

In the Balkan States and Greece it is thought by some that the
development of territory acquired from Turkey will prove attractive
and profitable enough to keep the surplus population at home, and in
Italy a like prophecy is made concerning that country's new posses-
sion in northern Africa. Possibly these anticipations will be realized
to some extent, but if the supply from such sources is curtailed the
decrease can and probably will be made up by an increase in the
movement from Austria-Hungary and Russia, and more particularly
from the last-named country.

The population of Russia is far greater than that of Austria-Hun-
gary, Italy, Greece, and the Balkan States combined, and therefore it
is numerically the most important source of immigration in Europe.
If immigration from Russia should ever become relatively as great
as it has been from some other eastern European countries the empire
would alone furnish approximately as many immigrants as come
from all Europe in an average year. In all probability this will never
happen, but the failure will be due to lack of demand rather than to
shortage of supply.

In 1913 Russia led all other countries in the number of immigrants
sent to the United States, but compared with the total population
the number was only 1 to about 5G0, Avhile the proportion coming
from Austria-Hungary was 1 to about 200, and from Italy 1 to every
125 of the total population.

RUSSIAN PEASANT IMMIGRATION.

Heretofore nearly all immigration from Russia has originated
among the so-called " alien '■ population of the western Provinces and
Finland, including Jews, Poles, Lituanians, Germans, and Finns,
but in more recent j^ears there has been a rapid increase in the nmuber
of real Russians in the movement. At present these are largely
White Russians and Little Russians, who are near neighbors of the
" alien " population of the west, but the sources are steadily being
pushed eastward to the central Provinces which are peopled by
Great Russians — the dominant and by far the most numerous race of
Russia. A very large proportion of these people are of the peasant
class, from which nearly all eastern European immigration is drawn,
and the conditions which forced such immigration from other coun-
tries are also to be found in this section of Russia. The simple fact
is that the peasants must live by agriculture, and the land available
will not support the rapidly increasing population, especially under
existing methods of cultivation. This overcrowding of the land has
resulted in a large migration to Siberia and minor movements to
other outlying parts of the empire. In 1908 approximately 750,000
peasants migrated to Siberia, but the movement has fallen off greatly
since that time, the alleged reason being that the readily available
land there has been largely taken up. The movement to Siberia
seems to be regarded as the logical means of reducing the population
pressure in the European Provinces, and this outlet being restricted
it is natural that overseas emigration should be substituted.

400 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

As before stated, comparatively few Great Russians have come
to the United States as yet; but unless all signs fail it will not be
many years before they take a leading place in that regard. This
probability led to as careful a study of the capabilities and character
of the Russian peasant as was feasible, wdth a view to suggesting the
possibility of directing immigrants of this class to some activity in
the United States other than that of unskilled industrial labor, which
field has so largely absorbed other eastern European immigration.

During the investigation in Russia much discussion was had re-
specting the general character of the Russian peasants, and the con-
sensus of opinion among persons who have studied them in their
native surroundings is that they are essentially an excellent people in
many ways. This is the opinion of well-known British travelers and
writers ; and prominent Russians, both Jews and gentiles, very gen-
erally gave like assurance, while personal observation, although
necessarily somewhat restricted, led to the same conclusion.

A large proportion of these peasants live under the communal
land system, which was inaugurated when they were released from
serfdom in 1861. Since that time there has been an enormous in-
crease in population among them, with relatively little increase in
the amount of land held by them. As before stated, this condition
has forced a great migration to Siberia and is now resulting in an
increasing movement to overseas countries. Under the communal
system the peasants can not readily dispose of their lands, and in a
sense they are still bound to the soil. Consequently the peasant im-
migrant has a property interest in Russia which tends to induce his
return to his native village, and because of this he is naturally a
temporary rather than a permanent visitor in the country to which
he goes.

Moreover, it appears that the peasants are inclined to be dis-
satisfied with industrial life in the United States. Early in the
investigation a schoolteacher in the city of Minsk, who, as they say
in Russia, came from the peasants, asked why we in the United
States did not put the Russians on the land instead of in the mines
and factories. He said they did not like industrial occupations, and
that in consequence many returned who would have stayed here if
they could have acquired some land. Subsequent inquiry forced the
conclusion that in an indefinite sort of way this feeling is quite preva-
lent among the people in sections from which this class of immigra-
tion has started. Of course the fact that peasant immigrants can not
easily dispose of their interest in tlie communal lands would make
it largely impracticable for them to purchase land here, and more-
over few of them would have sufficient money with which to make a
start. But as a matter of fact it is doubtful whether the possibility
of becoming farmers here occurs to them at all. This condition is
readily understood when the solidarity of the peasant class is consid-
ered. The communal interest is so strongly developed among them
that the people of a village are essentially a unit in many particulars.
It is said that the large migrations to Siberia have very largely
moved in accordance with this cooperative law. When such migra-
tion is proposed, forerunners are sent to inspect places suggested
for settlement, and it is stated that the people always abide by the
decision made by such inspectors. Overseas emigration is very largely
based on the same principle, although it does not appear that the

EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER GEXEKAL OF IMMIGRATION, 401

forerunner system is organized as in the case of the Siberian move-
ment. It is true, howeA'er, that the present Russhm peasant move-
ment to the United States is ahnost entirely directed to cities and
industrial centers because the early comers have gone there, and
unless means are taken to divert it future immigi-ation of the same
class is almost certain to follow in a like channel.

It is believed that if desired and if taken in time Russian immi-
grants can be directed to the land instead of to industrial centers.
They love the land, but do not like the factory. They have the
ability, and it is generally agreed the willingness, to work and work
hard. They are accustomed to agricultural labor under adverse cir-
cumstances, which kind of labor would seem to be required in the
development of much of the so-called waste land in the United
States, a great deal of which can be brought under cultivation by
hard work properly directed. Taking fully into account the existing
conditions in this regard, it is believed that the Russian peasant im-
migration, which seems almost sure to increase gi'eatly in the near
future, affords the best opportunity for developing a movement to
the land since the Scandinavians so largely settled the North Central
States a generation or more ago.

As before stated, the Russian peasant, because of membership in a
commune, is in a way bound to the land, and it is also true that he has
little or no material resources with which to enter agriculture in a
foreign country. The first disability, however, is being removed
mider the edict of 1900 and the so-called Stolypin Land Act of 1910,
which provide for supplanting the communal land system of Russia
with a s^'stem of individual tenure. A considerable percentage of
the communal landholders have already adopted the new plan, and
it is believed that in time the old system will practically disappear.
Under the Stolypin Act peasants are free to sell their individual
holdings, and it is believed that large numbers will do so. In fact
some predict that there will be 10,000,000 landless peasants as the
result of the change in the system of tenure, but as a rule the esti-
mates are much more conservative. Unless conditions change
rapidlj'^ it seems certain that the home demand for labor will not
nearly absorb the landless mass, and as they will be removed from
the protection of the communal system, which at least insures the
members a bare existence, it is safe to assume that many will emi-
grate permanently to foreign countries. jNIoreover, they will realize
some money from the sale of their lands. The amount will be small
as a rule, but in some cases at least it would enable the peasants to
make a start as independent farmers in the Xew World. If a suc-
cessful start in this direction is made, the cooperatiA'e spirit which so
strongly prevails among the Russians undoubtedly would leacl many
future immigrants in the same path. Indeed it seems reasonable to
predict that if taken in time and handled rightly the almost inevit-
able movement of these people might be very largely directed to agri-
cultural rather than to industrial pursuits in the 'United States, as
will be the case in Canada and South American countries to which
many of them will go.

In providing for the radical change in the peasant land policy of
Russia previously alluded to, it was contemplated that the discon-
tinuance of the commimal system would also result in the breaking
60629°— 15 26

402 KEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

up of the communal villages, and that the peasants would move their
habitations to the land permanently assigned to them. This feature
of the plan, it is said, has been strenuously objected to by many of
the peasants, who prefer the village life to which practically all of
them are accustomed rather than the relative isolation of scattered
homesteads. Because of this, it is claimed, many of the communes
Avhich have accepted the individual-tenure plan have insisted on re-
taining their villages as places of habitation. This peculiarity of
Kussian immigrants would necessarily have to be taken into con-
sideration in any attempt that might be made to utilize them in
connection with the agrarian situation in the United States.

THE LAST SOURCE OF EUROPEAN IMMIGRATION.

Probably it is not generally realized that the Russian peasant
population is the last European source from which the United
States can expect to draw immigration. Beyond them there is noth-
ing but the Mongolian populations of Asia, with the Persians, Hindus,
and other races of the south. Because of this it would seem wise
that every effort be made to utilize this immigration in a way that
will be most advantageous to the United States, and probably there
will be little dissent from the opinion that such advantage lies in
the direction of building up a much-needed agricultural population
rather than allowing this class of immigrants to increase the supply
of common labor in an already overcrowded market.

POSSIBLE IMMIGRATION OF WESTERN ASIATICS.

The population of Eussia includes several races of Asiatic origin
which may become factors in our immigration. Chief among these
are various Tataric peoples who inhabit both European and Asiatic
Russia. A good many of the Tatars proper live in the larger cities,
and so far as could he learned few have emigrated: but when the
emigration spirit becomes more prevalent among the Russians in
the eastern Provinces it is not unlikely that the Tatars, who are
quite numerous there, as well as the so-called eastern Finns and
other peoples of Asiatic origin, will join in the movement. There
is now a considerable Armenian immigration to the United States
from trans-Caucasian Provinces bordering on Persia, and recently, it
is stated, there has developed a small transoceanic movement from the
last-named country, the destination of which was not learned. Prob-
ably most of these were Armenians from the region along the Rus-
sian frontier: but as laborers of the true Persian race are already
migrating in large numbers to southeastern Russia it may be ex-
pected that sooner or later they also will be attracted to overseas
countries. If this occurs it is quite likely that Arabs, Kurds, and
other peoples indigenous to that part of the world will likewise join
in the movement.

Asiatic Turkey gives promise of increasing importance as a source
of immigration, but because of the wide prevalence in that country
of diseases which bar admission to the United States and Canada
it seems likely that South America will continue to be the chief
destination of the movement. Perhaps for the same reason emigra-

KEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION. 403

tion that may originate in Persia and adjacent countries will largely
proceed in the same direction, but nevertheless it seems fair to as-
sume that unless restrained there will in the near future be a con-
siderable movement from such countries to the United States.

THE SITUATION IN TURKEY.

The emigration situation in Turkey, and especially Turkey in
Asia, differs essentially from that of eastern European countries.
The movement from Turkey is very largely composed of so-called
subject peoples, including Armenians, Syrians, and Greeks, although
the emigration of Turks seems to be increasing. As elsewhere the
causes of emigration from Turkey are largely economic. The
changed military policy of the " Young Turks," however, has de-
veloped a new and more important incentive to emigration. For-
merly only Moslems were permitted to serve in the arm}^, but now
such service is practically compulsory among all classes, and the
almost continuous warfare in which Turkey has been engaged in
recent years has caused many non-]Moslems to leave the country.
Moreover, emigration from Turkey, unlike that from other coun-
tries, largely moves without direction. That is to say, the chief
purpose seems to be to get out of Turkey, the final destination being
largely a secondary matter. Emigration is practically forbidden by
Turkish regulations, and therefore much more or less unnecessary
secrecy surrounds the movement. Passenger ships leaving Turkish
ports carry hordes of Syrians, Armenians, and others tO' various
Mediterranean ports, chiefly Marseille, and decisions respecting final
destination are largely made there. Diseases which bar immigrants
from the United States and Canada are very prevalent in Turkey,
but as a rule emigrants are not examined in this regard until arrival
at some intermediate port. Although strongly opposed by the
French Academj'^ of Medicine, emigrants afflicted with trachoma and
other diseases are freely admitted at Marseille, where they are
medically treated. If they can not be cured so that steamship
lines sailing to North American ports will accept them as passen-
gers, they are usually shipped to some South American country
where immigration laws are less restrictive, although many go to
Liverpool for further treatment, while some remain permanently
in France. It is said that in one quarter of Paris trachoma has be-
come quite prevalent because of Syrian immigrants who have settled
there.

The peculiar circumstances surrounding emigration from Turkey
have resulted in the development of a system of exploitation which
is without parallel. It begins in Turkey and. although opposed by
the local authorities at Marseille and Liverpool, it flourishes in both
cities, and there is some reason to believe that it extends to Canada
and the United States. It is doubtful, however, whether it is
successful to the extent of evading the laws of either country at
the present time.

RECOMMENDATIONS.

International eooperation. — With some obvious fundamental ex-
ceptions the interests of emigrant-furnishing and immigrant-receiv-
ing countries concerned in the present movement of population from

404 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGEAllON.

eastern Europe to the Xew World are pracdcally identical. Broadly
speaking, the movement results from a natural economic law Avhich is
universally recognized, and which it is generally conceded could not
well be set aside. The difficulty in the situation, however, arises
chietly from the fact that the economic law is constantly being inter-
fered with by artificial influences, back of which is the desire for gain
on the part of those who profit through the movement. Chief among
these influences are the army of steamship agents and brokers operat-
ing in Europe and to some extent in the United States ; the trans-
Atlantic transportation companies, with the railroads and lesser
steamship lines which serve as feeders for them, and employers in
the United States who demand an exhaustless supply of cheap labor.

The artificial promotion of emigration and immigration by such
agencies is contrary to the policy of practically all em.igrant-furnish-
ing countries as Avell as to the policy of the United States. Such arti-
ficial promotion is thought to be detrimental to- the economic welfare
of the countries concerned, and it is also the general belief that the
welfare of the immigrants as a class is more or less seriously aii'ected
by the operations of the system. In view of this the problem is
clearly an international one and therefore should be subjected to
international control so far as is feasible. This proposition was
informally discussed with officials in charge of immigration matters
in various countries, and in every instance it met with favor and with
informal expressions of belief that such countries would be willing
and even glad to cooperate with the United States in that regard.

It is suggested that by means of such cooperation many of the
evils now attending the immigration movement might be lessened
or perhaps in some instances largely eradicated. Information con-
cerning the requirements of the United States immigration law
could be disseminated in the various countries in order to prevent
persons of the excluded classes from leaving their Iiomes in a useless
attempt to enter the United States. An exchange of information
relative to the illegal activities of agencies promoting immigration is
also suggested as one of the possible advantages of cooperation, and
it is not improbable that some means could be devised of otherwise
assisting emigrant-furnishing countries in the enforcement of their
laws in return for like service to the United States.

Further possibilities of cooperation in this regard will readily
suggest themselves, but if the proposed plan is thought to be feasible
it is recommended that a careful study of the whole matter be made,
in order to determine the nature and scope of a possible international
proposal and to formulate principles upon Avhich to base such
jDroposal.

Permanent I mm ig rat ion Service abroad. — It is recommended that
a branch of the United States Immigration Service be permanently
established in Europe and Asiatic Turkey, and it is believed that such
action should not await the completion of international agreements
before alluded to. Such an adjunct to the service ought to be of
immense value in cooperating with emigration officials in the chief
emigrant-furnishing countries and in securing information upon
which to base a more rigid enforcement of the United States law
relative to induced immigration, contract labor, importation for im-
moral purposes, the immigration of criminals, etc. It is not con-
templated that such proposed service shall actively participate in the

EEPOKT OF THE COMMISSIONER GENEEAL OF IMMIGRATION. 405

inspection of immigrants at ports of sailing, but rather that officers so
detailed shall keep in touch with all phases of the emigration question
in Europe so far as United States interests are concerned.

Perhaps it is unnecessary at this time to make more detailed sug-
gestions concerning the proposed plan, but for purposes of discussion
the following recommendations are submitted :

1. That for administrative purposes the territory in question be
divided into five zones as follows:

(a) Italy and Spain.

(b) The Balkan States, Greece, and Turkey.

(c) Austria-Hungary.

(d) Russia.

(e) Other European countries, with especial reference to ports of
embarkation.

2. Two officers should be detailed to each zone in order that at
least one man having a thorough knowledge of conditions in such
zone should be in the field at all times. Details to the foreign
service should be made from among men who have won distinction
in the regular Immigration Service at home. The foreign service
should be under an officer located at some central point, perhaps
Berlin or Vienna. Details to the foreign service should be for a
term of two or three years, and should be considered as a reward for
efficient service at home. Probably such officers should be attached
to the United States consulates.

It would seem that a foreign division of the nature proposed
would add greatly to the efficiency of the Immigration Service as
a whole, and moreover that it would eventually insure to the home
service a group of officers whose knowledge of the languages of
eastern and southern Europe, and of emigration conditions in the
various countries, would be invaluable. It is further suggested
that immigration officials stationed abroad could be of great service
in the matter of securing information upon which to adjudicate
specific cases involving the admission or deportation of aliens which
are constantly a rising.

Agricultural distrlhution of immigrants. — With reference to the
distribution of immigrants to the land, and particularly to the new
Eussian immigration before referred to, it is recommended that a
thorough study of the whole situation be made with a view to formu-
lating a plan for effecting or encouraging such distribution. In this
connection it is suggested that the proposed inquiry be made by this
department, perhaps in cooperation with other branches of the Gov-
ernment service, rather than by some specially created agency. This
suggestion is based on the belief that a study of this nature ought
to be made under the departments which would ultimately be charged
with putting into effect any scheme of distribution which might be
formulated.

Promoting hnoioledge of United States laiv abroad. — It is recom-
mended that the United States seek the cooperation of the principal
emigrant-furnishing countries in promoting a knowledge of the re-
quirements of the United States immigration law among the emi-
grant classes of eastern Europe. It is believed that if the law was
better understood many persons who are ineligible to admission to
the United States because of disease or for other reasons would be
prevented from leaving their homes only to be turned back at United

406 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER GENERAL OF IMMIGRATION.

States ports or intermediate points. Officials in several countries
gave informal assurances that their Governments would undertake
to give wide official circulation to any information of this nature
that might be submitted by the United States. It is not believed
that action in this matter should await possible international agree-
ments relative to the subject of immigration as a whole, but it would
seem wise to await the outcome of legislation now pending in Con-
gress.

Posting law in steamship ticket ofices. — It is recommended that
the law or regulations relative to displaying the United States immi-
gration law in offices of steamship companies abroad be amended so
as to i^rovide that only the essential parts of such law be so displa^^ed.
The size of type and manner of display should also be provided for,
and the various languages of those who may patronize any such office
should be substituted for " the language of the counti\y," as in the
present law. In some instances it was found that the law was not
displayed at all, while in others only pamphlets containing the law
were in sight. Nowhere was the law "■ printed in large letters " and
" exposed to view " as prescribed, and in the case of the present
statute such display would hardly be feasible. The purpose of this
law might well be accomplished through cooperation with steamship
companies, some of which at least would be willing to cooperate in
this and perhaps in similar matters.

Diseased Syrians in France and England. — If it can be shown that
the admission to France and England of Syrian and other trans-
migrants who are afflicted with trachoma is detrimental to the wel-
fare of the United States, it is possible that some agreement can be
made with such countries under which better protection will be
afforded to the United States in that regard.

Proposed anienclment to law. — In several instances it was infor-
mally suggested by foreign officials that many of the alleged evils of
immigration could be overcome if the United States would require
as a condition for admission that aliens must come in conformity
Avith the laws of their own countries. In such instances it was
pointed out that if the United States would insist that aliens be
provided with passports, secret or illegal emigration — from the
standpoint of the furnishing country — could be eliminated and the
efforts of secret agents circumvented so far as emigration to this
country is concerned. However, it seemed to be generally believed by
officials who discussed this matter that the United States would never
enact such a law. The proposed method, however, is not Avithout
merit as a possible means of controlling immigration, and it is sug-
gested that some of the good — and none of the evil — which might
arise from such a law could be realized by requiring aliens who do
not come in conformity with the regulations of their own countries
to show that they do not belong to any of the excluded classes. In
other words, such aliens would be put in the same category with
assisted emigrants under the present statute.

INDEX

Admissions, and rejections 3,27

from Canada 189, 212

Ages of, emigrants departed 44

immigrants admitted 42

nonimmigrants admitted 92

nonemigrants departed 94

Aliens , arrived and departed 35

debarred and deported 6, 104, 106

deported after entrj' 108

escapes 225, 259, 319, 336

net increase or decrease population 36, 37, 38

nonemigrant and nonimmigrant 3,

27,35,92,94,95,98
See also Seamen.

Amusements at stations 23

Anarchists 7, 106, 108

Appeals, luider immigration laws 112, 113

under Chinese-exclusion laws 152

Application for admission under bond 112, 113

Appropriation discussed 4

Arrest and retiun of women 14, 357

Arrests, Chinese, and disposition 153

Assisted and induced immigration 10, 106, 107

Baltimore, report commissioner 247

Barrett, Mrs. Kate Waller 14

report on conditions in Europe 357

Boston, report commissioner 212

Beggars, professional 106, 108, 291

Bond, aliens admitted xmder 218

applications for admission imder 112

Burnett Immigration Bill 24, 218

Caminetti, A 24

Canada, aliens from, debarred at ports 107

immigration to, from United States 211,212

report United States commissioner in 189

Causes, deported and debarred, by 6, 106, 108

Chicago, report inspector in charge 278

Chinese, arrests and deportations 34, 153

citizens 33, 152

discussion immigration 33

immigration statistics 150-156

reports of officers 202, 217,

221, 230, 239, 249, 2.58, 261, 266, 273, 276, 282, 286,

290, 293, 296, 297, 307, 314, 317, 328, 332, 335, 344

seamen. 222,233,236,249,256, 269,301,318,336,341

Civil actions 196, 227, 241, 245, 288, 328, 353

Citizens, arrived and departed 35

Cleveland, report of inspector in charge 273

Contract laborers 9

reports of districts 192, 216, 242,

247,2.59,262,272,280,291,306,328, 331, 336, 342

Conjugal condition, admitted aliens 46

Court cases reported 153, 197

215,222,227,232,241,251,269,281,283,
286,288,290,297,-302,310, 314, 320, 332

Criminals 7, 106, 108

Criminal prosecutions 195,

227, 233, 241, 245, 281, 284, 288, 295, 296, 303, 311, 332
Countries. See Residence.

Dangerous, loathsome or, contagious diseases . 5,

106, 108

Debarred, at ports 4, 27

and deported 106

by races and causes 104

defectives 6

on economic groimds 8

Denver, report o f inspector in charge 294

Departures, passenger 116, 130

Deportation, plan for arrest and, of women. 14,357
See also Warrants.

Deported, after entry 108

and debarred ". 6, 106

Page.

Deserting seamen, by ports 114

Destination. See States, Residence.

Diseased aliens 106, 108

treated m hospital 31,141,142

See also Medical inspection.
Distribution of labor 16, 159

reports of officers 192,

230, 254, 262, 270, 284, 287, 294, 297, 315, 337, 341, 387
Division of Information, report of 159

East, immigration from Far and Near 10

Economic grovmds for exclusion 8

El Paso, report supervising inspector 339

Emigrant aliens 3, 27

arrived and departed 35, 52, 59, 67, 81

Employees, insufficient 4,5

for signal corps 22

Employment agencies, private 22

Enforcement of law not possible 4, 5

Epileptics 6, 106

Equipment, stations, etc 209,

210, 211,213, 225,253, 259, 263, 270,
284, 306, 315, 326, 330, 332, 338, 355

Escapes 225, 259,319,336

Europe, conditions in eastern 387

Expenses, how met 3,4

Excluded. See Debarred.
Expelled. See Deported.

Feeble-minded 6, 106

Fines, section 9 7

reports of officers 224,

236, 251, 256, 269,302, 319, 328, 330, 341

Filipinos in Hawaii 337

Financial condition admitted aliens 42, 92

Galveston, report inspector in charge 268

Hawaii, aliens arriving from 132, 133

Chinese immigration 33, 156

immigration from 11, 12

Japanese immigration 12, 31, 33, 143, 148

population 31, 114, 115

report inspector in charge 334

Head tax •. . . 31, 114, 115

Helena, report inspector in charge 296

Hindu immigration 10

reports of officers 199, 259, 305, 315, 317, 318

Hospital treatment 31, 141, 142

reports of officers 224, 235, 248, 265, 268

Husband, W. W ^a^

immigration from eastern Europe (387

Idiots 6

lUegal entry 20,22,296

See also Smuggling.

Imbeciles 6, 106

Immigrant aliens admitted 3, 27, 90, 101, 103

ages and conjugal condition 46

occupations 62, 72

races 46,48,56,62,90

sex and last residence 48

States intended residence 56

to Canada from United States 212

Immigrant fund 3, 31

Immigration Bill, Burnett 24,218

from and to Canada 211, 212

from Far and Near East 10

from insular United States 11

Korean 319

since 1S99 101,103

statistics 25

Syrians 340

See also Chinese, Hawaii, Hindus, Japanese,
Philippines, Porto Rico.

407

408

INDEX.

Page.
,107,108

10

Immoral class 6, 8, 14, 106

Ste also White slave.
Induced and assisted immigration . . .

See alf!0 Contract lalior.

Information, report Chief of Division of 159

Inmates of public institutions 229

Insane aliens 6, 106, 108

Insular United States, immigration from 11,

132, 135, 138

Investigations, immigration cases. 194, 219, 227, 231,

239, 242, 253, 260, 271, 273, 277, 279, 287, 289, 295

Chinese cases 221, 245, 249, 267, 357, 387

Jacksonville, report inspector in charge 257

Japanese, immigration 31, 33

in Hawaii 12, 31, 32, 143, 149

reports from officers 199, 299, 305, 318, 337, 341

statistics 143-149

Judicial districts, Chinese arrested, by 155

Ketchikan, report inspector in charge 327

Koreans, immigration 319

Labor, State and municipal, bureaus 22, 157

See also Distribution.

Literacy of aliens admitted 42, 92

Loathsome or dangerous contagious diseases . . 5,

106, 108

Manifesting, fraudulent 191

Marriages at stations 23

Medical Inspection 214,

226, 236, 252, 263, 269, 325, 328, 331, 341

Mentally defective 5, 7, 106, 108

Mexico, aliens from, debarred 107

refugees from 340

report officer in charge border 339

Syrians from 340

Minneapolis, report inspector in charge 285

Montreal, report commissioner 189

New York, report Chinese inspector 230

report commissioner 223

New Orleans, report commissioner 260

Nouemigrant aliens 3, 27, 35, 94, 98

Nonimmigrant aliens 3, 27, 35, 92, 95

Norfolk, report inspector in charge 255

Occupations, admitted and departed aliens. . 40

emigrants departed 67, 81

immigrants admitted 62, 72

immigrants to Canada from United States . 211
Japanese 144, 146, 148

Passengers departed 116, 130

Persons likely to become public charges 6,

9,10,106,108

Philadelphia, report of commissioner 234

Philippines, immigration from 11,14,132,133

immigration and emigration statistics 31-140

Physically defective 5,7, 106, 108

Pittsburgh district, report of 242

Playgrounds at stations 23

Polygamists 6, 106

Population, affected 3, 27, 36, 38, 143

Portland, report of inspector in charge 312

Porto Rico, immigration from H, 14, 132, 133

report commissioner 329

Ports, aliens from insular United States, by. . 132

appeals and bond cases, by 113

Chinese applying, by 151, 152, 156

deserting seamen, by 114

hospital cases, by 142

passengers departed, by 116, 130

reports officers in charge 188

stowaways arrived at 114

Procurers 6, 8

See also White slave.
Public institutions, inmates of 229

Page.
Powderly.T. v., report of Division of Informa-
tion 3, 159

Races, emigrants departed, by 52, 59, 67, 91

immigrants, by 46, 48, 56, 62, 90

immigration since 1899 lOl

nonemigrants 94

nonimmigrants 92

of aliens arriving from insular United

States 133, 135, 138

of aliens debarred 104

of aliens deported after entrj' 108

of aliens treated in hospital .' 141

Recommendations 5, 8, 14, 16, 22, 23

Rejections at ports 4,27

See also Debarred.

Report. Division of Information 159

Mrs. Kate Waller Barrett 357

officers in charge of districts 188

W. W. Husband 387

Residence, and races of emigrants departed. . 59

intended, of admitted immigrants 39,72

intended, of emigrants departed 52

last, of admitted immigrants 39, 72

last, of departed aliens 39,81

length of, of emigrants departed 44

length of, of nonemigrants departed 94

prior, of Japanese admitted 146

St. Louis, report inspector in charge 288

San Francisco, report commissioner 317

San Juan, report commissioner 329

Scott, Hon. W. D 211

Seamen 11

deserting, by ports 114

reports of officers 222, 224,

233, 236, 249, 250, 256, 269, 301, 318, 330, 336, 341

Seattle, report commissioner 299

Service, proposals for improving 4, 5, 22

Sex, aliens admitted and departed 90, 91

emigrants departed 44

immigrants admitted 42

nonemigrants departed 94

nonimmigrants admitted 92

Signal corps 22

Smuggling 20

aliens other than Chinese 227, 306

Chinese 207, 209, 233, 236, 258, 261, 277, 313

State and municipal labor bureaus 22

States, intended residence admitted aliens 56, 72, 138

last residence emigrants departed 59

residence admitted and departed aliens 39

Stations, amusements at 23

marriages at 23

reports from 188

Statistics 35-156

Stowaways 30

arriving at ports 114, 225, 236, 249, 255, 331

Surreptitious entry 20

See also Smuggling.

Sunday observance 230

Syrians from Mexico 340

Transit, Chinese in 206, 231, 345

Treatment, plan for, of women arrested 14

hospital, accorded 31, 141, 142

Verifications of landing 217, 253

Warrants, departmental, reports of officers . . 197,
220, 250, 256, 258, 261, 274, 279, 286, 289,
294, 296, 297, 303, 313, 319, 331, 336, 343

White-slave matters 7,8

report Mrs. Kate Waller Barrett 357

reports from officers 195, 216, 242,

253, 259, 262, 272, 292, 295, 298, 329, 332, 337, 344
Wilson, W. B 24

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