Annual report of the Immigration and Naturalization Service

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UNITED STAT E S

ANNUAL REPORT

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^Immigration and Naturalization Service
Washington, D. C.

FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED JUNE 30,

1955

PUBLIC

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DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE

Immigration and Naturalization Service
Washington 25, D. C.

REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER
OF IMMIGRATION AND NATURALIZATION

The Attorney General

United States Department of Justice

Sir: I have the honor to submit the Annual Report of the
Immigration and Naturalization Service for the year ending
June 30, 1955. This has been a year of gratifying results in some
of the aggravated trouble spots of the Service, and of the estab-
lishment of an organization geared for more effective and cohesive
operation.

This report narrates our accomplishments of the past year and
some of our aims for the future.

Respectfully submitted.

J. M. Swing
Commissioner

Immigration and Naturalization Service

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Foreword 1

Inspections 2

Classes of Applicants for Admission 3

Citizens 3

Immigrants 3

Nonimmigrants and resident aliens 4

Agricultural laborers 4

Crewmen 5

Resident aliens 5

Exclusions 5

Detention and parole of applicants for admission 6

Aliens in the United States 6

Alien registration 6

Adjustment of status 8

Refugee Relief Act of 1953 8

Creation of record of admission 8

Other adjustment of status 8

Prevention of Illegal Entry and Expulsion Process 9

Anti-smuggling and stowaway operations 9

Land border security operations 10

Deportation Program 13

Document control 13

General searches 14

Wetbacks 14

Anti-subversive operations 15

Anti-criminal operations 16

Visa fraud and false document operations 16

Detention and Parole 16

Deportations 17

Deportation hearings 17

Stay of deportation — physical persecution 18

Trainlift 18

Boathft 19

Airlift 19

Unexecuted orders of deportation 20

Litigation 20

iii

Page

Nationality 21

Declaration of intention 21

Applications for naturalization 22

Naturalization of members of armed forces 23

Naturalization courts 23

Derivative citizenship 23

Citizenship services 23

NationaHty investigations 24

Legislation and Litigation 25

Public laws 25

Private legislation 26

Litigation 26

Prosecutions 27

Internal Management 27

Field inspection and security 29

Personnel 31

Recruitment 31

Promotion 31

Employee recognition 33

Training 33

Budget 34

Finance, Procurement, and Property Management 35

Accounting 35

Procurement and property management 35

Procurement of office quarters 35

Information and Records Administration 36

Statistics 37

APPENDIX

Table Page

1. Immigration to the United States: 1820 to 1955 39

2. Aliens and citizens admitted and departed, by months: Years ended

June 30, 1954 and 1955 40

2-A. Aliens and citizens arrived and examined at United States ports of entry:

Years ended June 30, 1954 and 1955 41

3. Aliens admitted, by classes under the immigration laws: Years ended

June 30, 1951 to 1955 42

4. Immigration by country, for decades: 1820 to 1955 43

5. Immigrant aliens admitted and emigrant aliens departed, by port or

district: Years ended June 30, 1951 to 1955 47

6. Immigrant aliens admitted, by classes under the immigration laws and

country or region of birth: Year ended June 30, 1955 48

6-A. Immigrant aliens admitted, by classes under the immigration laws and
country or region of last permanent residence: Year ended June 30,

1955 49

6-B. Refugees, displaced persons, and other immigrant aliens admitted to the
United States, by country or region of birth: Year ended June 30,

1955 51

6-C. Maximum visas authorized and immigrant aliens admitted to the
United States under the Refugee Relief Act of 1953: Years ended
June 30, 1954 and 1955 52

7. Annual quotas and quota immigrants admitted: Years ended June 30,

1951 to 1955 53

7-A. Quota immigrants admitted, by preferences: Years ended June 30, 1954

and 1955 54

8. Immigrant aliens admitted, by country or region of birth and major

occupation group: Year ended June 30, 1955 55

9. Immigrant aliens admitted, by country or region of birth, sex, and age:

Year ended June 30, 1955 57

10. Immigrant aliens admitted, by race, sex, and age: Year ended June 30,

1955 58

10-A. Immigrant aliens admitted and emigrant aliens departed, by sex, age,

illiteracy, and major occupation group: Years ended June 30, 1951

to 1955 59

10-B. Immigrant aliens admitted and emigrant aliens departed, by country

or region of birth, sex, and marital status: Year ended June 30, 1955. 60

11. Aliens and citizens admitted and departed: Years ended June 30, 1908

to 1955 61

12. Inimigrant aliens admitted and emigrant aliens departed, by State of

intended future or last permanent residence: Years ended June 30,
1951 to 1955 62

12-A. Immigrant aliens admitted, by rural and urban area and city: Years

ended June 30, 1951 to 1955 63

13. Immigrant aliens admitted and emigrant aliens departed, by country

or region of last or intended future permanent residence: Years ended
June 30, 1951 to 1955 64

13-A. Immigrant aliens admitted, by country or region of birth: Years ended

June 30, 1946 to 1955 65

14. Emigrant aliens departed, by race, sex, and age: Year ended June 30,

1955 66

APPENDIX (Continued)

Table Page

14-A. Emigrant aliens departed, by country or region of birth and major

occupation group: Year ended June 30, 1955 67

15. Emigrant aliens departed, by country or region of birth, sex, and age:

Year ended June 30, 1955 69

16. Nonimmigrant aliens admitted, by classes under the immigration laws

and country or region of birth: Year ended June 30, 1955 70

17. Nonimmigrant aliens admitted, by classes under the immigration laws

and country or region of last permanent residence: Year ended June

30, 1955 72

17-A. Agricultural laborers admitted to the United States: Years ended

June 30, 1950 to 1955 74

18. Nonimmigrant aliens admitted and nonemigrant aliens departed, by

country or region of last or intended future permanent residence:
Years ended June 30, 1951 to 1955 75

19. Aliens excluded from the United States: Years ended June 30, 1892

to 1955 77

20. Aliens excluded from the United States, by cause: Years ended June 30,

1949 to 1955 78

21. Aliens excluded, by country or region of birth and cause: Year ended

June 30, 1955 79

22. Alien crewmen deserted at United States air and seaports, by nationality

and flag of carrier: Year ended June 30, 1955 81

23. Vessels and airplanes inspected, crewmen admitted, and stowaways

arrived, by regions and districts: Years ended June 30, 1954 and
1955 82

24. Aliens deported, by country to which deported and cause: Year ended

June 30, 1955 83

24-A. Aliens deported and aliens departing voluntarily: Years ended June 30,

1892 to 1955 84

25. Aliens deported, by country to which deported and deportation ex-

pense: Year ended June 30, 1955 85

26. Inward movement of aliens and citizens over international land bound-

aries, by State and port: Year ended June 30, 1955 86

27. United States citizens returning at land border ports: Years ended June

30, 1946 to 1955 89

28. Inward movement of aliens and citizens over international land bound-

aries: Years ended June 30, 1928 to 1955 90

29. Principal activities and accomplishments of immigration border patrol,

by regions and districts: Year ended June 30, 1955 91

30. Passenger travel between the United States and foreign countries, by

port of arrival or departure: Year ended June 30, 1955 92

31. Passengers arrived in the United States from foreign countries, by

country of embarkation: Year ended June 30, 1955 94

32. Passengers departed from the United States to foreign countries, by

country of debarkation: Year ended June 30, 1955 100

33. Aliens deported, by cause: Years ended June 30, 190S to 1955 106

34. Pas.senger travel by air and by sea between Puerto Rico and continen-

tal United States (mainland) and the Virgin Islands: Years ended
June 30, 1947 to 1955 109

APPENDIX (Continued)

Table Page

35. Passenger travel by air and sea between Hawaii and continental United

States (mainland) and insular or outlying possessions: Years ended
June 30, 1947 to 1955 110

36. Aliens who reported under the Alien Address Program, by States of

residence: During years 1953 to 1955 Ill

37. Declarations of intention filed, petitions for naturalization filed, and

persons naturalized: Years ended June 30, 1907 to 1955 112

38. Persons naturalized, by general and special naturalization provisions

and country or region of former allegiance: Year ended June 30, 1955 113

39. Persons naturalized, by country or region of former allegiance: Years

ended June 30, 1946 to 1955 114

40. Persons naturalized, by country or region of former allegiance and

major occupation group: Year ended June 30, 1955 116

41. Persons naturalized and petitions for naturalization denied: Years

ended June 30, 1907 to 1955 118

42. Persons naturalized, by sex and marital status, with comparative

percent of total: Years ended June 30, 1947 to 1955 119

43. Persons naturalized, by sex and age: Years ended June 30, 1947 to 1955 . 120

44. Persons naturalized, by States and territories of residence: Years ended

June 30, 1951 to 1955 121

45. Persons naturalized, by specified countries of former allegiance and by

rural and urban area and city: Year ended June 30, 1955 122

46. Persons naturalized, by country or region of birth and year of entry:

Year ended June 30, 1955 123

46-A. Persons naturalized, by country or region of birth and country or region

of former allegiance: Year ended June 30, 1955 125

47. Persons naturalized, by general and special naturalization provisions :

Years ended June 30, 1951 to 1955 131

48. Writs of habeas corpus in exclusion and deportation cases: Years ended

June 30, 1946 to 1955 132

49. Prosecutions for immigration and nationality violations: Years ended

June 30, 1946 to 1955 133

50. Private bills introduced and laws enacted, 75th Congress to 84th Con-

gress, First Session 134

51. Petitions for naturalization denied, by reason: Years ended June 30,

1951 to 1955 135

52. Certificates of naturalization revoked, by grounds: Years ended June

30, 1951 to 1955 136

53. Persons expatriated, by grounds: Years ended June 30, 1951 to 1955. . . 136

54. Persons repatriated: Years ended June 30, 1951 to 1955 137

55. Certificates of derivative citizenship granted, by country or region of

birth: Years ended June 30, 1954 and 1955 138

ANNUAL REPORT OF

JOSEPH M. SWING, COMMISSIONER

OF IMMIGRATION AND NATURALIZATION

FOREWORD

The Immigration and Naturalization Service made notable ad-
vances during the fiscal year 1955 in all operational and adminis-
trative functions. The most outstanding accomplishments were
tight security along the southwest border and the Service-wide
reorganization which provided greater over-all efficiency.

The Service is responsible for the administration and enforce-
ment of the Immigration and Nationality Act and related statutes,
and furnishes services of many kinds and in great volume prin-
cipally to people of foreign birth. The Commissioner of Immigra-
tion and Naturalization, under the direction of the Attorney Gen-
eral, is the chief administrative officer for the Service,

Functionally the work of the Service logically falls into the
following activities: (1) inspections, which include the examina-
tion of persons applying for admission or reentry, facilitation of
the entry of those lawfully admissible and the exclusion of aliens
found to be inadmissible; (2) enforcing the provisions of the law
relating to alien registration and administering the benefits pro-
vided for aliens in the United States; (3) discharging the power
and duty of the Attorney General to control and guard the borders
of the United States against the illegal entry of aliens and seeking,
taking into custody and expelling aliens illegally in the United
States; (4) nationality, which includes the encouragement, as-
sistance and facilitation of naturalization of aliens who are eligi-
ble and the prevention of naturalization of aliens not qualified
for citizenship; and (5) internal management.

Report op the Immigration and Naturalization Service

Inspections

More people entered the United States through ports of entry
in fiscal 1955 than ever before in the history of this country.
Arrivals of citizens and aliens through sea and land ports totaled
123,859,654. As in past years, border crossings constituted 97 per
cent of the total arrivals, Canadian border trafl^c having increased
one per cent and that on the Mexican border seven per cent.

The all-time high of admissions was about equally divided be-
tween United States citizens and aliens. The vast majority of
these first came to the attention of the Immigration and Natural-
ization Service at coastal seaports and at ports on our two land
borders. However, 21 ofl^icers continued their examination of and
determination of admissibility of applicants under the Refugee
Relief Act in Europe and the Far East and particular attention
was given to the possibilities inherent in the preinspection and
en route examination of applicants with the common purpose of
determining their admissibility before they physically arrive in
the United States. Preinspection of aircraft was extended from
Toronto and Winnipeg, Canada, to Montreal and Bermuda. En
route inspection was inaugurated on vessels of the two major
steamship lines plying from the Far East coupled with preinspec-
tion from Honolulu to the mainland. In the succeeding fiscal year
this Service hopes to broaden preinspection to cover major points
in the Western Hemisphere around the periphery of the United
States and to extend en route inspection by inaugurating such
services on selected vessels in the Atlantic.

Further implementing President Eisenhower's Message to the
83rd Congress emphasizing the importance of international travel,
additional documentary waivers were authorized during the year.
Resident aliens may make visits to Canada, Mexico, Cuba, the
Dominican Republic, Bermuda, and the Bahamas for less than 30
days and return without presenting a visa, reentry permit or
border crossing card. To further facilitate travel, a waiver of the
visa requirements has been granted British subjects in Bermuda
seeking entry into the United States as temporary visitors. A
similar waiver is contemplated for Cuban visitors upon adoption
of preinspection in Cuba. In addition, the waiver of passport re-
quirements for immigrants has been extended to include parents
of United States citizens and children of citizens and resident
aliens.

Report of the Immigration and Naturalization Service 3

All actions taken by the Service toward facilitation of inter-
national travel in no way relaxed safeguards to protect the borders
of the United States against entry of subversives or criminals.

Classes of Applicants For Admission

Citizens. A total of 60,231,890 citizens arrived at ports of entry
during the year, an increase of 1,881,906. 58,152,049 of the total
were border crossers.

Immigrants. Immigration in fiscal 1955 totaled 237,790, a 14
per cent increase over the previous year when 208,177 immi-
grants were admitted. The percentile increase is attributable to
admission of 29,002 immigrants under the Refugee Relief Act
and a continued rise in nonquota immigration from the Western
Hemisphere.

Quota immigration of 82,232 in 1955 reversed the upward
trend of 1954 and dropped 13 per cent. Quota immigrants ad-
mitted included 80 per cent nonpreference admissions, 17 per
cent preference admissions, and 3 percent were admitted as dis-
placed persons.

Professional and semi-professional workers constitute a major-
ity of first preference quota immigrants. Such admissions since
effective date of the Immigration and Nationality Act include 532
engineers and 315 physicians.

Quotas for Northern and Western European countries were
nearly filled in fiscal 1955. Exceptions were Great Britian, Ire-
land and Sweden. Mortgaging of quotas affected immigrants born
in Lithuania, Yugoslavia, Poland and Russia, reducing such quota
immigrants by half. Estonian and Latvian quotas are mortgaged
beyond the year 2000.

Nonquota immigrants totaled 155,558, the highest number since
1927, nearly double the quota immigration. A substantial major-
ity of nonquota immigrants came from Western Hemisphere
countries.

By close of the fiscal year 29,823 immigrants had been admitted
under the Refugee Relief Act, which provides for 209,000 special
quota exempt visas between August 7, 1953 and December 31,
1956. The largest single group admitted under the Act was Ital-
ians who are close relatives of United States citizens or resident
aliens.

Admissions during 1955 included 30,882 spouses and children
of United States citizens. Many of these came from foreign points

4 Report of the Immigration and Naturalization Service

where there are heavy concentrations of United States Armed
Forces.

A total of 68,627,764 aliens arrived at ports of entry, an in-
crease of 3,913,010 over the preceeding- year. 61,611,311 were
border crossers.

Visa petitions for first preference quota status, or for non-
quota or preference quota status of relatives of United States
citizens or for clergymen totaled 79,962. Approval was given to
73,231. Principal beneficiaries were close relatives of United States
citizens. European offices of the Service received 7,988 visa peti-
tions in behalf of spouses and children of military personnel
stationed in Europe.

Nonimmigrants and Resident Aliens. A record high of 620,946
nonimmigrant alien admissions was noted in 1955. Nonimmi-
grants include: foreign government officials; temporary visitors
for business or pleasure ; aliens in transit ; treaty traders and in-
vestors ; students ; representatives to international organizations ;
temporary workers and industrial trainees; representatives of
foreign information media; and exchange aliens. This category
does not include agricultural laborers, crewmen, and border
crossers. An all-time high of 401,090 temporary visitors were
admitted during 1955. Student admissions also continued high,
and showed an increase of about 2,000 over the preceding fiscal
year. Most of the new students came from Canada and other
Western Hemisphere countries. There was, however, a heavy
sprinkling from Asiatic countries.

Agricultural Laborers. The Service processed admissions of
351,191 agricultural laborers during 1955. The bulk of these was
337,996 Mexican workers ; the remainder came from Canada and
the British West Indies. 221,709 such laborers were admitted in
1954.

Many farmers in the Southwest United States are dependent
upon migratory labor for their planting and harvesting. To pro-
vide better service for such agriculturists, means are provided
by which they can readily recontract Mexican agricultural labor-
ers who have proven to be satisfactory or skilled. Under this sys-
tem the farmer is assured of receiving efficient workers.

Processing has been streamlined at the reception centers. Most
farmers now favor employment of legally contracted Mexican
laborers. Use of "braceros" removes the fear that workers will
be removed from farms at inopportune times.

Report of the Immigration and Naturalization Service 5

The Service undertook a new documentation program for
braceros to speed processing of these migrant workers. This pro-
gram, to be carried out in fiscal 1956, is based on issuance of a
laminated card to braceros whose records contain no derogatory
information. This card, retained by the worker, indicates he has
been screened and eliminates much "paper shuffling" when he
appears at a processing center for primary immigration inspec-
tion. This program will build a sufficient reservoir of competent,
tested farm laborers to meet emergent needs, whose freedom from
any subversive tendencies has been thoroughly investigated and
established before issuance of the card.

Crewmen. Inspection of citizen and alien crewmen of United
States and foreign vessels and airplanes is an important phase
of Service immigration inspections. Crewmen admissions for
fiscal 1955 increased to more than 2,250,000, accompanied by a
21 per cent increase in desertions. The number of arriving car-
riers also increased, and Service officers inspected 58,477 vessels
and 113,507 airplanes.

Resident Aliens. The admission of 61,442 resident aliens return-
ing from temporary absence abroad set another record in 1955.
Most of those who departed were abroad less than one year.
80,252 applications for issuance or continuation of the validity
of reentry permits were approved to facilitate the return of resi-
dent aliens.

Exclusions

Applicants seeking admission to the United States who have
been held for proceedings before a Special Inquiry Officer because
a doubt has arisen as to their admissibility have, in nearly all in-
stances, received prompt hearings. Thus, delays and inconvenience
to travelers under such proceedings are held to a minimum.

In fiscal 1955, despite the over-all increase in international
travel, the Service was required to conduct fewer exclusion hear-
ings than in either of the two previous years. The Service con-
ducted 10,467 exclusion hearings in 1955, and the downward
trend is expected to continue in the next fiscal year, in line with
the Service policy to avoid expense and time involved in such
hearings where other satisfactory disposition of the case can be
made and the Government's interests protected.

Accordingly, supervisory officers in the field have been in-
structed to resolve as many cases of technical admissibility as

6 Report of the Immigration and Naturalization Service

possible through review of action by inspecting officers or exer-
cise of discretionarj^ powers.

Exclusions totaled slightly more than 2,500. More than half
were natives of Mexico, Exclusions included 89 subversives and
340 aliens in the criminal, immoral and narcotic categories.

Detefifion and Parole of Applicants for Admission. Detentions
of aliens were at the lowest figure in the history of the Service
at the close of 1955. This was accomplished through a new deten-
tion policy begun in November 1954, under which only those
aliens likely to abscond and those whose release would be inimical
to the national security are detained. Many aliens whose papers
were not in order were previously detained at Ellis Island and
other facilities. Under the present policy, most aliens with purely
technical difficulties are allowed to proceed to their destination
under "parole."

Within ten days of the change, the number of aliens in deten-
tion in New York City dropped to about 25, compared with a
usual detention population of several hundred. Ellis Island and
other large facilities were closed. From the inception of the new
program to the close of the fiscal year more than 200,000 aliens
entered the United States through the port of New York and only
16 of these were detained.

As the fiscal year drew to a close the Service had put into effect,
and found workable, a humane detention program while main-
taining positive safeguards and security measures for protection
of the Government and the public interest.

Aliens In The United States

The alien population of the United States has remained at ap-
proximately 2,300,000 during the past five years.

Alien Registration. Visas surrendered by newly-arrived immi-
grants are now forwarded from ports of entry to the immigration
office supervising the area in which the alien will live. This pre-
vents delay in issuing alien registration receipt cards, which
each alien is required by law to have in his possession.

By designating the alien registration receipt card to serve also
as a border crossing card the Service simplified its border cross-
ing procedure. This eliminated all resident alien border crossing
cards, and resulted in savings in M'ork and expense connected
with their issuance.

Alien address reports, required by law each January from all

Report of the Immigration and Naturalization Service

8 Report of the Immigration and Naturalization Service

aliens except those in diplomatic or other special status, totaled
slightly more than 2,300,000 in fiscal 1955.

A vigorous public information program was undertaken in late
1954 to bring the widest possible attention to the 1955 Address
Report Program. Aid of public information media was sought
and received. Transit and other private advertising space was
made available for posters and cards. At the same time plans
were formulated to capture even greater public attention for the
program during the next fiscal year.

Adjustment of Status: Refugee Relief Act of 1953. A steady
accumulation of applications filed under Section 6 of the Refugee
Relief Act during fiscal 1954 and 1955 required that concerted
action be taken to achieve a substantial reduction in the pending
caseload. Beginning in February 1955, all regions were instructed
to place emphasis on completing Section 6 applications and to see
that sufficient personnel was available to meet the needs of this
program. The procedures for processing and adjudicating Section
6 applications were reexamined and simplified as a further means
of facilitating this objective.

This program has already yielded substantial results. At the
close of fiscal 1955 the Service had completed 5,243 cases and
1,954 were pending, compared to 1,027 completed in 1954 and
3,533 pending. The terminal date for filing applications for ad-
justment of status under Section 6 of the Refugee Relief Act co-
incided with the end of the fiscal year (June 30, 1955). In the
coming fiscal year, the Service will continue its accelerated pro-
gram, with the objective of finalizing all pending Section 6 cases
and thereby closing out the Service's responsibility in this field
of activity.

Creation of Record of Admission for Permanent Residence. The
Immigration and Nationality Act permitted creation of a record
of entry for permanent residence in the cases of certain admis-
sible aliens otherwise unable to prove lawful admission. Applica-
tions for such actions have been heavy, and resulted in a continu-
ing backlog. Processing of these cases was improved at the be-
ginning of fiscal 1955, with the result that 9,821 applications
were approved, 577 denied, and a backlog of 6,151 was reduced
to 4,742.

Other Adjustment of Status. Under Section 4 of the Displaced
Persons Act of 1948, as amended, the Service submitted to Con-
gress 338 cases of displaced persons. All adjustments under this
provision of law were practically closed when 1,522 displaced per-

Report of the Immigration and Naturalization Service 9

sons, most of whose applications for adjustment were pending
end of fiscal 1954, became permanent residents in fiscal 1955. A
total of 1,089 suspension of deportation cases was submitted to
Congress and 1,644 aliens became permanent residents under that
procedure. The status of 295 permanent resident aliens was
changed to nonimmigrant, and 1,822 nonimmigrants in the United
States were adjusted to permanent residents.

The judicial committees of Congress have approved renewal of
the preexamination procedure which permits aliens eligible for
admission to the United States except for lack of a visa to pro-
ceed to Canada in order to obtain such visa and thereafter effect
a lawful entry into the United States for permanent residence.
This procedure applies only to aliens who entered the United
States prior to January 1, 1955, who can readily obtain an immi-
grant visa either on a quota or nonquota basis and who meet the
legal requirements for admittance to the United States. It is ex-
pected that the renewal of this procedure will lessen the volume
of private bills.

Prevention of Illegal Entry and Expulsion Process
The Immigration and Nationality Act provides that the Attor-
ney General shall have the power and duty to control and guard
the boundaries and borders of the United States against the il-
legal entry of aliens. In carrying out these responsibilities and
enforcing the deportation provisions of the Act, the Service is
confronted with the problems of combatting the unlawful landing
of stowaways and the illegal entry of other aliens as well as the
detection, apprehension, and expulsion of aliens illegally within
the United States.

Deportations and voluntary departures totaled less than 250,000
in 1955 compared with more than 1,100,000 in the preceding year.
This huge decrease is largely accounted for by a reduction of ap-
proximately 50 per cent in deportations to Mexico and a drop of
approximately 80 per cent in voluntary departures to that country
following the "Special Mobile Force Operation" and tight border
security. Service ofiicers apprehended 254,096 aliens during fiscal
1955.

Ayiti-Smuggling and Stoivaway Operations. Continued progress
was made during the year in activities seeking to prevent the
smuggling of aliens into the country and to detect those respon-
sible for such smuggling. Special attention was given smuggling
rings whose operations were designed to deliver stowaways to

10 Report of the Immigration and Naturalization Service

the United States. In addition, efforts were concentrated on the
development of sources of information and liaison with officials
in neighboring countries in combatting alien smuggling.

923 alien smugglers were apprehended in 1955, a decrease of
almost 50 per cent from the previous year. Traditionally, most
alien smuggling cases have originated in Mexico — thus, the de-
crease is obviously the result of having established control of that
border. There were 415 convictions in smuggling cases developed
by this Service in the last fiscal year, involving 1,326 aliens.

Land Border Security O^^erations. For the first time in more
than ten years, illegal crossing over the Mexican border was
brought under control. This was accomplished primarily through
reorganization of the Border Patrol, which resulted in a relatively
small force, completely mobile, with modern equipment and effec-
tive methods and able to meet the challenge of tight control of
the border. A further step that facilitated this accomplishment
was the centralization in the four regional offices of field opera-
tions of the Border Patrol. This removed the administrative and
operational direction of the Border Patrol field units from the
several districts along the borders and centralized its activities
under a single officer in each of the four regions. As the result of
this move, planning, coordination, direction, and supervision of
the entire southern border is vested in one command instead of
three. Thus, where movement of personnel and material were
formerly restricted to three district boundaries in an area where
there existed a single problem demanding a uniform response,
now personnel and material are moved where and when needed
to meet the demands of any situation along the entire border. The
real benefits of this move are reflected in the enforcement accom-
plishments of the Service.

Versatility of the special mobile force, first utilized in the "Spe-
cial Mobile Force Operation," proved its need on a permanent
basis in the continuing program to guard and control the border.
Such a special force at first composed of 206 officers and auxiliary
personnel was activated March 3, 1955 under a special appropria-
tion provided by Congress. The basic unit of this special force is a
highly mobile and self-sufficient squad of 12 men, complete with
radio equipped automobiles, jeeps, trucks, or buses, and planes
necessary for a particular assignment. These units, in radio com-
munication with other units and headquarters, discover illegal
aliens, apprehend and remove them to assembly points. The basic
units, when not away from their bases on special assignments.

Report of the Immigration and Naturalization Service

11

12 Report of the Immigration and Naturalization Service

function as regular patrol units carrying out patrol activities in
their assigned areas.

This special force was divided between the San Francisco and
San Antonio districts. Based in the two "hot spot" areas of the
southern border, it is maintained in a continuous state of readi-
ness for dispatch to any critical area. Authorization was provided
for the addition of 200 more officers and auxiliary personnel to
this force bringing its permanent strength to approximately 400.

The rapidity with which the units can go into operation was
demonstrated in the National Civil Defense "Operation Alert of
1955," when 16 units with full equipment and with officers in full
uniform, were mobilized and in transit to assigned destinations
within an average time of one hour and 50 minutes after being
alerted.

One of the problems inherent in holding a defined line, such as
the Mexican or Canadian border, is the possibility of "end runs"
by smugglers and illegal entrants. With the stiffening of line-
holding operations on both borders, it could be anticipated that
smugglers in particular would be giving our "ends" considerably
more attention.

Both borders terminate at the sea. Special tactics are required
to prevent the use of the nearby sea approaches as avenues of en-
try. The shrimping fleet, along our Gulf Coast, with unrestricted
trips to Mexican coastal waters, presents an ever-present means
of effecting an illegal entry at innumerable points along the
United States coast. A similar hazard exists along the Pacific
Coast, where, in addition to the commercial fishing fleets, there
are thousands of small pleasure crafts suitable for transporting
aliens and contraband.

To meet this situation, one additional patrol boat was placed in
operation at Brownsville, one in Miami, and three boats were
purchased for use at San Diego, San Pedro, and at Blaine, Wash-
ington.

An integral part of the border security program is an intelli-
gence organization, established during the year to collect, evalu-
ate, and disseminate information concerning smuggling and other
illegal activities. During the last two weeks of the fiscal year, 251
illegal aliens and 8 smugglers were apprehended in the South-
west Region alone through information obtained by this organi-
zation. The importance of this operation is further indicated by
the fact that 173 aliens of European or other Eastern Hemisphere
countries were apprehended during 1955 after entry over the

Report of the Immigration and Naturalization Service 13

Canadian border and twenty smuRpfling cases were broken. Offi-
cers assigned to intelligence duties also watch for developments
in the use of fraudulent documents to gain entry to the United
States or any other violations of the immigration laws.

The intelligence units also furnish strategic intelligence for
use in planning future operations. This includes information on
labor supply and demand, number and intentions of potential il-
legal entrants in adjacent foreign territories, crop conditions and
forecasts, and public opinion samplings.

A new air intelligence center was also set up at El Centro,
California, to collect and disseminate information relating to il-
legal aircraft entries across the Mexican border.

Border fences have proved to be valuable enforcement tools
opposite heavily populated areas on the Mexican border. It has
been the experience of the Service that a substantial fence will,
to a great degree, discourage the illegal entry of aliens, especially
women and children who attempt to enter near some of our larger
cities. Fences have been completed at five locations totaling 11.6
miles; 7.1 miles of additional fencing is under construction at
two other places and plans are being made to extend this program
to other strategic locations. By diverting the flow of aliens away
from the city boundaries to sections where apprehensions can be
more easily accomplished, the areas can be controlled wuth a mini-
mum force, thereby freeing oflficers for duty elsewhere.

Deportation Program

The Service is engaged in a vigorous program to locate and en-
force the departure of aliens who entered the United States il-
legally or who become deportable subsequent to entry. The pr^
mary basis upon which actions are initiated are records of the
Service and well organized search operations.

Document Control. One of the major sources of information
leading to the apprehension and institution of deportation pro-
ceedings against aliens illegally in the United States is the non-
immigrant document control records maintained by the Service.
During the year these control records covering the period since
1947 were forwarded to the Central Office from ports of entry
where they were previously maintained and the Central Office
now exercises control over all documented non'mmigrants. Thus,
for the first time, the Service is enabled to estimate the total num-
ber of aliens who have overstayed the period of their temporary
admission. An analysis of these records shows clearly that the

14 Report of the Immigration and Naturalization Service

maximum number of such aliens who could conceivably be in the
United States illegally is less than 100,000. The actual number
is unquestionably considerably less because of a vast number of
departures and some deaths, and adjustments to permanent resi-
dence that have not been recorded. This is a realistic figure com-
pared to the nebulous estimates made at various times which set
the number of such illegal residents at between 2,000,000 and
5,000,000.

The Service has a continuing program of screening nonimmi-
grant control records to determine the identity of aliens who
are in illegal status because they have remained longer than the
period for which admitted. Such cases are assigned for investiga-
tion looking to enforcement of departure.

General Searches. Many deportation cases resulted from search
operations employed to detect illegal entrants without specific
leads. These operations are carried out in the metropolitan —
urban areas and seek to apprehend newly arrived illegal aliens
whose presence would otherwise be undetected. Officers, norm'ally
without specific leads, search places where illegal aliens may be
found, seeking their apprehension. Through this means aliens are
located who have entered the United States illegally or those who,
though legally admitted, have violated their status and absconded.
These operations produced excellent results during fiscal 1955.
In the Los Angeles area search teams, working only during the
last five months of the year, apprehended 1,600 deportable aliens.
In the New York area, in particular, the significance of these
activities was the apprehension of aliens with criminal records
in other countries.

"Wetbacks". A large scale task force operation in the South-
west, working in proximity of the border, accounted for a great
majority of apprehensions. This "Special Mobile Force Opera-
tion" began in California in the last few days of fiscal 1954, and
after the backbone of the wetback invasion was broken in Cali-
fornia, shifted to south Texas. Mobile task forces were assembled
and set into action. Light planes were used in locating illegal
aliens and directing ground teams in jeeps to effect apprehen-
sions. Transport planes were used to airlift aliens to staging areas
for prompt return to Mexico.

Uncounted thousands of aliens departed California of their own
accord during the operation. When the operation shifted to Texas,
60,456 aliens returned to Mexico through ports of entry during

Report of the Immigration and Naturalization Service 15

the first 30 days to avoid arrest. Others simply fled across the
Rio Grande River.

These activities were followed by mopping up operations in
the interior and special mobile force units are continuing to dis-
cover illegal aliens who have eluded initial sweeps through such
cities as Spokane, Chicago, Kansas City, and St Louis, which re-
moved 20,174 illegal Mexican aliens from industrial jobs.

The volume of apprehensions of Mexican nationals continued
to decrease following the apprehension and expulsion of large
numbers of wetbacks and the mass exodus of thousands of others
who departed of their own accord. Nevertheless, vigorous efforts
were continued to apprehend those who managed to escape de-
tection and those who succeeded in their attempts to enter illegal-
ly or abandoned status after legal entry. By the end of June 1955,
the rate of apprehensions had dropped to 11 per cent of that of
June 1954, and 59 per cent of those apprehended were taken into
custody within 48 hours after crossing the border.

The so-called "wetback" problem no longer exists. The decline
in the number of "wetbacks" found in the United States, even
after concentrated and vigorous enforcement efforts were pur-
sued throughout the year, reveals that this is no longer, as in the
past, a problem in border control. The border has been secured.
To maintain that state of security the Service cannot afford to
revert to its operational procedures in effect before the past year.
The prevention of illegal entries, as the major ingredient of bor-
der control, is more difficult, requires more ingenuity, more men
and equipment, but is, in the long run, more economical and more
humane than the expulsion process.

Anti-Subversive Operations. Sharply increased efforts were di-
rected towards deportation of subversive aliens during 1955. Top
priority designation was given those whose presence constituted
a risk to national security and maximum investigative efforts of
the Service were concentrated on such cases. Increased emphasis
was given investigation of cases where even a trace of subversive
activity, however remote, had occurred within the past ten years.
These operations led to the institution of deportation proceedings
against 33 aliens on subversive charges in 1955.

Screening and increased production reduced the number of sub-
versive cases pending investigation to 14,770 at the close of 1955
from a backlog of 22,504 which confronted investigators at the
beginning of the period. Such investigations are ordinarily diflri-
cult because of the very nature and character of admissible evi-

16 Report of the Immigration and Naturalization Service

dence prerequisite to deportation proceedings. The Communist
Party's underground operations and efforts to conceal activities
and identities of their members and apparatus have added to ob-
stacles confronting investigative officers.

Anti-Criminal Operations. Investigations of cases involving
racketeers, drug peddlers and other criminals also received max-
imum efforts during the year. Those cases involving major crim-
inals also were given the top priority designation to assure speedy
handling and the staggering backlog of criminal cases was pared
to workable size by the end of the year.

The case of a Detroit racketeer who absconded while under
proceedings illustrates anti-criminal investigative efforts. The
subject was traced to Cuba. Since it was evident that he would
attempt reentry, efforts continued in his case. He was identified
and intercepted while attempting to reenter the United States in
the guise of another person.

In another case involving a Chicago gangster, investigation
established that this person had reentered the United States in
1929 by falsely claiming United States citizenship after a trip
to Bimini, British West Indies, with three other gangsters, one
of whom was the notorious Al Capone. A record of this entry was
located and deportation proceedings were instituted.

Visa Fraud and False Document Operations. After border se-
curity was established and maintained, many inadmissible per-
sons in Mexico, including non-Mexicans, resorted to fraudulent
documentation to enter the United States.

Experienced investigators have been assigned the task of com-
batting traffic in false birth certificates and other documents used
to effect entry. Evidence obtained was used in numerous deporta-
tion proceedings against aliens who had gained entry to the
United States through use of false documents.

Detention and Parole

As in exclusion cases, the only aliens now detained while under
expulsion proceedings or awaiting deportation are those consid-
ered likely to abscond or those whose enlargement would be in-
imical to the public interest. This means that most aliens under
formal deportation proceedings in 1955 were paroled or placed
under bond pending disposition of their cases.

Most aliens on conditional parole or bond are now appearing
frequently before an officer of the Service to give assurance that
they are complying with the terms of release. Long experience

Report of the Immigration and Naturalization Service r?

indicates that most of these individuals are responsible and will
abide by the conditions of their release.

The only sizeable groups of aliens detained in 1955 while
awaiting return to their own country were Mexicans held in Serv-
ice camps for a few days while transportation arrangements were
completed. The total number of aliens detained during the year
was only 184,000, of which 173,000 were Mexican nationals who
were detained for extremely brief periods pending their return
to Mexico.

Deportations

Included in the 15,028 deportations for 1955 were 925 expul-
sions on criminal, immoral or narcotic charges, while an addi-
tional 82 aliens in those categories departed before deportation
proceedings were completed.

In cases where there was evidence of subversive activity, 30
aliens were deported on subversive grounds, 17 on other grounds,
and, in addition, 19 departed before deportation proceedings were
completed.

Among subversives expelled from the United States are Irving
Potash and John Williamson, both of whom ranked high in the
Communist organization and who completed serving sentences
for conspiracy to advocate the overthrow of the United States
Government.

Among persons ordered deported for subversive activities were
Cedric Belf rage, editor of the "National Guardian" ; Olga Vigod
Field, a friend and associate of Sam Carr, Soviet espionage agent
who was deported from the United States; and Vera Hathaway,
wife of Clarence Hathaway, former editor of the "Daily Worker."

Deportation Hearings. Considerable progress has been made in
reducing the pending backlog in deportation hearings — a matter
which has been of serious concern to the Service for some time.
At the end of fiscal 1955, a decrease of approximately 40 per cent
in pending deportation hearings had been accomplished compared
with fiscal 1954.

The objective for fiscal 1956 will be a further reduction in the
backlog in deportation hearings and to make them as nearly cur-
rent as possible. Along with this it is planned to simplify and
shorten hearing procedures in deportation cases to effect a reduc-
tion in the number of special inquiry officers required to do this
work.

18 Report of the Immigration and Naturalization Service

The Service also has under consideration certain changes de-
signed to make deportation hearings as fair and effective as pos-
sible. One plan is to relieve special inquiry officers from the dual
role of presenting and evaluating evidence by providing for the
assignment of an examining officer to represent the Government
in any contested cases of deportability. At the present time, spe-
cial inquiry officers are frequently called upon to perform both
prosecutive and ajudicative functions when hearing deportation
cases. Another contemplated change will place special inquiry of-
ficers directly under the supervision of the Chief Special Inquiry
Officer in the Central Office, who in turn will be responsible only
to the Commissioner. It is believed that this proposal, by removing
special inquiry officers from the administrative supervision of
officers in the field exercising enforcement functions, will solidify
the independence of the special inquiry officers in their quasi-
judicial capacities. .

Stay of Deportation — Physical Persecution. Requests for stay
of deportation based on claims of physical persecution pursuant
to section 243(h) of the Immigration and Nationality Act have
presented the Service with difficult and perplexing problems re-
quiring solution against a background of troubled world affairs.
In recognition of this fact and to afford the fullest opportunity
to each applicant to substantiate his case, the Service devised new
regulations, which became effective May 19, 1955. The new pro-
cedures permit the alien to appear before a special inquiry officer
for examination and to offer testimony and other evidence in sup-
port of his application. The special inquiry officer thereafter pre-
pares a recommended decision which is served on the alien and
to which he may file exceptions. The case is then forwarded to the
Regional Commissioner who renders a final decision. Thus, the
advantages to the alien from the amended regulations are : He
is able to submit his evidence to a quasi-judicial officer of the
Service and to obtain a determination in his case at a high ad-
ministrative level.

In fiscal 1955, the Service received 503 applications under sec-
tion 243(h). Forty-eight of these were granted, 240 were denied.

Trainlift. It has been recognized for some time that the tradi-
tional means of expulsion have failed ; that for aliens apprehended
in border areas it was not effective to deport them formally or to
permit voluntary departure at places along the border nearest
where they had been apprehended. Neither had prosecution in the
courts served as an effective device for law enforcement where

Report of the Immigration and Naturalization Service 19

the aliens were not criminal in their basic spirit and purpose.
Years of experience had demonstrated that aliens coming to this
country to seek employment and economic advantage would re-
turn again and again.

Without question, the kej^note of success in ridding the country
of wetbacks was the movement of aliens to points distant from the
place of apprehension, preferably far into the interior of Mexico.
In this connection, invaluable cooperation and assistance was re-
ceived from Mexican Government officials, who worked closely
with officers of this Service at the border and prepared facilities
to receive thousands of expellees. Once in Mexican territory, the
aliens were placed aboard special trains and conveyed, under Mex-
ican escort and at the expense of the Mexican Government, to
points deep in the interior, where they would be nearer their
homes and far removed from the temptation to return again to
the United States as wetbacks.

Boatlift. As the volume of apprehensions was reduced to a rea-
sonable figure, another and more effective method of repatriating
illegal Mexican nationals was conceived and implemented. Mexi-
can flag vessels are employed in cooperation with the Mexican
Government to move its nationals from Port Isabel, Texas, to
Veracruz.

The first such repatriation voyage began September 3, 1954,
when the SS EMANCIPATION sailed from Port Isabel. Through
the end of fiscal 1955 the EMANCIPATION and her sister ship
VERACRUZ completed 26 trips conveying 800 aliens per trip to
a point in Mexico 2,000 miles from the California border and more
than 800 miles from the nearest Texas point. Less than two per
cent of those returned to Mexico by boatlift have been caught re-
entering the United States.

At the end of the year plans were completed to replace the SS
EMANCIPATION and VERACRUZ with smaller modern motor
vessels, the MERCURIO and the FRIEDA.

Airlift. The problem of removing deportable aliens confined to
mental hospitals was handled by chartered airlift operations dur-
ing 1955. This was found to be the most humane and speedy
means of conveying persons in this class to their home countries.
One special flight left New York with 50 mentally ill aliens aboard
destined to their homes in Europe and Africa. Flight personnel
included a psychiatrist, seven male and one female attendants.
All were employees of mental hospitals and were experienced and
qualified in the handling of the mentally ill.

20 Report of the Immigration and Naturalization Service

The cost of the airlift operation was small compared to the cost
of hospitalization, and it was found that the short duration of the
trip did much to alleviate travel anxieties which often affect the
mentally ill in transit.

On September 18, 1954, the Border Patrol Air Transport Arm,
on its inaugural flight, transported 50 Mexican aliens from Chi-
cago, Illinois, to Brownsville, Texas. Since that date it has oper-
ated continuously, ferrying illegal aliens from interior points in
the United States to Mexican border points, principally the Mc-
Allen, Texas, staging area, for trans-shipment to Veracruz by
boat. During the year 11,459 aliens were thus transported a total
of 11,487,548 passenger miles.

It has been proved that the only practical and economical means
for taking aliens on short notice from sometimes unusual and re-
mote locations at irregular times has been by Service-operated
aircraft. Where those transported do not have to be detained un-
der guard and where arrangements can be made for commercial
aircraft, commercial carriers are employed.

At the end of the fiscal year, plans had been formulated provid-
ing for the air transport arm to convey deportees to the countries
of their origin throughout the world. These overseas flights, the
first of their kind in the history of the Service, are scheduled to
begin in July 1955.

Unexecuted Orders of Deportation. Difficulties in securing
travel documents for aliens deportable to the U.S.S.R., Poland,
Czechoslovakia, Rumania, Hungary, Albania and the mainland of
China were responsible in large part for a record 10,967 pending
unexecuted orders of deportation at the end of the year. Deporta-
tion may never be accomplished in a large number of these cases
because of inability to obtain travel documents. In 229 of these
cases the orders of deportation were based on subversive grounds.

Litigation. The main single basis for litigation under the im-
migration laws continues to be persistent efforts of illegally resi-
dent aliens to defeat or delay their deportations. This applies par-
ticularly to those deportable on subversive or criminal grounds.

Despite prompt conclusion of administrative hearings, immedi-
ate deportation frequently cannot be effected because, with all
preparations for deportation completed, the alien files a court
action challenging the validity of the deportation order. This may
take the form of a habeas corpus proceeding, or a suit for review
and injunctive relief. In many cases, this is but the beginning of a
long series of judicial maneuvers which may extend through the

Report of the Immigration and Naturalization Service 21

Supreme Court of the United States. At times, simultaneous
suits are filed in the district in which the alien resides and in the
District of Columbia, too; in others, successive suits are filed in
these jurisdictions. In judicial districts where court dockets are
already burdened with civil suits, long periods may elapse before
cases seeking review of deportation orders reach the trial judge.

Court actions usually involve challenges to the constitutionality
of the immigration laws, or charges of unfairness in hearings,
lack of oflficer qualifications or failure to comply with the Admin-
istrative Procedure Act. A large number also seek judicial review
of denial of administrative relief, even in some cases where de-
portability is admitted. In effect, this amounts to an appeal to the
courts to exercise a discretion which by statute is committed to
the Attorney General.

It is possible, though not likely, that the concentration of suits
in the District of Columbia will be alleviated through a recent
Supreme Court decision which allows a District Director to be
named as a defendant in a suit to attack the validity of a deporta-
tion order. This ruling means that suits may be brought in the
jurisdiction where the District Director's office is located.

Nationality

Fiscal year 1955 was also a record year for nationality matters
in the Service. More petitions were filed and naturalizations
granted than in any year since 1945. The uptrend in the number
of applications filed, which started in 1952, continued to spiral
upwards.

Naturalizations during 1955 totaled 209,434. There was a con-
tinued increase in the number of applications submitted by aliens
who benefited by the removal of racial restrictions on naturali-
zation and by the elimination of the declaration of intention as a
prerequisite for the filing of a petition. The additional factor of
increased immigration in the post war period caused a correspond-
ing increase in applications submitted.

Declaration of Intention. Only 10,855 declarations were filed
in fiscal 1955. This is an increase of 1,755 as compared with the
previous year. Under the Immigration and Nationality Act, filing
of a declaration is optional. In many states a declaration of inten-
tion is a prerequisite for a license for an alien to practice medicine,
nursing, dentistry, or other profession.

22 Report of the Immigration and Naturalization Service

Applications for Naturalization. The Service was confronted
with a workload of 87,000 applications to file petitions for natural-
ization at the start of the fiscal year. It was known that this work-
load would soon be augmented by applications that would accrue
during the 60-day period preceding the elections of November 2,
1954, when naturalizations were prohibited. Inactivity of the
courts during this period gave the Service an opportunity to dis-
pose of this heavy workload by assisting aliens submitting appli-
cations to file their petitions. To accomplish this, in July 1954,
all available personnel, officer and clerical, was assigned to this
Service-wide program. The achievement of reducing the number
of pending applications to 49,000 at the end of the calendar year,
and the filing of more than 100,000 petitions compared to 58,000
filed during the previous year demonstrated success of the
operation.

As the program progressed consideration was given to setting
aside a day as early as possible after the November elections to
hold naturalization hearings for those persons who had filed peti-
tions. November 11, 1954, was the day selected. In cooperation
with the naturalization courts, civic organizations, local govern-
ment agencies, and units of the Armed Forces participated in
naturalization ceremonies on that day in the Nation and through-
out the territories. More than 55,000 persons were admitted to
citizenship on that day.

Twenty -two of these petitioners — a representative group se-
lected from all sections of the country — were personally received
by the President on November 9. Friends, relatives, and other
members of the communities had an unprecedented opportunity
to participate in the inspiring ceremonies and to witness the final
step in the naturalization process.

The facilities of such places as the Polo Grounds in New York
City, Ebbets Field in Brooklyn, and the Hollywood Bowl in Los
Angeles were utilized. The USS MISSOURI also formed an in-
teresting and picturesque background for one such ceremony in
Bremerton, Washington. Hundreds of patriotic organizations and
prominent citizens cooperated wholeheartedly for the occasion.

At the close of the year pending applications had been further
reduced to 26,368, and the waiting period between date of sub-
mission of an application to the Service and the filing of a peti-
tion for naturalization was reduced from an average of nine to
12 months to an average of two and one-half months.

Report of the Immigration and Naturalization Service 23

930 persons who had lost their United States nationality reac-
quired citizenship by repatriation. This was about one-third less
than the number of repatriations in 1954.

Naturalization of Members of Armed Forces. Naturalization
of alien members of United States Armed Forces outside the
United States was authorized by Congress in June 1953. During
fiscal 1955, Service representatives conducted naturalization pro-
ceedings in the Azores, Austria, England, France, Africa, Ger-
many, Korea, Italy, Okinawa, Newfoundland, and the Canal Zone.
The United States gained 2,539 new citizens through these cere-
monies, many of which were impressive occasions arranged by
military authorities in various parts of the world.

In addition to military naturalizations outside the continental
limits, there were 9,419 military naturalizations accomplished
within the United States. Various branches of the Armed Forces
extended active cooperation to the Service in this activity.

Naturalization Courts. There are approximately 950 courts ex-
ercising naturalization jurisdiction. Most of these are state courts.
The Service has adopted a program designed to encourage filing
of petitions for naturalization in the larger courts. This concen-
tration will permit more frequent hearings, resulting in a much
earlier disposition of cases.

The larger volume of petitions in these courts will allow the
holding of meaningful and large-scale ceremonies which will lend
dignity and solemnity to the acquisition of citizenship. Judges in
the smaller courts throughout the country are cooperating with
the Service in this project and many have expressed a desire to
waive their jurisdiction to naturalize. No changes in naturaliza-
tion jurisdiction have been made without the approval of the
courts concerned.

Derivative Citizenship. The Service has begun a program urg-
ing parents and others to obtain certificates of citizenship for
children at the time of their own naturalization. During the fiscal
year 31,113 applications for certificates of citizenship were filed
and 15,323 certificates were issued to persons who derived citizen-
ship through the naturalization of parents. In addition, 7,379 cer-
tificates were issued to persons born abroad to United States
citizens.

Citizenship Services. Under law this Service assists in the pro-
motion of instruction and training in citizenship responsibilities
for citizenship candidates. This program includes furnishing
names of potential candidates for naturalization to public schools

24 Report of the Immigration and Naturalization Service

to give these persons an opportunity for citizenship training.
The names of 135,713 newly arrived immigrants were furnished
the public schools and school officials reported the attendance of
approximately 120,000 persons in citizenship classes. The Service
prepares and distributes a Federal Textbook on Citizenship which
is furnished free to candidates for naturalization enrolled in citi-
zenship education classes under the supervision of public schools.
During the year 26 sections of this textbook were revised and re-
printed.

In addition to public school classes, home study courses were
sponsored by 37 state colleges and universities. The enrollment
in these courses was 9,063.

The Service continued its cooperation with agencies through-
out the country engaged in promoting good citizenship. Repre-
sentatives of the Service participated in many of the ceremonies
sponsored by these agencies. Throughout the year, emphasis was
placed upon the value and importance of interested and active
participation in the affairs of government.

The manual "Gateway to Citizenship" was revised and reprinted
during the year. This manual is distributed to naturalization
judges and to civic, education and patriotic groups interested in
dignifying and adding to the impressiveness of naturalization
ceremonies.

About 200,000 copies of the memento booklet "Welcome to
U.S.A. Citizenship" were distributed to persons naturalized dur-
ing the year.

Nationality Investigations. The concerted Service effort to clear
naturalization petition backlogs was reflected during the year by
an increase in investigations completed in naturalization cases.
Investigations completed in that category totaled 13,181 for 1955
as compared with 11,382 for 1954.

The courts denied 4,571 petitions for naturalization in 1955
compared with a yearly average of 2,244 in the five-year period
1950-1954.

Service investigators also inquire into cases involving possible
revocation of citizenship. They completed 5,346 denaturalization
investigations during the fiscal year.

The citizenship of 197 naturalized citizens was revoked. The
majority of these cases were initiated by the Foreign Service of
the Department of State on the ground that the naturalized per-
son took up permanent residence in a foreign country within five

Report of the Immigration and Naturalization Service 25

years after naturalization. 4,202 persons lost citizenship through
expatriation. Voting in a foreign political election or plebiscite,
residence in a foreign state, and naturalization in a foreign state
accounted for a majority of expatriations.

Legislation And Litigation

Five bills affecting laws administered by this Service were
passed by Congress during fiscal 1955.

All were passed during the second session of the Eighty-third
Congress.

These laws and their general provisions are as follows:

Public Law 515, approved July 20, 1954, provides that a United
States citizen who voted in an election or plebiscite held in Japan
between September 2, 1945, and April 27, 1952, and who there-
after has committed no act which, had he remained a citizen,
would have caused expatriation, may regain United States citi-
zenship merely by taking, within two years, an oath of allegiance
before a naturalization court or, if abroad, before a consular offi-
cer. Subversives, deserters from the Armed Forces, and persons
against whom warrants of deportation are outstanding are ex-
cluded from the benefits of Public Laiv 515. This legislation ex-
tends to those who voted in Japan substantially the same benefits
extended by the Act of August 16, 1951, to those who voted in
Italy. It will remain in effect until July 20, 1956.

Public Law 751, amendment to the Refugee Relief Act of 1953,
provides for reallocation of allotments, removal of requirements
for certain quarantees required of visa-issuing countries in con-
nection with readmission of orphans, adjustment of status of
additional refugees already in the United States, and revision of
unemployment and housing assurance provisions.

Public Laivs 770, 772, and 779 — all received approval Septem-
ber 3, 1954. Public Law 770 provided for the admission in non-
quota status within one year of up to 385 skilled sheepherders
destined to permanent employment in the United States. These
sheepherders were required to meet usual requirements for ad-
mission except for appropriate quota immigration visas.

Section 4 of Public Laiv 770 contains a provision waiving cer-
tain grounds of inadmissibility arising from the conviction, or
admission of the commission, of a single misdemeanor classifiable
as a petty offense under 18 U.S.C. 1(3) by reason of punishment

26 Report of the Immigration and Naturalization Service

actually imposed. This provision modifies section 212(a)(9) of
the Immigration and Nationality Act.

PnbUc La IV 772 is cited as the "Expatriation Act of 1954." It
amends section 349(a)(9) of the Immigration and Nationality
Act by adding as a ground for expatriation, conviction for certain
subversive criminal acts in violation of Section 2383-5 of Title
18, United States Code.

Public Law 779 is a general statute. It provides for amendments
of various statutes, correction of obsolete references, and like
matters.

Private Legislation. A Private Bill Control Unit was placed in
the Enforcement Division of the Central Office February 9, 1955,
as part of the reorganization of the Service. This unit has the
responsibility of coordinating all Service functions relative to
private legislation from the introduction of the bill to adjustment
of the alien's status following enactment, or enforcement of de-
parture following adverse action.

Private bills for the relief of aliens totaled 3,099 during the
last fiscal year. Congress enacted 201 such private laws. Only
1,615 bills were introduced in the preceding fiscal period. Tmely
reports were submitted to Congress despite the increase of al-
most 100 per cent in workload. In addition, all administrative
procedures were completed on pending legislation and, with few
exceptions, departure was promptly enforced on those aliens
whose bills met adverse action by Congress.

The work of investigation on private bill cases is continuing
in large volume. The number of such investigations completed
in 1955 was 4,644 compared to 4,167 completed the preceding year.

Litigation. No noticeable decrease in litigation is noted during
fiscal 1955. Old-law cases diminished, but as application of the
Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 became more wide-
spread, its provisions were challenged repeatedly in the courts.
This trend is expected to continue until a body of judicial inter-
pretation is built up.

The Supreme Court calendared thirty-one cases during the year
in which the Attorney General, the Commissioner, or subordinate
Service officers were parties. Four of these cases were carried
over from the preceding term. Certiorari was denied in 13 cases.
Six cases were argued during the term, three with results favor-
able to the Government. In a seventh case, an appellate court
judgment, on motion of the Government, was vacated and the

Report of the Immigration and Naturalization Service 27

case remanded. Eleven cases were carried over to the 1955-1956
term. These included five in which review had already been
granted. The six remaining cases await the Court's decision on
petitions for certiorari.

Prosecntio7is. Immigration law violations brought 9,938 cases
during the fiscal year 1955 along with 530 cases involving nation-
ality violations. Prosecutions netted 10,359 convictions, an ag-
gregate imprisonment of 3,445 years, and fines totaling $74,217.
Ninety-one per cent of the immigration violations were convic-
tions for illegal entry.

Heavy fines and imprisonment were imposed in 415 smuggling
convictions which involved the smuggling of 1,326 aliens into
the United States.

Conviction of smugglers was a third less than in the preceding
fiscal year, and the number of affected aliens dropped from 3,968
to 1,326.

This decrease is directly attributable to rigorous control of
the Mexican border which has made smuggling both more diflft-
cult and hazardous. Nationality case convictions totaled 487. Of
these, 473 or 97 per cent were convictions of persons who falsely
represented themselves as citizens of the United States.

Internal Management

Service-wide reorganization was the outstanding administrative
achievement of the fiscal year 1955. Based on thorough surveys
four regional offices were established and assumed managerial
responsibilities over field activities on January 3, 1955.

The regional offices were given primary responsibility for
administrative and operational functions of the Service. Conse-
quently, top Central Oflfice and field administrators have been
relieved from routine management functions and are giving closer
personal attention to Service-wide program development and
policy determinations. Top supervisory officials now make regular
on-the-scene studies of field operations.

Principal field ofllice boundaries were realigned and made co-
extensive with state lines, and twenty-two smaller offices were
eliminated. Forty-six field offices at strategic locations were au-
thorized to take final action in numerous matters that were pre-
viously limited to fifteen locations. Major improvements in service
to the public as well as in law enforcement responsibilities have
been realized.

28

Report of the Immigration and Naturalization Service

Report of the Immigration and Naturalization Service 29^

Under the regional concept all field operations were decentral-
ized to the four regional offices. Carefully selected supervisory-
personnel were sent to those offices to take over operational man-
agement and administrative management posts. This brought a
stepped-up operational tempo throughout the Service. Cases, once
funneled through the Central Office, were decided in the field.
Activities workloads were reduced, and many areas which showed
arrearages were cleaned up as purely housekeeping functions were
taken over by regional administrators.

Field bispection and Security. The Field Inspection and Secu-
rity Division was established early in the calendar year 1955.
The functions of the Inspections Branch of that Division are the
inspection, analysis, and evaluation of all activities of the Service,
including programs, procedures and methods of operation. In-
spection of Service operations on a functional basis is emphasized
as the best means of attaining internal control. The findings of
such inspections result in constructive recommendations con-
cerning the activities, programs and procedures of the Service.

Officers of this unit inspected 39 field offices of the Service in
1955. Deficiencies when found were corrected in most instances
at the time of inspection. The results of these inspections included
improved efficiency in operations, better use of manpower, more
reliable statistics, and recognition of ability in employees.

The Security Branch took immediate steps to insure strict
compliance with personnel security requirements and regulations
relating to defense information. It developed plans, policies, and
procedures necessary to provide personnel, documentary, prop-
erty, and communication security in all offices of the Service.
The Security Officer keeps up-to-date plans covering essential
wartime functions of the Service and acts as liaison with the
Department of Justice in these matters.

Plans were made to establish an intelligence branch in 1956
that will plan and supervise the production and dissemination
of intelligence within the Service and to other interested govern-
ment agencies. Highly sensitive operational matters of importance
to other agencies in the intelligence field will be handled directly
by liaison with their representatives. This branch will serve as
a repository for information obtained by present intelligence
sources of the Service.

30

Report of the Immigration and Naturalization Service

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Personnel

Personnel procedures were greatly simplified under the reor-
ganization by granting additional authority to field offices, thus
removing routine personnel functions from the Central and Dis-
trict offices to the regions.

Reorganization also meant that an increasing workload could
be handled by fewer employees. By June 30, 1955, Immigration
and Naturalization personnel totaled 6,637 employees, compared
with 7,100 on payrolls at the end of the previous fiscal year. The
reorganization brought a substantial reduction in the number of
Central Office employees, many of whom were sent to the field
to fill critical vacancies. Employees separated were incumbents
of noncritical positions.

Greatly increased utilization of "stand-by" time of inspection
officers was accomplished by forwarding certain paper work to
remote and relatively inactive inspection points for completion.
At the same time, in such areas as New York, assembly points
of inspection forces were moved to main offices. In New York
approximately 10,000 man hours were made available for adju-
dicative and other phases of work between November 1, 1954,
and June 30, 1955. The time of inspection officers was further
utilized by temporary details to areas of heavy activity from in-
spection areas where the work is seasonal.

Recruitment. Direct recuiting programs, frequent examinations
and rapid processing were employed to fill vacancies. By the end
of the year all new and all previously vacant Patrol Inspector
positions had been filled and all but 13 new Naturalization Ex-
aminer jobs, made possible by reorganizational savings had been
filled.

Further effort is contemplated in fiscal 1956 to assure a steady
flow of applications for vacant posts. The Public Information
program of the Service was utilized to call attention to employ-
ment opportunities of the Service, and this activity will be con-
tinued and stepped up.

Promotion. An over-all promotion program was initiated dur-
ing the year. It included appointment of two officer selection
boards designed to put consideration for promotion on a strictly
impartial basis at all levels. These boards, through interviews,
and review of personnel achievement records now supply eligi-
bility rosters to top supervisory personnel for purposes of pro-
motion, or filling vacancies.

32

Report of the Immigration and Naturalization Service

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Report of the Immigration and Naturalization Service 33

The program includes continuing determination of Service
needs and standards for advancement so that all employees can
be aware of promotion opportunities at all times.

Upgrading of many positions was one of the rewarding benefits
of reorganization. These included top-ranking Border Patrol jobs
and Naturalization Examiner jobs throughout the Service.
Another forward step was the classification of "officer in charge"
positions in grades commensurate with similar posts in other
Government agencies.

Employee Recognitioi}. For the first time the Service joined
other Bureaus of the Department of Justice in recognizing length
of service by appropriate certificates and awards. Since it was
the first time, 818 awards were given. This is approximately five
times as many as may be expected in future years.

In keeping with the Government Employees' Incentive Awards
Act of 1954, the Service awarded three superior accomplishment
awards, four certificates of merit, and seven cash awards. Pub-
licity and instruction to encourage participation in the incentive
awards program will be one of the major objectives in 1956.

Training

During fiscal 1955 training activities of the Service were over-
hauled, and a training school for career officers was established
at the Central Office.

The Border Patrol Training School moved to a new and greatly
improved physical plant during the year. Through arrangements
with the Army, a temporary site was made available at Fort
Bliss, Texas, which provided administration facilities, class and
study rooms, dormitories, dining hall and recreation facilities.

This school prepares new officers for Border Patrol duties by
supplying detailed knowledge in the fields of enforcement, im-
migration and nationality laws, physical training, firearms and
Spanish. Latest educational methods, including audio-visual aids
are employed at the school. Instructors are selected from the ranks
of outstanding Border Patrol officers. Duty as an instructor at
the school is a temporary assignment, the selected officers being
continually refreshed in actual field operations and the latest
techniques.

All Patrol Inspectors receive class and individual instruction
in sector programs upon assignment to duty. This instruction
continues throughout the probationary year. It was designed to

34 Report of the Immigration and Naturalization Service

afford practical application of fresh knowledge, as well as group
or individual discussion with seasoned officers concerning on-the-
job experiences.

In recognition of the importance of intelligence and the need
for trained officers functioning in a systematic, uniform manner,
the first Border Patrol Intelligence Training School was convened
in El Paso, Texas, on April 7, 1955. Seasoned officers who had
demonstrated an aptitude for this type of activity were selected
and attended a course which included organizational structure,
aims, responsibilities and techniques.

The Officers Training School for career personnel v/as estab-
lished in the Central Office in January 1955. Its objective is to
prepare experienced supervisory officers for greater responsibil-
ities and to broaden the base of knowledge of men and women
whose scope of activities in the operational field has been limited.
The six-week course covers all phases of immigration and nation-
ality law enforcement and administrative functions of the Service.

Instructors from supervisory ranks of the Service and from
other Government agencies present material through lectures,
case analysis and discussion. The curriculum includes a field trip
to New York where classes observe inspection of passengers ar-
riving by steamship and airplane. This trip also demonstrates to
the classes coordinated operations of this Service, the Coast
Guard, Customs, and Public Health Service.

Enrollees for the Officers Training School are selected through
aptitude tests and recommendations.

Three sessions of the school were held before close of fiscal
1955, and 133 officers completed the course.

At field level, officers are kept current on procedures and tech-
niques through briefing sessions or discussion.

Budget

Programming funds in anticipation of the reorganization and
special border program, and at the same time avoiding deficit
financing was a problem solved by temporary funds adjustments.

The special border program required that funds be temporarily
diverted from other projects and administered centrally on a
month-to-month basis during the first eight months of fiscal 1955.
Reorganization also meant temporary diversion of funds. Through
appropriate planning and anticipation of eventual savings in other
areas the items were balanced out during the remainder of the
year.

Report of the Immigration and Naturalization Service 35

Finance, Procurement, and Property Management

Fiscal 1955 was a year in which a total reorganization of the
accounting, procurement, and property management activities was
accomplished. During this period four completely new offices were
established, equipped, furnished, and staffed to operate as regional
offices. All administrative housekeeping functions were removed
from district offices and relocated in the regional offices. Simul-
taneously, many Central Office administrative responsibilities
were delegated to the regional offices.

Accounting. Accounts from 16 district offices were verified and
consolidated into four regional accounts; reporting procedures
were revised to provide greater control over appropriations and
to improve regional accounting systems; a new procedure was
designed and established for the payment of uniform allowances,
and premium compensation under the Federal Employment and
Fringe Benefits Act.

Procuremeyit and Property Management. Under proper controls,
field offices were delegated $5,000 procurement and contract au-
thority, thus enabling field offices to procure needed supplies and
services more efficiently and economically.

Major equipment purchases during the year included three air-
planes and 220 pieces of automotive equipment. In addition, seven
airplanes, two communication trucks, and fifteen buses were
loaned by the Department of Defense for use on the Border.

Procurement of Office Quarters. In addition to providing
quarters for the four new regional offices at San Pedro, Cali-
fornia; Burlington, Vermont; Richmond, Virginia; and St. Paul,
Minnesota; a long range program to replace and repair Service
occupied quarters was begun during the year.

Studies were made and plans prepared for relocating the Cen-
tral Office in more suitable quarters. Contracts were awarded
for the construction of a Border Patrol Headquarters Building
at El Paso and station buildings at Ysleta, Fabens and Presidio,
Texas and Columbus, New Mexico.

Specifications were drawn for the erection of office buildings
at Harlingen, Mercedes, Carizzo Springs, Rio Grande City, Eagle
Pass and Kingsville, Texas, and surveys were made jointly with
the Customs Service for construction of long needed new border
inspection stations that are utilized by both Services.

In addition, while the larger detention facilities at Ellis Island,
Boston, San Francisco and San Pedro were closed, smaller quar-

36 Report of the Immigration and Naturalization Service

ters were established at New York City and Chicago and con-
tracts awarded for the construction of a detention establishment
at El Paso, which serves as a collecting center for apprehensions
in one of the most populated areas adjacent to the Mexican border.
Plans were also made for a number of other projects to be
undertaken, including security fences along the Mexican border.

Financial Statement — Immigration and Naturalization Service
Fiscal Year 1955

Net cost of the operation of the Immigration and Naturalization
Service and the administration of the immigration and natural-
ization laws

Appropriation for salaries and expenses $43,781,084

Reimbursements to the appropriation 1,193,000

Total funds available $44,974,084

Amount of available funds not obligated 19,051

Gross cost of operation $44,955,033

Less collections other than reimbursements:

Copying fees $ 21,902

Fees and permits 4,843,293

Head tax 236

Sale of Government property 23,170

Miscellaneous collections 45,506

Forfeitures and bonds forfeited 345,252

Administrative fines 232,125

Total collections $^,511,484

Net Cost of operations $39,443,549

Information and Records Administration

A new Service records system was placed into operation on
January 1, 1955. The system provides for one major series of
Service case files and, for the first time, an index record in the
Central Office of all case files opened by field offices.

The files decentralization plan, which was adopted on March
1, 1950, was completed during the year. All active files relating
to aliens admitted for permanent residence were decentralized
from the Central Oflice to field offices having jurisdiction over
the alien's place of residence. Records relating to individuals are
therefore more readily available when actions arise. Visas sur-
rendered by newly arrived immigrants are now forwarded di-

Report of the Immigration and Naturalization Service 37

rectly from the ports of entry to the districts of residence instead
of the Central Office. Under this procedure, alien registration
receipt cards are issued to newly arrived immigrants without
delay.

In addition to a centralized index of all aliens admitted for
permanent residence, an index record is filed in the Central Office
of each documented nonimmigrant admitted to the United States
since December 23, 1952. This index is in compliance with section
290 of the Immigration and Nationality Act which requires a
central index of aliens admitted to the United States. The cen-
tralized record serves as a control of nonimmigrants and as the
basis for initiating action concerning aliens who have overstayed
the period of their admission.

A program was placed into operation under which all manifest
records maintained at ports of entry are being microfilmed, after
which the original records are destroyed. This microfilming and
disposal of original manifest records will result in space savings
at the various ports of entry.

The flexoline alien index, containing approximately 12,000,000
names, was microfilmed. The microfilming of this index facilitated
its use and released approximately 5,255 square feet of floor space.

During the fiscal year, 38,759 cubic feet of records were trans-
ferred to the Records Center. Approximately 24,000 cubic feet of
record and nonrecord material were destroyed under outstanding
disposal authorizations.

With the completion of files decentralization, the adoption of
improved methods and procedures made possible reduction in
personnel of the reorganized Records Administration and Infor-
mation Branch.

This reduced force, in addition to the work outlined above,
maintains the Service lookout system and the centralized non-
immigrant document control, the centralization of which released
officer and clerical personnel in the field offices for other produc-
tive work.

Statistics

Under reorganization, the coding work done in the Central
Office was decentralized. The work consists of translating data
from operating documents into numeric symbols and entering
such symbols on punch cards for tabulations. These tabulations

38 Report of the Immigration and Naturalization Service

form the basis of the statistical material used by the Service. The
coding work is now done by immigrant inspectors and others on
their "stand-by" time, resulting in savings to the Service,

Work measurement tables and analyses received from field
offices are summarized, correlated, and analyzed in order to:
point out arrearages; study the results of programs and proce-
dures initiated; compare actual figures with estimates; and to
keep workload and personnel in balance.

Other studies carried on during the year included estimates
of the migration of aliens within the United States; yearbook
articles ; the Annual Report ; estimates of potential naturalization
in its relation to immigration; and analysis of "length of prison
terms in relation to violation of immigration laws."

Report of the Immigration and Naturalization Service

39

TABLE 1. IMMIGRATION TO THE UNITED STATES:
1820 - 1955

From 1820 to 1867 figures represent alien passengers arrived; 1868 to 1891 inclusive and 1895 to
1897 inclusive immigrant aliens arrived; 1892 to 1894 inclusive and from 1898 to the present time
immigrant aliens admitted.

Year

Number

of
persons

Year

Number

of
persons

Year

Number

of
persons

Year

Number

of
persons

1820-1955 [7]

40,413,120

1851-1860

1851
1852
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860

1861-1870

1861
1862
1863
1864
1865
1866
1867
1868
1869
1870

1871-1880

1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880

1881-1890

1881
1882
1883

2.598.214

1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890

1891-1900

1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900

1901-1910

1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910

1911-1920

1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920

518,592
395,346
334.203
490.109
546,889
444,427
455.302

3,687,664

1921-1930

1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930

1931-1940

1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940

1941-1950

1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950

1951
1952
1953
1954
1955

4,107,209

1820
1821-1830

8,385
143.439

379.466
371.603
368.645
427.833
200,877
200,436
251,306
123,126
121,282
153,640

2.314.824

805,228
309,556
522,919
706 , 896
294,314
304,488
335,175
307,255
279,678
241,700

528,431

1821
1822
1823
1824
1826
1826
1827
1828
1829
1830

1831-1840

9,127
6,911
6,354
7,912
10,199
10,837
18,875
27,382
22,520
23,322

599,125

660.319
679.663
439.730
285.631
258,536
343.267
230.832
229,299
311,715
448,572

8,795,386

91.918
91.985
176.282
193.418
248.120
318.568
315,722
138,840
352,768
387,203

2,812,191

97,139
35,576
23,068
29,470
34,956
36,329
50,244
67,895
82,998
70,756

1,035,039

1831
1832
1833
1834
1836
1836
1837
1838
1839
1840

1841-1850

22,633

60,482
58,640
65,365
45,374
76,242
79.340
38,914
68,069
84,066

1,713,251

487,918

648,743

857,046

812,870

1.026.499

1.100.735

1,285.349

782,870

751,786

1,041,570

5,735,811

321,350
404,806
459,803
313,339
227,498
169,986
141,857
138,469
177,826
457,257

5,246,613

51,776
28,781
23,725
28,551
38,119
108,721
147,292
170,570
188.317
249 . 187

205,717
265,520
170,434
208,177
237,790

1841
1842
1843
1844
1845
1846
1847
1848
1849
1850

80,289
104,565
52,496
78,615
114,371
154,416
234,968
226,527
297,024
369.980

878,587
838,172
1,197,892
1,218,480
326,700
298,826
295,403
110,618
141,132
430,001

669.431
788.992
603,322

[1] Data are for fiscal years ended June 30, except 1820 to 1831 inclusive and 1844 to 1849 inclusive
fiscal years ended September 30; 1833 to 1842 inclusive and 1851 to 1867 inclusive years ended
December 31; 1832 covers 15 months ended December 31; 1843 nine months ended September
30; 1850 fifteen months ended December 31; and 1868 six months ended June 30.

40

Report of the Immigration and Naturalization Service

TABLE 2. ALIENS AND CITIZENS ADMITTED AND DEPARTED,

BY MONTHS:

YEARS ENDED JUNE 30, 1954 AND 1955

(Data exclude travelers bet
agricultural laborers)

ween continental United States and its possessions

border crossers, and

Aliens admitted

Aliens departed

Excess
(1)

U. S. Citizens

Period

Immi-
grant

Non-
immi-
grant

Total

Emi-
grant

Non-
emi-
grant

Total

Ar-
rived

De-
parted

Fiscal year 1955

237,790

620,946

858,736

31,245

634,555

665,800

192,936

1,171,612

1,096,146

July-December, 1954....

120,785

327,447

448,232

19,725

315,445

335,170

113,062

623.361

482,668

July

20,394
19,036
19,260
20,373
20,752
20,970

117,005

57,224
60,785
72,727
50,060
41,616
45,035

293,499

77,618
79,821
91,987
70,433
62,368
66,005

410,504

5,804
3,739
3,379
3,007
2,044
1,752

11,520

63,214
57,615
56,944
49,247
42,063
46,362

319,110

69,018
61,354
60,323
52,254
44,107
48,114

330,630
49,752
40,991
52,299
62,455
58.547
66,586

599,161

8,600
18,467
31,664
18,179
18,261
17,891

79,874

113.386
147,103
127,129
89,089
73,576
73,078

548,251

127,669

94,171

74,136

October

60,627

56,175

69 , 890

January-June, 1955

613,478

17,470
16,965
20,611
18,952
22,053
20,954

208,177

44,848
36,135
46,908
55,074
54,323
56,211

566,613

62,318
53,100
67,519
74,026
76,376
77,165

774,790

1,312
1,413
2,107
2,144
2,027
2,517

30,665

48,440
39,578
50,192
60,311
56,520
64,069

568,496

12,566
12,109
15,220
11,571
17,829
10,579

175,629

69,644
80.191
91,868
90.333
109.893
106,322

1,021.327

76,763

February

85.661

March

98.678

April

104.666

May

107.399

140,311

Fiscal year 1954

971,025

July-December, 1953....

103,209

306,326

409,535

15,403

302,418

317,821

91,714

567,265

447,196

July

August.

September

October

November

December

January-June, 1954

16,958
15,310
15,215
18,013
18,985
18,728

104,968

54,495
55.098
66,088
48,753
38,722
43,170

260,287

71,453
70,408
81,303
66,766
57,707
61,898

365,255

4,296
2,398
2,630
2,174
1,755
2,150

15,262

61,324
54,654
52,941
48,172
41,504
43,823

266,078

65,620
57,052
55,571
50,346
43,259
45.973

281,340

5,833
13,356
25,732
16,420
14,448
15,925

83.915

102.987
125.603
118,077
86 , 462
68.649
65.487

454,062

120,117
92.341
70.225
57.361
50.816
56,336

523,829

15,800
14,812
18,146
17,643
19,840
18,727

39,338
31,424
41,663
49,496
48,778
49,588

55,138
46,236
59,809
67,139
68,618
68,315

2,730
1,845
2 , 545
2,551
2,339
3.252

42,669
32,412
40,637

48,774
47,779
53,807

45,399
34,257
43,182
51,325
50.118
57,059

9,739
11,979
16,627
15,814
18,500
11,256

60,978
63,897
78,521
75,022
80,698
94,946

65,410

69,216

March...._

April

77,855
87,816

May

92,223

June

131,309

(1) Excess of admissions over departures.

An immigrant is defined in statistics of the Service as an alien admitted for permanent residence,
or as an addition to the population.

A nonimmigrant is defined as an alien admitted for temporary residence. Returning resident aliens
who have once been counted as immigrants are included with nonimmigrants, although the immigration
laws define such aliens as immigrants.

An emigrant is defined as an alien leaving the United States after a stay of more than a year or a
resident alien who is leaving for permanent residence abroad.

A nonemigrant is defined as an alien leaving the United States after a stay of one year or less or a
resident alien who is leaving for temporary residence abroad.

Report of the Immigration and Naturalization Service

41

TABLE 2-A. ALIENS AND CITIZENS ARRIVED AND EXAMINED
AT UNITED STATES PORTS OF ENTRY:
YEARS ENDED JUNE 30, 1954 AND 1955

Class

Total

Aliens

Citizens

Year ended June 30, 1955

Total number

123,859,654

63,627,764

60,231,890

119,763.360

61,611,311

58,152,049

Canadian

48,000,554
71,762.806
2,257.138
1,839,156

24,812,698

36.798,613

1,344,890

671,563

23,187,856

34,964,193

Crewmen

912.248

Arrived at seaports

1,167.593

Year ended June 30, 1954

Total number.._

118,064,738

59,714,754

58,349.984

Arrived at land borders

114.456,153

57,968,104

56.488,049

Canadian

47,571,458

66,884,695

1.995,818

1,612,767

23,963,853

34,004,251

1,143,386

603,264

23,607,605

Mexican

32,880,444

852,432

1,009,503

42

Report of the Immigration and Naturalization Service

TABLE 3. ALIENS ADMITTED,

BY CLASSES UNDER THE IMMIGRATION LAWS:

YEARS ENDED JUNE 30, 1951 TO 1955

Data exclude travelers between continental United States and its possessions, border en ssers,
crewmen, and agricultural laborers.

aliens admitted..

Quota Immigrants..

Nonquota Immigrants.-

Wives of U. S. citizens

Husbands of U. S. citizens

Children of U. S. citizens

Natives of Western Hemisphere countries

Their spouses

Their children

Persons who had been U S citizens
Ministers of religious denominations

Their spouses

Their children

Employees of U. S. Government abroad,

spouses and children

Refugees

Other nonquota immigrants

(2)

their

U)

Nonimmigrants.-

-U)

Foreign government officials

Temporary visitors tor business

Temporary visitors for pleasure

Transit aliens _

Treaty traders and investors

Students.-

Representatives to international organizations

Temporary workers and industrial trainees (3)

Representatives of foreign information media (3)

Exchange aliens (S)

Returning resident aliens (l)

Other nonimmigrants

1951

,952

1953

1954

670,823

781,602

656,148

774,790

205,717

265,520

170,434

208,177

156,547

194.247

84,175

94,098

49.170

71.273

86.259

114,079

8,685

16.058

15,916

17,145

822

793

3,359

7.725

1,955

2,464

3,268

5.819

34,704

47,744

58,985

78.897

337

455

1,127

1.119

233

209

987

510

39

32

104

427

376

338

244

263

129

96

69

57

228

146

74

65

_

_

2

4

_

_

821

1,662

2,938

2.124

1,227

465,106

516,082

485.714

566,613

20,881

22,267

24,502

23,095

83,995

86,745

63,496

61,029

230,210

269,606

243,219

292,725

72,027

77,899

67.684

78,526

850

791

878

1,023

7,355

8.613

13,533

25,425

5,526

5.137

6,112

5.601

3,021

(5) 7.479

-

-

174

504

_

_

12.584

15,260

44,212

44,980

50,397

55,887

50

44

114

59

237,790

332,394

71.301

1.208

27 . 192

6.003

(5)9,760

575

16,077

61,442

26

(;) An immigrant is defined in statistics of the Service as an alien admitted for permanent residence,
or as an addition to the population. A nonimmigrant is defined as an alien admitted for tempo-
rary residence. Returning resident aliens who have once been counted as immigrants are included
with nonimmigrants, although the immigration laws define such aliens as immigrants.

(2) Under the Immigration Act of 1924, this class covered only women who had been U. S. citizens.

(S) New classes under the provisions of the Immigration and Nationality Act.

U) Refugees admitted under the Refugee Relief Act of 1953.

(5) Does not include 7,946 agricultural laborers admitted under Section ]01(a)(15)(H), Immigra-
tion and Nationality Act in 1954 and 13,195 admitted in 1955.

Report of the Immigration and Naturalization Service

43

TABLE 4. IMMIGRATION BY COUNTRY, FOR DECADES:
1820 TO 1955 (1)

(From 1820 to 1867 figures represent alien passengers arrived; 1868 to 1891 inclusive and
1895 to 1897 inclusive immigrant aliens arrived; 1892 to 1894 inclusive and from 1898 to present
time immigrant aliens admitted. Data for years prior to 190G relate to country whence alien
came; thereafter to country of last permanent residence. Because of changes in boundaries and
changes in lists of countries, data for certain countries are not comparable throughout.)

Countries

1820

1821

to
1830

1831

to
1840

1841
to

1850

1851

to
1860

1861

to
1870

All countries

8,385

143,439

599,125

1.713,251

2,598,214

2.314,824

Europe

7,691

98,817

495,688

1,597,501

2,452,660

2.065,270

Austria-Hungary (2)

Belgium

1

20

371

968

1,782

268

360

3.614
30
49

3

5
35
139
31

14
5

27
169

8,497

6,761

14,055

2,912

170

7.942

20

50.724

409

1,078

91

16

145

2.477

3.226

20

75

3

10

22

1,063

45,575

152,454

7,611

2,667

185

65,347

49

207.381

2.253

1,412

1.201

369

829

2,125

4,821

7

277

40

48

5.074
539

77,262

434,626

32.092

3,712

1,261

229 , 979

16

780,719

1,870

8.251

13,903

105

550

2.209

4.644

59

551

79

82

4,738

3,749

76,358

951,667

247,125

38,331

6,319

132.199

31

914,119

9,231

10.789

20,931

1,164

1,055

9,298

25,011

83

457

5

41,455

7,800
6 734

France

Germany (2)

(England.__

35.986
787,468

Britain (Wales

(Not specified (3)

Greece

4,313

341,537

72

Ireland

Italy _

Netherlands . _

Sw°S'i ^4)

Poland (5)

Portugal

Spain

Switzerland

Turkey in Europe

U. S. S. R (6)

Other Europe

Asia

11,725

9,102

(71,631

(37,667

2,027

2,658

6.697

23.286

129

2,512

8

64,630

1

1

3

387

2

8

11,564

8
39

1

33.424

35
36

11

62,469

41,397
43

15

74.720

64,301

69

186

2

72

India

Japan._ (7)

Turkey in Asia (8)

Other Asia

America

166,607

Canada and Newfoundland ...(9)

Mexico (10)

West Indies _

Central America _

South America

209
1

164
2
11

1
301

2,277

4.817

3,834

105

.531

16
33.032

13,624

6,. 599

12.301

44

856

54
69,911

41.723
3.271

13,528

368

3,579

55
53,144

59.309
3,078

10,660

449

1.224

210
29,169

1.53,878

2.191

9,046

95

1 397

Africa

312

36

Not specified

17 969

See footnotes at end of table.

44 Report of the Immigration and Naturalization Service

TABLE 4. IMMIGRATION BY COUNTRY, FOR DECADES:

1820 TO 1955 (1)
(Continued)

Countries

1871

to
1880

1881

to
1890

1891

to
1900

1901

to
1910

1911

to
1920

1921

to
1930

All countires

2,812,191

5,246,613

3,687,564

?, 795,386

5,735,811

4,107,209

2,272,262

1,737,046

3,558,978

3,136,016

4,376,564

2,477,853

Austria )

Hungary)

Belgium

(2)

72,969
7,221

31,771

72,206

718,182

437,706

87,564

6,631

16,142

210

436,871

55,759

16,541

95,323

115,922

12,970

14,082

11

5,266

28,293

337

39,284

1,001
123.823

353,719
20,177

88,132

50,464

1,452,970

644,680

149,869

12,640

168

2,308

655,482

307,309

53,701

176,586

391,776

51.806

16,978

6,348

4,419

81,988

1 , .562

213,282

682
68,380

592,707

18,167

160

50,231

30,770

505,152

216,726

44,188

10,557

67

15,979

388,416

651,893

26,758

95,015

226,266

96,720

27,508

12,750

8,731

31,179

3.626

505,290

122
71,236

2,145,266

41,635
39,280

65,285

73,379
341,498
388,017
120,469

17,464

167,519
339,065
2,045,877
48,262
190.505
249,534

69,149
53.008
27,935
34.922
79.976
1,597,306

665
243,567

(453,649

(442,693

33,746

22,533

3,426

41,983

756

61,897

143,945

249,944

78,357

13,107

184,201

146,181

1,109, 524

43,718

66.395

95,074

4,813

89,732

13,311

68,611

23,091

54,677

921,201

1,888

8,111

192,559

32,868
30,680
15,846

Bulgaria

Czechoslovakia

....(11)
....(12)

2,945
102,194
32,430

Finland...

....(12)

16,691
49,610

Germany

(England

(2)

412,202
157,420

159,781

Britain (Wales 1

13,012

(Not specified

Greece

51,084

Ireland

220,591

Italy

455,315

Netherlands

26,948

(4)

68,531

Sweden

(4)

97,249

Poland..

(5)

227,734
29,994

Rumania

--(13)

67,646
28,958

Switzerland.

29,676

Turkey in Europe

14,659

U. S. S. R

(6)

61,742

Yugoslavia..

-(11)

49 , 064
22,983

Asia

97,400

China

123,201
163
149
67
243

404,044

61,711

269

2.270

2,220

1,910

426.967

14,799
68
25,942
26,799
3,628

38,972

20,605
4,713
129,797
77,393
11,059

361,888

21.278
2,082
83,837
79,389
5,973

1,143,671

29,907

India

1 886

Japan

Turkey in Asia

(7)

33,462
19,165

Other Asia

12,980

1,516,716

Canada and Newfoundland...

(9)

383,640

5,162

13,957

157

1,128

358
9,886
1,028

790

393,304

1.913

29.042

404

2,304

857
7,017
5,5.57

789

3.311

971

33,066

549

1,075

350
2.740
1.225
14.063

179,226

49.642

107,548

8.192

17,280

7,368
11,975

1.049
33,523

742,185

219,004

123.424

17,1.59

41,899

8,443
12,348
1.079
1,147

924,515
459,287

West Indies

74,899

15,769

42,215

Other America

fifii

31

Africa

6.286

8,299

Pacific Islands

427

Not specified

Cli)

228

See footnotes at end of table.

Report of the Immigration and Naturalization Service

45

TABLE 4. IMMIGRATION BY COUNTRY, FOR DECADES:

1820 TO 1955 (1)
(Continued)

Countries

1931

to
1940

1941

to
1950

1951

1952

1953

1954

1955

Total

136 years

1820

to
1955

All countries

528.431

1,035.039

205,717

265.520

170,434

208.177

237,790

40,413,120

Europe.—

(2)

348.289

621.704

149,545

193.626

82,352

92,121

110,591

33,874,574

Albania..

Austria.

Hungary

Belgium

2,040
3,563
7,861
4.817

14.393

2.559

506

2.146

12,623

114.058

21,756

6,887

735

9,119
13,167
68,028
1.192
2.201
565
7.150
4,740
17,026
3.329
3.871
3,258
3.960
5.512
737
1.356
5,835
2,361

15,344

85

24.860

3,469

12,189

375

8,347

5,393

212

2,503

38,809

226.578

112,252

16,131

3,209

8,973

26,967

57,661

361

683

820

14,860

10,100

7,571

7,423

1,076

2,898

10.665

10.547

.580

548

1,576

3,983

31,780

9,761
62

1,802

1

88

1,076

532
4,573
87,755
12,393
2,309
196

4,459

3,144

8,958

5

8

51

3,062

2,289

98

1,078

104

442

2,022

1,485

118

10

454

1,203

3.921

1

23.088

63

2,946

9

51

1,152

7

500

4.878

104,236

18.539

3.390

248

948

6.996

3,526

11,342

10

20

90

3,060

2,354

235

953

34

481

1,778

1,502

94

11

327

757

9,328

1

2.132

96

2.162

1

77

993

38

473

4.137

27.329

12,921

3,416

302

1,426

1,296

4.304

8.432

59

14

77

2,973

2,234

136

1,077

23

814

2,171

1,796

62

25

580

775

8,231

2,136

30

2,263

27

1,010

5

448

4,263

33,098

12,977

3,442

253

215

1,154

4,655

13,145

6

5

59

3,595

2,142

67

1.455

7

542

2,172

1,673

97

11

680

489

9,970

5

3,404

83

1,271

1

35

1.020

10

450

4,127

29,596

12,871

2,642

248

166

6,182

5,222

30,272

23

12

61

3,555

2,296

129

1,293

25

802

1.702

1.693

108

28

611

648

10,935

2 , 139

^4, 212, 959

180,838

Bulgaria

Czechoslovakia

Denmark.

-.(11)
...(12)

66,243
128,638
345,669

Estonia.-

Finland._

France

...(12)
...(12)

778
24,499
655,785

Germany

. (2)

6,530,543

(England...

2,823,144
765,104

Britein (Wales. ...

90 , 850

(Not specified(3)

796.496
459.668

Ireland

4,639.926

Italy _

4,849,033

Latvia.

Lithuania.,

...(12)
...(12)
...(17)

1,656
2,943
1,723

Netherlands

284,864

Norway

Poland

Portugal

(4)

(5)

826.270
422.991
269.323

...(13)

158.214

176.102

Sweden._

(4)

1,237,958
314,376

Turkey in Eurooe

156,932

U. S. S. R

. (6)

3,343,9S0

Yugoslavia...

Other Europe

...(11)

61.015
43,915

A8ia._._

...(15)

992,704

China .

4,928
496

1,948
328

7.644

16,709

1,761

1,555

218

11.537

335
109
271

3.203

263
123

3,814
12

5,116

528
104

2,579
13

5,007

254
144

3,846
33

5.693

568
194

4,150
54

5.969

400,830

India .r.

12.308

Japan

Turkey in Asia

Other Asia

(7^

(8)

293 . 806
205,696
80,064

See footnotes at end of table.

46

Report of the Immigration and Naturalization Service

TABLE 4. IMMIGRATION BY COUNTRY, FOR DECADES:

1820 TO 1955 (1)
(Continued)

Total

1931

1941

136 years

Countries

to
1940

to
1950

1951

1952

1953

1954

1955

1820

to
1955

America ...

160,037

354,804

47,631

61,049

77.650

95,587

110,436

5,148,623

Canada and

Newfoundland

(9)

108,527

171,718

25,880

33,354

36 283

34,873

32,435

3,340,271

(10)

22,319

60,589

6,153

9,079

17,183

30,645

43,702

945,606

West Indies

15,502

49,725

5,902

6 , 672

8,628

8,411

12.876

539,186

Central America

5,861

21,665

2,011

2,637

3,016

3,300

3,667

85,450

South America

7,803

21,831

3,596

4,591

5,511

6,575

7,654

171,060

Other America

.-(16)

25

29,276

4,089

4,716

7,029

11,783

10,102

67.051

1,750

7,367

845

931

989

1,248

1,203

38,643

Australia and New Zealand...

2,231

13,805

490

545

742

845

932

71.891

Pacific Islands..

(15)

780

5,437

3,265

33

40

65

96

20,081

Not specified

(14)

-

142

20

8

430

8,341

3,597

266,604

(1) Data are for fiscal years ended June 30, except 1820 to 1831 inclusive and 1844 to 1849 inclusive

fiscal years ended September 30; 1833 to 1842 inclusive and 1851 to 1867 inclusive years
ended December 31; 1832 covers 15 months ended December 31; 1843 nine months ended
September 30; 1850 fifteen months ended December 31 and 1868 six months ended June 30.

(2) Data for Austria-Hungary were not reported until 1861. Austria and Hungary have been

recorded separately since 1905. In the years 1938 to 1945 inclusive Austria was included
with Germany.

(3) United Kingdom not specified. In the years 1901 to 1951, included in other Europe.

(4) From 1820 to 18G8 the figures for Norway and Sweden were combined.

(5) Poland was recorded as a separate country from 1820 to 1898 and since 1920. Between 1899

and 1919 Poland was included with Austria-Hungary. Germany, and Russia.
(G) Since 1931 the Russian Empire has been broken down to European U. S. S. R. and Siberia
or Asiatic U. S. S. R.

(7) No record of immigration from Japan until 1861.

(8) No record of immigration from Turkey in Asia until 1869.

(9) Prior to 1920 Canada and Newfoundland were recorded as British North America. From 1820

to 1898 the figures include all British North American possessions.

(10) No record of immigration from Mexico from 1886 to 1893.

(11) Bulgaria, Serbia, and Montenegro were first reported in 1899. Bulgaria has been reported

separately since 1920 and in 1920 also a separate enumeration was made for the Kingdom
of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes. Since 1922 the Serb, Croat, and Slovene Kingdom has been
recorded as Yugoslavia.

(12) Countries added to the list since the beginning of World War I are theretofore included with

the countries to which they belonged. Figures are available since 1920 for Czechoslovakia
and Finland; and since 1924 for Albania, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania.

(13) No record of immigration from Rumania until 1880.

(14) The figure 33,523 in column headed 1901-1910, includes 32,897 persons returning in 1906

to their homes in the United States.

(15) Beginning with the year 1952, Asia includes the Philippines. From 1934 to 1951 the Philippines

were included in the Pacific Islands. Prior to 1934 the Philippines were recorded in separate
tables as insular travel.

(16) Included with countries not specified prior to 1925.

(17) Figures for Luxembourg are available since 1925.

Report of the Immigration and Naturalization Service

47

TABLE 5. IMMIGRANT ALIENS ADMITTED

AND EMIGRANT ALIENS DEPARTED, BY PORT OR DISTRICT:

YEARS ENDED JUNE 30, 1951 TO 1955

Port or district

Immigrant

Emigrant

1951

1952

1953

1954

1955

1951

1952

1953

1954

1955

All ports or districts

205,717

265,520

170,434

208,177

237,790

26,174

21,880

24,256

30,665

31,245

Atlantic

154,581

197,172

102,347

117,232

98,813

2,730

556

737

71

92

188

108

48

51

336

10.433

90

1.536

233

1,210

3,125

137,863

18,001

14,295

218

39

14

10

10

5

4

50

2,666

33

571

38

24

998

14,998

12 , 099

121

28
34

1

i

1

21
1,960

31
357

26
304

667

18,350

22,121

17,195

283

78

199

2

26

38

6

6

4

52

2,925

93

489

57

668

998

23 532

New York, N. Y

142,903

3,787

134

148

34

19

42

47

15

7

106

5,199

34

1.563

42

501

10,035

183.2:i2

2,968

337

620

25

103

178

33

6

21

134

6 , 209

42

1,838

98

1,338

13,085

87.483

2,248

322

451

33

45

109

76

14

45

213

7.537

43

2,651

94

983

2,328

115,787

2 , 565

552

471

43

74

97

69

30

HI

843

13,612

137

2,024

114

1,334

2,897

14,844
219
22
60

10
17

4

50
2,111

90
476

35
412

607

20,105
293

Philadelphia, Pa.

Baltimore Md.

46
100

Portland Me

6

Newport News, Va

Norfolk, Va

14
28

Charleston, S.C

Savannah, Ga.

5
12

Jacksonville, Fla

Key West, Fla.

2

Miami, Fla

West Palm Beach, Fla.
Puerto Rico

2,033
43
273

Virgin Islands

Other Atlantic

28
439

630

351
2
101
9,177
366
38

5,274

335

2

166

12,301

268

13

9 , 068

405
4
171
1,459
268
21

7,578

458
33
235
1,651
392
356

10,675

437
22
173
1,452
523
290

10.904

180

2

17

636

155

8

1,770

73

5
439
148

2

1,806

61

17

423

98

8

2,044

49
5
43
724
94
83

3,420

23

Pensacola, Fla

Mobile Ala.

7
52

New Orleans, La

San Antonio, Tex

Other Gulf

380
83
85

2,810

San Francisco, Calif

3.841

15

382

294

742

54

28,039

7,734

3,178

26

3,497

868

1,499

79
35,451
10,665

2,366
16
2,520
1,197
1,479

68
38,613
19,500

3,363
24

2,870

1 , 133

2.597

80

608

282
39,008
37,855

2,727

32

2.430

1,012

4,081

115

507

608
34,143
51,375

907
5
89
139
630

3,893
1.512

771
6
119
215
695

3,281
1,128

778
22
218
359
667

4
2,168
1,083

1,326

7

283

220

1,144

54

386

20
2,841
1,265

881

Seattle Wash.

377

Los Angeles, Calif

157

1,106

49

232

19

Agana, Guam (1)

Other Pacific (2)

Alaska

Canadian Border

3 407

847

(1) Not reported as a separate port before 1954.

(2) Prior to 1954, included in Seattle and Los Angeles.

48

Report of the Immigration and Naturalization Service

TABLE 6. IMMIGRANT ALIENS ADMITTED,

BY CLASSES UNDER THE IMMIGRATION LAWS

AND COUNTRY OR REGION OF BIRTH:

YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 1955

Country

or

region of birth

All countries

Europe

Austria

Belgium

Bulgaria

Czechoslovakia....

Denmark

Estonia.-

Finland..

France....

Germany

Greece..

Hungary

Ireland

Italy

Latvia...

Lithuania

Netherlands

Norway

Poland

Portugal

Rumania

Spain

Sweden

Switzerland

United Kingdom:

England

North. Ireland..

Scotland.

Wales

U. S. S. R

Yugoslavia..

Other Europe..

Asia...

China

India..

Israel

Japan

Palestine

Philippines..

Other Asia

North America

Canada..

Mexico

West Indies

Central America..
Other

North America.

South America

Africa

Australia and

New Zealand_

Other countries

■ss

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82,232

155.558

18,504

6,716

5,662

92 , 620

1,654

87

307

29,002

127,492
2,228

76,437

51,055
1.192

12.107

4,913

4,067

1

1,298

9

177
4

28,000

1.036

530

47

47

_

9

543

1,117

1,008

109

35

10

7

_

6

_

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43

117

88

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10

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1,545

438

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52

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12

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6

78

1,321

1,127

194

135

34

10

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_

229

191

38

8

9

-

-

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21

619

504

115

65

35

4

-

4

_

2

6

3,411

2,516

895

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44

1

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-

4

24

29,603

22,61C

6,993

5,695

146

449

71

1

13

598

6,311

286

6,025

538

572

165

_

f^

3

4,736

904

614

290

73

43

-

f

-

11

153

5,975

5.912

63

26

6

3

_

17

_

7

31,925

5,461

26,464

2,198

2,7.53

2,602

-

45iJ

5

35

18.382

425

293

132

24

11

1

-

6

-

1

89

384

232

152

14

13

1

_

a

_

4

117

3,732

2,912

820

185

90

23

-

14

2

17

484

2,478

2.292

186

92

56

17

_

H

3

4,697

3.77S

918

225

189

22

-

86

-

11

384

1,366

402

964

175

2,59

436

-

9(1

-

3

1

35S

62S

73

65

4

_

23

_

6

458

1,134

228

906

180

178

74

-

8(1

1

32

9

1,546

1,515

31

13

7

2

-

6

1

1,670

1,571

99

71

15

1

-

7

-

1

-

12,475

12,080

395

136

30

10

_

189

_

_

16

1,074

1,058

16

5

-

-

-

10

-

-

-

3,824

3,721

103

27

6

5

-

58

-

1

_

476

464

12

2

3

_

4

2

1,694

1.269

425

79

50

1

-

31

-

9

255

2,567

697

1,870

261

W

102

_

26

_

6

1,376

1,219

667

552

229

81

24

-

10

-

1

206

12,131

3,426

8,705

5,496

838

1,301

~

60

1

85

866

2,705

1,195

1.510

909

125

292

3

_

8

171

332

178

154

76

50

10

-

1(1

-

7

471

339

132

44

43

22

_

7

_

6

10

3,984

200

3,784

2.843

125

299

-

7

1

53

413

140

71

69

18

23

10

_

3

-

15

1,784

143

1,641

958

120

546

_

3

10

2,715

1,300

1,415

648

352

122

-

27

-

11

247

90,732

1,072

89 , 660

507

751

221

87,277

261

73

20

95

23,091

7

23,084

70

23

15

22,565

27

4

10

1

50,772

2

50.770

17

13

5

50.672

10

1

12,499

773

11.726

367

652

195

10.273

197

7

2

8,683

100

3,583

39

29

6

3,484

24

-

1

-

687

190

497

14

34

-

283

3

68

2

92

5,599

146

5,453

39

57

17

5.319

11

1

6

1

1.186

797

389

197

109

40

-

8

-

6

29

474

257

217

133

38

15

_

13

_

13

2

176

97

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Report of the Immigration and Naturalization Service

51

TABLE 6-B. REFUGEES, DISPLACED PERSONS, AND

OTHER IMMIGRANT ALIENS ADMITTED TO THE UNITED STATES,

BY COUNTRY OR REGION OF BIRTH:

YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 1955

Total

Ref-

Dis-

Other

Country or region

immi-

ugees

placed

immi-

of birth

grants

(1)

persons

(2)

grants

All countries

237,790

29,002

1,093

207,695

Europe

127,492

28,000

1,080

98,412

Austria

2,228

543

27

1.658

Belgium

1.117

43

22

1,052

Bulgaria

117

10

13

94

Czechoslovakia _

1,983

78

121

1,784

Denmark

1,321

1,321

Estonia

229

21

4

204

Finland

619

5

1

613

France

3,411

24

34

3,353

Germany

29,603

598

164

28,841

Greece

6,311

4,736

1

1.574

Hungary

904

153

61

690

Ireland

5,975

7

5,968

Italy

31,925

18,382

4

13.539

Latvia

425

89

16

320

Lithuania

384

117

21

246

Netherlands

3,732

484

3,248

Norway

2,478

3

-

2,475

Poland

4,697

384

359

3,954

Portugal _

1,366

1

1.365

Rumania

988

458

12

518

Spain

1,134

9

2

1,123

Sweden

1,546

-

40

1.506

Switzerland

1,670

_

1,668

(England.

12,475

16

5

12.454

United (Northern Ireland

1,074

-

-

1.074

Kingdom fScotland

3,824

-

1

3,823

(Wales

476

2

-

474

U. S. S R.

1,694

255

132

1,307

Yugoslavia

2,567

1,376

30

1.161

Othei Europe

1,219

206

8

1.005

Asia

12,131

866

1

11,264

China

2,705

171

_

2,534

India _

332

-

332

Israel

471

10

1

460

Japan

3.984

413

-

3,571

Palestine

140

15

-

125

Philippines

1,784

10

_

1,774

Other Asia

2,715

247

-

2,468

North America

90,732

95

2

90,635

Canada

23,091

1

1

23 , 089

Mexico

50,772

50.772

West Indies

12,499

2

_

12,497

Cential America _

3,683

-

-

3 683

Other North America

687

92

1

'594

South America

5,599

1

_

5,598

Africa...

1,186

29

10

1,147

Australia and New Zealand

474

2

472

Other countries

176

9

-

167

(1) Refugees admitted under the Refugee Relief Act of 1953.

(2) Displaced persons admitted under Section 3(c) of the Displaced Persons Act of June 25, 1948,

as amended.

52

Report of the Immigration and Naturalization Service

TABLE 6C. MAXIMUM VISAS AUTHORIZED AND IMMIGRANT

ALIENS ADMITTED TO THE UNITED STATES UNDER THE

REFUGEE RELIEF ACT OF 1953:

YEARS ENDED JUNE 30, 1954 AND 1955

Clan

Maximum

visas
authorized

Number admitted

Total

1954

1955

Total number

(1)209.000

29,823

821

29.002

German expellees in Western Germany, Berlin or Austria...^.

55,000
35,000

10,000

2,000

( 45,000

( 15,000

( 15,000

( 2,000

( 15,000

(

( 2,000

2,000
3,000
2,000
2,000
4,000

2,604
569

520

93

498

18,796

2,275

2,713

59

472

8
167

48

965

613
59
43

106

2.604
569

Escapees in NATO countries or in Turkey, Sweden

Iran or

520

93

498

Italian relatives of U. S. citizens or alien residents,
in Italy or Trieste

residing

18,183

Greek refugees in Greece

2,275

Greek relatives of U. S. citizens or alien residents, residing in

2,654

59

Dutch relatives of U. S. citizens or alien residents,
in the Netherlands

residing

429

8

167

48

Palestine refugees in the Near East

36

859

(1) In addition, 5,000 visas were authorized for refugees in the United States adjusting status under
Section 6 of the Refugee Relief Act of 1953.

Report of the Immigration and Naturalization Service

53

TABLE 7. ANNUAL QUOTAS AND QUOTA IMMIGRANTS ADMITTED:
YEARS ENDED JUNE 30, 1951 TO 1955

Annual
quota

(i)

Quota immigrants admitted

1951

1952

1953

1954

(*)

1955

(S)

All quota areas

154,657
149,667

156,547

194,247

84,175

94,098

82,232

Europe.-

154,759

192,754

82,231

90.190

78.926

Northern and Western Europe

125,165

47,026

73.302

63,649

69,267

62.307

1.297

1,175

3,069

25,814

65,361

100

17,756

100

3,136

2,364

3,295

1,698

24,502

991

1,082
2,900
14,637
15.369
96
3,810
59
3.102
2,248
1,360
1,372

107,733

1,103

1.183

2,935

35.4,'-.3

20.368

95

3,819

103

3,032

2,333

1,554

1.324

119.452

1,093

1,124

2.984

20,866

24,219

89

4,635

76

2,903

2.259

1,610

1,761

18,582

1.445

1,128

3.044

28.361

21.092

109

5.169

79

3.208

2.195

1,803

1,634

20,923

1,068

Denmark.

1,129

Great Britain, Northern Lreland.

2.903
23.430
19.267

93

Ireland.

5,825

74

Netherlands

Norway

3.020
2,310
1.561

Switzerland.

1,627

Southern and Eastern Europe.-

16,619

Austria „

1,405
100

2,859
115
566
308
865

5,645
235
384

6,488
438
289
250
225

2,697
933
700

(2)2,990

1,361

231

3,870

2,230

556

3,638

5,079

4,325

11,220

4,568

45,766

384

2,042

286

401

14,019

7,411

346

1,341

2,236

330

5,398

1,366

494

5,621

7.331

5.901

4,999

3,330

42,665

388

5,184

256

374

15,269

17,265

1,045

1.085

903
56

2,138
113
527
172
575

4.970
224
258

4,428
385
208
583
118

1,926
690
308

1.560

1,056
52

2,005
156
555
571
801

6,042
203
311

4,851
496
308
329
190

1,887
778
332

3,286

923
83

1,615

Estonia

166

Finland _

496

267

Hungary

Latvia

528

5,398

239

199

3,657

Portugal

414

225

Spain

201

129

U. S. S. R ....

1.288

Yugoslavia

562

Other Southern and Eastern Europe

Asia

234
2,658

China -

Chinese

India

Asia Pacific Triangle _

Other Asia _

100
105
100
100
2,585

1,400
(2) 600

518
56
69

698

272
175

178
51
70

786

2.53
155

404
105
64

987

235
149

63

1,348

120

21
1,734

350

272

49
iS) 1.066
(3) 116

1.418

425

Oceania

228

(1) The annual quota was 154,277 in the fiscal years 1951 and 1952.

(*) The Philippines are included in Asia; prior to the fiscal year 1952, the Philippines were included
in the Pacific, or Oceania.

(S) The 1954 and 1955 figures include 7.191 and 4,325, respectively, quota immigrants who had ad-
justed their status in the United States, such as by suspension of deportation, by private law,
or as displaced persons. The 1955 figures on Chinese and India include 1,012 Chinese and 88
Indians who had adjusted their status during the year.

54

Report of the Immigration and Naturalization Service

TABLE 7-A. QUOTA IMMIGRANTS ADMITTED, BY PREFERENCES:
YEARS ENDED JUNE 30, 1954 AND 1955

Total number..

First preference quota: Selected immigrants of special skill or ability..

Second preference quota: Parents of U. S. citizens

Third preference quota: Spouses and children of resident aliens

Fourth preference quota: Brothers or sisters of U. S. citizens, children over 21 years
of age, or married, of U. S. citizens

Nonpreference quota

Displaced persons admitted under the Displaced Persons Act of 1948, as amended...

Displaced persons adjusting status under Section 4, Displaced Persons Act of 1948
as amended - - -

94,098

82,232

2,456

3,012

2,783

2,394

6,004

5,425

1,930

3,076

74,843

65,711

5,235

1,093

Report of the Immigration and Naturalization Service

55

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58

Report of the Immigration and Naturalization Service

TABLE 10. IMMIGRANT ALIENS ADMITTED,

BY RACE, SEX, AND AGE:

YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 1955

Sex and age

Num-
ber
ad-
mitted

White

Chinese

East
Indian

Fili-
pino

Japa-
nese

Kor-
ean

Negro

Pacific

Is-
lander

Number admitted.__

237,790

225,092

2,628

233

1.618

4,143

280

3,695

101

Male._

112,032

107,391

1.261

172

443

708

67

1.952

38

9,587

8,783

6,730

1,303

3,104

4,226

13,986

17,625

14,950

9,106

8,492

6,128

3,703

2,065

1,100

587

289

143

109

16

125,758

9,218

8,355

6,449

1,258

2,987

4,075

13,505

16,999

14,287

8,603

8,137

5,912

3,496

1,964

1,050

559

276

141

107

13

117,701

54
116
46
3
17
19
39
90
188
204
143
106
129
56
30
13
5

2
1,367

4
6
4

2
6
16
43
42
16
15
8
3
2
1
2
1
1

61

25

51

76

18

41

53

43

38

47

13

19

6

4

5

1

1

1

1
1.175

176
130
40
1
12
12
57
59
44

30
32
23
11

6
4
1

3,435

7
10
6
1
2
5

9
8
6
3

213

98

108

107

22

40

52

318

381

331

228

142

64

34

14

6

5

2

1,743

5

5-9 "

7

10 - 14 "

2

15 "

16 - 17 "

3

18 - 19 "

4

20 - 24 "

6

25 - 29 "

6

30 - 34 "

3

35 - 39 "

45 - 49 "

1

50 - 54 "

1

55 - 59 "

60 - 64 "

_

65 - 69 "

70 - 74 "

_

75 - 79 "

_

80 years and over._...

-

Female

63

9,065

8,342

6,684

1,335

4,187

8,060

24,466

19.921

13.299

7.756

6,823

5,303

3,977

2,710

1,669

1,053

610

315

164

19

8,682

7,918

6.386

1,298

4,071

7,767

22,233

17,929

12,369

7,243

6,476

5,100

3.855

2,637

1,614

1,034

601

309

164

15

42

107

32

1

24

76

290

308

135

118

98

49

36

25

15

6

3

2

3
9
5

1
1
12
10
8
5
4

1

1

1

22

55

80

11

29

37

211

256

223

98

75

41

24

7

2

2

1

1

196

121

48

6

12

101

1.362

1,092

319

79

30

29

12

13

11

1

2

1

12
5

7

1

11
100
45
12
7
5
1
2
5

105

123

124

19

47

64

248

263

228

204

130

81

41

23

25

10

5

1

2

3

5 - 9 "

4

10 - 14 "

2

15 "

16 - 17 "

2

18 - 19 "

3

20 - 24 "

10

25 - 29 "

18

30 - 34 "

5

35 - 39 "

2

40 - 44 "

5

45 - 49 "

2

50 - 54 "

6

55 - 59 "

60 - 64 "

1

65 - 69 "

70 - 74 "

_

75 - 79 "

_

80 years and over

Unknown

-

Report of the Immigration and Naturalization Service

59

TABLE 10-A. IMMIGRANT ALIENS ADMITTED AND EMIGRANT

ALIENS DEPARTED, BY SEX, AGE, ILLITERACY, AND MAJOR

OCCUPATION GROUP:

YEARS ENDED JUNE 30, 1951 TO 1955

Sex, age, illiterates, and occupation

1951

1952

1953

1954

1955

205,717

99,327

106,390

934

44,023
121,823
39,871

1,869
.9

15,269
10,214
5,493
14,098
16,183
17,858
7,243
5,292
4,972
5,481
103,614

26,174

265,520

123.609
141,911

871

64,513
159,788
41,219

2,026
.8

16,496

10,566

5,968

16,724

21.223

21,092

9,6.53

6,418

6,289

8,969

142.122

21,880

170,434

208,177

237,790

Sex:

Male

73,073

97,361

751

37,016
110,860
22 , 558

995
.6

12 . 783
3,393
5.02.T
15.171
12,257
14,718
6,852
4,390
1,538
5,369

24,256

95,594

112,583

849

45,105
135,731
27,341

1,009
.5

13,817
3,846
5,296
16,018
15,396
16.755
8,096
5.203
1,622
10.061
112,067

30,665

112,032

125,758

891

Age:

51.829

16 to 44 years

156,001
29,960

Illiterates:

Number. (1)

1,677

.7

Major occupation group:

14.109

4,446

Managers, officials, and proprietors, except farm...
Clerical sales, and kindred workers

5,114
18,060

Craftsmen, foremen, and kindred workers

18,867
15,351

Private household workers

11,824

6,512

5,486

17,518

120,503

Emigrant aliens departed

31,245

Sex:
Male

12,843

13,331

963

2,417
15,422
8,335

2,772
350

1,954

1,799
950

1,363
757

253

924

14,213

10,921

10.959

997

1.918
12.318
7.644

2.328

263

1.693

1,179

437

902

470

908

158

4.099

9,443

12,511
11,745
1,065

2,117
14,905
7,234

3,053
266

1,798

1,339
786
988
610

1,181

114

654

13.467

16,520
14,145
1,168

2,795
19,823
8,047

3,773
240

1,919

1,428
738
987
714

1,333

95

679

18,7,59

17,169

14,076

Males per 1,000 females.--

Under 16 years

1,220
3,073

16 to 44 years

20,382
7,790

Major occupation group:

Professional, technical, and kindred workers .

4,261

187

Managers, officials, and proprietors, except farm...
Clerical, sales, and kindred workers...

2,169
1,539

740

1,060

Private household workers

665

Service workers, except private household

Farm laborers and foremen

1.394
229

Laborers, except farm and mine

573
18,428

(J) Immigrants over 16 years of age who are unable to read and understand some lan;juage or dialect.

60

Report of the Immigration and Naturalization Service

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Report of the Immigration and Naturalization Service

61

TABLE 11. ALIENS AND CITIZENS ADMITTED iAND DEPARTED:
YEARS ENDED JUNE 30, 1908 TO 1955

Aliens admitted

Aliens departed

U. S. Citizens

Period

Immi-
grant

Nonimmi-
grant

Emi-
grant

Nonemi-
grant

Arrived

Departed

Total, 1908 to 1955

15,070,354

10.331,784

4,765,738

10,663,639

17,402,221

17,092,805

1908 - 1910 (1)

2,576,226

490,741

823,311

672.327

660,811

342,600

1911 - 1920

5,735,811

1,376.271

2,146,994

1.841.163

1,938,508

2,517,889

1911

878,587

1, 1971892
1,218,480
326,700
298,826
295,403
110,618
141,132
430,001

4,107,209

151,713
178,983
229,335
184,601
107,544
67,922
67.474
101,235
95,889
191,575

1,774,881

295,666
333,262
308,190
303,338
204,074
129,765
66,277
94,585
123,522
288,315

1,045,076

222.549
282.030
303.734
330.467
180,100
111,042
80,102
98,683
92,709
139,747

1,649,702

269,128
280,801
286,604
286,586
239,. 579
121,930
127 , 420
72,867
96,420
157,173

3,522,713

349,472

1912.....

1913

1914

1915

353,890
347,702
368,797
172,371

1916

110,733

1917._-

1918

126,011
275,837

1919

218,929

1920...

194,147

1921 - 1930...

3.519,519

1921

805,228
309,556
522,919
706,896
294,314
304,488
335,175
307,255
279,678
241,700

528,431

172,935
122,949
150,487
172,406
164,121
191,618
202,826
193,376
199.649
204,514

1,574.071

247,718
198,712
81,450
76,789
92,728
76,992
73,366
77,457
69.203
50.661

459.738

178,313
146,672
119,136
139,956
132,762
150.763
180.142
196.899
183,295
221,764

1,736,912

222,712
243,. 563
308,471
301,281
339,239
370,757
378,520
430,955
449,955
477,260

3,365,432

271,560

1922 _

1923

309,477
270,601

1924

277,850

1925

324,323

1926.

1927...

1928....

1929

372,480
369,788
429,575
431,842

1930

462,023

1931 - 1940

3,357.936

1931

97,139
35,576
23,068
29,470
34,9.56
36,329
50,244
67,895
82,998
70,756

1.035,039

183.540
139.295
127.660
134,434
144,765
154,570
181,640
184,802
185,333
138,032

2,461,359

61.882
103,295
80,081
39,771
38,834
35,817
26,736
25,210
26,651
21,461

156,399

229,034
184,362
163,721
137,401
150,216
157,467
197,846
197,404
174,7.58
144,703

2,105,894

439,897
,339,262
305,001
273,257
282,515
318,273
386,872
406,999
354,438
258,918

3,223,233

446,386

1932.

380,837

1933

338,545

1934

262,091

1935

272,400

1936

311,480

1937

390,196

1938

397,875

1939

333,399

1940.. ._

224,727

1941 - 1950

2.880.414

1941

51,776
28,781
23,725
28,551
38,119
108,721
147,292
170,570
188,317
249,187

205,717
265,520
170,434
208,177
237,790

100,008
82,457
81,117
113,611
164,247
203,469
366,305
476,006
447,272
426,837

465,106

516,082

485,714

(2)566.613

(2)620.946

17.115

7.363

5.107

5.669

7.442

18,143

22 , 501

20,875

24,. 586

27,598

26,174
21.880
24,256
30.665
31,245

71,362
67,189
53,615
78,740
85,920
186.210
300,921
427,343
405,503
429,091

446,727
487,617
520,246
568,496
634,555

175,935
118,454
105,729
108,444
175,568
274.543
437,690
542,932
620,371
663,567

760,486

807,225

930.874

1,021.327

1.171.612

168,961

1942. .

113.216

1943

62,403

1944.. _
1945.

63,525
103,019

1946

230,578

1947

451,845

1948

478,988

1949

552,361

1950.

6.55,518

1951

667,126

1952

814,289

1953

1954

925,861
971.025

1955

1,096,146

(1) Departure of aliens first recorded in 1908. Departure of U. S. citizens first recorded in 1910.

(2) Does not include agricultural laborers admitted under Section 101(a) (15) (H), Immigration

and Nationality Act, of whom there were 7.946 in 1954 and 13.195 in 1955.

62

Report of the Immigration and Naturalization Service

TABLE 12. IMMIGRANT ALIENS ADMITTED

AND EMIGRANT ALIENS DEPARTED,

BY STATE OF INTENDED FUTURE OR LAST PERMANENT RESIDENCE:

YEARS ENDED JUNE 30, 1951 TO 1955

Immigrant

Emigrant

residence

1951

1952

1953

1954

1955

1951

1952

1953

1954

1955

All States

205,717

265,520

170,434

208,177

237,790

26,174

21,880

24,256

30,665

31,245

386

697

554

595

604

63

68

72

88

82

958

1,269

1,405

1,610

1,580

121

129

98

179

115

Arkansas

384

556

278

311

339

27

16

28

33

24

California

19,588

26,599

24,916

28,667

33,704

2,531

1,926

2,112

3,084

2,513

Colorado

1,035

1,863

848

961

979

104

104

120

173

116

Connectifut

4,841

5,212

3,279

4,273

5,222

341

253

355

390

459

828

453

270

268

281

28

14

34

30

28

District of Columbia

1,460

1,865

1,352

1,404

1,322

2,051

1,843

2,492

2,691

2.962

Florida

2,923

3,789

4,405

5,326

7,079

1,106

831

985

1,128

810

608

1,148

709

691

803

115

62

133

227

147

Idaho

423

449

404

348

348

42

23

44

39

40

Illinois

20,562

20,758

9,202

11,669

14.786

957

667

904

1,217

1,260

2,777

3,473

1,818

2,143

2,093

228

126

122

266

276

1,639

2,372

842

938

998

103

86

105

133

145

Kansas

785

1,137

672

739

723

74

56

108

137

179

637

757

565

624

695

65

63

53

78

84

Louisiana

1,115

1,729

1,000

1,198

1,131

379

227

232

387

274

Maine

809

989

1,085

1,273

1,297

156

70

56

59

85

2,275

2,321

1,367

1,875

1,844

280

189

285

331

436

Massachusetts

8,134

8,741

6,578

7,901

8,817

956

659

757

995

1,004

13,452

15,489

10,351

11,328

10,448

863

596

537

962

943

Minnesota

2,710

3,327

1,709

1,765

1,707

200

163

188

226

287

Mississippi

500

444

303

322

359

60

47

90

158

83

1,721

3,032

1,363

1,577

1,609

126

102

164

257

262

Montana

663

869

450

418

524

67

38

42

43

43

1,273
165
500

2,199
269
633

462
186
507

582
216
666

594
274
626

32
16
82

21

26
48

38
26
49

51
43

46

48

Nevada

25

New Hampshire... _

63

10,701

315

60,113

1,069

595

7,926

14,531
452

78,212
1,149
1,078

12,145

7,916

701

42,712

696

356

5,082

9,523
1,324

48,757

773

394

6,266

11,919
1.521
55,536
886
385
7,133

991
61
9,380
90
31

464

711
49
7,375
70
27

331

900
109
8,887
84
14
465

997

96

9,960

172
42

586

1,173

New Mexico

53

New York

9,797

166

34

Ohio..._

688

720

1,274

10,666

938

898
1,775
13,772
1,094

565
1,334
6,335

904

586
1,281
7,829

951

647
1,129
8,655
1,111

78
116
742
111

66
119
500

85

77
98
616
101

126
151
767
108

129

Oregon

142

790

Rhode Island

110

South Carolina

371

487

656

5,533

1,192

511

1,740

3,415

457

3,162

222

1,003

537

784

876

8,416

1,485

681

2,157

4,629

663

5,774

276

1,697

340

225

568

14,115

1,390
589

1,228

3,571
419

2,093
174

2,241

342

241

661

27,700

1,522

558
1,375
3,308

491
2,494

196
1,917

451

243

664

35,338

1,147
537

1,343

3,004
604

2,441
220

2,091

33

12

115

557

60

90

188

357

50

260

14

1,201

17
41
67

810
62
58

129

243
32

175

12

2,448

26
25
61

680
87
66

172

234
35

152

23

1,115

32

23
118
940
115

61
236
458

71
228

18
1,909

46

South Dakota

26

127

Texas

1,258

Utah

133

68

Virginia

241

Washington

387

60

Wisconsin

275

Wyoming

23

2,726

Report of the Immigration and Naturalization Service

TABLE 12-A. IMMIGRANT ALIENS ADMITTED,

BY RURAL AND URBAN AREA AND CITY (1):

YEARS ENDED JUNE 30, 1951 TO 1955

63

Class of place and city

1951

1952

1953

1954

1955

Total

205,717

265,520

170,434

208,177

237,790

j,^^^,

27,674

34,936

21,297

24,887

26,223

Urban

55.848

71,954

52,219

66,926

80,324

City total

120,740

154,999

93,915

114,188

128.172

4,746
623
553

4,289
345

1,071

1,460

1,237

221

14.461

586

1.107

1.927
403

7.709
891
686
716

1.339
316

1,669
45,650

1,022
507

3,048
609

4,062

1.044
420
545
569
816

1,676

983

13,4.34

556

8,583
682
755

3,920
471
808

1 , 865

1,.3.58

300

14,399

840

1,059

2,277
331

8,5.39
891

1,386
989

1,146
514

2,686
59,3.33

1 . 084
853

4.437
814

5.453

1,407
476
700
8.53
899

2,088

2,194
20,609

1,,348
2,283

7,078
663
765

3,734
254
550

1,3.52

1,774
3.59

6,366
6.56
718

1..541
341

6,112
.587
566
381
743
349

1,624

31,724

696

412

1.4.57
714

2,240
647
358
772

1,123
919

1,591

731

14,018

1,328
1,675

8,272
763
814

4,443
364
834

1,404

2,483
404

8,288
467

1 , 1.32

2,227
362

6.171
613
586
4.52

1,277
451

1,987

35,612

782

509

1,979
622

2,989
794
426
821

1,863

1,087

1,480

1,011
20,419

1,.561
615

9,328

Oakland Calif.

814

1,412

4,668

BridKcport Conn. .. . .

507

Washinjrton D C

1,322

Miami, Fla

3,403
.585

10,938

New Orleans, La.

645

Baltimore Md

1,058

2,335

Cambridge, Mass.

355

Detroit Mich

5,676

Minneapolis, Minn. .

St. Louis, Mo

Jersey City, N. J

Newark, N. J

Paterson, N. J . .

ButTalo N Y.

456
666
655

1,281
670

1,678

Now York, N. Y

40,144

Rochester, N. Y.

1,452

Cincinnati Ohio

563

Cleveland, Ohio.

2,278

Portland, Ore.

548

Philadelphia, Pa

2,784
911

534

Houston Tex.

882

San Antonio, Tex

1,886
703

Seattle Wash.

1.2.52

1,031

23,819

1,660

1.411

(1) Rural— Population of less than 2,500; Urban-
lation of 100,000 or over.

-Population of 2,500 to 99,999; Cities— Popu-

64

Report of the Immigration and Naturalization Service

TABLE 13. IMMIGRANT ALIENS ADMITTED AND EMIGRANT

ALIENS DEPARTED, BY COUNTRY OR REGION OF LAST OR

INTENDED FUTURE PERMANENT RESIDENCE:

YEARS ENDED JUNE 30, 1951 TO 1955

Country or region

of last or future

residence

Immigrant

Emigrant

1951

1952

1953

1954

1955

1951

1952

1953

1954

1955

205,717

265,520

170,434

208,177

237,790

26,174

21,880

24,256

30,665

31,245

Europe

149.545

193,626

23,088

2,946

9

51

1,152

7

500

4,878

104,236

6,996

63

2,775

11,342

10

20

3,060

2,354

235

953

34

481

1,778

1,502

18,539

751

3,390

248

11

327

1,890

9,328

82,352

2,132

2,162

1

77

993

38

473

4,137

27,329

1,296

96

3,393

8,432

59

14

2,973

2,234

136

1,077

23

814

2,171

1,796

12,921

911

3,416

302

25

580

2,341

8,231

92,121

110,591

11,477

9,691
112
192

5

28

350

1

114

1,172

1,028

435

14

229

1,281

3

1

327

553

68

2
225
334
341

1,884
71

258
35

143
77

225

2,441

12.557
135
310
6
25
42,

130
1,484
1,491

621
23

367
1,358

!

439

571
71

'1

291
376
380

2,736
56
345
48
213
158
284

2,757
1.5
237
267
701
43

5,957

14.192

214

311

7

108

470

44

158

1,937

1,403

709

158

344

1.180

23

6

563

607

219

183

68

291

542

490

2.824
92
420
42
193
168
418

4,972
4.59
391
486

1 . 165

67
1,002
1,402

7.144

2 , 463
1.208
2,547

921
5

3,248
485

451
„3

15,617

Austria

9,761

1,802

1

88

1.076

532

4,573

87,7.55

4,459

62

2,592

8,958

5

8

3,062

2,289

98

1,078

104

442

2,022

1,485

12,393

552

2,309

196

10

4.54

1,379

7,149

2,136
2,263

27

1,010

5

448

4,263

33.098

1,154

30

3,685

13,145

6

5

3 595

2,142

67

1,455

7

542

2,172

1,673

12,977
970
3,442
253
11
680
860

9,970

3,404

1,271

1

35

1.020

10

450

4,127

29,. 596

6,182

83

4,424

30,272

23

12

3,555

2,296

129

1,293

25

802

1,702

1,693

12,871
798
2,642
248
28
611
988

10,935

87

156

2

38

336

2

138

1,019

1,101

374

30

539

1,440

3

304
576
72
188
5
227
451
311

2,882
173
465

78
140

64
276

2,529

278

Belgium .

407

Bulgaria

8

Czechoslovakia

131

478

Estonia

53

Finland

156

2,040

1.808

Greece

720

120

Ireland

403

Italy

1 179

92

Lithuania

10

631

654

Poland.

182

205

83

Spain

394

579

Switzerland __

United Kingdom:

509
3,180

Northern Ireland-
Scotland

93
429

Wales.- -

67

U. S. S. R.

240

311

Asia

4,924

335
109
968
271
164
3,228
2,074

44,030

263

123

485

3,814

34

1,179

3,430

56,458
33,3.54
9,079
6,672
2.637
4,716

4,, 591
931

545
41

528
104
1,344
2,579
32
1,074
2,570

72,139
36,283
17,183
8,628
3,016
7,029

5, .511
989

742
470

254
144
1,778
3,846
39
1,234
2,675

89,012
34,873
30,645
8,411
3,300
11,783

6 , 575
1,248

845
8,406

568
194
1 , ,525
4,150
34
1,598
2,866

102,782
32,435
43,702
12,876
3,667
10,102

7,654
1,203

932

376
314
250
282
28
627
652

8,199

223
210
228
506
53
521
700

6.722

2', 760

988

2,227

576

171

1,984
317

456
269

694

India

520

Israel

507

837

Palestine

44

763

Other Asia

1,559

6.467

Canada

25,880
6,1.53
5,902
2,011
4,084

3,596
845

490
62

3,202

1 , 149

2,897

816

135

2,817
393

497
262

1,925
988

2,383
633
28

2,180
363

352
90

2.918

Mexico

866

2,062

Central America

Other North America

South America

613

8

2,922

Africa

626

Australia and
New Zealand

401

288

Report of the Immigration and Naturalization Service

65

TABLE 13-A. IMMIGRANT ALIENS ADMITTED,
BY COUNTRY OR REGION OF BIRTH:
YEARS ENDED JUNE 30, 1946 TO 1955

Country or regrion
of birth

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

1952

19.53

1954

1955

All countries._,.

108.721

147.292

170,570

188,317

249.187

205,717

265,520

170,434

208.177

237.790

Europe

64.877

96.865

115.750

1.38,301

206.547

161,177

202,884

96,177

111.227

127,492

Austria

989

1.770

36

1,075

291

136

197

5,000

4,010

57H

577

1,387

3.886

206

244

610

379

4,806

554

425

402

327

282

28,763

1..584
2.472
1,495
1.110
676
610

1.921

1.997

2,208

128

3,601

1,166

184

6S9

5 . 808

14.671

2 . 056

1,277

2.446

14.557

340

554

2,607

2.316

8.156

636

558

302

1.2.52

978

17.889

1.328
3.757
1,071
2,240
1.117
973

4.098

2,782

1,757

132

3.86.-.

1.328

225

693

4.697

21.365

1,964

1,471

7,651

15,801

427

631

3.739

2,687

8 . 020

890

770

509

2.022

1.426

17.484

1.940
5.436
954
2.317
1.190
1.577

7.626

2,363
1,592

84
4.393
1,305
1,840
704
3,972

23,844
1.759
1,998
8,585

11,157
3,853
6.691
3.200
2 . 563

23,744
1,235
1,043
503
2,433
1.585

13.589

2.425
4.805
656
3.907
1,384
1,089

6,355

3.182
1.108
190
5,528
1.234
5.422
645
3.519

31.225
1.242
5.098
6,501
9,839

17,494

11.870
3 . 148
2,379

52.851
1.075
3,599
463
1,892
1,728

8,812

1,249
2.983
393
10,971
9,154
1.753

4.615

2,777
1,238
231
3.863
1,217
2.073
646
3.337

26.369
4.447
4.922
3.739
7.348

10.. 588
4.028
3.170
2.378

37.484
1,048
2,351
510
1,427
1,408

8,333

840

2,950

368

11,953

8,254
1,880

5.166

5.976
1 . 539
279
5.041
1.345
1.248
585
3.454

50.283
7.084
6.850
3.796
9.306
4.4.59
3.044
3.143
2,481

33.211
1,013
4,915
.536
1,478
1.569

12,054

1,031

4 , 0.=^2

494

12.697

17.223

2,698

9.428

1,862

1.335

67

2.173

1,278

158

614

3,216

27.305

1.603

803

4.6.55

9.701

294

314

3.042

2,427

4,395

1,141

468

991

1 , 750

1,794

12,872

1,240
4.540

578

2.509
8.029

2.072

1.424

78

2.235

1,322

228

681

3.277

32,935

2.127

1.163

5.232

15.201

296

401

3.769

2.420

5.663

1.636

666

964

1.811

1.686

12,923

1.306
4.541
539
1.985
1.432
1.214

11.751

2 228

Belgium

1,117
117

Czechoslovakia ..
Denmark

1.983

1.321

229

Finland

619

3.411

Germany...

Greece

29,603
6 311

904

Ireland

5,975

Italy

31 925

425

384

Netherlands

3,7,32
2,478

Poland

4,697

Portugal

1 366

988

Spain

1,134

1,.546

Switzerland.

United Kingdom

England.

Northern
Ireland.

1,670

12.475

1.074
3.824

Wales...

U. S. S. R

476
1.694
2.567

Other Europe...
Asia

1,219
12,131

China

337
407

17
193
293

674

33,125

1,407
375

82

363

739

1.132

40.295

3.987

239

-

371

376

1.122

1,531

42.270

2,823
166

508

234

1.068

1,556

39,469

1.494
1.53
110
76
212
595

1,975

34 . 004

1,821
134
261
198
210
760

1,782

35.482

1.421
153
206

4.517
156

1.066

1.909

48.092

1.536
155
421

2.393
118

1.160

2.246

60.107

2.770
308
515

3.777
165

1.633

2.583

77.772

2 , 705

India

332

Israel (1)

Japan

3.984

Palestine (1)

140

1.784

Other Asia

2,715

90,7.32

18,627
6.805
4,876
2.171

646

1 , 755
1,098

5,746
199

22,008
7.775
6.299
3.470

743

2.421
849

2.532
232

22.612
8.730
6,994
2,884

1,050

2,768
840

1,110
206

21,515
7.977
6,518
2,493

966

2.639
737

602
214

18.043
6.841
6,093
2,151

876

2,777
689

443
112

20.809
6.372
5.553
1,970

778

2,724
700

390

78

28,141
9.600
6.723
2,642

986

3.902
740

416
58

28.967
18.454
8.875
3.056

755

4.691
922

450
58

27.055
37.4,56
8.999
3.488

774

5,523
1,187

605
112

23,091

Mexico

50,772

West Indies

Central America
Other North
America....

South America

Africa

12,499
3.683

687

5.599
1.186

Australia and

New Zealand

Other countries....

474
176

(1) Israel is included in Palestine prior to 1950.

Report of the Immigration and Naturalization Service

TABLE 14. EMIGRANT ALIENS DEPARTED,

BY RACE, SEX, AND AGE:

YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 1955

Sex and ago

Num-
ber
de-
parted

White

Chinese

East
Indian

Fili-
pino

Japa-
nese

Kor-
ean

Negro

Pacific

Is-
lander

Number departed

31,245

27,125

921

737

715

933

92

664

58

Male

17,169

14,500

696

538

432

549

69

350

35

Under 5 years

5 - 9 "

428

598

483

74

195

375

2,657

3,232

2,588

1,539

1,208

811

643

486

378

484

278

136

77

499

14,076

386

.568

452

70

181

349

2,398

2,685

2,069

1,200

976

686

516

425

321

379

231

108

58

442

12 . 625

7
5
11
2
4

55

80

141

124

89

47

60

20

22

11

5

2

6

225

15

4

8

5
79
1.56
120
60
41
14
12

1

3
11

199

3

5
6

6
9
30
52
57
45
42
28
35
21
16
51
11

1
12

283

10
9
3

2
3
41
110
80
60
42
27
15
11
11
38
28
21
13
25

384

2

1
6
23
23
8
2
1

1

1
1

23

5
2
3

3
46
110
92
41
15

4

1

4
2
3
2
3

314

2
3

10 - 14 "

15 "

_

Ifi - 17 "

_

18 - 19 "

_

20 - 24 "

2

25 - 29 "

16

30 - 34 "

6

35 - 39 "

1

40 - 44 "

1

45 - 49 "

1

50 - 54 "

1

55 - 59 "

60 - 64 "

2

65 - 69 "

70 - 74 "

_

75 - 79 "

_

80 years and over

-

Female

23

415
559
434
82
219
360
1,606
2,316
1,919
1,208
960
808
686
584
512
428
311
198
127
344

387

516

380

78

207

329

1,401

2,013

1 , 702

1,044

845

727

640

532

492

406

298

183

124

312

3

6
28
47
38
30
23
16
5
6

2
4

8
13

17
1
2
4
24
45
31
27
17
5
2
2

1

3

6
10

4

7

46

60

41

37

24

10

14

7

1

1

1

4

10
11

5

1

4
66
103
54
24
13

8

5
20

9
11

8
10

2
20

2

2
5
8

1

2

4
5
3

3

8

40
45
40

39
16
17
8
4
4
3
1
2

_

5 - 9 "

1

10 - 14 "

1

15 "

16 - 17 "

1

18 - 19 "

2

20 - 24 "

3

25 - 29 "

3

30 - 34 "

35 - 39 "

5

40 - 44 "

1

45 - 49 " .

50 - 54 "

2

55 - 59 "

60 - 64 "
65 - 69 "

1

70 - 74 "

75 - 79 "

1

80 years and over

Unknown

1

Report of the Immigration and Naturalization Service

67

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Report of the Immigration and Naturalization Service

TABLE 17-A. AGRICULTURAL LABORERS
ADMITTED TO THE UNITED STATES:
YEARS ENDED JUNE 30, 1950 TO 1955

Country of last permanent residence

1950

1951

1952

1953

1954

1965

Total number

122,676

130.630

235,316

192,132

221,709

351,191

Mexico

116,052
1,503

5,121

115,742
3,158

11,730

223,541

2,796

184

184

8,611

178,606
5,467

4
8,055

213,763
1,448

10
6,488

337,996

7,578

British Guiana

British West Indies

5,617

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77

TABLE 19 ALIENS EXCLUDED FROM THE UNITED STATES:
YEARS ENDED JUNE 30, 1892 TO 1955

Year

Total 1892 - 1955
1892 - 1900

1895
1896

1899
1900

1901 - 1910
1901

1904
1905
1906
1907

1911 - 1920

1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920

Number
excluded

22,515

2,164
1,053
1,389
2,419
2,799
1,617
3,030
3,798
4,246

108,211

3,516
4,974
8,769
7,994
11.879
12,432
13,064
10,902
10,411
24,270

178,109

22,349
16,057
19,938
33,041
24,111
18,867
16,028
7.297
8,626
11,796

1921
1922
1923
1924
1926
1926
1927
1928
1929

1932
1933
1934
1935

1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950

1951
1952
1953
1964
1956

Number
excluded

189,307

13,779
13.731
20,619
30.284
25.390
20.550
19,755
18.839
18.127

68,217

9.744
7,064
5.527
5.884
5,558
7,000
8,076

78

Report of the Immigration and Naturalization Service

TABLE 20. ALIENS EXCLUDED FROM THE UNITED STATES,

BY CAUSE:

YEARS ENDED JUNE 30, 1949 TO 1955

Cause

1949

1950

1951

1952

1953

1954

1955

Number excluded _

5,541

402
31
31

4
13
37
22
32
22

7
18

33

4
207
160
217

4,110
4
2
33

7

84
12
9
4
5
31

5,256

428
32
157

5
10
30
49
26
21

5
27

21

25
103
135
122

3,926
2
3
12

56

4
14
8
6

28

5,647

5,050

5,647

3,313

2,667

610
38
165

9
18
30
24
17
31

6
11

45

243
116
122
121

3,963

2
1

1

14
1
3

15
2

39

534
29

148

7
14
35

9
23
19

8
17

22

10
41
115
74

3,860
1

9

19
3
3

10

1
39

491

58
118

1

5
14
29
14
10
16

4
88

7

3
33
169

47

139
4,293

6
5

39

10

1
47

296

65

111

3

18
10
22

7
11

3
27

27

2

16

201

2

307
2,125

2

32
3
3
4
2

14

206

Immoral classes

124

Subversive or anarchistic

89

10

Mental or physical defectives:

Idiots and imbeciles (J)

9

Insane aliens or had been insane

13

10

9

Mentally defective aliens

7

Chronic alcoholics _

Tubercular aliens

37

Aliens afflicted with other dangerous, contagious

26

Aliens with defect which may affect ability to earn

2

Likely to become public charges

9

Previously excluded deported, or removed

187

15

Attempted entry without inspection or by false

356

1,476

3

Contract laborers

4

Previously departed from U. S. to avoid service in
armed forces

50

1

Unable to read (over 16 years of age)...-

4
9

Assisted aliens

3

Other

8

(1) Cause for exclusion under Immigration Act of February 5, 1917.

Report of the Immigration and Naturalization Service

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Report of the Immigration and Naturalization Service

81

TABLE 22. ALIEN CREWMEN DESERTED AT UNITED STATES

AIR AND SEAPORTS, BY NATIONALITY AND FLAG OF CARRIER:

YEAR ENDED JUNE 30. 1955

Total

Flag of carrier

from

which deserted

Nationality

of

crewmen

1

457
351

3
31
11

3

2

16
-

I

1

3i

.2

a
a
Q

59

3

30

4

1
1

2

1

4
7

6

o

93
4

76
8

1
1

3

a

1

31
6

16
2

1
1

1
4

21
21

.2

174

1

10
141
15

1
6

e
.2

1

373
38

2
4
208
37
25
4
1
10
16
2

4

1

3
16

1

c

2

78

1

3

2
56

:

5

1
7

1

289

20
12
2
5
1
15
8
162
2

6
6

1

9

1
4
6

3
26

a
.5

c

1

1

262
33

9
114
52
2
3

2
13
3

1

I

1
2

1
19

1

20
2

16
2

.a

1

118

17
99

1

1

108

5
6
8
6

7

11
2

4
46

1

2

10

1

1
a

24

4
1
2
2

I

1
2

1

I

1
5

1

O

Number
deserted

2,376

269

British Empire

474
48
28
47
491
286
118
187
7
46
159
67
35

100
25
17
27

.1

193

6

Finland. _

15

17

<1?

Italy

7

Netherlands.....

Norway .

4
1

Poland

1

Portugal _

1

15

Sweden _

7

Yugoslavia

31

China

Israel

59
3

Philippines....

Cuba...

2
6

Argentina.

R

Honduras

All other.....

54

82

Report of the Immigration and Naturalization Service

TABLE 23. VESSELS AND AIRPLANES INSPECTED,

CREWMEN ADMITTED, AND STOWAWAYS ARRIVED,

BY REGIONS AND DISTRICTS:

YEARS ENDED JUNE 30, 1954 AND 1955 (1)

Vessels and airplanes
inspected

Crewmen
admitted

Stowaways
arrived

Region
and

Arrived

De-
parted

Aliens

Citi-
zens

Aliens

District

Vessels

Air-
planes

Vessels
and
air-
planes

(2)

Citi-
zens

1955

Total number

58,477

113,507

16,056

1,344,890

912,248

421

25

18,678

28,881

6,102

567,086

278,001

262

14

12,059
5,136
1,483

19,487

5,362
13,814
9,705

42,658

331
2,103
3,668

5,877

82,259
433,784
51,043

410,553

34,226
219,954
23,821

290,455

10
72
180

100

New York, N. Y. .

14

Buflalo N. Y.

Southeast Region

Philadelphia, Pa.

6,005
13,482

12,580

1,709
40,949

19,199

472
5,405

3,314

167,745
242,808

207,725

67,798
222,657

169,068

41
59

6

Miami Fla

Northwest Region

3,196

754

8,630

7,732

3,961
3,547
11,691

22,769

22

809

2,483

763

62.321
17.579
127,825

159,526

33,046

9,371

126,651

174,724

6
53

Seattle Wash.

Southwest Region

San Francisco, Calif.

5,703
2,029

52,878

13,390
8.063
1,316

102.184

490

272

1

16.121

105,299

54,205

22

1,143,386

150,061

24,465

198

852,432

24
29

332

San Antonio Tex.

El Paso, Tex

1954

Total number

59

St. Albans, Vt.

6,547
2,232
5,158
1,967
2,589
13,181
1,834
2,013
1,064
7,691
1,526
1,881

4,502
693

3,320
5,561

12,004

17

953

37,224
5,269
2,629
2,946

12,683
134
4,296
1,258
2,651

11,239

16

353

1,368

56

701

6.236

2,467

39

347

3,234

118

391

541
254

4,009
54,395

407,859
51,785
69,469

227,899
23,224
13,260
16,237

119,223
29,624
46,278

60,154
19,970

324

34,720

218,730

28,483

31,104

206,457

4,924

10,764

5., 590

117,100

66,259

20,171

57,500
.50,306

7
78
16
52

78

2

9
19

^1
10
30

1

New York, N. Y.

25

Philadelphia, Pa

2

12

5

Buffalo, N. Y. .

Detroit, Mich.

_

Chicago, 111

_

San Francisco, Calif.

8

Kl Paso, Tex.

Los Angeles Calif.

5

Honolulu, T. H

1

(1) Each and every arrival or departure of the same vessel or crewman counted separately.

(2) Separate figures for vessels and airplanes not available.

Report of the ImmigratiotlAnp^aturauzation^Ser^^ 83

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Report of the Immigration and Naturalization Service

TABLE 24-A. ALIENS DEPORTED

AND ALIENS DEPARTING VOLUNTARILY:

YEARS ENDED JUNE 30, 1892 TO 1955

Aliens

Aliens

departing

Period

Total

volun-
tarily

(1)

1892 - 1955

5,664,110

458,238

5,205,872

1892 - 1900

3,127

3,127

1901 - 1910

11,558

11,558

-

1911 - 1920

27,912

27,912

-

1921 - 1930

164,390

92,157

72,233

1921..„.

4,517

4,517

_

1922._ ...

4,345

4,345

-

1923

3,661

3,661

-

1924.___.

6,409

6,409

-

1925 _.

9,495

9,495

-

1926._ .

10,904

10,904

—

1927. ._.

26,674

11,662

15,012

1928._

31,571

11,625

19,946

1929

38,796

12.908

25.888

1930

28,018

16,631

11.387

1931 - 1940

210,416

117,086

93,330

1931. _.

29,861

18,142

11,719

1932.._ .

30,201

19.426

10,775

1933._.._.

30,212

19,865

10,347

1934._

16,889

8,879

8,010

1935._.. .

16,297

8,319

7.978

1936._

17,446

9,195

8.251

1937 _.

17,617

8,829

8,788

1938

18,553

9.275

9,278

1939

17,792

8.202

9,590

1940 _.

15,548

6,954

8,594

1941 - 1950

1.581,774

110,849

1,470,925

1941. -...

10,938

4,407

6,531

1942._

10,613

3,709

6,904

1943

16,154

4,207

11.947

1944.„...

39,449

7,179

32.270

1945._.._.

80,760

11,270

69,490

1946._„_.

116,320

14,375

101.945

1947... _.

214,543

18,663

195.880

1948 _.

217.555

20.371

197,184

1949

296,337

20.040

276.297

1950

579,105

6,628

572.477

1951

686,713

13.544

673.169

1953

723.959

20.181

703.778

1953

905,236

19 , 845

885.391

1954

1,101.228

26,951

1,074.277

1955

247,797

15,028

232.769

(1) Aliens departing voluntarily first recorded in 1927.

Report of the Immigration and Naturalization Service

85

TABLE 25. ALIENS DEPORTED,

BY COUNTRY TO WHICH DEPORTED AND DEPORTATION EXPENSE:

YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 1955

Total

Deportation expense borne by:

Country to which deported

Immi-
gration

and
Natu-
raliza-
tion
Service

Other
Govern-
ment
agencies

Steam-
ship
com-
panies

Airlines

Aliens

de-
ported

Aliens

re-
shipped

All countries

15.028

13,857

91

211

11

822

36

Europe

1,076

726

3

124

_

199

24

Denmark ....

21
30
15
81

135
20

216
38
64
73
75
22

196
16
74

290

14
23
10
69
78
19

139
24
36
45
50
13

144
11
51

188

2

1

7

5
2
1
3
11

20
11
20

14

5
17

3

39

1

1
2
4
6
36

57
3
2

15

10
4

34
5

20

49

Finland.__

France „

Germany

Ireland

Italy

Netherlands,

Norway

Portugal

Spain

Sweden

Yugoslavia

Other Europe

A8ia.___

China

19
29
2
6
32
58
76

13,491

39
14

18
1
5
25
31
55

12.826

7
79

'1

6

1

3

7
5

24

1

10

14
2

2

1

2
12
16

548

India..

Indonesia

Pakistan

Other Asia

North America

Canada. _

1,074

11,870

438

107

2

96
27
48

990

11,509

242

83

2

63
20
34

11
62
6

2
2
10
10

17
6

1

2
3

5

69
292
174

13

13

1
12

Mexico

West Indies

Central America

Other North America. _

South America ... .

Africa

86

Report of the Immigration and Naturalization Service

TABLE 26. INWARD MOVEMENT OF ALIENS AND CITIZENS

OVER INTERNATIONAL LAND BOUNDARIES, BY STATE AND PORT:

YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 1955

State and port

All persons crossing (1)

Total

Aliens

Citizens

All ports „.„ (2)

119.763,360

61,611,311

58,152,049

48,000,554

24,812,698

23,187,856

Idaho

386,570

245,849

140.721

290,204
96,366

400

178,254
67,595

157

Porthill

28 771

Illinois..

Chicago..

400
7,172,622

157
4,556,849

243

Maine

159

2,069,818

1.068,043

399,400

2,418,705

959,500

256,997

12,633,813

35

1,401.002
694,972
235,502

1,544,642
535,175
145,521

5,786,234

Calais

668 816

Hou'ton
Jacls man
Madawaska
Van Buren
Vanceboro

Michigan

373,071
163,898
874.063
424,325
111,476

6,847,579

Detioit
Port Huron
Sault Ste Mane

Minnesota

9,914,807

2,066,052

652,954

2,233,090

4,417,570

1,023,418

345,246

1,323,254

5.497,237

1,042,634

307,708

909.836

Duluth

Internal onal Falls

Noyes

St. Paul

Montana

278,186

931,966

1,018,369

4,569

655,496

128,668

521,236

671,517

1,833

425.008

149,518

410.730

346,852

2,736

230,488

Babb

Chief Mountain

Cut Bank

Great Falls

Havre

Morgan

Opheim

Raymond

Roosville

Scobey

Sweetgrass

Turner

Whitetail

New York

103,523
56,654
5,430
3,868
15,062
13,613
12,2,59
66,280
25,. 598
13,922
307,061
12,338
19,888

18,119,344

57,090
17,110

1,977

982

11,652

11,285

9,325
48.508
13,160
10,838
217,200

9,499
16,382

8,368.669

46,433
39,544
3,453
2,886
3,410
2,328
2.934
17,772
12,438
3,084
89,861
2,839
3,506

9,750,675

Malone

Niagara Falls (.-J)

Ogdonsburg (4)

Peace Bridge

Rouses Point

Syracuse

Thousand Island Bridge

1,519,973

6,473,723

.584,176

6,932,911

1,728,884

7,276

872,401

4,56,340

985,221
3,470,285

422,668

1,928,902

1,205,883

3,505

352,205

297,228

534,752
3,003,438

161,508
5 . 004 . 009

523,001
3,771

520 196

North Dakota

159,112

Portal

Ohio...

456,340
25,104

297,228
6,525

159.112
18.579

Cleveland
Toledo

Oregon

11,211
13,893

542

5,929
596

143

5.282
13.297

399

Portland

542

143

399

Report of the Immigration and Naturalization Service

87

TABLE 26. INWARD MOVEMENT OF ALIENS AND CITIZENS

OVER INTERNATIONAL LAND BOUNDARIES, BY STATE AND PORT:

YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 1955

(Continued)

State and port

All persons crossing (1)

Total

Aliens

Citizens

Canadian Border— Continued

Vermont

3,046,957

1.761,645

1,285,312

1,073,574

1,311,394

526 , 505

96,047

39,437

3,204,168

583 , 129
744,842
354.538
54.729
24.407

2.031.227

490,445

566,552

171,967

Richford (5)

41,318

15,030

Washington .

1.172,941

32,277

218,305

1,603,212

54,873

127,126

128,934

46,058

217,695

272,739

239

71,660

493

430,240

317

318

11.267

58,716

1.045.854

19,203

94.610

88.036

30.984

184,362

170,884

43

30,669

117

296,319

163

149

21,010

BellinKham (7)

Blaine

Danville .

Laurier

Lynden

Metaline Falls

Northport

OroviUe

Port Angeles

Seattle

Spokane

Surnas

Tacoma

Wisconsin

159,589

.557.358

35,670

32,516

40 , 898

15,074

33,333

101,856

196

40,991

376

133,921

154

169

Milwaukee

Alaska .

318
65,790

149
9.761

169
56,029

Anchorage

5,352
2,433
4,407
6,107
18,282
29,209

71.762.806

221
176
1,166
1,322
5.398
1.478

36.798.613

5,131

Fairbanks

Juneau _

Ketchikan

2,257
3.241
4.785

Skagway

Tok Junction

12.884
27.731

Mexican Border

34.964.193

Arizona

11,573,551

6,608.703

4,964,848

Douglas (8)
Nog ales (9)

California

3.518,878
8.054,673

20,087,530

1.754,786
4,8.53,917

8,447.213

1,764.092
3,200.756

11,640,317

Andrade
Calexico
San DiPgo
San Pedro
San Ysidro
Tecate

170,471

6.686,982

3,353

14.599

13.039.683

172,442

81,953

4.347.837

335

1.785

3,913.713

101.590

88,518

2,-339,145

3,018

12,814
9,125,970

70,852

Report of the Immigration and Naturalization Service

TABLE 26. INWARD MOVEMENT OF ALIENS AND CITIZENS

OVER INTERNATIONAL LAND BOUNDARIES, BY STATE AND PORT:

YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 1955

(Continued)

state and port

All persons crossing (1)

Total

Aliens

Citizens

Mexican Border — Continued

New Mexico

128,400

55,583

72,817

128,400
39,973,325

55,583
21,687,114

72,817

Texas.__

18,286,211

Brownsville

Dallas

Del Rio

Eagle Pass

El Paso (10)

Hidalgo

Houston

Laredo .

Presidio

Rio Grande City

San Antonio

5,139,970

643

1,043,226

2,150,448

21,241,002

3,821,278

16,387

5,416,613

380,047

724,086

39,625

3,124,468

116

425,597

1,293,647

10,545,377

2,292,576

1.758

3,407,486

247,031

346,490

2,568

2,015,502

527

617,629

856,801

10,695,625

1 , 528 , 702

14,629

2,009.127

133,016

377,596

37,057

(1) Each entry of the same person counted separately.

(2) Includes arrivals bv aircraft.

(3) Niagara Falls, N. Y., includes Toronto (Malton Airport), Ontario, Canada.

(4) Ogdensburg, N. Y., includes Albany, N. Y., and Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

(5) Richford, Vt., July and August 1954 only.

(6) St. Albans, Vt., January to June 1955 only.

(7) Bellingham, Wash., includes Victoria, B. C, Canada.

(8) Douglas, Arizona, includes Naco, Arizona.

(9) Nogales, Arizona, includes Lukeville, Arizona, San Luis, Arizona, and Sasabe, Arizona.
CIO) El Paso, Texas, includes Fabens, Texas, and Ysleta, Texas.

Report op the Immigration and Naturalization Service

89

TABLE 27. UNITED STATES CITIZENS
RETURNING AT LAND BORDER PORTS:
YEARS ENDED JUNE 30, 1946 TO 1955

Year ended
June 30,

Total

Former residents
of-

Return-
ing
from
overseas

Canada

Mexico

1955

19,857
11,824
9,490
10.117
10,784
11,624

13.379
9,401
9,681

11,221

2,263
2,091
2.846
4,012
.4.303
3,859

5,787
4,946
5,003
6,769

1,7,56
2,632
2.088
2,714
2,904
3,816

3,759
3,084
3,037
2.699

15,838

1954

7,101

1953

4,556

1952

3,391

1951

3.577

1950

3,949

1949

3,833

1948

1,371

1947

1,641

1946

1,753

90

Report of the Immigration and Naturalization Service

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Unable

to

read

(over

16

years

of

■1?

x"

2,066
1,403
1,'393
539
416
502
550
676
453
331

1.746

^egincolcDt-i-H-H

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versive

or
anar-
chistic
(7)

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X -HTfOC- t-O X -^ 1 c-

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to

become

public

charges

(6)

1

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En-
tered
without
inspec-
tion
or by
false
state-
ments

lo"

644
574
737
337
462
469
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537
491
340

50.209

t^aHUiu

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doned
status

of
admis-
sion
(5)

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tered
without
proper
docu-
ments
(4)

1

in

6.205
8,167
9,099
3,611
2,824
3,181
3,294
3,545
3,080
2,474

14,288

1,468
1,226
i;749
2,949

637
1 , 657
1.086
1.166

998
1.352

Re-
mained
longer
than
author-
ized
(4)

A

•«

2,835
3,284
3,118
986
786
8.50
702
748
652
563

12.075

258

285

498

1,007

793

1,189

1,066

3,939

1.379

1.661

Pre-
viously

ex-
cluded
or

de-
ported

(3)

Oi

1.003
1,202
1.010
359
933
1,048
1,000
1,085
1,056
1,033

17,642

703

558

610

1,320

1,529

1 , 083

4.033

3,4.38

3.815

553

Mental

phys-
ical

defec-
tives

o
co"

952
1.107
1,056
662
510
533
392
401
326
362

1.560

lilS3SS2»"

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tors of
nar-
cotic
laws
(2)

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879
319
195
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275
202
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1938.
1939
1940

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2

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Report of the Immigration and Naturalization Service

111

TABLE 36. ALIENS WHO REPORTED UNDER THE ALIEN

ADDRESS PROGRAM, BY STATES OF RESIDENCE:

DURING YEARS 1958 TO 1955

State of residence

1953

a)

1954

1955
(«)

TotaL_

2,348,881

2.365,811

2,336,720

Arkansas

3,052
21,447

2,776

348,749

15,838

3,108

23,359

1,800

363,730

15,923

2,695

29,696

1,513

380.091

17.767

Connecticut

Delaware

District of Columbia

Florida

Georgia

69,682
2,967
9,979

29,125
3.930

69 , 162
2.917
11.172
34.522
4.421

68.613
3,154
12,918
41,580
4,933

Idaho _-_ . ...
Illinois ..._.. J.

3,908
139,001
22,863
11,603

7,183

4.052
141,175
24,505
10,720

7,315

3,900
138 243

23,566

Kansas

12,498
7,608

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts.

3,432
6,929
18,381
22,251
128,765

3,505

8,412

18,115

24,689

123,374

3,509
9,364
18,218
21,658
119.044

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

Montana

138,214
22,304

1,545
16,962

5,190

141.153

22.850

1.597

17,621

5,264

131,1.58
20,675

1,589
17,755

4,841

Nebraska
Nevadi

New Hampshire
New Jersey _—
New Mexico _

8,451
2,914
10.415
128,668
6,728

8.106
2,878
9, 90S
125,853
7.414

7,881
2,673
9,556
105.329
9,462

New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio._ _
Oklahoma _

532,929
4.090
3,324
95,393
3,880

514.569
4.614
3.567
97,212
4,041

470 , 582
4,530
3,120
97,324
3.969

Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota

16,872
109,409

19,452
2,001
2.049

17,551
105,179

18,712
2.174
2.048

16,181
114,105

17,587
2,198
1,777

Tennessee
Texas.
Utah..
Vermont
Virginia __

3.121
154,969
10,289
7,189
9,295

3.436
167,379
10,877

6,943
11.153

3,584
196,477
10,993
6,894
9,157

Washington
West \ irginia _
Wisconsin
Wyoming

44,907
7,042

28,006
2,370

47,074
6,996

27,079
2,410

44,980
6,144

27,639
2,404

Territories and other:

Alaska

1,324

63.366

3.491

1.579

290

2,823
6.169

1,776
59,912
3,152
1,610
1,388

3.317
3.022

Hawaii

57 686

Puerto Rico

Virijin Islands

3,414
1 567

All other

1,328

Outside the United States

Unknown or not reported

-

(i) Figures do not include 77,419 alien address reports in 1953 and 31,396 in 1954 taa wt-re in-
complete, and 110,250 aliens in 1953 and 114,106 aliens in 1954 who were in the LInited States
in temporary status.

(2) In 1955 the count was made at the field offices. A breakdown of aliens in permanent and
temporary status is not available.

112

Report of the Immigration and Naturalization Service

TABLE 37. DECLARATIONS OF INTENTION FILED,

PETITIONS FOR NATURALIZATION FILED,

AND PERSONS NATURALIZED:

YEARS ENDED JUNE 30, 1907 TO 1955

Period

Declara-
tions
filed

Petitions
filed

Persons naturalized

Civilian

Military

Total

1907 - 1955._

8,458,479

7,602,954

6,582,132

500,034

7,082,166

1907 - 1910

526,322

164,036

111,738

_

111,738

1911 - 1920

2,686.909

1,381,384

884,672

244,300

1,128,972

1911..

189,249
171,133
182,095
214,104
247,958
209,204
440,651
342,283
391,156
299,076

2,709,014

74,740
95,661
95,380
124,475
106.399
108,767
130,865
169,507
256,858
218,732

1,884,277

56,683
70,310
83,561

104,145
91,848
87,831
88,104
87,456
89,023

125,711

1,716,979

63,993
128,335
51,972

56,206

56.688

1912

70 310

1913 . . .

83,561

1914

104 145

1915

91,848

1916

87 831

1917

88 104

1918

1919

217 358

1920

177.683

1921 - 1930._.._

1,773.185

1921

303,904
273,511
296,636
424,540
277,218
277,539
258,295
254,588
280,645
62,138

1,369.479

195,534
162,638
165,168
177,117
162,2,58
172,232
240,339
240,321
255,519
113,151

1,637,113

163,656
160,979
137,975
140,340
152,457
146,239
195,493
228,006
224,197
167,637

1,498.573

17,636
9,468
7,109

10,170

92

4,311

5,149

531

1,740

19,891

181 292

1922

170,447

1923 . ... ...

1924

150 510

1925

152,457

1926

146 331

1927

199,804

1928.. .

233,155

1929

224 728

1930

169.377

1,518,464

1931 - 1940

1931

106,272
101,345
83,046
108,079
136,524
148,118
176,195
150,673
155,691
203,536

920.284

145,474
131,062
112,629
117,125
131,378
167,127
165,464
175,413
213,413
278,028

1,938,066

140,271
136,598
112,368
110,867
118,945
140,784
162,923
158,142
185,175
232,500

1,837,229

3,224

2

995

2,802

481
2,053
3,936
3.638
2.760

149,799

143,495

1932

136,600

1933 .

113,363

1934

113 669

1935

118.945

1936

141.265

1937 :

164.976

1938 ...

162.078

1939

188 813

1940

1941 - 1950 ___

235,260
1,987,028

1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950

1951 _-..

1952 _

1953 _ .

1954 __

1955 ... _

224,123
221,796
115,664
42,368
31,195
28,787
37,771
60,187
64,866
93,527

91,497
111,461
23,558
9,100
10,855

277,807
343,487
377,125
325,717
195,917
123,864
88,802
68,265
71,044
66,038

61,634
94,086
98,128
130,722
213,508

275,747
268,762
281.459
392 . 766
208.707
134,849
77,442
69,080
64.138
64,279

53,741
87,070
90,476
104,086
197,568

1,547
1,602
37,474
49,213
22,695
15.213
16,462
1,070
2,456
2,067

975
1.585
1 , 575
13,745
11,958

277,294
270,364
318.933
441.979
231,402
150,062
93,904
70,150
66,594
66,346

54,716
88.655
92.051
117,831
209.526

Report of the Immigration and Naturalization Service

113

TABLE 38. PERSONS NATURALIZED,

BY GENERAL AND SPECIAL NATURALIZATION PROVISIONS (1)

AND COUNTRY OR REGION OF FORMER ALLEGIANCE:

YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 1955

Total
number

Persons naturalized

Country or region
of former
allegiance

Under
general
natural-
ization
provisions

Married

to

U.S.

citizens

Children
of U. S.
citizen
parents

Military

Other

All countries.

209,526

173,954

20,460

2,600

11,958

554

Europe.__

155,560

130,405

14.821

1,717

8,342

275

Austria...

Belgium

3,067
1.112

22,974
149
5,890
1,226
1,773
872
3,320

17,842
3,785
4,292
9,116

16,128
3,057
5,324
2,979
2,024

27,777
2,502
2,231
1 , 152
1,835
1,453
8,627
3,689
1,364

16,000

2,465
886

18,677

121

5,352

948

1,594

761

2,381

11,503
2,841
3,890
8,138

12,759
2,662
4.977
2,420
1,670

25.926
2.133
2.032
983
1,603
1.163
8,136
3,191
1,193

13.158

456
149

2,817
17
325
124
42
67
635

3,927
572
234
208

2,638
73
68
220
181
843
195
103
103
116
121
256
213
118

1,687

67

14
186

27
13
20
11
63

537
59
20

110

140
48
24
34
21

105
95
7
4
18
12
20
50
10

293

77
59
1,237
8
185
131
113
31
234
1,852
307
145
650
547
272
249
297
140
885
70
87
54
84
155
202
228
43

706

2
4

57

1

Estonia

4

Finland

2

Germany

23

10

Italy _-

Latvia

2

g

Norway

12

Poland

Portugal

9

2

Sweden

14

U. S. S. R

13

Yugoslavia

7

Asia

156

China

3,527
279

7,593
415
213

2,686
301
986

32,173

3,059
187

6,669
303
175

1,739
241
785

26,025

199
60

792
89
18

365
49

115

3,274

133

7
38
4
4
97
1
9

511
392
48
46
25

21
7
51

111
25
27
19
15

423
10
76

2,277

25

Israel

Japan ^

Lebanon

67

Palestine

Philippines

1

62

Other Asia

I

Canada

18,151
10,166
2,371
1,485

1,299
236

4,258

14,331
8,866
1,819
1,009

941

150

3,275

2,214
675
212
173

162

54
462

1,185
560
286
246

164
24
445

29

Mexico

17

Central America

32

11

Africa

1

Stateless and misceUaneous

25

(;) See also table 47 for detailed figures by naturalization provisions.

114

Report of the Immigration and Naturalization Service

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Report of the Immigration and Naturalization Service

TABLE 41. PERSONS NATURALIZED

AND PETITIONS FOR NATURALIZATION DENIED:

YEARS ENDED JUNE 30, 1907 TO 1955

Period

Total

Persona
natu-
ralized

Petition
denied

Percent
denied

1907 - 1955

7,508,205

7,082,166

426,039

5.7

1907 - 1910

129,440

111,738

17,702

13.7

1911 - 1920

1,247,697

1,128,972

118,725

9.5

1921 - 1930

1,938,678

1,773,185

165,493

8.5

1921

1922

1923

1924

1925

200,273
199,523
169,968
168,834
168,070
159,605
211,750
245,634
236,576
178,445

1,564,256

181,292
170,447
145 , 084
150,510
1.52,457
146,331
199,804
233.155
224,728
169,377

1,518,464

18,981
29,076
24,884
18,324
15,613
13,274
11,946
12,479
11,848
9,068

45,792

9.5
14.6
14.6
10.9

9.3

1926..

8.3

1927

5.6

1928

5.1

1929

5.0

1930 . ..

5.1

1931 - 1940

2.9

1931

1932

1933

151,009
142,078
118,066
114,802
121,710
144,389
169,018
166,932
194,443
241,809

2,051,842

143,495
136,600
113,363
113,669
118,945
141,265
164,976
162,078
188,813
235.260

1,987,028

7,514
5,478
4,703
1,133
2.765
3,124
4,042
4,8.54
5,630
6,549

64,814

5.0
3.9
4.0

1934.. .

1.0

1935

1936.
1937..
1938..
1939.
1940

1941 - 1950

2.3
2.2
2.4
2.9
2.9
2.7

3.2

1941
1942.
1943
1944
194;-v
1946
1947.
1948
1949.
1950

1951.

1952

1953. .

1954

1955

285,063
278,712
332,589
449,276
241,184
156,637
97,857
73.037
68,865
68,622

57.111
90,818
94,351
119,915
214,097

277,294
270,364
318,933
441,979
231,402
1,50,062
93.904
70,150
66,. 594
66 , 346

54,716
88,655
92,051
117,831
209 , .526

7,769
8,348
13,656
7,297
9,782
6,575
3,953
2,887
2,271
2,276

2.395
2,163
2,300
2,084
4,571

2.7
3.0
4.1
1.6
4.1
4.2
4.0
4.0
3.3
3.3

4.2
2.4
2.4
1.7
2.1

Report of the Immigration and Naturalization Service

119

TABLE 42. PERSONS NATURALIZED, BY SEX AND MARITAL STATUS,

WITH COMPARATIVE PERCENT OF TOTAL:

YEARS ENDED JUNE 30, 1947 TO 1955

Sex
and

marital status

1947

1948

1949

1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955

Number

Both xeres...^

93,904

70.150

66.594

66,346

54,716

88.655

92.051

117,831

209,526

Single

Married

19.697
64,704

2'.5lb

52,998

12.206

50.518

5.429

1.997

33.147

9.623

,50,723

4.604

1.644

27.865

8,489

52,025

4,218

1.614

25,745

5,8,59

44,333

3,262

1,262

18.711

8,821
72,578
5,450
1,806

28,597

12.127

72,147

5.886

1,891

34.657

27,701
79 , 034
8,630
2,466

54,477

39,698
151 303

Widowed

Divorced

Male

14,470
4,055

95,850

Single

Married

Widowed

Divorced

Female

13,567

35,942

2,032

1,457

40.906

7,449

23,200

1,466

1.032

37.003

6.142

19.833

1,089

801

38.729

5,710

18,345

921

769

40,601

3,489

14,100

615

507

36.005

5.276

21.791

896

634

60.058

7.253

25.777

926

701

57.394

19,909

32,061

1,608

899

63,354

25,548

65,683

3,070

1,549

113,676

Single

Married

6,130

28,762

4,956

1,058

4,757

27.318

3.963

965

3,481

30,890

3,515

843

2.779

33.680

3.297

845

2.370

30.233

2,647

7.55

3 . 545

50.787

4.554

1,172

4.874

46.370

4,960

1,190

7,792

46,973

7.022

1,567

14,150

Widowed

Divorced

11,400
2.506

Percent of total

Ro/i,- sexes

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

Single

Married

Widowed

Divorced

Male

21.0
68.9
7.4
2.7

56.4

17.4
72.1

7.7
2.8

47.3

14.4
76.2
6.9
2.5

41.8

12.8
78.4
6.4
2.4

38.8

10.7
81.0
6.0
2.3

34.2

10.0
81.9
6.1
2.0

32.3

13.2
78.4
6.4
2.0

37.6

23.5
67.1
7.3
2.1

46.2

19.0

72.2

6.9

1.9

45.7

Single

Married

14.4

38.3

2.1

1.6

43.6

10.6

33.1

2.1

1.5

52.7

9.2

29.8

1.6

1.2

58.2

8.6

27.7

1.4

1.1

61.2

6.4

25.8

1.1

0.9

65.8

6.0

24.6

1.0

0.7

67.7

7.9

28.0

1.0

0.7

62.4

16.9

27.2

1.3

0.8

.53.8

12.2
31.3

Widowed

Divorced

Female

1.5

0.7

54 3

Single .. .

6.6

30.6

5.3

1.1

6.8

39.0

5.6

1.3

5.2

46.4

5.3

1.3

4.2
50.7
5.0
1.3

4.3
55.2
4.9
1.4

4.0
57.3
5.1
1.3

5.3
50.4
5.4
1.3

6.6

39.9

6.0

1.3

Married

Widowed

Divorced

40.9
5.4
1.2

120

Report of the Immigration and Naturalization Service

TABLE 43. PERSONS NATURALIZED, BY SEX AND AGE:
YEARS ENDED JUNE 30, 1947 TO 1955

Sex and age

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

1952

1953

1954

1955

Both sexes

93,904

70,150

66,594

66,346

54,716

88,655

92,051

117,831

209,526

Under 21 years

544

476

987

1,003

726

1,052

1,206

3,787

7,839

21 - 25 "

5,495

2,970

6,297

7,742

6,238

9,785

8,927

14,810

17,635

26 - 30 "

6,627

3,783

6,074

8,570

8,29.5

14,7.39

15,176

16,290

27,617

31 - 35 "

7,221

4,131

4,886

5,3,55

4,751

8,890

10,722

11,569

28.080

36 - 40 "

11,205

7,867

7,107

6,535

5,479

8,301

8,956

8,831

19.911

41 - 45 "

14,091

11,113

9,164

8,144

6,127

9,190

9 , 426

9,895

20,464

46 - 50 "

13,137

11,170

9,198

8,239

6,699

9,790

9,681

10,584

19,693

51 - 55 "

11,531

9,481

7,822

6,937

5,554

9,090

8,977

12,650

20,369

56 - 60 "

9,601

8,018

6,441

5,773

4,476

7,337

7,792

10,821

61 - 65 "

7,347

5,637

4,473

4,298

3,269

5,318

5,658

8,816

13)913

66 - 70 "

4,260

3,304

2,551

2,289

1,884

3,077

3,306

5,606

9,199

71 - 75 "

1,953

1,445

1,084

926

823

1,374

1,468

2,707

4,103

Over 75 "

892

755

510

535

395

712

756

1,465

2,770

Male

52,998

33,147

27,865

25,745

18,711

28,597

34,657

54,477

95,850

Under 21 years

406

257

433

371

282

405

496

2,343

4,252

21 - 25 "

3,032

711

1,239

1,732

1,019

1,890

2,804

10,133

9,540

26 - 30 "

4,141

1,094

1,705

2,375

1,835

3,369

4,757

7,295

10,779

31 - 35 "

4,073

1,569

1,925

2,026

1,510

2,830

4,127

4,622

12,509

36 - 40 "

6,425

3,672

3,257

2,825

2,003

3,087

3,822

3,908

9,752

41 - 45 "

8,185

5,625

4.254

3,574

2,387

3,337

3,914

4,187

10,206

46 - 50 "

7,505

5,679

4.271

3,615

2,868

3,685

3,890

4,294

8,913

51 - 55 "

6,122

4,535

3,488

2,870

2,192

3,167

3,373

5,129

8,599

56 - 60 "

5,051

4,098

2,971

2,471

1,779

2,600

2,901

3.997

7,163

61 - 65 "

4,195

2,981

2,186

2,052

1,356

2,036

2,212

3,710

5,916

66 - 70 "

2,310

1,737

1,297

1,088

882

1,253

1,391

2,773

4,561

71 - 75 "

1,075

766

570

467

417

614

641

1,390

2,246

Over 75 "

478

423

269

279

181

324

329

696

1,414

Female...

40,906

37,003

38,729

40,601

36,005

60,058

57,394

63,354

113,676

Under 21 years

138

219

554

632

444

647

710

1,444

3,587

21 - 25 "

2.463

2 , 259

5,0,58

6,010

5,219

7,895

6,123

4.677

8,095

26 - 30 "

2,486

2,689

4,369

6,195

6,460

11,370

10,419

8,995

16,838

31 - 35 "

3,148

2,562

2,961

3,329

3,241

6,060

6,595

6,947

15.571

36 - 40 "

4,780

4,195

3 , 850

3,710

3,476

5.214

5,134

4,923

10,1.59

41 - 45 "

5,906

5,488

4,910

4,570

3,740

5,853

5,512

5.708

10,2.58

46 - 50 "

5,632

5,491

4,927

4,624

3,831

6,105

5,791

6,290

10,780

51 - 55 "

5,409

4,946

4,334

4,067

3.. 362

5,923

5,604

7,521

11,770

56 - 60 "

4,550

3,920

3,470

3,302

2,697

4,737

4,891

6,824

10,770

61 - 65 "

3,152

2,656

2,287

2,246

1,913

3,282

3,446

5,106

7,997

66 - 70 "

1,950

1,567

1,254

1,201

1,002

1,824

1,915

2,8.33

4 , 638

71 - 75 "

878

679

514

459

406

760

827

1,317

1,857

Over 75 "

414

332

241

2,56

214

388

427

769

1,356

Report of the Immigration and Naturalization Service

121

TABLE 44. PERSONS NATURALIZED,

BY STATES AND TERRITORIES OF RESIDENCE:

YEARS ENDED JUNE 30, 1951 TO 1955

State of residence

1951

1952

1953

1954

1955

Total

54.716

88,655

92,061

117,831

Alabama .

126
283
52

7.879
381

1,093
59

371
1,276

126

93

2.201

403

257

265

107
270
591
558
3,436

2,763
545
86
451
136

170

55

252

2,700

134

17,990

210

138

1.386

234

278
2,312

419
74
73

105
1,192
81
224
456

1,032
112
515

58

78
512
57
36
25

231

387

108

12,258

533

2,864
178
615

1,524
553

156

2,942

1,048

445

340

290
411
737
949
6.593

5.288
722
111
726
236

253
106
431
4,131
164

27,120

359

108

2,855

305

601
4,028
707
134
91

222
1,989
162
258
712

1,755
244
796
80

104
526
78
35
56

197
537
94
12,728
492

2,941
102
497

1,757
374

147
4,236
848
379
348

235

582

802

975

5.768

4,848
829
118
551
194

232
124
554
4,143
215

29,780

292

148

2,611

208

431

4,461

699

147

88

282
1,641
207
301
770

1.724
197
883
56

206
760
108
67
137

299

793

124

15.533

1.170

3.446
201
884

2,844
407

274

6,396

1.016

511

334

461

498

1,093

2.016

8,054

7,368
959
189
643
416

416
175
650
5,436
229

31,118

787

231

2.972

268

842
4,657
958
170
216

202
2,452
612
419
827

3,000
268
981
120

360
3,143
163
150
81

574

621

California

36 358

Connecticut

6 294

District of Columbia

1 152

Florida

Idaho..

Indiana

1930

Iowa

Kansas

714

Kentucky.,

Maine

992

Massachusetts

11 692

Michigan

Minnesota

1 811

Mississippi

198

1,831

348

521
255
722
14,164
353

61,677

Montana

Nebraska

Nevada

New Jersey

New Mexico.—

New York

North Carolina

North Dakota

286

Ohio

7,156
281

1,527

8,767

1,467

262

191

448

5.075

973

542

1,133

2,855

493

2,182

66

370
2.741
168
104
415

Oregon

Rhode Island.,

South Carolina

South Dakota

Tennessee..-

Texas

Utah

Virginia

West Virginia

Wisconsin. __

Territories and other:

Alaska....

Hawaii

Puerto Rico

All other.

122

Report of the Immigration and Naturalization Service

TABLE 45. PERSONS NATURALIZED,

BY SPECIFIED COUNTRIES OF FORMER ALLEGIANCE

AND BY RURAL AND URBAN AREA AND CITY (1):

YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 1955

Class of place
and city

Total

Rural

Urban

City total

Los Angeles, Calif

Oakland, Calif

San Diego, Calif

San Francisco, Calif,

Bridgeport, Conn

Hartford, Conn

New Haven, Conn. .
Washington, D. C...

Miami, Fla.

Chicago, 111

New Orleans, La.

Baltimore, Md

Boston, Mass.

Cambridge, Mass

Fall River, Mass

New Bedford, Mass.

Springfield, Mass

Worcester, Mass

Detroit, Mich.

Minneapolis, Minn.

St. Louis, Mo

Jersey City, N. J

Newark, N. J

Paterson, N. J

Buffalo, N. Y

New York, N. Y.

Rochester, N. Y

Cincinnati, Ohio...

Cleveland, Ohio

Portland, Ore

Philadelphia, Pa. ....

Pittsburgh, Pa

Scranton, Pa.

Providence, R. I

San Antonio, Tex.. .

Seattle, Wash.

Milwaukee, Wis

Other cities._

U. S. territories and

possessions

All others

52,288

3,553
1,141

Country of former allegiance

British q^
Empire

6,840

29
49

573
45
82
74

139
58
96
5,853
98
25

153
85

436
96
24

124
69

. . 705

Germany Italy Poland U.S.S.R. Other

270
100

50
127
218

13

37
1,397

27

14
19

201
48

142
41

107
51

103

3,926

99

85

177
85

297
72
2
24
62
70

162

273

210

106

4,771

118

17

159

16

281

132

20

91

15

26

35

975

31
33

149

194

437

254

1.53

95

1,773

37

182

610

6

42

53

54

140

1,116

11

177

159

34

26

260

11,393

181

85

499

24

496

194

25

61

19

33

208

1,725

5,027

64,

8,812
559
467

2,885
598
606
516
593
560

4,2.59
230
673

2,752
57
375
426
100
488

1,644
394
502
283
652
250
315
21.094
299
201

1.551
334

1,282
375
21
273
574
647
498

8,164

3,118
529

(1) Rural — Population of less than 2,500; Urban-
lation of 100,000 or over.

Population of 2,500 to 99,999; Cities— Popu-

Report op the Immigration and Naturalization Service

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Spain

Sweden

Switzerland .

(England.
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Kingdom (Scotland

(Wales .
U. S. S. R.

128

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Report of the Immigration and Naturalization Service

131

TABLE 47. PERSONS NATURALIZED,

BY GENERAL AND SPECIAL NATURALIZATION PROVISIONS:

YEARS ENDED JUNE 30, 1951 TO 1955

Naturalization provisions

1951

1952

1953

1954

1955

Total.-

54,716

88,655

92,051

117,831

209,526

14,864

39,852

36,433

487
220

843
300

675

611

66

1

17

6

188
4

1

26,920
61,735

46,793
45,258

86,166
31,665

173,964

Special provisions

35,572

58,027

760
223

722

194

1.391

64

138
9
4
27
4

164

8

42,088

150

429

192

1,383

110

1

123

9

7
14

51

2

15,977

1.208
120

74

61

627

10,076

2,981
476

3
43

4

11

2
1

20,460

Children, including adopted children, of U. S. citizen

parents

Former U. S. citizens who lost citizenship by marriage

Philippine citizens who entered the United States

prior to May 1, 1934, and have resided continu-

2,600
146

22

Pereons who served in U. S. armed forces for three

36

Persons who served in U. S. armed forces during
World War I or World War II._.._

Persons serving in U. S. armed forces after June 24,
1950 (In U. S.).„ (2)

Persons serving in U. S. armed forces after June 24,
1950 (Overseas) (2)

Persons who served on certain U. S. vessels

981

8,402

2,539
206

Former U. S. citizens who lost citizenship by entering
the armed forces of foreign countries during World
War ll._ (1)

Dual nationals expatriated through entering or serv-
ing in armed forces of foreign states

15

28

Former U. S. citizens expatriated through expatria-

8

Persons who lost citizenship through cancellation of

42

Persons misinformed prior to July 1, 1920, regarding
citizenship status

Noncitizen natives of Puerto Rico — declaration of
allegiance

7
1

Persons who entered the United States while under
16 years of age . .

62

3

Alien veterans of World War I or veterans of allied
countries

10

4

Persons naturalized under private law

1

(i) Prior to December 24, 1952, these persons were repatriated under the provisions

Nationality Act of 1940, and therefore, were not included in this table.
(«) Act of June 30, 1953 (P. L. 86).

Section 323,

132

Report of the Immigration and Naturalization Service

TABLE 48. WRITS OF HABEAS CORPUS

IN EXCLUSION AND DEPORTATION CASES:

YEARS ENDED JUNE 30, 1946 TO 1955

Action taken

1946

to
1955

1946

263

9
133
121

206
4

1947

444

15

278
151

156
64

1948

306

29

175
102

160
48

1949

511

9

397
105

144
59

1950

347

25
169
153

118
96

1951

394

56
260

78

47
57

1952
386

1953

359

44
213
102

120
38

1954

391

20

289

82

115
23

1955

Total Writs of Habeas Corpus
Disposed of

3,654

253

259
2,343
1,052

90
508

30
253
103

60
67

22

Dismissed

176

Withdrawn

55

Pending end of year

90

Involving Exclusion
Disposed of

52

Sustained _ _

Dismissed

Withdrawn

Pending end of year

Involving Deportation

56
270
182

18
3,146

4

1

259

6
19
39

15

380

3

26
19

12
258

6
38
15

16
452

8
48
40

21

251

3

27

27

13
337

16
32
19

8
319

7
21
10

11
321

3
17
3

17
368

4
38
10

18
201

Sustained

203

2,073

870

72

9
129
121

205

9
259
112

141

26
149
83

148

3
359
90

128

17
121
113

97

53
233
51

34

14
221
84

52

37
192
92

109

17

272

79

98

18

138

Withdrawn

45

Pending end of year

72

Report of the Immigration and Naturalization Service

133

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134

Report of the Immigration and Naturalization Service

TABLE 50. PRIVATE BILLS INTRODUCED AND LAWS ENACTED,
75TH CONGRESS TO 84TH CONGRESS, FIRST SESSION

Congress

Bills
intro-
duced

Laws
enacted

84th (First Session)

83rd

82nd . ,

2,810

4,797

3,669

2,811

1,141

429

163

430

601

293

89

755
729

81st

80th

79th

78th

77th

76th

505
121
14
12
22
65

75th

30

Report of the Immigration and Naturalization Service

135

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136

Report of the Immigration and Naturalization Service

TABLE 52. CERTIFICATES OF NATURALIZATION REVOKED,

BY GROUNDS:

YEARS ENDED JUNE 30, 1951 TO 1955

Grounds

1951

1952

1953

1954

1955

403

279

335

165

Established permanent residence abroad within five

384
3

3

2
11

275
1

2

1

327
2

-
6

-

150
5

1
5

4

177

Bad moral character

1

Misrepresentations and concealments relating to marital
and family status

7

Fraudulent concealment of subversive membership

Became, within five years after naturalization, members
of subversive organizations

4
8

Dishonorable discharge following naturalization based

Miscellaneous grounds

_

TABLE 53. PERSONS EXPATRIATED, BY
YEARS ENDED JUNE 30, 1951 TO

GROUNDS:
1955

Grounds

1951

1952

1953

1954

1955

Total number

4,443

3,265

8,350

6,938

4,202

1,401

1,084

836

565
228
147

69
73
40

1,186
711
622

370
136
123

59
56

2

2,651
2,657
1,677

700
398
152

45
67
3

2,222
1,557
1,544

425
220

134

134

6

1,237

Residence of a naturalized national in a foreign state...

1,063
841

Entering or serving in the armed forces of a foreign
state

269

331

Taking an oath of allegiance in a foreign state

233

Departing from or remaining away from the U. S. to

avoid training and service in land or naval forces

Accepting or performing duties under a foreign state

139

84
5

Report of the Immigration and Naturalization Service

137

TABLE 54. PERSONS REPATRIATED:
YEARS ENDED JUNE 30, 1951 TO 1955

Class

1951

1952

1953

1954

1955

Total number

1,242

1,406

2,299

2,885

851

Persons who lost citizenship by serving in the armed
forces of allies of the United States, and who were
repatriated under Section 323, Nationality Act of 1940

Native-born women who lost citizenship through mar-
riage to aliens and who were repatriated under the
Act of June 25 1936, as amended

256
839

145
2

147

778

160

316
5

270
486

172
34

1,337

42

240

12
331

2,260

416

Native-born women who lost citizenship through mar-
riage to aliens and whose marriages terminated:

Repatriated under Section 317(b) of the National-
ity Act of 1940

Repatriated under Section 324(c) of the Immigra-

269

Persons who lost citizenship through voting in a political
election or plebiscite in Italy and were repatriated
under P. L. lli o( August 16, 1951 _

Former U. S. citizens who lost citizenship by voting in
political elections or plebiscites held in occupied Japan
(Act of July 20 1954)

175

Private law

1

138

Report of the Immigration and Naturalization Service

TABLE 55. CERTIFICATES OF DERIVATIVE CITIZENSHIP GRANTED,

BY COUNTRY OR REGION OF BIRTH:

YEARS ENDED JUNE 30, 1954 AND 1955

Country or region of birth

1954

1965

All countries

11,709

15,823

Europe

9,352

11,499

Austria

408

491

Belgium

145

146

Bulgaria

16

12

Czechoslovakia

272

330

Denmark

85

114

Estonia

14

22

Finland

87

98

France

169

206

Germany

1,123

1,556

Greece

131

203

Hungary

269

310

Ireland

159

206

Italy

1,914

2,303

Latvia

38

86

Lithuania

77

120

Netherlands. _

170

318

Norway

186

241

Poland

826

1,000

Portugal

76

97

Rumania

183

199

Spain

54

65

Sweden

218

222

Switzerland

56

77

( England

(

861

United ( Northern Ireland

(1,244

58

Kingdom ( Scotland

(

429

( Wale=i

(

33

U. S. S p.

1,187

1,433

Yugoslavia

127

159

Other Europe

118

104

Asia...

305

519

China

98

158

India _

13

9

Japan

6

16

Palestine

37

45

Philippmes

46

68

Other Asia

105

228

North America

1.921

3,065

Canada

1,672

2,358

Mexico

132

377

West Indies

86

254

Central Americ?

23

62

Other North America

8

14

South America

73

108

Africa

22

70

Australia and New Zealand

29

28

Other countries

7

34

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