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| Ninth Annual Report
NINTH ANNUAL REPORT
O}E Wells
OHIO STATE
ACADEMY oF SCIENCE
1900.
Publication Committee :
Pa MGrPADDEN, « J. Hi SGHAFFNER, F. M WEBSTER
Published by the Academy.
Columbus, Ohio, Igor.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
‘Oinioees.. JMC SB arreaeaeraeee ey oot smite, eit Verne O30 Renee Oe Peres Bitte
IPaSt CUTGES.o5 WEI Oe OA be Oe Rito EON GIO ERS 0 Siar teneee eee Ra teehee ceca ceere
MMieminensliipmeasprilenlerlO Qin i. tar emen reading tebe 6 ots a e/ite ve, #cete xis’ scorers
PROCEEDINGS.
NVanteme Vieetine. L900" sSecretary 's IRepotthessess 0. o-+0+>o0+cs
Stmmen Veena, 19008 Secnetary-s RepoOtte.ea+sss2a2cos0ee40- 5
In Memoriam —
JB hiveNeta MONACO) ane Gera Sos oo ob ns omc cn SOL MORI no circa
PAPERS AND ABSTRACTS.
The Occurrence of Anthurus borealis Burt in Northern Ohio. H.
(Cy. IBGEW RG ISIS eo. one Greta ane: o 8 ‘S.c ot Ole ous cil ERIS enc ace ea
Old Squaw Ducks (not “Pintails’”’) Caught in Deep Water Fish
INGis, EES IWIGSEIE sce as ab eeetec lo on ince ino Direc nerOn REI Cieeee
INotessorm tie Cockleptn, Hah sMastenmatin..accses--s2os6 02 6 oe
Report on Ecological Study of Big Spring Prairie. Thos. Bonser
smal Wy ANG CNG OMB dod. piaroste hence iee: chal Ome SRE ACRE aa IRC ee par ae
Six New Species, Including To New Genera, of Fossil Plants.
IGL, IBIAS Seeerese So ost oh Oc Gyre cro cee eRe co ee CR ee
A New Fossil Sponge from the Coal Measures. H. Herzer.........
Annotated Catalogue and Outline of a Monograph of the Ohio
Jingle Televnnige(G pal Bithnics snodca cons cae at ODD eae Cen aa eine
Notes on the Self-pruning of Trees. Abstract. John H. Schaff—
mer eal Ihaeels Je Theirs ans ob aonieeenins aches :
Somes Distribution Notes» EM. Webster. s-..+.05.-..:00.0...00--
Additions to the List of Ohio Hemiptera. Herbert Osborn.........
NGtesmonmelants Tom G00 An IDS elbbym mcs cacti cscs sc seems
Report for 1900 on the State Herbarium, Including Additions to
ime Suave: IMac Ibsen Wie, Ialiigmimeline 5 doo opeomeereeomeS 0 ¢.0c
36
4)
OFFICERS.
1901.
PRESIDENT,
AWD. SEEBY-
VICE PRESIDENTS,
H. HERZER, MRS. W. A. KELLERMAN.
SECRETARY,
De MOSEEEY,
TREASURER,
HERBERT OSBORN.
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.
Ex-Officio,
AN, ID), SSIBILIBNE EE. kL. MOSHE.
HERBERT OSBORN.
Elective,
GHOS? BONSER; LYNDS JONES.
BOARD OF TRUSTEES.
ee WVEPSTER, (Chairinan,, teil Expires ii: 5.0.26 ss ba ene ee re oe 1901
POMS BARD SHEE eliMipexpinieSpoca crc) nother: a scw as oe sles se yds ad eee eens 1902
Neen RemneVARIN IB Ye te RIT EX UGESER uve rpeye lio «tne Vand Sis ores Gasene sieve oth aces ele sens 1903
PUBLICATION COMMITTEE.
aie MiGHADDEN: (Chatrmane teri XpIrES.- cm. oes. os. 2.65% os = 62s 1903
ee lee SGHARENER. TEnMvexXpIneS: ase .-- hecia acute oc asda Spee seve tls bso ert 1902
AMVIERNWEBSTERY Lehi -CXPIkES+ coccees 2 cnc Set ere es ee seva cele alee ease 1901
PAST PRESIDENTS.
1892. E. W. CLayPo.ce, 1896. A. A. WricHt,
1893. Epwarp OrTON, 1897. W. A. KELLERMAN,
1894. F. M. WEssTER, 1898. W. G. Ticut,
1895. D. S. Ketticort, 1899. G. F. WricHtT,
1900. JosHuUA LINDAHL.
PAST VICE—PRESIDENTS.
1892. A. A. WricHT, ELLEN E. SMITH.
1893o8 DiS: Kererconn D! I. janes:
1894.
1895.
1896.
1897.
1898.
1899.
1900.
1892-95. A. D. SELBy,
1892.
G. H. Cotten, Mrs. W. A. KELLERMAN.
H. E. CHapin, JANE F. WINN.
A. L. TREADWELL, CHas. Dury.
C. E. Stecum, J. B. WricHt.
Josua Linpau., J. H. Toop.
Cuas. E. Arsricut, A. D. SELsy.
J. A. Bownocker, LyNps JONEs.
PAST EREASURERS.
1899-1900. HerBert OSBORN,
PAST SECRETARIES.
W. R. LAzensy, 1893-94. W. G. TicuT,
1895-1900. E. L. Mosetey.
1896-98. D. S. Ketricort,
MEMBERSHIP APRIL 1, 1901.
LIFE MEMBER.
McMillin, Emerson EF. —- ~
4() Wall St., New York
ACTIVE MEMBERS.
Aiken, Walter H., Station K.,
Cincinnati
Albright, Prof. Chas. E., Columbus
Manes, Nl, We = - Wooster
Ayres, Annie B., - Wooster
Babcox, A. G., 863 E. Madison
Sit; = = =| = = Clevelziadl
Barnard, Prof. B. €., = Wooster
Beardslee, Harry C., University
School, = - Cleveland
Bentley, W.B., — _ Athens
Berger, E. W., — - Berea
Blair, Kate R., 1457 Neil Avenue,
Columbus
Bleile, Dr. Albert M., 218 King
Ave., - _ Columbus
Beer, Dr. James D., - Wooster
Bliss: Prof, J. J. — Bucyrus
Bloomfield, Lloyd M., Valencia, C. A.
Bogue, Prof. E. E. Stillwater,
Oklahoma Territory
Bonseny i Ae 9" -— (Carey.
Bownocker, John A., Ohio State
University, - — Columbus
Brockett, Ruth E., - Rio Grande
Brigham, F. M., 2712 Monroe
Sits. - -—- - — Toledo
Burglehaus, F. H., Woolson Spice
Co., - - - Toledo
Bubna, Matthias, 1255 Central
Ave., - - — Cleveland
Borcess,, A: F., =) =) | Wooster
lelehomnce (Ge ©, S, W..
Columbus
Bushnell, Miss Charlotte, 727
Genesee St, -— -— Cleveland
Claassen, Edo, 429 Woodland
3urr,
Ave., - - — Cleveland
Clark, Dr. Willian = =| ibderen
Clements, F.©., — Altoona, Pa
Colton, Prof..George H., — Hiram
Comstock, Prof. Frank M., Case
School, = — Cleveland
Carter, Chas. Carydon — lowa
Cookson, Charles W.,
New Straitsville
Comrom, Jal, (C. ~ - Akron
Craver, Dr. S. Belle - Toledo
Cunningham, John F., Ohio
amine, = - Cleveland
Cushing, H. P., - —- Cleveland
Davison |e Williamsburg, Ky.
Dury, Dr. Chas. E., 524 Ridg—
way Ave, —-— -— Cincinnati
Duvel, J. W. T. Ann Arbor, Mich.
Earle, FS. 9=— = AubturnpeAlas
Edwards, E. H. 884 Birch St.,
Cleveland
Eddy, C. W., 1275 Euclid Ave.,
Cleveland
Engstrom, Dag Agnar, 42 Park
Place, - - Springfield
Feiel, Adolph, 520 E Main St.,
Columbus
Fischer Walter, O. S. U., Columbus
Flynn, Maud, - -— Columbus
Fowke, Gerard, 46 W Fourth St.,
Chillicothe
Gary, L. B. --. — Austinburg
Gill, George W., 38€ ast Broad
Stix Ses = Columbus
Green. Isabelle M., = Akron
Green, W. J., Exp. Sta., Wooster
Grover, F. O., - - Oberlin
Griggs, R. F., 1318 Forsythe
Ave., - -— — Columbus
nencock Wy iJ.
lnlaleGl, IML, Ie, Bowling Green
Islevrizellle We Ge Bloomington, I11
Eianizlen i. C., 67 North) Sixth
St = = — — Newark
Hayes, Seth, = — Fremont
Herrick, C. Judson - Granville
Yellow Springs
Herzer, Rev. H., - -— Marietta
eGkseee kek xpumotas., Wooster
nti MI; = East Liverpool
Eines Prot, J, Ss. *— Columbus
Hops weno) ble — Cleveland
IBlolhis Wie 12% — = Jefferson
Hope, Henry W., - -— _ Paint
Hopkins, A. D., Morgantown W. Va
Elopkims le. S. 9= —. =" roy
James, Davis L., 127 West Sev—
enth St., — — Cincinnati
Janney, John J., 93 Fifteenth
Ave., —- -— -— Columbus
Johnson, Eva V., = Granville
Jones, Lynds, College Museum,
Oberlin
Judson, C. A., 285 Columbus Ave.,
Sandusky
Keeler, Miss H. L., 93 Olive St.,
Cleveland
Kellerman, Karl F., 175 W. 11th
Ave., —- -— -— Columbus
Kellerman, Prof. William A..,
175 W. 11th Ave., Columbus
Kellerman, Mrs. W. A., 175 W.
llth Ave, -— -— Columbus
Kellicott, W. E., 1332 Highland
St., = - _ Columbus
Kelsey, Rev. F. D., 2146 Fulton
Si = = = = Toleae
Keyser, I. N., - - London
Kiefer, Re Je, —- -— -— Attica
Krebs, Carl, 452 Jennings Ave.,
Cleveland
Lambert, J. I., 452 South
Broadway, — — Dayton
Lander, C. H., 89 Arlington St.,
Cleveland
andacre, EK, 1, O.°S:.-Us
Columbus
Law, Mary E., 2313 Ashland St.,
Toledo
Lazenby, Prof. William R,
Columbus
Lindahl, Mr. Josua, 312 Broad—
way, = = = Chacha
Lloyd, John Uri, Court and
Plum Sts., = — Gimemnan
outh, Ev *— — Ashtabula
Luke, Fred K., O. S. U., Columbus
Mally, C. W., Capetown, S. Africa.
Mason, Harriet, Ohio Farmer,
Cleveland
Masterman, E. E., New London
Mateer, Dr. H. N., — Wooster
Mathews, Mary E., - Painesville
McCoy, C. T., 317 East Mul-
berry St. -— — Lancaster
McElhinny, Dr. Frank,
New London
McFadden, Prof. L. H.,
Westerville
McKinnon, J. A., Grand Ave.,
Toledo
McLean, J. P., West. Reserve
Eistesocs = — Cleveland
Mercer, W. F., Ohio Univ., Athens
Mills. W. C., O. S. U., Columbus
Morehead, Prof. Warren K.,
Saranac Lake, New York
Morse, Max W., O. S. U., Columbus
Moseley, Prof. E. L. Sandusky
Mullay, Rose — — Columbus
Negley, Miss Poyntz A., Dayton
Newell, Wilmon, Exp. Sta.,
Wooster
Oberholser, H. C., 1505 Howard
Ave., — Washington, D. C.
Odenbach, F. L., St. Ignatius
Coll. — — — Cleveland
Osborn, Herbert, O. S. U.,
Columbus
Osburn, Raymond C., Fargo, N. D.
Outhwaite, Hon. Joseph H.,
Columbus
Oviatt, H. L. - - #£Norwalk
Piwanka, Thomas, 243-Superior
Siz - -— — Cleveland
Prather, John M., Yellow Springs
Prosser, Prot, €.35.,00:.S-U.,
Columbus
Reeves, Edwin A., The Ames—
burg., - -— —- Cleveland
Rhodes, W. R., = -— . Findlay
Richards, EE, —= —= Newark
Ricketts, Dr. B. Merrill, 415
Breadway, — — Cincinnati
Riddle, Lumina C., 1319 Wesley
Ave., - = = Columbus
Roudebush, Lowell, Owensville
Royer, John S., 247 N 17th St.,
Columbus
Sanger, U. G., So. Pittsburg, Tenn
Sawyer, Prot. Mary A., The
Western College - Oxford
Schaal, William G, -— —-— _ Berea
Schaffner, John H., Ohio State
University, — — Columbus
Schumacker, F., 1347 Monadnack
Building, - -— — Chicago
Scott, Daisy M., 1274 Summit
Siz = = - Columbus
Seaton, Miss F., 103 Glen Park
Places — = —= Cleveland
Selby, A. D., Exp. Sta., Wooster
Shull, Geo. H., Yellow Springs
Simkins, J.D., - —- St. Marys
Simpson, W. P.., Worthington
Slocum: Dm Gye: = Defiance
Smith, Miss I S., — Oberlin
Smith, Prof. James H., — Berea
Soule, Prof. William, 1804 S.
Union Ave, -— -—-— _ Alliance
Stair, Leslie Dalrymple, 1062
East Madison St., Cleveland
Stearns, C .H, - -—- Athens
Sterki, Dr. Victor, N. Philadelphia
Stockberger, W. W., - Granville
Storke, Sophia D., 167 Whitman
Si - - — Cleveland
Sutton, Dr. J. G. — Rushsylvania
Talbott Mignon, 640 Franklin
Ave., —- - — Columbus
Thomson, Miss Frances E.,
Medina
Tight, Prof. W. G, — Granville
Todd, Dr. Joseph H., Christmas
Knoll, — -— — Wooster
Rruews Dre Elewe- McConnelsville
Tussing, PIT, - - = Ada
Twiss, Geo. R., 142 Cornell Sé.,
; Cleveland
Tyler, F: J., O. S. U., ~Coltmibas
Upson, Judge W. H., - Akron
Valway, W. H., 2671 Broadway
Cleveland
Vorce, Charles M., 5 Rouse
Block, - - -— Cleveland
Warder, R. H., - North Bend
Watson, J. R.. Adelbert, Cleveland
Webb, R.J., - —- Garrettsville
Weber, Prof. Henry A., 1342
Forsythe Ave, -— Columbus
Webster, F. M., Exp. Sta.,
Wooster
Werthner, William, Steel High
School, —- - = Dayton
Werum, J. H., 508 Adams, Toledo
Wetzstein, A., St. Marys
Williamson, E. Bruce, -— Salem
Wilson, Miss S. S., 97 N. 20th
Sie - -—- = Columbus
Wilkinson, E., —- — Mansfield
Winchet, Frances, 346 N. First
Ave., - - - Dayton
Wright, Prof. G. Frederick,
Oberlin
Wright, Prof. Albert A., 123
Forest St., ape = Oberlin
Wright, Prof. John B., Wilmington
Young, W.U., - -— St. Marys
NINTH ANNUAL REPORT
OF THE
OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.
WINTER MEETING.
The tenth annual meeting was held at the Ohio State
University, Columbus, December 26th and 27th. Only
thirty-one papers were read—the smallest number since
1893—so that the Academy adjourned at noon of the second
day. The attendance, however, was as good as usual. The
Academy has been steadily growing in membership and in
the quantity and quality of work accomplished. It has now
the satisfaction of contemplating the beginning of a survey
that will result in good topographic maps of Ohio, which
will be of great service not merely in facilitating the pro-
gress of geological and biological investigations within its
borders, but also in primary education and in the solution
of problems constantly arising in sanitary and commercial
engineering. Without the efforts of the Academy or some
similar organization it is not probable that any legislature
for many years to come would have made an appropriation
for such a survey. Mr. McMillin again put $250 at the
disposal of the Academy for the promotion of original
research.
REPORT OF BOARD OF TRUSTEES.
Your trustees beg leave to submit the following report:
As the Academy is coming into possession, by exchange,
of many valuable reports, monographs and other papers
10
and it is necessary that these be kept in some proper place
where they will be as accessible to the members as is
possible, we have appointed Mr. W. C. Mills as librarian,
and to him should be sent all publications belonging to
the Academy, except its own. We have appointed Pro-
fessor Herbert Osborn, custodian of all of the duplicate
publications of the Academy, consisting at present of its
annual reports and special papers.
From the McMillin research fund we have made the
following grants:
To Professor Raymond Osburn, to enable him to finish his
StudtesnuiOimor bASHCSE Re fe ee aan tee eee $50 00
To Professor Bonser, to enable him to study the flora of
Some*special tlocalitres invthe State. ..2..55.05:,..2642 555026 25 00
To Professor Williamson, to aid him in classifying the
Streams lakes! etcwOr atue states 76 ds saaaen sess © 14 45
To Gerard Fowke, to enable him to study the preglacial
drainage of the vicinity of Cincinnati, Ohio............ 25 00
To Professor Hine, to enable him to study the insect fauna
of some Special sections of the State: --.-.5:. 22--+--.-- 50 00
We have paid out for engraving maps for the special
paper on preglacial drainage, which is to constitute No. 3
of the series, $38.21.
Prof. Bonser has not yet drawn his grant and Prof.
Hine, owing to.an unexpected call for his services in nursery
inspection, has not used all of his grant, and desires the
remainder to be continued another year.
We have now in our hands $187.39. Deducting from
this the unpaid grants of Professors Hine and Bonser, and
$100.00 for publication, we have approximately $37.00
unappropriated. Of this we shall probably use about $7.00
for engraving a large map illustrating the entire pre—
glacial drainage of the State so far as it has been dis-
covered, leaving us a net balance of $30.00 unappropriated.
Professor Osborn’s report on the Fishes of Ohio will be
ready for publication early in 1901, but we hope that the
Academy funds will be sufficient to publish this, leaving
11
us to use Mr. McMillin’s fund as he wishes it to be used,
viz., in aiding entirely competent and experienced investi-
gators, not otherwise provided with financial support, to
carry out their researches.
F. M. WEBSTER,
Chairman.
Henry C. BEARDSLEE,
JouHN H. SCHAFFNER.
It was shown that the appointment of Professor Os-
born, the treasurer, as custodian, by the trustees, was partly
in conflict with a resolution passed at the Cleveland meet-
ing of the Academy, and the following motion was carried:
“That the resolution on separate publication of a series
entitled, Ohio Academy of Science, Special Papers be so
amended that the section which now reads, “The papers to
be in the custody of the treasurer of the Academy who
shall include an enumeration of unsold copies in his annual
reports’ shall read, ““The Papers to be in the custody of
the Trustees.”
REPORT OF PUBLICATION COMMITTEE.
During the year passed we have published only the
annual report of the Academy, 82 pages, at a cost of $44.80.
No. 3, Special Papers, is now in press, and will be mailed
within a short time. We regret the delay in the publication
of this, but so far as your committee is concerned it has
been unavoidable. The maps for this publication have
been paid for from the McMillin fund, as, indeed, they
must be, as no part of the Academy funds can be used for
this purpose, without a change in the by-laws. Professor
Tight has furnished free of charge several half-tone illus-
trations to accompany his paper in this number of the
series.
We would urge the Academy to do the printing from
its own funds, leaving the McMillin research fund to be
applied in strictly research work.
12
We also are of the opinion that better printing should
be done, even at an advanced price. Special Papers No.
3, 1s being printed in Columbus, and the report should be
given to either the same or an equally competent firm.
F. M. WEBSTER,
Chairman.
JoHN H. SCHAFFNER.
REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEY.
Your committee are happy to report success in their
endeavors. The State Legislature, at its last session, voted
to enter into cooperation with the United States Geological
Survey for the production of a topographic atlas of the state,
and appropriated twenty-five thousand dollars toward the
support of the work for the year Igol.
The survey being thus inaugurated, there is good
ground for believing that it will be continued and carried
to completion.
The success of the movement is largely due to the
appreciative support of Hon. A. G. Comings of Lorain
county and Hon. W. S. McKinnon of Ashtabula, together
with the liberality of the U. S. Geological Survey in fur-
nishing samples of their work in other states, in response
to the requests of your committee.
Respectfully submitted,
ALBERT A. WRIGHT,
Chairman.
W...G iene,
CG, E? SLOCUM,
Geo. W. GILL,
J. A. BOwNOCKER.
Several members spoke in commendation of the ser-
vices of Professor Albert A. Wright, who first brought
the matter of a topographic survey to the attention of the
Academy in his address as president in 1896 and who, as
chairman of the committee established at that time, had
15
labored diligently in behalf of the measure. A vote of
thanks was extended to him.
REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON COLOR STANDARD.
The committee would recommend to the Ohio Academy
the Prang standard of color and advise the use of this
standard in their descriptive work wherever practicable,
preferring, however, the full terms so as to be intelligible
to persons not having the key. In case a well known and
clearly understood name can be used this should be given
with the Prang equivalent in parenthesis.
The use of metallic colors such as golden, silvery,
coppery, etc., should also be retained.
H. C. BEARDSLEE,
HERBERT OSBORN,
Committee.
Fourteen persons were elected to membership.
Wednesday evening the president, Dr. Lindahl, gave
a very interesting description of his observations among
the Eskimos in Danish Greenland. Following this and sug-
gested by it, remarks were made by several members con-
cerning popular prejudices with regard to certain kinds of
food and the peculiarities of different peoples in the food
they use. ;
The vice president, Lynds Jones, spoke of the desira-
bility of a new list of the birds of Ohio.
PAPERS BREAD.
1. A study of North American Scorpion flies — JAmeEs S. HINE
Observations on the animal life of Cedar Point -
- - - - - = - - HERBERT OSBORN
3. Annotated catalogue and outline of monograph of the
Ohio Junci - - - - _ Harriet G. Burr
4. Annotated list preliminary to a monograph of the Ohio
species of mosses - ~ - - - - ~
- - - W. A. KELLERMAN and ETtHEL Herrick
5. Annotated list preliminary to a monograph of the Ohio
lichens - W. A. KELLERMAN and J. C. HAmBLETON
6. Annotated list preliminary to a monograph of the Ohio
smuts - - - ~ - - W. A. KELLERMAN:
bo
» oo -i
19.
20.
14
Additions to the list of Hemiptera of Ohio — HERBERT OsSBorN
New species of birds collected in Lorain county — LyNnps JONES
Notes on plants for 1900 = = = - A. D. SELBY
Notes on the self-pruning of trees - - ~ -
= ~ - Joun H. ScHAFFNER and Frep J. TyYLer
Some mastodontic pipes - - - - J. P. McLean
Report on ecological study of Big Spring prairie - —-
- - — ~ - - - ~ THOMAS BONSER
A new insect pest in Ohio - - - F. M. WEsSTER
Six new species, including three new genera of fossil
plants - - - - = - ~ A. HERZER
Remarks on the fleshy fungi - ~ H. C. BEARDSLEE
The classification of the Waverly series of central Ohio
- - - ~ - ~ - CHARLES S. PROSSER
Note on a case of recent stream capture near Cleve-
land - - GeorceE R. Twiss
A rock valley crossing Huron and Erie counties - -—-
- - E. L. MosELey
Interpretation of the drainage modification of South—
eastern Ohio - - ~ - ~ W. G. Ticut
Electro—magnetic induction considered as a means of lo—
cating and tracing sub-surface streams of water -—
Whirlwinds and tornadoes considered as examples of
electro-magnetic rotations = - - — —
Physical conditions of the earth thought to be favorable
to the production of whirlwinds in certain localities
- - _ = - ~ ~ - = J. G. Sutton
Note on the distribution of Taraxacum erythrocarpum
— W. A. KELLERMAN
Old-squaw ducks (not “pintails”) caught in deep water
fish nets - — = — — - E. L. MosELey
Remarks on archeology = - ~ — Wie tO, Mbauus)
Notes on the Isopoda of Ohio — - - Josua LINDAHL
Report for 1900 on the state herbarium, including addi-
ditions to the state plant list - — W. A. KELLERMAN
Some distribution notes - - _ - F. M. WEssTER
Notes on the cocklebur - - — E, E. MastERMAN
Some experiments in the exportation of beneficial insects
- - ~ F. M. WEBSTER
Occurrence of Anthurus borealis at Cleveland H.C. BEARDSLEE
PRESIDENT’S AppRESS — Comparative measurements of 46 specimens
of Amblystoma microstonum.
Cope — A study in variation, with some introductory remarks
* = = = — = - - Josua LINDAHL
E. L. Moestey, Secretary.
15
SUMMER MEETING 1ogo0.
The meeting at Put-in-Bay, June 26-28, was carried
out in the main in accordance with the program published
June 18. About thirty members were on the island, but
several of them spent the whole time at Hotel Victory,
where the State Teachers’ Association was in session.
Rattlesnake Island was visited Tuesday afternoon and Mid-
dle Bass Wednesday forenoon, the lake being too rough at
that time for the launch to reach Marblehead or Kelley's
Is!and.
At the meeting at the Cincinnati Club House Tuesday
evening twelve new members were elected and communi-
cations from Past Presidents G. Frederick Wright,in China,
EK. W. Claypole, in Pasadena, California, and Albert A.
Wright, in Clifton Springs, New York, were presented in
brief. The Academy’s success in inducing the recent legis-
lature to cooperate with the U. S. Geological Survey in
undertaking a topographic survey of the entire state was
mentioned in connection with the name of A. A. Wright,
the prime mover and energetic leader in what the secretary
considered the most important achievement of the Ohio
Academy thus far.
Bo) MOSsELEY,
Secretary.
IN MEMORIAM.
EDWARD ORTON.
In the death of Edward Orton, teacher and scientist,
for many years State Geologist of Ohio, formerly President
of the Ohio State University and intimately connected with
the development of that institution, who also honored the
Ohio State Academy of Science by accepting its presidency
for the brief term customary in our organization, we in
common with scientists through the United States acknowl-
edge ourselves heavy sufferers.
16
Born in Deposit, Delaware county, N. Y., March 9,
1829, educated under parental direction, in the academies
of Westfield and Fredonia, N. Y., and in Hamilton College,
from which he graduated in 1848, he served as a professor
of natural sciences or of his chosen one, geology, from
1856 until his death on October 16, 1899. It was his portion
to have lived and to have been a science teacher throughout
the period of conflicting opinions regarding the value of
science in educational affairs, which may be said to have
been ushered into the world, for our century at least, about
the beginning of his professional career; it was likewise
his good fortune to see his own high estimates of the value
of the teachings and method of science accepted in the
world of thought. Though we can little realize, in our
day of science accepted and honored both in educational
affairs and in the various departments of investigation, the
heated controversies of the earlier period, we may honor
ourselves by grateful tribute to his high attainments and
the great good he has done in the world by his life and
labors.
Some of us were his pupils, and add the personal
offering to that of scientists; we cherish the recollections
of the class room and the rich friendship this opportunity
gave us.
As members of the Ohio State Academy of Science,
assembled in annual meeting in Columbus, his late home,
we join in these humble expressions of our appreciation
of the character and services of Professor Edward Orton
and in recording our personal bereavement.
A.D: SEUBY:
J. A. BowNOCKER,
Committee.
MANNING F. FORCE.
The scope of a State Academy of Science is attested by
the men who unite in the common pursuit of truth. Gen-
eral Force achieved for himself distinction as a lawyer, a
soldier and a jurist aside from his attainments in science,
and his skill as an executive officer exhibited in his career as
commandant of the Soldiers’ Home at Sandusky, Ohio.
Manning F. Force was the son of a lawyer, the com-
piler of the American Archives; he was graduated from
Harvard College in 1845 at the age of 20 years, and from
the law school three years later. He practiced law in Cin-
cinnati from 1850 till the beginning of the war of the
rebellion, then enlisting as major in a volunteer regiment;
he was subsequently promoted to the office of colonel by
gradual stages. He was awarded the Seventeenth Corps
gold medal of honor after the capture of Jackson by Gen-
eral Sherman; he later commanded a brigade of this corps
and exhibited great gallantry in the operations before At-
lanta. Here he was severely wounded. At the close of the
war he was brevetted major general for “especial gallantry
before Atlanta.’ It is said of General Force that “During
the whole war he lost not a wagon, a caisson nor a cannon
and his command, though always in the extreme front,
was never taken by surprise, and never gave way under
ine
Returning to the walks of peace, he was elected a
judge of the Court of Common Pleas at Cincinnati in 1866,
and re-elected at the close of his term in 1871; he was
advanced to the position of judge of the Superior Court
of Cincinnati by election in 1877 and re-elected in 1882,
being at the latter date the nominee of both political parties
for that position. He declined re-election in 1887 and the
next year accepted the appointment as commandant of the
Ohio Soldiers’ and Sailors’ Home, Sandusky, where he
served until his death in 1899. In other lines Judge Force
2a OR ASC:
18
was active; for twelve years he was a professor in the
Cincinnati Law College; for twenty years President of the
Historical and Philosophical Society of Ohio, as well as a
member of several other societies devoted to history and
archeology. His published writings cover campaigns of
the civil war, biographical sketches and discussions con-
cerning the prehistoric races and mound builders. In our
own Academy he was liberal in promoting researches in
archeology, and in contributing to the progress of the
organization.
In character blameless, in the discharge of duty thor-
ough and uncommonly efficient, and in all relations retiring
and unselfish, we join his many friends elsewhere in grateful
acknowledgment of his many services and the living force
of his example.
Aw SELBY:
J. A. BOWNOCKER.
Committee.
iy)
PAPERS AND ABSTRACTS.
THE OCCURENCE OF ANTHURUS BOREALIS
BURT. IN NORTHERN OHIO.
ES ¢: BEARDSEEE:
Anthurus borealis Burt, was described in 1894 from
specimens found in cultivated fields in New York state. It
has since been found in a few other localities in the same
state and also in the vicinity of Boston. Its occurrence in
northern Ohio is of great interest and indicates a much
wider distribution than has heretofore been attributed to it.
During the past three years it has appeared near Cleve-
land in the autumn months, though each year it has been
detected in a different station. The past autumn it was
found in considerable abundance in a market garden.
It seems well distributed near Cleveland and will doubt-
less be found not to be rare in northern Ohio as it becomes
more thoroughly explored mycologically.
Sep sSOUAW DUCKS (NOM PINGAILS”) CAUGHT
DING DEE PAW ASME RS ETS ERSNEAS:
oe NOSE EYE SAN DUS Kove SOI @:
In the article, Occasional Abundance of Certain Birds
on or near Lake Erie, published in the last annual report,
quoted a letter from John R. Schacht; of Erie, Pa., telling
of a great number of “pintails’’ caught in deep water.
Recently he has informed me that the ducks were old-
squaws. He also says:
“On November 16th, 1900, the tug Uncle brought in
from five hundred to five hundred and fifty old-squaw
20
ducks, caught in a depth of water varying from eighty
to one hundred feet, seventeen miles out in the lake on
a northwest course from the Erie harbor light. One week
prior to this date large quantities of these ducks were
brought in by the boats, and on the day mentioned several
boats came in with fully as many as the tug Uncle.”
NOGRESION Vets COCKLEBUR
E. E. MASTERMAN, NEW LONDON, OHIO.
In July, 1896, Dr. Claypole, of Akron, Ohio, asked me
to find how general was the opinion in my locality as to
whether one seed of the two in the cocklebur grew the first
year after maturing and the other the second year.
As opportunities presented, I asked perhaps twenty of
the older farmers. None of them seemed to know any-
thing about it except that enough seeds grew to injure the
price of wool.
The following year, 1897, when coming home from
Wooster, Ohio, an old German told me that one seed always
grew one year and the other some other time. Never both
at the same time.
Not long after that I saw a statement of Prof. Arthur’s
experiments (Ohio Experiment Station Bulletin No. 83,
September, 1897, page 353), confirming the opinion of the
old German, since his own experiments had not been able to
produce two plants from one bur at the same time.
I then became interested and greatly desired to know
and test for myself. I gathered a quantity of burs and in
the spring of 1898 I planted 1,000 burs, of which 917 burs
grew two plants. In 1899 I planted another 1,000 burs,
of which g21 burs grew two plants. In 1900 I planted
another 1,000 burs, of which 913 burs grew two plants. Of
the 3,000 burs planted in three years 2,751 burs grew two
plants. Of the remaining 249 burs some grew one plant,
some did not grow at all, some had two seeds apparently
21
alive, some appeared to have decayed and some not devel-
oped. At the same time each year I examined 1,500 wild
specimens where two plants grew together, and more than
five inches from any other plant, and found that in every
case of the three years’ observing two plants grew
from one burr. A hand force pump carefully used played
an important part in the last experiments.
The ground in which | planted the 1,000 burs each
year was taken from the banks of the creek where they
naturally grew; sifted through a one-quarter inch mesh
wire sieve and carefully examined with hand glass. Taken
to a part of the farm where they did not grow, the burs
were then planted and left to the weather as the self-
seeded plants.
The only point I wish to make is that the two seeds
in the same bur can be made to grow at the same time in
my locality. The reason why | had such a widely different
result from Prof. Arthur I cannot tell. Perhaps locality,
climate or physical conditions of which we know nothing—
perhaps another variety—I cannot tell.
[| Note.] Much discussion followed. Upon sugges-
tions of Professors Kellerman, Moseley, Schaffner and
others, I shall continue experiments next year on several
other lines and report at next winter’s meeting.—E. E. M.
piu Oh Oh iCOrLOGie Me sitiDy Ol BiG
SPRING PRAIRIE:
THOS. BONSER AND W. A. KELLERMAN.
In the autumn of 1899, we began the investigation of
the ecological factors of the plant life on Big Spring Prairie,
which is situated in the counties of Wyandot, Seneca and
Hancock. This prairie is about ten miles long and from a
quarter of a mile to a mile wide. Its shape is almost that
of a horse-shoe.
Our investigations were conducted along the following
lines:
22
1. Geological formations surrounding the prairie, and
the characteristic vegetation of same.
2. Past condition of prairie, especially since 1832, in
which year the Big Spring Indian reservation was thrown
open to settlement.
3. The drainage of the prairie, past and present, and
its effect upon the general level of same, and also upon the
character of the vegetation.
4. The lagging behind of effects, as shown by plants
clinging for a time to a locality after the conditions have
changed; in this instance from the hydrophytic to the mes-
ophytie.
5. he nature of the soil in the various portions and
the characteristic vegetation of same at present time.
6. Tree introduction upon the prairie; the order and
cause.
a
7. The prairie under cultivation ; the crops grown upon
it; the original species of plants, which still maintain their
foothold; the introduced species of plants which become
most troublesome.
*This work is conducted under a grant from the McMillin fund.
SIX NEW SPECIES, INCLUDING TWO NEW
GENERA, OF FOSSIL PLANTS:
H. HERZER.
Palaeophycus, Hall. Palaeophycus clavifrons. Nov. Spec.
(Plate I.)
A much ramifying marine weed, shooting at once at
sharp angles a number of branches, which at distant inter-
vals multiply again in the same manner. Each branch
seems a barren, rugged cylinder, beginning at its out-
growth thin as twine, then assuming a thickening of 3?
inch, giving the rather lengthy branches a club-like form.
—Sand-sone flagging, Harmar Hill, Marietta, Ohio.
25
Caulopteris, Ll. and Hutt. Caulopteris maguifica,
W Ot S pec:
(Plate II.)
Among the numerous silicified remains of plants of
the carboniferous age, from Athens county, Ohio, that have
been liberated out of the Mahoning sand-stone, we find quite
a variety of species grouping under different genera, which
are by their internal organization closely allied to each
other. The great interest in these thus preserved plants is
presented in the minute preservation of internal structure
by which their classification is greatly facilitated and at
once obvious.
Our species here is a well preserved, magnificent tree-
fern, once beautifying the unbroken wilds of its time.
Stem half-flattened by compression; scars in longi-
tudinal series, very large, continuous, acute-elongate, nav-
iform, joined by their extremities, upper half raised, in the
middle abruptly terminating with a high embossment
roughly corrugated; lower half granulated with fine deep
lines; from abrasion surface of the bark smooth, under-
surface furrowed, decorticated stem granular-linear, ex-
posing in short raised lines its structure. This beautiful
silicified specimen is thirteen inches long and six inches
across. The scars are 4+ inches long and 14 inches broad,
deeply impressed.
The well-preserved internal structure of cross-section
Fig. 2 exhibits long vernacular woody fascicles of darker
color, narrow, linear, flexuous, incurved, calvate; unsym—
metrically arranged. Fig. 3 shows cellular structure of
an enlarged fascicle; sharp angular, thin-walled; the sur-
rounding tissue composed of sub-circular, oval cells, Fig. 4,
loosely joined. These two organizations of tissue form
the interior character of the plant——Mahoning Sandstone,
Athens Co., Ohio.
Cystiphycus latifrons, a New Genus.
Like many other fucoids this species had the same mode
of growth. Large, broad fronds enclosing cylindrical stems
in perfoliate, decurrent or spiral manner is common among
seaweeds. Numerous large smooth surfaces with striation
are often found packed with other marine flora in the sand-
rock and not unfrequently small circular fractured dots as
large as small peas on them, indicating broken-off cysts that
once gave support to large heavy fronds of seaweeds. This
Fic. 1. Cystiphycus latifrons.
latter was the case with Cystiphycus latifrons. Our fossil
shows a lengthy part of a cylindrical stem with a large piece
of a frond 6x8 inches, covered by about twenty-five cysts,
or air vesicles, one-half inch thick, elongate globular, trun-
cate above and tapering downward to their attachment like
reversed cones. Some are fairly projecting, some buried in
the rock, others broken off.
25
From a 4-foot sand-stone stratum interlaid between
two heavy strata of red clay.—Coal Measures, Marietta, O.
Psaronius gunceus, Nov. Spec.
(Plate III.)
As has been shown in one of our former meetings,
Psaronius is not a conical stalk of aerial roots, enclosing
the base of tree-ferns, but it is a plant per se. We present
the one before us as a new species, having in its central
arrangement the structure of a fern or Sigillaria or likely
a Lepidodendron; for all these characters are closely allied
to each other; but also being remarkably made up of cel-
lular fascicles, enclosing like individuals that center and
joining each other so densely, as to leave no interstinct
tissue between them. [Fach fascicle is throughout the whole
trunk, which attains the thickness of 14 in., as thin and
slender as bulrushes, from ;3, to } inch thick, crowding
each other in various angles. In each fascicle is a starlike
center of coarse woody cells, surrounded by small circular
cells The main- center, 2 inches in diameter and being a
pithy cylinder, has the same long vermicular woody bundles
as are common to the abovementioned trees.
Psaronius is abrupt truncate, having a wide, deep
crateriform cup or basin; from each fascicle issued a leaf
and from the depth of the center a shaft bearing the sporifer—
ous fructification. Our specimen bears remarkably four
notches of branches as offshoots from the exterior in quin—
cunx arrangement.—Mahoning Sandstone, Athens Co.,
Ohio.
Arthrophycus, Hall. Arthrophycus elegans, Nov. Spec.
This species of seaweed is very similar to Arthro-
phycus Harlani of the Medina sand-stone; its close division
of branching and transverse furrows or ridges bring it in
close relation with the former; only that the new species
is of very dense growth, with more graceful and slender
branches and closer and deeper furrows. The marks left
in the rock look much as if stems of crinoids of various
26
thicknesses had been impressed. The delicate branches 7;
inch in width count fifteen furrows to $ inch length. The
stouter branches measuring ;%, inch have much _ broader
transverse ridges. It is found in a 4-foot stratum of sand-
Fic. 2. Arthrophycus elegans.
stone, interstratified between two heavy strata of red clay,
used for brick-making.—Coal Measures, Marietta, Ohio.
Nodophycus thallyformis, a New Genus.
(Plate I, Fig. 2.)
The fronds of this seaweed must have been very large.
I find them covering large slabs of sand-stone. The nodose
elevations of the frond are from one-third to one-half inch
apart and look as if a soft thallus had spread over peas.—
Carboniferous Sand-stone, Marietta, Ohio.
Plate I.
Fic. 1. Pulaeophycus clavifrons. Fic. 2. Nodophycus thallyformis.
Plate II.
Canlopteris magnifica.
)()
Plate III.
Psaronius Junceus.— FIG. 1.
to right and
With two notches of branches; outer surface. Fie. 2.
a lower central embossment, and
a part of the central pith.
With one notch
50)
De NEW POSsie. SPONGE PROM TEE COAL
MEASURES—(With Plate 4).
H. HERZER.
Sphenodictya cornigera, a new genus.
This sponge begins with an obtuse, compressed cup,
spreading gradually at an angle of 35 degrees and pursuing
this compressed and widening plan with a gradual thick-
ening to an inch at its:length of 34 inches. It is perfectly
wedge-shaped, its margins are obtusely rounded and the
right margin bears a ridge-like swelling from base to top.
The body is marked with very faint linear longitudinal
striae; a heavy cornice more than one-half inch thick
overtops the structure, projecting at its left end a cornicle
Sphenodictya cornigera.
31
of three-quarters of an inch in length, while the right angle
rounds off projectingly the ridge from below. This cornice
being four inches long is also marked with faint longitudi—
nally oblique striation. Of its once delicately glassy struc-
ture nothing is left.
From a four-foot stratum of sand-stone, densely packed
with seaweeds, interstratified between two heavy strata of
red clay, used for brick-making.—Coal Measures, Marietta,
Ohio.
ANNOTATED CALALOGUE AND OUTLINE OF A
MONOGRAPELVOEK THE OFlO JUNC.
HARRIET G. BURR.
There is room for some misunderstanding in the term
“rushes” as we ordinarily use it. The best known of the
so-called rushes is probably the bulrush—scirpus, of the
family of the true sedges, Cyperaceae. The species of this
are the common sedges found growing in wet places.
Several species of Cyperus and all of those of Scleria in
the same family, and some of the horsetails and other plants,
are also called rushes—the name being given, somewhat
indiscriminately, to many aquatic or marsh-growing en-
dogenous plants with soft, slender stems.
But the true rushes are the Juncaceae. They are so
named from the Latin jungere, to bind, in allusion to their
use as withes.
They are worth some consideration for their economic
value; the pith of some species 1s made into wicks for lamps
and tallow candles—whence the name “rush-lights.”
Juncus effusus and Juncus conglomeratus are plaited into
mats, chair-bottoms and small baskets.
There are seven genera of the Juncaceae, and about two
hundred species, widely distributed, but most abundant in
the North Temperate zone. Of these about two-thirds
belong to the genus Juncus, and are summer blooming.
The only other genus represented in the United States is
Juncoides to which belong altogether forty species. These
bloom in spring.
Juncus effusus grows in almost all countries of the
globe, stygius is alpine or arctic, balticus and gerardi grow
principally near salt water.. As a rule the members of this
family grow in wet or moist places, but some species grow
only where it is dry; tenuis, a small, wiry species, is found
among the grass and especially on old roads and cowpaths.
The earliest description which I have found of the
Junci, except the descriptions of Linnaeus in the Genera
Plantarum, is the one by Engelmann—an elaborate mon-
ograph published in the Transactions of the St. Louis
Academy of Science, 1866-68. In the introduction to this
Dr. Engelmann says:
“The difficulty I found in arranging the species of
Juncus of my own herbarium, the doubts in which the’
authors left me by incomplete and unsatisfactory descrip-
tions, and by confusion in the names and synonyms, the
want of confidence which all my correspondents, even such
as had paid a good deal of close attention to it, seemed to
place in themselves and their own judgment when this
genus was under discussion—all this induced me to enter
upon a critical study of our Junci.”
Liberal contributions of specimens and observations
from all over the country and from Europe helped in this
work. He was able to examine over a thousand specimens;
he made careful dissections and drawings of flowers and
fruits, and his monograph includes descriptions of plant
characters, a key to the classification, notes on geographical
distribution, etc.
A later monograph is that of the order by Dr. Buchenan
in Engler and Prantl, while the text for Juncaceae in Britton
and Brown is by F. C. Coville, head of the department of
botany at the National Museum.
The classification of the Junci is according to characters
taken from the organs of vegetation, from the stem and
leaves and inflorescence, more than from differences in the
flowers and fruits. The types are characterized also by dif-
33
ferent forms of root-stocks. The plants are liliaceous in
structure, though otherwise sedge-like. The flowers are
single or loosely clustered or in spikes or heads; they are
small and regular, six-parted, the parts glumaceous. In
contrast to this, the Cyperaceae are destitute of a perianth,
or with bristles or scales in its place.
Britton and Brown give forty species of Juncus and
seven of Juncoides.
Of the Ohio Junci, with their distribution, the following
are represented in our herbarium.
J. effusus —15 counties.
balticus —1 county (Erie).
bufonius —3 counties.
gerardi—1 county (Cuyahoga).
tenuis — 22 counties.
marginatus —2 counties.
articulatus —1 county (Cuyahoga).
nodosus —2 counties.
torreyi —3 counties.
scirpoides —1 county (Erie).
braciycephalus — 4 counties.
canadensis —4 counties.
acuminatus —9 counties.
Listed in our catalogue but not represented in the her-
barium are filiformis, stygius, richardsomanus and brachy-—
carpus.
In addition to our list, effusus, tenuis, marginatus, and
torreyi have been reported for Hamilton county; in Prof.
Wright's catalogue for Lorain county, I find balticus, tenuis,
and nodosus; and in H. L. Jones’ catalogue for Licking
county torreyt and canadensis.
<By IN OIe(e
NOLES ON THE SELF-PRUNING OF TREES:
JOHN H. SCHAFFNER AND FRED. J. TYLER.
This paper was published in The Ohio Naturalist, Vol.
I, pp. 29-32, 1901. The authors give a considerable list of
woody plants which cut off their own branches by a special
process. Among them were: Populus alba, Quercus
acuminata, Prunus, serotina, Salix nigra, and Ampelopsis
cordata.
SOME, DISTRIBUTION NOTES:
EF. M. WEBSTER.
3y distribution is meant insect distribution, of course,
and more especially such as have, or are sure to come within
the boundaries of the state within a comparatively short
time.
The 12-spotted asparagus beetle, Crioceris 12—punctata
has overtaken C. asparagi, in Ontario, Canada, in the west-
ward.march of these species, and we may now confidently
look for the former at any time in northeastern Ohio. The
imported elm leaf beetle, Galerucella xanthomelaena has
been reported from eastern Kentucky, and, therefore, may
be expected to appear in the southeastern part of the state
in the not distant future.
One of the dung beetles, Aphodius fossor, was intro-
duced from Europe into Canada many years ago, and spread
southward through New England and to the westward.
I have known of its occurrence in northern Ohio for some
time, as we have a single specimen from about Wooster.
Quite recently Captain W. M. Hill has sent it to me from
East Liverpool. The Mediterranean flour moth, Ephestia
kuhniella, has been reported from Stark county, which
is not to be discredited as we have reared it at Wooster from
a culinary preparation known as Grano. The Harlequin
cabbage bug, Murgantia histrionica, which at one time ex—
tended northward nearly to Lake Erie, was killed back,
OF
Oo
so to speak, to extreme southern Ohio, by the severe winter
of two years ago. Last year it was not reported as present
at all, but we found a few of them breeding in Clermont
county. This year it is coming to the front again in the
extreme south, attacking cabbage in Clermont county and
rape in Gallia county.
For eight years I have been searching about Wooster
for Diabrotica longicornis, not only myself, but I have
had every assistant in my department looking for them dur-
ing their season of occurrence, but without a single indi-
vidual having been observed. Last summer one lone beetle
was found on the blossom. of the common sunflower, in
my garden. We may look for it in abundance within a few
years. It was about twenty-five years ago, in northern
Illinois, when I found my first specimen in a corn field. It
was a rare find in that locality at that time, but now they
may be found there by the million. A small hymenopterous
parasite of the San José scale, Aphelinus fuscipennis, has
been found in Ohio this year for the first time. A single
pupa was found by my assistant, Mr. Burgess, in the body
of a partly developed scale from Dayton.
36
ADDITIONS TO THE LIST OF OHIO HEMIPTERA,
HERBERT OSBORN.
Scolops dessicatus Uh.(?). Bellaire, Aug. 28, 1900.
Liburnia campestris Van D. Bellaire, Aug. 28, 1900.
Liburnia ornata Stal. Bellaire. Common. Aug. 28, 1900.
Clastoptera xanthocephala Germ. Bellaire, Aug. 28, 1900. More
common south.
Idiocerus pallidus Fh. Bellaire, Aug. 28, 1900.
Tettigonia hartii Wdw. (MS). Bellaire, Aug. 28, 1900.
Gypona pectoralis Spang. Vinton (Hine).
Xestocephalus tesselatus VanD. Bellaire, Aug. 28, 1900.
Deltocephalus obtectus O. & B. Bellaire, Aug. 29, 1900.
Deltocephalus melsheimeri Fh. Castalia.
Deltocephalus apicatus Osb. Bellaire, Aug. 29, 1900. The most
western point yet noted for this species, which has been found
in Vermont, New Jersey, Maryland and District of Columbia.
Athysanella acuticauda Bak. Bellaire, Aug. 29, 1900.
Lonatura catalina O. &B. Bellaire, Aug. 29, 1900. The most east—
ern record for this species, which abounds on Sporobulus on
the western prairies.
Phlepsius decorus O. & B. Bellaire, Sept. 1, 1900. Also a western
species. This Bellaire example was taken on grass surround—
ing a small spring on a hillside.
Phlepsius fulvidorsum Fh. Vinton, May 5-12, 1900 (Hine).
Thamnotettix inornata VanD. Columbus, Sept., 1900. One exam—
ple collected by Prof. E. D. Ball.
Cicadula punctifrons Fall. The typical european form. Bellaire,
Aug. 20, 1900.
Gnathodus abdominalis VanD. Bellaire, Aug. 29, 1900.
Empoasca smaragdula Fall. Bellaire, Aug. 29-30, 1900.
Empoasca obtusa-trifasciata Gill.
Dicraneura flavipennis Wooster (Webster) Bellaire.
Typhlocyba comes—ziczac Walsh. Bellaire, Aug., 1900.
Typhlocyba tricincta Fh. Bellaire, Aug., 1900.
Calophya nigripennis Riley. On sumac at Sugar Grove.
Pemphigus populi-transversus Riley. Bellaire, Aug. 31, 1900.
Schizoneura ulmi. Columbus. On red elm.
Chionaspis salicis Harr. On willows. Bellaire, Aug. 31, 1900.
Aspidiotus rapax Comst. Columbus in greenhouse. (Collected by
W. F. Naret.)
Melanaethus robustus Uhl. Bellaire, Aug. 29, 1900,
Rhacognathus americanus Stal. Loudonville, June 14, 1900 (Hine).
37
Geocoris fuliginosus Say. Columbus. Bellaire.
Lygaeus reclivatus Say. Sandusky. Bellaire.
Megalocoerea debilis. Uh.
Phytocoris scrupeus Say.
Compsocerocoris annulicornis. Reut. Bellaire.
Lygus invitus Say. Newark. Ashtabula.
Lygus plagiatus Uh. A western species.
Lygus monachus Uh. Columbus.
Poecyloscytus basalis Reut. Bellaire. Vinton.
Coccobaphes sanguinarius Uhl. Vinton, May 5-12, 1900 (Hine).
Mimoceps gracilis Uh. Sandusky.
Camptobrochis nebulosus Uh. Bellaire, Aug., 1900.
Eccritotarsus elegans Uh. Bellaire, Aug., 1900.
Episcopus ornatus Uh. Celina, Bellaire.
IInacora stalii Reut. Bellaire, Aug., 1900.
Ilnacora malina Uh. Vinton, May 1900 (Hine).
Malacocoris irroratus Say. Bellaire, Aug., 1900.
Stiprhosoma stygica Say. Bellaire, Aug., 1900.
Idolocoris agilis Uh. Vinton, May 5-12, 1900 (Hine).
Plagiognathus obscurus Uh. Bellaire, Aug., 1900.
Plagionathus sp. Bellaire, Aug., 1900.
Agalliastes associatus Uh. Bellaire. A very common and wide-
spread species.
Neoborus laetus Uh. Bellaire, Aug., 1900.
Neoborus pettiti Uh. (MS.). Newark.
Aradus crenatus Say.
Sinea spinipes H. Schf.
Ectrichodia cruciata Say. Vinton. Common south.
salda. Sandusky Bay. Ona wreck about a mile from land. Aug.,
1900.
Pelocoris femorata. Dredged from Black Channel, Sandusky Bay.
Corisa bwittata Proy. Dredged from shallow water, sandy bot-—
tom, off Cedar Point beach, Lake Erie.
Corisa calva Say. Columbus.
38
NODES TON. PEAN TS EOR: 1900:
A. D. SELBY, WOOSTER, OHIO.
In the course of each year new plants or interesting
observations are recorded by one situated as is an Exper-
iment Station Botanist. These, to be sure, are sometimes
more numerous, sometimes fewer, as well as of varying
importance. A good many matters are contributed by
correspondents of the Station. For the year 1900 these
matters assume about the usual range and variety. They
are offered here as possessing possible interest to the mem-
bers of the Academy.
The following notes relate to phanerogamic plants,
which appear for the most part to be unrecorded:
Potamogeton Nutallu, Cham. & Sch.
Doner’s Lake, Wayne county, 1899. A. D. Selby.
Carex conoidea, Schkr.
A broad—leaved sort for which the varietal name latifolia
is suggested. Collected at Gypsum, Ottawa county,
©; 1806, by J; C: Britton:
Quercus alba x imbricaria?
A single tree of small size, at Lakeville, Holmes county,
O., with pronounced aspect of Q. alba, save in the elon-
gated, short-lobed leaves, which obviously approach
those of Q. imbricaria; of the latter there are typical
trees closely adjacent. While midsummer specimens
in 1900 show an abundance of very small acorns no
mature fruit could be found. Upon some leaf speci-
mens there is a narrowed, elongated basal portion
which is very striking. Although certain resemblances
to Q. acuminata may suggest themselves, this species
has not been observed in the immediate region.
39
Erysimum repandum L.
This species, which we may call ‘spreading mustard,”
has been abundantly introduced apparently in seeds
of red clover on a farm near Zanesfield, Logan county,
Ohio. Ohio is thought by Lyster H. Dewey, to whom
I am under obligations for the determination in the
first instance, to be the third state of the Union to be
credited with this mustard, native in the eastern Med-
iterranean region. It was collected near Philadelphia
in 1877 as a ballast weed; again at South Bethlehem,
Pa., in 1892 (?), and at Long Pine, Nebraska, in 1808.
Specimens at Zanesfield were freely collected by the
writer, June 16, 1900.
Lespedeza angustifolia (Pursh) EIl.
Sand soil, Neapolis, Fulton county, 1899. Lewis
Schultz.
Orobanche ramosa L. (7?)
On roots of tobacco, Neville, Clermont county. Some
features of the imperfect specimens collected after frost,
point to O. Ludoviciana Nutt., which, however, so far
as I know, has not been reported on tobacco,
Gerardia Besseyana burgess.
Wooster, O., 1899, J. W. T. Duvel.
Aster roscidus Burgess.
Aster undulatus L.
Both on dry soils.
Wayne county, 1899, Selby and Duvel.
Neapolis, Fulton county, 1900, Selby.
Lactuca Canadensis L.
A striking variety, as it appears to the writer, charac-
terized by the elongated naked stem below the inflo—
rescence. The var. nudata is proposed for it. Williams
county, 1899, Selby.
40)
Lactuca saligna L.
While still unlisted in the most recent state lists of
plants cr supplements is an abandant weed of pes-
tiferous character in the southern portions of Dayton,
Ohio, and along the Cincinnati pike for several miles
from that city. Collected by Selby.
Hieraciuim Green, Porter & Britton.
Specimens of this from Wayne county, 1899. Col-
lected by Selby and Duvel. Habitat, dry soil.
REPORT FOR 1900 ON THE STATE HERBARIUNE
LNGwEDING SAD DIMtONS: TO Hib Sd
led WyAUN Shae BES Ee
W. A. KELLERMAN.
At the previous annual meeting (Dec., 1899), a brief
report was made on the State Herbarium, which was pub-
lished in the Eighth Annual Report of the Academy, p. 43.
This therefore is the Second Annual Report presented and
covers the work mainly of 1899 rather than of 1990. Most
of the material collected during the present season has not
yet been incorporated into the Herbarium, but will in the
main be mounted before another co'lecting season opens.
Nearly all of the additions to the State Plant List, how-
ever, can be presented to date. The following list indi-
cates both the collectors, and the number of specimens
furnished by each that have been incorporated into the
State Herbarium since the previous report was made.
Nien, WiWeiliere lala 5sceecce (Ol lems I Ipc ooep occ © late
IByorsabier 18) Jdez oma emoecoo ee 1 Goodrich, Miss Sara F... 2
Isom, INOS Jn do oeen one fo. (Gorilla, IDE “Wo ocomoo occu. 6
Brockettamaitnielnm rare. le lldickeres @ttomeee mene 3
Isiniaey IEIEWRFIGE oosccnnogu. 1 Harnar, Anna ie ea 1
(Clenaworn WWM, IML oo cao awe s Li) Vilerrtcks sGaonae mee see 3
NE) aryetis ee] VV See chee are le’ SElerzer ieee ee 2
Deis IMG IME IE, 55 hoe0u. I dsl@naioneygl, AN, Spooecoocce 4
Detmers, Miss Freda..... ie Pl aloy oy sbnish MILA Sy kere tec ee 1
Dushele ss. cA ae eee Baw Pelakbinie Ibs Maaceeu datos ct 1
41
Jjamnes5 Os Higcssccasnse: lig) IRIIGKSeCKer IN, IBsoocacu0ne 356
Jawnes, JOS; Weaassdoconse 13. ~—- Riddle, Lumina Cotton... 38
Nalspery lees se wemecrrsiane eras LRG OG ROAR SIN in ocoriwccsstsen 10
Jennings, O. E.. ror oly Santond. Ye Avant ed hn aes 18
Kellerman, W. A. _ lesres Sclnevinnee, Io lalss os ance 0c 4
Kellerman, W. A. & Mrs. 7 Selby, A. D. and Persing,
Kellerman, W. A. & Beat- NSIS Bee naeninastod mi pite inate 2
ihe NWA teen pees Seer 25) Sharps Misys Ke Disaaaen.) 442
Kellerman, W. A. & Ful- ShilleiGeoy Eisen. nic oercor 1
Tileie dbs Le sere cee anced eee AN) = Sanaleim vas aloo omorooce oe 24
Kellerman, W. A. and Spence, Mrs.-E. Jane..... 2
Goatees, IR Mec gawaneae is Swoekoerscie, We Wosscse IS
Kellerman, W. A. & K. F. 86 Tangeman, Clara M...... 50
Kellerman, W. A. & K. F., Targeb, Walter a 1
and Beattie, W. R..... 12. Thomson, Miss Frances E. 4
Kellerman, W. A. & K. F. Mooi eG eA ier rese eerie 1
Saiones)) WictOn-...5 oO) iy MARS eicy cals aeel Pea ioe See 1
Kellerman, W. A. & Tyler, Weanncleanoiris, Io Skocsu0sce 3
pene lie et Rone we arc ies, cc Tal = Vener Ici ee ooroe aie oie 2
Hee tate cea lo am meeret artsy chistes Lee ea Vials O tapped) mane eater ars Perce 2
Kee DSOMNViITl 2 ee eects eeltaste otis ) WWeiisimains HeWE 565 5e550e 1
Laem, Ip Jala cocs coocs fie SWierneiy Wie Cas ashi ccrte 5
TiAkoxyGh 4 Gail Cie otcrean ciate 2 Wetzstein, A... Rin se 190
To atta ee le Wis ee Peco ccton eos 38 Wilcox, E. Mead. get iote nas 1
Mic GalllifwATe Gs ees ueeee: if \WGiIRRMS or, IES ico codon oe 56 2
IM(eCrnnie 184 Ia. $4 p66 nodes iL Wvnilliievangerm, 1B, Ic c6cs 000 25
IMS tan Gen Ate teeters 19 Wrinkle Ble Goo accoocooe. 12
Nettleton, A. W......... §. Naowines We Sees vee soos 3
@ Shticnbeen Cros eres 18
Penney, WWRINESP a5 5ascess 1 ANGI 3 4 geareo oon eo abe OHCMUWD
It will be seen that 3,400 specimens have been added.
The previous list was 9,612; the total is, therefore, 13,012
sheets of specimens. The work of critically examining
material and mounting specimens is now being carried on
rapidly and possibly 15,000 or 16,000 will more nearly rep-
resent the actual number of mounted sheets at the time this
report will have been printed.
The Fourth State Catalogue of Ohio Plants contains
the list of plants of our Flora known in January, 1899.
In April, 1900, the First Annual Supplement to. the above
was published, and enumerated nearly 70 additions to the
previous list. In the Ohio Naturalist, 1:15, Nov., 1900, 22
42
additions were reported. In the same journal (p. 59) ,Feb.,
1901—delay in printing this report enables me to include
these additions—12 more were given. Below are given all
these additions; hence the Fourth State Catalogue with the
list given below represents the full state plant list to date.
It should be remarked that the additions are unusually
large because many of the cultivated plants, known for a
long time to have escaped, were not before listed, though
they really belonged to our flora.
Aesculus hippocastanum L. Horse Chestnut. Rarely es-
caped.
Allionia hirsuta Ph. (Oxybaphus hirsutus Choisy.) Hairy
Umbrella-wort. Ashtabula Co. (E. V. Louth.)
Allium cepa L. Onion. Rarely escaped.
Althaea rosea Cay. Hollyhock. Escaped here and there.
Ampelopsis cordata Michx. Scioto county. W. A. Kel-
lerman.
Antirrhinum majus L. Snapdragon. Sometimes escaped.
Apium petroselinum L. Garden Parsley. Rarely escaped.
Apocynum pubescens R. Br. Velvet Dogbane. Harrison
and Auglaize counties. (W. A. & K. F. Kellerman
and A. Wetzstein. )
Artemisia caudata Mx. Tall Wormwood. Cedar Point.
Erie Co. (San. Fl.—Moseley.)
Artemisia pontica L. Roman Wormwood. Portage Co.
(Wm. Krebs. )
Avena sativa L. Common Oat. Escaped generally.
Barbarea stricta Androy. Erect Winter-cress. Escaped in
Cuvyahova Co. (le... eStair)
Bellis perennis L. English Daisy. Rarely escaped.
Berberis aquilifolium. Pursh. (Mahonia_ aquilifolium
Nutt.) Seeding in Cemetery, Worthington. R. F.
Griggs.
Betula alba pendula Hortorum. Pendulous White Birch.
Escaped; Painesville. (Otto Hacker.)
+5
Borago officinalis L. Borage. Escaped at Cleveland. (L.
DW: Siair.,)
Bouteloua hirsuta Lag. Hairy Mesquite-grass. Ohio State
University Campus, Columbus. F. J. Tyler.
Bouteloua oligostachya (Nutt.) Torr. Mesquite-grass.
Ohio State University Campus, Columbus. Alice
Dufour.
Brassica juncea (L.) Cosson. Indian Mustard. Norwalk.
(ie 1D: Stair)
Brassica napus L. Rape. Rarely escaped.
Bromus asper Murr. Hairy Brome-grass. (London, Mrs.
K. D. Sharp; E. Monroe, Highland Co., W. A. Keller—
man. )
Bromus breviaristatus (Hook). Buckl. Short-awned Chess.
Ashtabula (W. A. Kellerman).
Bromus brizaeformis Fisch & Mey. Cuyahoga Co. (L. D.
Stair.)
Calendula officinalis L. Marigold. Rarely escaped.
Callistephus chinensis (L.) Cass. (C. hortensis. ) China
Aster. Escaped at Sandusky. (W. A. Kellerman. )
Citrullus citrullus (L.) Karst. (C. vulgaris L.) Water-
melon. Here and there escaped.
Cleome spinosa L. Spider-flower. Escaped at Cleveland.
CE. Ds Stair.)
Clinopodium nepeta (L.) Kuntze. (Calamintha nepeta
Link.) Field Balm. Escaped. (A. D. Selby.)
Convolvulus japonicus Thumb. Occasionally escaped.
Crataegus cordata (Mill.) Ait. Washington Thorn. Steu-
benville, Ohio. H. N. Mertz.
Crataegus multipes n. sp. (W. W. Ashe in Bulletin 175 N-
C. Experiment Station, August, 1900.) Ohio, E. E.
Bogue, Coll.
Crataegus polybracteata Mx. “Ohio.” (W. W. Ashe.)
Cucumis melo L. Muskmelon. Rarely escaped.
Cucumis sativus L. Cucumber. Rarely escaped.
44
Cucurbita maxima L. Squash. Rarely escaped.
Cucurbita pepo L. Pumpkin. Rarely escaped.
Cucurbita pepo ovifera L. Gourd. Occasionally escaped.
Cymbalaria cymbalaria (L.) Wett. (Linaria cymbalaria
Mill.) Kenilworth Ivy. Escaped here and there.
Dianthus barbatus L. Sweet William. Escaped at Cleve-
lands (ie. Stair. )
Dianthus deltoides L. Maiden Pink. Escaped; Painesville.
(Otto Hacker. )
Diplotaxus muralis (L.) DC. Diplotaxus. Cleveland, Ohio.
Wm. Krebs.
Doellingeria infirma (Mx.) Greene. (Aster infirmus Mx.)
Cornel-leaf Aster. Portage Co. (Wm. Krebs.)
Dolichos lablab L. Hyacinth Bean. Escaped from cultiva-
tion in several places in Columbus. Found growing
on vacant lots, surrounded by large weeds. John H.
Schaffner.
Duchesnea tndica (Andr.) Focke. Indian Strawberry.
Clevelands, (1. Stair.)
Erysimum repandum L. Logan county. (A. D. Selby in
report before Ohio Academy of Science, December 27,
1900. )
Euphorbia lathyris L. Pomeroy, Meigs County. W. A.
Kellerman.
Gaura parviflora Doug. Small-flowered Gaura. A waif at
Canton. (A. E. Ricksecker.)
Gerardia besseyana Britt. (G. tenuifolia var. macrophylla
Benth.) Bessey’s Gerardia. Wooster. (J. W. T.
Duvel; reported by A. D. Selby at meeting of the Ohio
Academy of Science, December 27, 1900. )
Gerardia paupercula (Gr.) Britt. (G. purpurea var. pau-
percula.) Erie and Ottawa counties. (San. FI.
Moseley. )
Geum macrophyllum Willd. Large-leaf Avens. Tusca-
rawas Co. (W. A. & K. F. Kellerman.)
45
Gilia coronopifolia Pers. Growing in a cemetery near Mad—
ison, Lake County. Spreading slowly. F. J. Tyler.
Gyrostachys romanzofiana (Cham.) MacM. (Spiranthus.
romanzofhana.) Hooded Ladies-Tresses. Ashtabula
Co: (CE: Vi.ouths)
Helianthus petiolaris Nutt. Prairie Sunflower. Cuyahoga.
Co. (Wm. Krebs.)
Helianthus maximiliani Schrad. Sandusky. A single plant
along railroad tracks. R. F. Griggs.
Hieracium greeniu Porter & Britt. Green’s Hawkweed..
Wayne County. (Selby and Duvel; reported by A. D.
Selby before meeting of Academy of Science, Decem-
ber 27, 1900.)
Iberis umbellata L. Candy-tuft. Rarely escaped.
Tris hexagona Walt. Southern Blue-Flag. Auglaize Co..
(A. Wetzstein. )
Juncus dichotama Ell. ° Forked Rush. Cuyahoga County..
(Edo Claasen. )
Lactuca saligna L. European Wild Lettuce. Dayton. (A.
De Selby.)
Lactuca sativa L. Garden Lettuce. Rarely escaped.
Lechea leggettiana Britt & Hol. Erie Co. (San. Fl.—
Moseley. )
Lechea minor L. Steubenville, Ohio. H. N. Mertz.
Leontodon hastilis L. Dandelion. Escaped; Painesville,.
Lake County. (Otto Hacker.)
Lespedeza angustifolia (Ph.) L. (L. capitata var. angus-
tifolia Ph.) Narrow-leaf Bush-clover. Fulton county.
(A. D. Selby in report at meeting of Ohio Academy of
Science, December 27, 1900.)
Lunaria annua L. Honesty. Rarely escaped.
Lycopersicon lycopersicon (L.) Karst. Tomato. Often
escaped.
Matthiola annua Sweet. Tenweek-stock. Rarely escaped:
46
Medicago denticulata L. Occasionally escaped. (A. D.
Selby.)
Nicotiana rustica L. Wild Tobacco. Rarely escaped.
Nocotiana tabacum L. Tobacco. Rarely escaped.
Oenothera rhombipetala Nutt. Erie Co. (San. FlL—
Moseley. )
Philadelphus inodorus L. Mt. Pleasant, Jefferson County.
W. A. Kellerman. Sandusky. (San. F1l—Mose-
ley.)
Physalis hetrophylla ambigua (Gr.) Ryd. Marblehead,
Ottawa Co. (San. Fl—Moseley. )
Physalis heterophylla nyctaginea (Dun.) Ryd. Erie Co.
(San. Fl.—Moseley. )
Polygonum lepathifolium nodosum (Pers.) Small. Au-
glaize Co. (A. Wetzstein.)
Polygonum guccarinti Small. (P. cuspidatum Sub. & Zucc.)
Japanese Knotweed. Portage Co. (Wm. Krebs.)
Polymnia canadensis var. radiata Gray. Cedar Point.
Very abundant. R. F. Griggs.
Potamogeton nuttallii Cham. & Schw., Nuttall’s Pondweed.
Donor’s Lake, Wayne County, Ohio. (Reported by
A. D. Selby before meeting of Ohio Academy of Sci-
ence, December 27, 1900.)
Prunus angustifolia Mx. (P. chicasa Mx. Hog Plum.)
ivoss Co: (a4). Selby.)
Prunus cerasus L. Sour Cherry. Sometimes escaped.
Ouercus texana Buckley. Texas Red Oak. Columbus.
(W. A. Kellerman and R. F. Griggs.)
Ratibida columnaris (Sims.) Don. (Lepachys columnaris
T. & G.) Longhead Cone-flower. A waif at Colum-
Dis) #i@)aetls seliaiiner:)
Rhamnus caroliniana Walt. Carolina Buckthorn. Adams
and Brown counties. (W. A. Kellerman.)
Rhamnus cathartica L. Buckthorn. Greene Co. (L. D.
Hopkins. )
47
Rhus cotinus L. Escaped, Mt. Pleasant, Jefferson Co. W.
A. Kellerman.
Ricinus communis L. Castor-oil plant. Rarely escaped.
Rumex patientia L. Patience Dock. Cedar Point, W. A.
A. Kellerman. )
Salut candida x cordata. Castalia, Erie Co. R. F. Griggs.
Salix interior var. wheeleri Rowlee. Cedar Point, W. A.
Kellerman and R. F. Griggs.
Salix migra x amygdaloides. A. D. Selby, 8th Report
Academy of Science, p. 22, and others.
Salix peliolaris var. graciles. Toledo. (J. A. Sanford, Coll.
te7@:) ix Ff (Guriges.
Salix sericea x cordata. Ashtabula. (W. A. Kellerman
Coll.) R. F. Griggs.
Sida hermaphrodita (L.) Rusby. (S. napaea Cav.) Vir-
ginia Mallow. Fulton Co. (A. D. Selby.)
Sorbus americana Marsh. (Pyrus americana DC.) Amer-
ican Mountain Ash. Erie Co. (San. Fl—Moseley.)
Spinacea oleracea L. Spinach. Rarely escaped.
Spiraea prunifolia Sieb. Bridal-wreath Spiraea. Escaped
at Cleveland. (W. A. Kellerman.)
Syringia vulgaris L. Lilac. Escaped here and there.
Taraxacum erythrospermum Andrez. Red-seeded Dande-
lions tora Co. “(Ay Ee Ricksecker.)
Teucrium scorodonia L. European Germander. Escaped;
Painesville, Lake Co. (Otto Hacker.)
Triticum sativum Lam. Wheat. Now and then escaped.
Vaccaria vaccaria (L.) Britt. (Saponaria vaccaria L.)
Cow-herb. .Lake and Ashtabula counties. (F. J. Tyler
and E. V. Louth.)
W olfia braziliensis Wedd. Brazil Wolffia. Sandusky Bay.
Abundant at times. R. F. Griggs.
Yucca filamentosa L. Adam’s Needle. Escaped in a few
places.
Zea mays L. Maize. Rarely escaped.
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Ohio State Academy of Science
3% 2% MB Special Papers No. 4. 4% B% #
The Fishes
of Ohio &
BY
RAYMOND C. OSBURN, M.Sc.
gv
Bes
NE wor
ra
Published by the Academy of Science
with the Emerson McMillin
Research Fund.
x May, 1901
Ohio State Academy of Science.
SPECIAL PAPERS, No. 4.
The Fishes of Ohio.
BY
RAYMOND C. OSBURN, M. Sc.
PUBLISHED BY THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE
WITH THE EMERSON McMILLIN RESEARCH FUND.
MAY. root.
COLUMBUS :
PRESS OF SPAHR & GLENN,
IgOL.
NOTE.
The investigations upon which this paper is based were
made under two grants of fifty dollars each from the Emerson
McMillin Research Fund, and the results are now published by
the further aid of the same fund.
F. M. WEBSTER,
H.C. BEARDSLER,
WILLIAM R. LAZENBY,
Trustees.
DEDICATION.
To the memory of my dear friend and teacher, the late
Professor David Simons Kellicott.
ia
.
seg
>A ‘hia
‘
a
Aa
Pee we )S Eee S08) OHLO:
An Authenticated List, with Especial Reference to Occurrence
and Distribution.
INTRODUCTION.
HE purpose of this work is to bring together the results of
a the investigations on the fishes of Ohio, which have from
time to time been made in various localities within the
state, and to compile an authenticated list of the fishes of
Ohio, which shall include only such species as have been defin-
itely reported for the state by some collector. An attempt has
also been made to show the distribution in the state, of each
species, by citing all the records of occurrence which could be
obtained. ‘The results show that many species are so widely dis-
tributed and so abundant that they have been taken by every
collector in the state ; some are widely distributed, but nowhere
common ; others have been taken commonly in one or two locali-
ties, but not elsewhere; and still others are so rare that only
single individuals have been recorded.
Before proceeding with the list it may be of interest to glance
' at the work of some of the collectors of Ohio fishes, as shown by
their publications.
The work in the Ohio Valley was begun by C. S. Rafinesque,
in a paper dated at Louisville, Kentucky, July 20, 1818. This
paper was followed by a number of others in rapid succession,
and in December, 1819, to November, 1820, Rafinesque pub-
lished in a series of articles in the ‘‘ Western Review and Miscel-
laneous Magazine,’’ his ‘‘ Ichthyologia Ohiensis,’’ which, as Dr.
Call says, ‘‘ laid the literary foundation of American Ichthyologi-
cal Science.’’ As Rafinesque’s paper covered the Ohio River
System, it is not definitely known how many species he took
within the limits of Ohio, but he mentions about twenty-five
6 THE FISHES OF OHIO.
species as occurring in the streams of the state, Muskingum,
Hocking and Miami Rivers and the Ohio River “‘as far as Pitts-
burgh.’’ Rafinesque makes mention of one hundred and eleven
species as occurring in the Ohio and its tributaries, but of this
number, as Dr. Jordan says, ‘‘ upwards of forty-three are either
spurious or redundant.’’ Of the one hundred and thirty-four
native species now recorded for Ohio, Rafinesque described thirty-
four. Further comment on Rafinesque’s work is unnecessary, as
it has been reviewed by various later writers, especially by Dr.
Jordan. Dr. R. E. Call has recently published an edition of
the Ichthyologia Ohiensis in the original text, accompanied by a
biographical sketch.
The first paper to appear, dealing entmely with the fishes of
the state, was that by Dr. Jared P. Kirtland, published in the
Second Annual Report of the Geological Survey of Ohio, and
bearing date of November 1, 1838, at Cincinnati. In this paper
Dr. Kirtland gave a list of seventy-two species belonging to Ohio.
Of this number, at least twelve are redundant. In the ‘‘ Family
Visitor,’ of 1850, however, Kirtland gave a corrected list, in
which seven doubtful species of his former list were omitted, and
two other species added, thus reducing his list to sixty-seven
species, of which number at least sixty-one are good. Kirtland
published other papers on Ohio fishes, his most important work
being ‘‘ Descriptions of the Fishes of Lake Erie, the Ohio River
and their Tributaries,’’ which appeared in the ‘‘ Boston Journal
of Natural History,’’ asa serial, in 1840-46. Eight species of
our present list were described by Dr. Kirtland, and his careful
work resulted in many valuable contributions to ichthyological
knowledge.
The next work of importance on Ohio fishes was that of Mr.
John H. Klippart, of the State Fish Commission, published in
the first and second annual reports of the commission, The first
report, for the years 1875-76, contains descriptions of twenty-five
species ‘‘ copied and arranged from the manuscript of Prof. D. S.
Jordan, by his assistant, Chas. H. Gilbert,’’ with comments and
notes by Klippart, and with plates of nineteen species drawn by
Miss Josephine Klippart. The same report also contains a list of
one hundred and eighty-five species of fishes ‘‘ supposed to occur
INTRODUCTION. ji
jn Indiana, and therefore in Ohio.’’ In regard to this, Klippart
remarks, ‘‘ Messrs. Jordan and Gilbert’s Catalogue of the Fishes
of Indiana is here given, under the belief that the same species of
fishes found in Indiana south of the watershed may be found in
the waters of Ohio.’’ The list contains many species not recorded
for Ohio after the lapse of a quarter of a century, and some that,
owing to peculiarities of distribution, probably never will be
taken. The second report contains descriptions of twenty-four
species ‘‘ arranged from manuscript of Prof. D. S. Jordan, by his
assistant, Mr. Ernest Copeland,’’ with plates of sixteen species.
As a whole the reports contain much that is good.
By far the most important paper on Ohio fishes is that by
Prof. David Starr Jordan, published in the fourth volume of the
Report on the Geology of Ohio, entitled a ‘‘ Report on the Fishes
of Ohio,’’ and bearing date of December 10, 1878. Dr. Jordan
was at that time connected with Butler University, in Indiana,
and his services in the preparation of the report were engaged by
Prof. J. S. Newberry, the State Geologist of Ohio. This report
contains, besides the synonymy and many valuable notes in regard
to habits, careful descriptions of a hundred and sixty-five species
of fishes supposed to occur in Ohio. Of this number, nine have
since proved to be redundant, while three others have been
reduced to varietal rank. Of the remaining number described,
more than fifty had not at that time been taken within the limits
of the state, but were included because their range was such as
made their occurrence within the state probable. Many of these
have since been noted, but at the time of publication of Jordan’s
Report only about one hundred species had been recorded for the
state.
Following Jordan’s Report, in more recent years have
appeared a number of papers dealing with investigations more
local in their nature, but all contributing materially to our knowl-
edge of the occurrence and distribution of Ohio species. The
first of these of which I have any knowledge, appeared in the
Journal of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History, for July-
October, 1888, under the title, ‘‘ Contributions to the Ichthyology
of Ohio, No. 1,” by Dr. J. A. Henshall, and gave a list, with
occurrence notes, of seventy species noted in Hamilton County.
8 THE FISHES OF OHIO.
This was followed in January, 1889, by a second paper, more
general in its nature, adding forty species noted at various points
in the state, and making a state list of a hundred and ten species
noted by himself. Localities were given for all the species
mentioned.
In 1892 appeared ‘‘ A Descriptive List of the fishes of Lorain
County, Ohio,’’ as ‘‘ Laboratory Bulletin No. 2,’’ of Oberlin
College, by Mr. L. M. McCormick. This list includes eighty-
eight species ‘‘ resting upon specimens preserved in the museum,’’
with brief descriptions, and notes on occurrence and habits, and
with plates of eighteen species.
In 1893, Dr. Philip H. Kirsch, at that time Fish Commis-
sioner of Indiana, investigated the Maumee River and its tribu-
taries, under the direction of the U. S. Commission of Fish and
Fisheries. Kirsch’s paper, ‘‘ Report upon Investigations in the
Maumee River Basin During the Summer of 1893’’ (Bull. U.S.
Fish Com., 1894), includes a list of eighty-seven species of fishes,
with descriptions of the streams and lakes of the system, and
many interesting notes. The report includes the unpublished
notes of a small collection of fishes made in Defiance County by
Prof. S. E. Meek, in 1887. Although the investigations covered
portions of the Maumee Basin in Indiana and Michigan as well as
in Ohio, the occurrences for each locality are definitely noted,
and eighty-two of the eighty-seven species mentioned by Kirsch
are recorded for localities in Ohio.
In the summer of 1897, Mr. E. B. Williamson and the writer
investigated the streams of Franklin County, and published the
results in a paper entitled ‘‘A List of the Fishes of Franklin
County, Ohio, with a description of a new species of Etheostoma,
by R. C. Osburn and E. B. Williamson ’’ (Sixth Annual Proceed-
ings of the Ohio State Academy of Science, 1898). The list
includes sixty-nine species, with occurrence notes, and some color
notes on the rarer species, together with many breeding dates,
and a table showing distribution.
A somewhat similar investigation was carried on in the sum-
mer of 1898, by Messrs. J. B. Parker, E. B. Williamson and the
writer, and the results appeared in the Seventh Annual Proceed-
ings of the Ohio State Academy of Science, 1899, under the title,
INTRODUCTION. 9
““A Descriptive List of the Fishes of Big Jelloway Creek, Knox
County, Ohio.’’ Many color: descriptions of species in high
breeding coloration are given, and some interesting breeding and
occurrence notes.
Prof. EK. B. Williamson has kindly furnished the author with
an unpublished list of twenty-six species taken by him in the
vicinity of Salem, Columbiana County.
During the summers of 1899 and 1goo, aided by a portion of
the Emerson McMillin fund of the Ohio Academy of Science, the
writer was enabled to investigate some parts of the state not
before studied, and, as the general distribution of the food fishes
was already quite well known, attention was turned more directly
to the smaller and less conspicuous species. As a result of the
investigation, several species not previously noted have been
added to the list for the state, and a number of rare species
recorded for new localities and their range extended, while the
knowledge of the distribution of many of the more common
species in the state has been considerably furthered. Ten days
spent in the vicinity of Ironton, seining in the Ohio River and
Ice Creek, a small tributary of the Ohio, and in Johns Creek, a
tributary of Symmes Creek, gave some interesting results. The
Ohio River, with its tributaries, Wheeling Creek and McMahon
Creek, was also seined in the vicinity of Bellaire. The shallow
waters of Sandusky Bay were hauled in many places and /Votropzs
heterodon was added to the state list. The Huron River, with
one of its small tributaries, was seined in the vicinity of Milan,
and fifty species, nearly all common, were taken. Ashtabula
Creek, in Ashtabula County, was seined, but yielded only a
meager list, due to the fact that the stream flows for nearly its
whole course over a solid shale bottom. The small streams form-
ing the headwaters of the Wabash River, in Mercer County,
yielded a good representative list, forty-nine species being taken.
Stillwater and Wolf Creeks, tributaries of the Miami, near Day-
ton, were hauled, and Axoglossum maxillingua taken—a most
unexpected find. The Cuyahoga River and its tributary, Break-
neck Creek, were seined near Kent, and the Cuyahoga again at
Hawkins; Grand River, with its small tributaries, was hauled
for some distance above Painesville, and the Chagrin River was
-10 THE FISHES OF OHIO.
touched at Willoughby ; Chippewa Lake, near Medina ; Summit
Lake, at, Akron, and Pippin Lake, near Kent, were investigated,
aud some time was also spent at Buckeye Lake, better known as
the Licking Reservoir; and the North Fork of Licking River,
with some of its small tributary streams, was seined near Newark.
The results of these investigations will be found embodied in the
“occurrence notes of the following list.
No attempt was made to collect the parasites of fishes, but in
a few cases these were common enough to attract the attention of
even the casual observer. In Ashtabula Creek a species of leech
was found attacking the catfish. The largest of the leeches were
about one and one-half inches in length. They were found
usually attached to the lower jaw among the barbels, which in
color they closely resembled. Not a catfish was taken in this
stream but what bore the evidence of the work of this parasite,
and frequently a half dozen leeches would be found on a single
small catfish. In the headwaters of the Wabash River, in Mer-
cer County, a species of crustaceous parasite was found in great
numbers attacking especially the suckers and minnows. So
numerous were they that it was difficult to find individuals of
Catostomus commersonii and Campostoma anomalum, the species
most affected, without at least one of these parasites. The points
-of attack were chiefly the regions immediately behind the pectoral
and ventral fins, probably because they were most protected in
such position. A Myxosporid parasite attacking JVotropis cornutus
was noted for a number of localities in central and northern Ohio.
This species has been partially described by Linton (Psorosperm
of Notropis megalops | cornutus|, Linton, Bull. U. S. Fish Com.
for 1889 (1891), IX, pp. 459-61, pl. 120, figs. 1-3), from speci-
mens taken by Mr. L. M. McCormick, in Black River, Lorain
County, September 1, 1890, and again on October 5, 1891; and
Gurley mentions it with additional notes (‘‘ The Myxosporidia
or Psorosperms of Fishes,’’ by R. R. Gurley, Report of the
Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries for 1892 (1894), 12. Genus
et sp. incert., pp. 182-3, pl. 7, figs. 1-3). This Psorosperm has
been noted by the writer on JV. cornutus from Franklin County,
-and from Licking Reservoir in the Ohio River drainage, and from
Huron River, Cuyahoga River, Grand River, and Chagrin River,
INTRODUCTION. IE
tributary to Lake Erie. The species is evidently not, as believed
by McCormick, ‘‘ restricted to a very narrow geographical range.’’
The cysts formed by this parasite reproducing in the subcutan-
eous tissue may reach a diameter of one-third inch, and as many
as eleven cysts have been noted on a single fish. It would seem
that in some cases they must inevitably cause the death of the
host.
Specimens of all the species of fishes recorded by Kellicott,
Williamson, Parker and the writer are deposited in the museum
of the Ohio State University.
In the preparation of this paper free use has been made of
the works of the various writers on Ohio fishes, of ‘‘ The Fishes
of North and Middle America’’ (Bulletin 47, U. S. National
Museum), by Drs. David Starr Jordan and Barton W. Evermann ;
of Dr. O. P. Hay’'s ‘‘ Lampreys and Fishes of Indiana’’ (19th
Annual Geol. Rept. of Ind.), and of the reports and bulletins of
the U. S. Commission of Fish and Fisheries. The classification
is that adopted by Jordan and Evermann in Bulletin 47, U. S.
Natl. Mus. The keys for the separation of families, genera and
species have, for the most part, been taken from the same work,
but modified and abridged to meet-the requirements of the more
limited scope of this paper. The descriptions have been drawn
largely from the same source, but as far as possible these have
been verified for Ohio specimens, and modified as occasion
demanded to make them apply more closely to the species as
found in Ohio.
While it is not the purpose to discuss in this paper the gen-
eral anatomy of the fish, such as may be found in any good
laboratory guide on zoology, a few hints to the beginner in
regard to methods of procedure and to some particular points of
structure may here finda place. The teeth in some species are
borne on nearly all parts of the mouth and pharynx—premaxil-
laries, maxillaries, mandibles, vomer, palatines, tongue, hyoid
apparatus, pterygoids and pharyngeals, but may be wanting from
any or allof them. The examination of all but the last men-
tioned can usually be satisfactorily made through the open mouth
by using a blunt dissecting needle or the head of a pin as a
“‘feeler.’’ It is the determination of the number and arrange-
EZ THE’ FISHES OF OHIO.
ment of the lower pharyngeal teeth that constitutes the particular
‘‘béte noire’’ of the uninitiated, but this must be mastered or
many identifications will be impossible. The lower pharyngeal
bones form the fifth pair of gill arches and usually bear teeth on
their inner surfaces, and to examine these it is necessary to
remove the bones. ‘This is most easily done in the case of the
minnows and other small species by lifting the opercle and insert-
ing a small hook behind the gills. In the sunfish and suckers
and other larger forms it is best to run a scalpel around them
before attempting to remove them. The teeth when removed are
usually covered, more or less, with broken tissues, which can be
removed by cleaning carefully witha fine-pointed needle, or with
a soft brush under water. Incase the teeth have been broken
off, as frequently happens, the bases can be distinguished. A
good hand lens is essential. In native minnows the pharyngeal
teeth are in one or two rows, and their number and arrangement
is expressed by a formula—thus 1,4-4, 2, meaning that on one
side the small, inner row consists of one tooth, and on the oppo-
site of two, while the teeth of the outer row are the same on both
sides. ‘The fins are composed of stout spines, or soft rays or sf
both. In the fin formula the number of spines is expressed by
Roman characters, and the rays by the Arabic figures. Thus the
formula, ‘‘D. X, 14,’’ indicates that the dorsal fin is composed of
ten spines and fourteen rays. If the dorsal fin were in two parts
the formula would read ‘‘D. X-rq4.’’ In counting the number
of rays the undeveloped rudimentary ones are not usually consid-
ered except in the case of the catfish. A little allowance may be
made for variation in number of rays. In small specimens where
the rays are not always easy to count, a good way to determine
the number is to draw the point of a pin forward over the fin
near the base of the rays. A good lens is also useful. The
dorsal fin is usually referred to in descriptions as simply the
dorsal, and other fins in like manner. They are further abbrevi-
ated by using D., A.,C., V. and P. to stand for dorsal, anal, caudal,
ventral and pectoral fins respectively. The scalcs are counted
along the lateral line (a longitudinal row of scales each with a
small pore in most fishes) from behind the opercle to the base of
the caudal fin, and the transverse rows are counted from the front.
INTRODUCTION. "3
of the dorsal fin to the lateral line and from the lateral line to the
middle of the belly. Thus the formula, ‘‘ 6—45-4,’’ means that
there are forty-five scales in a longitudinal row, and that there are
six rows above the lateral line and four below it. If the lateral
line were absent the formula would read, ‘‘45-10.’’ Variations,
sometimes considerable, may be looked for in the scale formula.
The gill membranes (free folds of skin below the opercles, sup-
ported by one or more branchiostegal rays) may be “‘ connected,’’
that is, united together in a fold below the ‘‘isthmus’’ or space
between the throat and breast, they may be “‘joined to the
isthmus’’ along their lower edges, or they may be “‘free’’ from
the isthmus and from each other. The pre-maxillaries are ‘‘ pro-
tractile’’ when they are separated in front from the skin of the
forehead by a transverse groove, and ‘‘not protractile’’ when
such transverse groove is incomplete or wanting. In some fishes,
as in the bass and many sunfishes there is a ‘‘ supplemental max-
illary’’ bone lying along the upper side of the maxillary. In
taking body measurements the depth is taken at the deepest
place, and the head is measured from point of snout to the end of
the opercle, except that in sunfishes the soft flap is not measured.
Depth and length of head are compared with the length of the
whole body exclusive of the caudal fin. Thus, ‘‘ head 4’’ means
that the length of the head is contained four timesin the length of
the body. ‘The eye is measured to the full width of the orbit.
“The writer desires. to express his gratitude to the Depart-
ment of Zoology of the Ohio State University for the use of a seine
and other collecting apparatus, to Prof. Herbert Osborn for
kindly advice and assistance in many ways, and to the Trustees
of the Ohio State Academy of Science for pecuniary aid, through
the Emerson McMillin fund, in carrying on the work of seining.
Special acknowledgment is also due to Messrs. J. S. Hine, W. R.
Rhoades, Chas. Carter, F. L. Landacre, J. H. Pumphrey, S. E.
Rasor, Chas. Osburn, and others, who by kindly assistance in
various ways have so materially aided in the pursuit of the work.
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A. Body long and slender, eel-like ; skin smooth and slippery, wholly devoid of scales ;
no paired fins; no lower jaw; the mouth placed in or near the center of a large,
circular and sucker-like disc ; a single median nostril; skeleton Cartilaginous.—
Class: MARSIPOBRANCHII (Cyclostomes).
AA. Body variously developed, scales usually but not always present; paired fins pres--
ent ; lower jaw always present; nostrils never median.—
Class: Pisces (True Fishes).
Class: MARSIPOBRANCHII.
Order: FHYPEROARTII.
Family : PETROMYZONIDAE (Lampreys).
Key to Genera.
A. Sucker large, and furnished with numerous teeth which are in rows radiating from.
the mouth; horny plate above the mouth short and provided with 2 or 3 teeth,
which are placed close together.— ICHTHYOMYZON.
AA. Sucker relatively small, and with few teeth; mouth overhung with a crescent-
shaped, horny plate, which terminates at each end ina distinct tooth; tongue
armed in front with a crescentic, serrated, horny plate.— LAMPETRA.
Genus: ICHTHYOMYZON.
Ichthyomyzon concolor (Kirtland). SILnvER LAMPREY.
Sucking disk large, moderately fringed ; teeth strong and nearly uni-
form; two teeth on supraoral plate; seven in the transverse row below
mouth, the remaining teeth arranged in about four concentric circles. Dorsal
fin arising midway from snout to end of tail, broadly notched, continuous
with caudal; anal fin also continuous with caudal. About fifty-two muscu-
lar grooves between gills and vent. General color bluish, sometimes
blotched with black ; a dark blue spot’ above each gill opening. Length
about 12 inches.
This species appears to be distributed throughout the state,
though nowhere very common. It ascends small brooks in spring
to breed. McCormick mentions finding females with ripe eggs
on May 22, in Vermillion river. The breeding date must be
considerably earlier in central Ohio, as Messrs. Parker, William-
son and the writer took young larve a couple of inches long in
Big Jelloway creek, Knox County, during the latter part of May,
1898. On the same date a large larva seven inches long was.
taken, so the species must continue in the larval stage something
*It has been thought best to include here also the Lampreys (Marstpobranchit) of
Ohio, for the reason that, in the popular idea, a lamprey isa ‘‘fish.”
16 THE FISHES OF OHIO.
‘more than a year. One large larva, seven inches in length,
-showed the following colors: dull yellow, pigmented above with
fine, brown specks, giving to the back a brownish cast; this is
interrupted in the mid-dorsal line, leaving a yellow, vertebral
line; fins yellowish, brightest at’ base. Young larvae, two and
one-half inches long, were light olive brown, with fine brown
specks above ; dark around base of anal fin. Eyes very slightly
developed. The young larve were taken froma mass of sand
-and mud seined from the bottom of Sawmill Run.
The species was first taken by Dr. Kirtland in Big Miami
river, and described by him. He afterward recorded it from the
Mahoning and Scioto rivers. Vermillion river, McCormick, 1892 ;
Big Jelloway creek, Parker, Williamson and Osburn, 1898 ; Hen-
shall mentions one which passed through a hydrant in Cincinnati ;
‘and Dr. Jordan says, ‘‘I have obtained several specimens with
Perch from Lake Erie, both external, feeding on the Perch, and
‘internal, having been devoured by the fish.”
Genus: LAMPETRA..
Lampetra wilderi (Gage). SMALL BLACK LAMPREY ;
BROOK LAMPREY.
Sucking disk smaller than in the preceding, the fringes longer. Dorsal
fin arising midway from snout to end of tail, not continuous with caudal
except during breeding season, when it is deeply notched. Below the mouth
is a transverse row of blunt, horny teeth, 5 to gin number. On each side
of the disk is a plate with three bicuspid teeth; supraoral plate with a
tooth at either end; remaining teeth few and weak. About 65 muscular
grooves between gills and vent. olor bluish black, lighter on disk and
‘belly. Length 6 to 9 inches.
Although from its range we might expect this species to occur
throughout the state, it has, I believe, been recorded for but one
locality. Mr. J. B. Parker has observed it to be common on the
ripples of small tributaries of Big Jelloway creek, in Knox
‘County, about the middle of April. Four specimens were cap-
tured at one dip of an insect net, and specimens taken by him are
in the State University collection. The Ammocetes bicolor, or
Blind Lamprey, which Kirtland records from the Mahoning river
may have been the larva of either this or the preceding species,
as the immature forms are so similar as to be almost indistin-
guishable.
AA.
KEY TO FAMILIES. 17
Class: PISCES.
Sub-Class: 'TELEOSTOMI (True Fishes).
Artificial Key to the Families of Fishes.
I. VENTRAL FINS PRESENT—ABDOMINAL.
Back with an adipose fin behind the single, rayed dorsal fin.
B. Head with barbels about mouth and nostrils, body scaleless; a single spine in
each pectoral and in dorsal fin.— SILURID2.
BB. Head without barbels ; body scaled.
C. Dorsal, anal and ventral fins each with a small but distinct spine; scales
ctenoid.— PERCOPSID &,
CC. Dorsal, anal, and ventrals without distinct spine; scales not ctenoid.—
SALMONID 2.
Back without adipose fin.
D. Dorsal fin single, composed of rays, and not preceded by a series of free spines.
E. Tail evidently strongly heterocercal.
F. Body naked; snout with a spatulate blade; mouth wide, without
barbels.— POLYODONTID.®.
FF. Body with scales or bony plates or shields.
G. Body with 5 series of bony shields; mouth inferior, tooth-
less, preceded by four barbels.— ACIPENSERID2.
GG. Body scaly.
H. Scales cycloid; a broad, bony, gular plate; dorsal fin
many rayed.— AMIID.
HH. Scales ganoid ; no gular plate ; dorsal fin short.—
LEPISOSTEID®.
EE. Tail not evidently heterocercal.
- Gill membranes broadly joined to the isthmus; head naked; no
teeth in jaws.
A Lower pharyngeal teeth very numerous, in one row like the
teeth of a comb.— CATOSTOMID.
JJ. Lower pharyngeal teeth few, fewer than 8, in 1 to3 rows.—
CYPRINID2.
II. Gill membranes free, not attached to the isthmus.
K. Head scaly, more or less.
1 Upper jaw not protractile, its lateral margins formed by
the maxillaries.
M. Jaws depressed, prolonged ; lateral line present.—
LuciDz.
MM. Jaws short ; no lateral line.— UMBERID 2.
LL. Upper jaw protractile, its margin formed by premaxil-
laries alone; no lateral line.— POECILIID.
KK. Head naked.
N. Lateral line well developed; mouth large, teeth all
pointed, some of them canine.— HIODONTID®.
NN. Lateral line wanting.
oO. Mouth small, inferior, toothless ; stomach gizzard-
like.— DOROSOMATID®.
OO. Mouth moderate, terminal; stomach not gizzard-
like.— CLUPEID®.
18 THE FISHES OF OHIO.
DD. Dorsal fin not asin D.
P. Dorsal‘fin single, preceded by free spines ; body scaleless.—
GASTEROSTEID2.,
PP. Dorsal fins, two; the first small, composed entirely of spines; body very
slender, covered with scales.— ATHERINID&.
II. VENTRAL FINS PRESENT—THORACIC OR SUB-JUGULAR.
A. Body covered with scales.
B. Rays of the ventral fins, I, 5.
Cy Lateral line extending on caudal fin to tip of middle rays.—SCIAENID&.
CC. Lateral line not extending beyond base of caudal fin.
D. Pseudobranchie or false gills on under side of opercles well devel-
oped ; head scaled forward to between nostrils.—SERRANID&.
DD. Pseudobranchiz wanting or covered by skin.
E. Anal spines, 3 to 10; body more or less deep and compressed.—
CENTRARCHID2.
EE. Anal spines, 1 or 2; body usually elongate.— PERCID 2.
BB. Rays of the ventral fins not I, 5.
EY Dorsal fin single, with 3 or 4 spines.— APHREDODERID.
FF. Dorsal fin divided into 2 distinct parts, spines wanting.— GADID.
AA. Body naked ; dorsal fin with 6 or 7 spines.— CoTTID#.
III. VENTRAL FINS ENTIRELY WANTING.
A. Body long and snake-like ; skin cov red with lonz imbedded scales at right angles
to each other ; lower jaw projecting. — ANGUILLID.
Series: GANOIDEI.
CHONDROGANOIDEA (THE CARTILAGINOUS GANOIDS).
Order: SELACHOSTOMI.
family: POLYODONTID Al.
Genus: POLYODON.
Polyodon spathula (Walbaum). PADDLLE-FISH ; SPOON-BILL, Ca’.
A very peculiar looking fish, recognizable at once by its long, paddle-
shaped snout, which is about 4% the length of the body and is thin and flexi-
ble. The eyes are small and placed near the base of the snout ; opercular
flap long, reaching back as far as to the ventral fins. Caudal fin large,
forked, the lobes about equal. Color olivaceous, paler below. This singular
fish attains a length of 5 or 6 feet, but is of little or no economic importance.
Taken in the Ohio and Muskingum rivers, Kirtland; ‘‘ one
was taken in a pound net (in Lake Erie) near Vermillion in
1874,’’ McCormick; ‘‘common in the Ohio river,’’ Henshall,
1888.
ACIPENSERIDAS, 19
Order: CHONDROSTEI.
Family: ACIPENSERIDA.
Key to Genera.
A. Spiracles present ; snout subconic; rows of bony shields distinct throughout ; the
tail not depressed nor mailed.— ACIPENSER.
AA. Spiracles obsolete ; snout subspatulate ; rows of bony shields confluent behind dor-
sal so that the depressed tail is completely mailed.— SCAPHIRHYNCHUS.
Genus: MACIPENSER.
Acipenser rubicundus Le Sueur. LAKE STURGEON ;
OHIO STURGEON ; ROCK STURGEON.
Body elongate, terete, tapering towards snout and tail. Snout long and
slender in young, becoming more blunt with age. Body covered with large,
rough, strongly hooked shields, which become smoother with age. Color
dark olive above, sides paler or reddish, with sometimes irregular dark spots.
Length 6 feet.
This species occurs both in Lake Erie and the Ohio river.
Those from the Ohio, formerly considered as belonging to a
separate species, 4. maculosus, are now regarded as the young of
A, rubicundus. ‘‘’The Ohio river as far as Pittsburg,’’ Rafin-
esque (Rafinesque made six species out of this and Scaphirhyn-
chus platorynchus, which he included in the same genus); Lake
Erie and Ohio river, Kirtland ; Lorain County, very common,
McCormick, 1892; abundant in the Ohio river, Henshall, 1888 ;
Lake Erie (west end), Kirsch, 1893.
Genus: SCAPHIRHYNCHUS.
Scaphirhynchus platorynchus (Rafinesque).
SHOVELNOSE STURGEON.
Body slender, head broad, becoming suddenly broader just behind the
eyes. Snout flat and pointed. The body tapers gradually backward from
the head to the tail, the upper lobe of which ends ina long, slender filament.
Body protected by five rows of bony shields, which are keeled and hooked.
Color olive, paler below. Length 5 feet.
‘“Very common in the Ohio, but seldom reaching as high as
Pittsburg,’’ Rafinesque ; ‘‘common in the waters of the Ohio,’’
Kirtland ; ‘‘common in the Ohio,’’ Henshall, 1888.
20 THE, FISHES OF OHIO.
HOLOSTEI (THE Bony GANoIDs).
Order: RHOMBOGANOIDEA.
family - VEPISOSTEIDA:.
Genus: ,PISOSTEUS.
Key to Species.
A. Large teeth of upper jaw in 1 row on each side.
B. Beak long and slender, snout more than twice the length of head.— _—_ osseus.
BB. Beak shorter and broader, little longer than the rest of the head.—f/atosiomus.
AA. Large teeth of upper jaw in 2 rows on each side; beak short and broad, not longer
than rest of head.— tristachus.
Lepisosteus osseus (Linnaeus). COMMON GAR PIKE;
BILLFISH ; GAR.
Snout at least twice as long as the rest of the head, and quite slender,
its least width being contained 15 or 20 times inits length. Color olivaceous
above, paler below. Young with round, black spots on vertical fins and
posterior part of body, these becoming less distinct with age. Very young
with black, lateral band. Length 5 feet.
A voracious, good-for-nothing fish, but interesting to the
naturalist on account of its structure and habits. A common
and widely distributed species, being found in Lake Erie and
Ohio river, and in all the larger streams of the state. They are
very common in the Scioto river below Columbus, where the river
in summer is rotten with filth from the sewers of the city. They
have a peculiar habit of lying motionless in schools at the top of
the water. Dr. Kirtland records the species for the state as
“<found in most of the larger tributaries of the Ohio ;’’ Lorain
County, Lak: and lower part of larger streams,’’ McCormick,
1892 ; Ohio river and Lake Erie, Henshall, 1889 ; Maumee river,
Blanchard river, Auglaize river, Hoaglin creek and Beaver creek,
Kirsch, 1893; Scioto river at Columbus, Williamson and Osburn,
1897; Ohio river at Ironton, John’s Creek at Waterloo, Huron
‘river at Milan, and Sandusky Bay, R. C. Osburn, 1899; Ohio
River at Bellaire, R. C. Osburn, 1900.
Lepisosteus platostomus Rafinesque. SHORT-NOSED GAR.
Distinguished from ZL. osseus chiefly by the snout, which is only a little
longer than the rest of the head—never more than 13/ times the length of
¢ .
LEPISOSTEIDA‘—AMIIDAS. 25
the head. The snout is also comparatively broader than in Z. osseus, its
least width being contained only 5 or 6 times in its length. Coloration much
as in LZ. osseus.
Rare in Lake Erie and its tributaries, more common in the
Ohio and its tributary rivers. Ohio, Miami and Scioto rivers,
Rafinesque; Maumee river at Toledo, ‘‘a single specimen,’’
Kirsch, 1893 ; Lorain county, ‘‘very rare,’’ McCormick, 1892 ;
Sandusky Bay, one specimen, and Ohio river at Ironton, R. C.
Osburn, 1899.
Lepisosteus tristoechus (Bloch and Schneider). ALLIGATOR GAR.
Snout shorter than in either of the preceding members of this genus,
being usually shorter than the head. It is also comparatively much broader,
its least width being contained in its length 3% times. Length 8 or to feet.
‘‘ A huge, muscular, voracious fish, useless as food, remarkable for its arma-
ture of enameled scales.”’
This species is included on the authority of Dr. Kirtland,
who says (Rept. on the Zool. of Ohio, 1838):. ‘‘A specimen is
to be seen in the Cincinnati Museum, said to have been taken
within the bounds of our state.’’ Jordan and Evermann (Bull.
47, U. S. Natl. Mus.) give its range as far as Cincinnati, whether
on added evidence I do not know.
Order: CYCLOGANOIDEA.
Family: AMIIDAS.
Genus: AMTA.
Amia calva Linnaeus. DOGFISH; BOWFIN ; GRINDLE.
Head 334 in length ; depth 4 to 4%; D. 48; A. 1oto 12; V. 7; scalesin
lateral line 67 ; lateral line nearly median, directed slightly upward at either
end. Color dark olive or blackish, paler below; lower jaw usually with
round, dark spots; fins somewhat mottled. Male with a round, black spot
at base of caudal above, surrounded by a yellowish or orange shade. Length,
male 18 inches ; female 2 feet.
Lake Erie, Kirtland; Lake Erie and Ohio river, Jordan ;
Lorain County, ‘‘ Rare, once in a great while one is brought in
from the pounds, and I have taken one in Black river,’’ McCor-
mick, 1892; Lake Erie, Henshall; one specimen from the
Maumee river at Toledo, Kirsch, 1893; Huron river and San-
dusky Bay, R. C. Osburn, 1899.
22 THE FISHES OF OHIO.
Series: 'TELEOSTEI.
Order: NEMATOGNATHI.
Family: S1iurRipa (The Catfishes).
Key to Genera.
A. Adipose fin, with its posterior margin free.
B. Premaxillary band of teeth truncate behind; not produced backward at the
outer angles.
C. Supraoccipital bone continued backward from the nape, its notched tip
receiving the bone at base of dorsal spine, so that a continuous bony
bridge is formed under the skin ; caudal fin forked.- IcTaLuURUS.
CC. Supraoccipital not reaching as far as dorsal fin, the bony bridge more or
less incom plete.— AMEIURUS.
BB. Premaxillary band of teeth with a lateral backward extension on each side ;
lower jaw projecting.— LEPTOPS.
AA. Adipose fin keel-like, adnate to the back.
B. Band of teeth in upper jaw, with a backward extension at its outer posterior
angle as in Lep/ops.— NOTURUS.
BB. Band of teeth in upper jaw without backward extension, as in Amefurus.—
SCHILBEODES.
Genus: ICTALURUS.
Key to Species.
A. Anal fin very long, its rays 32 to 35.— Jurcatus.
AA. Anal fin shorter, its rays about 26.— punctatus.
Ictalurus furcatus (Le Sueur). CHUCKLE-HEADED CAT.
Head 4% ; depth 4 in adults to 5% in young. Anal fin long, of 32 to 35
rays. Eye small, wholly anterior, the middle of the head being behind its
posterior margin. Humeral spine not reaching middle of pectoral spine.
Color silvery, sometimes spotted with darker. Sometimes reaching a weight
of over 40 pounds.
‘“‘T have seen one or two specimens taken at Cincinnati,’’
Jordan; ‘‘common in the Ohio river,’’ Henshall, 1888. Not
recorded elsewhere in the State.
Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque), CHANNEL CAT; BLUE CAT;
WHITE CaT; LADY Cat.
Head 4; depth 5; anal fin of 25 to 30 rays, usually 27 in Ohio speci-
mens. Eye large, the middle point of the length of the head being near its
posterior margin. Barbels long, those of the maxillary reaching beyond
gill opening. Humeral process long, more than '% the length of pectoral
spine. Color light olivaceous, becoming silvery or pale on sides and belly ;
the sides usually with distinct round, dark spots, these becoming less dis-
tinct with age. Young specimens usually have a gaunt, faded-out, ‘‘con-
sumptive’’ look. It reaches a weight of about 25 pounds.
SILURID&. ag
Distributed throughout the state, but more abundant in the
Ohio and tributaries. Rafinesque records it under the name
Pimelodus (Silurus) maculatus, ‘‘ as far as Pittsburg.’’ Kirtland
mentions it under the name Pzmelobus coerulescens, as ‘‘ common
to the Ohio and lake waters,’’ and as P. pallidus, ‘‘common in
the Ohio at Cincinnati.’’ The latter is identical with the former.
Abundant in Ohio and Little Miami rivers, Henshall, 1888 ;
Lorain County, common, McCormick, 1892; Maumee river at
Toledo and Grand Rapids, Kirsch, 1893; Muskingum river at
McConnellsville, Prof. D. S. Kellicott, 1895 ; Franklin County,
‘“common in all larger streams, especially in Big Walnut creek,’’
Williamson and Osburn, 1897; Ohio river and Ice creek at
Ironton, Wabash river at Celina, R. C. Osburn, 1899 ; Chippewa
lake, Ohio river at Bellaire, R. C. Osburn, 1900.
Genus: AMEIURUS.
Key to Species.
A. Caudal fin forked.— lacustris
AA. Caudal fin not forked.
B. Anal fin long, of 24 to 27 rays (counting rudiments).— natalts.
BB. Anal fin shorter, of 17 to 22 rays.
(S Lower jaw projecting. Anal rays 20.— vulgaris.
CC. Lower jaw not projecting.
D. Pectoral spines long, 2 to 2% in head ; anal rays 20 to 23.—nebulosus.
DD. Pectoral spines shorter, 244 to 3 in head; anal rays 17 to 19.—melas.
Ameiurus lacustris (Walbaum). Mussisstppr Cart; GREAT
FORK-TAILED CAT.
Head 4, low, broad and depressed, its upper surface quite flat, its width
2 its length. Depth 5; D. I-5; A. 25 to 32, base of the fin as long as head.
Humeral process short, only a little over 4% the length of pectoral spine.
Body stouter than in the preceding genus. Caudal fin deeply forked. Color
dark olivaceous or slate, growing darker with age ; belly pale, no dark spots
on sides. Our largest catfish, said to reach a weight of 150 pounds or more.
In Ohio this species is well distributed, being found in the lake,
Ohio river and larger streams. Kirtland does not record this
species, probably confusing it with his P7melobus coerulescens
(Letalurus punctatus). Common in the Ohio river, Henshall,
1888 ; Lorain County, common in the lake and lower parts of
the rivers, McCormick, 1892; Franklin County, two specimens
taken in Big Darby creek; one of these, a female weighing 4%
pounds, contained eggs, June 21, 1897, Williamson and Osburn.
aah THE FISHES OF OHIO.
Ameiurus natalis (Le Sueur), YELLOw Cat.
Head broad and short; upper jaw slightly projecting. Body stoutish ;
the back low, not arched. Anal fin long, its base contained in length of
body 3% to 3% times; its rays 24 to 27. Color usually brownish or yellow-
ish, sometimes black ; belly pale or'yellowish. Length about afoot. Ohio
specimens seem to fall into the nominal variety cupreus, as indicated by the
longer upper jaw.
This is a common species in most parts of Ohio, occurring in
nearly all streams and lakes. ‘‘’The yellow catfish I have only
seen in the Cincinnati markets, where it is comparatively rare,’’
Kirtland ; Lake Erie, Henshall, 1889 ; Lorain County, ‘‘ common
in the ponds, streams and lake,’’ McCormick, 1892; Maumee
river at Antwerp, Defiance, Grand Rapids and Waterville, Tiffin
river at Brunersburg, Sugar creek at Lima, Lost creek at Lima,
Blanchard river at Findlay and Ottawa, Beaver creek at Grand
Rapids, ‘‘ seemingly scarce at all of these points,’’ Kirsch, 1893 ;
Franklin County, Scioto river, Olentangy river, Big Walnut,
Little Walnut and Darby creeks, and Hell Branch, Williamson
and Osburn, 1897; Ohio river at Ironton, John’s creek at Water-
loo, Huron river at Milan, Ashtabula creek at Ashtabula, Wabash
river at Celina, Stillwater and Wolf creeks at Dayton, North Fork
of Licking river at Newark, R. C. Osburn, 1899 ; Chippewa lake,
Summit lake,. Licking reservoir, R. C. Osburn, 1goo.
Ameiurus vulgaris (Thompson). LONG-JAWED CATFISH.
Head 3% to 4, a little longer than broad, considerably narrowed forward
when viewed from above, lower jaw distinctly projecting. Body somewhat
elongate and compressed, the back somewhat elevated. Anal rays 20. Color
dark brownish or black, becoming white rather abruptly on the belly.
Length 18 inches.
The Long Jawed Catfish is not common in Ohio, but seems to.
be widely distributed. Jordan mentions it as ‘‘ taken in Lake
Erie and occasionally in the Ohio’’ ; Henshall in 1889 records it
for Lake Erie; Lorain County, ‘‘ Martin’s run, only one
recorded,’’ McCormick, 1892; two specimens from the Ohio
canal at Columbus, Williamson and Osburn, 1897 ; Pippin lake,
R. C. Osburn, 1g00.
SILURID#. 25
Ameiurus nebulosus (Le Sueur). COMMON BULL-HEAD ;
HORNED POUT.
Head broad and flattened, upper jaw noticeably the longer. Body rather
elongate, depth 4 to 4%. Anal fin with 20 to 22 rays, its base contained 4
times in length of body. Humeral process more than % the length of the
rather long pectoral spine. Color dark brown or brownish yellow, usually
somewhat clouded, sometimes nearly black. Length 18 inches.
A very common species in the lake and its tributaries, less
common in the Ohio river drainage, but found in all larger
streams. ‘‘ Occasionally seen in the Cincinnati markets,’’ Kirt-
land; Lake Erie, Henshall, 1889 ; Lorain County, ‘‘common in
all streams,’’ McCormick, 1892; Maumee river at Cecil and
Waterville, Fish creek at Edgerton, St. Mary’s river at St.
Mary’s, Gordon and Lost creeks near Cecil, Tiffin river at West
Unity and Brunersburg, Auglaize river at Wapakoneta, Clover-
dale, Oakwood and Defiance, Sugar creek at Cloverdale and Lima,
Lost creek at Lima, Blanchard river at Findlay and Cloverdale,
Hoaglin creek at Oakland, Kirsch, 1893; Franklin County,
Scioto river, Olentangy river, Mason’s run, Big Walnut, Little
Walnut, Big Darby and Alum creeks, Williamson & Osburn,
1897; Huron river at Milan, Sandusky Bay, Ashtabula creek at
Ashtabula, R. C. Osburn, 1899; Pippin lake, Summit lake, R. C.
Osburn, 1900. ,
Ameiurus melas (Rafinesque). BLACK BULL-HEAD.
Body stout, short and deep, back high, the profile nearly straight to base
of dorsal fin. Head broad, rounded in front, jaws about equal. Pectoral
spine short, its length contained 21% to 3 times in length of head. Anal fin
short and deep, its base 4% to 5 in length of body, rays 17 to 19, the light
colored rays contrasting sharply with the dark membranes. Color almost
black, sometimes brownish or yellowish, the belly pale or yellowish. This
species shares with the three next preceding the name of Bull-head, the
ordinary fisherman not drawing very fine distinctions in regard to species.
The Black Bull-head is the most abundant species of catfish in
the state, found in nearly all streams and ponds of whatever size,
and especially in the Ohio river drainage. It is less abundant in
the lake drainage. Itis a mud loving species and is less likely to
be found in clear, swift streams than in muddy, stagnant bayous.
A, xanthocephalus Rafinesque is now recorded as synonymous
“26 THE FISHES OF OHIO.
with A. melas. Recorded by Kirtland as A. xanthocephalus, and
by Jordan as A. melas and santhocephalus. ‘‘ Very common in
Ohio and Little Miami rivers and Mill creek,’’ Henshall, 1888 ;
Lorain County, ‘‘common in all streams and ponds,’’ McCor-
‘mick, 1892; Maumee river at Cecil and St. Mary’s river at
Rockford, Kirsch, 1893 ; Franklin County, in nearly all streams,
Williamson and Osburn, 1897; Big Jelloway creek at Howard,
Parker, Williamson and Osburn, 1898; Ohio river at Ironton,
Huron river at Milan, Wabash river at Celina, Stillwater and
Wolf creeks at Dayton, North Fork of Licking river at Newark,
R. C. Osburn, 1899 ; Sandusky, Prof. D. S. Kellicott, Williamson
-and Osburn, 1896; Niggermill run at Salem, E. B. Williamson,
1900; Sandusky bay at ‘‘ Black Channel,’’ Breakneck creek and
‘Cuyahoga river near Kent, and Licking reservoir, R. C. Osburn,
1900; June 22 is given as a breeding date by Williamson and
Osburn.
Genus: LEPTOPS.
Leptops olivaris (Rafinesque). Mup Car.
Body slender, depressed forward, the head extremely flat, the lower jaw
“the longer. Dorsal spine very weak, only %4 the height of the fin ; caudal
fin slightly emarginate ; anal short, its base about { the lengih of body, its
rays 12to15. Yellowish, much mottled with brown and greenish, whitish
below. Size large, reaching a weight of 50 to 75 pounds.
Jordan says, ‘‘ This species abounds in the Ohio river and its
larger tributaries,’ but it is probably common nowhere in Ohio
except in the southwestern part of the state. Henshall records
it for White Oak creek and the Ohio river, 1889; and in 1892
McCormick mentions the occurrence in Lake Erie, Lorain
County, as ‘‘quite rare; I have seen but one specimen fresh,
though I have noticed heads on the beach.’’
Genus: NOTURUS.
Noturus flavus Rafinesque. YELLOW STONE Cat.
Head broad and flat, much depressed, 4 in length of body. Body terete,
tail compressed. Soft dorsal fin keel-like, separated from caudal by a deep
notch. Dorsal spine very short, only % as long as pectoral spine ; caudal
rounded ; anal short, itsrays about 16. Brownish yellow, varying into bluish
-or blackish. Length 1 foot.
SILURID Al. oF)
Widely distributed and generally common in suitable locali-
ties. It is found most abundantly on stony ripples of the larger
streams, and on sandy and gravelly bottoms of rivers and lakes.
‘“Occasionally found beneath stones in the Mahoning river,’’
Kirtland ; ‘‘ much more abundant in the Ohio and its immediate
tributaries than in the streams of the interior,’’ Jordan ; ‘‘ abun-
dant in Little Miami river, Mill creek and nearly all streams’’
(Hamilton County), Henshall, 1888; Lorain County, ‘‘ larger
streams and the lake,’’ McCormick. 1892; Maumee river at
Defiance, Grand Rapids and Waterville, Fish creek at Edgerton,
St. Mary’s river at Rockford, Auglaize river at Cloverdale and
Defiance, Blanchard river at Ottawa, Hoaglin creek at Oakland,
and Blanchard river and Sugar creek at Cloverdale, Kirsch, 1893 ;
Franklin County, ‘‘abundant in all larger streams, Scioto and
Olentangy rivers, Big Walnut, Little Walnut, Alum, Big and
Little Darby creeks, Black Lick and Hell Branch,’’ Williamson
and Osburn, 1897; Knox County, Big Jelloway creek, Parker,
Williamson and Osburn, 18¢8; John’s creek at Waterloo, Huron
river at Milan, North Fork of Licking river at Newark, R. C.
Osburn, 1899; Lake Erie at Sandusky, frequently thrown up
dead on the beach by the waves; not noticed in Sandusky bay,
Wheeling creek at Bridgeport, Ohio river at Bellaire, R. C.
Osburn, 1tgoo.
Genus: SCHILBEODES.
Key to Species.
A. Pectoral spine entire or grooved behind, never retrcrsely serrate; adipose fin high
and continuous, not separated by a notch from the caudal.— LVYINUS.
AA. Pectoral spine distinctly serrate behind.
B. Adipose fin nearly or quite free from caudal; color nearly plain brownish,
saddle-like blotches faint, everywhere pigmented with fine dots; anterior
edge of pectoral spine retrorsely serrate.— eleutherus.
BB. Adipose fin not quite free from caudal; color much variegated, back with dis-
tinct saddle-like blotches ; pectoral spine strong, its anterior edge with few
serrations.— MLUIUS.
Schilbeodes gyrinus (Mitchill). CHuBBy STONE CAT;
TADPOLE CaT.
Head large, broad and depressed, 3% to 4 in length; mouth wide, jaws
about equal. Body short and stout, pot-bellied, shaped much like a tadpole.
Caudal peduncle comparatively long and compressed. Pectoral spine not-
serrated behind, but grooved instead. Anal fin with 13 rays. Soft dorsal
28 THE FISHES OF OHIO.
continuous with caudal, scarcely notched. Color yellowish brown or brown-
ish olive, nearly uniform ; a distinct narrow, black line along lateral line.
Length 5 inches.
Rather irregularly distributed, but common in suitable locali-
ties. Dr. Jordan (Ohio Rept.) says of this species and .S. mzurus
that ‘‘ their habits are similar, they are usually found together
and are about equally abundant in Ohio,’’ but in the writer’s
experience S. mzurus has been found much more generally dis-
tributed, occurring in the open water of streams, usually on
gravelly or stony bottom, while gyrzzus seems to prefer the
quiet of lakes and ponds, and in the course of several years col-
lecting the two species have never been taken together. 5S.
gyrinus was observed by Prof. D. S. Kellicott, Mr. E. B. Will-
iamson and the writer to be common among the decaying vegeta-
tion in shallow water in Sandusky Bay in 1896; ‘‘ Ross lake,’’
Henshall, 1889; Lorain County, ‘‘ Common on mud banks in
the lower parts of streams entering the lake,’’ McCormick, 1892;
Maumee river at Toledo, St. Mary’s river at St. Mary’s, ‘‘ every-
where scarce,’’ Kirsch, 1893 ; Franklin County, Mason’s run and
Big Darby creek, rare, Williamson and Osburn, 1897 ; Sandusky
Bay, R. C. Osburn, 1899; Summit lake, Licking reservoir, R. C.
Osburn, 1900.
Schilbeodes eleutherus (Jordan).
Head broad and flat, much depressed, narrowed anteriorly, 334 in body ;
upper jaw much longer than the lower, which is included. Body much of
the same form as that of S. mzurus, but with the back somewhat higher ;
depth 4% in length. Soft dorsal free from caudal, or only very slightly con-
- nected. Color nearly uniform brown above, lighter below, flecked every-
_ where except on middle of belly, with black dots. Distinguished from
S. miurus, which it most nearly resembles, by the free adipose fin, the longer
upper jaw and the absence of distinct, black, saddle-like blotches on the back.
Length 4 inches.
I know of but one specimen of this very rare species taken
within the limits of the state. This was taken in Big Walnut
creek, Franklin County, by Mr. E. B. Williamson and the writer,
June 25, 1897.
SILURID&. 29
Schilbeodes miurus (Jordan). CROSS-BARRED STONE Cat.
Head very much depressed, rounded anteriorly, 334 in length ; upper
jaw longer but not so much so as in the preceding species. Depth about
5 in length; back scarcely elevated ; adipose fin connected with caudal, but
more or less deeply notched. Conspicuously mottled with gray and blackish,
with 3 or 4 definite black blotches across the back. Length, 4 inches.
A rather common and widely distributed species. Ohio river
at Raccoon I., Henshall, 1889; Lorain County, quite rare, Ver-
million and Black rivers, McCormick, 1892; Maumee river at
Antwerp, St. Joseph river at Edgerton, St. Mary’s river at Rock-
ford, Tiffin river at West Unity and Brunersburg, and Auglaize
river at Cloverdale, Oakwood and Defiance, ‘‘In an old mill race
which empties into Tiffin river near West Unity large numbers
were caught, common in Hoaglin creek near Oakwood, rather
scarce at all other points,’’ Kirsch, 1893; Franklin County, gen-
erally common, abundant in Big Walnut, taken also in Scioto
river, Olentangy river, Black Lick, Little Walnut, Big Darby
and Alum creeks, Williamson and Osburn, 1897 ; Ohio river at
Ironton, John’s creek at Waterloo, Sandusky Bay, Ashtabula
creek at Ashtabula, Wabash river at Celina, North Fork of Lick-
ing river at Newark, R. C. Osburn, 1899 ; Ohio river at Bellaire,
R. C. Osburn, 1900. Females were observed with ripe eggs from
June 25 to July 6, 1897, by Mr. Williamson and the writer.
30
AA.
AA.
THE FISHES OF OHIO.
Order: PLECTOSPONDYLI.
Sub-Order: EVENTOGNATHI.
Family: Catostomip# (The Suckers).
Key to Genera.
Dorsal fin elongate, developed rays 25 to 50, air bladder in 2 parts.
B. Fontanelle present, body ovate, scales large.
Cc. Mouth large, more or less terminal, protractile forward; pharyngeal
bones and teeth moderate, large species of dark color.— ICTIOBUS.
CC. Mouth smaller, inferior, protractile downward ; pharyngeal bones nar-
row, the teeth thin and weak ; smaller species, pale in color.—
CARPIODES.
BB. Fontanelle obliterated by union of parietal bones;. body elongate; scales
rather small; lips thick and papillose.— CYCLEPTUS.
Dorsal fin short, 10 to 18 developed rays.
D. Air bladder in 2 parts.
E. Lateral line present, complete and continuous ; scales small, more than
50 in lateral line. — CATOSTOMUS.
EE. lateral line interrupted or wanting, scales large, less than 50 in lat. line.
F. Lateral line entirely wanting.— ERIMYZON.
FF. Lateral line more or less developed, especially in the adult.—
MINYTREMA.
DD. Air bladder in 3 parts; scales large; lateral line complete.
G. Mouth normal, the lower lip entire or merely lobed, the upper lip pro-
tractile.
H. Pharyngeal bones moderate, the teeth compressed, not molar-like,
increasing in size gradually downward.— MOXOSTOMA.
HH. Pharyngeal bones very strong, the lower teeth very much enlarged,
cylindrical and truncate, molar-like.— PLACOPHARYNX.
GG. Mouth singular, the upper lip not protractile, greatly enlarged, the lower
lip developed as two separate lobes.— LAGOCHILA,
Genus: ICTIOBUS.
Key to Species.
Mouth large, terminal, protractile forward ; lips very thin, lower pharyngeals and
teeth weak.— cyprinella.
Mouth smaller, more or less inferior, and with thicker lips; pharyngeal bones
stronger ; the teeth comparatively coarse and large.
B. Back scarcely elevated, depth 3 to 3% in length.— uUurus.
BB. Back elevated and compressed, depth 2% to 2%.— : bubalus.
Ictiobus cyprinella (Cuvier and Valenciennes). COMMON BUFFALO FISH ;
RED-MOUTHED BUFFALO.
Head very large and thick, 314 inlength ; depth 2% to3%. Developed
rays of dorsal fin 27 to 29; anal g; ventrals 10. Scales 7-37 to 41-6. Body
robust, moderately compressed, the outline somewhat elliptical, but the back
rather more curved than the belly. Opercular apparatus very strong, the
operculum forming nearly % the length of the head. Color dull brownish
olive, not silvery, fins dusky. Length nearly 3 feet.
>
CATOSTOMID%. an
According to Jordan, the Red-mouthed Buffalo Fish abounds
in the Ohio river and its larger tributaries, and Henshall reports
it ‘‘ very common in Ohio river.’’ Not reported for any other
locality.
Ictiobus urus (Agassiz). MONGREL BUFFALO; RAZOR-BACKED BUFFALO.
Head very stout, strongly transversely convex, thicker, larger and less
pointed than in /. dubalus, about 4 in length. Eye about equal to snout, 5%
in head, much smaller than in 7. dudalus. Mouth large, considerably
oblique, approaching that of 7. cyprinella. Body much less elevated and
compressed than in /. dudalus, the back not at all carinated; 3 to 34% in
length. D.30; A. 10; scales 8-41-7. Longest ray of dorsal scarcely 4 the
length of base of fin; anal rounded. Colors very dark, fins all black. ‘‘ Not
always separable from /. cyprinel/a, and perhaps not really different.’’
Ohio river at Cincinnati, Henshall, 1889. Not mentioned by
any other collector.
Ictiobus bubalus (Rafinesque). BUFFALO FISH ; SMALL-MOUTHED
BUFFALO ; RAZOR-BACK ; SUCKER-MOUTHED BUFFALO.
Head moderate, triangular in outline when viewed from the side, 4 in
length, mouth quite small. Body considerably elevated and compressed
above; the dorsal region sub-carinate, the belly thicker ; depth 2% to 234.
Highest dorsal ray reaching much beyond middle of fin; D. 29; A. 10;
V. 10; scales 8-39-6. Color brownish olive, paler below, the lower fins
slightly dusky. Length 30 inches.
Recorded by Rafinesque for the Ohio, ‘‘as far as Pittsburg.”’
Also recorded for the state by Kirtland. ‘‘ Abundant in the Ohio
river,’’ Henshall, 1888. Not recorded for any other point of the
state.
Genus : CARPIODES.
Key to Species.
A. Body sub-fusiform, depth about 3 in length. Dorsal with about 30rays.— carpio.
AA. Body ovate oblong, the back eleva ed, depth about 2% in length.
B. Lips thin, silvery white, the halves meeting in a wide angle.
¢ Head large, snout blunt ; eye large, 3% to 4.— difformis.
CC. Head small and pointed, the snout projecting, eye small, 5 to 5% in
head.— thompsont.
BB. Lips full, thick, reddish in life, the halves of lower lip meeting in an acute
angle.— - velifer.
Carpiodes carpio (Rafinesque). BiG CARP SUCKER.
Head comparatively short, 4 to 5 in body. Body more fusiform than in
others of the genus, compressed, but not much arched, depth 2% to 3..
32 THE FISHES OF OHIO.
Anterior rays of dorsal short, much thickened and osseus at base, especially
in adults, the longest ray a little more than 4 the base of the fin, which con-
sists of 30 rays; caudal moderately forked. Eye medium, anterior, 4% in
head. Muzzle short, but projecting beyond mouth. 36scales in lateral line.
Limited in its distribution to the Ohio and its larger tribu-
taries. ‘‘ The commonest species of its genus in the Ohio river,
and it is often found in the streams of the interior,’’ Jordan.
Very abundant in the Ohio river, Henshall, 1888 ; Ohio river at
Bellaire, R. C. Osburn, 1900.
Carpiodes difformis Cope.
Syout very blunt, the maxillary reaching to front of pupil. Nostrils
very near tip of snout. Lips thin, silvery colored in life, the lower 9-shaped.
Head 4% in body ; depth 2% to 23, the back considerably elevated. Eye
quite large, 3% to4 in head. D. 24, its first rays very high; A. 8; V.9;
scales, 6-35-4.
Recorded for the state by Jordan, under the name of C.
cutisanserinus (Cope), as ‘‘ abundant in the Ohio.’’ C. cutisan-
serinus is now regarded as identical with C. difformis. ‘‘ Abund-
ant in Ohio river, young common in Little Miami river,’’ Hen-
shall, 1888. Klippart, in his first report, says of this species,
that it ‘‘ abounds in Lake Erie, but this must be a mistake, prob-
ably in regard to the species, as C. difformis is not, I believe,
known to occur in the St. Lawrence System.”’
Carpiodes thompsoni Agassiz. LAKE CARP.
Body stout, short, the back much elevated, depth 2% in length. Head
small, 4 to 4% in length, the snout pointed; lips thin, white, meeting at a
wide angle. Eye small, 5 to 5% in head. Tip of lower jaw much in advance
of nostrils ; maxillary reaching line of orbit. Dorsal of about 27 rays, aris-
ing about midway from snout to base of caudal, its anterior rays high, 74 as
long as base of fin. A.7; V. 10; scales rather closely imbricated, 8-39 to
4o-6.
‘‘ Abundant in Lake Erie. I have examined many specimens
from Sandusky Bay,” Jordan; Lake Erie, Henshall, 1889;
Lorain County, ‘‘not very common,’’ McCormick, 1892; Lake
Erie at Toledo, Jordan and Evermann (Bull. 47, U. S. Nat’l.
Mus. ).
CATOSTOMIDAS. a2
Carpiodes velifer (Rafinesque). Quint, BACK; SPEARFISH.
Head 334 to 4; lips thick, full, flesh-colored in life, the halves of the
lower meeting at an acute angle; muzzle projecting, conic; eye 4 to 5 in
head. Back much arched ; depth 2% to 3. Dorsal fin of about 27 rays, the
anterior rays very long and filamentous, sometimes as long as the base of the
fin. Caudal deeply forked, its lobes slender, the upper lobe the longer.
Scales 7-35-5.
Recorded by Rafinesque for the Ohio river as far as Pittsburg.
‘Quite common in Ohio river, young ones common in Little
Miami river and tributaries,’’ Henshall, 1888; Maumee river at
Antwerp, Defiance, Grand Rapids and Toledo, ‘Tiffin river at
Brunersburg, Auglaize river at Cloverdale, Oakwood and Defi-
ance, Blanchard river at Ottawa and Cloverdale, Hoaglin creek
near Oakland, Beaver creek at Grand Rapids, ‘‘ rather common
at all these points,’’ Kirsch, 1893 ; Scioto river, Scioto Big Run,
Mason’s Run and Hell Branch, Williamson and Osburn, 1897 ;
Scioto river at Ironton, Wabash river at Celina, Wolf creek near
Dayton, North Fork of Licking river at Newark, R. C. Osburn,
1899 ; Breakneck creek and Cuyahoga river near Kent, Chippewa
lake, Wheeling creek at Bridgeport, Ohio river and McMahon’s
Run at Bellaire, R. C. Osburn, 1g00.
Cycleptus elongatus (Le Sueur). Brack Horse ;
MISSOURI SUCKER.
Depth 4 to 5; head 6 to 8% ; eye small, 6 to 7 in head. D. 30, its long-
est ray a little longer than head; A. 7 or 8; scales g-56-7. Color very dark,
males in spring almost black. Length 2% feet.
Apparently confined in this state to the Ohio river. ‘‘As faras
Pittsburg,’’ Rafinesque. Recorded for the Ohio by Kirtland and
by Jordan, and Henshall in 1888 mentions it as ‘‘ not uncommon
in the Ohio river.
34 THE FISHES OF OHIO.
Genus: CATOSTOMUS.
Key to Species.
AY: Head transversely convex above, the orbital rim not elevated, scales in lateral line
60 or more.
B. Scales in lateral line about too.— catostomus.
BB. Scales in lateral line 64 to 70.— commersonit.
AA. Head broad, depressed, and transversely convex between the orbits; scales in lateral
line, 48 to 55. NIGVICANS.
Catostomus catostomus (Forster). NORTHERN SUCKER.
This species can at once be distinguished from the others of the genus
occurring in Ohio, by the great number of scales in the lateral line, 95 to 114.
About 29 cross rows between dorsal and ventrals. Head broad above, pointed
in front ; snout a little longer than remainder of head and much overhang-
ing the mouth. Body rather slender and somewhat terete. D. 10; A. 7.
Color, above, smoky gray; below, white. Length 2% feet.
This species is one of northern distribution, probably not
occuring in the tributaries of the Ohio. ‘‘ Quite abundant in
Lake Erie,’’ Jordan (Ohio Rept.), 1878; Lake Erie, Henshall,
1889.
Catostomus commersonii (Lacepede). COMMON ‘SUCKER ;
FINE-SCALED SUCKER.
Head rather conical, 44% in length of body, flattish above, but not con-
cave between the eyes. Body moderately stout, terete or sub-terete, becom-
ing heavier at the shoulders with age, depth 4 to 5 in length. .D. 11 or 12;
scales small, 10-64 to 70-9, Color olivaceous, tending toward blackish on
back and lateral line. Jength 15 inches.
One of the commonest species in the state, found in abund-
ance in nearly every stream. Recorded for the state by Kirt-
land for the Big Miami, and small brooks of northern Ohio ;
‘Swarming in every pond and stream in Ohio,’’ Jordan (Ohio
Rept. ); Hamilton County, ‘‘ Everywhere abundant,’’ Henshall,
1888; Lorain County, ‘‘ Very common in all our waters,’
McCormick, 1892; recorded by Kirsch for nearly every locality
seined in the Maumee River System, 1893; taken by Mr.-Wil-
liamson and myself in every stream in Franklin County, 1897;
in every stream of the Big Jelloway Creek System in Knox
County, Parker, Williamson and Osburn, 1898; taken by myself
in 1899, at the following places: Ohio river and Ice creek at
CATOSTOMIDA. 35
Ironton, John’s creek at Waterloo, Huron river at Milan, Ashta-
bula creek at Ashtabula, Wabash river at Celina, Stillwater and
Wolf creeks near Dayton, and North Fork of Licking river at
Newark ; and in 1900 in the Cuyahoga river at Hawkins, Break-
neck creek near Kent, Chippewa lake, Grand river at Painesville,
Chagrin river at Willoughby, Wheeling creek at Bridgeport, Ohio
river,and McMahon’s Run at Bellaire, and Licking reservoir.
Catostomus nigricans Le Sueur. HoG SuCKER; STONE ROLLER.
Head large, concave between the eyes, 44% in length. Body nearly
terete, depth 4% to5. D.10 or 11; scales 48 to 55 in lateral line. Color,
olive, becoming brownish on the back, which is crossed by several dark,
irregular blotches; belly white. Length 2 feet.
This Sucker is very widely distributed over the state, being
found in all suitable localities. Its especial haunts are clear,
stony ripples and rock-bottomed pools. Not taken in lakes.
Kirtland records it as two species, /7ypentelium macropterum and
Catostomus nigrans,; ‘extremely abundant in every running
stream in Ohio,’’ Jordan (Ohio Rept.); Hamilton County,
‘“everywhere abundant,’’ Henshall, 1888; Lorain County,
McCormick, 1892; Kirsch, 1893, records it for the streams at
nearly all points investigated in the Maumee River System, ‘‘ none
taken in the lakes’’; Franklin County, Scioto river, Olentangy
river, Scioto Big Run, Grant’s Run, Big Walnut creek, Rocky
Fork, Black Lick, Alum creek, Big and Little Darby creeks and
Hell Branch, Williamson and Osburn, 1897 ; every stream in the
Big Jelloway Creek System, Parker, Williamson and Osburn,
1898 ; Ohio river and Ice creek at Ironton, John’s creek at Water-
loo, Huron river at Milan, Ashtabula creek at Ashtabula, Wabash
river at Celina, Stillwater and Wolf creeks near Dayton and
North Fork of Licking river at Newark, R. C. Osburn, 1899 ;
Cuyahoga river at Hawkins, Grand river at Painesville, Chagrin
river at Willoughby, Wheeling creek at Bridgeport, Ohio river
and McMahon’s creek at Bellaire, and the outlet of Licking
reservoir into Licking river, R. C. Osburn, 1900.
36 THE FISHES OF OHIO.
Genus: ERIMYZON.
Erimyzon sucetta oblongus (Mitchell). SWEET SUCKER ;
CHUB SUCKER.
Head 4 to 444 in length; snout not projecting ; eye 44% to 434 in head-_
Body stout, compressed ; depth in adults about 3, but younger specimens
much more slender ; back arched, old specimens becoming quite gibbous at
the nape. Lateral line entirely wanting. Scales about 4o, closely imbri-
cated and somewhat crowded anteriorly, sometimes showing irregularities of
arrangement. Length 1o inches. Color varying with age, in adults brown
or brownish olive above, with a tendency to brassy .on sides and belly ;
younger specimens are plain olivaceous, occasionally bright, ‘‘ gold-fish
yellow’’ ; very young with a distinct, black lateral band, which breaks up.
into blotches a little later. Ohio specimens show some variations between
the typical Z. sucetta and the variety oblongus, but seem to agree more
closely with the variety than with the typical form.
The Chub Sucker, or Sweet Sucker, is widely distributed over
the state, but its occurrence is irregular. At some points itis an
abundant species, at othersrare. ‘‘ Common in Little Miami and
Ohio rivers,’’ Henshall, 1888 ; ‘‘ not common, I have taken a few
in the lower part of Beaver creek,’’ McCormick, 1892 ; Maumee
river at Toledo, St. Joseph river at Edgerton, St. Mary’s river at
St. Mary’s, Tiffin river at West Unity, Lost and Gordon creeks
near Cecil, Kirsch, 1893; Franklin County, Scioto river, Scioto
Big Run, Grant’s Run, Big Darby, Little Darby and Hell
Branch, Osburn and Williamson, 1897; Ohio river at Ironton,
Wabash river at Celina, Stillwater and Wolf creeks near Dayton,
R. C. Osburn, 1899; Licking reservoir, E. B. Williamson ; San-
dusky Bay, very common in Black Channel, Grand river at
Painesville, Chagrin river at Willoughby, Wheeling creek at
Bridgeport, and Ohio river and McMahon creek at Bellaire, R. C..
Osburn, 1900.
Genus: MINYTREMA.
Minytrema melanops (Rafinesque). WINTER SUCKER ; SPOTTED SUCKER;
STRIPED SUCKER.
Head 44% ; snout round, a trifle projecting. Body elongate, somewhat
terete, back somewhat arched in front of dorsal fin; depth about 4. D. 12;
A. 7. Scales about 46. Lateral line wanting in young, present but more or
less interrupted in adults. Coloration dusky olive above, each scale with a
more or less distinct black spot at its base, these forming rows along the
rows of scales. Length about 18 inches. ;
CATOSTOMID&. 37
Not usually a common species, though widely distributed.
Recorded by Kirtland, 1838; Hamilton County, Little Miami
and tributaries, Henshall, 1888; Lorain County, ‘‘ Rare, Ver-
million river and Beaver creek,’’ McCormick, 1892; Maumee
river at Grand Rapids, St. Joseph river at Edgerton, Fish creek
at Edgerton, St. Mary’s river at St. Mary’s and Rockford,
Auglaize river at Wapakoneta and Cloverdale, Blanchard river at
Findlay, Kirsch, 1893 ; Franklin County, Scioto river, Olentangy
river, Black Lick, Little Walnut and Big Darby, Williamson and
Osburn, 1897 ; Stillwater creek near Dayton, and Wabash river
near Celina, R. C. Osburn, 1899. At the latter place, in a series
of pools formed by the outlet of St. Mary’s reservoir, the species
was taken in abundance, the only time I have ever taken more
than a few individuals in one locality.
Genus: MOXOSTOMA.
Key to Spectes.
A. Dorsal fin of 15 to 18 rays; lower lip V-shaped.— AnNISuUYUM.
AA. Dorsal fin of less than 15 rays; lower lip truncate behind, not evidently V-shaped.
B. Head rather large, 4 to nearly 5in length, snout little projecting.—aureolum.
BB. Head small and conic, about 5% in length, the snout much projecting beyond
the small mouth.— breviceps.
Moxostoma anisurum (Rafinesque). WHITE-NOSED SUCKER.
Head short and broad, flattened above, 374 to 44% in length, eye midway
in head, 4 to 5 in its length. Body compressed; back high, considerably
more arched than in JZ, aureolum,; depth 3% in length. Fins all large.
Color bright olivaceous to smoky above, white or silvery on sides and belly.
Most easily distinguished from other species of the genus occurring in Ohio,
by the long dorsal fin, containing from 15 to 18 rays.
This species is found in both the Lake and Ohio river drain-
age, but is not usually very common, and is confined to the larger
streams. Ohio river, ‘‘as far as Pittsburg,’’ Rafinesque. Given
by Jordan (Ohio Rept.) as three species—J/. anisurum, of which
he says, ‘‘I have seen a few specimens, obtained in the Cincin-
nati market’’; JZ. velatum, ‘‘ frequently taken in the Ohio river
and its tributaries,’ and JZ, carpio, from Lake Erie and the Ohio
at Cincinnati and Marietta. These three are now regarded as
synonymous (See Bull. 47, U. S. Natl. Mus.). Hamilton County,
38 THE FISHES OF OHIO.
not uncommon in Ohio river, Henshall, 1888; Lorain County,
McCormick, 1892; Maumee river at Antwerp, Defiance and
Toledo ; Tiffin river at West Unity and Brunersburg, Auglaize
river at Cloverdale, Oakwood and Defiance; Blanchard river at
Ottawa, Hoaglin creek near Oakwood, Beaver creek at Grand
Rapids, Kirsch, 1893; Franklin County, Scioto river, Olentangy
river and Alum creek, Williamson and Osburn, 1897 ; Ohio river
at Ironton, Huron river at Milan, R. C. Osburn, 1899; Ohio
river at Bellaire, Licking reservoir, R.“C. Osburn; 1900.
Moxostoma aureolum (JI,e Sueur). RED-HORSE; MULLET;
WHITE SUCKER.
Head 4 to 5, flattened above ; snout slightly projecting ; eye 434 in head.
Body rather stout, somewhat compressed ; back, little elevated; depth 4 in
length. D. 13. or more rarely 12 or 14; A. 7; scales about 45. Color oliva-
ceous above, sides silvery ; lower fins reddish, especially during the breed-
ing season.
Until very recent years this has been recorded as two species,
the short-headed, small-mouthed form as J/. aurveolum, and the
more ordinary form as 17. macrolepidotum duquesnii (Le Sueur).
This matter is cleared up by Jordan and Evermann (Bull. 47,
U.S. Natl. Mus.). It is very probable that some collectors have
confused the short-headed form with JZ. breviceps (Cope), as I
can find no record of AZ. breviceps for Ohio in any paper preceding
Bull. 47, U. S. Natl. Mus., in which it is recorded as abundant
in some portions of the state. However, as I have no direct evi-
dence of any such error, I include all records for J7. aureolum
and JZ. macrolepidotum duquesnit under M. aureolum. Ohio
river, ‘‘ as far as Pittsburg,’’ Rafinesque ; recorded for the state
by Kirtland as Catostomus aureolus, C. Duquesnii and C,. ery-
thurus ; Hamilton County, ‘‘ abundant in all streams explored,”’
Lake Erie, Henshall, 1888-89; Lorain County, McCormick,
1892; Maumee river at Defiance, Grand Rapids and Waterville,
St. Mary’s river at Rockford, Auglaize river at Oakwood, Sugar
creek at Lima, St. Joseph river at Edgerton, west end of Lake
Erie, Kirsch, 1893 ; Franklin County, ‘‘abundant, taken in all
but the smallest streams,’’ Williamson and Osburn, 1897 ; Knox
County, Big Jelloway creek system, ‘‘ abundant, the young fry
CATOSTOMID 2. 39
ascending even the smallest brooks,’’ May 26 given as a breeding
date, Parker, Williamson and Osburn, 1898 ; Ohio river and Ice
creek at Ironton, John’s creek at Waterloo, Huron river at Milan,
Sandusky Bay, Ashtabula creek at Ashtabula, Wabash river at
Celina, Stillwater and Wolf creeks near Dayton, North Fork of
Licking river at Newark, R. C. Osburn, 1899; Niggermill Run
at Salem, E. B. Williamson, 1900; Cuyahoga river at Hawkins,
Grand river at Painesville, Chagrin river at Willoughby, Wheel-
ing creek at Bridgeport, Ohio river and McMahon creek at
Wheeling, Licking reservoir, R. C. Osburn, 1900.
Moxostoma breviceps (Cope).
Form of a Coregonus, with deep, compressed body, small head, and a
conic snout, which overhangs the very small mouth. Caudal fin, with the
upper lobe falcate, much longer than the lower. Dorsal fin short, high,
falcate, the anterior rays 114 to 1% times base of fin, the free border much
concave. Depth 3% in length. Head5to5%. D.120r13. Scales 6—45-5.
Lower fins bright red.
‘‘ Abundant in Lake Erie; our specimens from Sandusky,
Toledo and Cincinnati,’’ Jordan and Evermann (Bull. 47, U.S.
Natl. Mus. ).
Genus: PLACOPHARYNX.
Placopharynx duquesnii (Le Sueur).
Head 4; snout rounded, projecting ; lower jaw somewhat oblique when
closed ; eye 4% in head. Body rather stout, somewhat compressed, in form
like that of W/. aureolum, D. 13; A. 7 (not 9, as is usually given, in any
Ohio specimens I have seen); scales 6-45-6. Lower pharyngeal bones very
strong, the lower teeth on these bones very strong and molar-like, little
compressed, and having broad grinding surfaces.
This species so closely resembles 47, aureolum that it can be
positively distinguished only by the appearance of the lower
pharyngeal teeth, and it has no doubt been much overlooked.
Recorded by Jordan (Ohio Rept.) on the strength of a skeleton
found by Dr. J. M. Wheaton in the Scioto river at Columbus, one
of the very few specimens known at that time. The species has
since proved to be well distributed over the state, though not
usually abundant. Hamilton County, not rare in the Ohio, Hen-
shall, 1888; Lorain County, Lake Erie, common with other
40 THE FISHES OF OHIO.
mullets, McCormick, 1892; Franklin County, Scioto river, Olen-
tangy river and Big Darby creek, Williamson and Osburn, 1897 ;
Ohio river at Ironton, Wabash river at Celina, R. C. Osburn,
1899 ; Ohio river at Bellaire, R. C. Osburn, 1900.
Genus: WAGOCHILA.
Lagochila lacera Jordan and Brayton. HARE-LIP SUCKER;
CUT-LIPS.
Head short, conical, with lengthened snout, the region between the eyes
flattened and with prominent mucous ridges. Cheeks and lower part of head
rather swollen. Opercle much reduced, its greatest length scarcely greater
than diameter of eye. Head 4% in length. Eye 4% in head, 2 in length of
snout. Body rather slender, depth 47%. Dorsal fin rather low, its rays 12 ;
A. 7; V.9; scales 5-45-5. Mouth very singular ; the upper lip is broad and
fleshy, not separated from the skin of the forehead by a crease ; at each side
of the mouth a sharp fold of skin is formed, which descends to the mid line
below, passing under the lower jaw, but is separated from that of the oppo-
site side by a longitudinal crease; in front of these the fleshy lower lip is
split into two large depending lobes.
This species has been recorded for but three localities in the
state. Its rare occurrence in the state was first noted by
Dr. Jordan in Klippart’s ‘‘Second Annual Report of the Ohio
State Fish Commission for 1877,’ where he says: ‘‘ Mr. Klip-
part finds it very abundant in the Scioto, where it has been over-
looked by all the collectors from Rafinesque and Kirtland down,”’
and Mr. Klippart further comments: ‘‘ The fisherman assured
me that he had taken them several years in succession.’’ Twenty
years later, the investigations on the fishes of Franklin County,
carried on by Mr. Williamson and the writer, and extending over
a period of several years, failed to bring to light a single speci-
men of this species, though the Scioto river was hauled in many
places. "The species has been taken in the state by Kirsch, in
1893, in the Auglaize river at Cloverdale, and in the Blanchard
river at Ottawa.
KEY TO GENERA.——CYPRINID AS. 41
Family: Cyprinipa; (The Minnows).
Key to Genera.
I. (Dorsal fin long, with 2 or 3 spines, and 18 or 20rays ; introduced species.
A. ‘Teeth in 3 rows, I, I, 3-3.1, 1, all molar; 4 barbels.— CYPRINUS.
AA. Teeth in 1 row, 4-4, molar, but compressed ; barbels wanting.— CARASSIUS.)
II. Dorsal fin short, without developed spine.
A. Air bladder surrounded by many convolutions of the very long alimentary
canal.— CAMPOSTOMA.
AA. Air bladder above the alimentary canal, not surrounded by convolutions of the
intestine.
B. Alimentary canal more than twice the length of body; teeth in 1 row?
peritoneum usually black.
Cc: Teeth 5-5 or 4-5; scales minute.— CHROSOMUS.
CC. Teeth 4-4; scales larger.
D. A small barbel present at base of maxillary ; color silvery.—
HYBOGNATHUS.
DD. Barbel wanting; color olivaceous, little silvery —PIMEPHALES.
BB. Alimentary canal less than twice the length of body; peritoneum usually
silvery.
KE. Lower jaw normally formed, dentary bones free from each other
except at the symphysis.
F. ‘Teeth in main row 5-5 or 4-5.
G. Abdomen rounded behind ventral fins, not compressed
into a scaleless ridge; anal basis short.
H. A minute barbel present on maxillary at a little
distance above its base.— SEMOTILUS.
HH. Maxillary without barbel.
I. Teeth in 2 rows, 2, 4-5, 2.— LEUCISCUS.
Il. Teethintrow,5-5. Mouth extremely small.—
OPSOPGODUS.
GG. Abdomen compressed behind ventral fins into a sharp,
scaleless ridge; anal basis longer.— ABRAMIS.
FF. Teeth in main row 4-4.
J. Maxillary without barbel.
Kk. No cavernous lymph spaces visible in mandible,
sub-opercle and inter-opercle.
ity First (rudimentary) ray of dorsal detached
from the first developed ray and connected
to it by a membrane; a conspicuous black
spot at base of caudal and dorsal —CLIOLA.
LL. First (rudimentary) ray closely attached to
first developed ray.— NOTROPIS.
KK. Mandible, sub-opercle and inter-opercle, with con-
spicuous, externally visible, cavernous lymph
chambers.— ERICYMBA.
JJ. Maxillary barbel present.
M. Premaxillaries not protractile, connected to skin of
forehead in the median line without a cross
groove; teeth 2, 4-4, 2. RHINICHTHYS.
MM. Premaxillaries protractile, a cross groove separat-
ing them from the skin of forehead in front; only
1 tooth in lesser row.— HYBOPSIS.
EE. Lower jaw singularly formed, the dentary bones parallel and united
for their entire length ; a conspicuous, fleshy lobe on each side at
base.— EXOGLOSSUM.
42 THE FISHES OF OHIO.
Genus: CYPRINUS.
Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus. THE CARP.
The Carp may be readily distinguished from any of our native Cyprinid@ by the
presence of four long barbels, and by the very long dorsal fin—about 20 rays—preceded by
a stout spine, which is serrated behind. Anal fin short, of about 5 rays, also preceded by
aspine. The lower pharyngeal teeth, unlike those of any native American Minnow, are
in 3 rows, I, I, 3-3,1, 1. The lateral line is complete. Many varieties have resulted from
cultivation. Chief among these are the ‘‘ Full-scale,”’ in which the body is covered with
strong scales, after the formula, 6-40-5; the ‘‘ Half-scale”’ or ‘‘ Mirror,” characterized by a
few rows of very large scales; and the ‘‘ Leather Carp,” in which the scales are entirely”
absent.
The Carp was first introduced into the state to stock ponds and lakes,
but, escaping from cultivation, has become generally distributed over the
state and occurs in streams as well as ponds and lakes. Recorded for the
state by Henshall, 1889, in Ross lake and Little Miami river; Lorain County,
occasionally taken in the rivers, McCormick, 1892; Maumee river at Toledo
(abundant), St. Marys river at Rockford, Tiffin river at West Unity, and
west end of Lake Erie (abundant), Kirsch, 1893; Franklin County, ‘‘ of
general distribution throughout the county,’’ Williamson and Osburn, 1897;
Knox County, Big Jelloway creek, ‘‘ very common,’’ Parker, Williamson
and Osburn, 1898; very common in Sandusky Bay, R. C. Osburn, 1899;
Wheeling creek at Bridgeport, Ohio river at Bellaire, and Licking reservoir,.
R. C. Osburn, Ig00.
Genus: CARASSIUS.
Carassius auratus (Linnaeus). GOLDFISH.
The Goldfish may be distinguished from our native Minnows by the very long dorsal’
fin, preceded bya stout, serrated spine; the anal of 7 rays, witha similar spine. From
the Carp it is distinguished by the absence of the barbels about the mouth, and by the
teeth, which are 4-4. Asin the Carp, cultivation has produced many varieties.
It has escaped from cultivation in some parts of Ohio, and has been
reported by Henshall, 1888, as ‘‘not rare in the canal basin near Elmwood,.
Hamilton County.
Genus: TINCA.
Tinca tinca (Linnaeus). TENCH.
In the spring of 1898 a freshet carried away the banks of an artificial’
lake on the grounds of the Ohio State University, at Columbus, and many
of the Tench, with which the lake was stocked, escaped into the Olentangy
river, In September of the same year specimens were taken at the mouth
of the small stream flowing from the lake to the river. Whether the Tench
will hold its own in the streams of Ohio yet remains to be seen.
CYPRINIDA. 43
Genus: CAMPOSTOMA.
Campostoma anomalum (Rafinesque). STONE-ROLLER;
STEEL-BACKED CHUB; MAMMY ; DOUGH-BELLY.
This species is most easily distinguished by an examination of the intes-
tine, which is very long and is wound in many convolutions about the air-
bladder. This arrangement is peculiar to this genus among all known fishes.
/
Head 4; depth 42; eye 5 to 5% in head; D. 8; A. 7; scales 7-48-6; teeth 4-4.
Body stoutish. Snout somewhat decurved, mouthinferior. Color brownish,
almost black in adult breeding males; sides brassy, irregularly mottled with
dark olivaceous or brown; fins usually plain, in breeding males the dorsal is
tinged with orange, a black bar through its middle, other fins more or less
tinged with orange. Entire dorsum of breeding males covered with tuber-
cles. Young with a dark lateral band extending onto gill covers and between
eye and tip of snout. Length 6 to 8 inches.
A very abundant and widely distributed species, generally
most abundant in small streams and on ripples of larger ones.
First recorded for the state by Kirtland under the name -xog/os-
sum lesueurianum ; given by Jordan as ‘‘ extremely abundant in
every stream in the state’’; Hamilton County, ‘‘ abundant in
every stream explored,’’ Henshall, 1888 ; Lorain County, ‘‘ com-
mon in most of our streams,’’ McCormick, 1892; Franklin
County, ‘‘ very abundant everywhere,’’ Williamson and Osburn,
1897 ; Big Jelloway creek system, ‘‘ apparently the most abund-
ant species,”’ Parker, Williamson and Osburn, 1898; recorded
for many places in the Maumee river system (not taken in St.
Mary’s river) by Kirsch, 1893; Ohio river and Ice creek at
Ironton, Huron river at Milan, Ashtabula creek at Ashtabula,
Wabash river at Celina, Stillwater and Wolf creeks near Dayton,
north fork of Licking river at Newark, R. C. Osburn, 1899;
Niggermill Run at Salem, E. B. Williamson, 1900; Cuyahoga
river at Kent and Hawkins, Breakneck creek at Kent, Chippewa
lake, Summit lake, Grand river at Painesville, Chagrin river at
Willoughby, Wheeling creek at Bridgeport, Ohio river and
McMahon creek at Bellaire, Licking reservoir, R. C. Osburn,
1900.
44 THE FISHES OF OHIO.
Genus: CHROSOMUS.
Chrosomus erythrogaster Rafinesque. RED-BELLIED DACE.
Head 4; depth 4; eye 3%. OD. 8; A. 8; teeth 5-5; scales 16-85-10.
Body rather elongate, the head pointed; mouth small, terminal, somewhat
oblique. Lateral line developed backward about as far as the dorsal fin.
Color above, brownish; a black vertebral line, bordered on either side by a
row of black dots; sides creamy white, bordered above and below witha
black band, the lower the wider and extending forward through eye; under
parts white, in breeding males entirely suffused with vermillion; fins all
bright sulphur yellow, the dorsal with a bright red spot at its base, anteriorly;
females and young less brilliantly colored. Length 2 to 3 inches.
The Red-bellied Dace is widely distributed and is generally
abundant where found, but it is strictly a ‘‘ brook species,’’ being
confined to small clear streams and spring runs. Recorded for
the state by Dr. Kirtland ; Lorain County, ‘‘ I have found them
in but one stream, Spring brook,’’ McCormick, 1892 ; ‘“‘ collected
by Prof. Meek in Lost creek, near Defiance,’’ Kirsch, 1893 ;
Franklin County, Grant’s Run and Plum Run, tributaries of the
Scioto river, in abundance, Williamson and Osburn, 1897; Knox
County, Parker’s Run, a tributary of Big Jelloway creek, ‘‘in
considerable numbers,’’ Parker, Williamson and Osburn, 1898 ;
Licking County, occurring in abundance in spring runs tributary
to North Fork of Licking river near Newark, R. C. Osburn, 1899;
Niggermill Run at Salem, E. B. Williamson, 1900.
Genus: WHYBOGNATHUS.
Hybognathus nuchalis Agassiz. SILVERY MINNOW.
Head 4% to 5; depth 4%; eye 4; D. 8; A. 7; teeth 4-4; scales 5-38-4.
Body elongate, comparatively slender. Head moderate, the profile evenly
curved; upper jaw heavy, lower thin. Scales large and silvery, 12 to 14 in
front of dorsal. Lateral line decurved. Intestines very long, 7 to Io times
the length of body. Color olivaceous green above, translucent in life; sides
clear silvery; fins plain. Length 4 to 7 inches. -
This species seems to be confined to the southwestern part of
the state. Jordan, in his Ohio Report, gives it as abundant in
small streams flowing into the Ohio river, but Dr. Henshall
records it for only White Oak creek and the Ohio river, and in
my work at Ironton and Bellaire I failed to find it. This species
is not mentioned by any other collector.
CYPRINIDA. 45.
Genus: PIMEPHALES.
Key to Spectes.
A. Lateral line more or less incomplete; body very short and stout.— promelas.
AA. Lateral line complete; body moderately elongate.— notatus.
Pimephales promelas Rafinesque. FAT-HEAD.
Head 4; depth 334 to 4; eye 4. D.I, 7; A. 7; scales 7 or 8-43 to 47-5 or
6. Body very short and deep. Head short, everywhere convex, almost
globular in adult males. Scales deep, closely imbricated; lateral line incom-
plete. Color dark olivaceous above, paler below; a dark lateral band and
caudal spot; dorsal fin with a dusky shade through it at the middle, Breed-
ing males with the head nearly black, with tubercles on snout and lower
jaw. Length 2% inches.
Recorded by Kirtland. Given by Jordan as most abundant
in small streams flowing into the Ohio ; Hamilton County, ‘‘ very
abundant everywhere,’’ Henshall, 1888; Lorain County, ‘‘ not
common, but found in most of the streams,’’ McCormick, 1892 ;
Maumee river at Cecil, Lost and Gordon creeks near Cecil, Sugar
creek at Lima, Kirsch, 1893; Knox County, Big Jelloway creek,.
rare, Parker, Williamson and Osburn, 1898 ; Ohio river at Iron-
ton, Wabash river at Celina, Stillwater and Wolf creeks near
Dayton, R. C. Osburn, 1899; Niggermill Run at Salem, E. B.
Williamson, 1900; Pippin lake, Cuyahoga river at Hawkins,
Ohio river at Bellaire, R. C. Osburn, 1g00.
Pimephales notatus (Rafinesque). BLUNT-NOSED MINNOW.
Head 4%; depth 4% to 5; eye 4. D.I, 7 or 8; A. 7; scales 6—45-4, 22 in
front of dorsal, much crowded and irregularly arranged anteriorly. Body
rather elongate. Head moderate, the snout very blunt and convex; top of
head depressed; mouth small, inferior, horizontal. Color olivaceous, some-
times very dark; a black spot at base of dorsal fin in front. Males in breed-
ing season with the head black or nearly so, and with about 16 large tuber-
cles on the snout. Length 4 inches.
This species is much more abundant than the preceding.
‘* Swarms in all the streams of the state,’’ Jordan; Hamilton
County, ‘‘ the most abundant minnow,’’ Henshall. 1888 ; Lorain
County, ‘‘ very abundant in small streams,’’ McCormick, 1892 ;
Kirsch records it for every stream of the Maumee river system
explored in Ohio; Franklin County, ‘‘ our most abundant minnow,,.
46 THE FISHES OF OHIO.
in great numbers in every stream,’’ Williamson and Osburn,
1897 ; Knox County, abundant in every stream of the Big Jellow-
way creek system, Parker, Williamson and Osburn, 1898 ; Ohio
river and Ice creek at Ironton, Huron river at Milan, Sandusky
Bay, Ashtabula creek at Ashtabula, Wabash river at Celina,
Stillwater and Wolf creeks near Dayton, North Fork of Licking
river near Newark, R. C. Osburn, 1899; Niggermill Run at
Salem, Mahoning river, E. B. Williamson, 1900; Pippin lake,
Chippewa lake, Summit lake, Cuyahoga river at Kent and Haw-
kins, Breakneck creek at Kent, Grand river at Painesville, Cha-
grin river at Willoughby, Wheeling creek at Bridgeport, Ohio
river and McMahon's creek at Bellaire, Licking reservoir, R. C.
Osburn, 1900.
Genus: SEMOTILUS.
Semotilus atromaculatus (Mitchill), HorRNED DacE; CHUB.
Head 334; depth 4; eye 5 to5%. D.7; A. 8; scales 9-55 to 60-6, about
30 in front of dorsal; teeth 2, 5-4, 2. Head large and heavy, broad and
rounded above; snout broad; mouth broad, oblique; a small barbel on the
maxillary some distance above its posterior end, not evident in young speci-
mens. Body stout, arched in front of dorsal. Dorsal inserted behind ven-
trals. Color dusky olivaceous or bluish above, paler below; sides with a
brassy luster; an indistinct. lateral band and caudal spot (these markings
distinct in young). Dorsal with a black spot at its base anteriorly. Sides
of head and lower fins rosy in breeding males. These have also the snout
covered with tubercles. Length 1o inches.
A widely distributed species, occurring abundantly in brooks
throughout the state, less commonly in the larger streams, and
rarely in lakes. In seining up stream the increase in number of
individuals of this species as the headwaters are approached is
very noticeable. Kirtland, following Rafinesque, recorded it for
the state as two species, S. dorsalis and S. cephalus. Both are
synonyms of S. atromaculatus. Hamilton County, ‘‘ abundant in
all streams,’’ Henshall, 1888 ; Lorain County, ‘‘ abundant in most
of the streams,’’ McCormick, 1892; ‘‘generally distributed
throughout the Maumee river basin,’’ Kirsch, 1893; Franklin
County, abundant in all streams, Williamson and Osburn, 1897 ;
Knox County, Big Jelloway creek system, Parker, Williamson
CYPRINIDA. 47
and Osburn, 1898; Ice creek at Ironton, John’s creek at Water-
loo, Huron river at Milan, Ashtabula creek at Ashtabula, Wabash
river at Celina, Stillwater and Wolf creeks near Dayton, North
Fork of Licking river at Newark, R. C. Osburn, 1899; Nigger-
mill Run at Salem, Mahoning river, E. B. Williamson, 1900 ;
Sandusky Bay, Cuyahoga river at Kent and Hawkins, Breakneck
creek at Kent, Chippewa lake, Grand river at Painesville, Chagrin
river at Willoughby, R. C. Osburn, 1900.
Genus: LEUCISCUS.
Leuciscus elongatus (Kirtland). RED-SIDED DACE.
Head 4; depth 5; eye 4 to 4%. D. 8; A. 9; scales 10-70-5; teeth 2, 5-4,
2. Body elongate, compressed; head long, pointed; mouth very large,
oblique, the maxillary extending to middle of orbit; lower jaw projecting,
with a small knob at its symphysis. Color above varying froma dark blu-
ish to greenish, sides somewhat paler and mottled; a dark vertebral line;
along the side isa broad band, bright blood red anteriorly, black posteriorly,
the two colors shading into each other imperceptibly at about middle of
body; above this band is a narrow brassy band; belly silvery white. In
breeding males the belly and lower fins are tinged with rosy; in females and
young the bright colors are subdued or wanting. Length 5 inches.
The Red-sided Shiner is certainly one of the most elegant of
fishes. It is, generally speaking, a brook species, inhabiting
clear deep pools of brooks and spring runs, though Dr. Kirtland,
who described the species, records it for Lake Erie. It is found
in the tributaries of the Ohio and of the Lake, but has not been
noticed in the western part of the state. Mahoning river in
Trumbull County, and Lake Erie near Cleveland, Kirtland ;
Lorain County, ‘‘common in Spring brook, but not found else-
where,’’ McCormick, 1892 ; Knox County, Little Jelloway creek,
Black Run, Parker’s Run, Joe Sapp Run, Shadly Run and Doudy
creek, tributaries of Big Jelloway creek, common, Parker, Will-
iamson and Osburn, 1898; Wilson’s Run, a small tributary of
the North Fork of. Licking river near Newark, R. C. Osburn,
1899 ; Niggermill Run at Salem, E. B. Williamson, 1900; a
small tributary of the Grand river at Painesville, R. C. Osburn,
1900.
48 THE FISHES OF OHIO.
Genus: OPSOPGEODUS.
Key to Species.
A. Lateral line complete or very nearly so; dorsal fin with black blotch on anterior
rays, usually none on the posterior.— emilia.
AA, Lateral line always incomplete; dorsal usually with a conspicuous black spot on
posterior rays.— megalops.
Opsopceodus emiliz Hay.
Head about 4%; depth 42; eye 3. D.9; A. 8; scales 5-40-3; teeth 5-5,.
very slender, strongly hooked, and deeply serrate. Body rather elongate,
moderately compressed, not elevated. Head short and slender. Muzzle
blunt and rounded. Mouth very small and very oblique, smaller than in
any other of our Cyprvinide, with scarcely any lateral cleft. Caudal peduncle
long and slender, caudal deeply forked, Breast naked; 16 scales before
dorsal. Lateral line complete or very nearly so. Yellowish; sides silvery;
scales above dark edged; usually a dark lateral band from snout to caudal,
above and below which are series of black dots; anterior rays of dorsal dark,
no black spot on the posterior rays.
Given by Jordan and Evermann (Bull. 47) for Lake Erie ;
‘“two small specimens from the St. Mary’s river at St. Mary’s,’”
Kirsch, 1893.
Opsopceodus megalops (Forbes).
Head 434; depth 4 to 5; eye 2. D.7 or 8; A. 7 or 8; scales 5-39-4, 15.
before dorsal. Teeth 5-5, hooked and crenate. Lateral line always incom-
plete, sometimes on 4 or 5 scales only; sometimes extending with interrup-
tions to middle of caudal peduncle. Body slender, fusiform; mouth small,
terminal, oblique, so much so in old specimens as to appear almost vertical,
the chin projecting beyond mouth, in younger specimens the mouth is less
oblique. Top of head covered with prickles in old males. Fins large, caudal
deeply forked. Breast partly naked. Yellowish brown, sides silvery; scales.
above dark-edged. Dorsal fin with a black blotch on 4 anterior rays; a
second black blotch usually present on 3 posterior rays. Length 2% inches.
I have given above the separation of O. emzlie and O. mega-
lops as given by Jordan and Evermann (Bull. 47, U.S. Natl.
Mus.) ‘They suggest in regard to O. megalops that it is ‘‘ per-
haps not a distinct species.’’ A comparative study of these forms
confirms this belief. A dozen specimens taken by the writer in
the headwaters of the Wabash river at Celina, August, 1899, and
two from Summit lake at Akron, July 30, 1900, are referable to
O. megalops as given above, but so many variations between.
CYPRINIDA. 49
O. emilie and megalops exist among these specimens that it is
possible to establish a graduated series between the two species,
and none of the characters given in the above separation are found
to be constant. ‘The lateral line in some cases ceases in front of
the dorsal fin, and in others is continuous to within two or three
scales of the caudal. The second dorsal spot is also subject to
great variation, for, while in old males it is distinct, in some cases
it is very indistinct or wanting altogether. The fin formule and
squamation of the breast also vary. Recently, through the
kindness of Dr. S. E. Meek, I have been permitted to examine
specimens of O. emzlie from Indian Territory, Arkansas and
Illinois, in the Field Columbian Museum at Chicago. These
specimens show much the same variation as that given for O.
megalops. AsI have had no opportunity to compare with the
type specimens, I hesitate to reduce O. megalops to synonymy,
although the two species, as determined by Dr. Meek and myself,
undoubtedly intergrade.
Genus: ABRAMIS.
Abramis crysoleucas (Mitchill). GOLDEN SHINER;
GoLDEN BREAM; ROACH.
Head 4%; depth 3. D. 8; A. 13; scales 10-46 to 55-3; teeth 5-5. Body
strongly compressed, the belly behind ventrals compressed into a sharp keel,
over which the scales do not pass. Color, greenish above, the sides silvery,
with bright golden reflections. Length about a foot.
The Golden Bream is an abundant resident of the state in
suitable localities, being found chiefly in ponds, quiet pools and
weedy bayous, apparently more common in the northern part of
the state. Given by Rafinesque under the name Vofemigonus
auratus for the Ohio and Miami rivers; recorded by Kirtland
under the name Autulus crysoleucas ; given by Jordan as “‘ ex-
tremely abundant in every pond, lake or bayou’’; Hamilton
County, ‘‘common in Bloody Run and Clear creek,’’ Henshall,
1888 ; Lorain County, ‘‘ very common in still waters,’’ McCor-
mick, 1892; Maumee river at Cecil, Grand Rapids, Waterville
and Toledo, St. Mary’s river at St. Mary’s and Rockford, Tiffin
river at West Unity, Auglaize river at Oakwood and Defiance,
Sugar creek and Lost creek at Lima, Blanchard river at Findlay,
50 THE FISHES OF OHIO.
Kirsch, 1893; Franklin County, Scioto river, Scioto Big Run,
Big Walnut creek, Mason’s Run, Big Darby creek, Hell Branch,
Williamson and Osburn, 1897; Knox County, Big Jelloway
creek, Parker, Williamson and Osburn, 1898; Sandusky Bay,
Ashtabula creek at Ashtabnla, Wabash river at Celina, R. C.
Osburn, 1899; Niggermill Run at Salem, E. B. Williamson,
1900; Chippewa lake, Licking reservoir, R. C. Osburn, 1900.
Genus: CLIOLA.
Cliola vigilax (Baird and Girard).
Head 4%; depth 4%; eye 3%. D.8; A. 7; scales 8-42-6, about 28
before dorsal; teeth 4-4, with grinding surface and slight hook. Superfici-
ally, much resembling Pimephales notatus, but the form is more stout, the
mouth more terminal, and the alimentary canal less than twice the length
of the body. Caudal peduncle quite deep. Color, greenish, sides pale,
darker above, the scales above dark-edged; a dark lateral band ending in a
distinct caudal spot; a well defined black spot on anterior rays of dorsal.
Length 3 inches.
This minnow has, to the best of my knowledge, been recorded
from but two localities in the state. It has been taken by Hen-
shall in Hamilton County, ‘‘ common in O’ Bannon creek,’’ and a
single specimen was taken in Big Walnut creek, Franklin County,
by Mr. E. B. Williamson and the writer in 1897. It is probably
common nowhere in the state except in the southwestern part, as
its range is for the most part farther south and west.
CYPRINIDA. 51
Genus: NOTROPIS.
vey to Species.
A. ‘Teeth 4-4, 1, 4-4, 0, or 1, 4-4, 1 (sometimes 2 teeth in one or both inner rows in JN.
hudsonius and NV, heterodon).
B. Scales not very closely imbricated, not notably deeper than long; dorsal in-
serted nearly over the ventrals; no black spot on dorsal fin.
(ee Teeth one-rowed, 4-4 (sometimes 2, 4-4, 2 in JV. heterodon).
D. Lateral line usually more or less incomplete; small species, usually
with a dusky lateral band.
E. Mouth very small, chin pale.— cayuga.
EE. Mouth moderate; chin black.— heterodon.
DD. Lateral line always complete; small, weak species.
F. Fins all small and low, pectorals not reaching ventrals.—
blenntus.
FF. Fins high, pectorals reaching ventrals.— volucellus.
cc. Teeth two-rowed, 1, 4-4, 0; I, 4-4, 1; or I, 4-4, 2, the grinding surface more
or less developed.
G. Nodistinct dark spot at base of caudal.— shumarat.
GG. A distinct dark spot present at base of caudal fin.— hudsontus.
BB. Scales deeper than long, closely imbricated along side of body. Usually a dis-
tinct black spot on last rays of dorsal.— whipplit.
AA. Teeth 2, 4-4, 2 (2, 4-4, 1 in JV. eyunus).
H. Anal fin short, of 7 to 9 developed rays.
EG Teeth with the grinding surface developed.
ie Scales closely imbricated along the sides, no dark spot at base of
caudal.— cornutus.
JJ. Scales not closely imbricated, a dark spot at base of caudal at least
in young.
K. 13 scales before dorsal fin.— heterodon.
KK. 18 scales before dorsal.— hudsonius.
Il. ‘Teeth without evident grinding surface, scales not closely imbricated.
Ty. Eye very large, 22 in head; teeth 2, 4-4, 2.— artommus.
Ll. Eye 3% in head. teeth 2, 4-4, 1.— Jejunus.
HH. Anal fin long, of 11 or 12 rays; dorsal inserted behind ventrals.
M. Scales not closely imbricated on sides, not crowded anteriorly.
N. Kye very large, 244 to 3.— arge.
NN. Eye smaller, 3% to 4.
OQ. Front of dorsal midway between snout and base of caudal fin;
eye 34— atherinoides,
OO. Front of dorsal nearer to base of caudalthan to snout; eye 4.—
rubrifrons.
MM. Scales small and crowded auteriorly, closely imbricated; a black spot at
base of caudal.— umbratilts.
Notropis cayuga Meek.
Head 4 or a little over; depth 4%; eye 3%. D. 8; A. 8; scalesin lateral
line about 36, 14 before dorsal; teeth 4-4. Close to JV. heterodon, from
which it can be distinguished most readily by the absence of any black on
the chin. Lateral line wanting onsome scales. Jawsnearly equal. A black
band along lateral line, continued forward along sides of head and around
snout on upper jaw. Length 2% inches.
52 THE FISHES OF OHIO.
First recorded for the state by Kirsch, 1893, ‘‘a few specimens:
from the Maumee river at Toledo’’; Franklin County, ‘‘ rare in
Big Walnut and Little Darby creeks, common in Mason’s Run,”’
Williamson and Osburn, 1897; Sandusky Bay and Ashtabula
creek at Ashtabula, common in both places, R. C. Osburn, 1899.
This species seems to have been overlooked or confused with
some other species by the earlier investigators, as its occurrence
in both the Lake and Ohio river drainage at the points above
noted would indicate a pretty general distribution over the state
in suitable localities.
* Notropis heterodon (Cope).
Head 4; depth 4; eye 3, longer than snout. D. 8; A. 8; scales 5-36-3,
13 in front of dorsal. The lateral line incomplete, extending usually about
to dorsal fin, but varying greatly; teeth 4-4 (sometimes 2, 4-4, 2). Body
moderate; the back slightly elevated. dorsal inserted nearer the snout than
base of caudal. Coloration olivaceous, darker on the back; a distinct lateral
band, which passes forward through eye and on both jaws; chin distinctly
black. Said to be an exceedingly variable species.
Taken by the writer in Sandusky Bay, July, 1899, and again
in Sandusky Bay at Cedar Point and Black Channel, 1goo.
Notropis blennius (Girard), STRAW-COLORED MINNOW.
D. 8; A. 8; scales 5-36-4, 14 in front of dorsal; teeth 4-4. Head 4;
depth 4 to 5; eye large, 3 in head. Body moderately stout, but little com-
pressed. Head rather broad; mouth small, inferior, horizontal. Lateral
line complete. Dorsal fin low, its longest ray 34 of head. Coloration, pale
or yellowish olive; sometimes with a dark lateral band, and edges of mouth
dark. Length 2% inches. An exceedingly variable Minnow.
This insignificant looking species occurs widely and abundantly
throughout the state and has been recorded by all the recent
writers upon the fishes of the state, beginning with Jordan (Ohio.
Rept. ), under various names—J. dblennius, N. deliciosus and NV.
stramineus. Hamilton County, ‘‘ abundant in Little Miami river
and Clough creek,’’ Henshall, 1888; Lorain County, given as
two species, VV. deliciosus, very abundant in all the streams, and
N. stramineus, not common, McCormick, 1892; Maumee river at
* Notropis anogenus Forbes and N. /retensis (Cope), two small species closely re-
sembling JV. heterodon and JN. cayuga, respectively, have been taken almost on our borders
in streams flowing into the state. They may be looked for in north-western Ohio. JV.
anogenus may be known from JN. heterodon by the usually complete lateral line and the
included lower jaw. J. fretensis is separated from JV. cayuga ‘with which it is perhaps.
identical), by the complete lateral line and the presence of 17 scales in front of the dorsal.
CYPRINIDA. 53
Antwerp, Cecil, Defiance and Waterville, Tiffin river at Bruners-
burg, Auglaize river at Cloverdale, Sugar creek at Lima, Blanch-
ard river at Ottawa, Beaver creek at Grand Rapids, Kirsch, 1893 ;
Franklin County, common in almost every stream, females with
eggs, July 16, Williamson and Osburn, 1897 ; Knox County, Big
Jelloway creek system, ‘‘ abundant, females with ripe eggs on
May 25,’ Parker, Williamson and Osburn, 1898 ; Ice creek at
Ironton, John’s creek at Waterloo, Huron river at Milan, San-
dusky Bay, Ashtabula creek at Ashtabula, Wabash river at
Celina, Stillwater and Wolf creeks near Dayton, North Fork of
Licking river at Newark, abundant in most places, R. C. Osburn,
1899; Pippin lake, Cuyahoga river at Hawkins, Grand river at
Painesville, Chagrin river at Willoughby, Wheeling creek at
Bridgeport, Ohio river and McMahon’s Run at Bellaire, Licking
reservoir, R. C. Osburn, 1900.
Notropis volucellus (Cope).
Head 334; depth 4; eye 3%. D. 8; A. 8; scales 4-34-3; teeth 4-4. Fins
more elongate than in related species, the pectorals reaching ventrals. Very
similar to WV. dlennius, but distinguished especially by the noticeably higher
fins. Length 2% inches.
The only record Iam able to find of the occurrence of this
species in Ohio is that given by Kirsch in his ‘‘ Report upon
Investigations in the Maumee River System,’’ in which he men-
tions the fact that specimens from Gordon creek, taken by Prof.
S. E. Meek, are given him as Wotropsis delictosus var. volucella
Cope. Cope’s volucellus is now regarded as a distinct species.
Notropis shumardi (Girard).
Head 334; depth 41; eye very large, 24% to 3 in head. D. 8; A. 7 or 8;
scales 4 or 5-36-2 to 4, 13 in front of dorsal; teeth 1, 4-4, 1, with deep grind-
ing surface, and the edge strongly crenate. Body compressed, the back
elevated; tail slender. Head compressed, flattened above, below and on the
sides; snout short, obtuse; mouth very oblique, terminal, lower jaw included.
Fins large. Lateral line complete, decurved. Color, olivaceous above, pale
below; a dark lateral band, and vertebral line; scales above dark-edged.
Length 3 inches.
Recorded by Kirsch as JV. doops Gilbert, ‘‘common in the
Maumee river at Grand Rapids,’’ and ‘‘ five specimens from the
54 THE FISHES OF OHIO.
Blanchard river at Findlay,’’ 1893. Rare in Big Walnut creek,
Franklin County, Williamson and Osburn, 1897; a single speci-
men from Stillwater creek near Dayton, R. C. Osburn, 1899.
Notropis hudsonius (De Witt Clinton). SpotT-TAILED MINNOW;
SHINER.
Head 434; depth 4; eye 3. D. 8; A. 8; scales 5-39-4, 18 before dorsal;
teeth 1, 4-4, 0 or 1or2. Body elongate, considerably compressed in adult.
Head short; muzzle blunt, decurved, shorter than the very large eye; mouth
moderate, nearly horizontal, jaws sub-equal. Lateral line nearly straight,
slightly decurved anteriorly. Coloration very pale, with a broad silvery
band along side, this frequently underlaid with a dusky band. A dark spot
at base of caudal, most distinct in young. Length 4 to 6 inches.
This species is apparently confincd to the most northern por-
tions of the state, in Lake Erie and its larger tributaries. Lorain
County, ‘‘ common in the lake and at the mouth of the rivers,”’
McCormick, 1892 ; ‘‘ very common in the Maumee river at Grand
Rapids, a single specimen at Toledo,’’ Kirsch, 1893; Lake Erie
near Sandusky, abundant, R. C. Osburn, 1900; Sandusky Bay,
Morse and Herbert T. Osborn, 1900.
Notropis whipplii (Girard). SILVER-FIN.
Head 44%; depth 4 in adult males, females and young much slenderer;
eye 4%. D.8; A. 8 org; scales 5 or 6-38 to 40-3 or 4; teeth 1, 4-4, 1. Body
moderately elongate, compressed, the back and belly about equally arched.
’ Head rather short and deep. Scales closely imbricated (much higher than
wide) and of a very regular pattern, about 18 in front of dorsal. Color
leaden or steel-blue, the sides silvery; a dark vertebral line; a black spot
covering the posterior 3 membranes of the dorsal fin, this sometimes very
much reduced in young and females, but always present. Breeding males
have the fins tipped with creamy white, and the top of head and dorsal
region in front covered with small prickles. Length 4 inches.
This elegant little fish is widely distributed throughout the
state, and is usually quite common in all suitable localities.
Recorded by Kirtland under the name Luxi/us kentukiensis.
Given by Jordan in his Ohio Report under the name //xdsonius
analostanus, which he here confuses with WV. whippliz. Notropis
(Hudsonius) analostanus is an eastern form, possibly not specific-
ally distinct from MV. whipplii (see Jordan and Evermann, Bull.
47, U. S. Natl. Mus.) Hamilton County, common in all streams
explored, Henshall, 1888 ; Lorain County, all streams examined,
CYPRINID. 55
but not very common, McCormick, 1892; taken throughout the
Maumee river basin in Ohio, except in Gordon creek and the west
end of Lake Erie, Kirsch, 1893 ; Franklin County, occurs abund-
antly in all the larger streams, females with ripe eggs June 28,
Williamson and Osburn, 1897 ; Knox County, Big Jelloway creek
and tributaries, not rare, Parker, Williamson and Osburn, 1808 ;
Ohio river at Ironton, Huron river at Milan, Sandusky Bay, Ash-
tabula creek at Ashtabula, Wabash river at Celina, Stillwater
and Wolf creeks near Dayton, North Fork of Licking river at
Newark, R. C. Osburn, 1899 ; Mahoning river, E. B. William-
son, 1900; Cuyahoga river at Hawkins, Chippewa lake, Grand
river at Painesville, Chagrin river at Willoughby, Wheeling creek
at Bridgeport, Ohio river and McMahon’s Run at Bellaire,
Licking reservoir, R. C. Osburn, 1goo.
Notropis cornutus (Mitchill). ComMoN SHINER ; SILVERSIDES.
Head 3% to 4%; depth about 3 (23 to 34); eye 4-534. D. 8; A. 9;
scales 6-41-3 or 4, closely imbricated, 18 or 20 before dorsal; teeth 2, 4-4, 2,
with narrow grinding surface. Body varying much with age, in young
slender, in adult short, deep and compressed. Jateral line decurved. Color
above, dark olive green to steel-blue, sides silvery, with a brassy lateral
band; a brassy vertebral line (this color showing only in fresh specimens,
sometimes appearing as a dark line when out of water). Fins all plain,
rosy tipped in breeding males. Females and young plainer. One of the
most variable of our Minnows, varying with age, sex and season. Length
about Io inches.
One of the most abundant of fishes all over the state. Given
by Kirtland as Rutulus compressus and Luxulus chrysocephalus ;
by Jordan as Luvulus cornutus. Hamilton County, as Votropis
megalops, ‘‘abundant everywhere,’’ Henshall, 1888; Lorain
County, ‘“‘very common everywhere,’’ McCormick, 1892;
Maumee river system, ‘‘ every stream,’’ Kirsch, 1893; Franklin
County, ‘‘taken in every stream, generally abundant, females
with eggs on July 6,’’ Williamson and Osburn, 1897; Knox
County, taken in every stream of the Big Jelloway creek system,
Parker, Williamson and Osburn, 1898 ; Ohio river and Ice creek
at Ironton, John’s creek at Waterloo, Huron river at Milan, San-
dusky Bay, Ashtabula creek, Wabash river at Celina, Stillwater
and Wolf creeks at Dayton, and North Fork of Licking river at
56 THE FISHES OF OHIO.
Newark, R. C. Osburn, 1899; Niggermill Run and Mahoning
river, E. B. Williamson, 1900; Cuyahoga river at Kent and
Hawkins, Breakneck creek at Kent, Summit lake, Chippewa
lake, Licking reservoir, Grand river at Painesville, Chagrin river
at Willoughby, Wheeling creek at Bridgeport, Ohio river and
McMahon’s creek at Bellaire, R. C. Osburn, rgoo.
Notropis ariommus (Cope).
Head 33% to 4%; depth 44% to 5. D. 8; A. 9; scales 6-39-2, large, 15
before dorsal; teeth 2, 4-4, 2. Body stout, moderately elevated, somewhat
compressed. Head heavy, broad above; snout moderate, somewhat decurved;
mouth moderate, oblique, jaws equal. Eye very large, 2? in head, much
longer than snout, larger than in any other Ohio Cyprinid. Lateral line
much decurved. Color olivaceous, scales above dark-edged; sides and below
bright silvery. Length 5 inches.
Two specimens from the Maumee river at Antwerp, Kirsch,
1893.
*Notropis jejunus (Forbes).
Head 4; depth 4%4; eye 3% in head, equal to snout, less than inter-
orbital space. D.8; A. 7; scales 5-37-3; teeth 2, 4-4, 1. Body moderately
slender; head flattish above; snout blunt and rounded. Dorsal over ven-
trals; about 16 scales before dorsal. Color, pale olivaceous above, pale on
sides and below, with a broad silvery band overlying a plumbeous shade.
Length 3 inches.
The range of this species in the state seems to be limited to
the Ohio river and the lower portions of its tributaries. Hamil-
ton County, ‘‘common in Little Miami river and Bloody Run,
Henshall, 1888; common in the Ohio river and Ice creek at
Tronton and in John’s creek at Waterloo, R. C. Osburn, 1899.
Notropis atherinoides Rafinesque.
Head 474; depth 5%; eye 34%. D.8; A. 11; scales 5-38-3, 15 before
dorsal; teeth 2, 4-4, 2. Body long and slender, compressed, back not ele-
vated. Head blunt, conic, shorter than in related species. Mouth moder-
ate, very oblique, upper lip on a level with upper part of pupil. Eye large,
rather longer than snout. Fins low, front of dorsal midway between point
of snout and base of caudal. Lateral line decurved. Color above clear,
translucent olive-green, a yellow, iridescent vertebral line in life, which
becomes darker in spirits; sides bright silvery, with sometimes a brassy
lateral shade ; breeding males with snout rosy. Length 4 to 6 inches.
* Notropis scabriceps, given by Jordan in the Ohio Rept., is confused probably with NV.
shumardi. NN. scabriceps has not been noticed outside of the Kanawha river. (See Bull.
47, U. S. Natl. Mus.)
CYPRINIDZ:. 57
An elegant and graceful species, common and widely distrib-
uted, found in all larger streams, usually on gravelly or sandy
bottom, and in lakes under the same conditions. Recorded for
the state by Kirtland as A7innzlus dinemus. ‘‘ Exceedingly com-
mon in Lake Erie, and throughout the state one of the most
abundant of minnows,’’ Jordan (Ohio Rept.); Hamilton County,
‘“common in Clough creek,’’ Henshall, 1888; Lorain County,
‘‘very abundant at times,’’ McCormick, 1892 ; Maumee river at
‘Cecil, Grand Rapids and Toledo, St. Joseph river at Edgerton,
“Tiffin river at Brunersburg, Auglaize river at Wapakoneta and
Cloverdale, ‘‘ not common at any of these places,’’ Kirsch, 1893 ;
Franklin County, common in all of the larger streams, William-
‘son and Osburn, 1897 ; Knox County, ‘‘abundant in Big Jello-
way creek,’’ Parker, Williamson and Osburn, 1898 ; Ohio river
at Ironton, Sandusky Bay, Lake Erie at Sandusky, Ashtabula
creek, Wabash river at Celina, Stillwater creek at Dayton, North
Fork of Licking river at Newark, R. C. Osburn, 1899 ; Cuyahoga
river at Hawkins, Grand river at Painesville, Chagrin river at
Willoughby, Wheeling creek at Bridgeport, Ohio river and
McMahon creek at Bellaire, Licking reservoir, R. C. Osburn,
1900.
Notropis arge (Cope).
Head 44%; depth 6; eye 23 to3. D.8; A. 11; scales 5-39-3. Close to
NV. atherinoides, but the eye very large, longer than snout; lateral line
nearly straight, head large, the snout not very blunt; mouth large, chin pro-
jecting. Color pale-greenish olive; a dark vertebral line; belly and sides
pale; a broad, silvery lateral band bounded by a dark line. * Length 3%
inches. ‘‘Apparently varying into WN. atherinoides, hence of doubtful
validity.’’
This species has been taken at such points in the state as to
indicate a wide distribution, but it is not generally common.
Hamilton County, ‘‘common in east fork of Mill creek,”’ Hen-
shall, 1888 ; Lorain County, ‘‘in company with JV. atherinozdes,
but not nearly as common,’’ McCormick, 1892 ; Maumee river
at Grand Rapids, St. Joseph river at Edgerton, Tiffin river at
Brunersburg, scarce, Kirsch, 1893 ; Cuyahoga river at Hawkins,
rare, R. C. Osburn, June 25, 1900.
58 THE FISHES OF OHIO.
Notropis rubrifrons (Cope).
Head 4 to 5’ depth 43 to5%. D.8; A. 10; scales 5 or 6-39 or 40-3, I5.
to 17 before dorsal (Ohio specimens run a little higher, some having as high
as 20 before the dorsal); teeth 2, 4-4, 2: Body moderately elongate, back
scarcely elevated, head conic and rather pointed. Eye moderate, usually
shorter than snout. Resembling WV. atherinoides, from which it can be
readily told, in Ohio specimens at least, by the position of the dorsal fin,
which is inserted nearer to base of caudal than to point of snout. Above
clear olive, each scale dark-edged; sides and under parts silvery; a narrow,
coppery lateral band in life, overlying dark pigment; a narrow vertebral
line; a row of black dots on either side of anal fin. Males in spring with
head and anterior parts reddish, and sometimes the bases of dorsal, ventral
and pectoral fins red. Length 23¢ inches.
A common and widely distributed species, found in company
with AV. atherinoides, but much more common. Kirsch and
McCormick record it under the name 4. dzectus (Girard), but
LV. dilectus, as now restricted, is found farther southwest, so I
include these records under NV. rubrifrons. Possibly the two may
not be distinct. Given by Jordan as abundant in southern Ohio ;
Hamilton County, ‘‘common in east fork of Mill creek,’’ Hen-
shall, 1888 ; Lorain County, ‘‘common in the lake and lower
parts of all streams entering it,’?’ McCormick, 1892; St. Joseph
river at Edgerton, Blanchard river at Findlay, Beaver creek at
Grand Rapids, ‘‘common at these places,’’ Kirsch, 1893;
Franklin County, ‘‘all larger streams with WV. atherinozdes,
abundant where found,” Williamson and Osburn, 1897; Knox
County, Big Jelloway creek and several of its tributaries, occa-
sionally observed in large schools over clear, gravelly places in
ripples, females with ripe eggs on May 24, Parker, Williamson
and Osburn, 1898; Ohio river at Ironton, Huron river at Milan,
Sandusky Bay, Lake Erie at Sandusky, Ashtabula creek, Wabash
river at Celina, Stillwater and Wolf creeks at Dayton, North Fork
of Licking river at Newark, R. C. Osburn, 1899 ; Niggermill
Run and Mahoning river, E. B. Williamson, 1900; Cuyahoga
river at Kent and Hawkins, Grand river at Painesville, Chagrin
river at Willoughby, Wheeling creek at Bridgeport, Ohio river
and McMahon’s Run at Bellaire, outlet of Licking reservoir,
R. C..Osburn, 1900:
CYPRINID, 59:
Notropis umbratilis lythrurus (Jordan). REDFIN.
D. 7; A. 11; teeth 2, 4-4, 2; scales 9-45-3, crowded anteriorly. Head
pointed, about 4 in length; body moderately elongated, compressed, depth
4to 5. Eye 3%. Color bright steel-blue above, pale below. Dorsal fin
with a conspicuous black spot at base in front. Breeding males have the
lower fins bright red. Females and young paler. Length 3 inches.
An exceedingly handsome species, especially during the
breeding season. Widely distributed and generally common.
Recorded for the state by Kirtland as Semofilus diplema. Jordan
gives it under the name Lythrurus diplaemius as ‘‘ abundant
throughout the state, especially in the southern part’’; Henshall,
Kirsch and McCormick record it under the name JV. ardens ;
‘‘abundant in all streams examined,’’ in Hamilton County,
Henshall, 1888; ‘‘ found at all points explored in Maumee river
system in Ohio except Maumee river at Cecil and Toledo, St.
Joseph river at Edgerton and St. Mary’s river at Rockford,
Kirsch, 1893; Lorain County, ‘‘not very common, Black river
and Vermillion river near Klipton,’’ McCormick, 1892; Franklin
County, ‘‘all streams but the smallest, abundant,’’ June 15 given
as a breeding date, Williamson and Osburn, 1897; Ice creek at
Ironton, Huron river at Milan, Ashtabula creek at Ashtabula,
Wabash river at Celina, Stillwater and Wolf creeks at Dayton,
North Fork of Licking river at Newark ; exceedingly abundant in
a small tributary of Ashtabula creek, in company with Adbramzs
crysoleucas, R. C. Osburn, 1899; Niggermill Run at Salem, E. B.
Williamson, 1900; Breakneck creek near Kent, Grand river at .
Painesville, Chagrin river at Willoughby, Wheeling creek at
Bridgeport, Ohio river and McMahon creek at Bellaire, R. C.
Osburn, 1900.
Genus: ERICYMBA.
Ericymba buccata (Cope). SILVERY-JAWED MINNOW.
Head g% to 4; depth 4% to 5; eye 4 to4%. D.8; A. 7; scales 4 or 5-
34-3, about 15 in front of dorsal; teeth 1, 4-4, I or I, 4-4, 0, the inner slender
and without grinding surface. Body rather elongate, little compressed, back
not elevated. Head long, depressed above, with broad and prominent
muzzle. Mouth small, horizontal, sub-inferior, lower jaw the shorter.
Interopercle, suborbital and dentary bones containing mucous cavities,.
‘60 THE FISHES OF OHIO.
which are visible externally. Color olivaceous above, pale and silvery on
sides and below; a dark vertebral line and sometimes an indistinct, dark
lateral band. Fins all plain. Length 3 to 5 inches.
Distributed throughout the state, a very common species, less
abundant in the lake than in the Ohio river drainage. ‘‘ Abund-
ant in most streams tributary to the Ohio,’’ Jordan’s Report ;
Hamilton County, ‘‘ abundant in Little Miami river and tribu-
taries,’’ Henshall, 1888; Lorain County, ‘‘ taken once in Black
river,’’ McCormick, 1892; the Maumee river system in Ohio
except at the following places: Maumee river at Cecil, Tiffin
river at West Unity and Brunersburg, Auglaize river at Wapa-
koneta and Lost creek at Lima, Kirsch, 1893; Franklin County,
every stream, generally abundant, June 15 given as a breeding
date, Williamson and Osburn, 1897; Big Jelloway creek system,
Knox County, ‘‘taken in every stream, abundant,’ Parker,
Williamson and Osburn, 1898: Ohio river and Ice creek at
Ironton, Huron river at Milan, Wabash river at Celina, Stillwater
and Wolf creeks at Dayton, North Fork of Licking river at
Newark, R. C. Osburn, 1899; Niggermill Run and Mahoning
river, E. B. Williamson, 1900; Cuyahoga river at Hawkins,
Chippewa lake, Grand river at Painesville, Chagrin river at
Willoughby, Wheeling creek at Bridgeport, Ohio river and
McMahon’s Run at Bellaire, Licking reservoir, R. C. Osburn,
1900.
Genus: RHINICHTHYS.
Key to Species.
A. Snout long and prominent, projecting much beyond the mouth, barbei evident, no
distinct, black lateral band.— cataracte.
AA. Snout shorter, little projecting, barbel small, but always present; a distinct, black
lateral band.— atronasus.
Rhinichthys cataractz (Cuvier and Valenciennes).
LONG-NOSED DACE.
Head 4; depth 5; eye 2 in snout, 5 in head. D. 8; A. 7; scales small,
14-65-8; teeth 2, 4-4, 2. Resembling FR. atronasus, from which it is dis-
tinguished by the longer head, by the prominent overhanging muzzle, much
longer than in a/ronasus, by the longer barbels and by the absence of a dis-
tinct, dark lateral band. Color dark-brownish olive above, sometimes
slightly mottled; paler below; a dark spot on opercle, but no distinct band
through eye or along side. Length 5 inches.
CYPRINIDA. 6r
Apparently a rare species in Ohio. Dr. Jordan (Ohio Rept. )
says: ‘‘It is found in the tributaries of Lake Erie and even in
the lake itself. It also occurs in the southeastern part of the
state.’’ Since then it has not been noticed by any other collector,
and the writer has taken it but once, a single specimen from a
small tributary of the Grand river near Painesville, August 2,
IgOO.
Rhinichthys atronasus (Mitchill). BLACK-NOSED DACE.
Head 4; depth 4%; eye 1% in snout, 4% in head. D. 7 or 8; A. 7;
scales 10-65-6; teeth 2, 4-4, 2. Body moderately elongate, little compressed.
Head moderate, rather broad and flattish above; snout moderate; mouth
horizontal, lower jaw included; barbels well marked in all Ohio specimens
examined. Color above dark-yellowish olive, much blotched with black; a
black lateral band passing forward through eye to snout; breeding males
have the lateral band and the lower fins bright orange or crimson. All color
markings less evident in females and young, but the lateral, dark band
always present.
Distributed over the state and generally common or even
abundant in suitable localities. It is essentially a ‘‘ brook’”’
species, being rarely found in larger streams, but swarming in
clear, cold spring runs, in company with Chrosomus erythrogaster.
Hamilton County, ‘‘ common in all the streams,’’ Henshall, 1888 ;
Lorain County, ‘‘ Spring brook and Chance creek, not common,’’
McCormick, 1892; Maumee river system, ‘‘ several from Lost
creek near Cecil, by Prof. Meek, found nowhere else’’ (in Ohio),
Kirsch, 1893; Franklin County, Grant’s Run and Plum Run,
common, Williamson and Osburn, 1897; Knox County, Little .
Jelloway creek, Parker’s Run, Joe Sapp Run and Shadley Run,
tributaries of Big Jelloway creek, common or abundant, May 24
given as a breeding date, Parker, Williamson and Osburn, 1898 ;
Ohio river at Ironton, Huron river at Milan, Wabash river at
Celina, Wolf creek at Dayton, North Fork of Licking river at
Newark, in all of these cases the species has been taken in small
nameless tributaries rather than in the main stream, with the
exception of Wolf creek and the Ohio river, R. C. Osburn, 1899 ;
Cuyahoga river at Kent and Hawkins, and Breakneck creek near
Kent, R. C. Osburn, 1goo.
62 THE FISHES OF OHIO.
Genus: UAYBOPSIS.
Key to Species.
SA; Mouth inferior, horizontal, color silvery.
B. Teeth one-rowed, 4-4.
c: Eye 34% in head; no plumbeous blotches along lateral line.—hyostomus,
CC. Eye very large, 234; an interrupted plumbeous lateral band.—dissimilis.
BB. Teeth two-rowed, 1, 4-4, I, or I, 4-4, 0.
D. Sides with a dusky lateral band.— amblops.
DD. Sides silvery, no lateral band.— Stoverianus.
AA. Mouth large, nearly terminal; eye small; not silvery.— kentucktensts.
Hybopsis hyostomus (Gilbert).
Head 4; depth 5%; eye 3%. D. 8; A. 8; scales in lateral line 37, 13
before dorsal. Body and head very slender; snout long, acute, projecting
beyond mouth for half its length; mouth short, wide, inferior; barbels long.
Color silvery, everywhere dusted with fine, dark specks. Length 2% inches.
Very rare in the state, and, as far as my knowledge goes,
confined to the Ohio river. Dr. Henshall recorded it first from
the Ohio river at Raccoon Island, 1889, and the writer has taken
it twice in the Ohio, at Ironton, May 31, 1899, and at Bellaire,
August 31, 1900.
Hybopsis dissimilis (Kirtland). SPpoTTED SHINER.
Head 4%; depth 5. D. 8; A. 7; teeth 4-4; scales 6-40 to 47-5, about 20
in front of dorsal. Body long and slender, little compressed, with long
caudal peduncle. Head long, flattish above; snout somewhat bluntly
decurved, a little projecting; mouth small, horizontal, lower jaw included;
barbel smaller than in H. améblops; eye about 3 in head, somewhat directed
upward. Color above dusky or olivaceous, somewhat mottled; sides silvery,
-with a bluish lateral band, which is sometimes widened into several blackish
blotches. In full coloration, one of the most striking of our Minnows,
This species has been taken in a number of localities in Ohio,
and in both the lake and Ohio river drainage, but is nowhere com-
mon. Recorded by Kirtland for the Mahoning river and Lake
Erie near Cleveland; Hamilton County, ‘‘ rather common in
Little Miami river and O’ Bannon creek,’’ Henshall, 1888 ; Frank-
lin County, ‘‘ Big Walnut creek, rare,’’ Williamson and Osburn,
1897 ; Stillwater creek near Dayton, rare, R. C. Osburn, 1899 ;
Cuyahoga river at Hawkins, R. C. Osburn, 1¢oo.
CYPRINIDA. 63
Hybopsis amblops (Rafinesque). SILVER CHUB.
Head 4; depth 4% to 5; eye 3. D.8; A. 7 or 8; scales 5-38-4, about 14
before dorsal; teeth 1, 4-4, 1. Body rather slender, little compressed, rather
heavy anteriorly. Head large, flattened and broad above; mouth subinferior,
horizontal; barbel evident. Lateral line somewhat decurved. Color above
clear translucent green, scales dark-edged; sides with a broad, silvery lateral
band, overlying dark pigment, which sometimes appears as a dark lateral
band; a dark band through eye around snout. Fins all plain. Length
about 3 inches.
Common or abundant throughout the state, found in nearly
all streams, but not taken in lakes. Recorded by Kirtland.
Given by Jordan as abundant in tributaries of the Ohio ; Hamil-
ton County, ‘‘common in Little Miami river,’’ Henshall, 1888 ;
Lorain County, ‘‘common in some of the streams,’’ McCormick,
1892; Maumee river system, ‘‘all the smaller tributaries,’’
Kirsch, 1893; Franklin County, common in all but the smallest
streams, Williamson and Osburn, 1897; Big Jelloway creek,
Knox County, abundant, Parker, Williamson and Osburn, 1898 ;
Ohio river at Ironton, John’s creek at Waterloo, Huron river at
Milan, Ashtabula creek at Ashtabula, Wabash river at Celina,
Stillwater and Wolf creeks near Dayton, North Fork of Licking
river near Newark, R. C. Osburn, 1899; Cuyahoga river at
Hawkins, Grand river at Painesville, Chagrin river at Wil-
loughby, Wheeling creek at Bridgeport, Ohio river and McMa-
hon’s creek at Bellaire, R. C. Osburn, 1900.
Hybopsis storerianus (Kirtland).
Head 4%; depth 4; eye 3, equal to snout. D. 8; A. 8; scales 5-42-4.
Body elongate, somewhat compressed, the back somewhat elevated. Head
short, compressed; preorbital bone large and silvery; mouth horizontal,
lower jaw included; barbels conspicuous. Tateral line somewhat decurved.
Dorsal inserted over ventrals, ventrals not reaching vent, caudal long, deeply
forked. The teeth are said to be usually 1, 4-4, 0, but all Ohio specimens
examined have the teeth 1, 4-4, 1.. Translucent greenish above, elsewhere
bright silvery, sides with a slight plumbeous lateral band, no caudal spot.
Length 5 to 10 inches.
Apparently not well distributed over the state, though occur-
ring in both the Lake Erie and the Ohio river drainage. Lake
Erie, Kirtland ; ‘‘ abundant in Lake Erie,’’ Jordan; Hamilton
64 CYPRINID.
County, ‘‘common in Little Miami river and Clough creek,’”
Henshall, 1888; Lorain County, Beaver creek and Lake Erie,
McCormick, 1892; Lake Erie near Sandusky, R. C. Osburn,
1900. Dead ones are frequently thrown upon the beach by the
waves at Sandusky ; not noticed in Sandusky Bay.
Hybopsis kentukiensis (Rafinesque). HORNY-HEAD;
RIVER CHUB; JERKER; INDIAN CHUB.
Head 334 to 4; depth 4 to 44%; eye 54%. D.8; A.7 or 8; scales 6-41-5,
about 18 before dorsal; teeth I, 4-4, I or I, 4-4, 0, sometimes 4-4, in all Ohio.
specimens examined they are I, 4-4, I. Body rather robust, little elevated,
little compressed. Head large, broadly rounded above; snout conical, blunt-
ish; mouth large, nearly terminal; barbel evident. Dorsal inserted slightly
behind ventrals. Color dusky or bluish or greenish olive above, sometimes
with brassy luster, pale but not silvery below; sometimes with a clear, grass
green lateral band in life; fins all plain, tinged with dull orange. Breeding
males have the belly tinged with rosy, and a crimson spot on side of head
behind eye, and have the top of the head swollen into a crest which is covy-
ered with tubercles. Young with dark caudal spot. Length 6 to g inches.
Well distributed over the state and generally common. Re-
corded by Kirtland. ‘‘Every stream in the state of Ohio,”’
Jordan; Hamiltcn County, ‘‘ Little Miami river,’’ Henshall,
1888: Lorain County, ‘‘ very common in larger streams,”’
McCormick, 1892; Maumee river system in Ohio, ‘‘ every point
in every stream examined,’’ Kirsch, 1893; Franklin County,
common in larger streams, July 16 given as breeding date, Will-
iamson and Osburn, 1897; Big Jelloway creek system, Knox
County, abundant, May 23 noted as a breeding date, Parker,
Williamson and Osburn, 1898, Ohio river at Ironton, Huron
river at Milan, Ashtabula creek at Ashtabula, Wabash river at
Celina, Stillwater and Wolf creeks at Dayton, North Fork of
Licking River at Newark, R. C. Osburn, 1899; Cuyahoga river
at Kent and Hawkins, Grand river at Painesville, Chagrin river
at Willoughby, Wheeling creek at Bridgeport, Ohio river at
Bellaire, R. C. Osburn, 1900.
Genus: EXOGLOSSUM.
Exoglossum maxillingua (Le Sueur). CumT-Lips; NIGGER CHUB.
Head 4; depth 4%. D. 8; A. 7; scales 8-53-5; teeth 1, 4-4, 1. Body
rather stout, little compressed. Head broad and flattish above, with tumid
cheeks. Mouth peculiar, the mandible being contracted and incurved, its
ANGUILLIDA. 65
‘outline 3-lobed; this appearance is due to the fact that the dentary bones lie
close together, parallel, and are united throughout their length, instead of
forming an arch as in all other Cyprinidz ; lower lip represented by a broad,
fleshy lobe on either side of the mandible. Color olivaceous, smoky or dark
above; a blackish bar behind opercle, and a dusky shade at base of caudal
in young. Finsall plain. Length 6 inches.
Rare in Ohio. Six specimens were taken by the writer in
Stillwater creek near Dayton, Aug. 15, 1899. The range of the
species is to the eastward. West of the Alleghenies it has here-
tofore been known only from the Kanawha river, West Virginia.
Order: APODES.
Sub-Order: ENCHELYCEPHALI.
Family: ANGUILLIDA.
Gen us: ANGUILLA.
Anguilla chrysypa Rafinesque. AMERICAN EEL;
FRESHWATER EEL.
Body elongate, compressed behind; appearing scaleless, but covered
with fine, imbedded scales. Head long, conical, moderately pointed.
Dorsal and anal fins confluent with caudal. Color brown, often tinged with
yellowish; paler below, the color quite variable. Length 4 or 5 feet.
The Eel appears to be nowhere very common in Ohio, but is
widely distributed throughout the state, and probably occurs in
every lake, reservoir and large stream. Rafinesque mentions its
occurrence in the Ohio ‘‘ as far as Pittsburg ;’’ Kirtland records
it for the Ohio river drainage; Lake Erie and Ohio river, Hen-
shall, 1889 ; Lorain County, ‘‘ occasionally taken in the pounds,”
McCormick, 1892; Maumee river at Defiance, ‘‘ said to inhabit
all waters of the Maumee basin,’’ Kirsch, 1893 ; Franklin County,
observed in Big Walnut creek, reported by fishermen as “ not
rare,’’ Williamson and Osburn, 1897 ; Pippin lake and Chippewa
lake, R. C. Osburn, 1900. I have seen specimens taken in Lick-
ing reservoir, Licking river and North Fork of Licking river.
According to Kirtland the Eel did not formerly inhabit the Lake
Erie drainage, but if not, it has found its way there through the
‘canals.
66 THE FISHES OF OHIO.
Order: IOSPONDYLI.
Family: WIODONTIDA.
Genus: Hi1opon.
Key to Spectes.
A. Belly in front of ventrals carinated; dorsal with 9 developed rays.— alosoides.
AA. Belly in front of ventrals not carinated; dorsal of 11 or 12 developed rays.—/ergisus.
Hiodon alosoides (Rafinesque).
Head 4%; depth 3%; eye3%. D.9; A. 32; scales6-56-7. Body closely
compressed, becoming deep in the adult, the ventral edge everywhere carin-
ated. Maxillary reaching middle of eye. Caudal peduncle rather stouter
than in HZ. ¢fergisus, and the fin not so deeply forked; also, the pectorals are
longer and the ventrals shorter than in A. fergisus. Color bluish, sides
silvery, with golden luster. Length 12 inches,
Rare in Ohio, the range of the species being farther to the
west. A single specimen, taken in a fisherman’s net in the Ohio.
river, was recorded by Henshall for Hamilton County, 1888.
Hiodon tergisus Le Sueur. Moon EvE; TOOTHED HERRING.
Head 41%; depth 3; eye 3. D.12; A. 28; scales 5-55-7. Body oblong,,.
moderately compressed. Eye large, the maxillary barely reaching its mid-
dle. Pectoral fins not reaching ventrals, the latter just short of vent. Belly
somewhat carinated behind ventrals only. Color brilliantly silvery, olive-
shaded above. Length 12 inches.
This species is confined to Lake Erie and the Ohio river, and
the lower courses of their larger tributaries, but it 1s common
where found. Rafinesque made four species of it, and reported
two of them for the Ohio as far as Pittsburg. Three of these
nominal species, 47. clodalus, H. vernalis and Hf. tergisus, were
recognized by Kirtland in his 1838 report, but he afterward
dropped all but 1. ¢exg7sus. ‘‘ Common in the Ohio,’’ Henshall,
1888; Lorain County, ‘‘common in the lake, ascending the
streams sometimes,’’ McCormick, 1892; ‘‘ below the dams in the
Maumee river at Defiance and Grand Rapids, at both places they
were very abundant,’’ Kirsch, 1893 ; Ohio river at Bellaire, R. C.
Osburn, 1900.
DOROSOMIDAi—CLUPEID#, 67
Family: DOROSOMID A.
Genus: DOROSOMA.
Dorosoma cepedianum (Le Sueur). GrIzzaArpD SHAD.
Head 41%; depth 2%; eye4%. D. 12, its last ray prolonged and filiform,
about as long as head; scales 56-23. Body deep, compressed, the back ele-
vated in adult; belly compressed to an edge, serrated and covered by scutes,
17 in front of vent, 12 behind. Mouth small, inferior, noteeth. An adipose
eyelid. No lateral line. Stomach short, muscular, like the gizzard of a
fowl. Caudal fin widely forked, lower lobe the longer. Color silvery-bluish
above; young with a round, dark spot at shoulder; tips of ventrals and edge
of anal often dusky. Length 15 inches,
This handsome, worthless species is now well distributed over
the state in the lake and larger streams, although it is said that
previous to the opening of the canals it was not found in the
lake drainage. The form resident in the Mississippi valley is
known as var. heturum. Given by Kirtland as Chatoessus ellip-
ticus. Ohio river, Lake Erie and Licking reservoir, Jordan’s
Report ; Hamilton County, ‘‘ very common in the Ohio river,’’
Henshall, 1888 ; Lorain County, ‘‘ quite common in the lake and
ascending the rivers,’’ McCormick, 1892; Maumee river at
Defiance and Grand Rapids, St. Mary’s river at St. Mary’s and
Rockford, Tiffin river at Brunersburg, Auglaize river at Clover-
dale, Oakwood and Defiance, Hoaglin creek near Oakland and
Gordon creek near Cecil, Kirsch, 1893 ; abundant in St. Mary’s
reservoir and in the wasteway of the St. Mary’s reservoir into the
headwaters of the Wabash river at Celina, R. C. Osburn, 1899 ;
Chippewa lake, Ohio river at Bellaire and Licking reservoir, very
abundant at the last place, R. C. Osburn, 1900.
Family: CiLuPEIDA.
Genus: POMOLOBUS.
Pomolobus chrysochloris Rafinesque. SkIPJACK; BLUE HERRING.
Head 334; depth 334; eye shorter than snout, large, well covered by an
adipose eyelid, 44% in head. D, 16, its posterior ray not prolonged; A. 18;
about 52 scales in lateral line. Body elliptical, much compressed; belly
compressed to an edge which is covered with scutes, 20 before Went, 13
.
68 THE FISHES OF OHIO.
behind. Head slender and pointed; lower jaw strongly projecting; upper
jaw emarginate. Color, brilliant blue above, sides silvery with golden
reflections; no dark spot behind opercle. Length 15 inches.
This is a deep water species, common in the Ohio river, and
it has made its way through the canals into Lake Erie, where it
is now said to be common. Ohio river, ‘‘ seldom as far as Pitts-
burg,’’ Rafinesque; ‘‘very rare, two specimens seen in Cincin-
nati market,’’ Kirtland, 1838 ; Hamilton County, ‘‘abundant in
Ohio river,’’ Henshall, 1888.
Family: SALMONIDA.
Key to Cenera.
A. Mouth not deeply cleft; dentition feeble or incomplete, scales large.
B. Lower jaw short and more or less included, cleft of mouth short.—
ne COREGONUS.
BB. Lower jaw long, projecting beyond upper, cleft of mouth rather long.—
ARGYROSOMUS.
AA. Mouth deeply cleft; dentition strong and complete, scales small.
Cc. Vomer with raised crest, which is armed with strong teeth; hyoid bone with a
broad band of strong teeth; no bright colors.— CRISTIVOMER.
CC. Vomer without raised crest; hyoid with weak teeth or none; spotted with
red.— SALVELINUS.
Genus: COREGONUS.
Coregonus clupeiformis (Mitchill), COMMON WHITEFISH.
Head 5; depth 3 to 4; eye 4 to 5. D,11; A. 11; scales 8-74 to 85-9.
Body oblong, compressed, always elevated, especially so in adult. Head
comparatively small and short; the snout obliquely truncated. Gill rakers
numerous, long and slender. Color olivaceous above; sides white, but not
silvery; lower fins sometimes dusky. Length 2 feet or more.
In Ohio the Whitefish is found only in Lake Erie, where it
occurs in great numbers. It does not ascend streams. Recorded
first by Kirtland. ‘‘ The most important fish of Ohio, both as to
quantity taken and quality as food,”’ Jordan’s Report; L. Erie,
Henshall, 1889; ‘‘common in the lake,’’ McCormick, 1892;
“‘ west end of Lake Erie,’’ Kirsch, 1893. Great quantities from
various parts of the lake are brought into the fish houses at San-
dusky.
SALMONID. 69
Genus: ARGYROSOMUS.
Key to Spectes.
A. Lower jaw projecting; depth in length 4%.— artedt.
AA. Jaws about equal; depth in length 3 to 3%.— tullibee.
Argyrosomus artedi (Le Sueur), Crisco; LAKE HERRING.
Head 4%; depth 4%; eye 4to 4%. D.10; A. 12; scales 8-75 to 90-7.
Body elongate, compressed, not elevated. Head compressed, rather long;
distance from occiput to snout usually a little less than half the distance
from occiput to insertion of dorsal fin. Dorsal fin high, its rays rapidly
shortened. Bluish black or greenish above; sides silvery, with dark specks;
fins mostly pale, the lower dusky-tinged. Length 1 foot.
In Ohio taken only in Lake Erie, where it is very abundant.
Recorded by Kirtland, Jordan and Henshall. Lorain Co., ‘‘ very
abundant, sometimes filling the pound nets almost solid with
fish,’’ McCormick, 1892; ‘‘ west end of Lake Erie,’’ Kirsch, 1893.
Brought into Sandusky fish houses in enormous numbers.
Argyrosomus tullibee (Richardson). TULLIBEE ; MONGREL
WHITEFISH.
Head 4:to 4%; depth 3 to 31; eye 4%, as long as snout.. D. 11 or 12;
A. 11; scales 8 or 9-67 to 74-8. Body short, deep, compressed, shad-like,
dorsal and ventral curves similar. Head conic, compressed; distance from
occiput to tip of snout half the distance from occiput to insertion of D.
Color bluish above; sides white, punctate with fine dots; each scale with a
silvery area, these forming a series of distinct longitudinal stripes. Length
18 inches.
I have seen but one record of this species in Ohio, as follows:
‘‘T once received a photograph of a Tullibee from Dr. EK. Ster-
ling, of Cleveland. The specimen had been taken in Lake Erie,’’
Jordan’s Report.
Genus: CRISTIVOMER.
Cristivomer namaycush (Walbaum). MAcKINAW TROUT;
GREAT LAKE TROUT; NAMAYCUSH.
Head 44%; depth 4; eye large, 4%. D.11; A. 11; lateral line 185 to 205.
Body elongate. Head very long and pointed, its upper surface flattened.
Mouth very large, the maxillary extending much beyond eye; teeth strong.
Caudal fin well forked; adipose fin small. General color dark gray, varying
from pale to nearly black; everywhere with rounded, paler spots, which are
often reddish tinged; dorsal and caudal reticulate with darker. Length 3
feet.
7O THE FISHES OF OHIO.
In Ohio taken only in Lake Erie, does not ascend streams.
Kirtland records it for Lake Erie, ‘‘a few stragglers are taken.’’
Jordan and Henshall also recordit. McCormick says of its occur-
rence in Lorain County, ‘‘ very rare, it is almost unknown to the
fishermen here, though common in the eastern part of the lake.’’
Genus: SALVELINUS.
Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill). SPECKLED TRouT; BRooK TRovT.
Head 4%; depth 4%. D. 10; A. 9; scales 37-230-30. Body oblong,
2)
moderately compressed, not much elevated. Head large, but not very long,
the snout bluntish; mouth large, the maxillary reaching more or less beyond
eye; eye large. Color above more or less mottled with dark olive or black:
sides in life with many red spots; dorsal and caudal mottled or barred with
dark; belly in males often more or less red.
The Brook Trout now probably occurs in but one stream in
the state, Castalia creek, near Sandusky. In 1838 Kirtland
recorded the species as found ‘‘ in only two streams, a small creek
in Ashtabula County, and a branch of the Chagrin river in
Geauga County.’’ In 1889 Henshall recorded it for Castalia
creek. It still occurs there in numbers under the protection of a
fishing club, which, I understand, introduces young fry to keep
up the supply.
Order: HAPLOMI.
family: UMBRID.
Genus: UMBRA.
Umbra limi (Kirtland). Mup Minnow.
Head 33,; depth 44%. D.14; A. 8; scales 35-15, soft and leathery; no
lateral line. Body oblong, compressed. Head large, shortish, cheeks and
opercles and top of head forward to between the eyes, covered with scales.
Caudal fin conspicuously rounded. Color dull olive green, with a dark
dorsal band and about 14 light vertical bars, less distinct in young. A dark
bar at base of caudal. Length 4% inches.
This species is rare in the Ohio river drainage, but is reported
as very common in the northern part of the state. Recorded for
streams of northern Ohio by Kirtland ; abundant in the northern
part of Ohio, Jordan’s Report; Lorain County, ‘‘ very common
in sloughs and bayous,’’ McCormick, 1892 ; Fish creek at Edger-
LUCIIDA. 71
ton, Lost and Gordon creeks near Cecil, ‘‘ very common on soft
muddy bottom,’’ Kirsch, 1893; a single specimen was taken
April 3, 1897, in a small tributary of the Olentangy river at
Columbus by Mr. E. B. Williamson and the writer ; Niggermill
Run at Salem, E. B. Williamson, 1900 ; abundant in the ‘‘ Black
_-Channel’’ in Sandusky Bay, R. C. Osburn, 1900.
Family: Luoucipé.
Genus: TL,UCIUS.
Key to Species.
A. Opercles entirely scaled, scales in lateral line 105.— vermiculatus.
AA. Opercles with the lower half bare of scales.
B. Cheeks entirely scaled, scales in lateral line about 123.— luctus.
BB. Cheeks with the lower half bare of scales, scales in lateral line about 150.—
MaASQUINONLY.
Lucius vermiculatus (Le Sueur). LITTLE PICKEREL; GRASS PIKE.
Head long, 3% to 334 in length of body; depth 5 to 6; eye 6 in head,
large. D. 11 or 12; A. II or 12; scales 105. Body elongate, somewhat com-
pressed. Opercles and cheeks entirely covered with scales. Color greenish
or grayish olive, everywhere reticulated with irregular, light markings; the
color extremely variable. Length about a foot.
The Little Pickerel, or ‘‘ Grass Pike,’’ as it is sometimes
called, is common throughout the state in suitable localities. Its
favorite haunt is the weedy pond or backwater or overflow pool
of some stream, and in such places it is sometimes very abund-
ant. Jordan in his Ohio Report gives it as more abundant in the
Ohio river drainage than in that of the lake. ‘‘ Lake Erie and
Maumee river,’ Henshall, 1889; Lorain County, ‘‘common,’’
McCormick, 1892 ; ‘‘common throughout the Maumee basin, all
waters examined (in Ohio) except Hoaglin creek,” Kirsch, 1893 ;
Franklin County, ‘‘of general distribution, abundant in Hell
Branch,’ Williamson and Osburn, 1897; John’s creek at Water-
loo, Huron river at Milan, Ashtabula creek at Ashtabula, R. C.
Osburn, 1899; Sandusky Bay, Breakneck creek near Kent. Lick-
ing reservoir, R. C. Osburn, 1goo.
Lucius lucius (Linnaeus). PICKEREL; PIKE.
Head 31%; depth 5; eye 6% in head. Developed rays of dorsal 16 or 17,
of anal 13 or 14; scales 123. Body moderately elongate, back little elevated.
Head rather long. Cheeks scaly; the lower half of opercle bare. Color
72 THE FISHES OF OHIO.
bluish or greenish gray, with many whitish or yellowish spots arranged
somewhat in rows. Dorsal, anal and caudal fins with roundish or oblong,
black spots. Length 4 feet.
The Pickerel is said to have been very abundant at one time
in all the streams flowing into Lake Erie and somewhat less
common in the Ohio river drainage. In the latter it has now, as
far as Ohio is concerned, become quite rare, and in the lake
drainage, and even in the lake itself, it has noticeably diminished
in numbers. Kirtland gives it as ‘‘common both to the waters.
of the Ohio and the lake.’’ Lake Erie and Sandusky river,
Henshall, 1889; Lorain County, Lake Erie and Black river,
‘often killed in the ponds and channels of the snipe ground
when they are spawning,’’ McCormick, 1892; St. Joseph river at
Edgerton, Tiffin river at West Unity and Brunersburg, Auglaize
river at Cloverdale, Kirsch, 1893 ; Sandusky Bay, R. C. Osburn,
1899 ; Licking reservoir, a single specimen, 1% feet in length.
R. C. Osburn, Igoo.
Lucius masquinongy (Mitchill). MUSKALLUNGE.
=
Head 3%; depth 6; eye 4to6in snout. D.17; A. 15; scales 150. Gen-
eral form of Z. /ucius; the head proportionately longer. Cheeks and oper-
cles both naked below. Color dark gray, sides in the typical form, mas-
guinongy, with round or squarish, blackish spots of varying size on a ground
color of grayish silvery; belly white; fins spotted with black. Length 4 to
8 feet.
This magnificent Pike is represented in Ohio by two varieties,
as follows: L. masguinongy var. masquinongy, the typical form,
confined to Lake Erie and its tributary rivers, and ZL. Masgut-
nongy ohiensis (Kirtland), confined to the Ohio river and its
tributary streams. The variety ofiensis is separated from the
typical form by the presence of narrow irregular crossbars,
formed by the coalescing of spots on the sides. Kirtland records
the former for Lake Erie and the Ohio canal near Massilon,
1838, and the latter for the Mahoning river, 1854 ; Ohio river
and Lake Erie, Henshall, 1889 ; McCormick records the species.
for Lorain County, and states that it is growing rare, being
seldom taken in the pounds - Kirsch, in r893, speaks in the same
strain of their diminishing numbers in Maumee river and the
west end of Lake Erie.
PCECILIIDA. 73
Family: PasciLiipAé.
Genus: FUNDULUS.
ey to Spectes.
A. No broad, black lateral band.
B. Dorsal fin of 12 or 13 rays.— ° diaphanus.
BB. Dorsal fin of 7 rays.— dispar.
AA. A broad, black lateral band, its ed es notched; dorsal fin of 9 rays.— notatus.
Fundulus diaphanus menona (Jordan and Copeland).
Head 3%; depth 5. D.12; A. 10; scales 48-12. Body rather slender,
not elevated, compressed posteriorly. Head flattened above. Fins rather
small and low. General color olivaceous, below pale, sides somewhat silvery;
back always spotted; sides with about 16 distinct, irregular, dark bands,
these often replaced by the same number of shining, silvery bands narrower
than the interspaces. Length 3% inches.
Taken only in the northern part of the state, where in suitable
places itis common. ‘‘ Taken once near Lorain, common near
Huron and Put-in-Bay,’’ McCormick, 1892; ‘‘ Maumee river at
Toledo, abundant,’’ Kirsch, 1893; noted commonly by Prof.
D. S. Kellicott, E. B. Williamson and the writer in Sandusky
Bay in 1896, and again by the writer in 1899 and 1goo.
Fundulus dispar (Agassiz).
Head 33/; depth 3%. D. 7; A. 9; scales 35-10. Body short and deep,
much compressed. Head short and very broad, the distance between the
eyes above greater than the distance between them below. Snout broadly
rounded. Dorsal fin much smaller than anal. Color pale olive, bluish in
life; about 10 longitudinal, wavy, brown stripes along sides formed by the
dark edges of the scales. Males have these stripes interrupted and have
about g dark crossbars; a black blotch below eye. Length 2% inches.
Given for Ohio by Jordan (Ohio Rept.), and Jordan and
Evermann (Bull. 47, U. S. Natl. Mus.) Dr. B. W. Evermann,
in a recent letter regarding this species, says: ‘‘I learned of its
occurrence in the Celina reservoir through students of mine who
seined there. No record was published, however.’’
Fundulus notatus (Rafinesque). Top MINNow.
Head 4; depth 4%; eye 3. D.9; A. It or 12; scales 34-11. Body
slender, compressed posteriorly. Head depressed, rather long, the snout
somewhat produced; interorbital space half the length of head. Color oliva-
ceous or brownish olive, with a broad, blackish lateral band from tip of
74 THE FISHES OF OHIO.
snout to caudal, this band usually notched above and below, giving it a
serrated appearance. A light, translucent spot is conspicuous on the top of
the head when the fish is swimming at the surface. Length 2 to 3% inches.
The Top Swimmer is a common species in suitable localities
in the Ohio river drainage, but is rather rare in the tributaries of
the lake. Hamilton County, very abundant in Ross lake, Hen-
shall, 1888 ; Maumee river at Grand Rapids, St. Mary’s river at
St. Mary’s and Rockford, Tiffin river at West Unity and Bruners-
burg, Auglaize river at Wapakoneta, Cloverdale, Oakwood and
Defiance, Blanchard river at Ottawa, Hoaglin creek at Ottawa,
““seemingly scarce at all these points,’’ Kirsch, 1893; Franklin
County, of general distribution, abundant in places, Williamson
. and Osburn, 1897 ; Wabash river at Celina, Stillwater creek near
Dayton, very common, R. C. Osburn, 1899.
Order: HEMIBRANCHII.
Family : (GASTEROSTEIDA.
Genus: FEUCALIA.
Eucalia inconstans (Kirtland). Brook STICKLEBACK.
Head 3%; depth 4. D.IV-I, 10; A. I, 10. Body moderately elongate,
little compressed; caudal peduncle slender, not keeled. Dorsal spines low,
subequal, 4 or 5 in number in a right line; a cartilaginous ridge along base
of fin; ventral spines short and sharp, serrated. Color, males in spring jet
black, tinged with red anteriorly; females and young, olivaceous, mottled
and dotted with black. Length 2% inches.
This species is probably confined to the central and northern
parts of Ohio. It is said to be abundant in some localities. Kirt-
land described the species in 1841, from brooks of Trumbull
County ; Jordan gives it as ‘‘abundant in many streams in
northern part of Ohio’’; ‘‘ Castalia creek’’ near Sandusky, Hen-
shall, 1889; Lorain County, ‘‘I have found sticklebacks in but
two places,’’ McCormick, 1892; Mr. E. B. Williamson writes me
that he has found the species in Niggermill Run at Salem, Col-
umbiana County, 1899.
PERCOPSIDAS. a5
Order: ACANTHOPTERI.
Sub-Order : SALMOPERCAi.
Family: PERCOPSIDA.
Genus: PERCOPSIS.
Percopsis guttatus Agassiz. TROUT PERCH.
Head 3% to4; depth 4to4%. D.II,9; A. 1,7; scales about 50, strongly
ctenoid. Head rather long, slender and conical, mouth subinferior. Body
rather slender; caudal peduncle long and slender. A small but distinct
adipose fin behind dorsal. Color, pale olivaceous on back, colorless and
somewhat translucent below; about 11 small, dark spots along lateral line,
and another row of smaller dots between this and mid-dorsal line. Length
4 to 6 inches.
Jordan and Evermann (Bull. 47, U.S. Natl. Mus.) in dis-
cussing the range of this species give it as ‘‘ rare in streams south
of Lake Erie.’’ ‘This statement does not seem to hold good for
the State of Ohio, for in suitable localities the species is common
as far as the southern limits of the state, and in some places is
very abundant. Hamilton County, ‘‘ abundant in Little Miami
river below the dam at Loveland,’’ Henshall, 1888; Lorain
County, ‘‘ common in Lake Erie, Black river and Beaver creek,’’
McCormick, 1892 ; Franklin County, taken in most of the streams
of the county, abundant in streams west of the Scioto, after
some hauls in Scioto Big Run the seine contained more of this
than all the other species combined, Williamson and Osburn,
1897 ; John’s creek at Waterloo, Huron river at Milan, common
at both places, R. C. Osburn, 1899 ; Ohio river at Bellaire, R. C.
Osburn, 1900.
Sub-Order: XENARCHI.
Family: APHREDODERIDA.
Genus: APHREDODERUS.
Aphredoderus sayanus (Gilliams). PIRATE PERCH.
Head 3; depth 3. D. III, 11 to IV, 10; A. II, 6; scales 45 to 60. Body
oblong, elevated at base of dorsal, compressed behind. Head thick, de-
pressed; mouth moderate, lower jaw projecting. Lateral line imperfect or
wanting. The position of the anus is peculiar, being always anterior; it
76 THE FISHES OF OHIO.
varies in position with age from just béhind the ventrals in the young, to
below the preopercle in the adult. Color, dark olive, profusely speckled
with dark points, which may form streaks along the rows of scales; 2 black- .
ish bars at base of caudal. Length 5 inches. The Ohio form is the variety
tsolepis.
The Pirate Perch seems to be a rather rare species in Ohio,
and thus far it has been taken only in Lake Erie and the Maumee
river system. ‘‘ Lake ‘Erie,’’ Henshall, 1889; Maumee river
system, ‘‘only two small specimens were taken, one by Prof.
Meek in Gordon creek near Cecil, and one by us in warm slug-
gish water in St. Mary’s river at Rockford,”’ Kirsch, 1893.
Sub-Order: PERCESOCES.
Fanily: ATHERINIDA:.
Genus: LABIDESTHES.
Labidesthes sicculus Cope. BROOK SILVERSIDES.
Head 44% to 4%; depth 6; eye large, 3%. D.IV-I, 11; A. I, 23; scales:
75. Body very long and slender, compressed. Head long, flattened above;
snout long, slender and conic; mouth very large, the jaws produced into a
sort of beak. First dorsal very low, inserted well back; caudal forked.
Color pale olive green, translucent, dotted above with fine, dark specks; a
broad, distinct, silvery lateral band, bounded above by a dark line. Length
3% inches.
This peculiar and interesting little fish is widely distributed
over the state and is generally common. Quiet pools of streams
and shallow waters of lakes on sandy or gravelly bottom are its
favorite haunts. Hamilton County, ‘‘one specimen from Bloody
Run, common in Ross lake,’’ Henshall, 1888; Lorain County,
‘‘ quite common in the lake and in the larger streams below the
dams,’’ McCormick, 1892; ‘‘ generally distributed in the waters
of the Maumee basin,’’ Kirsch, 1893 ; Franklin County, generally
distributed, abundant, Williamson and Osburn, 1897; Huren
river at Milan, Sandusky Bay, Wabash river at Celina, Stillwater
creek near Dayton, very abundant on sandy bottom in shallow
water in Sandusky Bay, R. C. Osburn, 1899 ; Mahoning river,
E. B. Williamson, 1900; Pippin lake, Chippewa lake, Summit
lake, Grand river at Painesville, Chagrin river at Willoughby,
Ohio river at Bellaire, Licking reservoir, R. C. Osburn, 1g00.
KEY TO GENERA—CENTRARCHID&. 7
Sub-Order: RHEGNOPTERI.
Group: PERCOIDEA.
Family: CENTRARCHIDA:.
Key to Genera.
A. Dorsal fin scarcely longer than anal.— POMOXIS.
AA. Dorsal fin much larger than anal.
B. Body comparatively short and deep, the depth usually more than 2 the length.
Cc. Tongue and pterygoids with teeth; mouth large, maxillary reaching past
middle of eye.
D. Opercle emarginate behind ; anal spines 6.— AMBLOPLITES.
DD. Opercle ending in a black, convex process or flap; anal spines, 3.—
CH NOBRYTTUS.
cc. Tongue and pterygoids toothless; mouth small, maxillary barely reach-
ing past middle of eye.
E. Supplemental bone of maxillary perfectly distinct.— APoMOTIs.
EE. Supplemental bone of maxillary rudimentary or wanting.
\ BE Lower pharyngeal bones narrow, the teeth usually sharp, not
conical.— LEPOMIS.
FF. Lower pharyngeals broad and concave, especially in the adult,
teeth more or less blunt and paved.— EUPOMOTIS.
BB. Body comparatively elongate, depth in adult about %4 the length; mouth
large.— MICROPTERUS.
Genus: POMOXIS.
Key to Species.
A. Dorsal spines 6, occasionally 5, rarely 7; profile strongly sinuate, anal fin plain.—
annularts.
AA. Dorsal spines 7, rarely 8; profile not strongly sinuate; anal fin reticulate with dark
markings.— Sparoides.
Pomoxis annularis Rafinesque. CRAPPIE ; LAKE ERIE BAss ;
Calico Bass.
Head 3; depth 2%; eye large, 4. D. V or VI, or sometimes VII, 15; A.
VI, 18; scales 6-48-14. Body elongate, much compressed. Head long; the
profile from snout to dorsal strongly sinuate; mouth very wide. Fins very
high, but lower than in P. sparoides. Color, silvery olive, mottled with
dark green, the dark marks chiefly on upper part of body and having a
tendency to form vertical bars; dorsal and caudal marked with dark green,
anal nearly plain. A lighter colored fish than P. spavoides. Quite variable.
ee 12 inches.
Well distributed over the state in larger streams and lakes,
common. Recorded for the state by Dr. Kirtland, who gave it
the name Cichla storeria. ‘‘It occurs in large numbers in the
Ohio river and its tributaries, rarely taken in Lake Erie,’’ Jor-
dan’s Report; Muskingum river, Ohio river at Raccoon Island,
Henshall, 1889; Lorain County, common, McCormick, 1892;
78 THE FISHES OF OHIO.
Franklin County, Scioto river, Olentangy river, Big Walnut
creek, Big Darby creek, abundant, Williamson and Osburn, 1897;
Ohio river at Ironton, Huron river at Milan, Wabash river at
Celina, North Fork of Licking river at Newark, R. C. Osburn,
1899; Ohio river at Bellaire, Chippewa lake, R. C. Osburn, 1900.
It is worthy of note that in Chippewa lake, which drains into the
Ohio river system, this species was found exceedingly abundant,
but none of the next species, ?. sparotdes, were taken, while in
Summit lake, with very similar surroundings, but draining into
Lake Erie, only P. sparotdes was taken. These lakes are but a
short distance apart, the former being near Medina, the latter at
Akron.
Pomoxis sparoides |Lacepede). CALICO BASS ; GRASS BASS ;
LAKE ERIE BAss ; CRAPPIE; BACHELOR.
Head 3; depth 2: D. VII or VIII, 15; A. VI, 17 or 18; scales 7-44-12.
Body less elongate than in P. annularis, the profile less sinuate, the region
over the eye not being so much depressed. Fins very high, anal higher
than dorsal, its height 4 or 5 times in length of body. Color silvery olive,
mottled with olive green or dark, the markings not tending to vertical bars,
but to small, irregular groups and covering the whole body. Anal fin
heavily marked like the other vertical fins, with dark olive markings; a
dusky opercular spot. Length 12 inches.
Not so common as the preceding, but widely distributed, and
occurring throughout the state; perhaps not ascending streams as
far as P. annularis. It is said to be more common than P.
annularis in the lake drainage, while in the Ohio Valley, P.
annularis is the more common. ‘‘In the Great Lakes in large
numbers. I have seen but few from the Ohio Valley,’’ Jordan’s
Report; Hamilton County, ‘‘common in Ross lake near Elm-
wood,’’ Henshall, 1888; Lorain County, Lake Erie and lower
parts of Beaver creek and Black river, McCormick, 1892; Maumee
river at Defiance and Grand Rapids; St.. Joseph river at Edger-
ton, Fish creek at Edgerton, St. Mary’s river at St. Mary’s atid
Rockford, Tiffin river at Brunersburg and West Unity, Hoaglin
creek near Oakland, Kirsch, 1893; Franklin County, Scioto and
Olentangy rivers, not common, Williamson and Osburn, 1897;
Ohio river at Ironton, Wabash river at Celina, R. C. Osburn,
1899; Summit lake, Ohio river at Bellaire, R. C. Osburn, 1900.
CENTRARCHIDA. 7g:
Genus: AMBLOPLITES.
Ambloplites rupestris (Rafinesque). Rock BAss; GOGGLE-EVE ;
RED-EVE.
Head 23%; depth 2 to 2%; eye very large, 3%. D. XI, ro ori; A. VI,
10; scales 5 to 7-40-12. Body oblong, compressed. Head large, profile
little depressed above eye; mouth large and oblique, lower jaw projecting.
Preopercle serrate near its angle. Color olive green, tinged more or less
with brassy yellow, with much dark mottling; each scale with a dark spot
producing longitudinal rows; a black opercular spot. Soft dorsal, anal and.
caudal with dark mottlings. Length 12 inches.
A widely distributed and abundant species found in all larger
streams and lakes. Recorded by Kirtland as common. Abund-
ant, Jordan’s Report; ‘‘ Lake Erie, Ohio river, near Little Sandy
river,’’ Henshall, 1889; Lorain County, ‘‘common in the larger
streams, sometimes taken by the pound nets in the lake,’’ McCor-
mick, 1892; ‘‘ A common fish at nearly all points where investi-
gations were made,’’ Maumee river basin, Kirsch, 1893; Frank-
lin County, nearly every stream, common, Williamson and
Osburn, 1897; Big Jelloway creek, Knox County, not common,
Parker, Williamson and Osburn, 1898; John’s creek at Waterloo,
Huron river at Milan, Sandusky Bay, Ashtabula creek, Wabasb.
river at Celina, Stillwater and Wolf creeks near Dayton, North
Fork of Licking river at Newark, R. C. Osburn, 1899; Nigger-
mill Run and Mahoning river, FE. B. Williamson, 1900; Pippin
lake, Cuyahoga river and Breakneck creek at Kent, R. C. Osburn,
1900.
Genus: CHASNOBRYTTUS.
Cheenobryttus gulosus (Cuvier and Valenciennes). WARMOUTH.
Head 21 to 2%; depth 2 to 2%; eye 4 to4%. The general form and
dentition of Ambloplites, with the convex opercle, 1o dorsal and 3 anal
spines of Lepomts. Preopercle entire. Head large, snout about equal to
eye; mouth large, maxillary reaching posterior border of eye, teeth on vomer,
palatines, pterygoidsand tongue. D. X, gor 1o; A, III, 8or 9; dorsal spines.
low. Color dark olive green, clouded with darker, usually with red or blue,
and brassy; a dark spot on each scale; belly yellowish or brassy. Length 8.
to 10 inches.
Taken by Kirsch in the Maumee basin in Fish creek, at
Edgerton, and Tiffin river at Brunersburg, ‘‘ not common,’’ 1893..
Not recorded for the state by any other collector.
‘80 THE FISHES OF OHIO.
Genus - APOMOTIS.
Apomotis cyanellus (Rafinesque). GREEN SUNFISH ;
CREEK SUNFISH; LITTLE RED-EYE.
Head 3; depth 2%. D.X, 11; A. III, 9; scales about 7-48-17, 8 rows
-on cheek. Body oblong, rather elongate in young, becoming short and deep
in adults. Mouth large, larger than in Lepomis or Eupomotis, maxillary
reaching nearly to middle of eye, lower jaw projecting. Gill rakers long
and stiff. Tower pharyngeal teeth acute; a patch of teeth on basibranchial
between second and third hypobranchials. Color generally greenish, some-
times nearly black; vertical fins marked with blue or green, in adults in
spring the lower fins are very dark and all the fins are edged with silvery;
dorsal and anal generally with a black spot ou the posterior rays. Quite
variable. Length 7 inches.
The Green Sunfish is an abundant resident of the streams of
Ohio, but is rarely found in the lakes. It ascends the streams
farther than any other species of this family, being found even
in small brooks and spring runs. Hamilton County, ‘‘ abundant
in Ross lake and Little Miami river,’’ Henshall, 1888; Lorain
County, ‘‘abundant in the upper part of small streams and in
small ponds,’’ McCormick, 1892; Maumee river basin, “‘ taken at
nearly every point in all the streams that were examined,’’ Kirsch,
1893; Franklin County, abundant in nearly every stream, Wil-
liamson and Osburn, 1897; Big Jelloway creek, Knox County,
not common, Parker, Williamson and Osburn, 1898; Ohio river
at Ironton, Huron river at Milan, Ashtabula creek, Wabash river
at Celina, Stillwater and Wolf creeks near Dayton, North Fork
of Licking river at Newark, R. C. Osburn, 1899; Mahoning river,
KE. B. Williamson, 1900; Breakneck creek near Kent, outlet of
Licking reservoir, R. C. Osburn, 1900.
CENTRARCHID. 81
Genus: J/EPOMIS.
“ey to Species.
A. Pectoral fins short, obtuse, not reaching beyond front of anal, considerably shorter
than head.— megalotts.
AA. Pectoral fins more or less pointed, not much if any shorter than head, and reaching
to or beyond front of anal.
B. Opercular flap margined with red, sides with many red spots.— humilis.
BB. Opercular flap without red margin or spot ; no red spots on sides, a large spot
on posterior rays of dorsal and anal fins at base.— pallidus.
Lepomis megalotis (Rafinesque). LONG-EARED SUNFISH.
Head (without earflap) 3 in length; depth 17% to 2%; eye 3% to 4.
D. X, 10 to 12; A. III, 8 to 10; scales about 6-38-12, about 5 rows on cheek.
Body short and deep, compressed; the back very strongly arched in adult,
the profile very steep. Mouth small, oblique. Gill rakers very short and
soft. Dorsal spines very low, 3 in head. Pectoral 1% to 1% in head.
Opercular flap in adult very broad and long, with a pale blue or red margin
which may be very broad or almost wanting; the flap much smaller in young.
Color brilliant blue and orange; above chiefly blue, the belly entirely orange,
lips blue; cheeks orange, with bright blue stripes; soft parts of vertical fins
with the rays blue and membranes orange. An extremely variable species.
Length 8 inches.
An abundant species in the Ohio river system, but not so
common in the lake drainage. It occurs both in lakes and
streams, but to greater extent in the latter. It does not ascend
streams as far as Apomotts cyanellus, however. Given by Kirt-
land as Pomotis nitida. Wamilton County, ‘‘ abundant in Ross
lake,’’ Henshall, 1888; Lorain County, rare, two specimens from
Black river, 1890, McCormick; Maumee system, “‘all the larger
streams and nearly all the smaller ones,’’ July 17 given as a
breeding date, Kirsch, 1893; Franklin County, nearly all the
streams, apparently the most common sunfish, June 18 given as a
breeding date, Williamson and Osburn, 1897; John’s creek at
Waterloo, Huron river at Milan, Ashtabula creek, Wabash river
at Celina, Stillwater and Wolf creeks near Dayton, North Fork
of Licking river at Newark, R. C. Osburn, 1899; Niggermill Run
at Salem, EK. B. Williamson, 1900; Sandusky Bay, Summit lake,
Ohio river at Bellaire, Licking reservoir, R. C. Osburn, 1900.
82 THE FISHES OF OHIO.
Lepomis humilis (Girard). RED-SPOTTED SUNFISH.
Head 234 to 3; depth 24% to 2%; eye large, 3 to3%. OD. X, Ioor1t;
A. III, 8 or 9; scales large, 5-34-11, about 5 rows on cheek. Body oblong,
profile not very steep. Mucous pores on head very large; opercular flap
long, broad and with a very broad, red margin, which entirely surrounds
the black. Longest dorsal spine not quite half head, pectoral alittle shorter
than head. Gill rakers rather long and blunt, well developed. Color,
bluish with conspicuous greenish spots posteriorly; sides with many con-
spicuous round, salmon-red spots; a faint black spot on last rays of dorsal;
belly and lower fins red. Length 4 inches.
This small, highly colored sunfish is found in Ohio in the south-
western part only. I know of but one record, as follows: Ham-
ilton Co., ‘‘common in Ross lake and Clough creek,’’ Henshall,
1888. ‘
Lepomis pallidus (Mitchill). BrLuE-GI11,; BLUE BREAM ;
COPPER-NOSED BREAM ; BLUE SUNFISH.
Head 23% to 3%; depth about 2; eye 3% to4. D.X, 11; A. III, 10 to
12; scales about 7-45-12, 5 rows on cheek. Body comparatively short and
deep, compressed; the young slender, adults nearly orbicular, caudal pedun-
cle rather slender. Head rather small, the projecting snout forming an
angle above eye. Mouth quite small, the maxillary barely reaching front of
eye. Opercular flap very short in young, somewhat larger in adult, without
pale edge. Gill rakers of moderate length, rather stiff. Dorsal fin high;
pectoral fin long and narrow, longer than head, reaching past front of anal.
Color, olive green, sometimes quite dark, sometimes with a silvery or golden
luster. Adults in spring with the belly coppery red. Young, silvery with
more or less distinct, chain-like bars of darker on the sides. No blue stripes
on cheek; a black blotch at base of posterior rays of dorsal and anal. Ex-
tremely variable. Length 12 inches.
The Blue-gill is a very abundant species in the lakes of Ohio.
It is quite common and widely distributed in the larger streams,
but does not ascend small streams. Hamilton County, ‘‘ abund-
ant in Little Miami river and Ross lake,’’ Henshall, 1888; Lorain
County, ‘‘not common,’’ McCormick, 1892; Maumee river sys-
tem, ‘‘ taken in all the streams and at nearly every point exam-
ined,’’ Kirsch, 1893; Franklin County, Scioto and Olentangy
rivers, Big Walnut and Big Darby Creeks, rare, June 14 given as
a breeding date, Williamson and Osburn, 1897; Huron river at
(Lepomis machrochirus Rafinesque, has been taken inthe head waters of the Ohio
in western Pennsylvania, by Cope, andin the Ohio river, by Rafinesque and Jordan, but as
I know of no record of its capture within the state, I hesitate to include it in the list,
though it doubtless occurs rarely in the Ohio.) oi
CENTRARCHIDA. 83
Milan, Sandusky Bay, Wabash river at Celina, R. C. Osburn,
1899; I have observed the species also at Licking and St. Mary’s
reservoirs. In both of these and in Sandusky Bay it is very
abundant; Pippin lake, Chippewa lake, Summit lake, Ohio river
at Bellaire, R: C. Osburn, 1goo.
Genus: EUPOMOTIS.
Key to Species.
A. Cheeks without marked blue or orange spots or lines.
B. Scales large, 34 to 39 in lateral line.— heros.
BB. Scales moderate, 33 in lateral line. eUurvorus.
AA. Cheeks with wavy blue lines, scales about 45; lower posterior border of opercular
flap always scarlet. gibbosus,
Eupomotis heros (Baird and Girard).
Head 24 to 3; depth 2 to 22; eye 3% to 4%; snout 3% to4. OD. X, 11;
A. III, 11; scales 4-34 to 39-13, 4 rows on cheek. Appearance of Lepomis
pallidus. Body robust, moderately elongate, dorsal and ventral outlines
about equally curved. Head rather large, a considerable depression in pro-
file above eye; mouth rather large, maxillary reaching past front of eye.
Dorsal spines rather high; pectorals reaching beyond middle of anal.
Opercular flap smaller than eye, much as in Z. gibbosus. Pharyngeal teeth
not so blunt as in g7bdosus. Color dark greenish above, gradually becoming
brassy on belly; opercular spot greenish black, the flap with a broad, blood-
red border in male, plain in females. No spot on dorsal or anal. Length
about 8 inches.
- This is a species of southern distribution, and in Ohio prob-
ably occurs only in the southwestern part of the state. It has
een recorded, in 1888, for the Little Miami river in Hamilton
County, by Henshall, under the name Lepomzs notatus.
Eupomotis euryorus (McKay).
Head 33/; depth 22. D. X, 11; A. III, 10; scales 6-43-14, 6 or 7 rows
on cheek. Body very robust, compressed, dorsal outline more convex than
ventral; profile steep, convex. Mouth oblique, small, maxillary reaching
front of eye. Teeth on front of palatines. Lower pharyngeals with the
rather long posterior spur turned up, stoutish; the inner angle rounded,
somewhat obtuse. Teeth stout, very much blunted, not close set. Gill
rakers short and stout, the inner surface roughened. Opercular flap nearly
as long as snout, witha very broad, pale membranous margin. Dorsal spines
low; ventrals and pectorals short, reaching vent. Color in spirits, mottled
olive, yellowish below; top of head blackish; membranes of vertical fins
dusky; ventrals dusky, with lighter margins; pectorals pale. Length 8
inches.
84 THE FISHES OF OHIO.
This rare sunfish has been recorded from but two localities in
Ohio, both of these to the credit of Mr. McCormick, who says of
them: ‘‘I took several specimens near Huron, July 6, 1891, and
two near Lorain, in September.’’ Only two other specimens were
known at the time Mr. McCormick took these.
Eupomotis gibbosus (Linnaeus). COMMON SUNFISH ;
PUMPKIN SEED ; SUNNY.
Head 3 to 34%; depth 134 to 2; eye 4 to 4%; snout4%. OD. X, 10 to 12;
A. III, 10 or 11: scales about 6-44-13, 4 rows on cheek. Body short and
deep, compressed, the profile steep, convex. Head rather small; mouth
small, maxillary scarcely reaching front of eye. Dorsal spines high, the
longest 2 to 2% in head, equal to distance from snout to posterior edge of
pupil; pectorals long, as long as head. Gill rakers short and soft, weaker
than in any other species except Lepomis megalotis. Pharyngeal teeth all
bluntly rounded, paved, the bones very broad and somewhat concave.
Opercular flap small, the lower posterior part always lright scarlet, a char-
acter which distinguishes this species at once in the adult. Color greenish
olive, brilliantly marked with blue and orange on the sides; belly orange;
lower fins orange, upper blue and orange-spotted; cheeks orange, with wavy
blue streaks. One of the most gaudy of our Sunfishes, and quite variable.
Length 8 inches.
An abundant species in the ponds and lakes of central and
northern Ohio, common in the large streams and in the quiet
waters of bayous. Not common in the smaller streams, and said
to be rather rare in the southern part of the state. In Sandusky
Bay and in Licking reservoir it is the most abundant sunfish.
Ross lake, Hamilton County, and Lake Erie, Henshall, 1889;
Lorain County, ‘‘ very abundant below the ripples in the larger
streams, and in the bayous near the lake. A few taken in the
pounds,’’ Camden lake, McCormick, 1892; Maumee river system,
‘abundant in all the lakes, common in all the larger streams,
except the Auglaize river, less common in the smaller streams,’’
Kirsch, 1893; Franklin County, Scioto and Olentangy rivers,
Big Walnut and Big Darby creeks, not common, Williamson and
Osburn, 1897; Huron river at Milan, Sandusky Bay, St. Mary’s
reservoir, Wabash river at Celina, North Fork of Licking river
at Newark, R. C. Osburn, 1899; Pippin lake, Chippewa lake,
Summit lake, Licking reservoir, abundant in all these localities,
R. C. Osburn, 1900.
CENTRARCHIDA. 85
Genus: MICROPTERUS.
Key to Species.
A. Eleven rows of scales above lateral line, about 17 rows on cheek.— dolomteu.
AA, Seven rows of scales above lateral line, about 1o rows on cheek.— salmoides.
Micropterus dolomieu Lacepede. SMALL-MOUTHED BLACK Bass.
Head 2% to 3%; depth 23/ to3%; eye 5 to6%. D.X, 13 to15; A. III,
Io to 12; scales 11-72 to 85-25 (Ohio specimens average about 75 in lateral
line). Body rather elongate in young, becoming deeper with age. Mouth
large,~but smaller than in JZ. salmoides, the maxillary usually not extending
back of posterior edge of orbit. This species can always be distinguished at
once from JV/, salmoides by the smaller scales, there being 11 rows of scales
above the lateral line, while in salmoides there are but 7 rows. The color is
exceedingly variable, giving rise to a number of local names among sports-
men. The usual color is a dark green, with bronze or golden reflections,
sometimes almost black on the back; belly lighter. A lateral band never
present. Said to reach a length of 2 feet.
Widely distributed over the state and common everywhere in
suitable localities. Dr. Jordan aptly says in regard to its habits,
““as compared with JZ. salmozdes it is a fish of the running waters,
having little liking for warm and grassy ponds, bayous or lakes.’’
It is found in nearly all streams, sometimes even ascending small,
spring-fed brooks. Recorded by all students of Ohio fishes from
Rafinesque and Le Sueur on down, and under a great variety of
names. I give the locality records of later investigators. Ham-
ilton County, ‘‘ common in Little Miami river,’’ Henshall, 1888 ;
Lorain County, ‘‘common in the larger streams, not so often
seen in the lake as the next species,’’ McCormick, 1892 ; Maumee
river system, ‘‘ common in all the streams, none from the lakes,”
Kirsch, 1893; Franklin County, generally abundant, William-
son and Osburn, 1897 ; Big Jelloway creek system, Knox County,
nearly all streams, abundant in some places, Parker, Williamson
and Osburn, 1898; John’s creek at Waterloo, Ice creek at Iron-
.ton, Huron river at Milan, Sandusky Bay, Ashtabula creek,
Wabash river at Celina, Stillwater and Wolf creeks near Dayton,
North Fork of Licking river at Newark, R. C. Osburn, 1899 ;
Mahoning river, E. B. Williamson, 1900; Cuyahoga river at
Hawkins, Grand river at Painesville, Chagrin river at Wil-
loughby, Wheeling creek at Bridgeport, Ohio river and McMahon
creek at Bellaire, Licking reservoir, R. C. Osburn, 1900.
86 THE FISHES OF OHIO.
Micropterus salmoides (Lacepede). LARGE-MOUTHED BLACK BASs;
OSWEGO Bass; GREEN BASS; BAYOU BASS.
Head 3 to 3%; depth 3 to 3%; eye 5 to6. D. X, 12-0113; A. 11% 1608
11; scales 7-65 to 70-18. Body much as in JZ. dolomieu, ovate-fusiform.
Mouth very large, maxillary (except in very young) reaching past eye.
Always distinguishable from J7. dolomieu by the larger scales, 7 rows above
lateral line. Color variable, usually dark green above, becoming greenish
silvery on sides and belly. Young always with a distinct, black lateral band,
which becomes fainter with age and disappears entirely at about the fourth
year. Length 1% to 2% feet.
This species is found in lakes, bayous and in channels of
larger streams. It isa fish of the quiet water. Widely distrib-
uted. Like the preceding species it has been the subject of much
synonymy. Rafinesque records it under the name Lepomis
pallida, for the Ohio, Miami and Hocking rivers. Hamilton
County, ‘‘common in Ross lake,’’ Henshall, 1888; Lorain
County, ‘‘ more common in the lake than in the streams,’’ McCor-
mick, 1892; Maumee river system, common in all the lakes, also
common in the Maumee river and most of its larger tributaries,
but none in Auglaize river or its tributaries, Kirsch, 1893 ; Frank-
lin County, Scioto river, Big Walnut creek, Big Darby creek, not
common, Williamson and Osburn, 1897 ; Ohio river and Ice creek
at Ironton, John’s creek at Waterloo, Huron river at Milan,
Sandusky Bay, Wabash river at Celina, R. C. Osburn, 1899;
Pippin lake, Chippewa lake, Summit lake, Grand river at Paines-
ville, Licking reservoir, R. C. Osburn, 1900.
KEY TO GENERA—PERCIDA. 87
Family; PERCIDAs.
vey to Genera.
A. Pseudobmanchiz well developed; preopercle serrate; branchiostegals 7; no anal
papilla.
B. Canine teeth on jaws and palatines; body elongate; ventral fins well sepa-
rated.— STIZOSTEDION.
BB. Canine teeth none ; body oblong, ventral fins near together.— PERCA.
AA. Pseudobranchize imperfect or wanting ; preopercle entire or nearly so; branchios-
tegals 6; anal papilla usually present.
Cc. Parietal region of skull depressed, not strongly convex in transverse section,
—-shaped in section.
D. Cranium broad between the eyes, snout conic, projecting pig-like beyond
the inferior mouth.— PERCINA.
DD. Cranium not broad between the eyes, snout not much proj-_cting.
E. Body not hyaline nor extremely elongate, its surface almost en-
tirely covered with scales.
F. Premaxillaries not protractile, the skin of the premaxillary
continuous in the middle with that of the forehead with no
cross groove between.— HADROPTERUS.
FF. Premaxillaries protractile (in Cot/fogaster shumardi a narrow,
connecting frenum sometimes crosses from the premaxillary
to the forehead).
G. Anal spines 2, both well developed, the first usually the
longer. :
H. Mid-line of belly naked or covered by caducous
shields ; gill membranes scarcely conne ted —
COTTOGASTER.
HH. Belly covered with ordinary scales; gill mem-
branes broadly connected.— DIPLESION.
GG. Anal spine single, obscure; anal fin small, much shorter
than soft dorsal.— BOLEOSOMA.
EE. Body extremely elongate, hyaline, subterete, the belly mostly
naked.
ie Premaxillaries not protractile ; dorsal spines 12 or 13.—
CRYSTALLARIA.,
II. Premaxillaries protractile ; dorsal spines 9 to 11.—
AMMOCRYPTA.
Cc. Parietal region of skull not depressed, more or less strongly convex in cross-
section, N-shaped; premaxillaries never protractile; belly covered with
ordinary scales.
Jie Lateral line sfraight ; body rather robust.— ETHEOSTOMA.
JJ. lateral line with a slight arch running high anteriorly ; body slender.—
BOLEICHTHYS.
88 THE FISHES OF OHIO.
Genus: STIZOSTEDION.
Key to Species. *
A. Pyloric coeca 3; soft dorsal with about 20 rays; a black spot on last dorsal spines.—
vitreum.
AA. Pyloric coeca 4 to 7; soft dorsal with about 17 rays; no black spot on posterior dorsal
spines, a black blotch at base of pectoral: second dorsal with rows of dark spots.—
canadense.
Stizostedion vitreum (Mitchill). WaALl-EYED PIKE; PIKE PERCH;
YELLOW PIKE; BLUE PIKE; JACK SALMON.
Head 3%; depth about 4%; eye 4% to5. D. XII to XVI, 19 to 21; A.
II, 12 to 14; scales 10-110 to 132-25; lateral line incomplete. Body slender,
becoming compressed with age. Cheeks and upper surface of head nearly
naked. Dorsal spines high, more than one-half the length of head; dorsal
fins well separated; soft dorsal nearly as long asthespinous. Pyloric coeca,
3. Color, dark olive, finely mottled with brassy; sides of head more or less
vermiculated; belly and lower fins pinkish; spinous dorsal with a large, jet
black spot on posterior 2 or 3 membranes. Length about 3 feet.
Common in Ohio river and Lake Erie, and sometimes ascend-
ing their larger tributaries. Kirtland reported it from Lake Erie
and the Maumee and Ohio rivers under the name Luwczto-perca
americana. Hamilton County, ‘‘ abundant in the Ohio river,’’
Henshall, 1888; Lorain County, ‘‘ very common in the lake,
entering the streams occasionally,’’ McCormick, 1892 ; Maumee
river at Grand Rapids and Toledo, and Lake Erie around the
mouth of the Maumee in large numbers, Kirsch, 1893; Huron
river at Milan, Sandusky Bay, R. C. Osburn, 1899.
Stizostedion canadense griseum (De Kay). SAUGER; SAND PIKE;
GRAY PIKE; PICKERING.
Head 3%; depth varying with age, 4% to 6; eye 5. D. XI to XV-I, 17
to 19; A. II, 11 or 12; scales 9-100 to 125-27; lateral line incomplete. Body
more terete than in S. v7/veum. Head depressed, pointed; opercular spines
fewer than in the typical .S. canadense, and the head less completely scaled.
Color, olive gray, sides brassy or orange, with dark mottlings; spinous dorsal
with 2 or 3 rows of irregular, dark spots, no large, black spot on posterior
rays. Amore translucent fish than S. vitreuwm. Pyloric coeca 4 to 7.
Length about 18 inches.
Distributed about as the preceding species. Common both in
the lake and Ohioriver. ‘‘ Abundant in the Great Lakes, plenti-
ful in Ohio river,’’ Jordan’s Report; Hamilton County, ‘‘ com-
mon in the Ohio river,’’ Henshall, 1888; Lorain County, ‘‘com-
mon in the lake, entering streams oftener than S. vitveum,’’
PERCIDA. 89
McCormick, 1892; Maumee river at Grand Rapids, Waterville
and ‘Foledo, Blanchard river at Ottawa, west end of Lake Erie,
Kirsch, 1893. I have seen many dead ones on the lake beach at
Sandusky.
Genus: PERCA.
Perca flavescens (Mitchill). YELLOw PERCH; RINGED PERCH.
Head 3%; depth 34%. D. XIII to XV-II, 13 to15; A. II, 7 or 8; scales
7-74 to 88-17; lateral line incomplete. Body slender in young, becoming
stouter with age; adults have the back considerably arched, the profile con-
vex from dorsal to occiput, thence concave forward to the projecting snout.
Cheeks closely scaled; well developed striae on operculars and rugosities on
top of head. Color, dark olivaceous above, sides golden yellow, with 6 or 8
broad, dark vertical bars; belly pale, lower fins red or orange. Length 1
foot.
A fish of the quiet waters, found abundant in the reservoirs,
ponds, bayous and lakes of central and northern Ohio, but not
recorded for the southern part of the state. Kirtland recorded it
(Bodianus flavescens) as abundant in Lake Erie and the small
lakes of northern Ohio, ‘‘ St. Mary’s reservoir and Lake Erie,’’
Henshall, 1889 ; Lorain County, ‘‘common in the lake and lower
portions of the rivers,’’ McCormick, 1892; Maumee river at
Grand Rapids, Waterville and Toledo, St. Mary’s riv.r at St.
Marys, Tiffin river at Brunersburg, west end of Lake Erie, Kirsch,
1893; Huron river at Milan, Sandusky Bay, Wabash river at
Celina, St. Mary’s reservoir, R. C. Osburn, 1899; Summit lake
and Licking reservoir, R. C. Osburn, 1900. It is very abundant
in Sandusky Bay and common in Licking reservoir. I have also
seen the species from the Ohio canal at Newark.
Genus: PERCINA.
Percina caprodes (Rafinesque). LoG PERCH; HOGFISH ;
Hoc Monty ; STONE ROLLER.
Head 4 to 43/; depth 5 to6%; eye 4. D. about XV-15; A.II, 11, Body
elongate, slender. Head long and pointed, depressed and sloping above;
snout ‘‘ pig-like,’’ projecting beyond the inferior mouth; eyes widely sepa-
rated. Color, light yellowish or yellowish green, with about 15 vertical,
dark bars extending down on sides below lateral line and alternate with the
same number of shorter bars. Length 8 inches.
go THE FISHES OF OHIO.
This largest of Ohio darters is widely distributed over the
state and generally common. It is found in the quiet waters of
streams of all sizes (but more commonly in the larger ones), and
in lakes, on gravelly or sandy bottom. Given by Rafinesque for
the Ohio and Miami. Kirtland reported it ‘‘common,’’ and
Jordan, ‘‘ generally abundant.’’ Hamilton County, “‘common in
Little Miami river and Ross lake,’’ Henshall, 1888; Lorain
County, ‘‘ not very common, taken both in rivers and the lake,
abundant in Sandusky Bay and Put-in-Bay, and it formed the
bulk of the fishes that I saw among the terns’ nests on Rattle
Snake Island,’’ McCormick, 1892 ; Maumee river system, rather
common, nearly all streams, Kirsch, 1893; Franklin County;
generally distributed, common, but nowhere abundant, William-
son and:Osburn, 1897; Big Jelloway creek, Knox County,
‘‘common,’’ Parker, Williamson and Osburn, 1898 ; Ohio river at
Ironton, Huron river at Milan, Ashtabula creek, Wabash river
at Celina, Stillwater creek at Dayton, North Fork of Licking
river at Newark, R. C. Osburn, 1899; Lake Erie at Sandusky,
Cuyahoga river at Kent and Hawkins, Breakneck creek at Kent,
Chippewa lake, Summit lake, Grand river at Painesville, Ohio
river at Bellaire, Licking reservoir, R. C. Osburn, 1900.
To the northward this species is represented by the following
variety :
Percina caprodes zebra (Agassiz). MANITOU DARTER.
This variety is found in the northern part of the state, with the typical
caprodes. It is known chiefly by the lack of scales on the nuchal region, the
rather more slender form, and the shorter vertical bars. It intergrades with
the typical caprodes.
The Manitou Darter has been recorded for the state by
McCormick in Lorain County, 1892, as ‘‘ occuring with the typi-
cal form in proportion of about 1 to 3, some specimens showing
intermediate stages;’’ Lake Erie at Sandusky, Cuyahoga river
at Hawkins, and Grand river at Painesville, R. C. Osburn, 1900.
PERCID A. gt
Genus: HADROPTERUS.
Key to Species.
A. Mid-line of belly with a series of enlarged caducous plates, which fall off at certain
intervals, leaving a naked strip from breast to vent ; preopercle strictly entire, not
serrated.
B. Lower jaw as long as upper, snout very narrow and pointed.—phoxocepha/us.
BB. Lower jaw shorter than upper, included ; head moderate, not long and pointed.
& Cheeks with very small scales ; dorsal spines 13 to 15.— aspro.
CC. Cheeks naked; dorsal spines 10 to 12.— evides.
AA. Enlarged plates of mid-line of belly persistent at least posteriorly ; preopercle
finely serrated.— Scterus.
Hadropterus phoxocephalus (Nelson).
Head 3% to 4; depth 5% to 6; eye 4%. D. XI or XII-12 to 14; A. II,
8 or 9; scales 12-80 to 85-16; lateral line incomplete. Body slender. Head
very long and pointed; mouth terminal, large; jaws sub-equal; snout very
long, acuminate. Cheeks, opercles and neck with small scales, breast naked;
caducous shields of midline of belly small. Gill membranes somewhat con-
nected. Color, brownish olive, much vermiculated; a row of about 14 dark,
quadrate spots, sometimes confluent, along lateral line. Length 6 inches.
Recorded from three widely separated localities, which would
indicate a general distribution, yet it seems to be quite rare except
in the southwestern part of the state, where Henshall, 1888,
reports it as common in Little Miami river. One specimen was
taken near Lorain, by McCormick, 1892; and Mr. E. B. William-
son and the writer took a single specimen in Big Walnut creek
near Lockbourne, Franklin County.
Hadropterus aspro (Cope and Jordan). BLACK-SIDED DARTER.
Head 4; depth 5 to6; eye4. OD. XIII to XV-11 to 13; A. II, 8 to 10;
scales 9-65 to 80-17, lateral line incomplete. Body*rather elongate, sub-
terete, compressed behind. Head moderately elongate; snout blunt; mouth
sub-inferior, lower jaw included; gill membranes slightly or not at all con-
nected. Opercle with rather large scales; cheek with very small, imbedded
scales; breast naked; caducous scales of mid-ventral line rather large. Color
light yellowish or greenish yellow, tessellated above with dark olive or black-
ish; white below; about 8 large, dark blotches along lateral line, these often
confluent; fins barred. Length about 4 inches.
A common species throughout the state. Found in clear
streams on gravelly bottom. Hamilton County, ‘‘common in
East Mill creek,’’ Henshall, 1888; Lorain County, ‘*‘ nowhere
common, but found in most streams and the lake,’? McCormick,
1892; Maumee river system, ‘‘abundantly distributed in all the
92 THE FISHES OF OHIO.
streams examined,’’ Kirsch, 1893; Franklin County, a common
darter of general distribution, Williamson and Osburn, 1897 ;
Big Jelloway creek, Knox County, ‘‘common,’’ Parker, William-
son and Osburn, 1898; John’s creek at Waterloo, Huron river at
Milan, Ashtabula creek, Wabash river at Celina, Stillwater creek
at Dayton, North Fork of Licking river at Newark, R. C. Osburn,
1899 ; Ohio river at Bellaire, outlet of Licking reservoir, R. C.
Osburn, Igoo.
Hadropterus evides (Jordan and Copeland).
Head 4%; depth 5%; eye 3%, large and high in head. D. XI-1o;
A. II, 8 or 9; scales 9-52 to 67-9 to 11. Body moderate, somewhat com-
pressed. Head heavy, the profile rather convex. Mouth moderate, lower
jaw included. Cheeks, nape and throat naked; opercles with rather large
caducous scales; ventral shields but little enlarged. Fins large, pectorals
long. Coloration extremely brilliant in breeding males, females and young
plainer. General color above, dark olivaceous, tessellated with darker;
back and sides with about 7 broad, transverse bars; fins marked with orange,
black, bronze, yellow and blue-black. ‘‘One of the most brilliant of all
fishes.’’? Length 2 or 3 inches.
Rare in Ohio, its distribution being more westerly. ‘The
species has, however, been taken in the Ohio river at Raccoon
Island, by Dr. Henshall, 1889, and by Kirsch, in the Maumee
river at Grand Rapids.
Hadropterus scierus Swain.
Head 4 to 44; depth 5 to 6; eye 4 to 4%. OD. XIII-13 or 14; A. II, 9;
scales 7-68 to 70-17. Body robust. Head rather short, snout bluntish;
mouth small, lower jaw included; preopercle more or less distinctly serrate.
Gill membranes broadly connected. Opercle with large scales, those on
cheek slightly smaller. Throat naked, breast nearly so. Ventral shields
but little enlarged and not caducous except anteriorly. Color yellowish
olive, everywhere vaguely blotched with black; top of head, dorsal, anal and
ventral fins black in male, paler in female; scales everywhere finely punctu-
late with brown; sides with a few larger, black specks. Length 5 inches.
Rare. Like the preceding species, its distribution is westerly.
I know of but one record for the state, that by Henshall, ‘‘ Ohio
river, near Little Sandy river, 1889.’’
HADROPTERUS PELTATUS (Stauffer).
Mr. McCormick has recorded (1892) this species from Vermillion river, two speci-
mens. #. pellatus, as now understood, occurs from southeastern Pennsylvania southward
along the coast, and is not known west of the Alleghanies. so I am inclined to think there
must be some error in the above record. Under this belief I omit the species from the
Ohio list.
PERCIDA. 93
Genus: COTTOGASTER.
Key to Species.
A. Mid-line of belly witha series of enlarged caducous scales or plates.— _—copelandi.
AA, Mid-line of belly naked anteriorly, covered with ordinary scales posteriorly.—
shumardi.
Cottogaster copelandi (Jordan).
Head 33 to 44%; depth 5% to 6%; eye about 3%. D.X to XII-10 to
12; A. II, 8 org; scales 6-44 to 56-8. Body rather slender. Head rather
large and long, much resembling that of Boleosoma. Mouth small, hori-
zontal, sub-inferior, cheeks naked; opercles and neck with a few scales,
throat naked; ventral plates well developed. Pectoral fin as long as head.
Color, brownish olive, tessellated above; a ser:es of small, oblong, dark
blotches along lateral line, sometimes indistinct. Vertical fins with dusky
specks; a black spot on anterior rays of spinous dorsal. Length 2% or 3
inches.
Widely distributed over the state, but apparently very rare
everywhere. Muskingum river, and Ohioriver at Raccoon Island,
1889, and Lake Erie at Put-in-Bay, Henshall; Lorain County,
‘‘ Vermillion river, but one specimen taken,’’ McCormick, 1892 ;
Maumee river at Toledo, two specimens, Kirsch, 1893 ; 1n Huron
river at Milan, in 1897, two specimens were taken by Prof. D. 5.
Kellicott, Mr. E. B. Williamson and the writer.
Cottogaster shumardi (Girard).
Head 32 to 4; depth 5 to 5%; eye 3%. D.IX to XI-13 to15; A. II, 10
to 12; scales 6-48 to 60-11. Body stout, heavy forward, compressed behind.
Head broad and thick. Mouth large and broad, lower jaw the shorter.
Premaxillaries usually protractile, but a narrow frenum sometimes present.
Cheeks, opercles and neck usually scaly; chest naked; belly naked anteri-
orly, scaled for a short distance before vent. Color dark, densely but vaguely
spotted with darker; sides with 8 or 10 obscure blotches; a large, black spot
at base of spinous dorsal behind, and a small one in front. Length 3 inches.
Not common, but occuring in both the Lake Erie and Ohio
river drainage. Found on sandy bottom in rivers, not found in
small streams. Recorded by Henshall for the Muskingum river
and for the Ohio river near Parkersburg, 1889 ; recorded for
Vermillion river as Etheostoma wrighti, by McCormick, 1892; in
1899 the writer took a half dozen specimens in the Ohio river at
Ironton, and in August, 1900, the species was again taken at
Bellaire.
94 THE FISHES OF OHIO.
Genus: DIPILESION.
Diplesion blennioides (Rafinesque). GREEN-SIDED DARTER.
Head about 4%; depth 43% to6. D. XII to XIV-12 to 15; A. II, 8 or 9;
scales 6-58 to 78-14. Body elongate, subterete. Head short, profile very
convex, snout very blunt, cheeks tumid; eyes large, 3%, high up and close
together; mouth sniall, inferior; gill membranes broadly connected. Cheeks
with fine scales, opercles with large ones, breast naked Color dark olive
green, tessellated above; sides with 7 or 8 Y-shaped, dark bars, these some-
times confluent to form a dark zigzag band. In highly colored males a
number of broad, bright green bands almost encircle the body. Females
and young may be quite dull, but the pattern of the dark marks on the side
is characteristic. Length 3 to 5 inches.
The Green-sided Darter is an abundant resident of the clear,
rapid streams of the state, found especially on stony ripples.
Rafinesque records it from the Ohio and Muskingum. Kirtland
mentions its occurrence in the state, and Jordan gives it as
‘‘abundant.’’ Hamilton County, ‘‘ abundant in East Mill creek
and Little Miami river,’’ Henshall, 1888; ‘‘ Vermillion river,
scarce, not uncommon in Sandusky Bay,’’ McCormick, 1892;
Maumee river system, taken in all the larg> streams (except St.
Mary’s river) and nearly all the smaller ones, Kirsch, 1893;
Franklin County, abundant, and of general distribution, William-
son and Osburn, 1897; Big Jelloway creek system, common on
ripples, Park:r, Williamson and Osburn, 1898; John’s creek at
Waterloo, Huron river at Milan, Ashtabula creek, Wabash river
at Celina, Stillwater creek at Dayton, North Fork of Licking
river at Newark, R. C. Osburn, 1899; Mahoning river, E. B.
Williamson, 1900 ; Cuyahoga river at Hawkins, Breakneck creek
at Kent, Grand river at Painesville, Chagrin river at Willoughby,
Wheeling creek at Bridgeport, Ohio river and McMahon creek at
Bellaire, R. C. Osburn, 1goo.
Genus: BOLKOSOMA.
Boleosoma nigrum (Rafinesque). JOHNNY DARTER.
Head about 4; depth 5 to 6; eye 3% to4. D.IX-~-11 to 14; A. I, 7 tog;
scales 5-44 to 55-9. Body fusiform, slender. Head moderate, snout some-
what bluntly decurved; mouth small, lower jaw included. Cheeks and breast
usually naked; opercles scaly. Anal spine short and weak; fins all high.
PERCIDA. 95
Color usually pale olivaceous, much tessellated above; sides with numerous
small W-shaped, dark blotches. Males in breeding season heavily pig-
mented, especially anteriorly, with blue-black. A black line forward and
downward from eye. Fins barred. Length 2 to 2% inches.
The little Johnny Darter is found all over Ohio, and is usually
quite abundant. It inhabits lakes and rivers on sandy bottom,
the clear creeks of Ohio are favorite abiding places, and every
small brook and spring run large enough to contain any fish at
all will be found to have its quota of ‘‘ Johnnies.’’ Hamilton
County, ‘‘common in Little Miami river,’’ Henshall, 1888 ; Lorain
County, ‘‘ very common everywhere, one of the few species that
may be depended upon when the seine is drawn,’’ McCormick,
1892; Maumee river system, common everywhere, Kirsch, 1893 ;
Franklin County, taken in every stream, abundant, April 3rd
given as a breeding date, Williamson and Osburn, 1897; Big
Jelloway creek system, abundant in every stream, Parker, Wil-
liamson and Osburn, 1898; John’s creek at Waterloo, Huron
river at Milan, Sandusky Bay, Ashtabula creek, Wabash river at
Celina, Stillwater and Wolf creeks at Dayton, North Fork of
Licking river at Newark, R. C. Osburn, 1899; Niggermill Run
and Mahoning river, E. B. Williamson, 1900; Pippin lake, Chip-
pewa lake, Summit lake, Cuyahoga river at Kent and Hawkins,
Breakneck creek at Kent, Grand river at Painesville, Chagrin
river at Willoughby, Wheeling creek at Bridgeport, Ohio river
and McMahon creek at Bellaire, Licking reservoir, R. C. Osburn,
1900.
Genus: CRYSTALLARIA.
Crystallaria asprella (Jordan).
Head 41 to 4%; depth 7 to 8. D. XII to XIV-13 to 15; A. I, 12 to 14;
scales 7 to 10-98 to 100-10. Body long and slender. Head long and slender;
eye large; mouth not large, subterminal; premaxillaries not protractile;
opercular spine well developed. Cheeks and opercles with pectinate scales;
throat and belly naked, space between ventrals scaled. Color translucent
olive, pellucid in life; with 3 or 4 more or less distinct, dark cross bands on
back and sides; a dark lateral band made up of about Io more or less con-
fluent blotches. Length 5 or 6 inches,
96 THE FISHES OF OHIO.
Apparently a very rare species in Ohio, and confined to larger
streams. Recorded by Henshall for the Muskingum river, 1889 ;
and one specimen was taken on sandy bottom in the Ohio river at
Ironton, May 31, 1899, by the writer.
Genus: AMMOCRYPTA.
Ammocrypta pellucida (Baird). SAND DARTER.
Head 4 to 43; depth 7 to8%. D. X-10; A. I, § to 10; scales in lateral
line about 75, about 6 rows above lateral line. Body very long, terete, quite
pellucid in life. Head stout; eyes large, high up, interorbital space narrow.
Cheeks, opercles, and temporal region with embedded scales; belly and sides
below lateral line entirely naked; much of dorsum in front and on either
side of dorsal fin naked or thinly scaled. Translucent, sometimes tinged
with olivaceous; scales with narrow, dark edging; about 12 or 15 black
blotches along the sides; a gilt lateral band. Length 3 inches.
The Sand Darter is well distributed over the state and is
common locally in larger streams on sandy bottoms. Taken also
in the lake. Hamilton County, common in Little Miami river,
Henshall, 1888 ; Lorain County, Lake Erie and the larger streams,
not common, McCormick, 1892; ‘‘ common everywhere on sandy
bottom in the Maumee river, and in the lower courses of the
larger tributaries,’ Kirsch, 1893; Franklin County, Olentangy
river, Big Walnut and Little Walnut, Big Darby and Black Lick
creeks, not common, June 28 given as a breeding date, William-
son and Osburn, 1897; Huron river at Milan, Wabash river at
Celina, Stillwater creek near Dayton, R. C. Osburn, 1899 ; Grand
river at Painesville, Ohio river at Bellaire, R. C. Osburn, 1900.
PERCIDA. 97
Genus: E/THEOSTOMA.
Key to Species.
A. lLaterallinecomplete. (A few tubes rarely wanting.)
B. Gill membranes broadly connected across the isthmus.
Cc. Anal fin nearly as large as soft dorsal; spinous dorsal with about 13
spines.— variatum.
cc. Anal fin much smaller than soft dorsal; spinous dorsal with 1o or 11
spines — zonale.
BB. Gill membranes scarcely connected across the isthmus.
D. Head short, the muzzle abruptly decurved, mouth somewhat inferior,
lower jaw included.— camurun.
DD. Head rather long and pointed, snout not decurved, mouth terminal, jaws
subequal.— maculatum.
AA. Lateral line more or less incomplete.
E. Humeral region without differentiated black, scale-like process.—coeruleum.
EE. Humeral region with distinct, black process or scale.
F. Gill membranes scarcely connected ; lower jaw not projecting.—
lippecanoe.
FF. Gill membranes connected; lower jaw strongly projecting.—/flabellare.
Etheostoma variatum Kirtland.
Head 3% to 4 or more; depth 44 to 5%; eye 3% to4. D. XII-13 (XII
to XIV-11 to 13); A. II, 7 to 10; scales 8-51 to 63-12. Body moderately
elongate, not much compressed, the back somewhat arched. Head short
and thick; snout short and blunt, decurved, parietal region broad and de-
pressed, resembling Hadropterus in this respect; profile above eyes strongly
decurved; mouth small, lips thick, lower jaw included; premaxillary not
protractile; gill membranes united. Head naked except I to 3 scales on
opercle above; breast loosely scaled. Fins all very large, pectorals reaching
beyond tips of ventrals. General color above, dark greenish olive, becom_
ing barred vertically on the sides posteriorly, about four black blotches
across the back. Females and young similarly marked, but paler. The
following color description taken from the living specimen is typical of
breeding males: Color, dark olive, with about 8 greenish cross-bars on
posterior part of body; interspaces pale, each with 2 bright carmine spots;
back crossed by 4 black bars; sides of belly bright orange; middle of belly
pale; first dorsal dark brown at base, then a pale space, above this a wide,
dark bar, then another pale space, bordered with bright orange; second
dorsal and caudal flecked with carmine; anal greenish, bordered with pale
orange; ventrals greenish black with a little orange at the margin; pectorals
tinged with orange and green, the rays with carmine spots. Length 3%
inches.
This elegant darter was described by Dr. Kirtland from the
Mahoning river in 1838, and was not taken again in the state for
fifty years, until, in 1888, Henshall recorded it for the Little
98 THE FISHES OF OHIO.
Miami river, near Red Bank, as ‘‘not rare.’’ In April, 1897,
Mr. J. B. Parker found it common on swift ripples in Big Jello-
way creek, Knox County, and in May, 1898, Messrs. Parker,
Williamson and the writer, seining the Big Jelloway creek sys-
tem, found this to be ‘‘the most abundant darter, especially fre-
quenting swift ripples.’’ In Franklin County, in the summer of
1897, the species was taken by Mr. E. B. Williamson and the
writer on swift ripples in Big Walnut creek, Little Walnut creek,
and Black Lick, but nowhere common. In 1899 the writer took
the species in North Fork of Licking river near Newark ; and in
1900, in the Ohio river at Bellaire.
Etheostoma zonale (Cope).
Head 4 to 5; depth 4 to 6; eye 3% to4. D.X or XI-10 to 12; A. II, 6
to 8; scales about 6-5c-9. Body rather slender, somewhat compressed.
Head small and short; mouth small, subinferior; snout blunt, profile rapidly
descending; gill membranes broadly connected. Cheeks, opercles and neck
usually scaled, breast usually naked. Color clear olive green above, with
8 or 10 greenish blue vertical bands which encircle the body posteriorly;
below paler, with a brassy tinge; breast greenish black. First dorsal black
at base, then a wide orange bar margined with black anteriorly, with green-
ish posteriorly; second dorsal orange at base, dark above; caudal and pec-
torals plain, tinged with green; anal and ventrals green, black at base.
Young and females dull and speckled, the vertical bars indistinct and the
fins speckled. Length 2 or 3 inches.
This species has been taken in a number of localities of the
state, indicating a pretty general distribution. It is locally com-
mon, but is only taken on swift ripples. Hamilton County,
‘‘common in Kast Mill creek and Little Miami river,’’ Henshall,
1888 ; Franklin County, Scioto river, Olentangy river, Big Wal-
nut creek, Little Walnut creek, Alum creek, Black Lick, common
where found, Williamson and Osburn, 1897 ; Big Jelloway creek
system, Knox County, ‘‘common on swift ripples,’’ Parker,
Williamson and Osburn, 1898; Huron river at Milan, Stillwater
and Wolf creeks near Dayton, North Fork of Licking river at
Newark, R. C. Osburn, 1899; Ohio river at Bellaire, R. C.
Osburn, 1900.
Etheostoma camurum (Cope). BLUE-BREASTED DARTER.
Head 3% to 4; depth 4to 4%. D. XI-12 or 13; A. II, 8; scales 7-50 to
58-8. Body stout, rather compressed. Head short; snout blunt, profile
PERCIDA. 99
rapidly descending; lips thick, lower jaw included. Caudal peduncle deep.
Color, dark olivaceous, sometimes nearly black above, somewhat barred on
the sides; a dark longitudinal line on cach row of scales; sides irregularly
flecked with crimson dots; belly pale; throat and breast deep dark blue.
Fins marked with brown, green, black, yellow and crimson. Females less
distinctly marked. Length 2% inches.
The Blue-breasted Darter is rather rare in Ohio, although it
has been taken at a number of widely separated localities, which
would indicate a general distribution. It is found in company
with £. zonale, on swift, stony ripples, but is much less frequent
in occurrence. Jordan mentions it for the Mahoning river ;
‘Muskingum river,’’ Henshall, 1889; Franklin County, Scioto
river, Olentangy river, Big Walnut creek, not common, William-
son and Osburn, 1898 ; Huron river at Milan, Stillwater creek at
Dayton, North Fork of Licking river at Newark, R. C. Osburn,
1899.
Etheostoma maculatum Kirtland.
Head 334 to 4; depth 4% to5%. OD. XII-12 or 13; A. II, 8 or 9; scales
9-56 to 63-14. Body elongate, caudal peduncle very deep. Head acuminate,
the front descending very gradually, the mandible rising as gradually to its
extremity; jaws subequal. Lateral line complete; cheeks naked; opercles
sealed; gill membranes not connected. Color, above black, shading to dark
olive below; throat turquoise blue; sides and dorsum marked with small,
circular spots of bright crimson. First dorsal uncolored, with a black spot
at its base in front and a dark shade through the middle; second dorsal
blood red; caudal with two large, crimson spots confluent on the mid-line of
the tail at its base. Female dull, the fins dark barred and not crimson.
Length 2% inches-
Very rare. The species was described in 1838 from speci-
mens taken in the Mahoning river by Dr. Kirtland. I know of
but one subsequent record of its capture within the state. Mr.
H. B. Williamson and the writer took a single specimen, a female
with ripe eggs, from a swift ripple in Big Walnut creek, near
Lockbourne, Franklin County, on June 26, 1897.
Etheostoma coeruleum Storer. RAINBOW DARTER ; BLUE DARTER ;
SOLDIER FISH.
Head 3% or more; depth 44%; eye 4 to 4%. D.IX to XII-12 to 14;
A. II, 7 or 8; scales 5-37 to 50-10. Body robust, rather deep and com-
pressed. Head large, compressed. Mouth moderate, terminal, oblique, the
lower jaw somewhat included; gill membranes not united. Cheeks naked
100 TEE FISH SOE VOHTO.
or nearly so, opercles scaled, neck and breast usually naked. Color, oliva-
ceous, tessellated above; sides with a varying number (about 12) of vertical,
indigo-blue bars, separated by orange interspaces; throat, breast and sides
of belly orange; cheeks blue-green; first dorsal crimson at base, above this
an orange bar, margined with blue; other vertical fins chiefly orange, tipped
with blue. Females much plainer, with very little blue or red. Length 2%
inches.
This elegant little fish is widely distributed over the state,
and is generally abundant. It is most common in the smaller
streams, and is always found in running water, usually on ripples,
and does not occur in lakes. Kirtland reported it in 1854 from
near Cleveland, under the name /oecilosoma erythrogastrum.
Jordan gives it as ‘‘the most abundant member of the family.’’
Hamilton County, ‘‘ very common in East Mill creek,’’ Henshall,
1888; Lorain County, ‘‘one of the most common darters,’’
McCormick, 1892; Maumee river system, ‘‘not taken in the
Maumee, St. Mary’s and St. Joseph rivers, common in all the
other larger streams and nearly all the small ones,’’ Kirsch, 1893 ;
Franklin County, abundant, of general distribution, Williamson
and Osburn, 1897; Big Jelloway creek, ‘‘ very common,’’ Parker,
Williamson and Osburn, 1898; John’s creek at Ironton, Huron
river at Milan, Ashtabula creek. Wabash river at Celina, Still-
water and Wolf creeks at Dayton, North Fork of Licking river
at Newark, R. C. Osburn, 1899 ; Mahoning river, E. B. William-
son, 1900; Cuyahoga river, at Hawkins, Grand river at Paines-
ville, Chagrin river at Willoughby, Wheeling creek at Bridge-
port, McMahon creek at Bellaire, R. C. Osburn, rgoo.
The following variety of this species is also taken in Ohio:
Etheostoma cceruleum spectabile (Agassiz).
It is known from the typical species by the ‘‘ faded out ’’ appearance of
the ground color of the back, and by the arrangement of the olivaceous into
distinct longitudinal lines. It is also rather more slender than the typical
ceruleum, into which, both in color and in measurement it insensibly grades.
This variety is found in brooks and smaller streams, replac-
ing to some extent the typical form in central and western Ohio.
Specimens from Ohio streams show many intermediate stages.
Recorded by Kirsch from Sugar creek, near Lima; Franklin
Couuty, taken only iu the small streams, ‘‘ grading insensibly into
PERCIDA:, {iot
the typical species,’’ Williamson and Osburn, 1897; headwaters of
Wabash river at Celina, Wolf creek near Dayton, brooks tribu-
tary to North Fork of Licking river near Newark, R. C. Osburn,
1899; Breakneck creek at Kent, tributaries of Grand river at
Painesville, R. C. Osburn, 1900.
Etheostoma tippecanoe Jordan and EKvermann.
Head 3% to 44%; depth 4% to 43%; eye small, 4% in head. D. XII-12;
A. II, 7; scales 5 or 6-46 to 50-8; lateral line straight, developed on only
about 30 scales. Body compressed, caudal peduncle deep. Head rather
small, little compressed; mouth large, terminal, oblique, the lower jaw some-
what included; gill membranes scarcely connected. A small, well defined,
black humeral scale. Cheeks, throat and breast naked; opercles scaled.
Color in life, dark olive green, strongly tinged with yellow, especially pos-
teriorly, passing into greenish yellow on belly; about 14 narrow, well defined,
greenish black vertical bands encircling the body posteriorly; breast deep
blue-black, the color extending forward on the throat and backward on the
‘ventral fins; dorsal and anal fins golden yellow, pigmented with blue-black;
pectorals plain golden yellow; ventrals golden yellow, blue-black at base.
Female paler, no high colors, dark markings less distinct. Length 1%
inches.
In Ohio this exceedingly rare darter has been taken only in
Franklin County. Four specimens were taken by Mr. E. B.
Williamson and the writer, one in the Olentangy river at Colum-
bus, in September, 1896, the other three in Big Walnut creek
near Lockbourne, on June 26, 1897. The species was taken in
very swift ripples.
Etheostoma flabellare Rafinesque. FAN-TAILED DARTER.
Head 3% to 4; depth 4% to 6; eye4to5. D. VIII-12 to14; A. II, 7 to
g; scalesabout 9-50-14. Body slender, compressed. Head long and pointed;
snout not decurved, mouth very oblique, lower jaw projecting; gill mem-
branes well connected. Fins all low, the first dorsal notably so, and, in the
male, the spines tipped with fleshy knobs; caudal large, rounded. Head
entirely naked; a narrow, bare strip along base of spinous dorsal. Color
very dark olivaceous, forming vertical bars on sides; each scale with a dark
center; dark humeral spot conspicuous; dorsal and caudal fins barred with
black. Some Ohio specimens approach the variety /7meo/atum, characterized
by distinct longitudinal lines along the rows of scales. Length 2% inches.
A common species in the clear, rapid str.ams of the state,
found especially on ripples. Hamilton County, ‘‘common in
East Mill creek,’’ Henshall, 1888; Lorain County, ‘‘rare,
102 THE FISHES OF OHIO.
Vermillion river,’’ McCormick, 1892; Maumee river system,
St. Joseph river at Edgerton, Tiffin river at Brunersburg,
Sugar creek at Lima, Beaver creek at Grand Rapids, Kirsch,
1893; Franklin County, nearly every stream, abundant, Wil-
liamson and Osburn, 1897 ; Big Jelloway creek, Knox County,
‘‘a very common species,’’ Parker, Williamson and Osburn, 1898;
John’s creek at Waterloo, Huronriver at Milan, Ashtabula creek,
Wabash river at Celina, Stillwater and Wolf creeks near Dayton,
North Fork of Licking river at Newark, R. C. Osburn, 1899 ;
Niggermill Run at Salem, E. B. Williamson, 1900; Lake Pippin,
Cuyahoga river at Kent, Wheeling creek at Bridgeport, Ohio
river and McMahon creek at Bellaire, R. C. Osburn, rgoo.
Genus: BOLEICHTHYS.
Boleichthys fusiformis (Girard).
Head 3% to 4; depth 33% to 6; eye 3 to4. OD. VIII to X-9 to 12; A. II,
6 to 8; scales 3-43 to 60-12. Body usually elongate, compressed. Head
rather long and narrow; snout short, decurved; mouth terminal, lower jaw
slightly included; premaxillaries not protractile; gill membranes connected.
Cheeks, opercles, nape and breast usually scaled. Lateral line incomplete,
high up, often interrupted. Color, olivaceous, the sides and back blotched
with darker, pale below; in adult males the sides are usually flecked with
crimson; base of caudal with 4 dark spots in a vertical row; spinous dorsal
usually blue, with a median crimson band. An extremely variable species.
¢
Jordan records the species for the state as ‘‘ noticed only in
tributaries of the Maumee, in Ohio.’’ No other collector men-
tions it. However, it seems to be distributed over northern and
central Ohio, in suitable localities. The writer has found it to be
rather common in shallow water in Sandusky Bay, and has taken
it also in the Huron river at Milan, 1899, and in Pippin and
Summit lakes and in Licking reservoir, 1900.
Family: SERRANIDA.
Genus: Roccus.
Roccus chrysops (Rafinesque). WHITE BAss.
Head 3%; depth 2%; eye 5. D.IX-I, 14; A. III, 11 or 12; scales 10-55
to 65-15. Body rather deep and compressed; back considerably arched.
Head subconical; mouth moderate, nearly horizontal, lower jaw slightly
projecting. Head scaled to between nostrils. Color, silvery, tinged with
golden below; sides with narrow, dusky lines. Length 15 inches.
SCLA{NID A. 103
An abundant species in Lake Erie, ascending the larger tribu-
taries to some distance. The species is said to be common in the
lower Ohio, but no one seems to have noticed it within the limits
of the state, though it probably ascends to that distance. Lake
Erie, Henshall, 1889; Lorain County, ‘‘ quite common in the
lake, ascending the streams to the dams,’’ McCormick, 1892 ;
Maumee river at Grand Rapids, Waterville and Toledo, Kirsch,
1893; abundant in Lake Erie at Sandusky, rare in Huron river
at Milan, R. C. Osburn, 1899.
Family: SCiANIDA.
Genus; APLODINOTUS.
Aplodinotus grunniens Rafinesque. SHEEPSHEAD; DRUM;
WHITE PERCH.
Head 3%; depth 23/; eye 3. D. X, 30; A. II, 7. scales 9-55-13. Body
oblong; back much elevated and compressed; profile long and steep, straight-
ish. Head slightly compressed; mouth moderate, subinferior. Lower
pharyngeal bones fully united, with course, blunt, paved teeth. Color,
grayish silvery, dusky above, sometimes very dark; back sometimes with
dusky streaks along the rows of scales. Attaining a weight of 50o0r 60
pounds.
An abundant species both in Lake Erie and the Ohio river,
and ascending their larger tributaries to some distance. Kirtland,
following Le Sueur, recorded the lake form as Scz@na oscula, and
the Ohio river form as S. grisea. Jordan gives it as very abund-
ant in Lake Erie, and also mentions it forthe Ohio. Hamilton
County, ‘‘abundant in Ohio river,’’ Henshall, 1888; Lorain
County, ‘‘very common in the lake, Vermillion river, Black
river,’’ McCormick, 1892; Maumee river at Defiance, Grand
Rapids, Waterville and Toledo, west end of Lake Erie, Kirsch,
1893; Muskingum river at McConnellsville, Prof. D. S. Kelli-
cott; Ohio river at Ironton, Huron river at Milan, Lake Erie at
Sandusky, R. C. Osburn, 1899; Ohio river at Bellaire, R. C.
Osburn, 1900,
104 THE FISHES OF OHIO.
Family: Corripé.
Genus: COTTUS.
Cottus ictalops (Rafinesque). M1ILLER’S THUMB; SPRING FISH.
Head about 34%; depth 4 to 6; eye 4. -D. VI to VIII-16 or 17; A. about
12; ventral fin I, 4, the spine slender and closely attached to the first ray.
Body stout anteriorly, tapering regularly back to the slender caudal pedun-
cle. Skin smooth, except just behind the pectorals, where it is beset with
very small, sharp prickles, these sometimes obsolete; lateral line conspicu-
ous. Gill membranes not meeting across the very broad isthmus. Olivace-
ous, more or less barred and speckled with darker; fins mostly barred or
mottled. Onite variable. Males in breeding season with a wide, black bar
margined with orange on dorsal fin, and under side of head pigmented with
dark or blue-black. Length 3 to 7 inches.
Widely distributed, but never abundant; sometimes locally
common. It occurs in clear, cold brooks and rapid streams.
Recorded as Cottus bairdiz, by Girard, from specimens taken by
Spencer F. Baird, in Mahoning river at Poland. Given by Jordan
as C. richardsonz; Lorain County, common in Spring brook and
Chance creek, McCormick, 1892; Maumee river system, St.
Joseph river at Edgerton, Kirsch, 1893; Franklin County, four
specimens from Brackenridge’s Run, Williamson and Osburn,
1897 ; Big Jelloway creek system, Knox County, Parker’s Run’
and Black’s Run, common in the latter, Parker, Williamson and
Osburn, 1898 ; a small brook tributary to North Fork of Licking
river at Newark, R. C. Osburn, 1899.
Family: GADIDA.
Genus: LoOTA.
Lota maculosa (Le Sueur). BurRBorT; LING; LAKE LAWYER.
Head 4%; depth 5%; eye 7. OD. 13-76; A. 68; scales very small, em-
bedded. Body elongate, not much compressed anteriorly. Head slightly
depressed; mouth large; a single barbel on the chin. 30 pyloric coeca.
Color, dark olive, thickly marbled and reticulated with blackish; below,
yellowish or dusky. Length about 2 feet.
Common in Lake Erie, not recorded elsewhere in the state.
Recorded for Lake Erie by Le Sueur, 1817, by Kirtland, 1838 ;
by Henshall, 1888, and by McCormick for Lorain County, Lake
Erie, 1892; Sandusky, R. C. Osburn, 1899 and 1goo.
INDEX TO
FAMILIES AND GENERA.
UMD FTES) oie COREG E Ree eee CE AERO ots 49
PRE PTC CL SE ate. sie mlelniciaaisie levers nclovay ose te leree 19
PAR TMOLO [ULES so 4:5 lois sete ee ieicisos = villas eres 79
PTI CIA DLAs [oiore cfsicjocaisreieiniets @)elals inleidieleis « 96
PASI PESU ATUL ice Leek ss av seaesuaeabshagets slat sqeistofeverais.or. 23
PRL IN UREMeaN e seer a Sie cele o eins echo celal eaves 21
/\irehb ia eo. aS p ee ec eae Baise letaraisvaseel opie 21
LATMIET EMILE S ES Ce pednes ct Somne sobonsmnce 65
Aionenlullilzty Sita toca geese pO OMmet es cone ria rs 65
PASIOMLIN LIS ote peye cle cin icnciassyelecnievain a)= ole suarets 103
NV OSOMMIS oc) f2)<) insole =u lesie aioe siaiars ars 69
BUNTTLECOOCELIG Ze scte se ciniciisinetice bys m ens 75
ihyolobretetoye lergl Cea aio tana ois GOpeUB Ee nGeIno 75
PSC OTINOUIG Mere rctetet stoners icisistelainieresals) ohcisvorsaha late 80
UNG CORES 6 OPEC DERE Renn DoeErae 76
ES COUENGMELLY Sitetayaicis sis << otasasaliaie/elaleicysvavecin ates 102
SDL COSCN LIL Un ieters el eteyel fale, fe tarev stave laseieraiisysfetaleye 94
(CEwi HONGO Claas onoegesaooer OC ODenheOObOn 43
(GATASSIISH cet fe srs neve els ayeveiere as hoe fej atetayeye 42
(Quin ONGC SERS Aico nee eroercitins Cee cen 3I
(CHV io )s\ Woh wahoo Goa aaden Cha Gene ouaeSaone 30
RANE CSL MEIIUS ere erate = lateral a sree fete erasalernta\o/alele™ 34
GeO pnARS WAS fave onc uele Mevsceieleyniesnie ss yece sue 77
WTO FTV LOUIS iay. cre) percelciat-va'> <arnvstore oleic a teleie 79
CUE MMELGLS epeyet sy -fasarel en sie) sees olathe eins craves: 44
UO Aa tara ease wi snereis'=y deine de Spareanie vistsls 50
(CIVEN OLS GS. Aes at cts ee eee PO ne eee 67
(CXBYT GIES) Re Rn cee Re RN ere 104
PRES THAN wicks ter sc6 7.08 Sigal ele Wiki e cimieee 104
WOtKOSAStEre ss. seas one yes jarctous 93
(COMING Posoepo ey oo obey an Ooe Srireereace ots}
IGISLIMGI Sly ca ite ces Sevonls = nelson ci elelce 69
Giayctailiattanes cect venice eiler'e 0 sie 95
(CH@IETGIE A dadiinGaenen AoA onegnoeenmne 33
CEO gMULC Ge mantic as av cinerea © vicratelaelets 41
Cyerntse, a. <2 RTE COO OOOM OOS 42
TOM SIRES ovate SIRE net eT ae See ee 94
TOG ROSOMNUA eases nesissalateleye mate fe siataro a 67
WOGOSOMGE Wiss etc s guise nysislees seed isict seve 67
LEN HVS y/ inate 7g bgmseiguibeen omere 6a 6 cmtrosniokc ictal 59
JOyerh wal WACh Sa eee eRe Eat ce Oru 36
Etheostoma.. .... back ok i heey ete 97
EO RIGA tere seo enveie icles aieiel vnnaeeiesas.2 eft
Ee POMlOtIS) — 22s: fom bes ee OER 83
EOP LOSSUMIN ei sv si-g,, iri seers aie esnernis to do scecs 64
Bamduwlas.: 2 5.3: 73
Gadide... Beh ue ve tesla eer c 104
GASLCLOSUEID 2s wicies svete rac cise nacre aes 74
PSO O PLELUS ate exs:siorscs/sloieteieladsiele.s, «121s; ece- gI
INGOT erence etme |. coveysterei ats bivle Re eteleis sie 66
ELT OGO MELA Ce repere erosive inieysrate Seed Oiccerares 66
PT DOGMA NS Ts cays, sco ies: sac a seis, Srwisresevere« sre/ore 44
Hybopsis......... See et oneiee ee Hr 62
Teh GiyOmiy Zones. cin cles staat sravers a ieys 15
MCCA IS Meiners wate araycratatel mele (es, delslavers Seis he 22
MGELO DUS taerecc yin re etme lottery e cee 30
Tet bide sues iacrek seins nly eines hoe wndins 76
NE AOI Cle araverale ciesnieiel el sinvavsinyleliean cate soe 40
JUN Tay ALS TE] Amer COCIMOEICeT OR RGR Go GI Er CERI 16
WEDISOSLEIG Ges yaiayaiaiayd Son cet amonie cicero olla 20
TPE PISOSEECTIS ersmyerers ie vial scarry cielateer sci hae 20
WP SPOMIISH Picts. rosy rie cleiee dia sierteetetie Nees 81
A SP COPS eset telerelsyelatelel=) ie}are claicle Ye tiaisini sere 26
ILEWONGO ES a5 Gh SoopasepRoU rood daa 47
ILO Eine | 3 SpE aLOnODOEes SEA con malsceticicetes 104
NE WICUG even Pen tae elon tetera ee ee 71
DEAT CULS eset, Aovelanci eyes airs isiche aievalane et oaratrenie ahs 71
IMM CLO PTSRIIS is, 2701s i) -Porsie ol eralersrsieletsos spersiciats 85
MEY then atric’ 1 | ects cvesieenee aeeiciete 36
IVS O SEO MI Aleryaretaheretolslclcielayarere ai Vatoleie vel s<letaie 37
INOLEOPIS serererelets steve oeree er ick see eee 5I
INGIETUS 6 oodacoogonbeoodscobuGdananegce.s 26
@OpPsopocodiiSvecenaye snceeale aerate vs eho 48
JHSTS2 ls och og conde oe Oba FO DUO DOD BabO0K 89
TREMORS e356 oy SOD RODO OM On ODT Sanu coe 87
PEN CUM Ata dot sala fiereictovecu al: Weleenekiaisotiois 89
IRELCOPSIGC ae act sete caiiatteide meee 75
INSAOMEN ese dapanoopenooMAboddoswaDAanae 75
Pine piMalesterrrtalatie cs islecoietr eters eeteate 45
ACO PN Aya Ksoe.0e o 1-1 oseiele ciel sic sae, siere sislsrerers 39
IE WIRY Cys OVelaroniconoconpoade saoceen mm oondae 18
FROM OM OTIC GS are.-, ayaro's ein oie wie </eversislereieisie: ster 18
RGEC iid ose eiters ait ere ce ete ieee 73
BOnTOLODUSa state reveeianiy ree ate castro 67
IRC TMOP SG endo heed Co MON ODOHeHOOCARHOBOOCDE 77
UNUSED YS ici teic)s:sielslciesete Wi eleieiese ¢. tversyetale 60
FROG CU Scere tareyeieiPelsvstelokel ayaleienchereleveVeieveney aterevane 102
SAU Ta TALC ean te reresaeyeyeuerar oheseteieveisveve’ a1 sie sists 68
SAUNT ELIS tiaras castferehees-heie-shaacten a cranaoatete 70
SEEYo ahr K AMO hb no poaeoondonnpanyqooosn 19
Slemulioeovelas bahonudcdasdoureedsncecnpetue 27
Soest Ee eee ctertiere sravacaiclelessvenarctereeete euvnas oe 103
SGMMOUHLUTSHeratacyetete rein oilers) slelevarel shes a¥s\ ener ccereyetem 46
Senramicias seme =\< <1 SOMME HOO OIC 102
Silat ce We Sat eters cid aferse)sreissate « ties saycnere e.areye 22
SEIZOStE GIO Mt eryrels) mace cmiers sella ota leer cobateks 88
ADI aos to cacoono nope odoDmOO maT OoUpeodad 42
pera rea errererepe carseat aiahvchss syaieyecareraly oyelersy otes eve 70
Winn ook lea on des bono one c unas eacdrios 70
ACADEMY
| of SCIENCE
Tenth Annual Report
TENTH ANNUAL REPORT
OF THE
OHIO STATE
ACADEMY OF SCIENCE
LIBRARY
NEW YORK
: ORGANIZED seo BOTANICAL
NCORPORATED 1092. GARDEN.
PUBLICATION COMMITTEE:
Jone SCHAPFNER: LL: H.MCFADDEN. GERARD FOWKE.
PUBLISHED BY THE ACADEMY.
COLUMBUS, OHIO, 1902.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
PAGE.
(Owfeers, IGWB 5 Be penis Sears certo ttn eke ee o Ain cere ee Reet eae een Petree mene or Ree 5
Past Officers ore 6
Memiuensiipwmerebniaty, wll O02 Sev wam. as. <5 cesar oe ciusiomsss @einars O
Historical Sketch 11
CGoncstiuron and By-laws of the Academy: .-a-a-ssea0sese02-ono8e 12
Report of the Eleventh Annual Meeting of the Academy of Science.. 17
Papers imeaale evidence ee astm oon coy bon O.c oOo Oresere cise bi Sena One ori 19
Field Meeting SRT OR RT ee EAE Shee eT SLANE fy Sik ect. Nat Vall
In Miemoriam — Edward Waller Claypoole, D. Se................. 21
President’s Address — The Future of Vegetable Pathology.......... 24
Sanne Rooke omy IDiseeises ont IPleiatts oo boaoos cpoau oobeeocnomecdsOUaeT aha)
PAPERS AND ABSTRACTS.
Smut Infection Experiments. W. A. Kellerman and O. E. Jen—
TIT) 5S ata care chs ac yas oven ay tes era) eiiekexcten any Soe sete Nepnyes el castonsy soiree thevecarelsh aad Sidtans
itheskevised Gataloe of Ohio Binds= eynds Jiomes) Wes. ..5-s 45.466
New Fossil Plants from the Carboni-Ferous and Devonian. H.
TELESIS » 5s ws Sym nee ot Sho ten See Galea 0 sc tarovicn RNR OPe Or ENS EASE N Cee A ie am ae
New Fossils from the Corniferous, Hamilton, and Medina Series.
TL TRIGA) I i tke tte Seana ene PER AP ae ee ea
Plant Ecology of Ohio — A General Outline. John H. Schaffner and
[Pinqralercicle | ee NN AWeSo> aes 6 aactelraachee or Racal inn EA IE Ae Onan ee AER RAR
Brehiminanys list ot Mamarack Bogs iniOhio, AyD: Selby......-....
New Plants for the Ohio Catalog. A. D. Selby, Wooster, Ohio... .
Report for 1901 on the State Herbarium, Including Additions to the
Simie Tenme Ibis, MG Ats INGEN os cospacoccopoddseHoOuuOEsoE
OFFICERS.
1902.
PRESIDENT,
WOR. LAZENBY.
VICE PRESIDENTS,
Ga HERRICK, CG SV EROSSER.
SECRETARY,
he L. MOSELEY:
TREASURER,
HERBERT OSBORN.
LIBRARIAN,
W. @ MILES,
EXECUTIVE COM MITTEE,
Ex-Officio,
W. R. LAZENBY, 1B, IL, WIOSIALIBNE.
HERBERT OSBORN.
4 Elective,
WM. WERTHNER, Vc (We, TILED)
(5)
BOARD OF TRUSTEES.
Ei. (C, BEARDSIBE, enm CXPIheSe ss © oc. esis... oie case Gres + Se tees ee 1902
WR: MBAZE NIB eT Il DIMES aie iore shes ais, a Ge yele crest arate! nv eare cee 1903
FF) M. Wessrer: Chairman, tert expires. :)...... +2500 sece oe cere
PUBLICATION COMMITTEE.
J, Jal, Seman, Cliehheamena, qwerrinn ESOS, ooopacapoa0c0ccan5 aao0dn- 1902
IL. EL MGBADDEN, terin: ExpiCeSis .c'.a2< e+ cece casei cise Cercle: Se RR es
GERARD Bowie: erin EXPITES He .\c- see alsa ee Gee oe Oe 1904
PAST OFFICERS.
Presidents.
1892. HE. W. CLayeore, 1897. W. A. KELLERMAN,
1893. Epwarp OrTON, 18985 WiiGs dieu
1894. F. M. WeEpsTER, 1899. G. F. WricHt,
1895. D. S. Kevricorr, 1900. Josua LINDAHL,
1896. A. A. WricHT, 1902 ASD? SEreYe
Vice-Presidents.
1892.
1893.
1894.
1895.
1896.
1897.
1898.
1899.
1900.
1901.
1892-95. A.
A. A. WricHT, ELLEN E. SMITH.
IDE Sy Ionieiconm, ID) Ib. J ANisisg,
G. H. Cotton, Mrs. W. A. KELLERMAN.
H. E. Cuapin, JANE F. WINN.
A. L. TREADWELL, CHaAs. Dury.
C. E. Stocum, J. B. WricHr.
Josua LinpAnut, J. H. Tonp.
Cuas. E. Arpricnt, A. D. SELBY.
J. A. Bownocxker, Lynps JONES.
H. Herzer, Mrs. W. A., KELLERMAN.
Treasurers.
DA SEEBY 1896-98. D. S. KELLIcoT?,
1899-01. HeErBERT OSBORN.
Secretaries.
1892. W. R. LAzENBy, 1893-94. W. G. TicHtT,
1895-1901. E. L. MoseEtey.
(6)
MEMBERSHIP FEBRUARY 1, 1902.
_ife Member.
MevViniline Emerson He )—) = — =
40 Wall St., New York
Active Members.
Aiken, Walter H., Bot., Station
Kae Cincinnats
Albright, Charles E., - Columbus
Amies,°J. W., Chem., -— Wooster
Armstrong, C. A., Geol., — Canton
Ayres, Annie B., Ent., — Wooster
Bavpecoxn ea iG. bot. ba) JE:
Madison Ave., -— Cleveland
Bandy i Zool. "Geol. PR:
©. Box 1382, — — — Oberlin
Barnard, B. C., — — — Wooster
Beardslee, Harry C., Bot.,
Asheville, N. C.
Bentley, W. B., Chem., — Athens
Berger, E. W.,. -- — -— — Berea
Blair, Kate R., Biol., 1457 Neil
Ave, — = = — Columbus
Bleile, Albert M., Physiol.,
Bact., 218 King Ave., Columbus
Black, J. C., — - ~ -— Wooster
Bloomfield, Lloyd M., - - —-
Valencia, (5 Av
Bogue, Ernest E., Bot., 43 W
Tompkins St., — -— Columbus
Bonser, T. A., Bot., Geol., Carey
Botm wuizzie E., Bot, Zool:
Geol., Phys. Geog., — Canton
Bownocker, John A., Geol.,
©, S Wy = = = Collttiinues
Bridwell, John C., Ent., Bot.,
O, S Wy = =] = Coline
iaveied sna, 15 | INS 1BXo yb PAIL)
Monroe St, — — — Toledo
Britton ee Corehit. Exper
Ment Stas = — =) Wooster
Brockett, Ruth E., Bot., Rio Grande
Brugger, Harvey, Bot., — Clyde
Burglehaus, F. H., Bot., Wool-
son Spice Co., — — Toledo.
Bubna, Matthias, Ent., 9 Heina
Si Nn ee Oe Cleveland
Burgess, A. F., Ent., — Wooster
Gienac, Islam: (Cy, Bion, = =
Worthington
Bushnell, Charlotte, Biol., 687
Prospect St., — -— Cleveland
Carter, Chas., -— Carydon, lowa
@laasseny dw “Bot 429
Woodland Ave, -— Cleveland
Clark, William, = — — Berea
Coberly, Edward D., Bot.,
Georgesville
Colton, George H., —- - Hiram
Comstock, Frank M., Vert.
Zool., Case School, Cleveland
Cookson, Charles W., Geol.,
New Straitsville
Corson Gy Non
Cunningham, John F., Hort.,
Ohio Farmer, — —- Cleveland
Dury, Chas. E., 524 Ridgway
Ave., = = = = (Ciaeraimenil
Dutton, C. F., Jr., 349 Frank—
lin Age, = = = (Gllajelemd
Duvel, J. W. T., Bot., Ann Ar—
bors. =. =) == Mich.
Farle, F. S., — — Auburn, Ala.
Edwards, E. H., Zool., Physiol.,
147 W. Clinton St., Cleveland
(7)
8 ACTIVE MEMBERS.
Eddy, C.W., Ent. (Lepid.), 1275
Euclid Ave, -— — Cleveland
Engstrom, Dag Agnar, 42 Park
Place, - - Springfield
Feiel, Adolph, 520 E. Main St.,
Columbus
Field, Irving A., Biol., Box
510, = = = = — Granville
Fischer, Walter, Bot., — Columbus
Flynn, Maud, Zool., -— Columbus
Fowke, Gerard, Glacial Geol.,
Arch., — — = — Chillicothe.
Gary, L. B., Geol., - Austinburg
Gill, George W., Geol., 380 E.
Broad St., - — Columbus
Green, Isabella M., Zool., Un-—
ion Place, - — Akron
Green, W. J., Experiment Sta.,
Wooster
Grover, F. O., Bot., — — Oberlin
Griggs, R. F., Bot., 1318 For-
sythe Ave. -— — Columbus
Hambleton, J. C., Bot., Zool.,
212 E. 11th Ave., — Columbus
Hard, M. E., Paleon., Bowling Gr.
Harry, Scott, Ornith., North
Buckeye St., -— — Wooster
Hartzell, J. C., Bloomington, Ills.
Hayes, Seth, — — Fremont
Herrick, C. Judson, - Granville
Herrick, Sarah Ethel, Bot.,
Ornith, - —- Columbus
Herzer, H., Paleon, — Marietta
Hicks, J. F., Bot., Experiment
Sta; = = = = ‘Wooster
Hine, J.'S., Ent., Ornith.; O: S.
Uh = = Columbus
Hobbs, P. L., Chem., - Cleveland
Holt W. PE Bot. — Jetterson
Hopkins, A. D., Ent., Morgan-
town, — -— West Virginia
Hopkins, L. S., Geol., -— - Troy
James, Davis L., 127 W. Sev-
enth St. — -— — Cincinnati
Janney, John J., Hort., 93 Fif—
teenth Ave, -— — Columbus
Jennings, O} E. Boi, On sae
Columbus
Jones, Lynds, Ornith., College
Museum, — — -— Oberlin
Judson, C. A., Bot., 235 Colum—
bus Ave, -— -— — Sandusky
Keeler, Miss H. L., Bot., 93
Olive St. — -— — Cleveland
Kellerman, Karl F., Bot., 175
W. 11th Ave., — — Columbus.
Kellerman, William A., Bot.,
175 W. 11th Ave., Columbus
Kellerman, Mrs. W. A., Bot.,
175 W. 11th Ave., Columbus
Kellicott, W. E., 1332 Highland
St a = ee Columbus
Kelsey, F. D., Bot., 2146 Ful-
toneots) =) = Toledo
Kiefer, R. J. — -— -— — Attica
Kline, W. A., Biol., — Westerville
Krebs, Carl, Bot., 452 Jennings
Ave, - - - Cleveland
Lander, C. H., Zool., 89 Ar—
lington St, = —= @leveland
Landacte Ess leaZ00l Osmo:
U — =) = = | Coltmbis
Law, Mary E., Nat. Hist., 2313
Ashlands St. 1) =) sloledo
Lazenby. Wm. R., Hort., Bot.,
O. S. U.. - - -— Columbus
Lindahl, Josua, Zool. 312
Broadway, = =) Cinemnannt
Lloyd, John Uri, Court and
Plum Sts., — — — Cincinnati
Louth, E. V. Bot, — ‘Ashtabula
Luke, Fred K., Bot., Hort.,
Mo. Bot. Garden, — St. Louis
Maly, C. W., Ent., Capetown,
South Africa
Masterman, E. E., Zool., Bot.,
New London
Mateer, H. N., Biol., — Wooster
ACTIVE
Mathews, Mary E., — Painesville
mle Conm (CS “be, Jeet, Bul 1B.
Mulberry St., —-— Lancaster
McElhinny, Frank B., Bot.,
New London
Mekadden, ls He) Chem
Westerville
Mackannon, Js AG) (Ornith®,
Grand Ave, - = — Toledo
MacLean, J. P., Arch., West.
Reserve Hist. Soc., Cleveland
IMieaal, (Chas, Sao Zool, IByeye,, Paly/
King Ave, -— — Columbus
Mercer, W. F., Biol., Ohio Uni-
Verma, = = =| = Xsan
Miallisy Wi. ‘©. Arch.) Biol. ©:
S WU. = = = = Colliminns
Moorehead, Warren K., Arch.,
Andover, Mass.
Morse, Max W., Zool., O. S.
We - —- - — Columbus
Moseley 1. I. Zool., “Bot.
Physiog., — — — Sandusky
Negley, Miss Poyntz A., Bot.,
Dayton
Newell, Wilmon, Ent., Experi-—
ment Sta., — -— -— Wooster
Oberholser, H. C., 1505 How-
ard Ave., — Washington, D. C.
Odenbach, F. L., Meteor., St.
Ignatius Coll., -— Cleveland
Osborn, Herbert, Ent., Zool.,
OL S. WU. = = = Colluimilnre
Osburn, Raymond C., Zool.,
lichti= a — — Hareoy IND)
Outhwaite, Joseph H., U. S.
Oxdnances) ——) —) Columbus
Oviatt, H. L. Gen Sci, Norwalk
Peck, J. E.; Geol, = = Delaware
Piwanka, Thomas, 243 Superior
Si Oleveland
Prosser, ©) S. Geol. ©; 'S: Us,
Columbus
Reeves, Edwin A., The Ames—
burg, - — — — Cleveland
MEMBERS. 9
Rhodes, W. R., - - —- Findlay
Rice, Chas. E., Eth., Min., 1750
S. Union Ave., — — Alliance
Rice, Edward L., Zool., — Delaware
Ricketts, B. Merrill, 415 Broad—
way, — -— -— — — Cincinnati
Riddle Lumina Gy Bot. Bf
mene, = = = = IkehacAs
Roudebush, Lowell, -— Owensville
Royer, John S., Biol., 247 N.
ith St, — —'— Columbus
Sanger Un Ge, Bot So. Pitts—
burg, - — — — _ Tennessee
Schaal, William G., . — Berea
Schaffner, John H., Bot., O. S.
Us, = = = = = Goilimpee
Schumacker, F., 1347 Monad-—
nock Building, -— — Chicago
Seaton, Miss F., 103 Glen Park
Place, Cleveland
Selby, A. D., Bot., Experiment
Sta ee V\ooster,
Simkins, J. D., Gla. Geol., St. Marys
Slocum, ©. E, — — — Wefiance
Slocum, Belle Craver, 218 13th
Si. = =] — —] — — Moledo
Smith, Miss I. S., Bot., Oberlin
Soule, William, 1804 S. Union
Ave. - -— — — — Alliance
Sterki, Victor, Conch. Bot.,
New Philadelphia
Stockberger, W. W., Bot.,
Granville
Storke, Sophia D., 167 Whit—
man St, — — — Cleveland
Suttons J. G., “Physics, “Geol;
Rushylvania
Talbott, Mignon, Phys. Geog.,
640 Franklin Ave., Columbus
Tight, W. G., Geol., Albu—
querque, — — — — N. Mex.
Todd, Joseph H., Geol., Arch.,
Christmas Knoll, — -— Wooster
Todd, Otto, - - - — ———
True, H. L., — -— McConnelsville
10 ACTIVE MEMBERS.
Tussing, P. I., Geol, - —-— Ada
Twiss, Geo. R., Physics, Phys—
iog., Central High School,
Cleveland
Tiles, 1, Ji, Bon, ©, S Wh,
Columbus
Valway, W. H., Ornith., 2671
Broadway, — — — Cleveland
Warder Rae, Bot. Geol:
North Bend
Watson, J. R., Bot., Adelbert,
Cleveland
Webb, R. J., Bot, -— Garrettsville
Weber, Henry A., Chem., 1342
Forsythe Ave., - Columbus
Webster, F. M., Ent., Experi—
ment Sta. - - - Wooster
Motalsimembers! eee eee
Werthner, William, Bot., Steele
High School, - —- Dayton
Westgate, Lewis G., Geol.,
Delaware
Wetzstein, A., Bot., - St. Marys
Whitney, W. C., Biol., Geol.,
Westerville
Williamson, F. Bruce., Ichth.,
Ornith, = = ee Saleny
Wilson, Miss S. S., Geol. Phys.
Geog., 97 N. 20th St. Columbus.
Wilkinson, E., Bot., -— Mansfield
Wright, G. Frederick, Geol.,
Oberlin
Wright, Albert A., Geol., 123
Forest /St., = - —. Oberlin
165
HISTORICAL SKETCH.
The Ohio State Academy of Science was organized at
Columbus on December 31, 1891. The preliminary step:
which resulted in this organization was taken at the sug-
gestion of Prof. W. R. Lazenby, by the Biological Club of
the Ohio State University, which, on November 3, 1891
appointed a committee consisting of D. S. Kellicott, W. A.
Kellerman, and W. R. Lazenby to take such action as was
necessary to bring together the scientists of the state. This
committee issued the call for the first meeting, at which a
permanent organization was effected. The temporary off-
cers were the following: chairman, A. M. Bleile; secretary,
W. R. Lazenby; committee on organization, constitution
and by-laws, W. A. Kellerman, E. M. Claypole, and Henry
Snyder; committee on nominations, L. H. McFadden, E. E.
Bogue, A. D. Selby, Henry Snyder, and W. A. Kellerman.
The Academy began its existence with fifty-nine char-
ter members and was incorporated under the laws of Ohio:
in 1892 with W. R. Lazenby, W. A. Kellerman, EME
Webster, A. D. Selby, W. C. Werner, and E. E. Bogue as
incorporators.
The annual (winter) meetings have been held at the
following places: 1891, 1892, 1893, 1894 at Columbus ;
1895 at Cincinnati; 1896, 1897, 1898 at Columbus ; 1899
at Cleveland, 1900, 1901 at Columbus.
Field (summer) meetings have been held at Akron in
1892, at Logan in 1893, at Granville in 1894, at Sandusky
in 1895, at Oxford in 1896, at Brinkhaven in 1897, at Day-
ton in 1898, at Columbus in 1899, at Put-in-Bay in 1900, and
at Wooster in Igor.
yaialen SD:
CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS OF THE
ACADEMY.
CONSTITUTION.
ARTICLE I.
This Association shall be called The Ohio State Academy of
“Science.
ARTICLE II.
The object of this Academy shall be to encourage scientific
research, and to promote the diffusion of knowledge in the various
departments of science.
ArTIcLE III.
Members may be elected at any meeting of the Academy, and
shall sign the constitution and pay an annual fee of one dollar;
but the secretary and treasurer shall be exempt from the payment
of dues during the year of their service. Any member may at
any time commute all future dues by the payment of twenty-five
dollars. At any regular meeting Honorary Members may be
elected, on account of special prominence in science, on the written
recommendation of five members of the Academy. In any case, a
two-thirds vote of members present shall elect to membership.
Applications for membership shall be made in writing, counter—
signed by two members, and referred to a committee on member-—
ship, who shall consider such application and report to the Academy
before the election.
ARTICLE IV.
The officers of this Academy shall be chosen by ballot at the
annual meeting, and shall consist of a President, two Vice Presi-
‘dents, Secretary and Treasurer, who shall perform the duties usually
appertaining to their respective offices. The Secretary and Treas-
urer shall be re-eligible. The President, Secretary, Treasurer and
two elected members, shall constitute an Executive Committee.
Amendment to Article IV.
There shall be a Board of Trustees consisting of three mem-—
bers; one elected for one year, one for two years, and one for
three years; and thereafter one elected annually for three years.
It shall be the duty of this Board of Trustees to act as the cus-
(12)
CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS. 13:
todian of all property of the Academy and to administer all funds.
received for original research and investigation,
ARTICLE V.
Unless otherwise directed by the Academy, the annual meeting
shall be held at such time and place as the Executive Committee
may designate. Other meetings may be called at the discretion
of the Executive Committee.
ARTICLE VI.
This constitution may be altered or amended at any annual
meeting, by a three-fourths majority of attending members. No
question of amendment shall be decided until one year after the-
meeting at which it was proposed.
BY-LAWS.
ORDER OF BUSINESS.
1. The first hour, or such part thereof as shall be necessary,
in each session, shall be set aside for the transaction of the business.
of the Academy. The following order of business shall be observed.
as far as practicable:
(1) Opening.
(2) Reports of Officers.
(3) Reports of Committees.
(4) Unfinished Business.
(5) New Business.
(6) Election of Officers.
(7) Election of Members.
(8) Reading and Discussion of Papers and Addresses.
(9) Adjournment.
Notice oF MEETINGS.
2. No meeting of this Academy shall be held without publi--
cation of a notice of the same by the Secretary at least thirty days
previously.
PAYMENT OF BILLS.
3. No bill against the Academy shall be paid by the Treas—-
urer without an order from the Executive Committee.
14 CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS.
Uneat DUEs.
4. Members who allow their dues to remain unpaid for two
years, having been annually notified of their arrearage by the Treas—
urer, shall have their names stricken from the roll.
QuorUM.
5. Twelve members shall constitute a quorum for the trans-
action of business.
Ex—Orricio MEMBERS.
6. The President and Secretary of designated scientific soci-
eties of the State shall be ea—officio members of the Academy, on
acceptance of such membership by their society.
ADDRESS BY PRESIDENT.
7. The President shall deliver a public address during the
course of the Annual Meeting over which he presides.
Amendment Passed November 29, 1901.
The President’s annual address, beginning with the year 1901,
shall be published in the annual report.
COMMITTEE ON MEMBERSHIP.
8. At the first session of each annual meeting, the President
shall appoint a Committee on Membership, consisting of three mem-
bers, which shall report upon all applications for membership.
COMMITTEE ON NOMINATIONS.
9. On the first day of the annual meeting the Academy shall
elect a Committee consisting of three members, which shall report
nominations of officers and members of the Executive Committee
at the last session of the annual meeting.
COMMITTEE ON PROGRAMME.
10. A committee consisting of two members shall be appointed
by the President-elect at the last session of each Annual Meeting,
whose duty shall be to issue, in conjunction with the Secretary, a
notice of the annual meeting at least one month in advance. The
committee shall prepare and issue, at least ten days in advance of
the meeting, a general programme giving title and time required
for presentation of each paper.
CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS. 15)
COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION.
11. A committee on publication, consisting of three members,
shall be elected by the Academy, one member to be elected each
year at the annual meeting to serve for three years. This com-—
mittee shall be empowered to call on specialists in the various
departments, if needed.
COMMITTEE ON COLLECTIONS.
12. A permanent committee of three members on “Academy
Collections shall be appointed when necessary. It shall be the duty
of this committee to secure and take charge of all collections for
the Academy.
AMENDMENTS.
13. These By-Laws may be amended by a two-thirds vote
of the members present.
Motions and Resolutions Having the Effect
of By-Laws.
PUBLICATION OF SPECIAL PAPERS.
Resolution adopted December 29, 1897.
Resolved, That the Committee on Publication be authorized to
publish from time to time, as material and funds may warrant, a
series of Special Papers, from among those presented at the meet—
ings of the Academy. The size of page to be uniform with that
of the Proceedings.
The series to be entitled, Ohio Academy of Science, Special
Papers No. 1, 2, 3, etc. The papers to be issued without additional
expense to members of the Academy who are in regular standing.
The author to have 25 copies free. The remainder of the edition
to be offered for sale at the lowest reasonable rate.
The cost of illustrations to be borne by the author.
Notice of the papers in stock to be given on the annual pro-
grams and Proceedings.
LIBRARIAN.
Motion carried December 23, 1899.
Moved that the trustees be instructed to appoint a librarian who
shall have charge of distribution of publications and who shall
arrange an exchange with other societies and receive and list all
.
16 CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS.
exchanges. Exchanges so received shall be accessible to all mem-
bers for consultation, or may, upon payment of transportation
charges, be withdrawn for reasonable periods of time.
LIST OF MEMBERS.
Motion carried December 29, 1896.
It shall be the Treasurer’s duty to furnish the Publication
(Committee a correct list of members for the annual report.
FE, L. MOoseELey,
L. H. McFAppen,
W. R. LAZENBY,
Committee on Codification.
REPORT OF THE ELEVENTH ANNUAL MEETING
OF THE
Ohio State Academy of Science.
ANNUAL MEETING.
The eleventh annual meeting was held at the Ohio
State University, Columbus, November 29 and 30, 1901.
This being a month earlier than the usual time, the execu-
tive committee were gratified to find the attendance good
as usual, though a few others might have planned their
‘work so as to be present, had the date been announced
earlier in the year. The papers read were, for the most
part, not technical, but interesting to all who heard them.
The joint session Friday evening of the Academy of Science
and the Modern Language Association of Ohio was both
instructive and interesting, to members and guests.
Profesor Eggers, secretary of the Modern Language
Association, stated that the Association had tried different
times of the year for its annual meetings, but had
found Thanksgiving week decidedly the most suit-
able. The prevailing sentiment among members of
the Academy was also in favor of holding its meetings then.
The principal objections raised were the meetings at that
time of teachers’ associations in other parts of the state and
the detention of some members at home by college duties.
“In view of the fact that the attendance at the field
meetings for the last six years had been small except when
held in connection with the meeting of some other associa-
tion” the secretary recommended “that we abandon the
policy of holding a field meeting every year and, without
fixing a longer period, leave the matter to be decided each
year by the executive committee.” The Academy voted to
(17)
18 TENTH ANNUAL REPORT.
leave the matter of holding a summer meeting to the dis-
cretion of the executive committee with power to act.
The following amendment to the by-laws, offered by
Mr. Schaffner, passed: —‘“‘The president’s annual address,
beginning with the year 19o1, shall be published in the
annual report.”
In pursuance of a resolution a committee of three, —
E. L. Moseley, L. H. McFadden and W. R. Lazenby —- was
appointed by the president to codify and publish the con-
stitution and by-laws as now existing.
Discussion of the question, “In what manner may the
Academy become more serviceable to the scientific inter-
ests of the State?”, led to the appointment of a committee,
consisting of the president, treasurer and secretary, to make
recommendations concerning the printing of the Academy’s
reports by the State and concerning the transmission of
natural history specimens by mail. At the last session the
committee made the following recommendations, which
were adopted :
“Your committee to consider the question of methods
for increasing the facilities of the Academy for publication
would recommend that the executive committee be requested
to consider the question in its various aspects and, if deemed
desirable, to take the necessary steps to secure legislative
action for State assistance in this direction.
“That the Academy through its secretary respectfully
represent to the postal authorities that the present provi-
sions and rulings of the postal department regarding trans-
mission of natural history specimens are inconsistent and
a serious hindrance to exchange of scientific material and
urge that better provisions be afforded.”
Mr. Webster read a letter from Emerson E. McMillin
again placing $250 at the Academy’s disposal.
Eighteen applicants for membership were elected.
The progress of the topographic survey during the past
season was described by Professor C. N. Brown, who ex-
hibited a map of the state on which were shown in colors
the quadrangles in which the field work has been com-
OHIO SPATE, ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. 19
pleted, those in which it is partly done, and the additional
ones covered by primary control. He stated that the atlas
sheets for the territory surveyed in 1901 would be engraved
and printed by the U. S. Geological Survey and probably
completed by the latter part of the summer of 1902.
The report of the committee on Topographic Survey
prepared by Albert A. Wright, the chairman, was read by
Lynds Jones. In conclusion it says:
“It is very -desirable that the members of the Academy
and all other supporters of the survey, should make known
to their representatives in the Legislature and to the Gov-
ernor and other officers of the State their desire that
this work, so well inaugurated, should be followed out to
its completion, in the mappng of the entire area of every
county of the State.”
PAPERS READ.
1. New Fossils, including Sea-weeds, two new genera,
Carboniferous, Marietta; Land Plants, two species,
Carboniferous, one species, Corniferous; Corals, fif-
teen Cyathophylloids, Corniferous; Brachiopods. one,
Corniferous; Cephalopods, six, Corniferous. - —-
= et eR ZER
2. Notes on the timber trees of Ohio — WutiAm R. Lazensy
3. The self-pruning of woody plants -— Joun H. SCHAFFNER
4, Wie Olay Boyes Gr IPinvlibgier =| = = -
- = —- -— — W. A. KELLERMAN and J. G. SANDERS
5. A striking case of mimicry, with exhibition of speci-—
mens = = = = -— = = = £#F{ERBERT OSBORN
Pee SMMntecHOnexperimMentse. = = 9 = = = = =
- - = W. A. KELLERMAN and O. E. JENNINGS
7. Further observations on the preglacial drainage of Wayne
andsatiacenh counties: ~=\ = = = = — J. Ef Lopp
8. The weight, waste and composition of apples -— —
- = = = = = = = Witrram R. LAZENBY
9: Plant ecology of Ohio; a general outline = = = -—
= = = = JoHNn H. ScHAFFNER and Frep J. TyLer
10. Observations on the flora of the Gauley Mountains,
Wrest Witten = = 5 SS SW YN, ikasiuesiy
11. Preliminary list of tamarack bogs in Ohio - A. D. SeEtsy
o3.
TENTH ANNUAL REPORT.
Report for 1901 on the State Herbarium with additions
to the Ohio Plant List - - —-— W. A. KELLERMAN
Modern Languages and Science in High School Course
= = = — £WIULLIAM WERTHNER
Botanizing in Colorado Mountains. Illustrated - -—-
a= == ARID Srrmms
Some notes on a trip to southeastern Siberia - —-— —
— GERARD FOWKE
Notes on Hemiptera with some records of species new
to the Ohio list - -—- -—- -— -— MHeErxBertT OsrorN
Observations on some South American Hemiptera, with
exhibition of specimens —- — — — MHeErRverRT OSBORN
A species of Diptera mining the leaves of wild rice at
Sandusky -—- - - -—- - - — =. Jas. S. HINE
Experiments with chemicals to improve seed germin—
tion —- — — — W.A. KELLERMAN and F. M. SURFACE
A possible cause of osars - - -— -— G. H. CoLton
The introduced species of Lactuca in Ohio — A. D. SELBy
Gradations between Verbena stricta and Verbena an—
gustifolla - - - - -— — -—- Tuos. A. BONSER
New plants for the Ohio Catalogue - —-— - _ A. D. SELBy
Observations on the origin of forest belts in Clay
County, Kansas - -—- -— - -— JouHN H. SCHAFFNER
A report on the Revised Catalog of Ohio Birds Lynps JoNEs
The summer birds of Lake Erie’s Islands — Lynps JONES
Perverted Benevolence — GERARD FOWKE
Notes on Anthurus borealis and Erysiphe graminis —
- = - - - = W. W. StTOCKBERGER
Report on the ecology of Big Spring Prairie - T. A. BoNSER
Some aspects of plant growth as illustrated by methods
of watering - - - -—- = — = WW. J. GREEN
A plasmodium found in the blood of a turtle and related
to the plasmodium of malaria - -—- -— C, B. Morrey
An Insect pest new to Ohio (Read by title), F. M. WepstTEr
The trend of insect migration in America (Read by
tile) - - - -'°- = = = F. M. WesstTeR
President's address — The Future of Vegetable Path—
ology. = = Se] — = =] = CS ALD SErey
E. L. MostErey, Secretary.
OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. PAl|
FIELD MEETING.
The field meeting was held at Wooster May 31 and June
I, tg01. The weather was pleasant and a goodly number
of local naturalists took part in the excursions, but only
three members came from a distance. A few others had
expressed an intention of coming but were prevented by
the rainy weather preceding the meeting or by other causes.
The bog around Brown’s Lake, west of Shreve, proved
very interesting to botanists and the adjacent woods to
ornithologists.
The second day was spent in visiting the Agricultural
Experiment Station and, by a change of plan, driving up
the Killbuck valley, where were found many things inter-
esting to geologists, archaeologists, botanists and ornithol-
ogists.
E. L. Mose ey,
Secretary.
IN MEMORIAM.
EDWARD WALLER CLAYPOLE, D. SC.
June 1, 1835 — August 17, 1gol.
Dr. Claypole died on August 17, 1901, at Long Beach,
California, while spending a few vacation days at the sea-
shore with his family.
The Ohio State Academy of Science owes to him a
great debt for his zealous labors in its behalf. He was one
of the influential promoters of its organization, and up to
the time of his removal to California in 1898 he was one
of the most honored leaders in all its activities. He served
as its first president in 1892. His frequent contributions,
both in the form of papers and in the discussion of subjects
introduced by others, were always promotive of a high level
of work and thought in the sessions of the organization.
Dr. Claypole was born in England in 1835. He was
educated at the University of London, where he received
es TENTH ANNUAL REPORT.
the degrees of Ay Ban 1862, S. B: in 1864, and Sc=i ius
1888. He was well known in England as a geologist, and
some of his scientific papers written in this country were
published there. He came to America in 1872 and served
as Professor of Natural Sciences in Antioch College, at
Yellow Springs, Ohio, from 1873 to 1881. For two years
he was paleontologist to the Pennsylvania Geological Sur-
vey, and published the report on the Geology of Perry
County. From 1883 to 1898 he was Professor of the Nat-
ural Sciences in Buchtel College at Akron, Ohio. On
account of the failing health of his wife, he resigned this
position and sought a southwestern climate. During the
last three years of his life he was Professor of Geology and
Biology in Throop Polytechnic Institute at Pasadena,
California.
The range of his studies and of his knowledge was
very wide. He was not only a contributor to the facts and
general principles of Geology and Paleontology, but was at
home in various branches of Zoology and Botany, and was
versed in the principles of Chemistry and Physics. He
was a Fellow of the Geological Societies of America, Lon-
don and Edinburgh, and of the American Association for
the Advancement of Science. He was a member of the
American Entomological Society and of the American
Microscopical Society. He was an associate editor of the
American Gedlogist from its beginning in 1888. To the pal-
eontology of Ohio he contributed some important descrip-
tions of Devonian fishes, enlarging the bounds of the strik-
ing fauna first made known by Dr. Newberry.
His personal qualities were such as to draw others to
him in a remarkable degree. He was the personification of
modesty, simplicity and sincerity, and at the same time a
fountain of overflowine regard for others. His compre-
hensive interest in the problems of science, and his delight
in the companionship of others, enabled him to inspire his
pupils and to exert a stimulating influence upon his asso-
ciates. In speaking, his thought was always clear and
consecutive, his language was choice Enelish which came
OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. 23
without apparent effort, while his delight in his subject
illumined his face, and his regard for his audience ex-
pressed itself in courteous and kindly tones that won the
friendship of every hearer. He was deeply devoted to his
wife and daughters, end their companionship in scientific
fields was one of the chief joys of his life.
In his death, we feel that science has lost a distin-
guished devotee, and the Academy a friend whose memory
it will long cherish.
A. A. WRIGHT,
H. HErzeEr,
[E. H. McFappen,
Committee.
24 TENTH ANNUAL REPORT.
PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS.
IHE FUTURE OF VEGETABLE PATHOLOGY.
AC ADs SELBY:
On this occasion, as President of the Ohio Academy,
it is incumbent upon me to deliver an address, presumably
upon some phase of the body of knowledge we call science.
Custom points no less unerringly to some topic along the
lines of one’s chosen pursuit. Doubtless, without any an-
nouncement a botanical heading would be assigned to this
occasion. For various reasons it has seemed fitting to pre-
sent to you some thoughts on “The Future of Vegetable
Pathology.” Certainly this cannot be done without con-
sidering the history of the rise and progress, nor without
discussing the present status of plant pathology both from
the standpoint of the investigator and of the teacher. These
matters are likely to lead to estimates concerning the rank
of vegetable pathology among the divisions of botanical
science.
Concerning the speaker personally it is known to most
of you that his pursuits are along the line of the study and
investigation of plant diseases. Since it is in the cultural
aspects of plant life rather than in the original condition
of wild plants that pathology has claimed the largest atten-
tion, we naturally look te that phase for much of its history.
The advance of our knowledge in this helpful line has cer-
tainly been gratifying, during the closing decade of the
nineteenth century.
Plants, as dynamic factors, exhibit certain general and
normal activities, discernible under widely different con-
ditions of environment and recognizable in plants of ex-
ternal dissimilarity, the study of these normal activities
leads us to Plant Physiology. At the same time these
plants in their usual activities are impinged upon by cer-
tain special and general phases of environment, by varying
OHIO SPATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. 25
climatic conditions embracing differences in the amounts of
heat, light and humidity, exposure to dryness in air or soil as
well as the encroachments of animal life by the cropping of
herbivors or the fretting of insects. In response to contin-
uously acting stimuli of this character the plants become
modified or adapted to the conditions surrounding them;
the study of this adaption leads to Ecology.
Studying still these same plants as living organisms,
and either in their general functional activities or in their
external and internal adaptations or in both, we find that
the course of the life of the plant is by no means always
normal — instead of simple turgor we may have tumes-
cence or edema (dropsy as our physicians would say ) ; in-
stead of the free water flow contemplated through the
conducting tissues we may find the vessels closed. Not
only this, external and internal parasites may attack any
and all organs of the plants, intercepting light and heat,
absorbing, destroying or diverting the usual nutritive sub-
stances, penetrating and transforming essential organic tis-
sues, and even totally preventing the attainment of the
reproductive functions; these parasites may lie in wait in
the soil, be wafted in the winds, or be sown with the seed
of the husbandman. Otherwise incapable of striking ex-
pression by external signs, the plant may find itself fixed in
a soil with inadequate or unsuitable, or even injurious sub-
stances contained therein; accordingly there is stunted
growth, reduced vigor or manifest ill health indicated by
fruit or foliage. Abnormalities are seen in such and in other
ways; their study just as certainly leads us to Vegetable
Pathology.
Pathology is then, at least, tentatively ranked coordi-
nately with Physiology and Ecology among the divisions
of botanical science which have to do with plants in their
- life relations. No one of these divisions just enumerated,
more than another, may be successfully cultivated without
some knowledge of the other divisions of botany and of
allied sciences.
iS)
(ep)
TENTH ANNUAL REPORT.
Historically, Vegetable Pathology has been studied for
a long time; at least one work on “Maladies des Plantes”
has a title page date of the early fifties. Of two German
works in the nature of general treatises on this subject, still
useful, the first editions were issued in the years 1874 and
1880 respectively ; I refer to the handbooks of Sorauer and
Frank, both of which have passed through subsequent edi-
tions. The lamented Winter’s little work “Die durch Pilze
Verursachten Krankheiten der Kultur-Gewachse,” belongs
to about the same period (1878). These were followed by
almost synchronous publication of the works by Prilleux,
Hallier, Tubeuf, Berlese and Marchal in French, German
and Italian respectively. Tubeuf’s book was soon trans-
lated into English by Smith, and its appearance in that dress
has been followed by the handbook of Massee and by the
recent and most excellent work by H. Marshall Ward under
the title of ““Disease in Plants.”’
There are journals, too, including the Zeitschrift fur
Pflanzenkrankheiten, edited by Sorauer, now in its elev-
enth volume, the Zweite Abteilung of the Centralblatt fur
Bakteriologie und Parisitenkunde, now in its sixth volume.
The Italians have the “Rivista di Patologia Vegetale,” of
many years’ standing, edited by Berlese, and the Dutch the
“Tidschrift over Planten Ziekten,” edited by Ritzema-Bos.
In England society proceedings and journals have been the
chief avenues of publication for work on plant diseases;
while in the United States, aside from the Journal of My-
cology instituted by Dr. Kellerman while in Kansas, now
no longer published, the publications of the United States
Department of Agriculture and the various Experiment
Stations in the several states have been the chief agencies by
which a large and valuable literature on plant diseases has
been issued.
Looking at the subject in this manner we are led to
conclude that plant pathology has possessed a well arranged
and systematic body of facts bearing upon the subject dur-
ing a period of at least twenty years, and that this body of
knowledge has been accessible for that length of time in
OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. 20
the form of published handbooks; and further that it has
possessed, and still possesses, a large literature issued in
periodical form and covering the multitudinous phases of
the subject in question.
Has plant pathology meanwhile assumed the coordinate
rank herein indicated along with plant physiology and
ecology? I fear we must answer negatively in so far as
college professorships and university courses are concerned.
Aside from the few universities which offer rather brief.
undergraduate courses in “Vegetable Pathology” or in
“Plant Diseases,” most, or I might say all, American univer-
sity and college courses offered by well developed botanical
departments consisting of two or more chairs in botany, are
silent on this subject.
If the elements of the subject are taught at all they are
either presented under plant physiology or the systematic
study of fungi, and it is notable that in America’s oldest
and largest university this division of botany is not recog-
nized as existing. Professor Ward, to whom reference has
already been made, responds in a recent letter that his work
in plant diseases is all research work and that he offers no
separate course upon the subject.
It is easy to understand that up to a recent time no well
formulated call had been made for students equipped in
this line, and that, therefore, no demand existed for courses.
in plant pathology, but certainly the recent expansion in
experiment station work, and in that of the United States.
Department of Agriculture, no longer leaves this position
tenable. The writer has sometimes wondered whether we
have in this tardiness to apply botany in vegetable pathology
a sort of unwillingness, or reluctance to place applied sci-
ence upon a coordinate basis with pure science. Many
are aware how relentless was the opposition of the repre-
sentatives of the old education to putting engineering, or
applied science courses upon the same basis as the arts
course for graduation. Indeed, if | am not mistaken, cer-
tain institutions still discriminate against graduates in engi-
neering. Seeing that all this is history, and noting that
28 TENGE ANNUAL REPORT:
applied science in the domain of living things offers greater
difficulties than the sciences applied in engineering and other
technological lines by reason of the variations in the organ-
isms themselves, it ought not to surprise us that this applied
botany should make at times slow advances. Such has
been the case all along the line of agricultural application.
It would not be against some things that have already passed
into history were the lingering, or inherent hostility to
useful knowledge as a part of the subject matter of colle-
giate instruction to have had something to do with the tardy
recognition given to plant pathology in this, the foremost
country of the earth, in the application of the remedial
methods, its study has brought to our people. A good
many of us have heard the sneer often accorded to really
fine work in applied botany.
However much weight we may give the foregoing
considerations, it must not be denied that vegetable
pathology as a well rounded division of botany has been
compelled to pass severe tests, to suffer disadvantages.
The tendency in some quarters to restrict the applica-
tion of the term vegetable pathology to a study of the
cryptogamic parasites upon plants, has been a great draw-
back. Parasitology has been developed to the narrowing
and dwarfing of the true science. Doubtless this is the
idea which finds expression in the catalogued courses of
“economic mycology.” One well known and liberal minded
botanist, himself a professor of botany, made the remark
to me some two years ago, that he would acknowledge that
we possessed a science of plant parasitology, but that the
science of plant pathology seemed to him to require build-
ing up on the non-parasitic side before we could consider
it a well developed division of the science of botany. I
may mention here in passing that the development in this
country of economic entomology, apart from botany,
wherein its application rests if it attain economic rank as to
plants, has also divided forces when compared with the
course of events in Germany and the remainder of Conti-
nental Europe.
OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. 2
Granting that the immediate demands for it and the
recognized value of the results of the study of fungus par-
asites has developed the science unequally or dispropor-
tionately in that direction recent advances have certainly
tended in a large measure to correct this tendency. While
we do not yet know the exact interrelations out of which
harm results from the unlocking of oxydizing enzyms at
unpropitious times, as is now believed to be true in yellows
of the peach and in the mosaic disease of herbaceous plants,
notably of tobacco, progress towards a knowledge of this
abnormal ‘“‘stoffwechsel” has certainly been rapid and has
apparently proceeded along safe lines. That many normal!
processes in plants remain obscure or unsolved does not
discourage the plant physiologist; no more should the ob-
scurity of the abnormal deviations cause the plant pathol-
ogist to desist from his triumphant progress.
A prominent plant physiologist has recently asserted
that an adequate explanation of so simple and fundamental a
process as the ascent of sap in plants yet remains to be pro-
posed; other problems in physiology are stated to be
equally unsolved. In like manner the vegetable pathologist
finds himself with respect to some of the problems of
pathology. Unsolved problems there are, and unsolved
problems there will remain so long as men continue yearly
to extend the boundaries of our knowledge of plant life.
I feel well assured that the state of our knowledge
warrants us in recognizing plant pathology as a well estab-
lished division of botanical science entitled to the coordinate
rank I have earlier indicated. If this be granted then what
reasonable grounds exist to warrant the arrangement of
courses and the establishment of chairs of vegetable
pathology? I think the basis of our modern education
affords us but one answer. The state charges itself with
educational matters in order that her citizens may be more
useful in perpetuating the state and in contributing to its
welfare and prosperity. The state is already demanding
the services of those who are capable of assisting agriculture
by controlling the diseases of culture plants; with the lapse
10) TENTH ANNUAL REPORT.
of years these demands promise to develop in increasing
proportions.
The institutions of learning which leave their graduates
without all the training for this work that the state of our
knowledge affords are missing one of the fairest oppor-
tunities for usefulness. The graduate who finds that his
notes on economic mycology fail to connect his parasites
adequately with the changes in its host, will probably accuse
his instructor of leaving him to find out for himself what
he should have been taught in some general manner, at least,
while he had a student’s leisure and before the unceasing
demands of actual service pressed upon him. Generally
speaking, American institutions leave the student in this
position or offer him an excellent opportunity to make his
own pathological inferences from physiological instruction.
In my judgment the demand for well considered instruction
and research in plant pathology, is already formulated and
only awaits avenues of expression to make itself felt. It
would seem that the Land Grant Colleges and State Uni-
versities are situated at a great advantage by their oppor-
tunities in the line of courses in a pathological botany that
shall be pedagogically sound and actually immediately help-
ful. They have this fine opportunity because of their rela-
tions to the state at large and to the agricultural com-
munity in particular, and by either direct or contributory
connection with the experiment stations and the United
States Department of Agriculture. Have such courses
‘been made prominent and are these great institutions real-
izing their full opportunities? And are the time and facil-
ities in the way of helpers allotted in our State University or
elsewhere, such as make nothing more to be desired? To
both of these questions most would give either a qualified or
unqualified negative answer. So long as this is true much
remains to be done for the future of vegetable pathology. It
may be added that so far as my own inquiries and those of
certain of my friends have extended, we find plenty of dispo-
‘sition to create separate chairs in botany in our universities
‘and properly so, but there is little manifest disposition to pro-
OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. 3
vide adequately for instruction in plant pathology. If we
contrast this apparent indisposition, I say apparent advis-
edly, for those on the outside can judge as to what is being
considered within only by announcements, if, | iepeat, we
contrast this apparent indisposition of the institutions train-
ing for the future physicians of the plant world, with that
existing in medical colleges wherein there is a very concrete
division of pathological subjects, we are forced to conclude
that a great deal remains to be done to provide adequately
for the future instruction that I am well assured is to be
given in vegetable pathology.
A body of well organized knowledge on plant diseases
presented by teachers charged chiefly or solely with the
giving of courses or the conduct of investigations in plant
pathology is, I am led to believe, not solely by the course
of demand for workers, but as well by the development of
our agricultural practice, to be the future of vegetable
pathology. In so far as I am aware, the only university
whose officials have, as yet, expressed a desire and future
purpose to put plant pathology on this foundation for the
future, is not as one would expect endowed by public
funds, but by private philanthropy. I am hopeful that this
will not long remain the case.
In choosing this subject and in the manner of pre-
senting it, I have been guided as herein set forth inade-
quately, by a desire to make plain the disproportion between
the demands, in the line of applied botany, made upon many
of the most competent graduates in botany and in the prep-
aration they have been given for this work. It is recog-
nized that at no other period of the world’s history have
the universities of the time been subjected to such stress
and expense in equipping for the demands of instruction,
as have fallen upon those of our own day within the last
two decades, more especially within the last one. Under
these circumstances with the achievements of applied phys-
ical and chemical science in the minds and on the lips of
the inhabitants of both town and country, it is not surpris-
ing that the equally important economic achievements in
32 TENTH ANNUAL REPORT.
botanical science, and especially in pathology should have
passed without much consideration by a great number
whose interests and training lead them to look elsewhere.
What has been stated has been offered in the spirit of
friendly suggestion and with no desire to misstate or mis-
apply the facts as they now exist. Should this appear to
have been done it will be my greatest pleasure to make cor-
rections.
It is quite generally recognized at the present day that
some of the brilliant hopes of the chemist respecting im-
provement in plant growth, have failed of realization, and
that after all the sciences which deal with living things
have their problems worthy the most competent and best
equipped of our scientists. The chemist will now admit
that mere chemical analysis of the plant substance gives
no adequate knowledge whereby we may solve the vexing
problems of plant nutrition, valuable and helpful as the
analysis has been. We, as botanists, are justified in the
faith that our beloved science is at last to come into pos-
session of her full heritage of problems as well as oppor-
tunities. Certainly the unrivaled development of Amer-
ican botany in recent years justifies a faith of this sort.
I have thus with hasty preparation, and as I am well
aware, very imperfectly as to result, taken this much of
your valuable time in discussing what appears clearly to
me to be the larger possibilities of the Future of Vegetable
Pathology.
Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station, Wooster, Ohio,
November, 1900.
OHIO STALE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. 533
SOME BOOKS ON DISEASES OF PLANTS.
19931901,
[In the following incomplete list it has been the aim to
include only general treatises upon Diseases of Plants. The
works of Dr. Hartig by reason of their classical character are
included, though relating to trees only. |
1853. Payen, A.: Les Maladies des pommes de terre,
des betteraves, des bles et des vignes, de 1845-1853, etc.
Paris, 1853.
1874. Sorauer, Paul: Krankheiten der Pflanzen.
1874.
1874. Hartig, Robert: Wichtige Krankheiten der
Waldbaume, etc., pp. 127; 6 plates, 4°, Berlin, 1874.
1878. Winter, George: Die durch Pilze verursachten
Krankheiten der Kultur-gewachse. pp. 151, 8°, Leipzig,
1878.
1880-1. Frank, A. B.: Die Krankheiten der Pflan-
zen. Vol. I, pp. 1-400; II, pp. 401-844; 8°, Breslau, 1880-1.
1882. Hartig, Robert: Lehrbuch der Baumkrank-
heiten, pp. 198; 11 plates, 8° Berlin, 1882 (Also English
translation by Somerville, 1883).
1884. Smith, Worthington G.: Diseases of Field
and Garden Crops, chiefly such as are caused by fungi.
16°, London, 1884.
1886. Sorauer, Paul: Handbuch der Pflanzenkrank-
heiten, 2. Aufl. Text, 2 Vols.: I Die Nicht-parasitaren
Krankheiten, pp. 920.
II Die parasitaren Krankheiten, pp. 456, 8°, Berlin,
1886. Atlas Folio Portfolio, 48 plates.
1889. Ward, H. Marshall: Diseases of Plants, Lon-
don, 1889.
1895. Frank, A. B.: Die Krankheiten der Pflanzen,
Ze eS 1805-6,,3 Vols.
I. Die durch anorganische Einflusse hervorgerufenen
Krankheiten, pp. 12-134, Ills., 34. 1895.
34 TENTH ANNUAL REPORT.
II. Die Pilzparasitaren Krankheiten, pp. 61574, Ills.,
g6. 1896.
III. Die Tierparasitaren Krankheiten, pp. 6-363, Iils.,
86. 1896.
1895. Berlese, A. N.: I parasitte vegetale delle piante
coltivate o utile, pp. 302, Ill., Milano, 1895.
1895. Tubeuf, Karl Freiherr von: Pflanzenkrankhet-
ten durch Kryptograme Parasiten verursacht, pp. 7-599. Ills.,
306, 8°, Berlin, 1895.
1895. Hallier, E.: Die Pestkrankheiten der Cultus
gewachse, etc., pp. 15-144, Stutgart, 1895.
1895. Prilleux, Ed.: Maladies des plantes agricoles
et des arbres frutiers et forestiers causes par des parasites
vegetaux, 2 vols: 8°: 1, pp. 15-425, IUs., 190. 11805: 2ue
pp. 15-902, Paris, 1897.
1896. Marchal: Les Maladies cryptogamique des
plantes cultivees, pp. 16-104., Ill., 8°, Brussels, 1896.
1897. Tubeuf, Karl Freiherr von, translated by Wil-
liam G. Smith. Diseases of Plants due to Cryptogamic Par-
asites ; 8°, London, 1897.
1899. Massee, George: A Text-book of Plant Dis-
eases caused by Cryptogamic Parasites; pp. 500; 8°, Lon-
don, 1899.
1901. Ward, H. Marshall: Disease in Plants, pp.
9-309; 8°, London and New York. 1Igo1.
OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. 35
PAPERS AND ABSTRACTS.
SMUT INFECTION EXPERIMENTS.
W. A. KELLERMAN AND O. E.. JENNINGS.
This paper gave the results of a series of experiments
on the comparative susceptibility of several smuts. It is
published in The Ohio Naturalist. Vol. II.
THE REVISED CATALOG OF OHIO BIRDS.
LYNDS JONES.
Members of the Academy will recollect that at our last
winter meeting I spoke with no little earnestness of the great
need of revising the catalog of Ohio birds, and they will
also remember that at that time the chief response to the
appeal was the information that Mr. Oliver Davie already
occupied the field. A personal visit to Mr. Davie convinced
me that his work was not to be a catalog of Ohio birds,
but another of the many popular books upon the general
subject with an Ohio setting. 1 was therefore glad to un-
dertake the work of preparing the revised catalog when
Professor Webster, acting for the committee which has in
charge the distribution of the McMillin fund, offered finan-
cial encouragement.
As a beginning upon that work a list of the birds
known to occur, or likely to occur within the state was pre-
pared, printed, and distributed. From various directories:
and personal correspondence some 200 names were secured,
mostly of persons now living in the state, 120 of whom ex-
pressed their willingness to cooperate with me in the work.
Accordingly lists were sent to them. Of the 120 sent out
58, or a little less than one half have thus far been returned.
These 58 returned lists represent 35 counties, while my
own work covers two other counties, making the total num-
36 TENTH ANNUAL REPORT.
ber 37. The number of species reported on these lists range
from 263, for Hamilton to 14 for Allen (which latter was
only a partial report upon a list for another county). The
lists reporting less than 100 species number 25; between
100 and 200, 29; more than 200, 8. Average, 125. More
than half of the counties from which reports have been
received are therefore well represented, while few are poorly
SO.
A discouraging feature of the majority of the reports
is the evident general ignorance on the part of those report-
ing, of the breeding of many of the species which should
be found breeding in their county. This ignorance is shown
in many ways, and is pretty clearly due to a cessation of
field work with the advent of warm weather and mos-
quitoes. I had hoped that a good deal of information upon
that point could be gained. Most people feel something
of the excitement of the season of migration of birds, but
it takes some planning and inconvenience to hold to the
study after the excitement has passed.
I was prepared for the great diversity of opinion ex-
pressed by persons living in the same city or county as to
the relative abundance of the several species reported. The
value of any individual’s statement must always be deter-
mined by the amount of time given to the study of the
birds, and the time of day and of the year when the study
pursued. The field covered is also an important ele-
ment. The value which the person gives to the terms
‘abundant’, ‘common’, etc., is of minor importance unless
fine distinctions are to be made.
A careful study of the reports received makes clear the
fact that the greatest service which the ‘Revised Catalog’
could render to a large majority of those who have so kindly
contributed to it would be more definite information about
each species. Such definite information can be given for
the most of our species, but upon some which are pretty
well known while they are migrating, we need more light
thrown. I refer particularly to some of the birds of prey,
OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. 37
the sparrows, warblers and vireos. The true status of many
of these is not known.
A glance at the accompanying map of Ohio [a wall map
used by the reader of this paper] will show ftom what
counties reports have been received. You notice, at once,
how inadequately the extreme western border is represented.
It is here that we should look for several more of the
western species whose ranges are gradually extending east-
ward. Notice what unknown possibilities lurk in that al-
most unexplored south-eastern quarter of the state. The
mouths of the Scioto, Raccoon, Hocking and Muskingum
rivers must be full of good things. The topography of
that region makes it almost certain that we shall meet with
surprises in our study of it. Fortunately, the extreme
south-western corner is well worked by trained men. Here
is where we might expect such rarities as Swainson’s and
Bachman’s Warblers, Blue Grosbeak and Nonpareil, if any-
where. Notice that every county which touches Lake Erie
is represented, while only three of the 14 counties bordering
the Ohio river are represented. Clearly the southern border
of our state needs attention. Dr. Wheaton and his colab-
orers seem to have known less about it than we do.
Dr. Wheaton’s monumental catalog contains 298 spe-
cies, two of which he expressly states are not entitled to
a place, while two others, the two supposed summer shrikes,
have since been reduced to a single species for this region,
thus making his list stand at 295 authentic species. Two
of these are introduced and six accidental in the state.
There are others which may need to be placed in the list of
accidental species. To these 295 species 20 have been added
to date, while 14 others have been reported on insufficient
authority to give them a place in the catalog proper. Four
of these 315 species are introduced and eleven are accidental.
Three species — Prairie Hen, Carolina Paraquet and
Skylark — have become extinct in the state since Dr. Whea-
ton prepared his catalog. At least three others are fast
approaching extinction — Wild Turkey, Ruffed Grouse and
388 TENTH ANNUAL REPORT.
Passenger Pigeon. The last named species was supposed
to be extinct, but recently a few have been recorded.
We thus have a catalog made up of four distinct cata-
gories, according to the present status of the several species.
First, the native wild bird more or less regularly found
within the state; second, species introduced by the agency
of man; third, species whose known range lies well outside
of the state but specimens of which have been taken;
fourth, species which have become extinct in the state.
Briefly, then: Native wild birds, Introduced, Accidental,
Extinct. For the sake of clearness I would advocate fol-
lowing in the catalog this plan of grouping for the species.
It would throw into relief our actual working list, empha-
size the danger of the extinction of several species which
it is very desirable to retain, and so furnish a basis for
legislation; and it would more clearly illustrate the effect
which topography has upon the movements and distribu-
tion of birds, because the wanderings of the species ac-
counted accidental must clearly be due to some conditions
imperfectly understood at present.
What, then, is involved in the preparation of such a
catalog? Our first concern will be to determine to whom
it is addressed. I assume that it is addressed to scientific
men of all persuasions, and should therefore be strictly ac-
curate scientifically. Also, that it is addressed to the agri-
culturalist and horticulturalist of both high and low degree,
and to the forester, and that it should therefore contain
information relating to the economic relations of the birds,
particularly the food habits. And finally, that it is addressed
to the general public, which includes the casual bird stu-
dent, the teacher and all who find pleasure in the living
bird, and that therefore it should be written in plain Eng-
lish.
The first and most obvious need of a revision is to bring
the nomenclature up to date. Of the 298 species on Dr.
Wheaton’s list the names of 165, or more than half, have
been changed, and the classification has been turned the
other end to. The second reason for revising the catalog
OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. 39
is to add to the list the 20 species recorded since the old
one was published, and to make the corrections necessary.
The third reason, and to my mind the most important one,
is to determine the present status of each species in the
state, drawing comparisons with the conditions in Dr. Whea-
ton’s time, on the one hand, and furnishing a basis for
future comparisons on the other. During the 23 years since
Dr. Wheaton’s catalog was published there have been great
changes in the physical features of the state, more in some
regions, less in others, which must have produced marked
changes in the fauna of the state. Dr. Wheaton’s work was
evidently so carefully done that we need have no hesitancy
in accepting his statement of facts. It is only by such com-
parisons that we shall arrive at any accurate conclusions
as to what effect our present methods of dealing with natural
objects, and birds in particular, is producing. We are not
at liberty and it is not safe to generalize about this. It is
of too vital importance.
We already know enough about the most of our birds
to draw accurate comparisons, but there are some about
which we need more information. And of course, these few
are among the most important species considered with
reference to the comparison. I think that the work neces-
sary in order to complete our information could be done
in a single season by four trained ornithologists working in
separate regions. Even one could accomplish a great deal
during the first half of the coming summer. I am almost
ready to give the assurance therefore, that the “Revised Cat-
alog’ will be ready for the printer before the next winter
meeting of the Academy.
Oberlin, Ohio.
40 TENTH ANNUAL REPORT.
NEW FOSSIL PLANTS FROM THE CARBONI-
FEROUS AND DEVONIAN.
H. HERZER,
Pterophycus plicatus, gen. nov.
(Fig. 1. Reduced one-half.)
The large leaf of this fucoid is only partly preserved,
but enough of it to identify its character. It begins with
a broad curved attachment; further up folds are contrac-
ted, especially three of them originating from a node and
~ 1
Fic. 1. Pterophycus plicatus.
slowly diverging from each other, thickening progressively
into rib-like supports of the frond. A broader ray with
twin-nodes about 4 inches up constitutes one margin to the
right, while at the same height on the mid-ray another
OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. AY
smaller and a larger node on the outer ray or fold can be
seen. The upper end and probably a broad part of the side
is wanting. The plication of this fucoid reminds one of.
the wing of a bird or fin of a fish.
Carboniferous sandstone. Marietta, Ohio.
Lianophycus polyfrons, gen. nov.
(Plate I. Reduced one-half. )
The simulation in life we find both in the present world’
and in the ancient, in living forms and in extinct forms;
in the water and on the land. Thus in Lianophycus poly-
frons we have a form from the ancient carboniferous ocean,
that did its mission, like the Lianos as climbing plants in
the forests of South America. I therefore created this
Genus. This plant we find in twisted stems, some of them
very delicate, reaching over from more robust seaweeds
to others and climbing about and having hold wherever
possible to sustain itself with its numerous fronds, and em-
bellish a marine forest. The many dark brown spots over-
lapping each other in a squamous way, I could not but think
that they have been marine foliage, because all the fucoid
stems on that slab are of the same brown color, while the
sandstone slab, on which I have it, is of a light ash-
gray. The fronds were small but multitudinous, and grow-
ing in agglomerated bunches. — Carboniferous Sandstone..
Harmer Hill, Marietta, Ohio.
Protopteris Kellermaniana, sp. nov.
(Plate I]. Reduced one-half).
Lower part of a stem one foot long, little compressed,.
24 inches thick, spreading at the base to 44 inches, from
which extend vertically numerous uniform roots 4 inches-
in length. The stem is pretty much scaled and exposing
the inner vascular bundles running parallel through the
stem, circularly arranged, the outer ones thin elongate, the
inner punctate. Cells subcircular consisting of long fibrous:
42 TENTH ANNUAL REPORT.
structure. Of interest also are two superimposed petioles
extending out 2 inches from the middle of the stem. Found
in a cherry nodule. In the same locality I found Caulop-
teris antiqua and C. perigrina described by Dr. Newberry in
1871. Named in honor of Prof. W. A. Kellerman, occupy-
ing the chair of Botany in the Ohio State University.
—Corniferous Limestone, Delaware, Ohio.
Stemmatopteris distans, sp. nov.
(Fig. 2. Reduced one-half).
The upper extremity of a trunk, 64 inches of equal
length and width and 1 inch thickness as indicated by the
transverse section. It is rounding up cupulo-like and the
sharp edges show the terminations of vascular fascicles
constituting the structure of the plant, which seems com-
pressed; but the fascicles are of the form as in Psaronius
vermicularis. All look compressed and still the inner bun-
dles seem undisturbed. The transverse section shows also
the pithy center elongated with the long curved fascicles
around which the outer fascicles group. One side of this
plant presents three large distinct scars of a Stemmatop-
teris, 2 inches in length and one inch wide and about two
inches apart. — Coal Measures, Athens Co., Ohio.
Psaronius vermiculus, sp. nov.
(Plate ITI.)
Trunk 2 feet 6 inches high, 1 foot in diameter, at the
base 1 foot 7 inches wide; outer markings roughly longi-
tudinally wrinkled with occasional rugose elevations running
out at the spreading base like promontories of roots on trees.
‘The lower surface of the perfect root-stock is a straight
truncate level, crossed with grooves and rugose elevations ;
no trace of any roots or outrunners can be detected. An-
other speciman of almost that size and more silicified, is
-characterized at its inferior part in the same manner. The
‘truncate superior of our specimen is flattened and not well
OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE, 43
enough preserved to show the crater-like cup and in polish-
ing the axis or pithy part was found to be very excentri-
cally at one end and altogether marginal, 14 inch in diameter
and very roughly polygonal. It has the common woody
flexious clavate bundles with interstinct circular pithy cells.
Fic. 2. Stemmatopteris distans.
The rest of the trunk is made up of thin or narrow slender
vermicular fascicles running parallel through the trunk ; they
are transversely 1-4 inch long and longer and 1-16 inch
thick, crowding each other and pressing like an army of
maggots toward the common axis, getting smaller, shorter
and circular near the pithy center. A part of this species
44 TENTH ANNUAL REPORT.
I found at Wheeling, W. Va. 400 feet above the great
Pittsburg coal vein, while our specimen was found in the
Coal Measures, Athens Co., Ohio.
Earliest Fungi.
The specimen below published previously in American Geologist.
Incolaria securiformis. Here.
(Fig. 3. Reduced one-half.)
A fossil-fungus of early times existing under the bark
of Sigillaria, sending forth rounded overlapping mycelia.
Lesquereux describes one also from under the bark of
Sigillaria, found in the shale of the Cannelton coal, giving
it as Rhizomorpha Sigillaria. The above specimen was
Fic. 3. Jncolaria securiformis.
OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. 45
found in the limestone of Coal No. 4 at Zoar, Tuscarawas
Gas, ‘Ohio.
The rounded overlapping mycelia are parted from each
other by a layer of coal 1-16 of an inch thick, showing by
new attempts of invasion under the bark, that the tree tried
by overgrowing one mycelium to exclude a further intru-
sion, but about 15 mycelia succeeded to locate at the place.
oe
Suv
&
0 {fo
: on,
PF as yo
=
A wens
- . ™
al 7
SP ; q
v, gee
, Z
ree sesliarirepepepiberstanna Pare Is. nn
< -
.
x
3
a
x
PLATE I. Lianophycus polyfrons.
heen
PLATE II. Protopteris
OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. 49
NEW FOSSILS FROM THE CORNIFEROUS, HAMIL-
TON, AND MEDINA SERIES.
H. HERZER.
Cystiphyllum discoideum, sp. nov.
(Plate INS Pies 1.)
A very flat discoid corallum, 3-16 inch high and 1 2-16
inch diameter; calyx superficial, smoothly floored and
slightly depressed or concave, leaving a broad outer margin
of 3-16 inch in width, well marked by about go stout radiat-
ing striz indicating the regularity of its structure under
surface with epitheca and marked by concentric growth of
broad, flat rings, each one representing a superimposed
floor; the edge of the uppermost showing indentations of
striz. Cysts rather small.
Corniferous limestone, Columbus, Ohio.
Cystiphyllum retrorsum, sp. nov.
(GElate gi io)
Corallum simple, flat convex, + inch high and 2 inches
in diameter. Calyx reversed, smooth with two raised cir-
cular rings 5-16 inch apart, causing two marked zones
on the surface, the outer zone with lamellular radiating
ruge 14 to one-half of an inch, indicating the cystoid ar-
rangement. Cyst rather small.
Under surface comparatively concave, covered by an
epitheca and marked by strong concentric raised rings of
growth. Two of these specimens I found at Columbus, O.,
and two obliterated ones by silicification are from Ohio Falls.
. Corniferous limestone, Columbus, O.
Cystiphyllum basalis, sp. nov.
CRiae Veiio gs: Slightly reduced i.
The characteristic feature of this corallum is that it
begins with a much broader basis than its upper skeleton,
50 TENTH ANNUAL REPORT.
which is erect-linear with thin murals and a broad first
floor from which the calix ascends of equal diameter, one
inch in width and one inch high. It looks like a minimized
hollow tree-stump with root-spurs. Externally no epidermis
can be observed but rudimentary cysts, as if a sarcoid tex-
ture had once coated it and suggests a sea-anemone fixed by
means of a skeleton to a rock. The inner cysts are of me-
dium size.
Corniferous limestone, Columbus, O.
Cystiphyllum perlamellosum, sp. nov.
(Plate V. Fig. 4. Slightly reduced).
Corallum erect cylindrical, height probably 4-5 inch,
only 24 inches of upper part preserved; diameter 1 inch.,
entirely denuded; depth of funnel-like calyx 14 inch. The
lamella which characterize this Cystiphyllum give it the
appearance of a coarse structured Zaphrentis interspersed
with large elongated vesicles, one always filling the space
between two lamellz. The corallum is well defined into
four principal divisions, each division contains eleven well
marked lamella. The apertural gap at a width of ?# inch
shows no lamellae, but new insertions of rows of vesicles
and is slightly ventricose ; the lateral gaps, also free of lamel-
le and 3% inch in width, show one-sided insertions, while
the central gap with two parallel lamellz, 1-3 wider apart
than others, have much larger blisters. This is a most
peculiar character among the Cystiphylloid family.
Corniferous limestone, Ohio Falls.
Cystiphyllum scyphus, sp. nov.
(Plate V. Fig. 5. Slightly reduced.)
Corallum 33 inch high, beginning with a broad hase
on a shell and starting its calyx from the bottom, where it
is narrow, then widening with the expansion of the walls
which retain their equal thickness up to the margin. The
calyx at its mouth has a diameter of 23 inches, marked
interiorly by a number of diverging stout ruge starting
OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. D1
from the bottom, others are inserted higher up. Cysts of
moderate size. No. 1 lateral view; No. 2 seen from above.
It is easily distinguished from all others.
- Corniferous limestone, Ohio Falls.
Cystiphyllum prosiratum, sp. nov.
(Plate V. Fig. 6. Slightly reduced.)
Corallum simple, turbinate at first, expanding regularly
for an inch or so, then forming an offset, when an inch
in diameter, either to produce another issue like the former,
or bent suddenly at right angle to one side and assume in
most cases a very flattened cylinder. The outcome from
the first regular growth is very capriciois. Its epitheca,
well preserved, is wrinkled by fine concentric striae. Calyx
very steep, nearly one inch deep; cysts large.
Corniferous limestone, Columbus, O.
Chonophyllum curvatum, sp. nov.
(BilatesIVEsy Pigee75)
Corallum simple, transversely oval, strongly curved
and halfways twisted to the right, with deep furrows and
sharp concentric ridges and external markings of striz in
the well preserved epitheca. Length of outer curvature
4 inches, rapidly expanding from the small pointed apex.
Calyx oval, 2 inches long, 13? inches wide, broad margined
with an insertion of an inner cup, narrowing the calyx to
one inch in length and ? inch in width; depth # inch; 4o
cardinal lamella meet around a raised center, which divide
at a short distance multiplying the number into 80. The
broad border of the calyx is obliterated by silicification.
Hamilton group, Crab Orchard, Ky.
Aulacophyllum enormis, sp. nov.
(Plate VI. Shghtly reduced.)
Corallum turbinate, curved; epitheca finely striate, un-
dulate, partly strictured, heavy wrinkled and partly denuded
exposing a structure like a Cyathophyllum. Calyx 2% inches
ae TENTH ANNUAL REPORT.
deep, nearly 3 inches wide; lamelle 120 very sharp and
prominent, converging toward the fossette, which is sinking
from the posterior side deeply over into the anterior wall,
causing a narrow line through the center and leaving the
sides of the calyx abruptly sloping. Very faintly the
smaller two fossettes can be observed.
Corniferous limestone, Ohio Falls.
Chonophyllum cylindricum, sp. nov.
(CBlateawhl: > igess3)
Corallum simple, erect, cylindrical, gradually tapering;
length 3 in., lower extremity curved with several processes
of attachment on its lower side. [Exterior ornamented with
epitheca marked with strong lamellular striation, small ir-
regular constrictions, sharp marginate concentric wrinkles,
partly exfoliated. Calyx 10-16 in. deep, 14 in. wide with
56 broad flattened lamella descending steeply, the cardinal
ones occupying one third of the cup. A well developed
smooth floor is presented, assuming an incline to the wall
and more so to the fossette, which latter is not prominent.
The exfoliation shows 13 invaginations of the calyx.
Corniferous limestone, Ohio Falls.
Aulacophyllum excenpricum, sp. nov.
(Plate Villy “Bie ire)
Corallum simpl:, turbinate for the first in. and 1-4,
then suddenly bending at aimost right angle assuming a
very flattened condition of more than one inch in width,
rallying again constricted and geniculate into a cylindrical
form with another inclination of departure to the interior.
The whole length would be 4 in. and 4. Calyx oval, 14 in.
long, I in. across, with 80 lamellz meeting in steep walls
at a very narrow center, which begins a little posterial, the
larger lamellae converging toward the long and deep fos-
sette. The whole form is denuded and looks like a contorted
Corallum. A younger one exhibits the same tendency.
Corniferous limestone, Columbus, Ohio.
CHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. a3
Hadrophyllum linguloideum, sp. nov.
CPiate. Wl salient: )
Corallum free, exceedingly flat or short, ovid-linguloid,
transverse diameter 1 3-16 in. and in direction of the large
septal fossula over 1 in. long. Calicle superficial, posterior
margin slightly raised, with a central fossula and two smaller
ones, diverging from each other at almost right angle from
the apex of the former and forming two acute angles on
the calicle. Posteriorly it has 50 radiating septa, necessarily
dividing toward an enlarged periphery. The interior part
of the calicle has between each department of fossule 12
septa. This species is the largest in its genus. Shell-like
it begins its growth most laterally and adding concentri-
cally to the interior parts, so as to give the corallum with
its perfect epitheca and rings of growth the appearance
of a very large lingula being thick at the most lateral pos-
terior apex and thinning out toward the front. —Cornifer-
ous Limestone, Ohio Falls.
Cyathophyllum capax, sp. nov.
(Eilate waxy Jetson 7123)
Corallum simple, rapidly expanding, very ventricose
to the anterior, slightly concave posteriorly; length 2 in.;
calyx 2 in. across, laterally a little wider, posterior side oval
and from side fossettes obliquely meeting the main fossette
at right angle; depth 3in., walls thick, composed of 120
lamellae, which are not prominent, causing a smoot inter-
ior; main lamellz crossing the floor, which forms an im-
bossment, through which a deep broad fossette passes,
leaving a spaciousness of the floor of 14 inch. — Corni-
ferous Limestone, Columbus, Ohio.
Zaphrentis Neptun, sp. nov.
GPiate mere ts “Plate Ide . Fig. 137)
Corallum simple, erect, cylindrical, smooth with slight
undulations and fine concentric rugz in its epithelial coating.
+ TENTH ANNUAL REPORT.
Or
Length to in., about two inches are of slender and tortuous
beginning and are broken off. Its diameter is nearly 3 in.
and retains it from 6 in. upward. Calyx of the same dia-
meter, one inch and } deep; lamellz 180, the larger ones
occupying 1-3 of the calyx and retain, although very short
at the margin, a sharp ridge, while the floor is raised
in the center into an elongate ridge-like mamae. No fos-
sette is observable. — Corniferous Limestone, Ohio Falls.
Thecia Kentuckyensis, sp. nov.
(Plate IX. Fig: 14. Slightly ‘reduced.)
Corallum massive, compound, somewhat pyriform, as
large as a good handpiece, without epitheca. Orifices 9 to
$in., much larger than in any other species seen; walls stout,
pentagonal ; tubes marked on each side by three deep striz,
causing dentated margin like minute tents, being joined in
this form from the next door orifice; mural pores large,
not numerous. The specimen is silicified and has to some
extent preserved its original structure. Spinal projections
from walls somewhat flattened and short and quite numer-
ous, filling the spaces of distinct diaphragms. — Hamilton
Group, Crab Orchard, Ky.
Thecia Schriveri, sp. nov.
(Plate X% Fie rs5. Slichtly reduced!)
Corallum ramose, preserved piece one inch and a half
in length and 5 in. thick. Orrifices large g to one inch; walls
stout, sides of tubes fluted by three striz, causing the den-
tated structures or orifices. Mural pores large and sparingly.
Specimen poorly preserved by silicification, but still present-
ing its characteristic order. — Medina Sandstone, Cumber-
land, Md.
Favosites cystoides, sp. nov.
(Plate Xs" Figs s16) slightly, rediteed))
Tubes in diameter 5 to 4 inch, equal sized, sharply
polygonal, thin walled; diaphragms flat and at irregular dis-
OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. Y5)
tances, sometimes much apart. Inner surface of tubes
smooth, inural pores small, not numerous, spaces between
diaphragms filled with large and small cysts of unsyste-
matical arrangements, which gives this species a most pecu-
liar character. No spines or squamz can be detected;
every effort of that kind organized into a labyrinthical
spongeous texture. External growth in convex masses. It
is thus far known the only Favosites of such organization.
— Corniferous Limestone, Ohio Falls.
Chonetes cinctatus, sp. nov.
(Fig. 1. Enlarged.)
Shell small, oval, gibbous; length two-thirds of its
breadth; lateral margins curving in, so as to give develop-
ment of two large ears, being quite mucronate, which ter-
minate the hinge. Ventral valve quite convex without a
mesial sinus in front; ears rounded and well projected;
Fic. 1. Chonetes cinctatus.
area narrow; cardinal margin with two oblique spines on
each side of the umbo. Surface ornamented with 12 stout
rounded strie, which gradually disappear in the banded
structure of the shell, imbricating it in squamous manner
up to a small area around the umbo. This imbrication is
very irregular, more squamous and has been caused by the
overlapping of the mantel of the animal, building its shell re-
56 TENTH ANNUAL REPORT.
versely, tiling from above. It is easy recognizable. Length
of the individual two-eighths, breadth three-eighths inch.
Corniferous limestone, Columbus, Ohio.
Gomphoceras isoteloides, sp. nov.
(Fig. 2a. Reduced one-half.)
Length of shell 6 inches, fusiform, transversely sub-
oval; greatest diameter 2 inches at half length, from whence
the shell tapers rapidly to either end, measuring at apex 3-8
inch and at anterior end 14 inch; the posterior half is slightly
ventricose. The incrusting thin shell, nicely marked with
fine concentric lines, covers entirely the air-chambers, as
well as the chamber of habitation, and has the appearance of
an “Indian relic.”
Lower Corniferous limestone, U. Held. gr., Owens Sta-
tion, Marion County, Ohio.
FIGURE 2.
(a) Gomphoceras isoteloides. () Gomphoceras parallelum.
Gr
I
OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.
Gomphoceras parallelum, sp. nov.
(Fig. 2b. Reduced one-half. )
Shell rather large, stout, transversly ovate; greatest
diameter at the upper chamber; 34 inches broad, thickness
2% inches; length 6 inches. It developed with the three
first chambers into its width, then running parallel up to
the shoulders of habitation chamber, when the shell con-
tracts on each side 4 inch and keep up a parallel neck.
Chambers 10, the four lowest tapering rapidly into a broad
dome.
Habitation chamber large, 3 inches high, of which the
neck occupies 14 inches.
Siphuncle not known, nor structure of shell.
Upper Corniferous limestone, Marion, Ohio.
Cyrtoceras crescens, sp. nov.
(Fig. 3. Reduced one-half. )
Shell large, nearly circular, of half moon shape:
circular5 diameter 7% inches, greatest diameter of the
tube at the 5th air chamber from above, and at the middle
4% inches. Habitation chamber triangular, the outer line
sloping cirtularly over to the inner lip; width of base 44
inches. Air chambers 20; in another specimen the air
chambers toward the apex are very shallow and presents
27 of them. !n the specimen before us the apex is lost in
bie rock:
Siphuncle nor outer shellmarking could be observed.
Associated with Gyroceras Ohioensis; G. inelegans in the
blue limestone of the upper Corniferous group, Devonian.
Marion, Ohio.
Cyrtoceras columbiense, sp. nov.
(Plate VIII. Slightly reduced.)
Shell-length 74 inches incomplete; central diameter 33
inches, exogastric curvature # inch, section subcircular,
chambers 3 to I inch ventrally. Habitation chamber length
58 TENTH ANNUAL REPORT.
ow
e \ x SHON Wis
—— dy OM, Ne
SS a \ \ \) } MY Sy
~ SS on * ‘i bin } Ht YY Yi
L— & “4 |
LY Ze SS
Li;
Le
ZS
Lip Z IVE
GG 7 FY Litt AGG Zee
‘ G yy, Z GZ i
4 “Gq WE Gg
eI gia
e7///) Pull YY! ZEA Zi A iy ))
Gig I (AY A) (BGS) MW)
“ ( My il iA) Wy i yy j \
L Wi Pia
ee hg
eG
Fic. 3. Cyrtoceras crescens.
and width 334 inches. Air chambers 13, gradually deepen-
ing, 3 or 4 more made up the series.
Tube moderately enlarging and curving more rapid
from apex to center.
Siphon near ventral side. Nothing of shell-marking
or any other part observable. Its general contour is of the
form of an armsleeve.
It is associated with Gyroceras cyclops, G. columbiense,
Orthoceras dagon, Gomphoceras impar, Gomph. eximium,
Gomph. plenum, ete., in the lower Corniferous limestone,
U.. Held. jor) Columbus, @hio;
OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. oY:
Arcuaceras Ohioense, gen. nov.
(Plate IX iMies22, “Slichtly reduced.)
Shell large, abraded on both sides, very flat, only 11
chambers left, making a length of 33 inches. Habitation
chamber wanting, volutions about three, increasing moder-
ately in size, sharply edged, septa deeply concave, arching
rapidly forward in sharp sinuses over the dorsum; trans-
verse diameter must have been from 5 to 6 inches. A faint
trace indicates the siphuncle running just under the sin-
uosity of the septa.
This sinuosity of chambers near the dorsum consti-
tutes this fossil a new genus among cephalopoda.
Corniferous limestone, Columbus, Ohio.
Arcuaceras termicameratum, sp. nov.
(Plate X. Fig. 23. Reduced.)
Shell below medium size, discoidal, rounded over the
dorsum apparently (although badly fractured); sides
abraded; chambers very shallow and only nine preserved,
which being very thin about the umbilicus, widen toward
the sinuosity of the dorsum where the arch of chambers is.
high but gentle. The inner parts of chambers thin them-
selves together to a space of 3-8 inch, while the dorsum of
the same number measures 14 inches. Umbilicus must have
been thin; siphuncle not known; its diameter likely 23:
inches.
Corniferous limestone, Columbus, O.
PLatTeE IV.
PLATE V.
“MAUS.
Anlacophyllum enor
PrArE) Vil.
PLate VII.
Cyrtoceras columbiense.
esos WANE
PiLate IX.
&
PLATE X.,
OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. 67
PEANID ECOLOGY OF ORIO:
A GENERAL OUTLINE.
To contain a discussion of ecological principles illustrated by the
aid of Ohio plants and an ecological treatment of the Ohio
flora. With maps, charts and illustrations.
JOHN H. SCHAFFNER AND FREDERICK J. TYLER.
Inrropuctory Note. — Since a topographic survey of
the state is now in progress and Dr. Kellerman’s catalogue
of the higher plants of Ohio is nearly complete, the time
was thought propitious to begin active work on the plant
ecology. Although part of the work will be merely the
compilation of facts already ascertained, nevertheless to
accomplish the project now in mind will mean an enormous
amount of investigation and exploration. It is therefore
very desirable to get a union of forces, that the work may
be pushed along all lines to a rapid completion. In order
to accomplish this result we call upon all botanists in the
state to assist in the work. The results will be published
from time to time in the Ohio Naturalist, in the Annual
Report of the Ohio State Academy of Science, or in any
other suitable medium. We desire communication with
any who wish to take up work along this line. After the
ground has been covered in a general way by preliminary
reports, there will be a substantial record from which an
accurate ecology of the state may be written by those who
may be interested in the subject at that time. With such
a consummation in view we offer the following outline:
I. INTRODUCTION.
t. General survey of the irritable, responsive, and
adaptative nature of plants.
2. Definition and scope of ecology.
3. Review of “Lehrbuch der oekologischen Pflanzen-
geographie.” FE. Warming.
68 TENTH ANNUAL REPORT.
4. Review of “Pflanzen-geographie auf Physiolo-
gischer Grundlage.” A. F. W. Schimper.
5. Short notice of smaller papers and local ecological
works in the United States and in Ohio.
6. A natural classification of Ohio plants. To be used
to insure uniformity of expression in the different chapters
and articles.
II. PHYSIOGRAPHY OF OHIO.
1. Geographical position, latitude and longitude, eleva-
tion.
i)
Political map showing counties, railroads, and cities.
3. General topography.
4. Topographical map with 200 ft. contour lines.
5. Glaciated and non-glaciated regions.
6. Map showing the glaciated region.
7. Lake and river systems.
a. Lake Erie region.
b. Ohio valley region.
c. Small rivers, creeks, canals, reservoirs, small
lakes, ponds, and swamps.
d. Map of lake and river systems.
8. Sand dunes and fossil lake beaches.
g. Salt licks and salt springs.
iit: GENERAL ‘GEOLOGY OF THE STADE:
I. Geological formations exposed.
2. Geological map of the state.
3. Surface rock and soil, as shale, limestone, sandstone,
clay, alluvium, glacial drift and boulders, sand, and humus.
4. Surface soil map.
IV. METEOROLOGY.
t. Humidity, rainfall, snow, hail, and sleet.
2. Precipitation tables.
Sunshine and cloudiness.
Sky tables.
Means and extremes of heat and cold.
nm b&w
© NID
OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. 69
Temperature tables.
Wind, storms, and electrical phenomena.
General character of the seasons.
Maps.
a. Precipitation maps.
b. Isotherm map, mean temperature.
c. Map showing extremes of cold.
V. GENERAL CHARACTER OF THE VEGETATION.
A general survey of the flora of the state.
VI. FORMS OF VEGETATION.
Woody plants.
eeelGees:
bie shrubs.
ce. Undershrubs and brambles.
d. Half-shrubs.
e. Lianas.
Herbs.
a. Perennials or pleiocyclic herbs.
b. Plants with a single flowering period; annuals,
biennials, and plants which live longer than
two years.
Geophilous plants.
a. Crownformers.
b. Rhizomes.
ey (Corns:
d..| Bulbs:
e. Sod formers and bunch grasses.
Water plants.
a. Floating, free and fixed.
b. Submerged, free and fixed.
ce. Amphibious.
Phagophytes.
a. General definition and classification of phago-
phytes into, 1, mutualistic plants (mutualism) ;
2, slaveholders (helotism) ; 3, parasites (par-
7
0
6.
TENTH ANNUAL REPORT.
asitism) ; 4, carnivorous plants; and 5, sapro-
phytes (saprophytism).
b. Mutualistic higher plants; with mycorhiza, with
ereen foliage and without green foliage; with
root-tubercle bacteria.
c. Parasitic higher plants; parasitic on stems,
with green foliage leaves, without green foliage
leaves. Parasitic on roots, with green foliage
leaves, without green foliage leaves.
d. Carnivorous plants; with bands of adhesive
surface around the stem, with pitfalls — cups
produced by perfoliate leaves and leaves with
cups, with leaves containing tentacles which
exhibit movements in the capture of prey, with
leaves having bladders which act like traps for
aquatic plants and animals.
e. Higher plants which are partly saprophytic.
f. Phagophytic archegoniates.
Succulents and herbaceous perennials not geophytes.
Climbing and twining plants.
Trailing and creeping plants.
Mats.
Carpets.
Rosettes.
Thallus plants.
a. Mosses, liverworts, and horned liverworts.
b. Foliaceous, fruticose and crustaceous lichens.
Fungi; xylophilous, biophilous, sathrophilous,
and hydrophilous.
d. Algz; unicellular and coenobioid and filamen-
tous — free and fixed.
Q
VII. SPECIAL ADAPTATIONS.
Leaves.
a. Motile leaves.
b. Compass plants.
Protective coverings.
d. Dissected and compound leaves.
Q
i)
es
OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. 7
e. Mosaic arrangements.
f. Rain-shedding devices.
g. Deciduous leaves.
h. Leaves which cover their axillary buds.
Winter protection of buds.
Winter hycrcohytic buds.
Selfpruning of woody plants.
Vegetative propagation; as in the Raspberry,
Walking Fern, Willow twigs, and leaf propagation of
Roripa.
6.
Whe
8.
9.
night.
10.
it ita
12.
nation.
ies
T4.
Stems.
a. Heliotropic movements of stems.
b. Fasciation, plants in which it is most common,
and probable cause.
c. Witches’ brooms.
Roots.
a. Relation to soil and water.
b. Aerial roots.
c. Prop-roots.
d. Storage organs.
e. Root contraction.
Coloration.
a. Spring and Autumn coloration.
b. General coloration of leaves, stems, and roots.
c. Colors of flowers and fruits.
Closing of flowers during cloudy weather and at
Night-blooming plants.
Floral clock.
Plants with anemophilous and hydrophilous polli-
Mechanical devices for throwing pollen and spores.
Seed distribution.
a. Mechanical devices for throwing seeds, as in
Acnida, Impatiens, and Hamamelis.
b. Distribution by water.
Distribution by wind; wings, plumes, pappus,
tumbleweeds, distribution over ice.
Q
~!I
.
~
os TENTH ANNUAL REPORT.
15. Special adaptations to prevent injury from cold; as
in geotropic curvature of Fall rosettes, Opuntia joints,
Juniper leaves, ete.
16. Plants with evergreen leaves, as Gaultheria, Arbu-
Fus,) Panes. ete:
17. Shade-loving plants.
VIII. ECOLOGICAL RELATIONS OF ANIMALS AND PLANTS.
1. Effect of browsing animals, and injury caused by
tramping. Thorns, prickles, cutting edges, irritating or
poisonous sap.
2. Animal aid in the dispersal and planting of seeds
and spores; as Gophers and artichokes, squirrels and nuts.
3. Insect galls and other malformations due to animals.
4. Ants as fungus cultivators and farmers.
5. Plants which furnish homes and food to ant pro-
tectors.
6. Extra-floral nectaries.
7. Ornithophilous and entomophilous flowers.
8. Ohio flowers with odor.
g. Mutualistic associations; as the green hydra, green
fresh-water sponge, etc.
IX. ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS AND
FAMILIES FOUND IN OHIO.
1. <A brief statement as to the abundance of species
and individuals of each group and its local distribution,
together with a general ecological characterization.
X. EBB AND FLOW OF VEGETATION DURING THE YEAR.
1. The progression of the development, blooming, and
fruiting of plants through the seasons.
2. Chart showing character and abundance of flowers
for the twelve months of the year.
3. The main periods for the blooming of characteristic
families.
OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. 73
Xi, DHE PLANT SOCIETIES.
1. Hydrophyte societies.
a. Plankton.
b. Societies of the lake shore, ponds, streams, and
canals; as the pondweed societies, the pond-lily
society, etc.
c. Uliginous societies.
d. Marsh and swamp societies ; as reed-grass-rush
society, sphagnum swamp, swamp thicket, tam-
arack forest, etc.
e. Wet meadow societies; as sedge-meadow
society, etc.
f. Sandbar societies.
g. Belt or zonal arrangement of hydrophyte
societies.
Mesophyte societies.
a. The forest societies, pure and mixed, dicotyl-
edonous and coniferous.
b. Thicket societies; underbrush and bramble.
c. Vertical strata in the forests.
d. Natural meadow and prairie societies.
e. Pasture-land societies.
f. Railway, roadside, waste field, and city lot
societies.
ge. Culture societies.
3. Xerophyte societies.
a. Sand dune and sand ridge societies.
b. Plants of rocky bluffs, hills, and high ridges.
c. Rock and dry wood societies.
4. Halophyte societies.
a. Salt lick and salt spring plants.
b. General consideration of the partial halophytes
of the state.
iN)
XII. PLANT REGIONS OF THE STATE.
1. Determination of the extent of distinct plant
regions and their boundaries.
74 TENTH ANNUAL REPORT.
2. Species peculiar and characteristic of the different
regions.
3. Societies characteristic of the regions.
4. Conditions and factors which produce the plant
regions determined.
5. Map of the state showing boundaries of the plant
regions and districts.
XIll, LOCALITIES AND DISTRICTS OF SPECIAL INTEREST.
1. General character of the vegetation of the counties.
2. Investigations on special districts as Big Spring
Prairie, Licking Reservoir, Cedar Swamp, Cedar Point,
Sandusky bay, ete.
XIV. PLANT WANDERINGS AND MIGRATIONS.
I. Sources of the Ohio flora in time and space. In-
fluence of the glacial epoch.
2. Immigrants and waifs.
3. Naturalized plants.
4. Native plants disappearing.
XV. GENETIC DEVELOPMENT OF PLANT SOCIETIES.
1. The development of societies in relation to the
physiographic changes in time, including the birth, life,
and death of plant societies.
2. The conflict or struggle between plant societies.
3. Transformations due to the changed physiography
and land surface produced by man.
=I
Or
OHIO SLATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.
PRELIMINARY LIST OF TAMARACK BOGS IN OHIO.
A. D, SELBY.
The tamarack bogs, or as some have called them, the
Canadian bogs of Ohio are, according to present knowledge,
limited to possibly twelve counties of northeastern Ohio
and possibly four counties of extreme northwestern Ohio.
The northeast counties include Ashtabula, Trumbull,
Geauga, Portage, Wayne, Summit, Stark and Columbiana
counties in which the locations of a portion of the swamps
are recorded; for Lake, Cuyahoga and Medina counties
where such bogs are likely to exist, no records are at hand.
For extreme northwestern Ohio three or four bogs
are on record in Williams and Defiance counties, while Ful-
ton, Henry and perhaps two more adjacent counties may
supply records to extend the list. I am fully aware that the
present list can scarcely include half the known tamarack
bogs of the counties in which such are listed. This imper-
fect knowledge is in part attributable to my disappointment
in making the investigation of the plants of the tamarack
bogs of Ohio for which the trustees of the Academy made
a grant last spring. The first young man who proposed
to assist, later went on a trip to Europe while the second
was called to a position outside the state before he had fairly
begun. The season however was rather unfavorable for
bog work owing to the high water levels, and quite likely
even better work may be accomplished another season — at
least it is so hoped at present.
List oF Bocs CoNTAINING TAMARACKS LOCATED IN NORTHEASTERN
On10.
County. Name and Location. Informant.
Ashtabula ..... Bloomfield Bog, Orwell Tp..{ A. D. Selby.
extends across Co. line....{ E. V. Louth.
Abeemmaloyelll oon, Wikeoramm@lal X05 on sos oaneoun lea We ILfoybtioy
Maio ince es OSMmecastenimpantnaeereaae.
(Colkerimoyenae, 55. lyoer, Whavtiny Wis ooosenceccoue I. N. Keyser.
Geauga ma yant Brows, Iino “Wydhecococsaaceo Ji. I. WWelssornr
76 AEN TEL VANINWALE REE ORG:
List oF Boas ConTAINING TAMARACKS LocaTED IN NorTHEASTERN
Onto. — Continued.
County. Name and Location. Informant.
y
MG eatic aes ere Rowalenisy Winllsi eas cattasier elactr J. R. Watson.
Basspealxen Vvinnsonelipee seen \iaesotis
Bogs, Russell and Newberry
IOWANS sokoaoeecosandos Jo Ik Wentsari,
Portage cue... Congress cakel.. 2: ccs. 6, Av D. Selby:
Teiuclors) IXonls oo pe bees oo au os ?
Garrettsville, Nelson tp?... R. J. Webb.
litewume Walse@n- gsc: chek scene
Doibtlessnothers sale eee
States oe Canton Bog, City Canton.... E. W. Vickers.
Myers’ Lake Bog, Canton and
IPigiiny IDG seeoeoot oes ono a UNDE Silos
Hartwell Bog, Lake Tp..... A. D. Selby.
Congress Lake Bog, Lake Tp. A. D. Selby.
Three other Bogs, Lake Tp. A. D. Selby.
SUnmiumiteese eee Copley Bog, Copley Tp.,
about White Pond......... A. D. Selby.
dintpkeyatHootsBoor a. .2s 25. Ac Daselby,:
iLyoyajer ILA IBYOss?s ss ean S008 oc Ac Dr Selby:
Fast of Silver Lake......... W. A. Kellerman.
CMinistabexothens) meee
Wayne ....... Fox Lake Bog, Baughman
MDiv tcssnirect ee ee Te er Nae aS elllayz
Herein Geauga, Portage, Summit and Stark counties
appear to lead with most southerly bogs in Stark county.
While there are cranberry bogs about the small lakes in
Wayne, Holmes and Ashland counties there appear to be
none containing tamarack between the meridian of Wooster
and that of Toledo —that is further west than Wooster
until the extreme northwestern portion of Ohio is reached.
StmILar Bocs In NorTHWESTERN OHIO.
County. Name and Location. Informant.
Williams ...... Montpelier Bog, Superior Tp. A. D. Selby.
Bridgewater Bog, Bridge—
WEEP Wn dosceegensaconseo Jl, IWkoraais. Wiltireiai=
son.
Bog, St Jlosephydlipyas asec. W. A. Kellerman.
Defiance ...... Three Bogs, Milford Tp..... Chas. E. Slocum.
OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. Tie
While it is well known that there are many swamps.
and bogs in Lorain, Erie, Logan, Champlain and Clark
counties, as well as many others, so far as I have been able
to learn none of these contain tamarack as an original floral
constituent. We have characteristic trees, notably the
Arbor Vite in some of these swamps, conspicuously so in
the Cedar swamps reached from Bowlusville near the boun-
dary of Champlain and Clark counties. I was assured
that swamps exist in southern Logan county of the same
“Cedar’’ character, but it was lacking in several that I visited.
How may we account for the absence of these bogs
or this -particular tree in the region from Wayne and
Medina counties westward and northwestward to the
Maumee river? Is it because of the underlying geological
differences, or because of the direction of plant move-
ment? Whatever the explanation, we need more facts
concerning the conditions existing and the plant societies of
both sorts of bogs. I am at present engaged on the tam-
arack bogs and will greatly appreciate any information
supplied me on the occurrence, drainage channels, area and
floral peculiarities of any such bogs known to any members
of the Academy, or their friends.
I had hoped that our committee on cataloging streams,
lakes and swamps would supply much valuable aid in locat-
ing the remainder of the tamarack bogs now existing and
possibly these hopes are yet to be realized. Certainly the
present state of our accessible knowledge is quite deficient.
While working in Williams county I kept seeking to
find Spring Lake, which according to the large maps of the
Geological Survey, should be near the boundary of North-
west and Florence townships, that county. Finally some-
body said that Spring Lake is simply the name of a post-
office — there is no body of water there.
In closing I beg again to request that you send me what
information any of you can give me about the tamarack
bogs in Ohio.
78 TENTH ANNUAL REPORT.
NEW PLANTS FOR THE OHIO CATALOG.
A, D. SELBY, WOOSTER, OHIO.
The following plants not heretofore recorded for Ohio
are in the collections of the Experiment Station:
Armillaria bulbigera Schw. In leaves, Wooster, O., Oc-
open 12. hoor. (ALD: s Selby.)
Flammula lubrica Fr. In leaves, Wooster O., October 6,
Loom CA. DP Selbys. Warren ESelby=)
Flammula subfulva Ph. In wounded area of living maple,
Wooster, ©., October, 1901. (A. De Selby?)
Hypholoma perplexum Pk. On Chestnut stump, Wooster,
©: October 12) roow.. (A.. D2 Selby.)
Potentilla pumila Poir. Nelson township, Portage Co.,
Juneri6;;t90n- Ck. Je Webb, Aa IN. Kood.)
Acuan Illinoensis (Mx.) Kuntze. On river grade, New
Richmond, O., July 24, 1901. (A. D. Selby.)
Lactuca virosa L. Common. Heretofore identified as L.
Scariolas (CAD: Selby.)
OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. 73
REPORT FOR 1901 ON THE STATE HERBARIUM
INCLUDING ADDITIONS TO THE STATE
PIEANT SEISi.
W. A. KELLERMAN.
The additions to the State Herbarium since my last
annual report was made have amounted to 2,585 mounted
sheets. The persons named below are the collectors ; oppo-
site each name is the number of specimens contributed.
Similar activity has continued during the collecting season
just past and hence we may expect an equally large addi-
tion to be incorporated into the State Herbarium, an ac-
count of which will be included in the next annual report.
/ikeim, Weilieie IBUS A aes oc 5. Iboriiiin: JB Ws aoe coe 3
Revrnlsoue, See nose ccc I) McFadden, IL: El:. 1
IRonlscie, INOS Cagcoecopec Diane Ve ttc tnt eeiN ee ences nonreuen & I
(Case, Wihes, Weenaic) Wie 45 | Billo, |) WMibieyorrs (C5 ANS G25? 9
Glaassenteel eam sens sec 1 | Moseley, E. L... 1
Cllenvwoil, WWe Ils oo aa cicc 6 @ | Wigunlewoin, “AS Wino oc ae 5
CopelaimGl Iibienn 2 5eesgooc LOS btn Coane. 4
IDyelLyoinve, (Go Wooccesancoc DR Ricks eekerame nein ; 2
IDYSSeLD aioe Shai Cache ene ee i) Riddle; Lumina Cotton. . 19
ND rtgisvel epee ASe ese oe ee oe 28 | Rood, Almond N. 5 3
leGillkanitp lea oes ontiacicn 36: | Schaffner, Jno. Hiatt: 1
(Goldin On esas eee A) Sine, IMGs, IK ID, > oscar 152
(Girt. IRC IRE oun eres 2) || Sloortem, If. Wrooocsbecso. 1
Griggs, R. F. and ae ShuliliGeossAsnesneneee 17
1B fiat ae IP Stockbercerm Vie NVeae ne 3
Hacker, (Onto Miia an ie io || Warneresiman., (Cligine Wiles oe 6
Informs, ISL Wreooosdesnec 2 || Wisvovsaisyorn. IB Bs ooooo one 4
Howard, Nee ee La ell ler epee Jian center siee ces hs 59
ames ah GEE s eas octeceast |) Wydlee, 18, J) Ge WAmangya, 10,
JESS alee je as ay mnereer 1 IBY CaeRS ici aa Ter eae 1
learns, OUO IBeoesocse ot) lei anGeS VOOR ya Deane ce. 5
Ielliigsommenn, NW JAGR e ee 6 IAekepa ll Venison le IRs ec gieicite Bee « 3
Kellerman, W. A. & Mrs GL NAVD URE es aeons phan o Bete 58
Kellerman, W. A. & Beat— Wiese, Soli) 185 op0ces¢ 1
IGT AYA Saha Ae Gite og eee aa. |) Weisman, Jeaura vA oa. il
Kellerman, W. A. & Full- Weimer, Wey Gsisesoocoec 1
MUMS Tee HE leo ee mick wen ey ates INC || MivGrasuain, YAS cousoubonec pall
Kellerman, We Go We Wihip plese Biratilceae senate 8
Grigess Ri Be: mens US) oN \WAIGIRS, HA\G letena5 0 ono nao 63
Kellerman, W. Oe SSialeWalcoxs He Meader... 1
Kellerman, W. A. & K. F. WWolkeremsyorn, 15 oh6s0boduec 1
and Beattie, W. R..... H | Walllitignemser, 15 1B5 6540006 88
Kellerman, W. A. & K. F. Windies dsl di tadoe6oa Soe 1
chal Joes, Wiiewore arene am || Siero, eine oo sgc6cc ae 4
Kellerman, W. A. & Ty- Weoibiates, WS Wea eis on eae cac 1
erage iis M)ibeeeen setae ee ie 1
Meters Rey aeees Hone ses 1 MO taliUNe tamer 2,585
Kare Dstt WWitiaetee ie ate 2
80 TENTH ANNUAL REPORT.
The number of mounted sheets in the State Herbarium
was 13,012; this addition of 2,585 therefore brings the
number up to 15,597. The plants named in the following
alphabetical list are not given in the Fourth State Cata-
logue nor in the additions reported to the Academy De-
cember, 1900 (published in the Ninth Annual Report, page
40.) They were reported in the Ohio Naturalist, 1: 121;
2: 157-179, and the place indicated, by prefixed num-
bers, where they should be inserted in the Fourth State
Catalogue.
Acnida tamariscina prostrata Uline and Bray. Paines-
ville, Lake Co. Otto Hacker.
Acuan illinoensis (Mx.) Kuntze. (Desmanthus brachy-
lobus Benth.) Illinois Mimosa. New Richmond,
Clermont ‘Co. A.D. Selby.
Aira caryophyllea L. Silvery Hair-grass. Rarely es-
caped. Painesville, Lake Co. Otto Hacker.
Apera spica-venti (L.) Beauv. Silky Bent-grass. Wild-
straw. Painesville, Lake Co. Otto Hacker.
Arnoseris minima (L.) Dumort. Lamb Succory. Paines-
ville, Lake Co. Otto Hacker.
Asperugo procumbens L. German Madwort. Catchweed.
Painesville, Lake Co. Otto Hacker.
Asperula hexaphylla All. Asperula. Escaped. Paines-
ville, Lake Co. Otto Hacker.
Botrychium lunaria (L.) Sw. Moonwort. Painesville,
Lake Co. Otto Hacker.
Camelina microcarpa Andrz. Small-fruited False-flax.
Painesville, Lake Co. Otto Hacker.
Chrysanthemum indicum Hortorum. Escaped. Adams
Co. W. A. Kellerman.
Coronilla varia L. Coronilla, Axseed, Axwort. Painesville,
Lake Co. Otto Hacker.
Crataegus polybracteata Ashe. Reported previously, but
without locality. Franklin, Hocking, and Summit
Counties. W. A. Kellerman.
Crataegus pruinosa Wendl. Logan Co. W. A. Kellerman.
Crataegus succulenta. Franklin, Fairfield, Knox, Belmont,
OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. 81
Summit, Ottawa, Union, Ross, Carroll, Shelby and
Lucas Counties. W. A. Kellerman.
Crocus vernus All. Crocus. Escaped. Painesville, Lake
Co. Otto Hacker.
Datura metel L. Entire-leaf Thorn-apple. Escaped.
Painesville, Lake Co. Otto Hacker.
Dianthus barbatus L. Sweet William. Escaped. Paines-
ville. Otto Hacker.
Euonymus europaeus L. Spindle-tree. Escaped. Paines-
ville, Lake Co. Otto Hacker.
Diodia teres Walt. Rough Button-weed. Painesville, Lake
Co. Otto Hacker.
Euonymus cuphosperma (Englem). Boiss. | Warty
Spurge. Painesville, Lake Co. Otto Hacker.
Festuca myuros L. Rat’s-tail Fescue-grass. Painesville
Lake Co. Otto Hacker.
Fumaria parviflora Lam. Small Fumitory. Painesville,
Lake Co. Otto Hacker.
Gemmingia chinensis (L.) Kuntze. Blackberry Lily.
Escaped. Franklin Co. J. H. Schaffner.
Helianthus kellermani Britt. Columbus, Franklin Co. W.
A. Kellerman.
Hieracium pilosella L. Mouse-ear Hawkweed. Paines-
ville, Lake Co. Otto Hacker.
Hordeum distichum L. Two-rowed Barley. Rarely es-
caped. Painesville, Lake Co. Otto Hacker.
Hordeum sativum Jessen. Common Barley. Occasionally
escaped.
Hypochaeris glabra L. Smooth Cat’s-ear. Painesville,
Lake Co. Otto Hacker.
Kickxia spuria (L.) Dumort. (Elatinoides spuria Wetzst.)
Painesville, Lake Co. Otto Hacker.
Kneiffia linearis (Mx.) Spach. Narrow-leaf Sundrops.
Painesville, Lake Co. Otto Hacker.
Lactuca virosa L. Strong-scented Lettuce. Confused with
L. scariola according to Britton, being the commoner of
82 TENTH ANNUAL REPORT.
the two species. (A. D. Selby, Meeting Ohio Academy
of Science, November, 1901.)
Lemna cyclostasa (Ell.) Chev. (L. valdiviana Phil.) Val-
divia Duckweed. Richmond, Lake Co. Otto Hacker.
Limnorchis hyperborea (L.) Rybd. (Habenaria hyper-
borea (L.) R. Br.) Canton. Mrs. Theano W. Case.
Linnaea borealis L. Twin-flower. Canton, Stark Co.
Mrs. Theano W. Case.
Lychnis vesicaria L. Lychnis. Escaped. Painesville,
Lake Co. Otto Hacker.
Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds. Horse Mint. Painesville,
Lake Co. Otto Hacker.
Myagrum perfoliatum L. Myagrum. Painesville, Lake
Co. Otto Hacker. .
Petunia violacea Lindl. Occasionally escaped.
Physalis francheti Mast. Chinese Lantern Plant. Escaped.
Painesville, Lake Co. D. W. Talcott
Portulaca grandiflora Hook. Garden Portulaca. Sun
Plant. Escaped, roadsides. St. Marys, Auglaize Co.
A. Wetzstein.
Potentilla pumila Poir. Dwarf Five-finger. Painesville,
Lake Go. fOroulacker
Prunus mahaleb L. Mahaleb. Perfumed Cherry. Colum-
bus, Franklin Co. W. A. Kellermann; Painesville, Lake
to: Otto. Hacker.
Quercus alexanderi Britton. Alexander’s Oak. “Ohio ;”
N. L. Britton, Manual of Flora, 336. This was for-
merly confused with, or included in Q. acuminata, and
like the latter is not uncommon in Ohio.
Rubus neglectus Peck. Purple Wild Raspberry. Paines-
ville, Lake Co. Otto Hacker.
Rubus phoenicolasius Maxim. Japan Wineberry. Escaped
from cultivation: comes freely from seed, and propa-
gates by tips. Painesville, Lake Co. Otto Hacker.
Salvia lanceolata Willd. Lance-leaf Sage. By roadside
near Columbus. W. A. Kellerman.
Scutellaria parvula ambigua Fernald. “Ohio,” Nuttall;
Greene Co. E. L. Moseley; Montgomery Co. W. U.
OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. 83
Young; Franklin Co. E. E. Bogue; Gallia Co. J. W.
Davis.
Scutellaria serrata Andr. Showy skullcap. Rio Grande,
Gallia Co. Ruth E. Brockett.
Secale cereale L. Rye. Occasionally escaped.
Sisymbrium altissimum L. Tall Sisymbrium. L. D. Stair
in List of Railroad Weeds; Painesville, Lake Co. Otto
Hacker.
Solanum tuberosum L. Potato. Escaped.
Sorbus aucuparia L. European Mountain Ash. Escaped.
Painesville, Lake Co. Otto Hacker.
Sorghum vulgare Pers. Occasionally escaped.
Spigelia marylandica L. Indian Pink or Carolina Pink. FI.
M. V., A. P. Morgan; North Madison, Lake Co. D.
W. Talcott.
Tanacetum vulgare crispum DC. Tansy. Painesville,
bake (€o.. Otte Hacker,
Teucrium occidentale Gr. Hairy Germander. “Ohio,” Rid-
dell, 1834 (Bull. Torr. Club, 28: 170) ; Reservoir Park,
Perry Co, Wo A] Kellerman:
Trifolium dubium Sibth. Least Hop-Clover. Painesville,
ake ‘Co; “Otto Hacker.
Urtica urens L. Small Nettle. Painesville, Lake Co. Otto
Hacker.
Valeriana officinalis LL. Garden Valerian. Escaped.
Painesville, Lake Co. Otto Hacker.
Viburnum lantana L. Wayfaring Tree. Escaped. Paines-
willie. bake Gow Otto Hacker
Viburnum molle Mx. Soft-leaf Arrow-wood. Scioto
county, W. A. Kellerman.
Vicia augustifolia Roth. Smaller Common Vetch. Paines-
ville, Lake Co. Otto Hacker.
Viola odorata L. English or Sweet Violet. Escaped.
Painesville, Lake Co. Otto Hacker.
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aes Ohio
GRAPHY OF. THE SPECIES FROM
" AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO
JAMES f HINE,
Z
ete Ohio. State University.
—— es onto ————=
Ohio State Academy of Science
SPECIAL PAPERS, No. 5
Tabanidae of Ohio
WITH A CATALOGUE AND BIBLIOGRAPHY
OF THE SPECIES FROM AMERICA
NORTH OF MEXICO
JAMES S. HINE
Date of Publication, May ist, 1903
Publication Committee :
J. H. SCHAFFNER, L. H. McFADDEN, GERARD FOWKE,
COLUMBUS:
PRESS OF SPAHR & GLENN,
1903
NOTE,
The results presented in this paper are based on a part of
the observations and extensive collections made under two grants
of fifty dollars each from the Emerson McMillin Research Fund,
and some of the expense of publication is also met by a further
contribution from the same fund.
Wo. R. LAZENBY,
F. M. WEBSTER,
Joun H. SCHAFFNER,
Trustees.
TABANIDAE OF OHIO.
WITH A CATALOGUE AND BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE SPECIES
FROM AMERICA, NORTH OF MEXICO.
INTRODUCTION,
With Osten Sacken’s admirable “Prodrome of a Monograph
of the Tabanidz of the United States,’ most of the species of the
family from the eastern part of our country may be identified
readily. And with Williston’s paper in the tenth volume of the
Kansas Academy of Sciences most of our species not included
in the above contribution are fully characterized. Hart’s paper
in the fourth volume of the Bulletin of the Illinois State Labor-
atory of Natural History is also useful in separating the various
stages of the genera Tabanus and Chrysops, and is an important
contribution to the life histories of a number of species of these
two genera. The economic position occupied by the family is
admirably treated in Osborn’s paper on “Insects Affecting Do-
mestic Animals,’ in Bulletin number five, new series, of the
United States Division of Entomology. Other important con-
tributions have appeared from time to time, but a thorough ac-
quaintance with all this literature will not always give the stu-
dent of the group the information he desires regarding points
which come up in connection with many of the species of our
fauna.
It is my intention in this paper to give some of the results
of observations on habits taken during a somewhat extended
study of members of the family, and follow with a systematic
treatise of the forms known to occur within the bounds of the
state of Ohio. At some future time, when the necessary mate-
rial has accumulated it is the intention to give a full treatise of
all the forms known to occur in North America.
The following have aided me up to the present time, in sub-
mitting material for study:
The United States National Museum; The Museum of Com-
parative Zoology; F. L. Harvey; Charles Dury; H. A. Gossard;
C. P. Whitney; E. D. Ball; E. B. Williamson; J. C. Bridwell;
Miss S. E. Harris; Chas. W. Johnson; C. C. Deam; Iowa State
tollece Oa liuaieys me C..Osbtrmm:> Nh. V. Idanvey >... 4,
Oslar; F. F. Crevecoeur; Carnegie Museum; University of Kan-
sas; Hi. S. Parish;.R. H. Kunzé; J. T..Lloyd; Franklin Sher-
man, Jr.; Charles Fuclts; Mrs. Anna T. Slossen.
4 OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.
I desire Ao study: materialyfrom-all parts of .North America
and offér.to name’spécimens foe! anyone who will send them in;
asking nothing for the naming except such CSU as the
sender . himself is pleased. to. donate. “)
It is the desire to make. this paper ARE enough to be Bh
understood, but the student must understand that it is necessary
to have perfect specimens in order to be sure of his results in all
cases. Many of the characters used in determining species in this
family are easily damaged, consequently in collecting and pinning
great care should be exercised.
EGGS AND EGG-LAYING.
All the species of the family I have observed ovipositing,
place their eggs on some object that projects from and overhangs
the water or that stands in wet and sa places.
All of the Chrysops whose eg ¢ laying habits [ know and
many species of Tabanus place their eggs over water while other
species of Tabanus oviposit on plants standing in wet ground.
Some species are very precise in placing their eggs. Thus T.
stygius, which is a very common species at Sandusky, follows
the interesting habit of ovipositing on the upper surface of the
leaves of Sagittaria just above the point where the petiole meets
the expanded part of the leaf.
So closely is this habit followed that a hundred masses. of
eggs are found thus located to one placed otherwise. A few
masses were observed on Nymphez leaves but located exactly as
when placed on Sagittaria. Only a very few masses were ob-
served not placed in exactly the same position in reference to the
leaves on which they were found.
In a certain marshy place where I have seen, in different
years, numerous masses of eggs of T. atratus I noticed that these
masses were nearly always found on the same species of Scirpus
and situated very much alike in the great majority of cases.
I have watched several females of C. callidus during the
entire process of oviposition which in this species usually occupies
from twenty minutes to half an hour; during which time some-
thing like one to three hundred eggs are laid.
The female alights on the leaf head downward and begins
by pushing the tip of her abdomen forward toward the sternum
of the thorax and placing the protruding end of an egg against
the leaf. This end sticks fast and she then moves the tip of her
abdomen backward until its normal position is reached and the
egg becomes free. By the same movement one or two eggs are
then placed to one side of this one and two or three on the other
side of it. The unfinished end is soon observed to be V-shaped ;
the female moving very gradually forward and placing the end
TABANIDA OF OHIO. 5
of her abdomen to one arm of the V and depositing eggs along
down until the apex is reached, then changing the tip of her ab-
domen to the outer part of the other arm of the V and placing
eggs along down to the apex on this side.
This process is kept up, the female changing regularly to
the outer part of the opposite arm of the V each time the apex
is reached. Between nine o’clock and noon seems to be the favor-
ite’ time of day for oviposition with the various species of both
Chrysops and Tabanus, and I have seldom been able to observe
females ovipositing at other hours of the day.
The eggs when first laid are clear white but gradually get
darker until they become permanently dark brown or black.
Most of the eggs of Chrysops. are deep black, and are placed in.
a single layer, but there are exceptions to this, for the egg of
C. celer are never darker than brown, and are placed in at least
three layers one upon the other.
The color of eggs in Tabanus is variable between brown and
black, and so far as I have observed, are always placed in convex
masses composed of layers one upon the other. In sections of
eggs just laid no great amount of development is observable,
and we therefore conclude that eggs are laid soon after they are
fertilized. Temperature has its influence on the incubation period,
and for this reason the length of time required for the hatching
of Tabanid’s eggs can not be said to be exactly so many hours.
For instance, it took eggs of Chrysops callidus five or six days to
hatch, and it required about a day longer in the case where eggs
were kept in the shade the whole time, than in cases where the
eggs were in the sun during the daytime.
Eggs of Tabanus stygius hatched in about seven days in each
of the two or three trials I gave them. In all species observed
all the eggs of a single mass hatch very near the same time, and
the whole mass of wriggling larve go tumbling down into the
water together. Once in the water they separate and sink to the
muddy bottom, where they conceal themselves so securely that
they are not usually seen again until they appear as adults. Some-
times there are a few eggs that are slow in hatching, and larve
from these come out and drop to the water singly or in small
groups.
LARVA AND PUPA.
The larve of the different species of this family are very
much alike in appearance, except in size, consequently the full
erown larve of the smal! species are hardly distinguishable from
younger larve of the large species. They are tapering at each
end, shining whitish in general color, and many of the larger
specimens at least, are banded with dark brown or black.
6 OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.
The pupz studied are dull vellowish in color, with an en-
circling row of spines or stiff hairs at the apical third of each
-abdominal segment. Characters for grouping the various species
are located in the spiracles, and also in the denticles at the apex
of the abdomen.
When the larva is first hatched a certain amount of yolk
is present in connection with the alimentary canal, and this furn-
ishes it food for a time. The young larve of all the species
studied in this stage possess the burrowing habit, and whatever
soft material, plant or animal, they can reach they at once bur-
row into. Consequently little opportunity is offered under nat-
ural conditions for studying their habits and growth. The larve
of many of the specimens probably remain in the water or in
the mud very near the edge of the water throughout the existence
of this stage for their pupze come to the surface of the ground a
few inches from the edge of the water just before the adults
issue; and around fresh water ponds I have observed myriads
of pupa skins of Chrysops with just the anterior ends projecting
above the surface of the ground. There is a wide range of vari-
ation in the habits of larva of various species of Tabanus. Some
are hatched in stagnant pools, some in ripples of streams and somr
in marshy ground. Some species live in water for a time and
crawl out into dry ground; consequently one often finds Tabanid
larve by digging in dry ground along the borders of ponds.
Larve are easily reared if taken when nearly full grown, and
appear to be as much at home in moist ground as in water. They
eat small, soft-bodied invertebrates of many kinds, even their
own species. We have kept them from fall until the following
spring in small covered dishes filled with wet earth. Plenty of
moisture was applied and earthworms from a greenhouse near
by were given for food. In order to prevent one larva from
eating another of its species, only one was kept in each dish. In
a large number of trials only a few have died before reaching
maturity. :
Not much can be said regarding the length of time our
species remain in the larval stage, but from circumstances one
is led to believe that, in some cases at least, more than one year
is consumed by this stage. At Sandusky, Ohio, in July, Igo1,
Tabanus stygius was very common, but in 1902, at the same
place, only one or two specimens were seen. It may be that one
can account for this difference on the ground of more than one
year being required for the completion of the larval stage.
FIELD HABITS OF THE ADULTS.
The adults have many peculiar habits which the collector
should know in order to become proficient in procuring speci-
mens; and besides, some of these habits have an economic bear-
ing also. The larval stage is passed in the water or at least in
TABANIDA OF OHIO. 7
wet places, and where the larva attains its full growth, the change
to the pupa of course takes place; and as the pupa cannot trans-
port itself it is evident that most adults issue in the vicinity of
water or marshy ground. The only exception to this I have
“noted is when the larva or pupa has been carried to remote
places by high water. It is not an uncommon thing to meet with
teneral specimens of various species clinging to grasses, reeds
and other plants growing in wet ground, waiting for their wings
to harden. At such times males and females are theoretically
equal in numbers, and although not always as distinctly marked
as older specimens, they are nevertheless desirable. The sexes
of Chrysops may be procured thus when other efforts come to
naught.
As is well known only the females suck blood, and are there-
fore the only sex that molests stock. The males procure their
food from plants and consequently are to be looked for on flowers
and foliage. In an endeavor to satisfy myself whether or not
the females visit flowers, I have taken from various blossoms the
past summer no less than half a dozen females of different species,
but not in a single instance have I taken the male from animals.
The statement appears in print that females visit flowers for food
when they are compelled to do so, but it is probable that their
visits to flowers are not necessarily compulsary on their part. It
seems more plausible that these visits are made at times from
choice.
The females of Chrysops and some of the species of Tabanus
come buzzing around the collector in numbers, and at such times
may be taken easily with a net. The majority of the species of
Tabanus in this region, however, are very active, and as they
seldom alight on man for the purpose of sucking blood, not many
are taken in the way just stated.
During the time the female is ovipositing the male is often
resting near by on the foliage. At Georgesville, Ohio, June 4th,
I observed C. moechus ovipositing on foliage overhanging a mill
race; soon after specimens of the male sex were observed resting
on the upper leaves of the same plant on which the females were
oviposing. In a few minutes collecting, a dozen or more spec-
imens of each of the sexes were procured.
The sexes of many species of Tabanus often alight on the
bare ground of paths or roads that run through the woods. At
Cincinnati, June 1oth, in company with Mr. Dury, we procured
numbers of the sexes of different species resting on some fur-
rows that were plowed around a woods to prevent the spread of
fire. We also took the same species resting in paths and roads
that ran through the woods. Some of these same species were
8 OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.
also taken from the low growing foliage in sunny places among
the trees.
One of the best places I have ever found for taking the sexes
of Tabanus and Chrysops is in the tall grass that skirts the
marshes of Sandusky Bay. This grass is the Phragmites of
botanists and grows to a great height. On July 6th, at Black
Channel, when the wind was high, I went into a patch of this
erass that was so dense that a net could not be used in it to ad-
vantage. Here Tabanids were abundant, and it was found that
by approaching them very carefully, specimens could readily be
picked off with the fingers. The male and female of T. stygius,
nivosus, C. moerens and brunneus and the male of T. affinis and
bicolor were taken in this way. This same grass furnished ex-
cellent collecting wherever found, but most material was pro-
cured when the wind was high. On the same date and near the
same place the male of C. brunneus was taken from the flowers
of the common spatter-dock, and this and moerens were pro-
cured by sweeping in the adjacent low-growing herbage.
Tabanus sulcifrons is an abundant species in northern Ohio
during the latter part of July and all of August, and a fine oppor-
tunity for studying its mating habits has been presented. I have
observed pairs of only two species of this genus in copulation,
but so many pairs of sulcifrons have been noted in different years
that it may be of value to record a few statements. All pairs
have been observed before nine o’clock in the morning. On the
18th of last August I entered in my note book the following
note: The day is clear and warm; T. sulcifrons abundant along
the south side of a woods; between eight o’clock and half past
eight several pairs observed copulating on the fence, and several
pairs taken. The male in every instance clung to the edge of a
rail, and the female with the legs and wings motionless and
touching nothing hung suspended. The time occupied in making
the observations on which this note is based was only a few
minutes, considerably less than half an hour, and as I had been in
the field: where the species was abundant for some time previous
and stayed for some minutes thereafter, and saw no pairs except
as stated above, it would seem that the period for taking obser-
vations on the mating habits of T. sulcifrons is not a long one,
and perhaps accounts for the scarcity of printed statements re-
garding this particular in our other species of the family. In
an hour after these observations were taken hardly any speci-
mens of either sex could be found in the vicinity.
The statement is in print regarding Simulium, which genus
is composed of species having blood sucking females, that “since
females once gorged with blood do not and can not return, copu-
TABANIDA OF OHIO. 9
lation and deposition of eggs must take place very soon after
emergence from the water.”* A careful examination was made
of the females of the pairs taken in copulation to see if there
was any indication of their having taken food previously. In
several cases the alimentary tract was found to be well filled
with blood. Two pairs were preserved in formalin, and when
dissected the digestive system of the female contained a quantity
of hardened blood, which when treated with glacial acetic acid
yielded hzemin crystals.
Pangonia rasa, which is the only species of its genus so far
taken in Ohio, has been found on flowers only. From what I
have observed the female of this species has a special liking for
flowers, for specimens ‘have been taken from these when cattle
were grazing near by at the time.
Goniops chrysocoma appears to be a common species in the
state, but | have never seen it around stock. The females have
been taken most often in woods resting on foliage of both her-
baceous and woody plants. This sex may often be located by
the noise made in vibrating the wings rapidly and striking the
leaf at each downward stroke. Specimens have often been taken
from dead leaves where the noise made is much louder than
when the leaf is green. The males fly rapidly, and at intervals
‘come to rest on low growing plants where they remain for a time;
then they take wing again and are away so rapidly that the eye
cannot follow them. Males at rest are easily approached, and
this sex has been taken about as often as has the female.
Many, if not all, of the Tabanidz in both sexes have the
habit of coming to the water, and lowering themselves to its
surface, dip several times in succession, and then fly away to
alight on the bank or disappear from sight altogether. Writers
have said that this is done for the purpose of drinking, and that
at each dip a small quantity of water is taken up by the proboscis.
This habit has an economic bearing which will be discussed on
another page of this paper.
ANATOMY OF TABANUS SULCIFRONS MACQUART.
Tabanus sulcifrons, on account of the ease with which nu-
merous specimens can be procured, has been chosen for the sub-
ject of a short study of anatomy.
In this study it has been the aim to use names which are in
most common usage by the more prominent dipterologists, but
sometimes a choice of one of the many names that have been
used for a single region is a rather difficult matter.
* Report U. S. Commissioner of Agriculture for 1886, 509.
10 OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.
In order to study certain parts closely and locate their boun-
daries it is necessary to remove the vestiture which is most abund-
ant on the face and sides of the thorax.
Head of female. The anterior part of the head is largely
occupied by the compound eyes which are brown in color, and
each 1s crossed transversely by two narrow, slightly curved, green-
ish or purplish bands.
The antennae are located on the lower middle of the head,
and each is composed of three segments of which the third bears
near its base an angular prominence which may be called the
upper angle or basal prominence ‘of the third antennal segment.
Also this segment is compound, being composed of five annula-
tions of which the basal one is longer than the other four taken
together.
The front or frons, which is the region between the eyes
above the antennz is nearly of the same width throughout. The
space just above the antennz, the subcallus, is pollinose in this
species. Above the subcallus is the frontal callosity, which is
naked and shining, and occupies nearly the whole width of the
lower part of the front. It is quadrangular in form, with a nar-
row elongate extension upward from its superior side.
The upper part of the front is the vertex, and the limit of
the front above is the vertical margin. The face occupies the
space bounded by the antennz, eyes and oral margin.
The middle part of the face beneath the antennz is swollen,
while on each side is a less elevated area known as the cheek.
The lower part of the face passes to the oral margin and the
proboscis. The part of the proboscis which is visible in nature
is largely labium.
The labium is grooved on the upper side, and into this groove
the other mouth parts, with the exception of the palpi, are re-
ceived. It may be likened to a sheath for the edges of the groove
are extended and meet above, for at least a part of the length.
Its distal part is furnished with an enlargement, the Jabella, which
when the insect is taking food becomes a sucking disk.
Thé mouth parts which are received into the groove of the
labium consist of six stylets, which are light brown in color and
otherwise resemble one another. If these be separated from the
labium, the Jabrum may be seen farthest forward and just behind it
the smaller hypopharynx. Next in order passing backwards are
the mandibles lying side by side while the marillae the narrow-
est of the mouth parts lie posterior to the mandibles. Each
maxilla has attached to its base a large maxillary palp, which is
composed of a shorter basal, and a larger and longer distal joint.
These maxillary palps in their natural position are very promi-
TABANIDA OF OHIO. IL
nent, the proximal joint projects forward so that the large distal
segment is carried before all the other mouth parts.
The rear of the head is usually referred to simply as the
occiput, near the middle of which the head is joined to the thorax,
a narrow strip lying above this junction is sometimes referred
to as the nape or cervix. The cervix in this species is quite ob-
viously bounded by sutures.
Head of male. The head is larger and approaches nearer
to hemispherical than in the female. The eyes are continuous
for a long distance and thus the front is divided into two parts
called the vertical and frontal triangles. The former is very
small and is bounded above by the vertical margin and bears no
ocelli or simple eyes in this species. The latter is limited below
by the antennz and includes the subcallus. Because of the in-
creased size of the head the antennz appear to have their union
higher up.
The face in this sex is different than in the female. The sides
or cheeks are about in the same plane with the surface of the eyes
while the median part is much depressed. The mouth parts also
differ ; the mandibles are entirely lacking and some of the other
parts are noticeably reduced. The second joint of the maxillary
palp is smaller and shorter than in the female, and turns upward
to lie against the face. The uppermost greenish band of the eye
is abbreviated outwardly and just above it, next the frontal tri-
angle, is the division between the lower area of small facets and
the upper area of large facets of which the eye is composed. On
the outer and upper margin of the eye the area of small facets
is extended to where the eye meets the verticle triangle.
Thorax. The three primary divisions of the thorax are not
easily separated, but the 2esothorax comprises nearly all the space
visible from above, including the posterior, somewhat triangular
portion called the scutellum.
The prothorax is small but is easily located from the fact
that it bears the anterior pair of legs.. A small lobe of the pro-
thorax, easily distinguished by being lighter in color, is closely
applied to each anterior corner, or humerus of the mesothorax,.
Lying between the attachment of the anterior leg and the hume-
rus are two small prominences and just posterior to these lat-
ter is the anterior thoracic spiracle which marks the beginning
of a suture, the dorso-pleural suture, which passes backward
through the attachment of the wings, and ends beneath the front
edge of the scutellum.
The dorso-pleural suture marks the division between the
superior and lateral parts of the mesothorax, known respectively
12 OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.
as dorsun and pleura; at the sides of the middle of the dorsum is
‘a suture, furcate below and obsolete above, the transverse suture.
In Diptera it seems not to be definitely settled as regards the
downward extension of the pleura, but “the inferior surface of
the thorax between the legs” has received the name of pectuts.
The metathorax is small and the metanotum, which is the
part of it visible from above, may be seen beneath the scutellum,
by viewing from behind.
Passing toward the pectus on each side we observe a promi-
nence called the lateral callosity of the metathorax. Behind the
lateral callosities are located the poisers or halteres, and just be-
neath them the posterior thoracic spiracles.
The prothorax bears a pair of legs, the mesothorax a pair of
legs and the pair of wings, and the metathorax a pair of legs
and a pair of halteres.
The legs are each composed of five sections; the coxa next
the thorax, and following in succession the trochanter, femur,
tibia and tarsus. Each tarsus contains five segments of which
the last or fifth bears a pair of claws, a pair of pads or pulvillt
beneath the claws, and between the pulvilli a single empodium,
which is developed similar to the pulvilli. The prothoracic coxz
are slightly more than half as long as the femora of these legs,
while the coxz of the other legs are very much shorter.
There seems to be no notable difference between the legs of
male and female except in the front feet where the male claws,
pulvilli and empodii are much larger than the same parts in the
female.
By taking a specimen of Tabanus with its wings spread and
following the posterior border of a wing toward ‘the body one
finds toward the base an incision, the axillary incision, between
which and the scutellum are three membranous lobes. These in
order are called alula, antitegula and tegula.
The first, bordering the axilliary incision, is considered as
a part of the wing proper, but the other two called tegulae when
taken together are usually considered as accessory. In closing
the wing it is seen that the antitegula moves with the wing while
the tegula, although joined with the antitegula is also securely
joined with the thorax, remains practically stationary. When
the wing is closed the antitegula fits over the tegula and nearly
hides it from view. The halteres have their attachment beneath
the tegula, therefore their basal parts are concealed, but the apical
yellow knobs are always visible.
Wing. Plate II shows the regions and venation of a’ wing
of Tabanus stygius Say, and reference to the drawing will make
it easy to locate them.
_ TABANIDZ OF ,OHIO,.. . ie
Many species of Tabanus have the wings entirely. transpar-
ent while. others have dark areas which furnish distinctive char-
acters. In T. sulcifrons dark markings are located at the bifur-
cation of. the third vein and’ along the veins at the discal end of
the discal cell; when markings are present on the wings of the
various species of ‘Tabanus it is more common to find them where
the third vein branches and along the veirs or parts of veins
which are most. nearly transverse. Exceptions to this. may be
seen by reference to venustus and turbidus.
Abdomen. The markings of the abdomen in this’ species.
consist of rather broad white. triangles and white posterior mar-
gins on most of the segments. These markings are formed by
the color and arrangement of the vestiture, which consists of
hairs and dust or pollen. With a bristle brush the hair may be
easily removed from a dry specimen, but on the same kind of
a specimen the pollen is more persistent and therefore more read-
ily removed by rubbing after it has been moistened.
When all the vestiture has been removed the abdomen is
nearly a uniform brown all over and appears quite different than
in a perfect specimen.
Seven segments are visible to the unaided eye. The circum-
ference decreases from the second backward, and concealed by
the seventh or smallest are what may be considered as three very
much reduced additional segments, which are easily removed by
the aid of a needle and which can only be differentiated satisfac-
torily by the use of a microscope or strong lense. These segments
besides being smaller are much modified in both sexes. In the
female from ventral view, is visible a sclerite, infraanal plate,
which is interesting from a specific standpoint, and its form may
be seen best by reference to Fig. 9, q. plate I.
The claspers of the male are borne by the eighth segment,
each of these are composed of two joints, which are movable :
therefore they appear different in different specimens as may be
4cen by reference to the figures, plate I, Figs. 6 and to.
MALES COMPARED. WITH FEMALES.
The males and females in the entire family are easily dis-
distinguished from the fact that the former sex has the eyes con-
tiguous and the latter has the eyes plainly separated. In all the
species studied the male has the proboscis longer and slenderer,
and the front feet larger than in the female. The palpi in the
female point downward and the second segment is carried in
front of the proboscis, while in the male they often turn upward
and the second segment is carried against the face.
Usually the males and females of the same species are easily
associated, but in a number of species it is not an easy matter at
least until they have been taken in the same locality in the field.
14 OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.
In Chrysops the apex of the wing beyond the cross-band
is marked the same in both sexes even though the difference in
coloration between the male and female is striking. This is notice-
able in C. moechus in which the female is largely marked with
yellowish while the male is entirely black. The base of the wings
of the males of nearly all of the species of Chrysops have more
black than do the females, and in some species like celer the
female has the sides of the thorax densely clothed with yellow
pile while the same parts in the male are less densely clothed with
black pile giving the two sexes a very different appearance.
In the female of Tabanus stygius the dorsum of the thorax
is clothed with white pollen, while in the male this is largely
lacking, thus giving the sexes a very different appearance.
The sexes of Goniops chrysocoma are notably different in
appearance, because of the fact that the whole body is black in
the male and light yellowish in the female.
ARTIFICIAL REMEDIES.
Various species of the family are very annoying to stock,
but although their biting habits have been known for years no
generally practical remedies have been suggested for their con-
trol. Work horses may be protected by the use of fly-nets, and
burlap blankets are often used on cattle and horses, but these
blankets have their objectionable features, and it is doubtful if
they come into general use in the near future. Kerosene emul-
sion, carbolic acid, fish oil and a variety of substances have been
used, and beneficial results have been obtained from a number
of them, but the benefits derived from a single application are
of such short duration that to many their use is thought to be
impracticable.
The most valuable results in destroying horse flies were ob-
tained by Porchinski in Russia, and are described by Howard
in a paper published in Bulletin number 20, new series, of the
U. S. Division of Entomology. The method employed consists
in applying kerosene to the surface of stagnant water for the pur-
pose of coming in contact with the adults when they come to
drink. It may be added from my own observations that the same
application is of consequence in killing larve at the time they
hatch and drop into the water. As the eggs of so many of our
species are deposited over water and the larve drop down into
the water when they hatch, | am of the opinion that more strik-
ing results may be obtained from the use of kerosene on the sur-
face of stagnant water in destroying larve than in destroying
adults.
TABANIDA OF OHIO. 15
NATURAL ENEMIES.
Some years ago Hart reared a hymenopterous parasite, Pan-
urus tabanivorus, from the eggs of T. atratus. This appears to
be a common parasite, and | have reared more than a hundred
specimens from a single cluster of eggs.
It is very common to find clusters of eggs of both Tabanus
and Chrysops more or less injured by being eaten into and some
of the eggs destroyed. Various predaceous insects have been
observed to be responsible for this condition of things.
Around ponds where Tabanids are issuing many specimens
fall a prey to predaceous insects of different orders. Tabanids
fresh from the pupa case are not active and require time for their
wings to harden before they fly readily. I have observed two
species of Hemiptera, Limnobates marginatus and Phytocoris
nubilis, preying upon teneral adults of “‘Chrysops callidus; and
E. B. Williamson has sent in teneral specimens of Chrysops vit-
tatus taken from Mesothemis simplicicollis, one of our com-
monest dragonflies. Robber flies of the family Asilida, which
appear to have no choice of species when capturing their prey,
have occasionally been captured with specimens of Tabanus in
their possession.
A PARTIAL BIBLIOGRAPHY OF LITERATURE ON NORTH AMERICAN
TABANIDZ PUBLISHED PREVIOUS TO OSTEN SACKEN’S PRO-
DROME OF A MONOGRAPH OF THE TABANID® OF THE UNITED
STATES.
Bellardi, Luigi.
1. Saggio di ditterologia messicana. Two parts and Supplement; five
plates. 1859-1862.
Degeer, Baron Charles.
2. Mémoires pour servir 4 l’Histoire des insectes. 7 volumes. 1752-858.
Only the 6th volume contains descriptions of Tabanidae.
Drury, Drew.
3. Illustrations of Natural History. London, 1770-82. Three volumes.
(A new edition of this work was published in 1837, by Westwood,
under the title of Illustrations of Foreign Entomology.)
lelzlaveieneis, Iq (C
Systema Entomologiae. Flensburgi, 1775.
Entomologia Systematica. 4 volumes. WHafniae, 1
ment 1798.
Systema Antliatorum. Brusvigae, 1805.
Forster, J. R.
Novae Species Insectorum. Centuria I. London, 1771.
ote
|
=~]
Lo
Ie
r=
nN
=
42)
ue)
—
oO
I
rn
=
16
10.
fale
12.
13.
14.
15.
18.
19.
20.
OHIO STATE,.ACADEMY OF. SCIENCE.
Harris, Dr. Thaddeus W.
Catalogue of the Insects of Massachusetts. In Hitchcock’s Report
on the Geology, Botany and Zoology of Massachusetts; second
edition, ° 1835. : heat
Jaenicke, F. a
Neue exotische Diptern aus den Museen zu Frankfurt: und Darm-
stadt. In the Abhandl. d. Senckenb. Ges. Volume 6, with two:
plates. Also separately in one quarto volume of 100 pages..
Frankfurt, 1867. | ;
Kirby, Will.
Fauna Boreali Americana. Volume 4, 1837.
Hoews Dir EH:
Diptera Americae Septentrionalis indigena; parts 1-10, Part 8
contains the description of Pangonia pigra. Part 10 contains the
description of Silvius gigantulus.
Macquart, J.
Histoire Naturelle des Dipterés, two volumes, 1834-35.
Diptéres Exotiques nouveaux ou peu connus. Two volumes in five
parts, five supplements and 186 plates. Paris, 1838-55.
Palisot de Beauvois, A. M. F. J.
Insectes recueillis en Afrique et en Amérique, etc. Paris, 1805-21.
Say, Thomas.
The Complete Writings of Thomas Say on the Entomology of
North America. Leconte’s edition, two volumes, 1859.
Walker, Francis.
List of the Specimens of Dipterous Insects in the Collection of the
British Museum; four parts and three supplements, 1848-55.
Most of the Tabanidae are treated in the first part and the first
supplement.
Insecta Saundersiana, or characters of undescribed insects in the
collection of W. W. Saunderg-Diptera. Five parts, with eight
plates by Westwood. London 1850-56.
Westwood, J. O.
Insectorum novorum exoticorum ex ordine dipterorum descriptiones.
In the London and Edinburg Philosophical Magazine, 1835.
Pangonia macroglossa is described.
Wiedemann, C. R. W.
Aussereuropaische Zweifliigelige Insecten. Two volumes, with plates.
Hamm 1828-30.
Diptera exotica. Kiliae 1821.
THE MORE IMPORTANT PAPERS ON NORTH AMERICAN TABANID#,
21.
22.
BEGINNIGNING WITH OSTEN SACKEN’S PRODROME.
Aldrich, J. M.
A New Genus and Species of Tabanidae. Psyche, VI, 236, 1892.
Goniops hippoboscoides is described. On page 246 of the same
volume is a note stating that figure 3 on page 237 is printed
upside down.
Goniops and other Synonyms. Entomological News, XI, 531, 1900.
23.
26.
27.
28.
36.
37.
39.
TABANIDAS OF OHIO. ky
Bigot, J. M. F.
Diptéres nouveaux ou peu connus.
Bulletin de la Société Zoologique de France; XVI, 74-79, 1891.
A synoptic table of the genus Haematopota.
Diptéres nouveaux ou peu connus.
Memoires de la Société Zoologique de France, IV, 408-419, 1891.
A synoptic table of the genera of the family Tabanidae.
Diptéres nouveaux ou peu connus.
Memoires de la Société Zoologique de France, V, 602-691, 1892.
Descriptions of 150 new species of Tabanidae.
Coquillett, D. W.
Papers from the Harriman Alaska Expedition, Diptera. Proceed-
ings of the Washington Academy of Sciences, II. 389-464, 1900.
Tabanidae, 406.
New Orthorrhaphous Diptera from Mexico and Texas. Journal of
the New York Entomological Society, X, 136-141, 1902.
Tabanidae, 137.
Hart, Charles A.
On the Entomology of the Illinois River and Adjacent Waters:
family Tabanidae. Bulletin of the Illinois State Laboratory of
Natural History, IV, 220-247, 1895. The Tabanidae known from
Illinois with extensive notes on the life-history habits of many
species.
Hine, Jas. S.
Pangonia chrysocoma Osten Sacken. Entomological News, XI,
392, 1900
Description of two new Species of Tabanus. Canadian Entomologist,
XXXII, 247, 1900.
Change of Name. Canadian Entomologist, XXXIII, 28, 1901. The
name pruinosus changed to ohioensis.
Collecting Tabanidae. The Ohio Naturalist, II, 147, 1901.
Howard, L. O.
A Remedy for Gadflies, Porchinski’s Recent Discovery in Russia,
with some American Observations. Bulletin 20, New Series,
Division of Entomology, United States Department of Agricul-
ture, page 24, 1899.
The Insect Book. 1901. The Family Tabanidae is treated on pages
131-133. Several species are figured in plates XV and XVI.
Johnson, Charles W.
List of the Diptera of Jamaica with Descriptions of New Species.
Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia,
1894, 272. List of the Species only.
Diptera of Florida. Proceedings Academy Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia, 1895, 321. List of Species.
Insects of New Jersey. New Jersey State Board of Agriculture,
1899. Tabanidae pp. 639-642.
Some Notes and Descriptions of seven new Species and one new
Genus of Diptera. Entomological News, XI, 323-328, 1900.
Therioplectes politus is described on page 325.
Kertész, Dr. Colomannus.
Catalogus Tabanidarum Orbis Terrarum Universi. Edited by the
Hungarian National Museum, Budapest, 1900.
43.
44.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.
Marten, John.
New Tabanidae. Canadian Entomologist, XIV, 210-212, 1882. .
New Tabanidae. Canadian Entomologist, XV, 110-112, 1883.
Osborn, Herbert.
Insects affecting Domestic Animals. Bulletin No. 5, New Series,
Division of Entomology, U. S. Department of Agriculture,
page 58-71, 1896. An Economic Account.
Osten Sacken, Charles R.
Prodrome of a Monograph of the Tabanidae of the United States.
Memoires of the Boston Society of Natural History, Part I.
The Genera Pangonia, Chrysops, Silvius, Haematopota and
Dibasis; volume II, 365, 1875. Part II, The Genus Tabanus;
volume II, 421, 1876. Part III, Supplement; volume II, 555,
1876.
Western Diptera. Descriptions of New Genera and Species of Diptera
from the region west of the Mississippi River and especially from
California. Bulletin of the United States Geological and Geogra-
phical Survey of the Territories. Volume III. Tabanidae pp.
Ota 2ooen, Lene
Catalogue of the Diptera of North America. Smithsonian Miscellan—
eous Collections No. 270, 1878 Tabanidae pp. 52-62 and 225-229;
notes 64-90.
Diptera. Biologia Centrali Americana, I, Tabanidae pp. 43-60, 1886.
Ricardo, Miss Gertrude.
Notes on the Pangoninae of the Family Tabanidae in the British
Museum Collections. Annals and Magazine of Natural History,
series 7, volume V, pp. 97-121, 1900. Series 7, volume V, pb.
167-182, 1900. Series 7, volume VIII, pp. 286-315, 1901. - Series
7, volume 1X, pp. 366-381, 1902.
Riley, Charles V.
Noxious, Beneficial and other Insects of the State of Missouri.
Second Annual Report, pp. 128-132. The immature stages of
Tabanus atratus.
Slossen, Anna T. Mrs.
List of Insects taken in es Region of Mount ea Ento-
mological News, V, Vile oe eV ar olGr av Ii .262)% Wallleeesies
IX, 2ol sel, S19); XI, 4; XIII, 319.
Townshend, C. H. Tyler.
Contributions to the Dipterology of North America, II. Tabanidae,
Conopide Tachnidae, etc. Transactions of the American Ento—
mological Society, XXII, 55-80, 1895. Tabanidae, pp. 56-60.
The Diptera of Baja California. Proceedings of the California
Academy of Sciences, Series II, volume IV, pp. 593-620, 1895.
Tabanidae, pp. 595-598.
On the Horse-flies of New Mexico and Arizona. Transactions ,of
the Kansas Academy of Sciences, 1894, 133-135.
On a Collection of Diptera from the Lowlands of the Rio Nautla in
the State of Vera Cruz, Mexico. Annals and Magazine of
Natural History, Series 6, volume 19, 1897. Tabanidae 18-19.
Series 6, volume 20, 1897. Tabanidae pp. 21-23. 6
ils
TABANIDZ OF OHIO. 19
54. Diptera from the Headquarters of the Gila River. Psyche, VIII,
1897. Part I, Tabanidae 38-40: Part Il, 92-93.
55. Diptera from the Mesilla Valley of the Rio Grande, New Mexico.
Psyche, VIII, 147, 1897. Diachlorus guttatulus is a Tabanus.
56. Diptera from Yucatan and Campeche. The Canadian Entomologist,
XXIX, 197-199, 1897.
57. Some Characteristic Maritime Diptera from the South End of Padre
Island and the Adjacent Texas Coast. Entomological News, IX,
167-169, 1898.
58. Diptera from the Lower Rio Grande or Tamaulipan Fauna of Texas.
Journal of the New York Entomological Society, VI, 50, 1898
Whitney, C. P.
59. Descriptions of some new species of Tabanidae. Canadian Entomolo-
gist, XI, 35, 1879. Six new species described.
Williston, Samuel Wendell.
60. Some interesting new Diptera. Transactions of the Connecticut
Academy of Arts and Sciences, IV, 243-246, 1880. Two new
species of Tabanidae described on pages 244-246.
61. Collecton and Preservation of Diptera. Psyche, IV, 130-132, 1884.
62. Diptera. Standard Natural History, II, 416-417. 1884. >
63. On the Classification of North American Diptera. Entomologica
Americana. Volume 1, 10-11 and 12-13, 1885. Synoptic table to
genera of North American Tabanidae and Description of Apato-
lestes comastes, new genus and species.
64. Synopsis of the Families and Genera of North American Diptera,
pp. 1-84, 1888.
65. Notes and Descriptions of North American Tabanidae. Transactions
of the Kansas Academy of Science, X, 129-142. 1888. This
paper is supplementary to Osten Sacken’s Prodrome.
36. On the Diptera of St. Vincent. Transactions of the Entomological
Society of London. 1896, pp. 253-446. The Tabanidae, 302-303.
67. A list of species of Diptera from San Domingo. Canadian Entomolo-
gist, XXV, 170-171. 1893.
68. Manual of the Families and Genera of North American Diptera. 1896.
Published by J. T. Hathaway, New Haven, Connecticut.
69. Tabanidae. Biologia Centrali Americana. Supplement to volume I,
pp. 252-264, 1901.
CATALOGUE OF TABANIDA! FROM AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO.
The following catalogue is presented for the purpose of giv-
ing the distribution, synonymy and bibliography of the species
from America north of Mexico. A few species not yet reported
from north of the Mexican boundary are included, but southern
species are added to our fauna from time to time and it is likely
many others will be added from Mexico when extensive collec-
tions can be secured from our southern states.
The bibliography does not include all references but only
such as are of value in characterizing or extending the range of
the species given.
20 OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.
Names in italics are synonyms of the one in Roman above.
There are many other synonymous names in the list but evidence
at hand is not sufficient to locate them. The names that have been
proposed for our species are brought together as a basis for future
work. Many of the types of the older students of the family are
not in existence at the present time, and it is likely that later stu-
dents have sometimes redescribed their species under other names ;
so it is no small task to solve present problems in a satisfactory
way.
There are a few names in older works given to species with
habitat unknown: some of these names may have been given to
specimens from this region. Such names, and a few others ex-
cluded for other reasons, are not given in the list which follows.
CHRysops Meigen.
Illiger’s Magazine IIL, 367, 1803.
brunneus Hine. Described in this paper. Habitat; Sandusky, Ohio.
callidus Osten Sacken. Prodrome I, 379, 1275. Williston, Trans. Kan.
Acad; 1325) Habitat; N:- C.D. C.,.Md.,.0.,.dind) ANG ele
Conn., Mich., Ills., Fla.
carbonarius Walker. List I, 203, 1848. Ricardo,-Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,
Ser: 7,. Vill, 303. > Habitat; Me, (No EL) Mass-9 iGol Wyo
Ganadayaieawe
niger Walker (not Macq.). List I, 202, 1848.
provocans Walker. Dipt. Saund. I, 73, 1850.
(?) atra Macquart. Dipt. Exotic Susp. 4, 40, 1850.
fugax Osten Sacken. Prodrome I, 375, 1875. Williston, Trans. Kan.
Acad. X, 132.
celer Osten Sacken. Prodrome I, 376, 1875. Habitat; Me., N. C., Ohio,
Mass., N. J.
(?) cincticornis Walker. List I, 201, 1848. Ricardo, An. Mag. Nat.
iist., “Ser 1; Vill s02:
ceras Townsend. Psyche VIII, 38, 1897. Habitat; N. M.
coloradensis Bigot (in part). Mem.,Soc. Zool. Fr. V, 605, 1892. Ri-
cardo, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 7, VIII, 397. Habitat; Colo-
rado.
cuclux Whitney. Can. Ent. XI, 35, 1879. Habitat; N. H., Me., Pa.
cursim Whitney. Can. Ent. XI, 36, 1879. Williston, Trans. Kan. Acad.
XK, 134., .Habitat; N. H.
delicatulus Osten Sacken. Prodrome I, 380, 1875. Habitat; N. H., Me.
discalis Williston. Trans. Conn. Acad. IV, 245, 1880. Habitat; Wyo.,
Col.
divisus Walker. List I, 204. 1848. Ricardo, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser.
7, VIII, 303. Habitat; Fla.
atropos Osten Sacken. Prodrome I, 372, 1875.
excitans Walker. Dipt. Saund. 72, 1850. Osten Sacken, Prodrome I,
373. Habitat; Me., N. H., Pa., Wash., B. ’C., IIls.
facialis Townsend. Psyche VIII, 39, 1897. Habitat; N. M.
fallax Osten; Sacken. .Prodrome I, 392, 1875. . Habitat; Mass., N. Y.,
Del., N. J., Md., Ohio.
TABANIDA OF OHIO, 21
flavidus Wiedeman. Dipt. Exot. I, 195, 1821. Auss. zweifl. Ins. I, 199.
Osten Sacken, ‘Prodrome I, 385. Habitat; Md., N. J., D. C.,
Miss!) Ne) Gshlae Ohio.
camifrons Walker. List I, 197, 1848.
pallidus Bellardi. Saggio I, 73, 1859, pl. II, fig. 16.
frigidus Osten Sacken. Prodrome I, 384, 1875. Prodrome II, 474.
Habitat; N. H., N. Y., Wash.,.Ohio, British Possessions.
fulvaster Osten Sacken. Western Dipt. 221, 1877. Ricardo, Ann. Mag.
Nat. Hist., Ser.i7, VIII, 306. Habitat; Col.,.Utah, Wyo., Ariz.,
N. M., Montana.
coloradensis Bigot (in part). Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr. V, 605, 1892.
furcatus Walker. List I, 199, 1848. Osten Sacken, Prodrome I, 391
Ricardo, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 7, VIII, 302. Habitat; N
Y., Hudson Bay.
hilaris Osten Sacken. Prodrome I, 391, 1875. Habitat; Me., N. H.,
IN; YY. Canada.
indus Osten Sacken. Prodrome I, 383, 1875. Habitat; N. Y., N. J.,
Canada, Ohio.
lugens Wiedeman. Dipt. Exot. I, 109, 1821. Auss. Zw. 1,.212. Habitat;
OhiomeMidieNa GaGa elas peNeo)-
morosus Osten Sacken. Prodrome I, 389; II, 474, 1875.
(?) trinotatus Macquart. Dipt. Exot. I, pt. 1, 161, 1838.
mitis Osten Sacken. Prodrome I, 374, 1875. Habitat; Washington.
moechus Osten Sacken. Prodrome I, 387, 1875. Habitat; N. J., D. C.,
Ills., Ohio, Ky.
moerens Walker. List I, 201, 1848. Ricardo, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser.
fen Vile s02. labitats lis. IND. a Wiss Ohio:
aestuans van der Wulp. Tijd. Ent. X, 135, 1867 pl. III, fig. 8 and
9. Osten Sacken, Prodrome I, 378.
montanus Osten Sacken. Prodrome I, 382, 1875. Townsend, Tr. Am.
Bip Oc OOK, nas. Habitat. Dy CerMd., Ohio, N.Y... Ills.,
Vite Nee).
niger Macquart. Dipt. Exot. I, 161, 1838. Walker, List I, 202; List V,
282. Osten Sacken, Prodrome I, 377. van der Wulp, Tijd.,
Ento. XXIV, 161. Townsend, Tr. Am. Ent. Soc. XXII, 57.
abitat:) Fa,, Mel, N: C..> Tenn, , Val; Ohio, Canada, N. J:
carbonarius Walker (in part). List I, 203, 1848.
nigribimbo Whitney. Can. Ent. XI, 36, 1879.
nigripes Zetterstedt. Insecta Lapponica I, 519, 1840. Loew, Vehr. Zooi.
Bot. Ges. VIII, 336. Osten Sacken, Prodrome I, 394. Coquillett,
Wash. Acad. Sci. II, 406. Habitat; Lapland, Sitka.
noctifer Osten Sacken. Western Diptera 220, 1877. NHabitat; California.
obsoletus Wiedeman. Dipt. Exot. I, 108, 1821. Auss. Zweifl. Ins. I,
211. Osten Sacken, Prodrome I, 393. Habitat; Md., D. C.,
INESGse Kees Ne sl “Masse<: Ohio:
pachycerus Williston. Tr. Kan. Ac. Sci. X, 134, 1887. Habitat; Cali-
fornia.
pertinax Williston. Tr. Kan. Ac. Sci. X, 132, 1887. Ricardo, An. Mag.
Nat. Hist. Ser. 7, VIII, 307. Habitat; Cal., Washington.
nigriventris Bigot. Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr. V, 604, 1892.
plangens Wiedeman. Auss. zweifl. Ins. I, 210, 1828. Osten Sacken,
Prodrome I, 398. Ricardo; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. Ser. 7, VIII,
BOL Habitat; bla., Gas, Ne J., Conn:
fuliginosus Wiedeman. Dipt. Exot. I, 109, 1821. Auss. zweifl. Ins.
210.
?
22 OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.
proclivis Osten Sacken. West. Dipt. 222, 1877. Ricardo, Ann. Mag.
Nat. VElisti sSet. wie Lil 3065. blabitat; Cale Wash seo
Oregon.
atricornis Bigot. Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr. V, 603; 1892.
pudicus Osten Sacken. Prodrome I, 381, 1875. Prodrome II, 474. Wil
liston: Dr. Kis, Acad, Sci Xs 184 Habitat; Mass: N. Yess eelee
ING eae
sackeni Hine. Described in this paper. Habitat; Sandusky, Ohio.
sepulchralis Kirby (not Fabricius). Fauna Bor. Am. Ins, 314, 1837.
Osten Sacken, Catalogue 1878, 54.
sequax Williston. Tr. Kas. Acad. Sci. X, 133, 1887. Habitat; Kansas.
sordidus Osten Sacken. Prodrome I, 376, 1875. Williston, Tr. Ks.
Acad. Sct. X, 131. Ricardo, An. Mag. Nat. Hist. Ser! 7, WEEE
305. Habitat; White Mts., N. H., British Possessions.
striatus Osten Sacken. Prodrome I, 391, 1875. Habitat; Ill., D. C.,
N. J., Mexico, Ohio.
vittatus Bellardi (not Wiedeman). Sag. Ditt. Mess. I, 74, 1859.
surdus Osten Sacken. West. Dipt. 223, 1887. Williston, Tr. Ks. Acad.
Se. Xe 134) Habitats Calitorntra:
univittatus Macquart. Dipt. Exot., supl. 5, 36, 1855. Osten Sacken,
Prodrome 5,°387: “Habitat; Pa.; N.'G., La., Md’; (N2 jie
Ohio, Fla.
(?) fascipennis Macquart. Hist. Nat. Dipt. I, 216, 1834. Walker, List
L197 Grane ee leist Vis) 288:
vittatus Wiedeman. Dipt. Exot. I, 106, 1821. Auss. zweifl. Ins. I, 200.
Macquart, supl. 5, 37. Osten Sacken, Prodrome I, 390. Towns-
end, Tr. Am. Ent. Soc:: XXII, 57.) Ricardo,'’ An, “Mago ailag
Hist. Ser. 7, VIII, 300. Habitat; Eastern North America, as
far west as Kansas and Iowa.
areolatus Walker. List I, 197, 1848.
lineatus Jeannicke. Neue Dipt. Exot. 26, 1868.
PANGONIA Latreille.
Hist. Nat. des Crust. et des Ins. III, 1802.
californica Bigot. Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr. V, 618, 1892. Habitat; Cal.
dives Williston. Tr. Ks. Acad. Sci. X, 130, 1886. Habitat; California.
fera: Williston. Tr. Ks. Acad. Sci. X, 130, 1886. Habitat; Mt. Hood,
Oregon.
hera Osten Sacken. West. Dipt. 214, 1877. Habitat; San Francisco, Cal.
incisa Wiedeman. Auss.’ zweifl. Ins. I, 90, 1828. Habitat; Ark., Col.,
N. M., Oklahoma.
incisuralis Say,-Jr. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phil. III, 31, 1823; Compl. Writings,
1G 7s,
isabellina Wiedeman. Auss. zweifl. Ins. I, 112, 1828. Osten Sacken,
Catalogue 1878, 225, Habitat; North America.
macroglossa Westwood. Lond. Edinb. Phil. Mag. 1835. Osten Sacken,
Prodrome I, 368, 1875. Habitat; Georgia.
pigra Osten Sacken. Prodrome I, 367, 1875. Habitat; N. Y., IN esmiasven
Fla.
rasa Loew. Dipt. Am. sept. ind. pt. 8, no. 7, 1869. Osten Sacken, Pro-
drome I, 366. Habitat; Ills., Wis., N. Y., Ky., Conn., Ohio.
ruficornis Bigot. Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr. V, 615, 1892. Habitat; California.
saussurei Bellardi. Saggio Ditt. Mess. I, 49, 1859. Habitat; Southern
Arizona, Mexico.
seminuda Coquillett, Jr. N. Y. Ene. Soc. X, 137, 1902. Habitat; Mexico.
TABANIDA OF OHIO. 23
tranquilla Osten Sacken. Prodrome I, 367, 1875. Habitat; Penn., Mass.,
Newel Canada:
velutina Bigot. Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr. V, 615, 1892. Habitat; California.
GoNntops Aldrich.
Psyche VI, 236, 1892.
chrysocoma Osten Sacken. Prodrome I, 368, 1875. Hine, Ent. News
ole 392) Aldrich) Ent News) Xd, od. Habitats Naw, N. J.,;
Del- Pa woo; Pla:
hippoboscoides Aldrich. Psyche VI, 236, 1892.
SILVIuS Meigen.
Syst. Beschr. europ. zwei. Insecten III, 27, 1820.
gigantulus Loew. Dipt. Am. Sept. ind. pt. 10, no. 12, 1872. Osten
Sacken, West. Dipt. 215; Catalogue 1878, 226. Habitat; Cal.,
\Wiashsas bu Gua Nae Mem G@olt
trifolium Osten Sacken. Prodrome I, 395, 1875.
pollinosus Williston. Tr. Conn. Ac. IV, 244, 1882; Tr. Ks. Ac. Sc. X,
dle elabitats san. Colt
quadrivittatus Say, Jr. Ac. Phila. III, 33, 1823; Compl. Writ. II, 54.
Wiedeman, Auss. zweifl. Ins. I, 200. Osten Sacken, Catalogue
To(Smee OMe WISLOM slat SWUNG SC) Xe lola habitats. Call,
Neb., N. M.
APATOLESTES Williston.
Entom. Americana I, 12, 1885.
comastes Williston. Entom. Amer. I, 12, 1885. Townsend, Tr. Ks.
Ne, SE e200, dish lejos IN, Wile. (Gail
eiseni Townsend. Pr. Cal. Ac. Sc., Ser. 2, IV, -596, 1895. Habitat:
San Jose del Cabo, Lower California.
HMATOPOTA Meigen.
Illig. Magaz. II, 267, 1803.
americana Osten Sacken. Prodrome I, 395, 1875. Habitat; Dakota,
Mont Coles bns Golem Galle
punctulata Macquart. Dipt. Exot. I, pt. 1, 163, 1838. Habitat; Carolina,
Nite lis des otelb
DIACHLORUS Osten Sacken.
Prodrome II, 475, 1876.
ferrugatus Fabricius. Syst. Antl. 111, 1805. Wiedeman, Dipt. Exot. 1, 94;
Auss. zweifl. Ins. 186. Walker, List I, 191; V, 148. Osten
Sacken, Prodrome I, 396; Biol. Cent. Am. I, 57. Habitat; Fla.,
Mexico.
americanus Palisot de Beauvois. Ins. Dipt. 222, tab. 3, fig. 6.
approximans Walker. List I, 198. :
ataenia Macquart. Dipt. Exot. I, pt. 1, 152. Walker, List V, 271.
convergens Walker. List I, 198.
rondanu Bellardi. Saggio Ditt. Mess. I, 68, tab. 2, fig. 11.
haematopotides Bigot. Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr. V, 624, 1892. Habitat;
Washington.
notatus Bigot. Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr. V, 623, 1892. Habitat; California.
24 OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.
TABANUS Linne.
Fauna Suecica .1761.
abdominalis Fabricius. Syst. Antl. 96, 1805. Palisot de Beauvois, Ins.
101, tab. 2, fig. 4. Osten Sacken, Prodrome II, 434; Supplement
dol: ~Elabitat 7 "Key. Ga.;~ La:s Miss.y “K's: ; “ind. “Ills: Fla‘, Sears
actaeon Osten Sacken. Prodrome II, 443, 1876. Habitat; Mass., Conn.,
Min... Wis., Canada.
acutus Bigot. Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr. V, 660, 1892. Habitat; La.
aegrotus Osten Sacken. Western Diptera 219, 1877. Habitat; Cal.,
Washington.
affnis Kirby. Faun. Bor. Am. IV, 313, 1837. Osten Sacken, Prodrome
II, 466. Habitat; northern U. S. and Canada from the Atlantic
to the Pacifie, N. J.
triligatus Walker. List V, 183, 1854.
allynii Martin. Can. Ent. XV, 110, 1883. Habitat; North Carolina.
americanus Forster. Nov. Spe. Ins. Cent. I, 100, 1771. Osten Sacken,
Prodrome II, 457. Habitat; eastern N. Am.
limbatus Palisot de Beauvois. Ins. 54, tab. 1, fig. 2, 1807.
plumbeus Drury. Ins. I, tab. 44, fig. 2.
ruficornis Fabricius. Syst. Ent: 789; Ent. Syst. IV, 365.
annulatus Say. Jr. Acad. Phil. III, 32, 1823; Compl. Writ. II, 53. Osten
Sacken, Supl. to Prodrome 555. Habitat; Mo., Ky., Ga., Ks.,
Ila)
astutus Osten Sacken. Prodrome II, 471, 1876. Townsend Tr. Am. Ent.
Soc. Owe ian eelabitat: evict weNie Ele Nis yoo Gonn:
atratus Fabricius. Syst. Ent. 789, 1775; Ent. Sys. IV, 366. Bellardi,
Saggio, Ditt. Mess. I, 58. Osten Sacken, Prodrome II, 454.
Habitat; eastern N. Am.
niger Palisot de Beauvois. Ins. Dipt., tab. 1, fig. 1.
americanus Drury. Ins. I, tab. 44, fig. 3.
validus Wiedeman. Auss. zwei. I, 113.
baal Townsend. Tr. Am. Ent. Soc. XXII, 58, 1895. Habitat; Virginia.
bicolor Wiedeman. Dipt. exot. I, 96, 1821; Auss. zweifl. Ins. I, 188.
Osten Sacken, Prodrome II, 460. Habitat; N. Y., Md., Pa.,
Ohio, Wiss \Ganadas IN. Ji.
ruficeps Macquart. Dipt. Exot., Supl. 5, 35, 1855.
fulvescens Walker. List I, 171, 1848. Osten Sacken, Prodrome II,
460; Catalogue 1878, 229.
calens Linne. Syst. Nat. Ed. XII, II, 1000. Fabricius, Ent. syst. IV,
364. Habitat; N. America.
californicus Martin. Can. Ent. XIV, 210. Habitat; California.
captonis Martin. Can. Ent. XIV, 211, 1882. Habitat; California.
carolinensis Macquart. Dipt. Exot. I, pt. 1, 145, 1838. Osten Sacken,
Catalogue 1878, 226.
centron Martin. Can. Ent. XIV, 211, 1882. Habitat; Colorado.
cerastes Osten Sacken. Prodrome I, 462, 1876. Habitat; Ky., Wis.
hirtioculatus Macquart. Dipt. Exot. Supl. 5, 33, 1855. Osten Sacken,
Catalogue 1878, 227.
centron Marten. Can. Ent. XIV, 211, 1882. Habitat; Colorado.
cinctus Fabricius. Ent. Syst. IV, 366, 1775. Osten Sacken, Prodrome
II, 464, 1876. Habitat; Atlantic States. :
cingulatus Macquart. Dipt. Exot. I, pt. 1, 144, 1838. Habitat; N-
America.
TABANIDA OF OHIO. 25
coffeatus Macquart. Dipt. Exot. Supl. 2, 23, 1846. Osten Sacken, Pro-
drome Week abitat: DL Cy Delt Ne Yj Blas Mass, ‘Ind:,
Bilarer Nios
(?) nigripes Wiedeman. Dipt. exot. 1, 75, 1821; Auss. zwei. I, 142.
comastes Williston. Tr. Ks. Acad. X, 137, 1886. Townsend, Tr. Am.
Ent. Soe Sexdiieo8, 1895. “Habitat > Wash.» Or Cols "Col:
comes Walker. List IV, 1152. Habitat; N. Y., Hudson Bay.
inscitus Walker. List I, 172.
confusus Walker. List I, 147. Habitat; N. America.
conterminus Walker. Dipt. Saund. 24. Habitat; N. America.
costalis Wiedeman. Auss. zweif. Ins. I, 173, 1828. Osten Sacken, Pro-
drome, II, 450. Habitat; eastern N. America.
baltimorensis Macquart. Dipt. exot. Supl. 5, 34, 1855.
vicarius Walker. List I, 187, 1848.
cymatophorus Osten Sacken. Prodrome II, 444, 1876. Habitat; Ky.
derivatus Walker. List I, 151. Habitat; N. America.
dodgei Whitney. Can. Ent. XI, 37, 1879. Habitat; Kan., Neb.
dorsonotatus Macquart. Dipt. exot. Supl. 2, 22, 1846. Habitat; Carolina.
duplex Walker. List V, 173, 1854. Habitat; Hudson Bay Territory.
amitans Walker. List I, 173, 1848.
endymion Osten Sacken. Prodrome Supl., 556, 1876. Habitat; Georgia.
epistatus Osten Sacken. Prodrome Supl. 555, 1876. Habitat; Hudson
Bay Territory, N. J.
socius Osten Sacken. Prodrome II, 467.
exul Osten Sacken. Prodrome Supl. 557, 1876. Townsend, Tr. Am.
Bitsy Soc eee G0) (vate)... Habitat. easterne U.S.
abdominalis Wiedeman (not Fabr.). Dipt. exot. I, 65; Auss. zweif.
Insel. 116:
ferrugineus Palisot de Beauvois. Ins. 221, tab. 3, fig. 2.
flavipes Wiedeman. Auss, zweif. Ins. I, 137, 1828. Osten Sacken,
Prodrome II, 462. Habitat; Labrador.
fratellus Williston. Tr. Ks. Acad. X, 140, 1888. Habitat; Washington.
frenchii Martin. Can. Ent. XV, 111, 1883. Habitat; Montana.
fronto Osten Sacken. Prodrome II, 431, 1876; Catalogue 1878, 228.
Habitat; Car., Texas., Fla.
(?) cheliopterus Rondani. Nuovi. Annali. d. Sc. di. Bologna, 1850,
192. Osten Sacken, Prodrome II, 473; Catalogue 1878, 228.
fulvofrater Walker. List I, 181, 1848. Habitat; Ills.
fulvulus Wiedeman. Auss. zweifl. Ins. I, 153, 1828. Osten Sacken,
Prodrome I], 451... Habitat; Ky., Md.,..N..C.,.N. J.
fur Williston. Tr. Ks. Acad. Sci. X, 139, 1888. Habitat; Florida.
fuscipalpis Bigot. Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr. V, 681, 1892. Habitat; Wash.
fuscopunctatus Macquart. Dipt. exot. supl. 4, 34, 1849. Osten Sacken,
Prodrome II, 482; Supl. 559; Catalogue 1878, 228. Habitat;
1 Gar. vdGare= Hla:
imitans Walker. List I, 146, 1848.
giganteus DeGeer. Ins. VI, 226, tab. 30, fig. 1. Osten Sacken, Prodrome
II, 458. Habitat Middle States and South Atlantic States.
bicolor Macquart. Dipt. exot. supl. 2, 21.
caesiofasciatus Macquart. Dipt. exot. supl. 5, 32.
lineatus Fabricius. Spec. Ins. II, 455; Ent. Syst. IV, 363; Syst.
Antl. 94,
gilanus Townsend. Psyche VIII, 92, 1897. Habitat; N. Mexico.
gracilis Wiedeman. Auss. zweif. Ins. I, 156, 1828. Osten Sacken, Cata—
leone fete 228. Williston, Tr. Ks. Acad. Sci. X, 140. Habitat =
ao ear
26 OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.
guttatulus Townsend. Tr. Ks. Acad. Sci. XIII, 134, 1892; Psyche VIII,
147. Elabitat? Was (Gruces,7 Ne Me
haemaphorus Marten. Can. Ent. XIV, 210, 1882. Habitat; California.
hirtulus Bigot. Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr. V, 641, 1892. Habitat; Washington.
illotus Osten Sacken. Prodrome II, 469, 1876. Habitat; Canada.
incisus Walker. Dipt. Saund. 26, 1856. Habitat; N. America.
insuetus Osten Sacken. West. Dipt. 219, 1877. Habitat; California,
Alaska, Wash., Col.
intensivus Townsend. Psyche VIII, 93, 1897. Habitat; N. Mexico.
intermedius Walker. List I, 173, 1848. Habitat; Hudson Bay Territory.
lasiophthalmus Macquart. Dipt. exot. I, pt. 1, 148, 1838. Osten Sacken,
Prodrome II, 465. Habitat; eastern N. America, Columbia,
Chile.
notabilis Walker. List I, 166, 1848.
punctipennis Macquart. Dipt. exot. Supl. 2, 23. Osten Sacken, Pro-
drome II, 473.
leucomelas Walker. List I, 175, 1848. Habitat; Georgia.
leucophorus Bigot. Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr. V, 640, 1892. Habitat; Oregon.
lineola Fabricius. Ent. Syst. IV, 369; Syst. Antl. 102. Osten Sacken,
Prodrome II, 448, 1876; Biol. Cent. Amer. I, 56. Habitat; east-
ern N. America.
(?) scutellaris Walker. Dipt. Saund. 27, 1856.
simulans Walker. List I, 182, 1848.
trilineatus (Latr.?) Bellardi. Saggio Ditt. Mess. I, 63.
longus Osten Sacken. Prodrome II, 447, 1876; Supplement 559. Habi-
(He O}, AkGieemel ml ere N.
lugubris Macquart. Dipt. exot. I, pt. i 145, 1838. Osten Sacken, Pro-
drome II, 456. Habitat; South Carolina.
ater Palisot de Beauvois. Ins. Dipt. tab. 2, fig. 5. Wiedeman, Dipt.
exot. Le 14) Muss. zw: In, T2136. ;
maculifer Bigot. Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr. V, 641, 1892. Habitat; Wash.
maculosus Coquillett. Jr. N. Y. Ent. Soc. X, 138, 1902. Habitat; Mexico.
marginalis Fabricius. Syst. Antl. 99, 1805. Osten Sacken, Prodrome
Il, 472: Habitat; N. America.
maritimus Townsend. Ent. News IX, 167, 1898. Habitat; Texas.
megerlei Wiedeman. Auss. zwei. Ins. I, 132. Osten Sacken, Prodrome
II, 457. Habitat; Florida.
melanocerus Wiedeman. Auss. zwei. Ins. I, 122. Osten Sacken, Pro-
drome II, 440. Habitat; Atlantic States from New Jersey south,
(?) exaestuans Linne. Syst. Nat. Ed. XII, II, 1000. Degeer, Ins.
VI, 229)! tabM30;) fie: (5. Fabricius; Ent) Systi1V))" 665%) Syse
_Antl. 96. Osten Sacken, Prodrome II, 441.
melanorhinus Bigot. Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr. V, 642, 1892. Habitat; Wash,
mexicanus Linne. Syst. Nat. Ed. XII, II, 1000. Fabricius, Spec. Ins.
II, 457; Ent. Syst. IV, 367; Syst. Antl. 98. Wiedeman, Dipt.
exot. I, 76; Auss. zwei. Ins. I, 147. Macquart, Dipt. exot. I,
pt. 1, 148. Walker, List V, 215, 259. Bellardi, Sag. Ditt. Mess.
I, 59. Osten Sacken, Prodrome II, 459; Biol. Cent. Amer. I, 56.
Habitat ; southern U. S., Mexico, S. America, iN Goole
flavus Macquart. Hist. Nat. Dipt. T2003
inians Fabricius. Ent. Syst. IV, 368.
ochroleucus Meigen. Syst. Beschr. II, 62.
olivaceus Degeer. Ins. VI, 230, tab. 30, fig. 6.
punctatus Fabricius. Ent. Syst. IV, 368.
sulphureus Palisot de Beauvois. Ins. 22a, tab o, ties 6!
virdifavus Walker. Newman Zoologist VIII, eS hae LXVI.
TABANIDA OF OHIO, 27
(var)limonius Townsend. An. Mag. Nat. Hist. Ser. VI, XX, 21. Habi-
tat; Mexico.
smicrocephalus Osten Sacken. Prodrome II, 470, 1876. Habitat; N. H.,
INGRAM ISIN
smolestus Say. Jour. "Ac. Phil. III, 31, 1823; Compl. Wri. II, 53. Wiede-
man, Auss. zwei. Ins. ii, 125. Osten Sacken, Prodrome iui?
AS Habitat Key.,. D.C Gas, Mo N= Cy eGenn:, ies: 3. Fla.
IN ae
‘mutatus Walker. Dipt. Saund. 23, 1856. Habitat; United States.
nebulosus Palisot de Beauvois. Ins. 222, tab. 3, fig. 4-5. Habitat; N.
America.
nigrescens Palisot de Beauvois. Ins. 100, tab. 2, fig. 2. Wiedeman,
Auss. zweif. Ins. I, 116. Osten Sacken, Prodrome II, 453.
Habitat; Atlantic States.
nigrovattatus Macquart. Dipt. Exot. Suppl. 2, 24, 1846. Osten Sacken,
Prodrome II, 449. Habitat; Atlantic States.
‘nivosus Osten Sacken. Prodrome II, 445, 1876. Habitat; N. J., N. Y.,
Ohio.
novae-scotiae Macquart. Dipt. Exot. Suppl. 2, 24, 1846. Habitat; N.
America.
ohioensis Hine. Can. Ent. XX XIII, 28, 1901. Habitat; Ohio, Ind.
pruinosus Hine. Can. Ent. XXXII, 247, 1900.
-orion Osten Sacken. Prodrome II, 442, 1876. van der Wulp, Tijdschr.
VerEnt Oo OOVe las. stlabitatosCanada.eMiasss. Conne IN2 J.
‘pallidus Palisot de Beauvois. Ins. 100, tab. 2, fig. 3. Wiedeman, Auss.
zweit. Ins. I, 118. Habitat; N. America.
alpinus Palisot de Beauvois. Ins. 221, tab. 3, fig. 1. Habitat; N.
America.
patulus Walker. List I, 175, 1848.
phaenops Osten Sacken. West. Dipt. 217, 1877. Habitat; Cal., Col.
politus Johnson. Ent. News XI, 325. 1900. Habitat; N. J.
-procyon Osten Sacken. West. Dipt. 216, 1877. Habitat; California.
-proximus Walker. List I, 147, 1848. Habitat, Florida.
psamnophilus Osten Sacken. Prodrome II, 445, 1876. MHabitat; Florida.
ppumilus Macquart. Dipt. Exot. I, pt. 1, 146, 1838. Osten Sacken, Pro-
drome II, 448. Habitat; Middle and Atlantic States.
‘punctifer Osten Sacken. Prodrome II, 453, 1876; West. Dipt. 220.
Habitat; Western N. America.
‘pygmaeus Williston. Tr. Ks. Acad. Sci. X, 141, 1888. Habitat; Florida.
‘recedens Walker. List I, 147, 1848. Williston, Tr. Ks. Acad. Sc. X,
138. Habitat; Middle and south Atlantic states.
catenatus Osten Sacken. Prodrome II, 433, 1876; Catalogue 1878, 227.
reinwardtii Wiedeman. Auss. zweifl. Ins. I, 130. Osten Sacken. Pro-
oes II, 461. Habitat; Middle and Atlantic States, Canada,
an.
erythroletus Walker. Dipt. Saund. 25, tab. fioele
shombicus Osten Sacken. Prodrome (ile 472, rene: West. Dipt. 218.
Habitat; Col., Wy., Or., Wash.
rufofrater Walker. Dipt. Saund. 26. Habitat; Georgia.
tufus Palisot de Beauvois. Ins. 100, tab. 2, fig. 1. Wiedeman, Auss.
zweifl. Ins. I, 117. Osten Sacken, Prodrome II, o0s Supplement
Soe lapitat seats Gas eb las
fumipennis Wiedeman. Auss. ‘zweifl. Ins. I, 119.
sagax Osten Sacken. Prodrome II, 452, 1876. Habitat; Ills., Min., N. J.
scitus Walker. List I, 181. Habitat; N. America.
septentrionalis Loew. Verh. zool.—bot. Ges. VIII, 592. Osten Sacken,
Prodrome II, 467. Habitat; Labrador, Alaska.
28 OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.
sequax Williston. Tr. Ks. Acad. Bei X, 137, 1888. Habitat; Oregon-
sodalis Williston. Tr. Ks. Acad. Sci..X, 1389, 1888. Habitat; N.
America.
sonomensis Osten Sacken. West. Dipt. 216. Habitat; California, Alaska.
sparus, Whitney. Can.Ent, XI, 38, 1879. Habitat; Fla., N.J., N. Hi,
Conn., Mass.
Stygius Say. Jr. Acad Se: Phil. III, 33, 1823; Compl. Wrtt Il; of
Wiedeman, Auss. zweifl. Ins. I, 131. Osten Sacken, Prodrome
II, 454. Habitat; Middle and Southern States.
sulcifrons Macquart. Dipt. Exot. Suppl. 5, 33, 1855. Osten Sacken,
Catalogue 1878, 60 and 228. Habitat; Penn., N. J., Ohio, Ills.
tectus Osten Sacken. Prodrome II, 436.
superjumentarius Whitney. Can. Ent. XI, 37, 1879. Habitat; N. H.,.
Nap Olio:
susurrus Marten. Can. Ent. XV, 111, 1883. Habitat; Montana.
tener Osten Sacken. Prodrome II, 440, 1876; Catalogue 1878, 60 and 228.
Habitat; Ga., Fla.
(?) unicolor Macquart. Dipt. Exot. Suppl. 2, 22.
tenessensis Bigot. Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr. V, 660, 1892. Habitat; Tenn.
tetricus Marten. Can. Ent. XV, 111, 1883. Habitat; Montana.
tetropsis Bigot. Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr. V, 681, 1892. Habitat; Georgia.
thoracicus Hine. Can. Ent. XXXII, 247, 1900. Habitat; New York.
trijunctus Walker. List V, 182, 1853. Osten Sacken. Prodrome II,
432. Habitat; Florida.
trimaculatus Palisot de Beauvois. Ins. 56, tab. 1, fig. 5. Wiedeman,
Auss, .zweilins:; £, 13%; 1, 132., Macquart, Dipt.) Exot 1, pil
142. Osten Sacken, Prodrome II, 489. Habitat; Middle and
Southern States west to Kansas.
quinquelineatus Macquart. Hist. Nat. Dipt. I, 200.
trispilus Wiedeman. Auss. zweifl. Ins. I, 150. Osten Sacken, Prodrome
II, 464. Habitat; Northern and Middle States, Illinois, N. J.
turbidus Wiedeman. Auss. zweifl. Ins. I, 124. Osten Sacken, Prodrome
My Ac) -blabitapes Ga... Keys sblar
(?) fusconervosus Macquart. Dipt. Exot. I, pt. 1, 147.
variegatus Fabricius. Syst. Antl. 95. Wiedeman, Dipt. Exot. I, 67;
Auss. zweifl. Ins. I, 120. Osten Sacken, Prodrome II, 487.
Habitat; Middle States.
venustus Osten Sacken. Prodrome II, 444, 1876. Habitat; Tex., Ks.,.
Ohio, Oklahoma.
vicinus Macquart. Dipt. Exot. I, pt. 1, 143. Habitat; Carolina.
villosulus Bigot. Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr. V, 684, 1892. Habitat ; California.
vivax Osten Sacken. Prodrome II, 446, 1876; Catalogue 1878, 60 and
2200 Elabpitabo NE eye Mies, (Ohio:
(?) marginalis Wiedemann. Auss. zweifl. Ins. I, 166.
wiedemanni Osten Sacken. Prodrome II, 455; Supplement 559. Habitat;
Eileen (Gada Koy,
ater Wiedeman. Auss. zweifl. Ins. I, 136.
zonalis Kirby. Fauna. Br. Am. IV, 314. Osten Sacken, Prodrome II,
463; Catalogue 1878, 56 and 226. Townsend, Tr. Am. Ent. Soc.
XXII, 58 Habitat; Northern States and Canada.
flavocinctus Bellardi. Saggio Ditt. Mess. I, 61. Osten Sacken, Cata-
logue 1878, 226.
tarandi Walker. List I, 156.
terrae-novae Macquart. Dipt. Exot. Suppl. 4, 35.
TABANIDA) OF OHIO. 29
A SYSTEMATIC TREATISE OF OHIO SPECIES.
In the keys which are given below I have included a few
species which have never been taken in Ohio, but in the descrip-
tions only such species are considered as have been taken in the
state and are deposited in the Ohio State University collection.
Before atempting to use the keys one should acquaint himself
with he meaning of terms as given below.
EXPLANATION OF TERMS.
Antennae. Always three segmented. Third segment compound,
composed of from five to eight annuli or rings, bearing a
prominent basal process in Tabanus. This process is absent
or at least rudimentary in the other genera of our fauna.
Apical-spot. That part of the dark picture of the wing of Chry-
sops bey ond the outer border of the cross-band, which term
is explained below.
Basal cells hyaline. As this character is used in the key for the
females of Chrysops some explanation is necessary. Those
species which have slight infuscations at the base or apex of
either of these cells are treated as having the basal cells hya-
line, while those species with these cells infuscated far beyond
the middle are placed in the other group. C. montanus has
the most infuscation of any species placed in the former
group, and C. frigidus the least of any placed in the latter.
‘Color of eyes. In life nearly all the species have highly colored
bands or spots on the eyes. These are not distinguishable
in dry specimens, but may be revived by moisture. How-
ever, this process usually destroys many other characters
which it is desirable to retain.
Cross-band. The part of the dark picture of the wing of Chry-
sops beginning at the costa in the region of the stigma and
proceeding backward, sometimes reaching and sometimes not
reaching the posterior border of the wing.
Empodium. The plural form empodia is usually used. A pad or
cushion located between the pulvilli at the distal end of each
last tarsal segment.
Eyes hairy. This character is very. plain in some species, but
hard to see in others. It is always most easily seen in the
males.
Face. The anterior surface of the head between the eyes and be-
low the antenne.
Facial callosities. Prominent elevations, one on either side of the
face. They vary in coloration.
30 OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.
Front. The anterior surface of the head between the eyes and
above the antenne.
Frontal callosity. A prominence slightly above the antenne, pres-
ent in the female sex only. It varies in form and coloration.
Hyaline triangle. The hyaline patch beyond the outer border
of the cross-band in Chrysops.
Ocelli. The simple eyes are present in many species and absent
in others.
Ocelligerous tubercle. A prominence in some species of the
genus Tabanus where the simple eyes would naturally occur.
There are no simple eyes in our species of the genus.
Palpi. These are the only organs included under mouth parts.
not considered as belonging to the proboscis. They are prom-
inent and vary in form and coloration.
Proboscis. The mouth parts other than the palpi taken collec-
tively. The labium forms a sheath for the others.
Pulvili. A pair of pads or cushions located one beneath each
claw at the distal end of each last tarsal segment. Of the
three pads seen in this location the two outer are pulvilli and.
the middle one is the empodium.
| Stigma. A darker patch in the wing in the region of the union of
the second vein with the costa.
Subcallus. The part of the front between the antennz and the
frontal callosity. It is denuded in some species. In others.
it is denuded in the female and pollinose in the male.
Tegulae. Two membranous lobes at the base of the wing. Shown
in Plate II.
Wing. Reference to Plate II will give an understanding of the
parts and regions of the wing.
FAMILY CHARACTERS.
The family Tabanidz includes medium sized to large insects:
commonly called horseflies, gadflies, deerflies, dogflies, earflies.
and various other names. Usually its niembers are readily recog-.
nized at sight by their form and general appearance.
The three jointed antenne with the third joint annulated
and without a style or arista, the rather large tegula, and the
well developed pulviliform empodia taken together serve to dis-
tinguish them from other flies in case of any doubt.
None of the species are really small; the head is large, larger
and hemispherical in the male, smaller and somewhat flattened’
in the female.
The antennze are porrect and composed of three segments:
of which the third is compound, having five or eight annulations,
when there are eight the basal one is only slightly longer than:
TABANIDA OF OHIO. 31
the others, but when there are five the basal one is much longer
than any of the others, often longer than all the others combined.
The eyes are separated in the female and contiguous in the
male. They have an area of enlarged facets above in the latter
sex, and in life are marked with green and purple markings in
both sexes. In dry specimens these markings are lost, but may
be partially restored by moisture. Ocelli are present in some
species and absent in others; and the occiput is flat or concave.
The proboscis projects and in some species is much elongated ;
the maxillary palps are large and two segmented.
The thorax and abdomen are clothed with more or less hair,
but no spines or bristles. The wings are rather large and en-
compassed by the marginal vein, two submarginal and five pos-
terior cells present, basal cell elongate, anal cell usually and some-
times some of the posterior cells closed. Tegule always promi-
nent. Legs ample; pulvilli moderate; empodia developed pulvi-
liform; middle tiba with spurs at the tip.
Abdomen composed of seven visible segments, broad, never
constricted.
Key to the North American Genera.
1. Hind tibiae with spurs at the tip, sometimes small 2,
Hind tibiae without spurs 6.
bo
Third segment of the antenna composed of eight annuli, the
first of which is only a little longer than the following ones 3.
Third segment of the antenna composed of only five annuli,
the first of which is much longer than any of the following
ones; ocelli present D
3. Front of female narrow; ocelli present or absent; fourth
posterior cell at least open Pangonia.
Front of female broad with a large denuded callus; ocelli
present 4,
4. Eyes in the female acutely angulated above; wing in both
sexes with a dark picture Goniops.
Eyes in the female not acutely angulated above; wings hyaline
in both sexes Apatolestes.
5. Second segment of the antenna about half as long as the
first; eyes in life with numerous small dots Silvius,
Second segment of the antenna as long or but little shorter
than the first; wings with a, dark picture Chrysops.
6. Third segment of the antenna without, or with a rudimentary
basal process 3 ; Te
Third segment of the antenna with,a well developed basal
process “ P , Labanus.*
7. Front of female as broad as long the callus transverse Haematopota.
Front of the female narrow +s] / Diachlorus.
*Including Atylotus and Therioplectes.
32
OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.
cHrysops Meigen.
Illiger’s Magazine II, 367, 1803.
The males and females in this genus are so different that it is
often desirable to make observations in the field before associat-
ing the two sexes of a species. We have made a special effort
to collect the sexes of our local species and have formulated sep-
arate keys for each sex. These keys are given below.
“
10.
i.
Key to the Females.
Apex oi the wing beyond the cross—band is hyaline 2.
Apical-spot present 4.
Both basal cells infuscated on their basal half 3.
Second basal cell hyaline; face yellow in the middle niger.
Each side of the thorax with bright yellow hairs celer.
Each side of the thorax with pale hairs carbonarus.
Whole body brown 5.
Abdomen marked with pure black 6.
Basal segment of antenna swollen; abdomen above brown
with small yellow triangles on the segments brunneus.
Basal segment of antenna not swollen; abdomen above with
darker designs flavidus,
Both basal cells hyaline fl.
First basal cell altogether or to a considerable extent infus-
cated 13.
Apical-spot not wider than the distance between the costa and
second vein at the outer border of the cross—band 8.
Apical-spot wider than the distance between the costa and
second vein at the outer border of the cross—band 9.
A black triangle encroaches upon the posterior part of the
yellow on each side of the second abdominal segment —_moerens.
No black triangle on each side of the second segment of the
abdomen callidus.
The hyaline triangle is produced beyond the second longi-—
tudinal vein toward the costa 10.
The hyaline triangle does not cross the second longitudinal
vein 12.
Abdomen black with a middorsal stripe attenuated posteriorly
and sometimes a shorter stripe on each side obsoletus,
Abdomen yellow with two converging black spots on the
second segment and black spots on the third and fourth it
The cross—band reaches the posterior margin fallax.
The cross—band does not reach the posterior margin hilarts.
Apical-spot occupying only the apex of the second sub-— }
marginal cell sackem.
Apical-spot occupying the anterior half of the second submar-
ginal cell montanus,
13.
17.
18.
19.
TABANIDA OF OHIO, aa
Body altogether black; femora of all the legs dark brown
or black plangens.
Body usually distinctly marked with yellow; femora yellow
except sometimes at base 14.
Face black with a median stripe of yellow pollen frigidus.
Face yellowish in the middle 15.
Apical-spot large, reaching beyond the second submarginal
cell, and invading the first posterior 16.
Apical-spot does not reach beyond the second submarginal
cell 18.
The hyaline space between the cross—band and the apical-spot
is confined to a small triangle in the second and third
posterior cells moechus.
The hyaline triangle reaches across the first posterior cell Wee
Abdomen with a broad yellow ‘longitudinal stripe in the
middle enclosed between two black stripes univittatus.
Abdomen uniformly black or black with three dull yellow
stripes 4 lugens.
Abdomen yellow with four black stripes ep
Abdomen black, yellow on the sides, and with yellow tri-
angles on the segments indus.
Frontal callosity and scutellum yellowish vittatus.
Frontal callosity black; scutellum at base more or less
blackish striatus.
Key to the Males.
Apex of the wing beyond the cross—band is hyaline
Apical-spot present :
Face yellow in the middle niger.
H= bo
Face wholly black 3}
Base of fifth posterior cell with a hyaline spot; anal cell nearly
hyaline carbonarius.
Base of the fifth posterior cell uniformly brown; anal cell
infuscated celer.
Whole body brown 5s
Body black or at least plainly marked with black 6.
First segment of antenna swollen; abdomen uniformly brown
above, with a small triangle on each segment behind the
first brunneus.
First segment of antenna not swollen; abdomen above lighter
at base with a darker design on each segment behind
the first flavidus.
Abdomen grayish black, or black with or without a median
yellow stripe i.
Abdomen at least yellow on the sides of the first two seg-
ments; or with a middorsal row of gray triangles 10.
Abdomen black with a middorsal yellow stripe 8.
Abdomen uniformly black 9.
The hyaline triangle produced forward to the costa obsoletus.
The hyaline triangle not produced beyond the second longi-
’ tudinal vein lugens.
Hyaline triangle unusually small, confined to the apices of the
sécond and third posterior cells moechus.
Hyaline triangle not unusually small; dark picture of the wing
rather dim plangens.
34 OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.
10. Apical-spot not wider than the distance between the costa
and second vein at the outer border of the cross—band ite
Apical-spot wider than the distance between the costa and the
second vein at the outer border of the cross—band 12.
11. The yellow on each side of the second segment encroached
upon from behind by a black triangle; the yellow spot is
very small moerens.
The yellow on each side of the second segment not encroached
upon by a black triangle, or if so the triangle is very
small callidus.
12. The hyaline triangle of the wing produced beyond the second
longitudinal vein toward the costa tiles
The hyaline triangle not produced beyond the second longi-
tudinal vein 14.
13. The cross—band of the wing reaches the posterior margin fallax.
The cross—band of the wing does not quite reach the posterior
margin hilaris.
14. Abdomen with a middorsal row of large black spots widest
before; facial callosities shining black frigidus.
Abdomen with a middorsal row of small gray or yellow
triangles ta:
15. Abdomen with a middorsal yellow stripe Me
Abdomen with a yellow stripe on either side of the black
which contains the middorsal row of small triangles montanus.
Abdomen yellow on the sides of the first four segments but
with no suggestion of stripes 16.
16. The cross-band occupies only the apex of the second sub-—
marginal cell sackeni.
The cross—band occupies the anterior half of the second sub-
marginal cell indus.
17. Scutellum yellow vittatus.
Scutellum black 18.
18. Four black stripes on the dorsum of the first two abdominal
segments; the inner of these may be united striatus.
Two black stripes on the dorsum of the first two abdominal
segments univittatus.
CHRYSOPS BRUNNEUS fl. Sp.
Length 8-10 mm. Antennae noticeably longer and. the first two seg—
ments thicker than in flavidus; first and second segments brown, third
yellow at.the base with apical half black; thorax with four grayish
longitudinal stripes separated by brown intervals, the apical spot spreads
over a large part of the apex of the wing fading out so gradually that
the real extent of .it is not clearly defined; a narrow whitish hyaline
band is conspicuous along the distali:margin of the cross band and occupies
part of each of the first submarginal and first, second and third posterior
cells;.the cross—band fills: out the fourth posterior cell and invades the
fifth posterior ;:the margin of the posterior branch of the fifth vein spreads
across the apex at the anal cell and communicates: somewhat with the
cross—band; the :first basal cell is infuscated for two-thirds,:and the
second for about half the length.
The abdomen ‘is clear brown often with tee small yellowish tri-
angles in the middle of the posterior part of segments two to five.
The male and female are alike, differing only in sexual characters.
TABANIDAX OF OHIO. BOD 35
Habitat: Sandusky, Ohio. Many specimens of both sexes.
The species is separated from flavidus by the following: The
antenne are longer and have the first two segments thicker and
the third colored differently at base. The basal cells are more
infuscated, the apical spot less clearly defined and the abdomen
more uniformly colored. In flavidus the abdomen is distinctly
lighter in color at base, but not so in brunneus. The former ap-
pears to be southern in its range, while the latter is probably
northern.
Osten Sacken’s description of the abdomen and apex of the
wing under flazidus would seem to indicate that he had both
species before him.
The species is abundant at Sandusky from the latter part of
June to the first of August, and is an annoying pest in the vicinity
of the marshes. It is abundant at any time of day, but appears
to be most numerous and persistent in the evening, and its at-
tacks are prolonged till almost dark in warm weather.
CHRYSOPS CALLIDUS Osten Sacken.
Length 7-9 mm. The width of the apical spot is equal to the dis-
tance between the costa and the second vein at the distal end of the
first vein. First two segments of the abdomen ‘yellow on the sides and
this color on the second is not encroached upon by a black triangle.
Basal half or more of the venter of the abdomen plainly yellowish but
with a dark stripe or some dark spots on the mid ventral line.
Female: Frontal callosity black; facial callosity yellow; both, basal
cells hyaline; dorsally the abdominal segments with narrow, yellow hind
margins which expand into triangles in the middle, none of these triangles
extend forward far enough to entirely divide the black of any of the
segments. Lateral margins of the segments behind the third black.
Male: Both basal cells with about the apical third hyaline; the
yellow on the sides of the first two abdominal segments is more promi—
nent and the posterior margins of all the segments wider than in the
male of moerens.
sHlahitat: All. parts of Glico.
It is exceedingly common all over Ohio during the latter half
of May and first half of June, and the females have often been
observed attacking horses and cattle. The eggs are laid on foliage
over water along ‘the margins of ponds and canals; on a previous
page in this paper we have described the eggs and the process of
oviposition. The males have been taken on flowers and swept
from vegetation growing near water.’- Although the species
is most abundant during the months I have mentioned above,
now and then.a specimen is seen later, and last summer specimens
were procured 2 as lateas August 28th, in the northern part 2 the
State tees ai
36 OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.
The hyaline basal cells in the female and the hyaline apical
third of the same in the male, and the absence of the black tri-
angle on the posterior margin of the side of the second segment
in both sexes, serve to distinguish this species.
CHRYSOPS CELER Osten Sacken.
Length 8-10 mm. Whole body black, apex of the wing beyond the
cross band clear hyaline.
Female: Base of antennae yellowish; sides of the thorax with a
conspicuous tuft of yellow hairs in front of the wings; both basal
cells of the wings brown on the basal three-fifths; cross band very nearly
reaching the posterior margin filling out the fourth posterior cell with
the exception of a very narrow apex; the fifth posterior cell is infuscated
across its base but the apex is hyaline.
Male: Black including all the atennae and the hairs on the sides
of the thorax; wing like that of the female except the anal cell is wholly
infuscated, and the hyaline spot at the apex of each of the basal cells
is shorter; these spots occupy the entire width of both cells.
Habitat: Has been taken in central and southern Ohio, and
usually appears by May 15th.
The female is distinguished from all other species by the
tufts of yellow hairs on the sides of the thorax. ° The male is
distinguished from that of niger by the hyaline spots at the apex
of the. basal cells, occupying the whole width of these cells; and
from that of fugaxr by the cross-band practically filling out the
fourth posterior ‘cell.
This is a common species in various parts of Ohio during
the latter half of May. The eggs have been observed commonly
along the margin of ponds and artificial lakes clinging to various
kinds of foliage overhanging the water. The female has been
observed ovipositing on different occasions, and is the only species
of the genus observed placing its eggs in masses composed of
layers one above the other as in Tabanus. Both sexes have often
been taken from flowers, the females are annoying to stock, and
persist in their attacks, and the male is occasionally found rest-
ing on foliage.
CHRYSOPS FALLAX Osten Sacken.
Length 6-8 mm. Face, palpi and base of antennae yellow, the
hyaline triangle reaches the costa, separating the apical spot from the
cross band; the cross band occupies nearly all of the space beyond a
line from the apex of the first vein to the apex of the posterior branch of
the third vein; the distal border of the cross band is quite regular and
is marked by a slight curve from the costa just before the apex of the
first vein to the apex of the anterior branch of the fifth vein; the fourth
posterior cell is entirely filled out with brown, the posterior branch of the
fifth vein is slightly margined with brown on | both sides and both basal
cells are hyaline.
TABANIDAS OF OHIO. 37
Female: Facial callosity black; dorsally, abdominal segments black
as follows: first with a spot beneath the scuteilum, second with two
narrow oblique spots, third and fourth each with four nearly square spots,
the others entirely black except the narrow yellow posterior margin; ven-
trally, abdomen yellow basally, marked with black on apical half.
Male: Abdominal spots on the second segment united anteriorly,
spots on third and fourth segments small.
Habitat: Medina, Sandusky, Wauseon.
The markings on the abdomen are somewhat variable, and
the male has a slight infuscation at the base of each of the basal
cells. The two sexes are so near alike that they are easily asso-
ciated.
The separation of the apical spot from the cross-band dis-
tinguishes it from all species except /ilaris, and fallax is noticea-
bly smaller than that species.
The black marking beneath the scutellum is single in fallax
and divided in hilaris.
CHRYSOPS FLAVIDUS Wiedemann.
Length 7-10 mm. First two segments of antennae yellowish, not
noticeably thickened; basal part of third segment yellowish with an
obscure brown band on its thickest part, apical half black; the thorax
has four grayish longitudinal stripes separated by brown intervals; the
parts of the wing not occupied by brown are grayish hyaline and not
clear as in most species; the hyaline triangle reaches forward to the
middle of the first submarginal cell and includes about half of the
second submarginal and parts of the first three posterior cells; the cross
band fills out the fourth posterior cell; the apex of the anal and part of the
fifth posterior are infuscated; usually the apical half of the first basal
cell and two-thirds of the second basal are hyaline but some variation
is allowable; dorsally the abdomen is brownish, lighter on the first seg-
ment and sides of second, and segments two, three and four have a
prominent gray triangle in the middle of the posterior part preceded by
a dark area which usually takes the form of a geminate spot; the anterior
margins of the last three segments are black or brown; the dark markings
of the abdomen are somewhat variable.
The male and female are alike, except in the single male I have
fully half of the second basal cell is brown.
Habitat: Taken at Cincinnati, Ohio, by Charles Dury.
Regarding the synonymy I am inclined to the belief that
flavidus, pallidus and camifrons refer to the species here consid-
ered as flavidus, for Wiedemann’s type came from Florida, Bel-
lardi’s from Mexico, and Walker’s from Georgia. Besides, they
all mention the dark markings on the abdomen.
CHRYSOPS FRIGIDUS Osten Sacken.
Length 6-8 mm. Facial callosities shining black with a stripe of
yellow pollen between them, palpi yellow; first basal cell of the wing
brown on basal three-fifths and at apex, second basal brown on basal
half and at extreme apex, cross band not quite reaching the posterior
38 OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.
margin, posterior branch of the fifth vein margined with brown which
color spreads across the apex of the anal cell and also unites with the
cross band across a large part of the fifth posterior cell, the apical spot
unites with the cross band in the marginal and first submarginal cells and
entirely fills them out with brown and extends into the anterior part of -
the second submarginal.
Female: The facial callosities black produced forward and inward
and meeting above the mouth, frontal callosity shining black; first two
segments of the abdomen broadly yellow on the sides, first segment dor-
sally with a large black spot beneath the scutellum, second with a black
spot which is variable in different specimens, in some it is smaller and
confined to the anterior half of the segment, while in others it is larger,
widened anteriorly, and may unite with the black of the third segment,
a transverse spot on anterior part of third segment occupying nearly its
whole width, last three segments black with yellow hind margins, ven—
trally abdomen yellow with small black spots in the middle of some
or all the first four segments, last three segments blackish with yellow
hind margins.
Male: Abdomen, dorsally, yellow on the side of the first four seg—
ments, middle of each of these segments with a large black spot which
is widest before and which does not reach the posterior margin of its
segment except on the first where it is confluent posteriorly with the
black of the second, last three segments black with yellow hind margins,
ventrally, like the female except the black markings are .larger than in
that sex.
Habitat: Sandusky, Ohio.
Chrysops frigidus is the only North American species of its
genus so far described with an apical spot and with the face en-
tirely black in ground color. In other species of its group the
ground color above the mouth is yellow. In this particular it
agrees with C. celer and other members of the group without an
apical spot.
CHRYSOPS INDUS Osten Sacken.
Length 7-9 mm. The apical spot fills out the marginal and first sub-
marginal cells, and extends into the second submarginal along the apical
three-fourths of the anterior branch of the third vein.
Female: Frontal callosity black, face, palpi and base of antennae
yellow; first basal cell of the wing brown except a small patch in the
apical third; abdominal segments one to four and oftentimes five and
six yellow on the sides; yellow triangles on the middle of the third and
following segments produced forward and dividing the black of these seg—
ments into two parts, thus a middorsal line is formed composed of a-series
of triangles; there is a conspicuous triangle on the second segment but
it does not extend forward to the anterior margin of that segment.
Male: Much darker in color than the female; usually the first basal
cell is entirely filled out with’ brown, but’ in ‘all specimens I have seen
there is a small hyaline patch at the apex of the second submarginal cell
and in some specimens a very small hyaline patch is present in the apical
third of the first submarginal; anal cell entirely infuscated; abdominal
segments one to four narrowly margined with yellowish on the sides;
posterior margins of the segments behind the second narrowly but plainly
yellow, and second and following segments with very small yellow tri-
angles; abdomen otherwise clear black. This sex is here described for the
first time. ~ es is
-TABANIDA, OF OHIO. _ 39
Habitat: Taken in Central Ohio. It appears usually by the
middle of May.
, . This species is one of the first to appear in the spring, and
females have been observed ovipositing on plants growing along
the margin of a small lake on the University grounds. Males
have been taken near where the females were ovipositing and on
flowers of Cornus. The eggs are placed in single layers on grass
blades that hang out over the edge of the water.
CHRYSOPS LUGENS Wiedemann.
Length 8-9 mm. First segment of the antennae yellow, second
variable but*usually yellow, third black, face yellow, its lateral: callosities
black; the hyaline triangle of the wing does not cross the second longi-
tudinal vein; the apical spot includes nearly all of the second submarginal
and the apex of the first posterior cells, so that the triangle is narrow
and may be said to be lunate; the abdomen is wholly black above or
marked on the basal part with three yellow longitudinal stripes.
Female: Frontal gallosity black; thorax dorsally with two greenish
grdy stripes, narrowly separated by brown, first basal cell brown, second
hyaline; the cross band fills out the fourth posterior cell; posterior branch
of the fifth vein obscurely. margined.
_ Male: Medium stripes of the thorax more yellow than in the
female, second basal, fifth posterior, and anal cells largely infuscated ;
to the unaided eye a subhyaline streak is visible beginning at the margin
of. the wing and passing the length of the fifth submarginal cell into the
second basal and thence toward but not attaining the base of the cell;
this sex is much like the female and easily associated with it.
Habitat: Taken at- Medina, Ohio.
‘CHRYSOPS MOECHUS Osten Sacken.
“Length 8 mm. Hyaline triangle of the wing very small occupying
only part of the second and third posterior cells.
-- ° Female: Face, palpi and base of antennae yellow, frontal callosity
black; first basal cell of wing infuscated, second hyaline except a margin
along the vein which separates it from the first, the cross band reaches
the, posterior margin .filling out the fourth posterior cell; in the fifth
posterior cell there is a margin along the posterior intercallary’ vein and
also along the posterior branch of the fifth; the apex of the anal cell ‘is
slightly infuscated; dorsally the markings of the abdomen are variable
but. four longitudinal rows of dark spots are usually visible.
Male: Face yellow, otherwise whole body including most of the
wings black; the only trace of hyaline in the basal cells is a dot on the
fourth vein near the base of the discal cell.
Habitat: “Common all over Ohio.
The very small hyaline triangle serves to distinguish this
spéciés from others, and also to associate the séxes which are
strikingly different in coloration.
toteT-have observed the females ovipositing. on foliage overhang-
ing a a imill race at’ Georgesville, Ohio, June 4; 1890. *
Tae > . . r=
40 OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.
CHRYSOPS MOERENS Walker.
Length 8 to 11 mm. A dark colored species, sides of first two
abdominal segments narrowly marked with yellow, that on the second
segment encroached upon from behind by a small black triangle. Wings
beyond the crossband with a very narrow brown border along the costa;
under side of abdomen uniformly black, or at most with suegestions of
yellowish in patches.
Female: Frontal callosity black, shining, facial callosity yellow,
shining; wings with base, costal cells and crossband, which does not
reach the posterior margin, brown or nearly black; the brown margin
along the costa beyond the crossband is so narrow as to be nearly obsolete,
both basal cells hyaline; the abdominal segments, both dorsally and ven—
trally are gray margined behind and dorsally these margins expand into
triangles in the middle of the segments.
Male: Darker colored than the female, a small patch only hyaline
at apex of each of the basal cells; posterior margins and triangles of
the abdominal segments less plainly marked than in the female; the
yellow on sides of the first two abdominal segments variable, that on
second segment present in all my specimens and quite constant, but it is
oftentimes lacking altogether on the first segment; this sex usually some—
what smaller than the female.
Habitat: Northern Ohio.
The species is a very common and annoying one at Sandusky
through July. The females bite severely and persist in follow-
ing our small boats through the marshes, and the hotter the sun
the more active the flies. The females oviposit on various kinds
of foliage in the marshes, oftentimes several rods from shore,
where the water is four feet in depth or more. The eggs are de-
posited in a single layer, and a short time after deposition become
pure shining black in color. Just how the young from masses of
eggs deposited in such deep water grow to maturity and emerge
as adults I have not been able to observe; of course some masses
of eggs are deposited very near the shore. The males have been
taken in large numbers by sweeping in grass near shore, and on
various kinds of flowers which grow in the vicinity. This is the
first mention of the male of this species, I have seen in print.
The large size, the abdomen black ventrally and the very
narrow costal margin beyond the cross-band in both sexes easily
distinguishes this species from others of its group.
CHRYSOPS MONTANUS Osten Sacken.
Length 7-8 mm. Face, palpi and base of antennae yellow; the
hyaline triangle does not cross the second longitudinal vein but in the
majority of specimens reaches entirely to it; the apical spot covers about
one half of the second submarginal cell.
Female: Frontal callosity black; first basal cell of wing infuscated
on basal third and on the narrowed part at apex; second basal cell hyaline
except a slight infuscation at extreme base; the cross band attains the
posterior margin entirely filling out the fourth posterior cell; the posterior
TABANIDA) OF OHIO. 41
branch of the fifth vein is plainly margined on both sides with brown
and this margin communicates more or less with the cross band across
the fifth posterior cell; the first abdominal segment has-a rather obscure
dark patch beneath the scutellum, the second has two elongate oblique
black spots connate anteriorly, and sometimes on either side near the
posterior margin a very small additional spot; the third and fourth each
have four black spots, and in some specimens five has likewise, but
usually five, six and seven are uniformly black on the whole anterior
part; all the segments behind the first are narrowly margined with yellow;
ventrally, abdomen yellow with apex and narrow lines on the sides of
some of the segments blackish.
Male: Both basal cells infuscated except a small hyaline patch at
the apex of each; the first segment of the abdomen is blackish with the
exception of a yellow posterior margin which is slightly expanded on
either side, the second has a large quadrate black spot in the middle
enclosing a small yellow triangle posteriorly and on each side a narrow
longitudinal spot also black; three and four are colored like two; the seg—
ments behind the second are plainly margined posteriorly with yellow
and five, six and seven are uniformly black in front. These markings
form a wide longitudinal black stripe in the middle of the abdomen
enclosing small yellow triangles on segments two to four, and on each
side of this a much narrower black stripe followed by a still narrower
black stripe. Hitherto this sex has not been described.
Habitat: Northern and Southern Ohio.
I have never found the species common except at Cincin-
nati in the region of a series of small artificial lakes. Here the
females were very persistent in attacking me, and I procured
males by sweeping the plants that grew along the edge of one of
the lakes.
CHRYSOPS NIGER Macquart.
Length 6-8 mm. First segment of antennae yellow, face yellow
with cheeks and facial callosities black; body and legs except the metatarsi
and part of the following segment on the middle and posterior pairs, black;
apex of wings beyond the cross band hyaline.
Female: First basal cell of wing brown except a small spot near the
apex bordering the fourth longitudinal vein, second basal hyaline; the
cross band nearly fills out the fourth posterior cell but does not enter the
fifth posterior; the very narrow hyaline apex of the fourth posterior cell
varies slightly in width in different specimens.
Male: Colored like the female except only a small spot at apex
of the second basal cell is hyaline, and the fifth posterior, except at
extreme base, and anal cells are dimly infuscated.
Habitat: A common species in Ohio and one of the earliest
to appear in spring.
_ The entirely hyaline second basal cell distinguishes the female
of this species from all others of its group. The small size of the
hyaline spots in the apex of the basal cells are characteristic of
the male. The hyaline spot of the first basal is very small and
borders the fourth vein.
42 OHIO STATE. ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.
Different specimens of this. species taken in the same local-
ity are quite constant; but there appears to be considerable: vari-
ation in the amount of infuscation of the first basal cell when
specimens from different sections are compared. Specimens from
the southern part of its range seem to show the most hyaline in
this cell:
‘Common in May and June in all parte of the state. The
females are often observed on horses and cattle.
CHRYSOPS OBSOLETUS Wiedemann.
Length 7-8 mm. Basal segments of antennae yellow, second and
third segments usually black although the second is sometimes yellowish;
face yellow, its lateral callosities black; thorax above with two medium
greenish gray stripes narrowly separated by brown, the hyaline triangle
of the wing crosses the second longitudinal vein and in most specimens
reaches the. costa; the apical spot is confined to the distal parts of the
marginal and first and second submarginal cells, the cross band nearly
fills out the fourth p6@sterior cell leaving only an obsolete margin at
its apex.
Female: Frontal callosity black, both basal cells hyaline; aorealiey
abdomen black with a yellow middorsal stripe on the first four segments;
variations occur in which an additional yellow stripe is present on either
side of the middorsal one, and in some specimens the first two segments
are narrowly yellow on the sides.
Male: Several specimens of this sex have the first basal cell infus—
cated and the abdomen black above with the single middorsal yellow
stripe; otherwise like the female.
Habitat: Common all over Ohio.
This is a common species in woods where the females are an
annoying pest. I have taken numbers of the males by sweeping
along the margins of artificial lakes.
CHRYSOPS SACKENTI n. Sp.
Length 8-10 mm. Abdominal segments one to four yellow on the
sides; apical spot where it joins the cross band equal in width to the
marginal cell plus one-fourth of the first submarginal at the same place.
Female: Frontal callosity yellowish on the disk, and black on the
margin; annulate portion of third atennal segment black, remainder of
antennae, face and palpi yellow; first basal cell infuscated at base for
about one-third its length, and at apex on the narrowed portion; second
basal cell with a much shorter infuscation at base and scarcely any at
apex; cross band abbreviated: behind, the fourth posterior cell not filled
out with brown; the cloud on the last section of the fifth vein spreads
practically across the anal cell and communicates with the:cross band
across the base of the fifth posterior cell; dorsally, abdominal, segments
three to six. with distinct posterior yellow margins which expand into
prominent triangles in. the middle; second segment with a prominent
triangle but not margined behind; none of the triangles reach the anterior
margins of their respective. segments; ventrally, abdomen yellow’ with.a
mid, ventral row of black spots and on each side.two narrow black stripes;
dorsally, the black on the second segment is co posed of two oblique
spots connate at the anterior third and AiR ee margins.
TABANIDAS OF OHIO. 43
Male: First basal cell with a hyaline patch before the apex; second
basal cell with a: long hyaline streak through its center; this streak is
expanded near the apex of the cell and communicates with the hyaline
patch in the first basal; the veins which bound the anal cell are margined
with brown; the yellow on the sides of the first two abdominal segments
is less extensive than in the female and the yellow triangles are smaller.
Habitat: Sandusky, Ohio.
The width of the apical spot easily separates this species from
moerens, callidus and indus. It is related to pudicus, but is more
robust, the black on the second segment is more extensive and
the cross-band different than in that species. Osten Sacken prob-
ably included it with pudicus. See his observation appended to
that species.
It appears to be a common species on Cedar Point during the
first half of June, and the females were very persistent in attack-
ing us while we were collecting the specimens we procured.
CHRYSOPS STRIATUS Osten Sacken
Length 7-9 mm. The two longitudinal stripes on the middle of the
thorax are “greenish-gray” and therefore quite different from those of
vittatus; abdomen, dorsally marked with four longitudinal stripes, the
two inner of which usually reach the scutellum and join one another on
the first segment and in now and then a specimen they also unite on the
anterior part of the second segment; the outer stripes may or may not
reach forward onto the first segment; ventrally yellow on basal half,
marked with black on middle and sides on apical half.
Female: Frontal callosity varying from light brown to pure black;
scutellum black on the disk, margined with yellow; first basal cell of
wing brown, second hyaline except a small patch at base; the cross band
leaves a very narrow margin at the apex of the fourth submarginal cell;
posterior branch of the fifth vein dimly margined on both sides, otherwise
the fifth posterior and apical cells are hyaline; the hyaline triangle occu-
pies the apical parts of the first three posterior cells and extends into
both submarginal cells in the region of the branching of the third vein;
the second submarginal is almost entirely brown in some specimens or
in others may be hyaline along the whole length of the posterior branch
of the third vein to the extent of half the cell.
Male: Scutellum usually entirely black; a subhyaline streak passes
from the margin of the wing lengthwise of the fifth posterior cell into
the second basal and toward the base of the wing along the fourth vein;
otherwise the second basal and fifth posterior cells, infuscated, first basal
brown with the exception of a small hyaline spot; apical spot includes
nearly all of the second submarginal and may encroach upon the first
posterior cel. The male is here described for the first time.
Habitat: Sandusky, Ohio, where it is fairly common.,
This species is variable and hard to define; the variations
extend to characters which in other’ species are known to be
constant, and in some instances suggest a close relationship with
sequax, whose type locality is Western Kansas. peed,
44 OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.
CHRYSOPS UNIVITTATUS Macquart.
Length 6-8 mm. Basal segment of antennae yellow, second a little
darker and third nearly black; hyaline triangle of the wing reaches or
nearly reaches the second vein; the apical spot is large, occupying all the
marginal cell beyond the cross band, the broad apex of the first sub-
marginal, all the second submarginal except a small patch at base and the
apex of the first posterior; the cross band entirely fills out the fourth.
posterior cell.
Female: Frontal callosity black, face yellow, its lateral callosities
brown or black; first basal cell brown; second basal cell with a very
little brown at base; posterior branch of the fifth vein narrowly mar—
gined with brown, abdomen with a middorsal yellow, longitudinal stripe
with a black stripe of about the same width on either side of it; outside
the black stripes the abdomen may be entirely yellow, or all but the
first two segments may be dull black, or there may be a narrower black
stripe beginning on the third segment and continuing onto the fourth
and fifth segments; the last three abdominal segments are often blackish
obscuring all stripes in that region.
Male: Second basal cell of wing brown on its basal two-thirds and
the fifth posterior more brown than in the female; last three segments of
the abdomen black, first four with a middorsal yellow stripe, on each side
of which is a wider black one; and outside of the latter on segments
three and four is an additional narrow black stripe. The three specimens
of this sex I have present no variations. It looks much like the female
and is easily associated with it.
Habitat: A common species in June in all parts of the state.
The males have been taken on various flowers.
CHRYSOPS VITTATUS Wiedemann.
Length 8-9 mm. Face, palpi and base of antennae yellow; thorax
dorsally with four bright yellow longitudinal stripes with brown intervals
“separating them; scutellum yellow; hyaline triangle of the wing rather
small occupying the apical part of the first three posterior cells and
extending into the first and second submarginal in the region of the
branching of the third vein; a hyaline streak in the second submarginal
cell usually follows the posterior branch of the third vein toward the
margin of the wing but does not reach this margin.
Female: Frontal callosity yellow; first basal cell-of wing brown,
second slightly infuscated at base, otherwise hyaline, cross band very
nearly attains the posterior margin; the fourth posterior cell except
narrow apex, fifth posterior except at base and narrow apex and anal at.
apex brown, abdomen dorsally with four longitudinal black stripes;
the two inner are pale on the first segment and the two outer on the
first and second segments; ventrally yellow, darkened at apex, and
on either side with two narrow dark lines abbreviated before.
Male: Like the female except the second basal cell of the wing
has only the apical third hyaline.
Habitat: Found in all sections of Ohio.
This species is not likely to be confused with others of our
fuana except striatus, and from this it may be distinguished by
the yellow thoracic stripes, and yellow scutellum in both sexes.
TABANIDA OF OHIO. 45
The most abundant and widespread species in this section.
‘The females are troublesome to stock, and are commonly ob-
served on horses and cattle with their abdomens filled with blood.
‘The males have been procured along the margin of ponds and on
various kinds of flowers.
PANGONIA Latreille.
Hist. Nat. des Crust. et des Ins. III, 16802.
Only a single species of this genus has been taken in Ohio
up to the present time. Two others have a range such that they
may be considered as probably belonging to our fauna. These
three are considered in the key below. "The males and females
are so much alike that a single key will serve for both sexes.
Key to the species.
1. Antennae dark 2.
Antennae light reddish or yellow - pigra.
2. Hind borders of the abdominal segments with gray hairs rasa.
Hind borders of the abdominal segments with golden-yellow
hairs tranquilla,
PANGONIA RASA Loew.
Length 11-13 mm. A brownish species with the hind margins of
the abdominal segments white; femora light brown, tibiae and tarsi
darker; first two segments of the antennae brown with black hairs, third
segment nearly black; wings pure hyaline with brown stigma.
Female: Thorax distinctly gray with three darker longitudinal
vittae; abdominal segments ‘with distinct gray margins which in some
cases expand into median triangles, most distinct on the second segment;
proboscis slightly longer than the height of the head nearly black in color,
‘maxillary palps yellowish, the terminal segment pointing downward and
slightly forward, half as long as the proboscis.
Male: General color darker than in the female, the posterior
margins of the abdominal segments narrower and consequently less prom—
inent than in the female and with no trace of a median triangle on any of
the segments; proboscis about as long as the height of the head, palpi
darker than in the female with the terminal segment pointing almost
directly forward.
Habitat: Northern and Southern Ohio.
I have taken both male and female on flowers, but have never
observed the female around stock.
coNniops Aldrich.
Psyche VI, 236, 1892.
There is only one species in this genus. So far as our species
of this group are concerned, the genus appears to be sufficiently
characterized, but a full knowledge of Central and South Ameri-
can forms is necessary before conclusive results can be reached in
the sub-family.
46 OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.
GONIOPS CHRYSOCOMA Osten Sacken.
Length 12-14 mm. Abdomen short and wide; legs pale; wings:
hyaline at base and on part of posterior margin, otherwise dark almost
black in fully matured specimens. .
Female: Body entirely pale yellowish although some specimens.
show a brownish tinge on dorsum of thorax and abdomen, posterior
margins of abdominal segments clothed with silvery white hair; face
and front wide, eyes small, and pointed above, a line along the inner side
of each from the most inferior to the most superior points is very nearly
a straight line; proboscis much shorter than the head, palpi nearly as.
long as the proboscis.
Male: Thorax black above with two narrow longitudinal stripes,
abdomen black with a tinge of reddish on the sides and with narrow
posterior margins to the segments; clothed with pale yellowish pile.
Habitat: Northern and Southern Ohio.
I have taken both sexes of this species from foliage, but have
not observed the female around stock. The peculiar dark mark-
ings on the wings of both sexes and the form of the eyes and
wide front in the female will serve to distinguish this species.
from all others of the family in our fuana.
TABANUS Linne.
Fauna Suecica, 1761.
In this genus the markings of the abdomen are much used
for distinguishing species. The term gray markings as used in
the key below refer to the rows of triangles and to the stripes,
and not to the gray margins of the various segments. The males.
and females of the same species in this genus are very much
alike in coloration, so it does not appear necessary to construct
a separate key for each sex.
Key to the species.
1. Eyes bare 2
Eyes pilose 16.
2. Abdomen with definite gray markings ere
Abdomen not with definite gray markings 13..
3. The gray markings of the abdomen consist of a single longi— -
tudinal row of triangles 4
The gray markings of the abdomen consist of three longi-
tudinal rows of triangles or spots 19.
The gray markings consist of a middorsal stripe running from
the scutellum to the end of the abdomen, and usually an
additional stripe on each side 12.
4. Wing uniformly hyaline, but the stigma brown cofteatus.
- Wing smoky on basal part or with distinct spots of brown, at’
least along the cross veins and bifurcation of the third’ vein Pas
5. Wing with distinct brown patches other than along the cross. *:.
., veins and the bifurcation. of the third, vein venustus,
Wing without distinct brown except along the margins of the _..
cross veins and bifurcation of the third vein : 08
10.
iiske
19..:,
20.
_Abdomen narrowly. or, obsoletely reddish on the sides - _ carolinensis.
oie
~*~ Prevailing color of the thorak and abdomen. Dlack, “thinly
TABANIDA OF OHIO. |: 4:7
Prevailing color of the abdomen black,
Prevailing color of the abdomen reddish brown 8-
Segments two to five with small gray triangles superjumentarius.
Segments three to five with large gray triangles, no triangle
on the second segment trimaculatus.
Abdominal segments two to five with me dtiten sized gray
triangles, wing of female whitish on the disk, all the
facets of the eyes of the male of nearly the same size variegatus.
Abdominal segments two to five with large gray triangles,
wing of the female not whitish on the disk, large and
small facets of the eyes of the male distinctly differen—
tiated sulcifrons.
The gray spots on the sides of the abdominal segments are
small and do not touch the hind margin il).
The gray spots on the sides of the abdominal segments are
large and touch the hind margin Il.
Third antennal segment long and narrow, prevailing color
of the abdomen reddish brown longus.
Third antennal segment rather short and wide, prevailing
color of the abdomen black pumilus.
Gray stripes on the thorax plainly reaching the scutellum vivax.
Gray stripes on the thorax obsolete behind MVOSUS.
Thorax uniformly yellowish pollinose, costal cells yellow costalis.
Thorax dark colored with gray stripes, costal cells hyaline lineola
Whole body including the wings black atratus.
Whole body including the wings not black 14.
Abdomen black, wings brownish with a darker spot at the
bifurcation of the third vein stygius.
Abdomen brownish, no dark spot at the bifurcation af the
third vein 15.
Wings hyaline except the costal cells which are brown americanus,
Wings uniformly brownish giganteus.
Cross veins and bifurcation of the third vein margined with
brown : ie
Cross veins and bifurcation of the third vein not margined
with brown 18.
’Rather large, grayish species; abdomen: not distinctly reddish
on the sides reinwardtu.
Medium sized, abdomen’ broadly reddish on the sides Jastophthalmus.
Third antennal segment deeply excised making the basal pro-
cess long, general color chocolate. brown ‘” cerastes.
Third antennal: segment not deeply excised 19.
Medium sized species, -ocelligerous tubercleipresent . |; 20.
Rather small species, no ocelligerous tubercle teas Srtnrhey ~ ede
Abdomen broadly and distinctly reddish on the sides ~:. eprstatus,
Preyailing color of the whole body bright yellowish bicolar.
dusted with’ grayish ‘pollen: M8 |" ohioensis.
48 OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.
TABANUS ATRATUS Fabricius.
Length 16-28 mm. The male and female of this common species are
easily associated as they differ only in sexual characteristics. The whole
insect is uniformly black and the thorax and abdomen in well preserved
specimens are thinly covered with a whitish dust which is easily rubbed
off when specimens are not properly cared for.
It cannot be confused with any species recorded from Ohio but
the smaller specimens resemble wiedemanni very closely. The wider front,
the longer basal process of the third antennal segment, and the shape
of the frontal callosity, which is square in wiedemanni and wider than
high in atratus, are distinctive characters. Its much larger size and
less shining color distinguish it from lugubris.
Habitat: Common all over Ohio,
Never numerous enough to be a particularly striking pest,
but specimens have been taken in every month from June to Sep-
tember, so that it is one of the species one may expect to see at
any time during the summer. The eggs are deposited around
marshy places on grasses and sedges, and the larve are to be
found by digging in the mud. Larve are easily kept in confine-
ment for months, and feed on various invertebrate forms. Fish-
worms seem to suit them well, and they have no hesitation in
eating their own species, therefore, in rearing each larva must
have a separate cage. In one instance where I placed a larva in
the same cage with a pupa it was not long before the former
bored through the covering of the latter and began feeding upon
the soft inner parts. The larve push through the soil in all
directions in search of food, and the earth in the breeding cage
where an active larva is confined usually proves that it is capable
of finding everything that will sustain life before giving up in
despair.
TABANUS BICOLOR Macquart.
Length 10-13 mm. Whole insect bright yellowish but thorax and
a rather wide middorsal stripe on the abdomen darker than the other
parts. Eyes pilose but no ocelligerous tubercle present in either sex:
Antennae, palpi, proboscis and legs yellow, dorsum of thorax including
the scutellum brown in ground color but uniformly covered with yellow
pollen; wings hyaline with yellowish veins; middorsal stripe of the
abdomen brown, also covered with yellow pollen, usually widest on
the first segment and gradually narrowing to the end of the abdomen
or sometimes slightly widened again on the last two or three segments.
The male and female are marked alike, but in the latter sex there is a
tendency for the dark color of the abdomen to be more diffuse with limits
not plainly apparent.
Habitat: Sandusky and Danville.
The bright yellowish color of this species is characteristic.
It has not been observed annoying stock. Most of my specimens
were taken by sweeping in grasses in marshy places.
TABANIDA OF OHIO. 49
TABANUS CAROLINENSIS Macquart.
Length 12-15 mm. Eyes pilose; a small ocelligerous tubercle pre-
sent, palpi pale, antenna reddish, annulate portion of the third seg-
ment black or in some specimens the black of the antenna is more
extensive, including a large part of the third segment and the superior
angles of the first and second segments. Thorax black with obsolete
gray stripes, thinly gray pollinose, and. clothed, especially on the sides,
with gray pile; wings hyaline with base and costal cells pale yellowish,
veins brown; legs “reddish brown, tarsi and apices of all the tibiae
darker ; abdomen above brown, lighter colored on the sides, each segment
with a gray hind margin which expands into a small triangle at the
middle.
Female: Subcallus denuded, shining brown or blackish, communi-
cating with the frontal callosity which is rather small and separated
from a linear denuded spot above it by a pollinose interval; vertex in
the region of the ocelligerous tubercle denuded, shining brown. Eyes
pilose, but this is rather difficult to see if not aided by a strong lense.
Male: Subcallus not denuded; eyes plainly but short pilose ; head
not noticeably larger than in the female.
Habitat: Ironton, Cincinnati, Newark and Medina.
The abdominal markings are variable and therefore hard to
describe. The change from reddish to black is very often so grad-
ual that it is hard to say where the one color ends and the other
begins. The gray posterior margins of the segments are very
narrow, and the middorsal row of triangles very small. The de-
nuded subeallus of the female in conjunction with the hyaline
wings is sufficient to separate it from related Ohio:species. It is
close to rhombicus of the western states.
1
TABANUS CERASTES Osten Sacken.
Length 14-16 mm. Eyes pilose, palpi pale, first two segments of the
antenna reddish with black hairs; third segment with a very prominent
basal process, apex of this process and annulate portion black, remainder
reddish; thorax brown with five rather prominent gray stripes, scutellum
uniform brown; the vestiture of the thorax and scutellum give a grayish
appearance ; wings ‘hyaline, veins brown and costal cell smoky; legs
brownish with the tarsi and apical part of all the tibiae darker. Abdomen
above dark brown, with a middorsal row of gray triangles, a row of
prominent gray spots on each side, and gray posterior margin on each
segment.
Female: Frontal callosity shining brown and nearly square, as
wide as the front, and with an elongate denuded spot above it; sides of
the front parallel.
Male: Head noticeably larger than in the female, but the color-
ation does not differ from that sex.
Habitat: Hanging Rock, on the Ohio River, May 29, resf-
ing on foliage.
This species is very much like some others with pilose eyes,
but both sexes are readily distinguished by the very prominent
basal process on the third segment of the antenna.
50 OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.
TABANUS COSTALIS Wiedemann.
Length 12-14 mm. Palpi yellowish, antennae brownish with the
annulate portion darker; thorax including the scutellum uniformly grayish
yellow pollinose; legs largely black,-base of front tibiae and the middle
and hind tibiae except at apex yellowish; wings hyaline with the costal
cells yellowish, veins yellowish; abdomen above alternately striped with
black and grayish yellow.
Female: Frontal callosity black, above with a very much nebo
prolongation the part of which adjacent to the callosity is sometimes
obliterated leaving the upper part as a separate spot.
Male: This sex is much like the female and easily associated with
it, but there is a tendency toward obliteration of the distinct markings
of the abdomen, the black of the female is replaced by brownish and
the stripes may blend so that the whole base of the abdomen is prac—
tically one color.
Habitat: Common all over Ohio.
This species may be confused with nigrovittatus, sagav and
fulvulus, all of which have the yellowish costal cells. The last
two are usually larger than costalis, and the spots on the sides
of the abdomen above are not contiguous; the former has the
apex of the third tibia reddish, while costalis has the same part
black. So far nigrovittatus is known from the Atlantic coast only.
The green- -headed fly, as costalis is called, is one of our worst
stock pests. It is most abundant during August, when:a large
number of other annoying flies are numerous.
TABANUS EPISTATUS Osten Sacken.
Length 14-16 mm. Eyes pilose, ocelligerous tubercle present; thorax
black with rather prominent gray stripes; wing hyaline with extreme
base, costal cells and veins brownish, abdomen broadly reddish on the
sides.
Female: Subcallus often although not always denuded; palpi dis-
tinctly thickened and rather short, front gradually widened above,
frontal callosity small, shining brown, rounded above, and separated
from a linear shining spot above it by a pollinose interval. Legs brown,
femora lighter than the other parts.
Male: Subcallus not denuded in the specimens before me, head
rather small, eyes distinctly pilose; palpi short and thick.
Habitat: . Sandusky; taken in the tall grass on the border
of a marsh July 6th.
__ This species is very close to affinis, but easily separated from
it by the enlarged palpi. The palpi in affinis até long and slender.
The. color of the abdomen is variable, in some specimens
there is a distinct black middorsal stripe, but in others this stripe
is more or less broken up by the encroachmient of the reddish,
TABANIDA OF OHIO, 51
TABANUS GIGANTEUS Degeer.
Length 22-25 mm. Palpi pale, atennae reddish; thorax reddish
brown with some darker stripes, and thinly clothed with gray pollen,
scutellum dark at base reddish at apex, wings uniformly reddish brown,
legs reddish with tarsi darker than the other parts; abdomen above dark
brown, approaching black with gray hind margins to the segments.
Female: Front quite narrow, yellowish pollinose; frontal callosity
shining brown, not quite as wide as the front below, gradually narrowed
on upper half and extending above into a linear prolongation which reaches
more than half way to the vertex.
Male: Colored like the female, head rather small; eyes composed
of large and small facets but the difference in size not so great as in
most other species.
Habitat: Wauseon, London, Newark and Cincinnati.
The species occurs late in the season, and I have never found
it abundant, though it appears to be widely distributed. Its color
and large size easily separate it from all North American species
except americanus, and that species has hyaline wings with the
costal cell dark brown.
TABANUS LASIOPHTHALMUS Macquart.
Length 13-15 mm. Eyes pilose, ocelligerous tubercle present, thorax
black with narrow gray stripes which are not prominent; wings hyaline,
cross veins and bifurcation of the third vein margined with brown.
Abdomen broadly reddish on the sides.
Female: Subcallus denuded, shining black; frontal callosity also
shining black, as wide as the front, and separated from a denuded spot
above by a pollinose interval; front slightly widened above.
Male: Subcallus not denuded, eyes very plainly pilose, head about
equal in size to that of the female.
Habitat: Common in all parts of the state from May 15
to June 15.
Very easily recognized by its pilose eyes in connection with
the denuded subcallus and brown margins to the cross veins and
bifurcation of the third vein.
TABANUS LINEOLA Fabricius.
Length 12-15 mm. Palpi white, antennae reddish, annulate portion
of third segment darker; thorax brown and gray striped, the latter color
not prominent; wings hyaline; legs reddish, apex of the front tibia
plainly, apexes of middle and hind tibiae faintly, and all of the, tarsi
‘dark brown; eu Oe above brown or black with three Drominent, gray
‘stripes. ~-- ees}
he The Fale: and onan aa this. species are feaeily Soa He We In
the. latter sex there, is sometimes a;confusion, of colors; the ,dark, is
replaced by reddish but the gray middorsal stripe is always prominent
in all well preserved specimens.
52 OHIO STATK ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.
Habitat: Common all over Ohio.
This and costalis are near together in size, but the hyaline
costal cell and gray striped thorax distinguish limeola. It is an
annoying pest during the first part of the summer.
TABANUS LONGUS Osten Sacken.
Length 14-15 mm. General color brownish, form somewhat elon-
gate; palpi white with short hairs, part of which appear bla¢k; antennae
reddish, third segment black on apical part; thorax brownish with faint
grayish stripes, wings hyaline, legs brownish, tibiae especially the last
four segments darker; abdomen above brown with narrow, gray hind
borders to the segments; a row of faint elongate spots on the middorsal
line, these form a continuous row and therefore take on the appearance
of a stripe, each of the first five or six segments of the abdomen have
on either side a small somewhat oblique spot which does not touch
either margin.
Female: Front slightly wider above, clothed with grayish yellow
pollen; frontal callosity nearly square, dark brown, and either united
or separated from a shining spot which lies above it and which appears
to be the upper part of the linear prolongation seen in many species.
Male: Like the female except in sexual characteristics.
Habitat: Medina, Ohio, where it is common and often ob-
served on horses.
TABANUS NIvOSUS Osten Sacken.
Length 12-14 mm. Palpi pale yellow, antennae black, five narrow
gray stripes on the anterior part of the thorax, these are obsolete behind,
wings hyaline with brown veins, legs black, tibiae more or less reddish;
abdominal segments above with very narrow gray hind borders which
expand into small gray triangles in the middle, prominent gray markings
on the sides of the segments, these markings get smaller gradually from
before backwards, and outwardly from them on each side is a row of
black spots which vary in size in different specimens.
Female: Sides of the front parallel, frontal callosity brown, nearly
as wide as the front, and above with a linear prolongation which reaches
half way to the vertex.
Male: The two sexes are easily associated but the male usually
has most gray on the abdomen.
Habitat: Sandusky, where it is common.
This species resembles vivax somewhat, but the pale yellow
palpi in both sexes, the parallel sides to the front in the female
and the lack of prominent gray stripes on the thorax are char-
acteristic of nivosus. It appears to be partial to stagnant water,
while vivax breeds in swift flowing streams. It is one of the
Ohio species which readily attacks man, and is somewhat of an
annoyance at the bathing beach, following out over the water as
far as one is pleased to go. :
TABANIDZ OF OHIO. 53
TABANUS OHIOENSIS Hine.
Length 10 mm. Opaque black, eyes pilose, legs pale except the
bases of all the femora which are black; whole body clothed with rather
long gray hairs and a thin dusting of grayish pollen.
Female: Front and face very pale yellowish pollinose, palpi pale,
antennae yellow; irontal callosity and ocelligerous tubercles wanting,
wings hyaline with pale yellowish veins, abdomen with just a trace of red
on the sides of the first two segments, otherwise dark and the gray hairs
on the posterior border of each segment above gives the appearance of
the segments being margined with gray posteriorly.
Male: Abdomen plainly red on the sides of the first three segments ;
otherwise colored as in the female.
Habitat: Columbus, Danville and Medina.
This species belongs to the same group with bicolor and tho-
racicus, but its much darker color serves to recognize it readily.
Like bicolor if frequents marshy places, and is most readily pro-
cured by sweeping in grasses growing in such puaces.
TABANUS PUMILUS Macquart.
Length 8-10 mm. First segment of the atennae and annulate por-
tion of the third black, thorax black with distinct gray stripes, wings
hyaline; abdomen above black with narrow gray margins to the seg-
ments, a middorsal row of gray triangles, each in connection with the
posterior margin of its segment, and on either side of this row of tri-
angles a row of small nearly round gray spots none of which touch
either margin of the segments.
Female: Front distinctly wider above, frontal callosity shining
black, nearly square and occupying nearly the whole width of the front.
Abdomen sometimes reddish on the sides.
Male: Head large, the division between large and small facets
well marked and there is a striking difference in the size of the facets.
The abdomen in some specimens has a suggestion of reddish on the
sides.
Habitat: Medina, Danville and Cincinnati.
In appearance very much like fratellus of the Northwest, and
sparus described from New Hampshire. In the latter species the
gray spots on the sides of the abdomen above are larger, and on
the second and third segments are broadly contiguous with the
hind margin. The third antennal segment is noticeably narowed
in fratellus, while in pumilus it is wide with a distinct basal pro-
cess.
In the field this species has habits much like a Chrysops for
it persists in its attacks on the collector. Specimens are easily
taken with the net at such times. It is often observed annoying
horses and cattle.
ae OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.
TABANUS REINWARDTII Weidemann.
Length 14-19 mm. Eyes pilose, palpi pale yellowish, antennae ~
black, sometimes first segment reddish; thorax brownish, thickly clothed
with rather long gray hairs, above with white stripes; legs largely dark
colored but the basal part of all the tibiae yellowish, this color is least
extensive on the anterior pair; wings hyaline with the cross veins and
bifurcation of the third vein margined with brown; abdomen with a
middorsal row of prominent gray triangles and on either side of this
a row of oblique gray spots which connect with the narrow gray hind
margins of the segments.
Female: Frontal callosity shining black, scarcely as wide as the
front, slightly higher than wide and with a linear prolongation above;
sides of the front parallel.
Male: Thorax more thickly pilose than in the female, head ont
slightly larger, eyes very distinctly pilose.
Habitat: Cincinnati and Medina.
TABANUS STYGIUS Say.
Length 20-22 mm. Third segment of the antennae red at base,
blackish at apex, first and second segments and palpi dark; legs black,
often the tibiae reddish at base; wings yellowish brown with the posterior
border approaching hyaline, a brown spot on the bifurcation of the third
vein, also the transverse vein closing the discal cell margined with
brownish; abdomen uniform black.
Female: Thorax dorsally plainly whitish pollinose with more in—
tense longitudinal lines.
Male: Thorax dorsally uniform grayish brown in well preserved
specimens.
Habitat: Sandusky, Wauseon and Cincinnati.
It is closely related to nigrescens, but in the specimens before
me the wings have more color on the anterior part than in that
species. In nigrescens the dorsum of the thorax is shining black,
thinly whitish pollinose on anterior fourth in both sexes, there-
fore the difference in color in this region is distinctive when
dealing with perfect specimens. However, the males are very
close at best, and easily confused.
It resembles punctifer somewhat, but this species has the
front tibia white on basal third and the thorax uniformly white
in both sexes.
The females oviposit on Sagittaria growing in shallow water
at Sandusky, and on a previous page I have fully described aru
process.
TABANUS SULCIFRONS Macquart.
Length 18-21 mm. Palpi brownish, antennae nearly black with the
third segment brownish at base; legs dark, bases of tibiae darker;
wings with a distinct brownish tinge, cross veins at the end of the
discal cell and bifurcation of the third vein margined with brown.
TABANIDAS OF OHIO. 55.
Female: Front with parallel sides, frontal callosity shining brown,
not quite as wide as the front, nearly square and with a linear prolon-
gation above. Segments of the abdomen above with prominent gray,
hind margins which expand into large gray triangles in the middle;
usually a black mark on the anterior part of each of the second and third
segments at the apex of the gray triangle.
Male: The division between the large and small facets of the eye
prominent; head slightly more convex than in the female but nearly of
the same size, coloration of the whole body the same as in the female.
Habitat: Common in all parts of Ohio in August.
This species is very near exul and abdominalis, neither of
which have been recoznized from this state, although it it within
their range. The large, gray, abdominal triangles are characteristic
of sulcifrons. In abdominalts the first posterior cell is closed, and
the front in the female is noticeably narrowed. In exul the head
of the male is sub-hemispherical and the abdominal triangles are
moderate. Regarding its relationship with variegatus see under
that species below.
In certain parts of Ohio this species is so abundant that it is
one of the worst of stock pests.
TABANUS SUPERJUMENTARIUS Whitney.
Length 16-20 mm. This species resembles trimaculatus in many
respects but the following differences may be noted: the legs are uniformly
black or at least dark with occasionally a suggestion of reddish at the
bases of the tibiae; the wings are uniformly subhyaline with no darker
margins to the cross veins and bifurcation of the third vein; dorsally,
abdominal segments two, three, four and five each with a very small
white triangle in connection with the middle of the posterior margin;
ventrally, there is not the contrast between the colors of the median and
lateral areas exhibited in trimaculatus.
The male and female are colored alike except in the specimens before
me the thorax is not so distinctly white in the former as in the latter.
Habitat: Akron and Cincinnati.
TABANUS TRIMACULATUS Palisot de Beauvois.
Length 16-19 mm. Antennae dark, nearly black, palpi yellowish;
thorax dorsally with whitish pollinose stripes and brownish intervals,
scutellum uniformly whitish pollinose; legs black except base of all the
tibiae which are white; wings hyaline, costal cell brown, bifurcation of
the third vein, cross veins and sections of veins that have a transverse
direction margined with brown; abdomen dorsally black with a large
white triangle in connection with the middle of the posterior margin of
each of segments three, four and five; abdomen ventrally white on the
sides and a wide black median stripe.
The male and female differ only in sexual characteristics.
Habitat: All sections of the state during the latter part of
May and the first half of June. Occasionally as late as July first.
The three prominent triangular white markings of the ab-
domen easily distinguish this species.
56 OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.
TABANUS VARIEGATUS Fabricius.
Length 20-23 mm. This species is much like sulcifrons, but the
gray triangles in the middle of the abdominal segments are smaller
than in that species and the disk of the wings, at least in the female,
have a suggestion of whitish.
Female: Gray triangles of the abdomen prominent, those on the
second and. third and sometimes the fourth segments preceeded by a
black mark, a blackish marking at the lateral margin of each abdominal
segment and last two or three segments largely dark.
Male: What is most probably the male of this species as it was
taken in the same locality with the females may be described as follows:
colored much like the female and therefore much like sulcifrons, but the
middorsal row of triangles are very small and preceded by black markings
on the second, third and fourth segments; cross veins at the apex of
the discal cell, and the bifurcation of the third vein narrowly margined
with brown; the facets of the eyes nearly uniform in size, those on the
disk of the eye are slightly larger than at the margin but the difference
is no where near as striking as in the male of sulcifrons.
Habitat: Central Ohio.
TABANUS VENUSTUS Osten Sacken.
Length 13-15 mm. Antennae and palpi brownish, thorax with white
stripes and brown intervals, scutellum uniformly whitish pollinose; wings
variegated with brown and hyaline as follows: base hyaline as far out ~
as the humeral cross vein, beyond this a brown band extending from
costa to posterior margin and occupying about half of the anal cell, then
follows a shorter band partially confluent with the former and surround—
ing the cross veins which close the basal cells, the brown apex of the
marginal cell is confluent across the first submarginal with the prominent
brown spot at the bifurcation of the third vein, the transverse veins
closing the discal cell are broadly margined and a lighter brown space
follows the posterior border of the wing to its apex where it unites with
the darker brown in that region.
Female: The posterior margins of the abdominal segments above
are gray and expand into prominent triangles in the middle of segments
two, three and four. In the middle of the venter is a wide brown stripe
bordered on each side by lighter.
Male: This sex is like the other except the dorsal markings of the
abdominal segments are expanded laterally and give the appearance of
wide posterior margins.
Habitat: Cincinnati, Ohio, June 25.
Taken by Mr. Charles Dury, who has donated a male and
female to the University collection.
This is the only species of Tabanus in our fauna with the
wings variegated on basal half.
TABANUS VIVAX Osten Sacken.
Length 14-16 mm. Slightly elongate, antennae black, first segment
partially reddish especially in the female, face clothed with gray hairs
and pollen, the latter having a yellowish tinge ; thorax with five gray stripes
separated by black, scutellum uniformly black with gray hairs on the
TABANIDA OF OHIO. 57
-posterior margin and with darker hairs on the basal part, wings hyaline,
legs somewhat variable but inclined to black with the basal part of the
tibiae yellow, abdomen with a prominent middorsal row of gray triangles
and gray spots on each side.
Female: Palpi light yellow front noticeably gradually widened
above, frontal callosity below nearly as wide as the front, about square,
above with a narrowed extension which reaches half way to the vertex;
segments of the abdomen above with gray posterior margins which
expand into prominent triangles in the middle; first two segments nearly
uniform gray on the sides, next three segments with extensive gray
markings enclosing a black patch on the anterior part of the segments,
last three segments largely black on the sides; the black on the second
segment takes the form of two spots connected before and produced
laterally so as to include the anterior margin of the segment; on the
following three segments the black takes the form of four spots, the middle
two of which are united before.
Male: Antennae black, palpi darker than in the female, and the
legs may be said to be uniform black except that the bases of all the tibiae
are pale; abdomen with more gray than in the other sex but the arrange-
‘ment is the same.
Habitat: Oxford, Georgesville, Loudonville and Medina.
The two sexes are easily associated. The species may be
confused with mvosus, coffeatus, longus and some of the species
with hairy eyes, but these latter need not enter into the case if
care is exercised. From longus its uniform black instead of red-
dish color is distinctive, coffeatus has only the posterior margins
of the segments white on the sides, and a reference to the descrip-
tion of mivosus above will reveal the difference between vivax and
that species.
The larve live in streams, and the females have been observed
ovipositing on stones in ripples. The egg mass is not so convex
as in many other species, but covers more surface.
“ur ca
moot \ies/ Be
ICA EL
All the figures were taken from Tabanus sulcifrons.
Fig. 1. Anterior of head of male. The greater part of this view is
occupied by the compound eyes on the surface of which are to be seen the
transverse green bands which are represented by heavy black lines. The
space included within the dotted lines represents the location of the enlarged
facets. a, vertical triangle; b, first segment of one of the antennae;
c, frontal triangle, a plus c form the front; d and e, face, e, cheek; f,
one of the maxillary palpi; g, proboscis; h, labella.
Fig. 2. Anterior view of head of female. c, front which includes.
all the space down as far as the base of the antennae; b, frontal callosity
with linear extension above; a, subcallus; d, f, face, f, cheek; e, basal
segment of antennae; g, maxillary palpus.
Fig. 3. Side view of proboscis and maxillary palpus of female. c,
proboscis; d, labella; a, basal segment; b, apical segment of a maxillary
palpus.
Fig. 4. Mouth parts of female. a, apical segment; b, basal seg—
ment of maxillary palpus; c, maxilla; d, mandibles; e, hypopharynx;.
f, labrum.
Fig. 5. Mouth parts of male. a, b, maxillary palpus; c, maxilla;
d, labrum; e, hypopharynx.
Fig. 6. Dorsal view of segments 8, 9, 10 of the male abdomen.
n, p, q, segments 8, 9, 10, respectively; 0, basal segment of clasper.
Fig. 7. Ventral view of Fig. 6. n, q, r, segments 8, 9, 10 respect—
ively; 0, p, segments 1 and 2 of claspers respectively.
Fig. 8. n, 0, p, dorsal view of segments 8, 9, 10 of female abdomen.
respectively.
Fig. 9. Ventral view of Fig. 8. q, infraanal plate.
Fig. 10. Same as Fig. 6, showing different position of male claspers.
Fig. 11. Same as Fig. 7, showing different position of claspers. The
second segment of the claspers is folded under the first.
Fig. 12. Last segment of female front tarsus...a, pulvillus; b, claw;
c, empodium. Re 23
Fig. 13. Last segment of male front tarsus lettered as in Fig. 12.
Fig. 14. Female antenna. i, j, k, segments 1, .2, 3 respectively.
The third segment is prominent at basé and composed of five annulations,
the basal one of which is longer than. the others combined.
Fig. 15 Male antenna.
OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. Plate IT.
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HINE on ‘‘ Tabanidz of Ohio.’’
PLATE Ii.
Po ibests IV. VV, Vi, first; second; third,-fourth, Rith, sixth
longitudinal veins respectively; VII, costa or costal vein; VIII, auxiliary
vein; IX, transverse shoulder vein; X, small cross—vein; XI, posterior
cross-vein; XII, anterior branch of the third vein; XIII, posterior
branch of the third vein; XIV, anterior intercalary vein; XV, anterior
branch of the fifth vein; XVI, posterior intercalary vein; XVII, anterior
basal transverse vein; XVIII, posterior branch of the fifth vein.
a, b, c, first, second and third costal cells respectively, or costal cell;
d, marginal cell; e, f, first and second submarginal cells respectively ;
g, h, i, j, k, first, second, third, fourth and fifth posterior cells respect-
ively; 1, discal cell; m, n, first and second basal cells respectively; o,
anal cell; p, axillary cell.
1, anal angle; 2, alula; 3, antitegula; 4, tegula; 5, axillary in—
cission,
The drawing is taken from the wing of Tabanus Stygius Say.
INDEX TO TOPICS.
Introduction, ; 3 : : ; 5 : , : - ees
Eggs and Egg-laying, 4
Larva and Pupa, , : : : j 3 5
Field Habits of the Adults, 3 , : ‘ ; 5 ; ; 6
9
Anatomy of Tabanus sulcifrons,
Males compared with Femaies, ; ‘ : A : 5 13
Artificial Remedies, ; ; j : : ; ; : : Ail
Natural Enemies, . 3 : : : : ; : , : 15
Bibliography of Literature, : ; : : : : , ses
Catalogue of Species, : ‘ c 3 . ; : : 19
A Systematic Treatise of Ohio Species, : ; ‘ : : = 29
Explanation of Terms, : ; 5 5 4 : ; 29
Family Characters, . ; ; : ; : : . arace235
Key to the North American Generc, . ; c : : 31
INDEX TO SPECIES.
PAGE. PAGE
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RIMMNeUS eit eee 34 Ales Sabadoddabs asobcuc 48
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ITS STIS staveletevsietet ayiy28 fe ciao erst 39 lasiophthalmus............ 51
MOTOS naa sae peCOnnOoOuE 39 INDE 65454 0nccgnnboosun 51
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ODSOLEHUIS: Aras aoe 42 PERRIS Ao eet oie aac) cee aio» 53
SACK Ene ny tear eerie 42 MEL ALG titerwrreiyele cieleis teers 54
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RELAIS sero aj. alears ssp seer 44 superjumentarius.......... 55
ME OULO OS Ai he icc eatin aus 45 trimaculatus .............. 55
CHrysOCOMia. <0) j2). facets 3 46 WAL PALS tit lates) elayolalay Version 56
PRP AIST tig laters sti = eucteta es oye. « 45 VETUISUUS seeps cforetefer fatter el cceheas 56
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Annual |
Report |
©
Eleventh|
Eleventh Annual Report
OF THE
OHIO STATE
ACADEMY OF SCIENCE
IOO2:
ORGANIZED 1801.
LIBRARY
INCORPORATED 1892. NEW YORK
BOTANICAL
GARDEN
PUBLICATION COMMITTEE :
J. H. SCHAFFNER. IL. H. MCFADDEN. GERARD FOWKE.
[DATE OF PUBLICATION, MAY 1, 1903. ]
PUBLISHED BY THE ACADEMY.
COLUMBUS, OHIO.
With the Eleventh Annual Report are published, under sepa-
rate covers, three ‘‘ Special Papers,’’ as follows :
Special Papers—No. 5. ‘‘Tabanidae of Ohio.”
With a catalogue and bibliography of the species from America
north of Mexico. By JAMES S. HINE.
Special Papers—No. 6. “*The Birds of Ohio.”
A Revised Catalogue. By LyNpDs JONES, M. Sc.
Spdcial Papers—No. 7. ‘‘ Ecological Study of big Spring Prairie.”
By THomas A. BONSER.
LIBRARY
NEW YoRK
BOTANICAL
TABLE OF CONTENTS. GAK LEN
? PAGE
CERCC(EL AS M060) So aor Rr pan TL aR RIE ara: ie eral RA ie a ere Cr Oe 5
JEG. ORIG Ga ieee aieet ecu AAG sy ut, Onsale EEA ER AR MA rahe ert ir PRR et eee 6
Membership, Bebriany If L903... 4... ee atte aay)
Report of the Twelfth Annual Meeting of the ieee eee Ob Science... a: II
29 EGS 9h WEE UNA Ci RNA Or ISM ert a KB CRN Ys Ra a ake SE, Ay a 13
President’s Address—‘‘ The Dietetic Value of Fruit.’’ William R. Lazenby 15
PAPERS AND ABSTRACTS.
«“The Currents in Sandusky Bay.”? E. l. Moseley........ eo eto 21
okie Victeor of September 15,.1902."" “E. Te Moseley.) youve c oete oie 26
“Additions and Corrections to the Sandusky Flora.’’ E. L. Mosley..... 27
“A Note on the Significance of the Size of Nerve Fibers in Fishes.’’
erp ridsonpilennlckeren mcr es tet eee eR eee eter tees 27
sOhionstatious fon Wlyriostoma.’) » john Hl. Schatiner.c.sen.e<. este: 27
‘* Preliminary Report on the Plant Ecology of Brush Lake.*’ John H.
SST eA ITT Tare ray reaps Povey Pav Hes Phe at Me ae aha SIN Wg aaa ea Sea oa eG 27
=the Flora of Little Chicken Island.’” John H. Schaffner.............. 28
““Some Algae from Sandusky Bay.’” Juumina C: Riddle ..:2..:........ 28
‘“New Heliconias from Guatemala and Elsewhere.’’ Robert F. Griggs.. 28
Sinetceeriterestina Lropical Plants.’ qRobett.F (Griggs, oo ey ke se 28
‘An Ecological Study of West Mansfield SORES Sagem ae Report.’’
Wire sou wellentnait ty oneeei a Me a se
‘‘The Three Forms of Prickly Lettuce in Ohio.’’ W. A. Kellerman..... 29
‘*Two Botanizing Trips in the Mountains of West Virginia.’’ W. A. Kel-
KSESTOEW GT Shs hci ey aote ePRGGO Oe Soe Ges EAE ROE oc BERR Ie EE ea oa 29
‘The Life History Problem of the Heteroecious Rusts.’’ W. A. Kellerman 30
“The Ohio Erysiphaceae—Keys and Distribution.’?’ W. A. Kellerman
and J. G. Sanders
‘‘ Annual Report on the State Herbarium and Plants New to the State
JESS Ene lo) By silvia oedema me eae, 0
‘
=) Mee
OFFICERS — 1903.
PRESIDENT.
Cee HERRICK
VICE-PRESIDENTS.
J. A. BOWNOCKER, Miss lL. C. RIDDLE.
SECRETARY.
BE. Ll. MOSELEY.
TREASURER,
HERBERT OSBORN.
LIBRARIAN.
WC. MILLS:
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.
Ea-Officio.
eee ERICK, HERBERT OSBORN, BH. lL. MOSELEY.
Elective.
F. Ll. LANDACRE, Tl A] BONSER:
BOARD OF TRUSTEES.
W. R. LAZENBY, Chairman, term expires : : 3 : ~ ly Qo
F. M, WEBSTER, term expires . A ; é 5 : : 1904
J. H. SCHAFFNER, termexpires . : , : : : » 1905
PUBLICATION COMMITTEE.
J. H. SCHAFFNER, Chairman, term expires 3 6 : j 1905
IL. H. McFADDEN, termexpires. : : : ive TOG
GERARD FOWKE, term expires . : : ; : : : 1904
PAST ‘OFFICERS.
: PRESIDENTS.
1892, EH. W. CLAYPOLE, 1897. W. A. KELLERMAN,
1893. EDWARD ORTON, 1698. WelG. a DKGEts
1894. F. M. WEBSTER, 1899. G. F. WRIGHT,
1895. D. S. KELLICOTT, 1900, JOSUA LINDAHL,
1896. A. A. WRIGHT, L9OL. A. De SERB,
1902. W. R. LAZENBY. ;
VICE-PRESIDENTS.
1892. A. A. WRIGHT, ELLEN E. SMITH.
1693-9 Os ehh RICO, 17: sy AIHS:
1894. G. H. Corron, Mrs. W. A. KELLERMAN.
1895. H. HE. CHAPIN, JANE F. WINN.
1896. A. L. TREADWELL, CHas. DuRY.
1597. 1. ES SLOCUM, J-95: WRIGHT.
1898. JosuA LINDAHL, }. H. Topp.
‘1899. CHAS. E. ALBRIGHT, A. D. SELBY.
1900. J. A. BOWNOCKER, LYNDS JONES.
1901. H. HERZER, Mrs. W. A. KELLERMAN.
19025) (Co Jj aE RRICK ECS. PROSSHR:
: TREASURERS.
1892-95. A. D. SELBY, 1896-98. D. S. KELLICOTT,
1899-02. HERBERT OSBORN.
SECRETARIES.
1892. W. R. LAZENBY, 1893-94. W. G. TIGHT,
1895-02. E. L. MosELEy.
MEMBERSHIP, FEBRUARY 1, 1903.
Life Member.
MeMillin, Emerson E.,
40 Wall St., New York
Active Members.
Aiken, Walter H., Bot ,
Station K, Cincinnati
Albright, Charles E., Columbus
Ames, J. W., Chem., Wooster
Armstrong, C. A., Geol., Canton
Ayres, Annie B., Ent.,
- 42 Buttles Ave., Columbus
Babcox, A. G., Bot.,
$63 E. Madison Ave., Cleveland
Baird, R. L., Zool., Geol.,
Denmark, Iowa
Batiard, B.C. Beaver Falls, Pa.
Bentley, W. B., Chem., Athens
Berger, E. W.., Berea
Blair, Kate R., Biol.,
1457 Neil Ave., Columbus
Biaeksayn€:; Wooster
Bogue, Ernest E.,
Agricultural College, Mich.
Bonser, T. A., Bot., Geol., Carey
Baur, Lizzie E., Bot., Zool., Geol.,
Phys., Geog., Canton
Bownocker, John A., Geol.,
Or S..Us, Columbus
Bridwell, John C., Ent., Bot.,
Baldwin, Kan.
Brigham, F. M.,
2712 Monroe St., Toledo
GEO aes Cs, nts,
Dept. Ag., Washington, D. C.
Brockett, Ruth E., Bot., Rio Grande
Brugger, Harvey, Bot., Clyde
Bubna, Matthias, Ent.,
9 Heina St., Cleveland
Burgess, A. F., Ent., Columbus
Burr, Harriet G., Bot., Worthington
Claassen, Edo, Bot.,
429 Woodland Ave., Cleveland
Coberly, Edward D., Bot.,
Pueblo, Col.
Collett, S: W., Bot., Troy
Colton, George H.., Hiram
Comstock, Frank M., Vert. Zool.,
Case School, Cleveland
Cookson, Charles W., Geol.,
Somerset
Copeland, W. F.,
Corson EC
Davis, Vi. H., Hort.,
O. S. U., Columbus
Dawson, W. Leon, Ornith.,
Sta. A, Columbus
Detmers, Freda, Bot.,
1315 Neil Ave., Columbus
Dury, Chas.,
524 Ridgway Ave., Cincinnati
Ditton Cs salt,
349 Franklin Ave., Cleveland
Tiel Pepa Ole
Washington, D. C., Div. of Eot
Edwards, E. H., Zool., Physiol.,
259 W. Clinton St., Cleveland
Feiel, Adolph,
520 E. Main St., Columbus
Field, Irving A., Biol.,
Box 510, Granville
Athens
Akron
Fischer, Walter, Bot., Columbus
Flynn, Maud, Zool., Columbus
Foulk, C. W., Chem.,
O. S. U., Columbus
Fowke, Gerard, Glacial Geol., Arch.,
Chillicothe
Gary, L. B., Geol., Austinburg
Gill, George. W., Geol., ~
380 E. Broad St., Columbus
Green, Isabella M., Zool.,
Union Place, Akron
Grover, F. O., Bot., Oberlin
Griggs, R. F., Bot.,
1318 Forsythe Ave., Columbus
Hambleton, J. C., Bot., Zool.,
212 FE. 11th Ave., Columbus
Harry, Scott G., Ornith.,
North Buckeye St., Wooster
Hastzelleiis C., Bloomington, Il.
Harvey, Ruth S., Ornith., Bond Hill
Harvey, Gertrude F., Ornith.,
Bond Hill
Hayes, Seth, Fremont
Herrick, C. Judson, Granville
Herrick, Sarah Ethel, Bot., Ornith.,
Columbus
8 ACTIVE MEMBERS.
Herzer, H., Paleon., Marietta
IACkSe)jeee BOLE
Experiment Sta., Wooster
Hine, J. S., Ent., Ornith.,
O. S. U., Columbus
Hobbs, P. L., Chem., Cleveland
FLOM Wicee pe BOrs, Toledo
Hopkins, A. D., Ent..,
Morgantown, W. Va.
Hopkins, L. S., Geol., Troy
Houk, Eliza P. T., Chem., Dayton
Hunt, Thomas F., Ag.,
O. S. U., Columbus
James, Davis L.,
127 W. Seventh St., Cincinnati
Janney, John J., Hort.,
93 Fifteenth Ave., Columbus
Jennings, O. E., Bot.,
) O.S. U.. Columbus
Jones, Lynds, Ornith.,
College Museum, Oberlin
Judson, C. A., Bot.,
235 Columbus Ave.. Sandusky
Keeler, Miss H. L., Bot.,
93 Olive St., Cleveland
Kellerman, Karl F., Bot.,
175 W. Eleventh Ave., Columbus
Kellerman, William A., Bot., ,
175 W. Eleventh Ave., Columbus
Kellerman, Mrs. W..A., Bot.,
175 W. Eleventh Ave., Columbus
Kelseyval Dap bot,
2146 Fulton St., Toledo
Kiefer, R. J., Attica
Kline, W. A., Biol., Westerville
Lagemann, John Henry, Bot.,
- 356 Miller Ave., Columbus
Landacre, F. ly., Zool.,
O. S. U., Columbus
Lazenby, Wm. R., Hort., Bot.,
O. S. U., Columbus
Lindahl, Josua, Zool.,
312 Broadway, Cincinnati
Lloyd, John Uri, ;
Court and Plum Sts., Cincinnati
Routh eV Bot Ashtabula
Luke, Fred K., Bot., Hort.,
Mo. Bot. Garden, St. Louis
Mally, C. W , Ent.,
Capetown, South Africa
Masterman, FE. E,., Zool., Bot.,
New London
Mateer, H. N., Biol., Wooster
Mathews, Mary E., Painesville
MeCoy Cl Le Bou,
317 EB. Mulberry St., Lancaster
McElhinny, Frank B., Bot.,
New London
McFadden, L. H., Chem.,
Westerville
MacKinnon, J. A+ Ornith.,
Grand Ave., Toledo
Mead, Chas. S., Zool., Bot.,
217 King Ave., Columbus
Mercer, W. F., Biol., ,
Ohio University, Athens
Mills, W. C., Arch., Biol.,
O. S. U., Columbus
Moorehead, Warren K., Arch.,
Andover, Mass.
Morse, Max W.., Zool.,
O. S. U., Columbus
Moseley, E. L., Zool., Bot., Physiog.,
Sandusky
Negley, Miss Poyntz A., Bot.,
Dayton
Newell, Wilmon, Ent.,
Exp. Sta., College Station, Tex.
Oberholser, H. C.,
1450 Sheridan Av., Washington, D.C.
Odenbach, F. L., Meteor.,
St. Ignatius Coll., Cleveland
Osborn, Herbert, Ent., Zool.,
O. S. U., Columbus
Osburn, Raymond C., Zool., Ichth.,
: Fargo, N. D.
Outhwaite, Joseph H.,
U. S.-Ordnance, Columbus
Oviatt, H. L., Gen. Sci., Norwalk
Parrott, 2. Je, nt., Wooster
Pecks Scie, «Geol. Delaware -
Peppel, S. V.,, Chem.; ‘Geol. Simva,
Columbus
Piwanka, Thomas,
243 Superior St., Cleveland
Prosser, C. S., Geol:,
O. S. U., Columbus
Findlay
Delaware
Rhoades, W. R.,
Rice, Edward L., Zool.,
Ricketts, B. Merrill,
415 Broadway, Cincinnati
Riddle, Lumina C., Bot.,
O. S. U., Columbus
Roudebush, Lowell, Owensville
Royer, John S., Biol.,
247 N. Seventeenth St., Columbus
Sanders, J. G., Ent., Bot.,
Westerville
Sanger, U. G., Bot., St. Mary’s
Schaal, William G., Berea
Schaffner, John H., Bot.,
O. S. U., Columbus
ACTIVE MEMBERS. 9
Scott, Daisy M.,
1274 Summit St., Columbus
Seaton, Miss F.,
103 Glen Park Place, Cleveland
Selby, A. D., Bot.,
Experiment Sta., Wooster
Simkins, J. D., Gla. Geol., St. Marys
Slocum, C. E., Defiance
Smith, Miss I. S., Bot., Oberlin
Smith, J. Warren, Meteor., Columbus
Snyder, F. D., Zool., Ethnol.,
Ashtabula
Soule, William,
1804 S. Union Ave., Alliance
Stair, 1. D:;
1062 Madison St., Cleveland
Sterki, Victor, Conch., Bot.,
New Philadelphia
Stockberger, W. W., Bot., Granville
Stoner, Minnie A., Dom. Sci.,
O. S. U., Columbus
Storke, Sophia D.,
167 Whitman St., Cleveland
Surface, F. M., Zool., Bot., Eaton
Sutton, J. G., Physics, Geol.,
Rushylvania
Total membership...
Tight, W. G., Geol.,
Albuquerque, N. Mex.
Todd, Joseph H., Geol., Arch.,
Christmas Knoll, Wooster
Abate, ISG Wp. McConnelsville
Tussing, P. I., Geol., Ada
Tyler, F. J., Bot.,
Division of Bot., Washington, D. C.
Walton, L. B., Biol., Gambier
Watson, J. R., Bot., Berea, Ky.
Webb, R. J., Bot., Garrettsville
Webster, F. M., Ent., Urbana, Il.
Werthner, William, Bot.,
Steele High School, Dayton
Westgate, Lewis G., Geol., Delaware
Wetzstein, A., Bot., St. Marys
Whitney, W. C., Biol., Geol.,
Westerville
Williamson, EF. Bruce, Ichth.,
Ornith., Bluffton, Ind.
Wilson, Miss S. S., Geol., Phys.
Geog., 97 N. 20th St., Columbus
Wilkinson, E., Bot., Mansfield
Wright, G. Frederick, Geol., Oberlin
Wright, Albert A., Geol.,
123 Forest St., Oberlin
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REPORT OF THE TWELFTH ANNUAL MEETING
OF THE
Ohio State Academy of Science.
ANNUAL MEETING.
The twelfth annual meeting was held at the Ohio State Uni-
versity, Columbus, November 28 and 29, 1902. Of the forty-
three papers on the program issued November to, forty were
read. The attendance at the several sessions averaged about
thirty-five, most of them members, twenty new members were
elected.
The by-laws were amended so as to authorize “the execttive
committee to elect to membership candidates proposed in the
regular manner during intervals between meetings.”
The publication committee reported that for lack of space
in the Academy’s last annual report several papers read at the
previous meeting were crowded out and, with the consent of
the authors, published in the Ohio Naturalist. The report how-
ever, contained, in addition to the usual matter, the constitution
and by-laws, with all amendments to date, and the president’s
address.
The trustees reported the receipt of a check of $250 from
Emerson McMillin to continue his research fund. Lynds Jones
gave an account of work done with the aid of this fund in gather-
ing data for a catalogue of the birds of Ohio, to be published by
the Academy.
REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON THE TOPOGRAPHIC
SURVEY OF THE STATE.
We are happy to report that without any special labor om
the part of the Committee, the Legislature, at its regular session
for 1902, continued its appropriations for field work during: the
next two years, granting $20,000 for 1902, and $30,000 for 1903.
‘This work is prosecuted in cooperation with the United States
12 OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.
Geological Survey, which expends an equal sum with the State,
and undertakes the engraving and printing of the maps entirely
at its own expense. There was a friendly interest in the progress
of this important work on the part of the officers and members of
both houses of the Legislature, but especial credit and thanks
should be given to Hon. A. G. Comings of Lorain county for his
constant watchfulness over this item of the appropriation bills.
The amount of territory surveyed in 1902 was somewhat less
than that covered in 1901 for various reasons. The Director of
the United States Geological Survey writes as follows concern-
ing the recent work :—
“By request of the State authorities, work during the present
season was mainly confined to the eastern part of the country,
so that a systematic and extensive study of the oil, gas and coal
district might be taken up as soon as possible. The rugged and
broken character of the topography in that district has made the
work slow and expensive, but it is believed that the results will
fully justify the cost in time and money.
“During the next field season it is expected that work will be
more generally distributed over the State, and that a much more
extensive area will be covered.”
The maps submitted show that seven quadrangles have been
completed, each measuring a quarter of a degree each way, and
located as follows :—
Three quadrangles in Stark, Columbiana, Carroll and Harri-
son counties, covering the cities of Alliance, Steubenville and
East Liverpool.
Three quadrangles in Washington county and crossing into
West Virginia, covering Marietta and Parkersburg.
One quadrangle in Franklin and Delaware counties, covering
Westerville.
One in Cuyahoga county, covering Berea.
Besides the seven completed, seven others are partly done and
will be completed by the end of June next. These are located
in Carroll, Belmont, Monroe, Noble and Washington counties.
The primary triangulation, which has to precede other work,
and which does not show upon the completed maps, has been ex-
tended over fifteen new quadrangles, mostly in the Hocking river
region.
The engraving and final printing in three colors of the maps
of the areas surveyed has not yet been completed, but a limited
number of photographic proofs of the areas covered in I9o01 can
be secured.
The earnest and well sustained interest of the members of
the Academy in this undertaking has already been an important
ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 13
factor in its prosecution ; and while its progress for another year
is already assured, it is to be hoped that a constantly increasing
interest on the part of all the intelligent people of the state may
still sustain it, until every county is completely covered.
Respectfully submitted,
Avzert A. WricHt, Chairman.
W. G. TiGHT,
CEr SLocum,
Geo. W. GILL,
J. A. BOWNOCKER,
Members of the Committee.
After the reading of this report the efforts on behalf of the
survey of Edward Orton, State Geologist, and of C. E. Sherman,
who after the death of Professor C. oN, Brewn, was appointed
by the governor to represent the interests of the state, were men-
tioned as deserving commendation.
bo
No field meeting was held during the summer of 1902.
PAPERS READ,
Opportunities for faunal studies at the Lake Laboratory at
Sandusky - - - - -— — — — -— HERBERT OsBorN
A list of Protozoa observed during the summer of 1992 - -—-
Slee et ph eee ato as Be) UANDAGRE
Ohio Batrachians and Reptiles - - -—- -— — — Max Morse
A note on the significance of the size of nerve fibres in fishes —
— C. Jupson Herrick
Report on the development of the bones in the legs of our domes-—
tic animals - - - - -—- - - -— -— W. F. MERCER
The Tabanidae of Ohio - - - -—- -—- —-— = Jas. S. HINE
A list of Ohio Syrphidae - - -—- - - -—- -_ Jas. S. HINE
Remarks on the occurence of Periodical Cicada in Ohio in
902 eee ee ee ee el REE R Tn OSBORN
Note on the occurence of the Cigarette Bettle in Columbus —-
— -— — HERBERT OSBORN
Unusual abundance of a Myriopod - - - - Max Morse
New Heliconias from Guatemala and elsewhere - - —- -—
- Rozert F. Griccs
Further notes on Smut Experiments - -— - Orto E. JENNINGS
The life history problem of the Heteroecious Rusts - —- —-
—- W. A. KELLERMAN
Eleven new species of fossil plants - - - - - 4H. HeErzer
Some Algae from Sandusky Bay - - - -—-— Lumina C. RIDDLE
OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.
The three forms of Prickly Lettuce in Ohio — W. A. KELLERMAN
Annual report on the State Herbarium and plants new to the
State List - - - - - = = = W.A. KELLERMAN
Additions and corrections to the Sandusky Flora - E. L. MoseLey
The Flora of Little Chicken Island - —- —- Joun H. SCHAFFNER
Ohio Stations for Myriostoma — — — — Jonn H. ScHAFFNER
New Discoveries at the eam prehistoric village site, Ross
County, Ohio - -— - = = =~ = Wm. C. Mitts
The Gartner Mound Sr SO ae ee fee =) Wie oC ios
Two botanizing trips in the mountains of West Virginia -— —
—- = ‘= W: “A, KeEccEerscAn
Two fishes from the Upper Helderberg group —- — 4H. HeErzer
The Darnell Mastodon - - - -—- = =.= Ww». C. Mitts
General climatic conditions of Ohio - —- — Otto E. JENNINGS
Some problems in Montana forestry - —- —- - TxHos. BONSER
Three interesting tropical plants - - — -— Rovert F. Grices
An ecological study of sas Mansheld Swamp, — preliminary
report - -—- = -—- —~ = = = = W. A. KELLERMAN
Final report on Big Spring Prairie - —- -— - TxHos. BoNSER
Microscopic life forms in Brush Lake - ~- Lumina C,. RIDDLE
erie d eee on. the plant ecology of Brush Lake - —-
- -— ~ ~~ “Jonn H. ScHAFENER
Identification of flint from the prehistoric flint quarries of
Licking County, Ohio : - = = = Wm. C. Mitts
Currents in Sandusky Bay - - ~- —- + —- EL. Moserry
The Ohio Ery SE Keys and Distribution -
- W. A. KELLERMAN bad J. ie SANDERS
‘Additions to the Cuyahoga County Flora . . Leste D. STAIR
Additions to the.State Flora - - -—- - -— Leste D. Star
Trees and shrubs on the Ohio State University campus with
dendrological notes ~- - - - -— = Otro E. JENNINGS
The meteor of September 15th - - - —- -. E. L. MoseELgey
ap ges OM ee on hos Beat ReCIORy Of OUIe oer
: - = = = foun H. SCHAFFNER
Variation of Carex Jurida ee ee W. A. KELLERMAN
President’s praarese St is Dees Value of Brit. —.
ei > i= = - - =— = WILLIAM R, Lazensy
E. L. Mosetey, Secretary.
ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 15
PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS.
TRE DIETE MC VALUE. OF FRUIT:
WILLIAM R. LAZENBY.
In order to support life and growth and to maintain the
strength and efficiency of the human body, some things are abso-
lutely ‘necessary. Among these, named perhaps in order of im-
portance, are, pure air; wholesome, nutritious food; prompt and
regular removal of the excreta; unbroken sleep; and some form
of muscular exercise.
No one can long enjoy a full measure of health and strength
without due regard to each and every one of these.
Pure air is placed first, for if this is lacking, however great
the attention to the others, health is soon undermined.
Ordinarily we supply the body with food in three daily meals,
with intervals ranging from four to twelve hours, and this fully
‘meets the demands of the stomach. The demands of the lungs
are more imperious. They require, at least, 20,000 meals a day
with intervals of only a few seconds. But if pure air is abso-
lutely essential to good health, food is no less so. It is necessary
to form the material of the body and repair its wastes: it is also
necessary to keep up the proper temperature and furnish the
muscular and other power that the body exerts. In other words,
it serves not alone for building and repair, but for fuel as well.
Science teaches us that the energy of the sun which lights
and heats this restless planet we inhabit, is stored in wood and
coal, petroleum and gas, and is constantly being transformed into
the heat of the furnace, the light of the lamp, the power of the
steam engine, or into electricity and then into light or heat, or
mechanical power again. The same energy from the sun is
stored in the protein, the fats, the carbohydrates of the various
foods we use, and the physiologists and chemists are to-day tell-
ing us how they are transmitted into the heat that warms our
bodies, and into the power exerted by muscle, nerve and brain.
If the propositions just stated are correct, food may be de-
fined as anything which taken into the body aids in the building
of tissues, or in the production of energy.
From this it logically follows that the most healthful foods
are those that are best fitted to the wants of the user, and that
the best foods are those that are most healthful and most eco-
nomical.
16 OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.
There is much talk about the relation of diet to health that
is equally foolish and hurtful. Foolish because it subserves no
good purpose and hurtful because it tends to fortify the per-
nicious idea that our bodies are in such wretched condition as to
need constant tinkering, and that some sort of self-medication
is a positive duty. In the place of this wide-spread delusion
there should be an inbuilt conviction that there are various
products known as foods, in the choice of which, and in the
quantity used, each one has daily opportunity to exercise the
virtues of common sense and moderation.
One of the most pitiable errors with respect to certain food
products is that which somehow confounds them with medicine.
For example when one eats freely of fruits he does not feel justi-
fied in simply saying he does so because he finds them agreeable,
he likes and enjoys them, but is constrained to look wise, and
solemnly observe that “fruits are very healthy.” Some even go
so far as to have for each bodily ailment a different variety of
fruit. Let us banish the idea of making a drug-store of our
fruit gardens and orchards, and cease looking upon the family
fruit dish as a sort of homeopathic pill-box.
Foods are not medicines. A medicine is something which is
taken into the body to produce a certain specific and unusual
effect, the object being to counteract some injurious tendency, or
correct some abnormal condition. If taken when not needed its
effect is likely to be directly injurious. ;
The normally healthy body demands what is wholesome, not
what is medicinal. Anything that has real medicinal value is
almost certain to be unwholesome as a general article of diet.
We seldom or never acquire an abnormal taste or craving for
what is wholesome, but an almost uncontrollable appetite may be
developed for what, if properly used may be considered medicinal.
“Blessed are they that hunger and thirst” can be as truly
said of our bodily wants as of our spiritual necessities. “Blessed,”
because hunger and thirst are indicative of health, and when in
health the plainest food tastes good and with it we can be “filled.”
Nothing gives more genuine pleasure than wholesome food and
good water to a hungry and thirsty man.
Among the many kinds and classes of wholesome foods, few
should rank higher in importance and value than the common
fruits from orchards and gardens. In satisfying our natural
appetite for fruit, fruit that is well matured, juicy, and fine-
flavored, we probably reach the highest form of palate gratifica-
tion with the least possible digestive effort.
Our ordinary fruits contain eight distinct substances or com-
pounds in greater or less proportions. These are,
ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 17
1. A large proportion of water: the usual amount ranging
from 85 to go per cent of the total weight of fresh, well-matured
fruit.
2. Sugar in the form of grape and fruit sugar. The per-
centage is quite variable ranging from about 1.5 per cent in
apricots and peaches, to about 12 per cent in some varieties of
grapes and cherries. An average well-grown, fully matured
apple contains about 8 per cent of sugar.
3. Free organic acids; varying somewhat according to the
class of fruit, and usually of several kinds in each class, but
altogether forming usually something less than one per cent.
The predominating acid in the apple and pear is malic; in
the grape tartaric; and in the orange and lemon citric.
4. Fats, oils and ethers, abundant in some mature fruits,
like the olive, occurring in small quantities in others, and in some
almost wholly wanting.
5. Protein or nitrogenous compounds, forming a very small
proportion of most fruits, often not more than .2 of one per cent.
6. Pectose—a substance which gives firmness to fruit,
and which upon boiling yields various fruit jellies.. It often forms
from three to five or more per cent of the weight.
7: ‘Cellulose and starch, the former often called vegetable
fiber is the material that forms the cell walls, and is found in all
parts of all plants. It is less abundant in fine fruits than in any
other part. of plants.
Starch which is found so largely in the cereals, and in certain
garden vegetables is almost wholly absent in ripe fruit, being
converted into sugar during the process of ripening.
8. A very small percentage of ash or mineral salts.
The substances named above with the possible exception of
cellulose are all essential constituents of a perfect or well rounded
diet.
The proportion of the more important nutrients, however, are
so small that much of our fruit has little direct nutritive value.
Suppose we take the three principal groups, viz: carbohydrates,
proteids, and fats, which together may justly be called the grand
tripod of nutritive substances, and see what some of our repre-
sentative fruits will furnish. The Horticultural Department of
the State University has made quite a number of analyses of the
strawberry, and of the substances just named the average results
are as follows:
GANT AGING (8 VE a Ae ee 8.0 per. cent.
ERE ELS ei HE lo hee Aan en ee i a 0.3 per cent.
Fats a mere trace, practically nothing.
18 OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.
It has been estimated by students of dietaries that the mini-
mum daily ration of nutrients for a man of average weight per-
forming an ordinary day’s work is:
CArbonydtaves eer. cts: 500 grams or 17.8 ounces.
|B (0 eine cease ee eae 118 grams or 4.2 ounces.
BSES at see eeeenrte es wee ec» ...56 grams or 2.0 ounces.
Taking the analysis of the strawberry, a simple calculation
will show that a person would have to consume 200 ounces or
13 pounds of this fruit daily in order to obtain the requisite
amount of carbohydrates from this source, in order to secure
the necessary proteids from the same source, a daily consumption
of 1,400 ounces or 88 pounds would be required. This would
be a task that even those who have the most ardent taste and
liking for this fruit could scarcely be prevailed upon to attempt.
Even though he should eat the amount named he would still be
deficient in approximately all the required fats.
Take another illustration: The nutrients contained in the
apple according to analyses that we have made are as follows:
Carbohydrates (including cellulose) ..... -.10 per cent.
|e 1B) arts ESA A, pease ee a ei 2.5 per cent:
DE Sone E TS al Ois,e aniwc ope eae 0.2 per cent.
Applying the same calculation as before, we find that one will
have to eat 178 ounces, or a little more than 11 pounds of apples
a day for the requisite carbohydrates ; he would be obliged to eat
168 ounces or 104 pounds for the necessary proteids, and for the
fats it would require 1,000 ounces, or 62} pounds daily.
This demonstrates that however valuable strawberries and
apples may be as a part of an every day diet, they can scarcely
be considered as nutrients. In other words their actual nutrient
value is exceedingly low.
In order to support life and maintain strength, strawberries
and apples like most other fruits must be eaten in connection with
more concentrated foods.
Wherein then does the dietetic value of fruit consist? Let
us briefly consider. The qualities which render fruits and some
of the more delicate garden vegetables wholesome, and cause us
to have a natural appetite for, and hence to enjoy them, are their
acid juiciness and flavor. The juice is largely water, but it con-
tains the sugar and acid of the fruit, and if these are present in
large quantities, and in the right proportion, it is agreeable and
refreshing. Most of our food products are valued on the basis
of the dry matter they contain. Not so with fruit.
Pure milk is 87 per cent water and may be further diluted
ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 19
by breed, feed and greed, and its value as food diminished there-
by. Many of our fruits contain as much water as average milk,
but, as a rule it is the best fruit that contains the most water.
I have frequently tested the amount of water in “nubbin” straw-
berries, “cull” peaches and “runty” apples, and have often found
less than 80 per cent.
In the finest specimens of each of these fruits, not overgrown,
but perfect samples, that would sell for the very highest price,
I have usually found over go per cent of water. A heaped bushel
of fine large peaches, that contained 100 specimens showed when
tested 92 per cent of water, leaving only 8 per cent of solids.
This bushel of peaches sold readily at $3.00. A heaped bushel
of small peaches of the same variety, this bushel containing 400
specimens, showed 84 per cent of water, and 16 per cent of dry
matter. These were sold with difficulty at 70 cents for the bushel.
This shows that the acid juciness is one of the main factors in the
value of fruit. Flavor also adds to the quality of fruit. Flavor is
due in part to the organic acids already mentioned, but more
largely to certain volatile oils and aromatic ether. It is to these oils
and ethers that those delicate characteristic flavors of different
varieties of fruit are chiefly due. Chemistry and physiology have
taught us that where these “fruity” acids, oils, and ethers are
taken into the body, they undergo oxidation, which process tends
to lower the temperature of the blood, or at least to modify our
temperature sensations, and thus correct or allay any slight fev-
erishness that may exist. They also tend to keep the organs of
secretion, the liver, kidneys, etc., as well as the whole digestive
tract in a healthy condition.. The free acids of fruits, especially
citric and malic, are highly antiseptic bodies, and tend to prevent
disease germs from finding a lodgment and developing in the body.
In our climate, subject as we often are to rapid changes and
extremes of temperature, the physical system is naturally more or
less debilitated. In this condition we are predisposed to ma-
laria and other troubles. Fruits and acid vegetables are known
to be good correctives for this debiliated condition. We should
remember that as a rule, the full beneficial effects of fruit are
only to be found in those that are well grown and mature. Green
or unripe fruits may have an abundant supply of acids, but such
fruits are usually injurious when eaten on account of their in-
digestibility. This is due partly to the fact that the starch 1s not
yet converted into sugar, and partly, to the coarse and hard con-
dition of the cellulose. When fruits are perfectly developed and
properly matured, practically all the starch is converted into
sugar, and the cellulose is soft and fine. We know that unripe
20 OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.
fruit is not wholesome. It digests slowly, often ferments in the
stomach, and is the cause of painful disorders. It is unwise
to take into our stomachs unripe fruit, it is equally unwise to
eat that which is over-ripe. The best results from the dietetic
use of fruits come from eating those that are fresh, healthy, and
well matured.
Fine fruits are the flowers of edible commodities. They
please the eye, gratify the taste, and minister to our health. if
we appreciated them at their worth, we would use them more
freely and our country would be better supplied with this whole-
some palatable class of food products.
ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 2B
PAPERS AND ABSTRACTS.
RE Bae UR REN SUN. SANDUSKY “BAY..
E. L. MOSELEY.
PURPOSE OF INVESTIGATION.
One who walks or skates much upon the bay cannot fail to
have his attention drawn to certain places where the ice never
forms or never becomes strong. Some of these weak spots or
openings are probably due to the water rising from springs be-
neath. Others, it seemed to me, might be due to currents of other
sorts and suggested an investigation of the currents of the bay. A
definite knowledge of the manner in which the inflowing water
distributes itself over the bay I thought might also give a clue
to the deposition of sand brought in from the lake and so perhaps,
at some time in the future be of use in the planning of harbor
improvements. The deposition now going on could not be in-
ferred from an examination of the deposits themselves for the
entrance to the bay is more than twice as wide as it was three
quarters of a century ago and recently its form has been altered
by the construction of jetties.
In the course of a discussion at the men’s club on the water
supply of Sandusky, a prominent citizen stated that there was “‘a
current along the front of the city past the mouths of all the
sewers carrying the polluted water right along toward the water-
works crib.” This afforded another reason for trying to learn
something of the movement of the water.
There’s a fascination about casting a note upon the waters
with the thought that it will return after many days. Moreover
many a peasant’s boy and many a lone fisherman who. seldom
receives a communication through the mails is cheered to find
one that has drifted to him across the water. He is glad to help
in such an investigation, expectant too of some slight reward,
and not disappointed when it comes. So that people who question
the sanity of a man who does anything unusual, unless it is‘cal-
culated to put money in his pocket, may at least excuse this craze
as a harmless diversion.
METHOD.
Investigation of the currents has been chiefly by means of
drifting bottles. Each bottle contained a notice that could be
read through the glass, calling attention to the fact that it was.
22 OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.
set adrift to show direction of the currents; also a numbered
question list, enquiring where and when found, whether still
adrift at the time, and the name and address of finder, also a re-
quest that the finder mark the place on the map enclosed. To
make the bottles more conspicuous, each was fastened to a board
about 15x17 centimeters and one centimeter thick, the corners
painted orange and at the center a large number in black corre-
sponding to the number on the slip within. The first 26 bottles
were so fastened to their boards that they would float along-
side, but all after that were weighted with sand so as to make
them sink beneath the board and so lessen the direct effect of the
wind. All the bottles were heavy and, even when floating, the
direct action of the wind upon bottle and board must have been
relatively small as compared with the effect of the water, except
when the latter was nearly at rest. Most of the bottles, when im-
mersed, displaced about 700 c.c. of water. The wire was so
adjusted as to bring the bottom of the bottle about.a foot below
the surface.
RESULTS
I have found no evidence of a persistent current carrying
the sewage to the waterworks crib. I have found no evidence
of a persistent current anywhere. Eighty bottles were set adrift
between July 26 and December 6, 1902. Before the freezing of
the bay in December, 44 had been found and reported. A “few
others will probably be heard from in 1903.
Two bottles thrown off the Cedar Point boats when about
228 rods from the Cedar Point dock, one August 1, the other
August 8, were both found near No. 10 culvert east of the stand-
pipe. Bottles were set adrift at this place at four other times.
Only one has been heard from; it had gone in a direction nearly
opposite to the others. In no other case have two bottles set
adrift at the same place on different days been found in the same
place, but in several cases they have been found in quite different
directions from the starting point. In all cases (29 in number)
in which the bottles were found within four days after being
put in, the course they took can be readily accounted for. So
closely dependent is the course upon the direction and velocity
of the wind for some time before and after the bottle is put in
that one would not require a very long experience to predict from
the wind record approximately the course the bottle would take.
The bottle, however, might not be found until it had changed or
even reversed its course. The bottle may go against the wind
or make a large angle with it. If the wind is strong, the bottle
usually goes in the same, general direction. So long as it re-
ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. a3
‘mains in the bay, its course depends largely upon whether the
water is rising or falling. This in turn depends mainly on the
wind. If for several days the wind does not vary much in ve-
locity or direction, the level of the bay adjusts itself to it and
no marked change of level will occur until the wind lessens or
increases in force or changes in direction. If strong westerly
winds have prevailed for some time and within 24 hours change
to east or northeast, a strong current sets into the bay, while a
reverse change of the wind will cause a strong current outward.
At any point in the bay the current depends partly on the position
with reference to shores or shoals, partly on the direct action of
the wind on the water in that part of the bay, but chiefly on
whether at the entrance to the bay the water is entering or leav-
ing. These three factors affect both the direction and velocity
of the current.
EXAMPLES:
Bottle No. 14ab was set adrift October 25 at 9:30 a. m. half
way between the foot of Columbus avenue and the west end of
Johnson’s Island. It was found the same day at 4 p. m. lying on
the beach one and one-third miles west of Venice—more than
three miles in a straight line from its starting point. The day
before, the wind had been fresh from the southwest. On the
25th it was fresh from the northeast. Bottle No. 37a, started
from the same place September 27 at I p. m., was found the next
morning at nine o'clock broken and among timbers on the lake
side of Cedar Point about three miles from the light-house. On
the 24th and 25th the prevailing direction of the wind was from
the east with maximum velocities of 21 and 18 miles. On the
26th it was light and mainly south, but on the 27th, the day the
bottle was put in, it became southwest, blowing at one time 22
miles from the west and in the night 30 miles from the west.
This carried the bottle into the lake and then the wind, becoming
light without much change of direction, caused the water to set
back and cast the bottle ashore on the east side of the Point.
Four bottles were thrown off the end of the Short Line
dock. Only one has been heard from. It was found on the
sand bar that separates Biemiller’s Cove from the bay about three
fourths of a mile from the Cedar Point dock and three miles from
its starting point. It had drifted this distance between 6:55
P. M. August 10 and 1:30 P. M. August 11. On the 9th the
wind was east but on the toth it changed to south, southwest
and west causing a current that carried the bottle out into the
bay and then toward the entrance. On the 11th it blew from
the west and later from the northwest with the maximum velocity
NoTAa>
B 7 NOITINE IA
Noe
(R19) Bb
‘Lwiees anus QS
KG
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H1 Ov3Ha1euVW
NOILULS DNIAVS ane Nn
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‘MODS¥ID LYOd LY GNN0/ SYM 6b%'ON ‘OIHO
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CISHND SAIILLOG JO (, dau ) GNI ONY
( /CFMUVW ) ONINNIDIG ONIMOHS L441
rd
aNvis! SA3113»,;
ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 25
for the month, so that, instead of going out of the bay, it was
driven toward the southeast.
On August 22, three bottles were thrown off the Steamer
Lakeside, along the route to Cleveland. The wind was northerly.
All three were found on the beach within nine miles of the
places where they were set adrift, two of them August 23 the
other August 24.
Quite a number of bottles were set adrift at the entrance to
the bay when the current was coming in but a number of these
and also of bottles thrown into the bay in other places were found
on the shores of the lake. This is not due in any large measure
to more water going out than coming in but to the fact that the
lake is so large that the chance of their being brought to the
mouth of the bay again if they once get into the lake is very small.
Bottle No. 61 a, with a five foot wire, was put adrift at the San-
dusky Bay Front Light, Inner Range, by the light-keeper, Frank
Ritter, November 12 at 4 P. M., and its board watched as long
as it could be seen, i. e. till it had drifted into the bay about a
quarter of a mile. In the night it came back to him and he
found it at daybreak close to the light station, the bottle resting
on the bottom, its board still at the surface.
Some of the bottles drifted from Sandusky Bay to Lakeside,
to Kelley’s Island, to the vicinity of Huron and Ceylon, one in
the course of 15 days to near the mouth of the Chagrin River,
75 miles away, one in 35 days to Port Glasgow, Ontario, more
than one hundred miles.
CURRENTS AT DIFFERENT DEPTHS.
On three occasions Mr. Ritter has set adrift at the entrance
to the bay three bottles at a time, one with a five foot wire, one
with three and one with one foot, watching them with glasses
as long as visible. In the first case the deepest bottle went in
the same direction as the other two — west — but only about
half as fast, the one and three foot bottles keeping together. The
wind that day was fresh from the northeast, having been the
day before fresh from the southwest. In the second case all
drifted in the same direction — west — but the one nearest to
the surface lagged behind the other two which kept together.
The wind at that time was very light from the southeast and the
incoming current was due mainly to a difference of level, caused
by winds from other directions for some time before. In the
third case all drifted southwest, the one nearest the surface
taking the lead, the deepest one in the rear. The wind had been
from the southwest for several days but diminished in velocity
about ten hours before the bottles were thrown in.
26 OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.
Other trials at this place would probably show that currents
at different depths sometimes go in different directions. An
opposite current at the surface and near the bottom has been
observed in the Black Channel by Ralph Scherz.
RAPID CURRENTS.
Several of the examples cited above show currents of much
more than average velocity. Since the opening has been nar-
rowed by jetties the current is at times so strong as to make it
difficult for tugs to pull vessels into or out of the bay.
The rapidity with which sewage may be carried out of the
bay under favorable conditions is shown by bottle No. 67, thrown
off the end of the dock of the Sandusky Lumber and Box com-:
pany, December 5 at stinset, and found at sunrise December 6,
by Mr. Ritter close to the south side of his light station at the
entrance to the bay. North and northeast winds with maximum
velocity of 22 miles had blown since early morning of the pre-
ceding day raising the level of the bay, but the wind became light
the afternoon the bottle was thrown in and changed to south--
west soon after, blowing light from the southwest or south all
night, and giving opportunity for the flood to subside.
Brisk southwest winds often lower the water in the bay as
much as two feet, and brisk northeast winds raise it that much
above the usual level. Assuming the average depth of the entire:
bay to be nine feet, a southwest wind will reduce it to seven feet.
A northeast wind following this may raise the level to eleven feet
and so bring into the bay from the lake more than half as much
water as the bay contained a few hours before.
THE METEOR OF SEPTEMBER 15, 1902.
E. L. MOSELEY.
( Abstract. )
At about 5:40 a. m., Washington time, a meteor entered the
earth’s atmosphere, probably over West Virginia, and traveled
north at least three hundred miles, leaving behind a luminous
train that remained visible until it faded out in the light of dawn.
Over Ohio its elevation was very great, and most observers heard
no sound, but at London, Ontario, the detonations and reports
were very loud and sounded like distant cannon.
I am still collecting data regarding it and would be thankful
for a communication from any one who had a good view of it,
and especially for a careful estimate of its minimum zenith dis--
tance.
ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 270
ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS TO THE SANDUSKY
FLORA.
E. L. MOSELEY.
( Abstract. )
Quercus prinus, page 73, Salix alba caerulea, page 70, and
Cyperus refractus, page 58, should be stricken from the list.
Specimens from the oak in Judge Mackey’s yard, Sandusky,
were sent to eminent botanists and pronounced to belong to three
‘species. I now believe it to be Quercus bicolor. The additions
to the Flora will not be published until after another season’s
collecting.
Pane i ON. DEE SIGNERICANCE OF “THE SIZE OF
NERVE FIBERS IN FISHES.
C. JUDSON HERRICK.
( Abstract. )
Each functional system of peripheral nerves has tolerably
definite fiber characteristics, the basis for which is as yet unknown.
These characteristics are by no means invariable, but the fibers
of a given system may show considerable differences in caliber
and medullation in a single animal. Some of these differences,
at least, may be correlated with the degree of functional develop-
ment of the peripheral end-organ. In general, highly developed
muscle fibers, sense organs, etc., receive larger nerve fibers than
similar organs in a state of structural and functional degradation.
This paper appears in The Journal of Comparative Neurology 12:
No 4, Dec., 1902.
OHIO STATIONS FOR MYRIOSTOMA.
JOHN H. SCHAFFNER.
This paper is published in the Journal of Mycology 8: 173.
1902. Myriostoma occurs on Cedar Point and Green Island.
PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE PLANT ECOLOGY
OF BRUSH LAKE:
JOHN H. SCHAFFNER.
A general description was given of the vegetation in and
about the lake and of the ecological factors which determine
the arrangement of the various plant societies. The work will
be carried on for another year.
28 OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.
DHE EEORA OF TITTLE |GHICKENASLAND:
JOHN H. SCHAFFNER.
This paper appears in the Ohio Naturalist 3: 331. 1902.
Fifteen species of seed plants were found on the island.
SOME ALGAE FROM SANDUSKY BAY.
LUMINA C. RIDDLE.
This paper is published in the Ohio Naturalist: 3: 317-319.
1902. Seventy species are listed of which forty-four are new to
the state list.
NEW HELICONIAS FROM GUATEMALA AND
ELSEWHERE,
ROBERT F. GRIGGS.
( Abstract. )
Because of the climate and other difficulties many of the
groups of tropical plants have been neglected and are almost
unknown. It is almost impossible to make good specimens of
Heliconias in the moist regions where they grow. Specimens
when made are of little value as they are fragmentary and color-
less. They have never been studied specially in the field and
hence there is much to learn about them. On account of unusual
opportunities for collecting and study the writer has been able
to discover and describe seven new species from Guatemala and
one from Porto Rico. The closeness of one of the Guatemalan
species to H. bihai necessitated the revision of that species. It
was found to be a composite to which plants of at least three
types and four species had been referred. This paper will be
published in full elsewhere.
THREE INTERESTING: TROPICAES PLANS;
ROBERT F, GRIGGS.
(Abstract. )
The first of these is a species of Physalis with flowers only
2 mm. in diameter — so small that they had been entirely over-
looked by everyone who has examined it during the ten years it
has lain in the National Herbarium.
ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 29
The second is a Curatella from Guatemala which is remark-
able for the very large deposit of silica in the leaves so that it is
used as sandpaper by the natives.
The third is an Amphitecna, a genus which has never before
been studied in the field and whose fruit has never been described.
The fruit is interesting as it is strikingly similar to a cacao pod,
hanging down from the main trunk like cacao.
AN ECOLOGICAL STUDY OF WEST MANSFIELD
SWAMP.
(Preliminary Report.)
W. A. KELLERMAN.
General description of the area, principal plants, and photo-
graphic illustrations — indicating the extent and character of the
work done to date, with plan for more extended researches.
CHEAPER EE BOR MS OH pPRICKDYLETTUGE*—EN
OHIO.
W. A, KELLERMAN,
( Abstract. )
Distribution in Ohio noted of Lactuca scariola, Lactuca
virosa and Lactuca saligna. Attention was called to the judg-
ment on those forms by Dr. B. L. Robinson, who regards the
one called by Dr. N. L. Britton ‘“Lactuca -virosa,’’ as a variety
(integrata) of Lactuca scariola. Careful search for intermed-
late characters, especially in the shape of the leaves, among many
thousands of plants growing in the vicinity of Columbus, or
collected elsewhere in Ohio, was not rewarded with success.
TWO BOTANIZING TRIPS IN THE MOUNTAINS OF
WEST VIRGINIA.
W. A. KELLERMAN.
The general character of the vegetation and the peculiar and
characteristic forms observed in the Gauley River and Gauley
Mountain region, and also in the upper portion of the Greenbrier
River region; with brief account of rare and interesting plants
of the Cheat Mountains near Cheat Bridge (Winchester).
Abies fraseri and Celtis mississippiensis, also several new species
of fungi were reported new to the listed flora of West Virginia.
30 OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.
THE LAP E aT StORY -PROBEBM JOR Shrh i aeRO
C1lOUS: RUS TS:
W. A. KELLERMAN.
Brief historical and biologic account with outline of culture
experiments — the latter is published in the Journal of Mycology,
February, 1903.
THE OHIO ERYSIPHACEAE — KEYS AND DIS-
TRIBUTION.
W. A. KELLERMAN AND J. G. SANDERS.
The keys are arranged for easy determination of the Ohio
species and the list is based on the specimens in the Ohio State
Herbarium,
ANNUAL REPORT ON THE STATE HERBARIUM AND
PLANTS “NEW2TO-TEHE “SATE Jalsa.
W. A. KELLERMAN,
The additions to the State Herbarium since my last annual
report was made, are in number 3,622 mounted sheets. For the
most part the specimens are ample and of good quality. In this
work 69 persons joined, each one contributing at least one speci-
men, many two or three dozen, or even one or two hundred, and
in one case 1,277 specimens. ‘The contributers are named below
with the number of specimens contributed.
Agkenh OvValtete tel Wen sen oe: NO ment Tamlachern: ent. useatee er ee 20:
Bonseryauwomascen onsite. is eA Miva eS atl nino meta ohrean 45
Brocketts 2 Utla lies sts i eye (rok=ropl(athnn @aruleenaanabees Dunlat hl as 10
Burglehnaus) oh eles fies ZO aro Dates ie wR incak uted ae ane 3
BitaetaeaeVligSe i era ite erate a a ENNIN SS ui OT TON rean sauna 120
Caser Nise = Lee Wires nee ee Ono m, Kellerman Tei Ay ni ais. a alee
Coherlyari te eID eek ven ete 30" Kellerman, .W.) A: and Mrs. 40
Coberly, E. D. and Long, J. 1gelliessioatehatye Nee dae ead:
PE artalleanes We 7 se fle 94 Beattie, LY Veetaal PGE e Cat 14
Crowner, WVEKE tee as te Qe ellenmarn, a VVi AN se amie,
Driushele eee erences 18 BM aliniter salt Vales ee aor 6
French, Mrs. J. IN ei aig i Kellésman, We) Avs and
Rilinen ewe ee 18 (Cicterersh im kee IVA BS SG Siketes 30
Gould, 1D Nbal bp ets 3 Kellerman, W. A. and
Hackenja@Ottowse nner bene ck Ware eas cbt rnante rte Gai NGL Bl 24
ands al iambepser are ieecies.c 2 Kellerman, W. A. and
Hayes, Rutherford P...... 1 K. F. and Beattie, W. R. 6
ennick, ss thelwensss oce sckk 1 Kellerman, W. A. and
lerzere mente ys lal eey ae. ite) ste 102 K. F. and Jones, Victor. 11
Fopkins; Maori cast seen f4= Kellerman, ~°W. 9 0A.) and
ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 31
BRULEE cr Fg phcy taster a oc Sroterst 1AM Siders, iGracenac. a a a 24
Regebsse: oVWulllivatia 13 otereleeranct Pass puel ook i Weatacaee cic te as 1
Weacernra titer [env ddl eaccicie ec wiry. 1. Stockbergers:» We Who. ses. 04
iL sting lek Gee DD We te be a aie ec ae aneentanian latices cre. 6
Paranda tac Eie Win 25a ene ere aie sie MOMS @ fancies Eta fei aersn chats stot ace te 3
WireGalllie Aurtlitam Gis stele nn PAIGE MNS A Keareeall Ul Sy onl irae Be EAN Ire e
WWietpizpcmwikde cINGS cakes sie dieters 2° Tyler, F. J. and Jennings,
AMMO Ge NL cei catalase, weiter pahs 4 REDE Spe die tet eel seer aac 9
Milsseley ate veers Qe Viaihider vOOnE, seins Sheae ee lk 4
Menulenom. Ale Nias hrs steers ALM RAW /Feliets(o\ialbwh a Maul Ke See eptebeanae | CRORE 4
IN {fo ngiiinks ballad BAA Grortes Mie betel eccnane eh VA (\iait Ne [alice soakxeslit aI teventrevel sucesso eles 2
Ohio Experiment Station.. HABBO Netter. Nii Cie Stennett 3
(Orelonciraat heel katy Gael Resi ceria LeeeWae SLM VVIELZ SETI sw tANee state ayo Ge arene itays 74
Hen itme tartan ee |fc ance tare past Bie NTU Oke paoalsrs ond ie Malewe cece niaeere il
RGGISSeCCth.g Are MES ec ayarctopetes QOS NN al iam SOnlen, Meld sot ee ks 1
Roadie. leumina (Co yan sae tio WVimislen= MAG RSs sever ses. 4
ARGO eneNen aN tists iadara steysiene 10k) Woodworths. Mayas: ...- 1
SHOT a) oa Aeenn ct won. chen I Moun g in) Wis ee ee acetone + 1
Schanmnecs soln Tao. 5 :
Sharpe wvirs: Mata. yore 71 TOballgseetcrste steno ben teers: 3,622
The number of specimens in the State Herbarium reported
one year ago was 15,597, and the addition of was 3,622 the past
year. Therefore there are incorporated, and available for con-
sultation, in the Herbarium 19,219 mounted sheets. The species
not hitherto reported in the State Catalogue of plants, nor given
in previous Annual Reports of the Ohio State Academy of Science
are named below. This list was published under a systematic
arrangement in a University Bulletin (May, 1902), but is here
given in a more convenient form for consultation: |
Acnida tamariscina prostrata Uline and Bray. Prostrate Water
Hemp. Painesville, Lake County. Otto Hacker.
Acuan illinoensis (Mx.) Kuntze. (Desmanthus brachylobus
Benth.) Illinois Mimosa. New Richmond, Clermont
County: A, DO Selby.
Agrimonia_ brittoniana Bick. Britton’s Agrimony. Farmer’s
Stavon,. Clinton. County,’ (C. .R: Ingold.
Agrimonia pumila Muhl. Small Fruit Agrimony. Huron Coun-
ty. Otto E. Jennings.
Aira caryophyllea L. Silvery MHair-grass. Rarely escaped.
Painesville, Lake County. Otto Hacker.
Apera spica-venti (L.) Beauv. Silky Bent-grass. Wildstraw.
Painesville, Lake County. Otto Hacker.
Arnoseris minima (L.) Dumort. Lamb Succory. Painesville,
Lake County. Otto Hacker.
Asperugo procumbens LL. German Madwort. Catchweed.
Painesville, Lake County. Otto Hacker.
Asperula’ hexaphylla All. Asperula. Escaped. Painesville,
Lake County. Otto Hacker.
32 OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.
Botrychium lunaria. (L.) Sw. Moonwort. Painesville, Lake
County. Otto Hacker.
Brassica, oleracea. (Cabbage. “Preble County. W.-7x. Kelleg.
man.
Camelina,microcarpa Andrz. Small-fruited False-flax. Paines-
ville, Lake County. Otto Hacker.
Chaerophyllum procumbens shortii T. & G. Short’s Chervil.
Clermont County and Butler County. J. F. James; Hamil-
ton Gountweer Gj. Elerriel.
Coronilla varia LL. Coronilla,, Axseed, Axwort. Painesville,
Lake County. ©tto Hacker.
Crassina elegans (Jacq: ) Kuntze.-\(Zinnia elegans —Jacgs)
Zinnia. Escaped. ts httia County. W. A. Kellerman.
Crocus vernus All. Crocus. Escaped. Painesville, Lake Coun-
bys Otto: Hackers:
Datura metel L. Entire-leaf Thorn-apple. Escaped. Paines-
ville, Lake County. Otto Hacker.
Diodia teres Walt. Rough Buttonweed. Painesville, Lake
_County. Otto Hacker.
Euonymus europaeus L. Spindle-tree. Escaped. Painesville,
Lake County. Otto Hacker.
Euphorbia cuphosperma (Engelm.) Boiss. Warty Spurge.
Painesville, Lake County. Otto Hacker.
Festuca myuros L. Rat’s-tail Fescue-grass. Painesville, Lake
County. Otto Hacker.
Fumaria parviflora Lam. Small Fumitory. Painesville, Lake
County. Otto Hacker.
Galinsoga parviflora hispida D C. . Hispid Galinsoga. Paines-
ville, Lake County. Otto Hacker.
Gemmingia chinensis (L.) Kuntze. Blackberry Lily. Escaped.
Franklin County. J. H. Schaffner.
Gentiana flavida A. Gr. Yellow Gentian. Lucas County.. F.
H. Burglehaus.
Hieracium pilosella L. Mouse-ear Hawkweed. Painesville,
Lake County. . Otto Hacker. ,
Hordeum. distichum L. Two-row Barley. Rarely escaped.
-ainesville, Lake County. Otto Hacker.
Hordeum sativum Jessen. Common Barley. Occasionally
escaped.
Hypocheris glabra L. Smooth Cat’s-ear. Painesville, Lake
County. Otto Hacker.
Hypocheris radicata L. Long-rooted Cat’s-ear. Painesville,
Lake County. Otto Hacker.
Humulus japonicus Sieb. & Zucc. Japan Hop. Escaped.
Toledo, Lucas County. F. H. Burglehaus.
ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 33
Kickxia spura (L). Dumort. (Elatinoides spuria Wetzst.)
Painesville, Lake County. Otto Hacker.
Kneiffia linearis (Mx.) Spach. Narrow-leaf Sundrops. Paines-
ville, Lake County. Otto Hacker. ea
Lactuca virosa L. Strong-scented Lettuce. Confused with L.
scariola according to Britton, being the commoner of the
two species. (A. D. Selby, Meeting of Ohio Academy of
Science. November, 1901.)
Lemna cyclostasa (Ell.) Chev. (L. valdiviana Phil.) Val-
divia Duckweed. Richmond, Lake County. Otto Hacker.
Lepidium draba L. Hoary Cress. Lucas County. F. H. Burg-
lehaus.
Limnorchis hyperborea (L.) Rybd. (Habernaria hyperborea
(Ey R.Br: CantoneMrs* Theano: W';-Case:
Linum perenne L. Perennial Flax. Painesville, Lake County.
Otto Hacker.
Lychnis viscaria L. Lychnis. Escaped. Painesville, Lake
County. Otto Hacker.
Mentha Longifolia (L.) Huds. Horse Mint. Painesville,
Lake County. Otto Hacker.
- Mercurialis annua L. Mercury Plant. Painesville, Lake County.
Otto Hacker.
Monarda mollis L. Canescent Wild Bergamot. Erie County.
W. A. Kellerman and F. J. Tyler; Cuyahoga County. J. R.
Watson.
Myagrum perfoliatum L. Mvyagrum. Painesville, Lake County.
Otto Hacker.
Physalis francheti Mast. Chinese Lantern Plant. Escaped.
Lake County. Otto Hacker and D. W. Talcott.
Pinus echinata Mill. Yellow Pine, Spruce Pine. Auglaize
County. A. Wetzstein.
Poa nemoralis L. Wood Speargrass. Lake County. Otto-
Hacker. .
Polygonum punctatum robustior Small. Water Smartweed.
Painesville, Lake County. Otto Hacker.
Portulaca grandiflora Hook. Garden Portulaca. Sun Plant.
Escaped; roadsides. St. Mary’s, Auglaize County. A.
Wetzstein.
-Potamogeton heterophyllus myriophyllus (Robbins) Morong.
Many-leaf Pondweed. Stark County. W. A. and K. F.
Kellerman. .
Potentilla pumila Poir. Dwarf Five-finger.° Painesville, Lake
County. Otto Hacker.
Prunus mahaleb L. Mahaleb. Perfumed Cherry. Columbus,
Franklin County. W. A. Kellérman; »Painesville, Lake
County. Otto Hacker.
34 OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.
Quercus alexanderi Britton, Alexander’s oak, “Ohio.” N. L.
Britton Manual, 336. This was formerly confused with, or
included in ©. acuminata, and like the latter is not uncom-
mon: in Ohio.
Ribes uva-crispa L. Garden Gooseberry, escaped. Ironton,
Lawrence County, and Columbus, Franklin County. W. C.
Werner.
Rosa gallica L. French Rose. Escaped. Painesville, Lake
County. Otto Hacker.
Rosa nitida Willd. Northeastern Rose. Painesville, Lake
County. Otto Hacker.
Rubus canadensis L. (R. millspaughii Britt.) Mullspaugh’s
Blackberry. Ash Cave, Hocking County: W. A. and K. F.
Kellerman.
Rubus neglectus Peck. Purple Wild Raspberry. Painesville,
Lake County. Otto Hacker.
Rubus phoenicolasius Maxim. Japan Wineberry. Escaped from
cultivation; comes freely from seed, and Propaeaices by tips.
Painesville, Lake County. - Otto Hacker.
Salvia lanceolata Willd. Lance-leaf Sage. By roalgn near
Columbus. W. A. Kellerman.
Scleranthus annuus L. Knawel. German Knotgrass. Paines-
ville, Lake County. Otto Hacker.
‘Scutellaria parvula ambigua Fernald. “Ohio,” Nuttall; Greene
County. E. L.. Mosely; Montgomery County. W. U.
Young; Franklin County. E. E. Bogue; Gallia County, J.
/W. Davis. .
Selaginella apus (L.) Spring. Creeping Selaginella. Perry,
Lake County. Otto Hacker.
Silene antirrhina divaricata Robinson. Spreading Catchfly.
Gallia County. W. A. Kellerman.
Sisymbrium altissimum L. Tall Sisymbrium. L. D. Stair in
List of Railroad Weeds: Painesville, Lake County. Otto
Hacker; Preble County, W. A. Kellerman.
Solidago erecta Pursh. Slender Goldenrod. Ash Cave and
Gosdhope Township, Hocking County. Pomeroy, Meigs
County. W. A. Kellerman.
“Sorbus aucuparia L.° European Mountain Ash. Escaped.
Painesville, Lake County. Otto Hacker.
Spigelia marylandica L. Indian Pink or Carolina Pink. Fl. M.
V. A. P. Morgan; North Madison, Lake County. D. W.
Talcott; Painesville, Lake County. Otto Hacker.
Tanacettim vulgare crispum D.C. Tansy. Painesville, Lake
County. Otto Hacker,
ELEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT. 35
Trifolium dubium Sibth. Least Hop-clover. Painesville, Lake
County. Otto Hacker.
Urtica urens L. Small Nettle. Painesville, Lake County. Otto
Hacker.
Valeriana officinalis L. Garden Valerian. Escaped. Paines-
ville, Lake County. Otto Hacker.
Veronica chamaedris L. Germander Speedwell. Painesville,
Lake Gourity.\Otto . Hiacker:
Viburnum lantana L. Wayfaring Tree. Escaped. Painesville,
Lake County. Otto Hacker.
Vicia angustifolia Roth. Smaller Common Vetch. Painesville,
Lake County. Otto Hacker.
Viola emarginata (Nutt.) LeConte. Painesville, Lake County.
Otto Hacker.
Viola odorata L. English or Sweet Violet. Escaped Paines-
ville, Lake County. Otto Hacker.
Viola palmata sororia (Willd.) Poll. Bowling Green, Wood
County. W. A. Kellerman.
First aud Second a Adame! Reports. oe 93.
“Third and ‘Fourth Annual Reports, » 894 95)
“Fitth, Sixth, Seventh, Fighth,, ‘Ninth and ay eigee Sie ER
cote 1896-'97- *98- *99-’00-190T, Ce Be yee Pare 15¢ ‘each,
- Special Papers—No. f. «Sandusky Faed. 5
tows catalogue of the Flowering Plants arid pes Sue
without cultivation in Erie County, Ohio, and the Benes
“ insula and Islands:.of Ottawa SORRY BY. . L. Mose: :
LEY, Pah se tk A : Bre “Price, |
- Special Papers — No. z “The Odonata of Ohio,” ees
A descriptive catalogue. of. the Dragonflies kitowin in.
Ohio, with keys for their ns oe ai af, arora 4
‘paper by Davin S. ‘KELLICOTT, PROD. “Price, 35
satin Papers—No. 3. «The Pregfacial Drainage. of ‘Ohio.’ :
Comprising the: ‘restilts of ftesearches! made by “members x te
“of the Academy of Science, by tbe aid ‘of the: McMillin
Research Fund.
/* «Some Drainage Modifications i in | Washington and | adja: a hoes
cent Counties.”’ With illustrations and. mates By: Ms Ge Mors
“TIGHT, MS; rea
)44 History. of the Little Miami River.” With wap. “By
Js Al BOWNOCKER; D.Sc. 4) Sis
“Some: Observations in the Preglacial. Drainage of Woes ind
and Adjacent Counties.” Withmap. By J..H. Topp; M.D... ea me
+ *Preglacial, Drainage: Conditions in the Vicinity of Cincins
nati, Ohio.” With map. “By GERARD FOWRE: < <3
"Special Papers—-No. 4 me «The Fishes of Ohio. 25".
An authentic list, with’ special referedice to occurrence. Piaeenty
aud Bit enbon: Mee RAYMOND C. so gan exh Mi Se; ign ee
Thess sublictions wall bes Sentito: any addons
portpsic on Receipt of PRES: a
“Address, w. G MILLS, en
: OHLO STATE. ACADEMY OF SCIENCE,
* Page Hall, ees State Master,
OHIO STATE
ACADEMY OF SCIENCE
Special Papers No. 6
The Birds of Ohio
A REVISED CATALOGUE
BY
LYNDS JONES, M. Sc.
Published by the Academy of Science with the
Emerson McMillin Research Fund
OCTOBER, 1903
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OHIO STATE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE
Special Papers No. 6
PAE BIRDS OF OHIO
A REVISED CATALOGUE
BY
EY NES JONES, M.Sc.
OBERLIN COLLEGE
PUBLISHED BY THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE WITH THE
EMERSON MCMILLIN RESEARCH FUND
Publication Committee :
J. H. SCHAFFNER, L. H. MCFADDEN, GERARD FOWKE
OCTOBER 15, 1903
NOTE:
The study upon which this paper is based was carried on
under two grants of thirty-five and seventy-five dollars
each from the Emerson McMillin Research Fund, and the
expense of ptblication is met by the further aid of the
same fund.
WILLIAM R. LAZENBY.
F. M. WEBSTER,
Joun H. SCHAFFNER,
Trustees.
PREFACE.
Dr. J. M. Wheaton transmitted his monumental “Report
on the Birds of Ohio” to Prof. J. S. Newberry, Chief Geol-
ogist of Ohio, on November 1, 1879. It was finally printed
by the state and distributed in 1882. One year later, at the
first Congress of American Ornithologists’ Union, held in
New York, September 26-29, 1883, a committee was ap-
pointed to whom was referred the question of revising the
classification and nomenclature of the Birds of North Amer-
ica. That committee’s work was completed, accepted, and
the results printed in a Check-List* early in 1886. Until
the publication of this Check-List there had been no uni-
formity in the nomenclature of birds, each author practically
building his own system. Dr. Wheaton adopted, in a some-
what modified form, “The nomenclature ...... Gl Dr:
(Elliot E.) Coues in his Check-List of North American
Birds,” published in 1874. That system followed the cus-
toms of the time by beginning with the highest and ending
with the lowest forms. The nomenclature adopted by the
committee of the American Ornithologists’ Union* turned
the old system about, beginning with the lowest and ending
with the highest forms, as they were then regarded. Seven
years after the completion of his work and four years after
its publication, therefore, the nomenclature of Dr. Wheaton
became obsolete, for the new nomenclature found immediate
acceptance the country over, and has since been the working
basis of all American Ornithologists.
The need of a Revised Catalogue of the Birds of Ohio
has been sorely felt, chiefly that the nomenclature might be
uniform with that of all more recent publications on Orni-
thology. The score of years which have elapsed since Dr.
Wheaton’s Catalogue was issued have seen other changes
*The A. O. U. Check-List of North American Birds, for sale
by L. S. Foster, 30 Pine street, New York City.
2 PREFACE.
as well as those of nomenclature, making the call for a re-
vision all the more imperative. The changes in the physical
features incident to the fuller settlement of the state have
been attended by changes in the whole fauna, the bird pop-
ulation changing with the rest.
Keenly feeling the need for a state catalogue of our birds
which should embody the latest results of field work and
conform to the adopted system of nomenclature, the writer
appealed to the Ohio State Academy of Science, at its meet-
ing in December, 1900, and found ready sympathy in the
plan for a revision. A liberal portion of the McMillin fund
was placed at his disposal for the purpose of prosecuting
the work, and it is largely that substantial help which makes
it possible to present the finished report at this early date.
With this fund it was possible to mail upward of two hun-
dred lists of birds of probable occurrence to different parts of
the state for reports from local bird students, and to visit
several little known regions of the state for the purpose of
studying the bird fauna there at first hand. A list of those
who kindly contributed notes and who gave other assistance
will be found elsewhere.
The nomenclature adopted in this Catalogue conforms to
that of the American Ornithologists’ Union Check-List, Sec-
ond Edition and Supplements succeeding. While this sys-
tem is not free from faults, and while another revision seems
imminent, it is not within the province of this catalogue to
anticipate much of such revision. Some questions relating
to the validity of species and subspecies which occur in Ohio
await settlement. In these few cases I have been obliged to
use my best judgment respecting the questions at issue. If
that judgment proves unsound I trust that the reader will
consider the limitations of time and material under which I
am obliged to complete this work.
INTRODUCTION.
SCOPE.
This is not a treatise on descriptive ornithology. The
reader who turns to the list of species expecting to learn the
color patterns and other characteristics of the several species
treated within these covers will be disappointed. Books up-
on descriptive ornithology are both so numerous and so
readily accessible now that it is no longer the province of
faunal lists and catalogues to describe birds; they should
rather endeavor to contribute to our knowledge of the habits
and economic relations. There are added reasons why this
catalogue should not attempt to describe the species enumer-
ated. In 1903, there will be ready for distribution a popular
scientific work upon the “Birds of Ohio.”* This book will
be based upon this catalogue, and is being prepared by my
friend and colaborer, Rev. William Leon Dawson, of Co-
lumbus.
This catalogue is a revision of Dr. J. M. Wheaton’s cata-
logue issued in 1882 as a part of Volume IV of the Ohio
Geological Survey. An attempt has been made to draw
comparisons between the conditions prevailing then and
now, especially as regards the bird life, and to add such facts
as further study and improved methods have brought to
light. I have not deemed it advisable to reprint much of Dr.
Wheaton’s catalogue, because a considerable number of cop-
ies of that important work may be secured from Mrs. Whea-
ton, who still resides in Columbus.
“The Birds of Ohio.” A complete, scientific and popular de-
scription of the species of birds found in the state. By William
Leon Dawson, B.D., with introduction and analytical keys by
Lynds Jones, S.M., Instructor in Oberlin College. Illustrated
by 80 plates in color-photography, and more than 200 original
half-tones, showing the favorite haunts of the birds, flocking,
feeding, nesting, ete., from photographs taken by the author
and others. Sold only by subscription by The Wheaton Publish-
ing Co., Columbus, Ohio.
4 _ BIRDS OF OHIO.
THE TASK.
The task of revision involves far more than merely a re-
arrangement of the groups and species to conform to the
present accepted alignment. Many names have been
changed wholly or in part, species have been divided into
two or more forms, the status of each of which must be de-
termined ‘where they affect Ohio birds. There have been
changes in the distribution of some species in the state.
Questions of the validity of records of species occurring
in Ohio, old as well as new, have presented themselves. The
influences of more complete settlement have needed atten-
tion. Twice as much time as has been allotted me for this
task could have been used profitably, but it is hoped that
some worthy results are here presented.
THE PLAN.
While Dr. Wheaton used a somewhat modified form of
Dr. Elliot Coues’ system of 1874, the present catalogue con-
forms pretty strictly to the nomenclature and arrangement
of the American Ornithologists’ Union, revised to date.
The scientific names, with the authority for them, as well
as the English names, conform to the above-named Check-
List. Under the caption “Synonyms” are given first, the
scientific, and second, the English names which have been
used to designate the species in other works, the names used
by Dr. Wheaton in his 1882 catalogue being given prefer-
ence where they differ from the present names.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Under the caption “Bibliography” only the first published
reference to the species as occurring in Ohio is given. While
the author has endeavored to verify all references and make
certain of accuracy here, his limited reference library must
account for inaccuracies. The bibliography of Ohio birds
is less extensive than that of many other states, but it is
scattered over many minor publications which are difficult
to secure. In the appendix will be found as complete a bib-
liography as the writer has been able to compile after much
RELATIVE ABUNDANCE. a
patient search. Additions to this list would be gladly re-
ceived.
RELATIVE ABUNDANCE.
In speaking of the relative abundance in Ohio of the sev-
eral species of this catalaogue I have made use of the more
than threescore reports contributed by bird students scat-:
tered over most of the state. None of these reports give
evidence of any more system in determining the relative.
abundance than Dr. Wheaton’s and his colaborers’ work
shows, hence the comparisons drawn will seem fair. It is
to be hoped that some system for the determination of the.
relative abundance of birds may soon be brought forward;
until that is done we cannot hope for accurate results in this
field of knowledge. Dr. Wheaton’s observations and those
of the persons on whom he relied for information covered
only a small fraction of the state, to be sure, but the regions
covered may be assumed to have been representative of most
of the state at least. It will appear in the discussion of this
interesting subject that the author has often quoted him-
self without the mention of others. Where that is the case
the reports received from observers have been too conflict-
ing to be of use, and he has been driven from the unknown
to the known. The necessary differences prevailing among
bird students as regards the time spent in study, the time
of day when the observations are made and the topography
covered, furnish no means of comparison unless these ele-
ments are known. Field work done at noon only will fail
to discover such birds as are quiet during that time. Field
work which does not cover certain regions will result in
omitting such species as resort only to such regions. Unfa-
mniliarity with notes and songs will often result in the failure
to discover certain secretive species, or will fail to notice
more than a few where there may be great numbers. Thus
it is that only where pretty general agreement obtains, or
where there is an evident gradation from one region to an-
other at some distance, that these reports can be wholly re-
lied upon. This does not mean that the accuracy of any ob-
6 BIRDS OF OHIO.
server is questioned, but it only indicates my own ignorance
of the conditions under which he worked.
DEFINITION OF TERMS USED TO INDICATE RELATIVE
ABUNDANCE.
Lack of any system for indicating what is meant by’ the
terms “Abundant,” ‘Common,’ ‘“Tolerably Common,”
“Rare,” and “Casual,” makes it necessary for each person
using them to define his own system. The terms “Acci-
dental,” “Hypothetical,’ and “Introduced,” are defined
where they are used, after the treatment of the species in the
body of the catalogue.
In a general way, the term “Abundant” signifies that the
species to which it is applied are so numerous in individ-
uals as to force themselves upon one’s notice. The English
Sparrow is the only bird to which this term can be applied
the year through. A number of species may be abundant at
certain times, as the Robin, Vesper Sparrow, Meadowlark,
Wood Pewee, and Bronzed Grackle. These and others may
be abundant in certain regions and not in others; or in cer-
tain restricted localities and either less numerous or even
almost wholly absent from other localities near.
A species is regarded as ‘““Common” when a considerable
number of individuals may be found without much effort
or much expenditure of time. In the use of this term ac-
count must always be taken of the habits of the species to
which it is applied. Thus, the Oven-bird may properly be
entered as common in a region if it be remembered that it is
strictly a woods bird. ‘Common in woods” would be the
accurate designation.
“Tolerably Common” is used to indicate the fact that the
individuals of the species designated are so few that they
must be searched for under normal conditions, and yet pres-
ent in the region. The Blue-gray Gnatcatcher is a fair ex-
ample in all parts of the state which I have visited.
“Rare” is the term reserved for a species which is repre-
sented by so few individuals that a record of its occurrence
is regarded as unusual. In Lorain county the Golden Eagle
BREEDING. 4
is rare, because one or two records of its appearance in a
year is all my books show.
“Casual,” as used in this catalogue, means that the species
to which it is applied visits the state only under unusual
circumstances. Thus, the Great Gray Owl could not be ex-
pected to reach Ohio except during an unusually severe win-
ter when its food supply north failed. Casual stands close
to accidental. A Red-tailed Hawk would be casual in a
small city park, because that park lies within its range in
the surrounding region. A Bullock Oriole would be acci-
dental there because its home is in regions far removed.
In the use of any of these terms except “Casual,” account
must be taken of the habits of the birds. The Red-winged
Blackbird may be abundant in the marshes of any county,
but practically absent from the rest of that county. In the
body of the work I have endeavored to indicate what are
the regions ‘preferred by the different species. Account
must also be taken of the size of the birds to which the
terms are applied in each instance. Thus a dozen Red-
tailed Hawks in a township would make that hawk appear
almost abundant, while a dozen Chipping Sparrows or
Robins in that same township would be almost rare for the
species.
Some prophet must arise who will be able to develop a
system of relative terms for general use. Such a system
is greatly needed in the further development of the depart-
ment of field ornithology.
BREEDING.
Not the least difficult of the problems presenting them-
selves for solution has been that relating to the breeding of
many species within the state. So little was known of the
general breeding range of many species when Dr. Wheaton
completed his work, that it is not strange that he should
have regarded as “probably breeding in the northern parts
of the state’ several species whose breeding range lies well
to the north. It is also more than probable that several
species which remained to breed before the state became
8 BIRDS OF OHIO.
so well settled, no longer do so. Remembering the almost
total lack of information regarding the southward migra-
tions of many species at that time, we can readily under-
stand how even such keen observers as Drs. Wheaton and
Kirtland should have been led to regard as breeding within
the state some species which were found in late July. Now
we know that they are the vanguard of the southward mov-
ing host. We also know that the presence of individuals of a
species in summer is not prima facie evidence of its breeding,
because many unmated birds wander about considerably, and
wounded water-birds may be unable to complete their jour-
ney and yet be unable to breed where they are obliged to
remain. Nor does the author regard the presence of young
which the parent or parents are still feeding positive evi-
dence of breeding, if the occurrence lies close to the state
border, because it is well known that many young birds
which are still largely dependent upon their parents for
food are able to fly considerable distances. Such evidence,
however, would be strongly probable of breeding. It
should not be necessary to actually find a nest with either
eggs or young to establish a breeding record. The contin-
uous presence of an evident pair of birds during the season
when they would normally breed, in any given restricted
" region, ought to be taken as clear evidence of the breeding
of that pair. It is frequently not possible to find the nest
and examine its contents.
The presence in the north of individuals of a species whose
normal range lies well south of such occurrence does not in-
dicate that the species breeds in that northern region. Dur-
ing the migrations and after the breeding season individuals
may wander considerable distances from their normal breed-
ing places. While the conclusions here reached are by no
means to be considered final, they are at least conservative.
It may very likely be that some of: the warblers supposed
to cross Lake Erie to breed will yet prove summer residents
on this side. In editing the notes contributed on the breed-
ing of our, birds some records have been withheld because
of the lack of positive evidence.
RANGE IN OHIO. 9
Foop.
An effort has been made to indicate what constitutes the
food of the birds which spend much time in the state. In
many instances this has been done under the discussion of
the individual species, where the species seems to have a
strong influence upon agriculture or other economic inter-
‘ests, and where the food differs in some important respects
from that of the other members of the group. When the
group is not an important factor, or the food of the species
is much the same throughout the group, a discussion will
be found under the heading of the whole group. Informa-
tion upon the food habits of the birds has been gleaned
from various sources, acknowledgment of which will be
found elsewhere. An effort has been made to acquaint the
reader with the facts so far as they are known, and thus to
show what species are injurious and what beneficial to our
interests.
MIGRATION.
The subject of the migrations of the birds into and
across Ohio has not received sufficient careful attention to
warrant tabulation of the dates of appearance and disap-
pearance of such species as migrate, nor any plotting of the
routes of migrations most generally followed. It is true
that several voluntary observers have worked faithfully and
well with the time at their disposal, and the results have
greatly extended our knowledge of the migrations, but
their time and means have been too limited for exact re-
sults. They have made possible general statements, how-
ever, which will indicate the times of appearance and dis-
appearance and the general routes of movement across the
state. These general results are given in this catalogue.
RANGE IN OHIO.
The present Ohio range of the different species has been
largely taken from the numerous reports received, supple-
mented by published records and by the writer’s work at
10 BIRDS OF OHIO.
Oberlin and in the several regions of the state visited since
the preparation of this catalogue began, two years ago. In ac-
cepting records for the state and also for the different coun-
ties the following rule has been adopted: In order to have
a place on the state list a specimen of the species must have
been captured and preserved for some time where it could
be critically examined. In order to have a place on a coun-
ty list a species which is rare or casual or accidental in that
county must have had a specimen captured and critically ex-
amined, or, if a conspicuously marked species, must have
been seen under the most favorable conditions by one famil-
iar with that species. This rule has necessarily resulted in
the elimination of some species from some of the lists hand-
ed me, and has relegated to the state Hypothetical List some
species reported on insufficient evidence as occurring in the
state. I submit, however, that it is a fair rule, one which
will safeguard our work. It is far easier to add a species
to such a list than it is to eliminate it after it is wrongly
placed there.
TOPOGRAPHY.
“The state of Ohio is situated between 38° 25’ and 42°
north latitude and 80° 30’ and 84° 50’ west longitude.
Jee It is thus the most southern of the northern tier of
states, its northern border corresponding in latitude with
the southern border of Michigan and New York. Its ex-
treme length is, from east to west, about 220 miles, its great-
est width from north to south about 210 miles. Its area is
approximately 40,000 square miles (41,060: land, 40,760;
water, 300.) (Wheaton.) About three-fourths of the
state is under cultivation, and of the remaining fourth
nearly allis woodland. “Before cultivation a few small prai-
ries in the western and central portions of the state inter-
rupted the general woodland.” The disappearance of the
forests has resulted in the almost total extermination of a
few birds, a marked decrease in the numbers of a large num-
ber, and an influx of a few species which live in the open
fields.
TOPOGRAPHY. ala
DRAINAGE.
“Two-thirds of the state may be considered as forming a
part of the great Mississippi Valley, while about the north-
ern third is in the basin of the great lakes. The water-shed
which divides the streams flowing into Lake Erie from
those tributary to the Ohio, traverses the state from near
the north-east corner in a south-westerly direction as a low .
ridge the greatest elevation of which is nowhere more than
1400 feet above the sea. This water-shed is lower in Ohio
than in Pennsylvania and New York.” (Wheaton.)
ELEVATIONS.
The surface of Lake Erie is 573 feet above the ocean.
During low water the Ohio river is about 426 feet above the
ocean at the extreme south-west corner of the state, near
Gravel Pit, rising to 687 feet at Wellsville in Columbiana
county. The Ohio river at its lowest point is thus 147 feet
below the surface of lake Erie. The variations inthe general
surface of the state range from those given above to 1540
feet, which elevation is reached in Logan county a short dis-
tance east of Bellefontaine, where two hills rise, the one to
1500 the other to 1540 feet above tide. A hill in Richland
county reaches an elevation of 1475 feet. Nowhere else does
the state reach 1400 feet elevation. It will thus be clear that
nowhere does altitude play any important part in the distri-
bution of the birds.
EROSION.
The lake Erie drainage plain is generally a gradual slope
northward, with gorges cut into the underlying shale and
rock by the larger streams, but without hills of any conse-
quence. The northern and western parts of the Ohio river
drainage plain is also level, but growing rougher as the
streams descend and enlarge, reaching a maximum of rough-
ness in the south-eastern and southern parts of the state.
The unglaciated region presents the greatest erosion and
consequently the highest ridges and deepest valleys. Here
the streams have cut completely through the upper coal
strata.
Wy BIRDS OF OHIO.
RIVERS.
Only two of the rivers which flow into Lake Erie are of
much importance topographically—the Maumee at its west-
ern end, and the Grand, near the eastern border of the state.
Between these the Portage, Sandusky, Huron, Vermilion,
Black, Rocky, and Cuyahoga form greater or lesser valleys,
and more or less extensive swamps at their junction with
the lake. The principal tributaries of the Ohio are the Mus-
kingum, Scioto, and Miami, and their tributaries, penetrat-
ing well into the northern third of the state. They are im-
portant highways for the birds in their migrations, and sev-
eral species belonging to the southern counties follow the
courses of these rivers farther north than they venture
elsewhere.
LAKES.
Natural lakes of any considerable extent are lacking, but
within the drift area in the north-east numerous small glacial
lakes are scattered. Four reservoirs built by the state to
supply the system of canals, furnish inland waters for many
species as feeding and nesting places. St. Mary’s or Grand
reservoir, situated in Mercer and Auglaize counties, with
an area of 17,000 acres, is the largest; the Lewiston, in Lo-
gan county; the Loramie, in Shelby; and the Licking, in
Licking, Fairfield, and Perry counties, are of smaller di-
mensions. ‘The marshes which have formed in and around
these reservoirs support as abundant swamp life as the delta
marshes at the lake shore.
Tue BirpDS AND THE WATER BOopDIEs.
On the south the Ohio river exerts a marked influence
upon the bird fauna of that part of the state. Being a main
tributary of the great Mississippi river, and extending in a
somewhat northerly direction from that great thoroughfare
of the birds, it receives its portion of the northward moving
host each spring. The course of the Ohio river is so little
varied in character that it is not strange that some species
with somewhat southern tendencies should wander along
TOPOGRAPHY. i183
its course and unwittingly reach a higher latitude than else-
where. The river itself has, tor the most part, little of the
character which entices swamp breeders to its shores. While
water birds follow its course they do not tarry to breed
there, but pass northward.
On the north Lake Erie is a factor to be reckoned with. It
acts as a balance between the extremes of cold in winter and
heat in summer, thus maintaining a more even temperature
at any time of year, preventing the sudden changes which
are so dangerous to both plant and animal life. Its chilling
spring influence holds vegetation back until time for it to
come forth, and by its warm breath in fall it wards off early
frosts. Recognizing this influence upon vegetation, we are
prepared for the appearance of some of the more southern
breeding birds along the shore of the lake, and for the pres-
ence all winter of some of the northern species which erdi-
narily winter much fartner south.
It has already been stated that marshes scattered sparing-
ly along the lake front, usually where streams enter the lake,
afford breeding places for many species. The archipelago
lying north of Sandusky also affords suitable summer homes
for many species not found breeding elsewhere in the state.
Wherever clay banks front the water Bank Swallows and
Belted Kingfishers nest in numbers.
CLIMATE.
For a detailed discussion of the climatic conditions of
Ohio the reader is referred to a paper on “Some Climatic
Conditions of Ohio,” by Mr. Otto E. Jennings, in the Ohio
Naturalist for January, 1903. It is sufficient to say here
that the mean range of temperature, which is 49° F. in the
north and 55° F. in the south, and the much greater depth
of snowfall in the extreme north-eastern corner of the state,
are the principal factors which exert any marked influence
upon bird life. A number of species are not only more com-
mon in the warmer southern counties, but several never
reach even the middle of the state. Greater snowfall means
covered food in winter, and consequently fewer birds during
14 BIRDS OF OHIO.
the period of snow. The rapacious birds, especially, go
where food is more easily obtainable during the winter
months.
FAUNAL AREAS.
“By far the largest part of the State is strictly Carolinian
in its faunal characters; a small portion, the north-eastern
corner, is as emphatically Alleghenian.” (Wheaton.) Dr.
C. Hart Merriam, in “Life Zones and Crop Zones, of the
United States,” 1898, shows clearly the extent of this arm
of the Alleghenian fauna, so far as plant life is affected. I
have attempted to indicate this area on the accompanying
map. Topographically there seems to be nothing which
indicates this difference. It is possible that the influence
of the strictly Alleghenian region flows over into Ohio to
that extent without any attendant local conditions of topog-
raphy. A strong hint of the reason for it fies in the much
greater snowfall over a large part of this Alleghenian area.
The fact that the Hooded Warbler, Worm-eating Warbler,
Kentucky Warbler, Golden-winged Warbler, White-eyed
Vireo and Summer Tanager invade this area to breed, sev-
eral of them reaching the lake shore in Ashtabula county,
and do not breed as far north anywhere else in the state,
would seem to indicate that the conditions which so strongly
affect plant life have little or no influence upon these birds.
They belong in the Carolinian Fauna.
In northern Ohio. there seems a strong tendency toward
the Transition Zone, and in the south a strongly typical
Carolinian Fauna in the Upper Austral Zone. Thus the
Bobolink breeds plentifully all over the northern third of the
state, but is scarcely found in summer south of the 40th
parallel. Wilson Thrush also breeds north but is absent
in summer south. The Black and Common Terns are found
only at the lake shore in summer, but the Carolina Wren
and Cardinal nest sparingly, but in increasing numbers,
even to the lake shore. South of the 40th parallel, except
in the extreme north-east, the Kentucky Warbler and Sum-
mer Tanager spend the summer.
FAUNAL AREAS. 15
Careful scrutiny of Dr. Wheaton’s work will make appar-
ent to any one that there has been a very perceptible move-
ment of many species northward or north-eastward during
the last two decades. Several species known then to breed
near the lake shore clearly do not breed there now, or if
at all very rarely. Several species which did not reach the
lake shore then are regular breeders there now. Some spe-
cies which were confined to the southern border of the state
twenty years ago have now reached the central counties,
or pushed even farther north-eastward. Bewick Wren, at
least, has invaded the state from the south-west. There is
some indication of an invasion of the Blue Grosbeak and
Nonpareil soon. In winter, we in the north now have Rob-
ins and Bluebirds with us in small numbers, where seven
years ago none remained. The temperature is not chang-
ing, but the birds are gradually developing into hardier an-
imals.
The species involved in this north-eastward movement
may be mentioned. Of the warblers: the Prothonotary,
Worm-eating, Golden-winged, Chestnut-sided, Magnolia,
Kentucky, and the Hooded. Besides these the Summer
Tanager; White-eyed Vireo; Pine Siskin; Lark Sparrow ;
Dickcissel ; Cardinal; Carolina Wren; Bewick Wren; Tur-
key Vulture ; and Wilson Snipe. These are the species most
affected. It is more than likely that the whole bird host is
gradually shifting northward as the weaker ones perish, leav-
ing only the hardier individuals to occupy the arena of daily
strife for existence.
From WHENCE Birps Have Come Into Onto.
Birds seem to have appeared upon the earth during the
lower Jurassic or possibly even during the upper Triassic
times in the world’s history. No fossil birds of these times
have been found in Ohio, yet it is not impossible that such
occurred in the region now named Ohio. However that
may be, it is certainly true that the great ice invasion from
the north, marking the close of the Tertiary Period and the
16 BIRDS OF OHIO.
beginning of the Quaternary, with its revolutionary changes
of climate from almost universal tropic to frigid conditions
over the northern half of the northern hemisphere, drove all
life out of what is now Ohio. We are therefore concerned
only with the reappearance of the birds in the region.
A glance at the accompanying map will indicate the ex-
tent of the ice-cap over Ohio. It will be noticed that the
south-eastern counties escaped with nothing more than flood-
ing by water in the lowlands when the ice-cap began to
recede by melting. It will also be clear that the whole of the
state must have been frigid during the most of the year,
with perhaps short periods of freedom from snow and ice
when the sun was highest in mid-summer. Clearly the con-
ditions were not favorable anywhere in the state then for
breeding. Such birds as survived the changes occasioned
by the ice invasion, the crowding into the tropics, and the
necessary change of diet, must have remained well south
of the ice barrier for long periods.
As the ice-cap began to recede in consequence of another
change of climate to warmer, the birds, under the necessity
of securing more favorable conditions for breeding, must
have pushed northward to the limit of the ice, only to be
forced south with the approach of winter. With the recur-
rence of summer and the further recession of the ice these an-
nual migrations would extend farther and farther north-
ward, and the instinct for regular migrations be formed.
This being true, it is clear that the reoccupation of Ohio
must have been from a southerly direction. But since the
mountains lying eastward and southward now form a con-
siderable barrier to the migrations of the birds, it is likely
that they did to an even greater extent then, since time has
served to lessen their height. Remembering, also, that
birds follow large features of topography in their annual
migrations, like river valleys and coast lines, it will seem
more than likely that the Ohio tributary of the great Missis-
sippi river served as a highway for the birds living at the
close of the Glacial epoch as it does to-day. We are there-
fore safe in assuming that the first invasion of the region
FROM WHENCE BIRDS HAVE COME INTO OHIO. Ey
which is now bounded as Ohio came from the south-west.
This is made clearer when we know that the species which
have come into the state during the last twenty years to be-
come regular summer residents, have come from the south-
west or west. Of the thirteen species regarded as accidental
within the state seven must have come from the south-west
or west, while five may have come from the east or north-
east, at least two of which were pretty clearly driven out of
their course by severe storms.
The species which have come into the state since Dr.
Wheaton finished his catalogue, or which were not known
to him, at least, are as follows: From the south-west and
west: Prairie Horned Lark, Henslow Sparrow, Nelson
Sparrow, Bachman Sparrow, Little Blue Heron, and Black
Rail. The following species have been found as migrants,
and can hardly be classed as invaders in the true sense:
Parasitic Jaeger, Barrow Golden-eye, American Eider, and
Long-billed Dowitcher. Caspian Tern is probably a wander-
er from the south.
The following species, known to Dr. Wheaton, have con-
siderably extended their range eastward and _ north-east-
ward: Lark Sparrow, Grasshopper Sparrow, Dickcissel,
White-eyed Vireo, Prothonotary Warbler, Worm-eating
Warbler, Golden-winged Warbler, Kentucky Warbler,
Hooded Warbler, Carolina Wren, Bewick Wren, and Car-
olina Chickadee.
It has already been hinted that there is strong evidence
for the belief that several species which earlier ornitholo-
gists reported as breeding in the north-eastern counties have
ceased to do so, going farther north to spend the summer
now. This north-eastward movement can hardly be due
to settlement of the country in later years, but rather seems
in direct accord with the movement in the same direction
of the several species enumerated above. Dr. Merriam
shows that a tongue of the Lower Austral life zone reaches
about the middle of southern Indiana along the course of
the Ohio river. The strong tendency of the birds to follow
the course of the Ohio until they reach a latitude considera-
18 BIRDS OF OHIO.
bly north of their normal summer range in Ohio, seems to
indicate that this Lower Austral extension may be approach-
ing our southern border, as far as the birds are concerned.
This impression is emphasized by the numerous unconfirmed
reports of the occurrence of the Nonpareil and Blue Gros-
beak in the vicinity of Cincinnati. A further indication of
the tendency of the birds, in the latitude of Ohio, to move
gradually northward with their breeding range, is shown in
the increasing number of species which remain during the
entire winter. It indicates that hardier individuals are grad-
ually being developed. Since Ohio lies near the northern bor-
der of the breeding range of several species, and just above
the northern range of some others, we may expect that the
hardiest individuals of such species will gradually invade
regions to the north of their range which have not known
them hitherto. This law of differentiation is recognized
in a practical manner by those who see sub-specific differ-
ences between the individuals of certain species which habit-
ually remain well south to breed and those which habitu-
ally push well north to breed. This seems to be one of the
methods for the development of species.
The appearance of northern breeding birds in the state
in winter cannot properly be classed as invasions, because
they are forced south by the stress of hunger, and return
at the first opportunity. It seems clear that during the mi-
grations of the species which breed north of the state, the
movement of species in the western end of the state is a
little west of north, and in the eastern part of the state a lit-
tle east of north. While Lake Erie is not an insurmountable
barrier to most species, they seem to prefer not to cross it di-
rectly or at all if possible. I have repeatedly seen Killdeers
and Meadowlarks strike out boldly for the Canada side,
with a favorable wind, only to turn back before they had
passed out of sight. It is more than likely that many indi-
viduals of the species which migrate by day pass around
the ends of the lake, or cross at Sandusky.
SOURCES OF INFORMATION—CONTRIBUTORS. 19
SourRcES OF INFORMATION.
In the preparation of this catalogue the author has re-
ceived much valuable assistance from many sources. He
has freely consulted first of all Dr. J. M. Wheaton’s great
work, and has taken from it many facts. Cook’s “Birds of
Michigan,” Butler’s “Birds of Indiana,’ Warren’s “Birds
of Pennsylvania,” Ridgway’s “Birds of North and Middle
America,’ and Nehrling’s “Our Native Birds of Song and
Beauty,” have proved valuable helps in many ways. With-
out the material support and hearty codperation of the Ohio
State Academy of Science, particularly its committee having
in charge the McMillin Fund for research, this catalogue
would not have appeared at this time. To Professor Albert
A. Wright, for valuable and timely suggestions and for
help in the selection of a map; and to Rev. W. L. Dawson,
for codperation and criticism in the compilation of the list
of species, I desire to make grateful acknowledgment here.
To all those whose names appear below, who gave freely
of their time and knowledge of the birds in their localities,
is largely due the approximation to completeness of this
catalogue. Many have gone out of their way to help the
work along. With such an enthusiastic company of friends
there is great hope for the future of our native birds.
CONTRIBUTORS.
The following persons have returned lists of the birds of
their. localities checked upon provisional lists which were
furnished for that purpose:
Allen—Homer C. Bennett, M.D., Lima.
Ashland—C. L. Metcalf, McZena.
Ashtabula—W. P. Holt, Rev. J. M. Keck, Geneva, Robt. J.
Sim, A. W. Galpin, Jefferson.
Clark—Leander S. Keyser, Springfield.
Columbiana—T. C. Randolph, J. W. Suliot, Salem.
Crawford—Hiram B. Sears, Bucyrus.
Cuyahoga—A. Hall, Lakewood; Prof. Francis H. Herrick, R. Je
Tozer, Cleveland.
20 BIRDS OF OHIO.
Defiance—Charles E. Slocum, M.D., Defiance.
Delaware—Miss Ida Newell, Prof. Edward L. Rice. Delaware.
Erie—R. L. Baird, Prof. E. L. Moseley, R. D. L. Ransom, San-
dusky; Carl Tuttle, M.D., Berlin Heights.
Franklin—Rey. W. L. Dawson, Prof. J. S. Hine, Columbus.
Fulton—Thomas Mikesell, Wauseon.
Geauga—Rev. J. M. Keck, Orange Cook, Chardon.
Greene—Bliza G. Rice, Yellow Springs.
Hamilton—Charles Dury, Russell Everett, Laura Gano, F. W.
Langdon, M.D., Joshua Lindhal, Morris Peck, C. C. Smith, Fran-
cis P. Smith, Cincinnati; R. F. Souter, Bond Hill.
Hardin—George H. Palmer, Kenton; Agnew Welsh, Ada.
Harrison—Harry B. McConnell, Cadiz.
Knox—T. E. Haughey, Academia.
Lake—E. A. Doolittle, V. E. and T. B. Wyman, Painesville;
Rev. J. M. Keck, Mentor.
Licking—Irving A. Field, Granville; Raymond Osburn, Va-
natta.
Logan—Homer C. Bennett, M.D., Bellefontaine.
Lorain—Lynds Jones, Oberlin.
Lucas—F. H. Burglehause, Miss Lucy J. Retscher, Toledo.
Madison—Max Morse, London.
Mahoning—E. W. Vickers, Ellsworth.
Morgan—H. J. Arrick, C. H. Morris, McConnellsville.
Perry—Reyv. Henry Beeman, New Lexington; Geo. W. DeLong,
Corning.
Pike—Rev. W. F. Henninger, Waverly.
Portage—Cornelius Baldwin, Nelson; Geo. H. Colton, Hiram;
Roscoe J. Webb, Garrettsville.
Preble—Julia K. Holn, Lewisburg.
Scioto—Rev. W. F. Henninger, South Webster.
Summit—Eugene F. Cranz, Ira; Wm. B. Haynes, Akron.
Union—Lizzie A. Copp, Richwood.
Warren—Anna C. Stenson, Harveysburg.
Wayne—J. G. Black, Scott G. Harry, Harry C. Oberholser,
Ethel Dane Roberts, Wooster.
Wyandot—Thos. A. Bonser, Carey; Paul Smith, Upper San-
dusky.
In addition to the names mentioned above, valuable notes
have been received from Dr. W. H. Fisher, of Cincinnati,
from his records of specimens in his private collection, relat-
ing to food and the occurrence of many species, and from
Mr. E. B. Williamson, giving dates of nesting of many
species in various places in the state. Clippings from lo-
CONTRIBUTORS. 21
cal newspapers in which birds are mentioned, which have
been sent to me by many helpers, are too numerous and the
sources from which they came too various to be given in-
dividual mention here.
Dr. Frank W. Langdon, Mr. Charles Dury and Dr. Josua
Lindahl have contributed notes covering a long series of
years in the vicinity of Cincinnati and elsewhere in the state ;
and Mr. Wm. B. Haynes, of Akron, has given special at-
tention to the shore birds of the natural lakes of that vicin-
ity.
Mr. H. C. Oberholser has been good enough to go over
the list of species here recorded, making suggestions and
comments which have greatly aided me in the final arrange-
ment of the catalogue. His “Birds of Wayne County,
Ohio,” and Rev. W. F. Henninger’s “Birds of Middle
Southern Ohio,” have been valuable aids in the revision of
the work.
In 1891 Messrs. L. M. McCormick and G. D. Wilder pre-
pared a list of the birds of Lorain county, from which I
have been able to add not a little to our knowledge of the
birds of the northern parts of our state.
To these gentlemen and to all who have given so freely
of their time and notes I wish to tender my grateful thanks.
They have made a difficult task possible of accomplishment.
In addition to the counties represented upon the list given
above, the writer has been able to spend a greater or less time
in studying the birds in the following counties: Athens,
Fairfield, Gallia, Huron, Lawrence, Medina, Meigs, Mus-
kingum, Ottawa (islands only), Perry, and Washington.
The work in all of these counties, except Huron and Medi-
na, was done in company with Rev. W. L. Dawson. At
Chippewa Lake, Medina county, Mr. R. L. Baird accom-
panied me. Mr. Baird has also been associated with me
in considerable of the later work about Oberlin. At the
Licking Reservoir, which included parts of Licking, Fair-
field, and Perry counties, Messrs. E. J. Arrick and Irving
A. Field also participated. Several days were spent in the
vicinity of Jefferson, Ashtabula county, with Mr. Robt. J.
Q2 BIRDS OF OHIO.
= SSS aa
Sim. Most of the work in Erie and Huron counties has
been without company.
From the foregoing remarks it will be clear that a consid-
erable portion of the state remains to be explored ornitho-
logically, particularly in the south and west. Some per-
sons with considerable leisure ought to be posted along our
southern and western ,borders to watch for invasions of
species from Kentucky and Indiana. I earnestly hope that
the appearance of this catalogue will mark the beginning
of an era of unusual activity in the study of the birds of our
fair state.
CoE Stes Or OnIO:
Order PYGOPODES. Diving Birds.
SuBorDER PODICIPEDES. Grebes.
Family Popicipip#&. Grebes.
This family is represented in our state by three species,
one large and two small. The food consists of fish, aquatic
insects, crustaceans, batrachians, and considerable aquatic
vegetable matter. The grebes pursue the fish under water,
using only the feet in swimming under water. A Horned
Grebe found on the streets of Oberlin, February 9, 1895, by
Mr. H. C. Tracy, had completely filled its gizzard with
small rubber bands, probably picked up on the sireet under
the supposition that they were worms. The bird was found
in an exhausted condition, and soon died.
(The first number at the left is the serial number of this cat-
alogue. The second number, which is in parenthesis, is the
present number of the species in the Check-List of the American
Ornithologists’ Union. The number to the right of the scien-
tific name and authority is the number found in Dr. Wheaton’s
Check-List, pages 571-584, of his catalogue.)
1. (2.) CoLyMBUS HOLBELLII (Reinh.). 287.
Holbcell Grebe.
Synonyms: Podiceps grisigena var. holbeelli, P. holbcelli, P.
grisigena. ;
American Red-necked Grebe, Red-necked Grebe.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Sury:, 1838, 166, 187. (Podiceps rubricollis.)
This is a rare and irregular winter visitor and migrant,
upon almost any of the Ohio lakes, reservoirs cr rivers.
There have been fewer records since Dr. Wheaton’s cata-
logue was printed than before.
24 BIRDS OF OHIO.
2. (3.) CotymsBus auritus Linn. 288.
Horned Grebe.
Synonyms: Dytes auritus, Podiceps cornutus.
Audubon, Orn. Biog., III, 1835, 429.
While this grebe is not common during the migrations
it can hardly be called rare in most parts of the state. It
is somewhat regular as a migrant, but may be fosnd during
the winter. Companies of a dozen or more individuals in
full spring dress are not infrequent on Lake Erie. During
the southward migration there is a strong tendency for the
birds to occur two at a time on the smaller waters. The
report of the breeding of this species in Ottawa covnty has
not been confirmed.
This grebe is as good a diver as the more familiar Pied-
billed, for which it is often mistaken. The slenderness of
the bill should always easily distinguish it from that species.
In the migrations the Horned Grebe reaches Oberlin
about the middle of April and remains until about the first
of May. It returns easly in October and tarries until ice
forms on the ponds, and may be found at any time during
the winter about open water.
38. (6.) PopiLymMBuUs PODICEPS (Linn.). 289.
Pied-billed Grebe.
Synonyms: Podiceps carolinensis, Colymbus podiceps.
Pied-billed Dabchick, Thick-billed Grebe, Dabchick, Dipper,
Didipper, Diedapper, Water-witch, Hell-diver, Devil-diver.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 166, 187.
This is the most familiar grebe in Ohio, known by a di-
versity of names to suit the experiences of each individual
hunter. However, the modern shot-gun or rifle is too quick
for him. To be sure he sometimes succeeds in dodging the
lead thrown at him, but far oftener he falls a victim to it,
as the breasts which may be seen on hats and in boas too
well show.
This grebe nests sparingly all over the state where con-
ditions may be favorable. One could hardly call the species
PYGOPODES. 25
common anywhere, but individuals are to be found during
the spring and fall months, on almost any body of water a
half acre in extent.
Lorain county dates for spring appearance fall within the
last week of March, and the departures during the second
week in October.
SUBORDER CEPPHI. Loons, Auks, Murres etc.
Family Gaviipa&. Loons.
Three species belonging to this family inhabit Ohio more
or less regularly. Only one species, the Loon, is regular in
its appearance, the other two reach the state only in severe
winters. The food is similar to that of the Grebes, with a
larger proportion of fish, probably, and somewhat less of
vegetable matter.
4. (%.) GAVIA IMBER (Gunn.). 290.
Loon.
Synonyms: Colymbus torquatus, C. imber, C. glacialis, Urina-
tor imber.
Great Northern Diver, Common Loon.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Sury., 1838, 166, 186.
The Loon is no longer a common bird anywhere in the
state, but it is not infrequently seen during the m‘grations
on the larger waters. It is apparently a rare summer resi-
dent in the region of Sandusky and Toledo, and possibly
elsewhere along the lake shore.
At Oberlin it has been seen in late April and early Oc-
tober, but no definite dates of migration can be given. Rev.
Mr. Henninger has found it as ‘ate as the first of May at
Piketon.
5. (9:) GAviIA arctica (Linn), 291.
BLACK-THROATED LOON.
Synonyms: Colymbus arcticus, Urinator arcticus.
Black-throated Diver.
Wheaton, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1882, 565.
26 BIRDS OF OHIO.
This loon is casual as a winter visitor in the state. There
have been a number of specimens captured sirice that re-
corded by Dr. Wheaton, which was captured nea: Kelley’s
Island instead of in Sandusky Bay, Mr. Roscoe J. Webb,
who secured the specimen from Mr. Crane in whose col-
lection it was, tells me.
6. (11.) Gavia LUMME (Gunn.). 292.
Red-throated Loon.
Synonyms: Colymbus septentrionalis, Urinator lumme, Colym-
bus lumme.
Red-throated Diver.
Wheaton, Ohio Agri. Rep. for 1860, 371, 379.
This loon is everywhere rare in the state. It has been
taken at Cincinnati, according to Mr. Dury and Dr. Lang-
don, and at Wheelersburg, Scioto county, by Rev. Mr. Hen-
ninger. It is rare on Lake Erie. No dates of migration
can be given, but it is probably to be found in late March.
:
OrperR LONGIPENNES. Long-winged Swimmers.
Family StercorARUDA. Skuas and Jaegers.
Two species of this small family reach our state more or
less regularly, but are rare everywhere. They are the birds
of prey among the gulls and terns, getting a large part of
their living by forcing the gulls and terns to drop their
catch of fish, thus stealing it from them. It is not clear
whether these birds ever eat the garbage thrown out from
cities into the ocean; if hard pressed for food they might
do so.
%. (36.) STERCORARIUS POMARINUS (Temm.). 286.
Pomarine Jaeger.
Synonyms: Stercorarius pomatorhinus, Larus pomarinus.
Wheaton, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1882, 545.
The records of this rare species are as follows: H. E.
Chubb, Cleveland, fall of 1880 (Wheaton, 1882); E. L.
LONGIPENNES. rate
Moseley, Sandusky, Oct., 1889 (Cook, Birds of Michigan,
26); A. Hengartner, Lorain, date not known. It is likely
to be found on any of the larger waters with flocks or com-
panies of gulls.
8. (37.) STERCORARIUS PARASITICUS (Linn.). —
Parasitic Jaeger.
Synonyms: Larus parasiticus.
Smith, Raymond W., Journal Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., XIV, 1891,
107.
The specimen here recorded was captured near Lebanon,
at the close of a week of very stormy weather, in the latter
part of March or the early part of April, 1880. Name of
captor not given. It was given to Mr. J. E. Gould, who
preserved it in his collection. This appears to be the first
published record.
E. L. Moseley reports three specimens preserved in local
collections in Sandusky as follows: Oct. 6, 1895; Sept. 13,
1899; also ‘a Jaeger probably of this species Sept. 20, 1889,’
Frey. There is a specimen of this species in the collection
of Mr. A. Hengartner, Lorain, which Mr. Hengartner shot
near Lorain on the lake shore.
Another specimen is recorded by Prof. F. M. Comstock,
in The Auk, XIII, 1896, 171, captured near Sandusky, in
November, 1895. Prof. Cor:stock also mentions a record
in the Cleveland Academy of Science Proceedings, by Dr.
Kirtland, of a specimen probably of this species captured
at the mouth of Rocky River, in November, 1857. Volume
and date of the publication not given.
Family Lartpa. Gulls and Terns.
Sub-family Lartnz. Gulls.
The gulls differ from the terns in generally larger size
and in their manner of feeding, as well as somewhat in the
food eaten. There are two gulls regularly found in the
28 BIRDS OF OHIO.
state at some time of the year, and five which appear oc-
casionally.
While flying over the water in search of food they hold
the head horizontally, so that the bill is in a line with the
body. They do not plunge into the water for a fish or other
food, but settle upon it, or take fish or other food from the
surface. They catch fish alive, eat dead fish which may be
thrown upon the shore by the waves, and eat greedily of
the garbage thrown out from coast cities. The smaller
gulls may also eat some insects. Gulls often follow in the
wake of ships and snatch any morsel of food which may be
thrown into the water.
As scavengers the gulls take first rank because they are
the most numerous birds along our coasts. The: congre-
gate about the garbage scows in great numbers and prevent
garbage from washing ashore to pollute earth and air. The
laws for their protection should leave no room for a doubt
as to their meaning in the mind of any one.
9. (48.) Larus LEUCOPTERUS Faber. 274.
Iceland Gull.
Synonyms: White-winged Gull.
Wheaton, Ohio Agri. Report, 1860, 370, 379.
Besides the record which Dr. Wheaton has left us, of the
capture of two or three specimens in Cleveland harbor, on
the authority of Mr. R. K. Winslow, the only record is for
Lorain, Dec. 22, 1888, on the authority of Mr. L. M. Mc-
Cormick. A specimen was captured near Lorain on the
lake, and preseved in the Oberlin College museum.
10. (47.) Larus Marinus Linn. 275.
Great Black-backed Gull.
Synonyms: Saddle-back, Coffin-carrier, Cobb.
Audubon, Orn. Biog., III, 1835, 98.
Dr. Wheaton’s records for this gull are admittedly weak,
and I am therefore glad to strengthen them by one actual.
capture and one other record which is hardly open to ques-
LONGIPEN NES. 29
tion. Mr. E. W. Vickers reports “One found dead floating
among ice in the creek near Canton.” Rev.W. F. Henninger
adds another record for Pike county, March 21, 1901.
(Wilson Bulletin No. 40, 1902, page 79.) Individuals
should be found occasionally on Lake Erie during the win-
ter, and wanderers might occasionally reach Kentucky.
11. (51.) Larus arcentatus Brinn. 276.
Herring Gull.
Synonyms: Larus argentatus smithsonianus.
American Herring Gull.
Audubon, Orn. Biog., III, 1835, 98.
It is, perhaps, not quite true that this gull is a resident in
the state in spite of the fact that birds have been seen on the
lake shore during every week in the year, because there are
no breeding records. Probably the summer birds were wan-
dering males or unmated birds. It isa common bird locally
on the larger streams and lakes during the migzations, but
does not seem to be a winter resident upon any of the inland
waters, except possibly the Ohio river.
The Lake Erie flocks are much larger after the middle of
March than during the winter. Only during the period
when the lake is well filled with ice are the numbers few.
During the severest weather they remain near the fish
houses or follow the ice cutters, unless there be rifts. of
open water not far out.
12. (54.) Larus DELAWARENSIS Ord. 277.
Ring-billed Gull.
Synonyms: Common American Gull.
Audubon, Orn. Biog., III, 1835, 98.
I have looked for this gull in vain. It is reported as rare
everywhere in the state. What Dr. Wheaton says of it
would indicate that even as he wrote in 1882, the numbers
were growing considerably less. There appears to be no
evidence of its breeding within the state. It is possible that
several of the gulls formerly nested on the islands within
30 BIRDS OF OHIO.
the international boundary, before they were so fully settled,
but positive evidence of the breeding of this species is lack-
ing.
13. (60.) Larus PHILADELPHIA (Ord.). 278.
Bonaparte Gull.
Synonyms: Larus capistriatus, L. bonapartii, Choicocepha-
lus philadelphia, Sterna philadelphia.
Bonaparte’s Rosy Gull.
Audubon, Orn. Biog., IV, 1838, 212.
This is the most common small gull, but it is only locally
common during the migrations. It is said to breed on Gull
Island in Lake Erie, but I have been unable to verify this
statement. It was not found on the small islands north of
our boundary. Migration dates are unsatisfactory and irreg-
ular. The species probably reaches the state in late April.
14. (62.) XeEma sapinit (Sab.). 279.
Sabine Guill.
Synonyms: Larus sabinii, Xema sabinei.
Fork-tailed Gull.
Wheaton, Ohio Agri. Report, 1860, 371, 379.
This record is apparently based upon a single specimen
in immature plumage captured in Cleveland harbor by Mr.
R. K. Winslow, earlier than 1880, and preserved for a time
in the collection of the Ohio Medical College. It had been
destroyed previous to 1882.
Subfamily StERNIN#. Terns.
Seven species of terns occur in Ohio, the Common and
Black being the only regular visitors in summer. Terns fly
with the bill pointing down instead of forward, and the
species which we find have a forked tail, while the gulls
have a square cut tail. The terns dive into the water for fish.
They also eat garbage, and the smaller ones, at least, feed
upon insects after the fashion of the swallows. As scaven-
gers they are useful birds, but doubly increase our debt to
LONGIPENNES. 3
them by feeding upon insects as well. The law against
killing or injuring gulls and terns should be carefully ob-
served and rigidly enforced. It is unlawful to possess any
part of a gull or tern, as well as any part of most other wild
birds, in Ohio.
15. (63.) GELOCHELIDON NILOoTICA (Hasselq.). 280.
Gull-billed Tern.
Synonyms: Sterna anglica, S. aranea, S. nilotica.
Marsh Tern.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 166, 185.
Its place on our list is based upon the above reference, and
upon specimens reported by Mr. R. K. Winslow for the vi-
cinity of Cleveland. It seems likely that more familiarity
with this species will prove that it is more regular as a sum-
mer visitor than has been supposed.
It has not been found in Indiana nor in the western part
of Pennsylvania, but it is reported as breeding on the St.
Clair flats.
16. (64.) SveRNa caspia (Pall.). —.
Caspian Tern.
Synonyms: Sterna tschegrava.
Imperial Tern.
Dury, Catalogue of Birds, Animals and Fishes, 1886, 4.
Mr. Charles Dury reports specimens from Ross lake,
Little Miami river, Ohio river near the Miami river;
specimens from which places are in his collection and in
that of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History. Prof.
Moseley reports it from Sandusky. I have a record for
Licking reservoir, May 31, 1902. It must be regarded as
a summer straggler in the state.
17. (69.) STERNA FORSTERI Nutt. 281.
Forster Tern.
Wheaton, Ohio Agri. Report, 1874, 515.
Forster Tern is apparently casual in the state. I have
received no records since those given by Dr. Wheaton. The
a2 BIRDS OF OHIO.
difficulty of identifying this tern renders it probable that
many occurrences are not noted.
“Mr. Langdon gives it as a rare migrant in the vicinity
of Cincinnati, where Messrs. Dury and Freeman note six
specimens taken May 4, 1879. My own experience with
the bird in this vicinity is limited to a single specimen taken
in the fall of 1861 or 1862.” (Wheaton.)
18. (70.) STERNA HIRUNDO Linn. 282.
Common Tern.
Synonyms: Sterna fluviatilis, S. wilsonii.
Wilson’s Tern, Sea Swallow.
Nuttall, Man., II, 1834, 271.
As its name implies, this tern is the common form during
the migrations wherever there is a lake or large stream. It
is not everywhere common, however, but may be locally so
anywhere in the state. It breeds in large numbers on the
islands just north of our boundary, and less numerously on
a few of the smaller islands within our boundary. It has
been reported as breeding at Sandusky, but no nests appear
to have been found there. The birds seen during the sum-
mer in the bay and that vicinity are clearly not breeding
bitds but wanderers in search of food.
During the second week in May it is abundant along the
lake front, then usually appearing in loose companies of
from ten to fifty or more individuals.
The migrations occur during the first week in May, or
the last week in April, and from the first week in August
well into October or even November in the southern coun-
ties.
19. (72.) STERNA DOUGALLI Montag. 283.
Roseate Tern.
Synonyms: Sterna paradisea.
Paradise Tern.
Audubon, Orn. Biog. III, 1835, 98.
According to the records this species has been found in
Ohio less than a half dozen times, once at Cincinnati by Dr.
Frank W. langdon, and the others at the lake shore.
LONGIPENNES. 33
20. (74.) STERNA ANTILLARUM (Less.). 284.
Least Tern.
Synonyms: Sterna minuta, S. frenata, S. superciliaris, Sternula
antillarum, Sterna superciliaris antillarum.
Audubon, Orn. Biog., IV, 1838, 175.
The records for this tern are few but well scattered over
the state. It appears to be a rare migrant everywhere. I
have never seen it at the lake shore. Its routes of migra-
tion may be largely confined to the western half of the state.
21. (77%.) HypRoCHELIDON NIGRA SURINAMENSIS (Gmel.).
285.
Black Tern.
Synonyms: MHydrochelidon lariformis surinamensis, H. larifor-
mis, H. plumbea, H. fissipes, Sterna nigra, S. surinamen-
sis. ;
Short-tailed Tern.
Audubon, Orn. Biog., III, 1835, 535.
The Black Tern is nowhere as common as the Common
Tern, but it is not at all rare as a summer resid=2nt in the
vicinity of Sandusky and Toledo. I have been unable to
find it farther east as a summer resident. While the Com-
mon Terns breed upon the islands well up from the water
the Black Terns choose the marshes, building a nest on the
rotten floating vegetation in the swamps where there is no
danger from waves.
The spring migrations occur during the second week in
May at Oberlin, but probably a week earlier in the region
of Sandusky. I have no records for the departure south-
ward. We found them on the Ohio river late in August.
OrpErR STEGANOPODES. Totipalmate Swimmers.
Family PHALACROcOoRACID#. Cormorants.
One member of this family passes across Ohio, and
nested in former years. Cormorants are great fish eat-
ers, and probably eat little if anything else. The Chinese
train them to fish for them.
34 BIRDS OF OHIO.
22. (120.) PHALACROCORAX DILOPHUS (Swain). 272.
Double-crested Cormorant.
Synonyms: Graculus dilophus, Pelecanus (Carbo) dilophus.
Wheaton, Ohio Agri. Report, 1874, 575.
The cormorants are not well enough known to give us
much of an idea of their distribution in the state. This one
appears to be a rare migrant in the western half, probably,
passing across the state without stopping usually, since
there is no suitable feeding place except the reservoirs. Dr.
Wheaton states that this species may have nested at the
Licking reservoir in earlier years. Mr. Dury found it
nesting at St. Mary’s reservoir more than twenty years ago.
Family PELECANID#. Pelicans.
Of the three species in this family only the American
White Pelican is found in Ohio. This pelican lives upon
fish which it scoops up from the water in the capacious
pouch hanging to its lower mandible. There is no evi-
dence that it carries either fish or water in the pouch while
flying, since its young are fed upon partially digested fish
disgorged from its crop.
23. (125.) PELECANUS ERYTHRORHYNCHOS Cmel. 271.
American White Pelican.
Synonyms: Pelecanus trachyrhynchus, P. onocrotalus.
White Pelican.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 166, 187.
The pelican is a rare migrant across the state. So con-
spicuous a bird would be reported generally if it occurred.
One was shot at the Licking reservoir about May 15, 1902.
It has been seen at Oberlin twice. The records are few and
scattering, but seem to indicate that it is confined to the
western half of the state.
ANSERES. 35
Orpver ANSERES. Lamellirostral Swimmers.
Family ANATID2. Ducks, Geese, and Swans.
The members of this order must be treated under the sub-
family groups.
Subfamily Mercin®. Mergansers.
All three American members of this subfamily occur in
Ohio somewhat regularly during the migrations. They are
properly designated “Fish Ducks,” because they feed largely
upon fish, but probably also eat mollusks, crustaceans, frogs,
and other aquatic animals to some extent. Dr. Warren
states that in diving they use the wings as well as the feet
for propulsion. On the surface of the water they certainly
use their wings when hard pressed to get away, but are un-
able to fly up. The flesh of the two larger species is rank
and fishy, but the Hooded Merganser is a table delicacy.
24. (129.) MERGANSER AMERICANUS (Cass.). 268.
American Merganser.
Synonyms: Mergus merganser, M. m. americanus, M. ameri-
icanus.
Merganser, Goosander, Fish Duck, American Sheldrake.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 166, 187.
Both mergansers remain all winter where there may be
open water sufficient for feeding. This form appears to be
the more common of the two belonging to the genus Mer-
ganser. It is found on Lake Erie well into January, but is
not found during the period when the lake is ice bound—
during the most of February and sometimes the first week
of March. It has passed north by the third week in April.
25. (130.) MERGANSER SERRATOR (Linn.). 269.
Red-breasted Merganser.
Synonyms: Mergus serrator.
Red-breasted Sheldrake.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 166, 187.
36 BIRDS OF OHIO.
This “Fish Duck” is not only less common than the pre-
ceding species, but is even rare over most of the state. It is
seldom seen during the winter months, but must still be con-
sidered a winter visitor as well as a rare migrant across the
state. Its occurrences are too few and too scattered to
assign migration dates.
26. (131.) LopHopyTEs cucuLLATus (Linn.). 270.
Hooded Merganser.
Snyonyms: Mergus cucullatus.
Saw-bill, Topknot, Hooded Sheldrake.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 166, 187.
While this merganser is rather more numerous than
either of the larger species, it is only locally common in the
state as a migrant. There are no records of its breeding
within our borders. While the others are more frequently
seen on the lakes and larger streams, this is a_ river
duck as far as its habits and routes of migration are con-
cerned. I have never seen it except on the smaller streams
and ponds. It visits the Oberlin water-works reservoir
during the spring, with the hosts of other ducks, but always
keeps to itself while resting and feeding. The conspicuous
“hood” with the large white patch in its center, furnishes a
mark for certain identification of the breeding males.
The Hooded Merganser passes Oberlin about the middle
of April. It is seldom seen during more than a week all
together.
Subfamily ANATIN#. River Ducks.
This subfamily is represented by an even dozen species
and subspecies in Ohio, two of which are accidental in the
state. The River Ducks are dabblers in shallow water,
turning tail up and immersing only the head, neck, and fore
part of the body when feeding. It does not, therefore,
follow that they never dive, for they often do. The food
of this group is largely vegetable, both aquatic and non-
aquatic; weed seeds comprise a good part. The flesh
ANSERES. oT
of all is considered a great delicacy. The birds do not feed
entirely in the water, but may often be found on the land,
especially during the summer months.
27. (132.) ANaAs BoscHAS Linn. 247.
Mallard.
Synonyms: Anas domestica.
Kirtland, Preliminary Report, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 67.
The Mallard is locally common during the migrations,
but it is almost absent from many localities. It breeds irreg-
ularly from the southern border of the state at least to Co-
lumbus, and seems rather more common as a summer resi-
dent in the northern half, but is very local in its summer dis-
tribution anywhere in the state. It is seldom that anything
but small flocks are seen in the migrations. At the lakes
and marshes they may be found in greater numbers to-
gether. It is probably true that males of this species may be
found during the summer much farther south and in many
localities in the state where there are no breeding females.
The males are wanderers and apparently have no care for
the brood.
The migrations of the Mallard begin during the first
week in March, at Oberlin, and continue well toward the
close of the month. Individuals that were clearly migrating
have been seen as late as the middle of April: The south-
ward migrations are at their height about the middle of
November, but vary with the weather.
28. (133.) ANAS OBSCURA Gmel. 248.
Black Duck.
Synonym: Dusky Duck.
Kirtland, Preliminary Report, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 67.
The recent division of this species into two forms makes it
doubtful what the status of the two forms for Ohio is. An
examination of skins in two collections indicates that this
form is the less common in Ohio.
Dr. Wheaton regarded the Black Duck as a casual sum-
38 BIRDS OF OHIO.
mer resident in the northern parts of the state, but I find no
corroborative evidence to that effect. It is more often seen
in pairs or singly than the Mallard, and appears to be less
wary, frequenting small ponds and streams which the Mal-
lard avoids. .
The migrations occur at the same time as the Mallard,
with possibly a little earlier return in the autumn.
29. (133a.) ANAS OBSCURA RUBRIPES Brewst.
; Red-legged Black Duck.
Henninger, Wilson Bulletin, No. 41, 1902, page 134.
The recent addition of this subspecies to our faiina makes
any statement about its range in the state of little value. It
seems likely to be found not uncommon during the migra-
tions, probably in company with the Black Duck. Collec-
tions seem to indicate that this is the more common form for
Ohio, if it does not prove to be the regular migrant to the
almost exclusion of the other form. Ohio collections con-
tain both forms.
30. (135.) CHAULELASMUS STREPERUS (Linn.). 249.
Gadwall.
Synonyms: Anas strepera.
Gray Duck.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 166, 186.
The Gadwall appears to be rare as a migrant. Reports
are not only few but generally unsatisfactory. It is cer-
tainly among the disappearing ducks in Lorain county.
Prior to 1885 it was one of the market ducks on the lake
shore, but it is not seen there now. I have no migration
records that will give any idea of the movements of this
species.
31. (137.) MARECA AMERICANA (Gmel.). 251.
Baldpate.
Synonyms: Anas americana.
American Widgeon.
Kirtland, Preliminary Report, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1832, 67.
ANSERES. 39
This once abundant duck is now common only locally and
there only occasionally. It has become wary and hard to ap-
proach. In Lorain county I have seen only single individ-
uals and two together, and they on the smaller untrequent-
ed ponds. Lately several have formed the habit of visiting
our water-works reservoir, in spite of the fact that it lies
well within the town. If it breeds within the state now there
is no mention of that fact in the reports received. Dr. Lang-
don mentions its breeding in Ottawa county.
Migration dates for the spring movements fall within
the third week of March for southern Ohio, but almost a
month later for Oberlin. The southward movement occurs
late in October.
32. (139). NETTION CAROLINENSIS (Gmel.). 254.
Green-winged Teal.
Synonyms: Anas carolinensis, Querquedula carolinensis.
American Green-winged Teal.
Audubon, Orn. Biog., III, 1835, 219.
This teal is reported as a common migrant across the
state. It is the earlier of the two teals, arriving with the
Mallards and other early ducks. I have seen several indi-
viduals of this species migrating in flocks of Mailards. It
has not yet been found in Lorain county during my studies
anywhere but on the lake. None have visited ovr water-
works reservoir.
33. (140.) QUERQUEDULA piscors (Linn.). 253.
Blue-winged Teal.
Synonyms: Anas discors.
Kirtland, Preliminary Report Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 67.
This is a common duck locally during the migrations, but
it is clearly less common than during Dr. Wheaton’s time.
It may be found on the smaller streams and ponds as well
as on the larger rivers and lakes. In Lorain county I have
found it only on the small ponds in twos and threes or
singly. Flocks are sometimes seen passing northward.
40 BIRDS OF OHIO.
The spring migrations are late for a duck, occurring dur-
ing late April, and the fall migrations in October.
Dr. Langdon found it breeding in Ottawa county years
ago, but there are no recent records of its nesting there.
34, (142.). SPATULA CLYPEATA (Linn.) 252.
Shoveller.
Synonyms: Anas clypeata.
Spoon-bill, Broad-bill.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 166.
From a “very common migrant” this duck has become
almost rare everywhere in the state. It has been recorded
less than a dozen times, in the last fifteen years, in Lorain
county, and then either singly or in small companies. If it
once nested in the state it has ceased to do so. Dr.
Wheaton inclined to the belief that it would be found nest-
ing in the northwestern counties. JI have been unable to
verify this.
It may be found during March and as late as December.
Migration dates are too scattering to give its movements ac-
curately.
35. (143.) DaFILA acuTaA (Linn.). 250.
Pintail.
Synonyms: Anas acuta.
Spring-tail, Sprig-tail.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 166, 186.
The Pintail appears to be about the most numerous of the
ducks sought after by the hunters. It is seen in consider-
able flocks during both the spring and autumn migrations,
and not infrequently stops on the smaller ponds and streams.
It is always wary and hard to approach. It sometimes re-
mains all winter in favorable localities, but has not been
known to breed.
The migrations of this duck begin late in February or
early in March, and may continue until the first week in
April at the lake shore. It comes south with the first touch
ANSERES. 41
of winter, and is gone from the northern parts of the state
with the freezing of the streams and ponds.
36. (144.) Arx sponsa (Linn.). 255.
Wood Duck.
Synonyms: Anas sponsa.
Summer Duck, Tree Duck, The Bride.
Audubon, Orn. Biog., III, 1835, 52.
This duck breeds throughout the state in favorable local-
ities. It nests in the woods some distance from water, but
must have feeding places within reach of the nest. The
young are said to be carried to the water when hatched.
There seems to be little difference in numbers during the
migrations from those during summer. It can hardly be
called a common species, yet it is hardly rare. The first
birds appear at Oberlin about the middle of April and are
gone by the last of October.
Subfamily FuLicutin#%. Sea and Bay Ducks.
Fourteen species represent this family in our state, some
of them being rare. The members of this group dive when
feeding, frequently to considerable depths. Their food con-
sists of the seeds and roots of aquatic plants, mollusks,
crustaceans, and some fish in winter. Some members of the
group dive as readily as the true divers. Most of the
species are found in flocks of varying size during the mi-
grations.
37. (146.) AyTHyA AMERICANA (Eyt.). 260.
Redhead.
Synonyms: Atthya americana, Fuligula ferina var. americana,
F. ferina, F. americana.
Pochard, American Pochard.
Kirtland, Preliminary Report Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 67.
The Redhead is only tolerably common as a migrant. It
visits the ponds and small streams as well as the larger
bodies of water. It is a fairly regular visitor to the Oberlin
water-works reservoir both spring and autumn.
42 BIRDS OF OHIO.
Its migrations cover the period from the second week in
March to the second week in April, and at the same period
in October and November, except that it may tarry even into
December in favorable years.
38. (147.) AyTHYA VALLISNERIA (Wils.). 259.
Canvas-back.
Synonyms: A*ithya vallisneria, Fuligula vallisneria, Anas val-
lisneria.
Canvas-back Duck.
Kirtland, Ohio, Geol. Surv., 1838, 166, 187.
The delight of the epicure, and therefore hunted down by
every market hunter, this duck has become scarce. I have
seen it twice in Lorain county in the last ten years, once
when it visited the Oberlin water-works reservoir.
It appears to migrate at the same time as the Redhead,
but migration dates are too few to make any positive state-
ments possible.
39. (148.) AyTHYA MARILA Linn. 256.
Greater Scaup Duck.
Synonyms: Fulix marila, Fuligula marila, Aythya marila ne-
arctica.
Greater Black-head, Big Black-head, Blue-bill, Broad-bill,
Raft-duck, Flocking Fowl, Shuffler, American Scaup Duck.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 166, 187.
In my experience this Scaup Duck is about one-fourth as
numerous as the Lesser Scaup; that would make it hardly
common. There is often one or two of this species in the
flocks of Lesser Scaups which visit the Oberlin water-
works reservoir every year. There is no evidence that this
species breeds within the state. The birds which may be
found on the reservoirs during the summer, while they may
be of both sexes, are not breeding, but are no doubt wound-
ed birds unable to migrate. Their bodily condition would
make breeding out of the question.
The migrations are rather late, occurring late in March or
early in April, and continuing for two or three weeks. In
ANSERES. 43
the autumn they begin in late October and continue well
toward the close of November, or later if the conditions be
favorable.
40. (149.) AyTHYA AFFINIS (Eyt.). 25. 7
Lesser Scaup Duck.
Synonyms: -Fulix affinis, Fuligula affinis.
Lesser Black-head, Little Black-head, Little Blue-bill.
Audubon, B. Am., VI, 18438, 316.
This is probably the most familiar duck to residents of
Ohio. It is apparently less numerous than the Pintail, but
is far less wary and so more frequently seen by the casual
bird student or hunter. It seems to prefer the smaller
waters, and is a regular and numerous visitor to the Oberlin
water-works reservoir. It is a rare summer resident
in Lorain county, and has been reported as breeding in
Summit county. It probably breeds sparingly in the north-
ern third of the state. Considerable numbers of both sexes
of this species were found during the summer on both the
Licking and Lewiston reservoirs, but they proved to be
crippled birds and were not breeding.
The migrations begin late in March or early in April,
and flocks of considerable numbers are seen at Oberlin as
late as May 5th. Their return is dependent in large measure
upon the weather. The first are usually seen during the sec-
ond. week in October, and some may tarry well into No-
vember.
41. (150.) AytTHya coLLaris (Donov.). 258.
Ring-necked Duck.
Synonyms: Fulix collaris, Anas collaris, Fuligula collaris,
Fuligula rufitorques.
Ring-bill, Ring-billed Black-head, Ring-necked Scaup Duck,
Marsh Blue-bill.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 166, 186.
_ This duck is little known, and is reported as rare through-
out the state. Dr. Wheaton reported it as abundant. I
have found it but once in Lorain county, and that once on
44 BIRDS OF OHIO.
the Oberlin water-works reservoir. It appears to migrate
with the other members of its genus, but there is no evi-
dence that it breeds within the state.
42. (151.) CLANGULA CLANGULA AMERICANA (Bonap.).
261.
American Golden-eve.
Synonyms: Clangula glaucium americana, Bucephala clangula,
B. americana, Clangula americana, C. glaucium, Glau-
cionetta clangula americana, Fuligula clangula.
Golden-eyed Duck, Whistler, Garrot, Great-heaJ, Whistle-
wing.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 166, 187.
The Golden-eye is hardly common regularly, and fre-
quently rare. It sometimes appears in considerable numbers
on the rivers and lakes, and may sometimes be found on
the larger ponds. It may remain during the winter in fa-
vorable localities under favorable conditions. It has not
been seen on Lake Erie during the entire winter, but some-
times remains into January. It does not breed in the state.
The Golden-eye is one of the earlier migrants in spring
and later in autumn, migrating with the Mallard and Pin-
tail.
43. (152.) CLANGULA ISLANDICA (Gmel.). —
Barrow Golden-eye.
Synonyms: Glaucionetta islandica, Anas islandica.
Rocky Mountain Garrot or Golden-eye.
McCormick, Auk, 1892, 397.
If one could judge from the records, this is an almost un-
known bird in Ohio. It is reported from Sandusky Bay, by
Prof. E. L. Moseley, and has been taken twice in Lorain
county, once by Mr. L. M. McCormick (see above refer-
ence) and once by the writer, on the Oberlin water-works
reservoir. It should be found during the winter on the
waters of the northern part of the state.
ANSERES. 45
44, (153.) CHARITONETTA ALBEOLA (Linn.). 262.
Buffle-head.
Synonyms: Clangula albeola, Bucephala albeola, Fuligula al-
beola, Anas albeola.
Buffle-headed Duck, Butter Duck, Butter-ball, Dipper, Spir-
it Duck, Dipper Duck, Butter-box, Hell-diver.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 166, 187.
The little Buffle-head is common during the migrations,
both spring and autumn. It visits the smaller lakes and
ponds, where it is oftener seen than on larger waters. It is
not wary, trusting to its agility in diving for protection.
There is no likelihood that it breeds within the state, but it
may remain all winter in suitable localities well sonth.
Its migrations occupy the last week in March and the
first two weeks in April. It appears to be less common
during its southward migration, which begins early in Octo-
ber and continues well into November, or later.
45. (154.) HaAReELDA HYEMALIS (Linn.). 263.
Old-squaw.
Synonyms: Harelda glacialis, Anas glacialis, A. hyemalis, Clan-
gula hiemalis, C. hyemalis.
Long-tailed Duck, Old-wife, South-southerly.
Wheaton, Ohio Agri. Report, 1860, 370, 378.
This is a winter duck, sometimes passing to the south-
ern border of the state. It is not at all regular even in the
northern part, and does not appear to be governed wholly
by weather conditions. During some winters it is decidedly
numerous anywhere on the lake front, and may venture well
inland upon the smaller lakes and reservoirs, to the Ohio
river, and several winters may pass without another visita-
tion. Specimens have been taken from the gill nets off Lo-
rain in five fathoms of water where they had dived for fish
and became tangled in the nets and drowned. Several
spent the winter of 1901-02 on the lake shore in Lorain
county.
46 BIRDS OF OHIO.
46. (160.) SOMATERIA DRESSERI Sharpe. —.
American Eider.
Synonyms: Somateria mollissima dresseri.
Davie, Nests and Eggs of N. Am. Birds, 1898, 92.
The specimen here reported by Mr. Davie was captured at
the Licking reservoir, November 11, 1895, by Mr. William
Harlow. ‘liie specimen is a female and is preserved in the
private collection of Mr. Davie.
The fact that this species has been found a number of
times well inland makes it necessary to regard it a cas-
ual rather than an accidental visitor to the state.
47. (162). SoMATERIA SPECTABILIS (Linn.). 264.
King Eider.
Synonyms: Anas spectabilis.
Wheaton, Ohio Agri. Report, 1860, 370, 378.
I have been unable to find any later records for the oc-
currence of this species in Ohio than those given by Dr.
Wheaton in his catalogue of 1882, 535. They are: An
immature bird taken at Sandusky bay (?), by Dr. Lang-
don during the winter of 1877-8; one found in the Colum-
bus market, November 4, 1880, by Dr. Wheaton; and the
statement that a specimen was taken at Sandusky bay and
one at Cleveland ‘many years since,” on the authority of
Mr. R. K. Winslow.
48. (163). OIDEMIA AMERICANA Swains. 265.
American Scoter.
Synonyms: (demia americana.
American Black Scoter, Sea Coot, Butter-billed Coot, Hol-
low-billed Coot.
Merriam, Trans. Conn. Acad., IV, 1877, 127.
There seem to be four records of the occurrence of this
species in the state. Licking reservoir, December, 1876,
in Dr. Theodore Jasper’s collection in Columbus; taken on
Portage river by Mr. R. K. Winslow; one taken from a
flock of three on Lake Erie, by Mr. H. E. Chubb; Alum
ANSERES. 47
Creek, Columbus, December 3, 1895, in the collection of
Oliver Davie, Columbus.
It seems pretty clear that this is a casual winter visitor.
49, (165.) OMEMIA DEGLANDI Bonap. 266.
White-winged Scoter.
Synonyms: Melanetta velvetina, Gidemia fusca (var.?) velvet-
ina, Gtdemina fusca.
Velvet Scoter, White-winged Surf Duck, White-winged
Coot, Black Surf Duck, Velvet Duck, Sea Coot
Wheaton, Ohio Agri. Report, 1860, 370, 378.
Dr. Wheaton states that Mr. R. K. Winslow recorded the
occurence of this duck at Cleveland and Sandusky bay.
The records which are based upon specimens captured are:
one taken on the Scioto river near Columbus, and an im-
mature bird taken at the Licking reservoir in December,
1876, both specimens having been examined by Dr. Whea-
ton. There are two specimens in the Oberlin Coltege col-
lection, one taken April 27, the other May 3, 1892, by.
Harry Warden, of Lorain. These specimens were taken.
at Lorain.
One might judge from these records that this scoter is a
rare migrant across the state, or possibly a winter visitor,
It is rare at any rate.
50. (167). ERIsMATURA JAMAICENSIS (Gmel.). 267.
Ruddy Duck.
Synonyms: HErismatura rubida, Fuligula rubida, Anas rubida.
Black Jack, Bristle-tail, Fool Duck.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 166, 186.
My experience with this small duck proves that at Ober-
lin it is almost as numerous as the Bufflehead on the water-
works reservoir. It is seen there regularly every spring and
autumn in twos and fours, rarely more, and is even less wary
than the Bufflehead. There is no evidence of the breeding
of this species in the state. It is reported as not common
by most observers. It is probably somewhat local in its dis-
tribution.
48 BIRDS OF OHIO.
They reach Oberlin about the middle of April and may
linger until the 10th of May. The return is early in Octo-
ber and some remain a month or six weeks.
Subfamily ANSERIN#&. Geese.
There are six species of geese in the state, none of them
really common now, none of them breeding here. They are
much more terrestrial than any of the ducks, feeding upon
grains and the green herbage. In the water they feed like
river ducks (by tipping up, searching the bottom of a shal-
low pool for the roots and fruit of aquatic plants). They fly
in regular order with a leader.
‘
51. (169.) CHEN HYPERBOREA (Pall.). 243 (part).
Lesser Snow Goose.
Synonyms: Chen hyperboreus, Anser hyperboreus, Chen hyper-
boreus albatus.
Alaska Goose, White Brant.
There is no published record of this species as an Ohio
bird. Reports give it as rare in Allen, Erie, Hamilton, and
Perry counties. Everywhere it is reported as rare, and as
usually occurring in company with the other species.
52. (169a.) CHEN HYPERBOREA NIVALIS (Forst.). 248
é (part).
Greater Snow Goose.
Synonyms: Chen hyperboreus Anser nivalis, A. hyperboreus.
Snow Goose, Alaska Goose, White Brant.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 166, 186.
This larger species seems to be no more common than
the last. It is reported from Scioto, Pike, Perry, Hamilton,
and Erie counties. These Snow Geese are too conspicuous-
ly different from the other geese to make any mistake of
identification possible. It is very desirable that specimens
in the collections be critically examined to determine the
status of each form.
ANSERES. 49
53. (169.1.) CHEN C#RULESCENS (Linn.). 242.
Blue Goose.
Synonyms: Anser cerulescens.
Blue Snow Goose.
Wheaton, Ohio Agri. Report, 1874, 574.
This peculiarly colored goose is not so rare as was sup-
posed before Dr. Wheaton’s catalogue called attention to it.
It is not a regular visitor to any locality, but may be found
anywhere in the state where there is water sufficient to sus-
tain aquatic life and afford feeding grounds. Two were
captured on the Oberlin water-works reservoir, October 28,
1896. It is a migrant across the state, the most of the rec-
ords falling in October.
54. (171la.) ANSER ALBIFRONS GAMBELI (Hartl.). 244.
American White-fronted Goose.
Synonyms: Anser albifrons, A. gambelii.
Laughing Goose, Gray Brant, Speckle-belly.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 166, 186.
This goose is rare as a migrant across the state, but is re-
ported as a rare winter resident in Hamilton county. Mr.
Ridgway states that it frequents open fields and feeds upon
the scattered grain and tender blades of growing grain.
Little seems to be known of it as a bird of Ohio.
55. (172.) BRANTA CANADENSIS (Linn.). 245.
Canada Goose.
Synonyms: Bernicla canadensis, Anser canadensis.
Wild Goose, Common Wild Goose.
Audubon, Orn. Biog. III, 1835, 1.
This is the “Wild Goose” of the popular mind. In the
vicinity of Oberlin it is not at all common as a migrant.
Usually the season’s records include one large flock during
each migrating period, and possibly a single individual or
two. It is resident all winter in southern Ohio, where it re-
mains from November until April. It feeds in the open
fields rather than in the water, being very much of a vege-
50 BIRDS OF OHIO.
tarian. This goose may be domesticated with littie difficulty,
but measures should be taken to prevent its migration
when the season approaches.
The migrations are not regular, but may begin late in
February and continue well into April. Few or none are
seen in autumn before the first touch of winter drives them
south.
56. (172a.) BRANTA CANADENSIS HUTCHINSII (Rich.).
245a.
Hutchins Goose.
Synonyms: Bernicla hutchinsii, B. canadensis hutchinsii, An-
ser hutchinsii.
Lesser Canada Goose, Little Wild Goose.
Wheaton, Ohio Agri. Report, 1860, 370, 378.
Dr. Wheaton admitted this species to his list on the au-
thority of Mr. R. K. Winslow, who stated that several speci-
mens had been taken in Sandusky bay. No specimens seem
to have been preserved. <A live specimen in the possession
of Mr. William Harlow, of Millersport, on Licking reser-
voir, has been carefully examined by Mr. W. L. Dawson,
and proves to belong to this form. It was captured in the
wild state and has been domesticated by Mr. Harlow.
Subfamily Cycninz. Swans.
Two species of swans are found in the state, both of them
during the migrations only. They are seldom sven, except
when the weather conditions force them near the ground in
their migrations, when flocks may be noticed during the
northward movement. Such large birds, with such long
slender necks, could not be expected to dive for food. They
are not so undignified as to tip up, but simply immerse the
head and neck to glean from the surface of the mud bottom.
Their food is almost wholly vegetation, but some mollusks
seem to be eaten sometimes.
HERODIONES. br
5%. (180.) Oror cotumpianus (Ord.). 240.
Whistling Swan.
Synonyms: Olor americanus, Cygnus americanus, C. musicus,
C. columbianus, Anas columbianus.
Common American Swan, American Whistling Swan.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 166, 187.
During the spring of 1899 this swan was numerous in
Lorain county where many were killed by hunters. It is a
rare migrant in the state, seldom being seen in its passage
unless stopped by stormy weather. Migration records are
wanting.
58. (181.) Otor BUCCINATOR (Rich.). 241.
Trumpeter Swan.
Synonyms: Cygnus buccinnator.
Wheaton, Ohio Agri. Report, 1860, 369, 378; Reprint, 1861, 11,
20.
The Trumpeter Swan is even less numerous than the
Whistling, but passes across the state in its migrations. It
has been taken on Lake Erie several times within the past
ten years. Very little seems to be known of it as an Ohio
bird. This swan may remain in the state during the winter.
OrDER HERODIONES. Bitterns, Herons,
Storks, Ibises, Egrets.
SuporDER CICONIZ. Wood Ibis.
Family Ciconirpa. Wood Ibis.
The single species comprising this family rarely wanders
to the southern part of the state.
po (183, an@rArus LocuLaTor, Linn: 192.
Wood Ibis.
Synonyms: American Wood Stork, Colorado Turkey, “Gannet,”
“Water Turkey.”
Wheaton, Reprint, Ohio Agri. Report, 1861, 21.
Apparently the only absolutely unquestionable record of
52 BIRDS OF OHIO.
this bird’s occurrence in Ohio is that of Mr. H. E. Chubb,
of Cleveland, who mounted a young male which was cap-
tured ten miles west of Cleveland. Dr. Langdon’s inferen-
tial record should not be omitted. Specimens captured on
the Whitewater river in Indiana very likely followed that
river to its junction with the Big Miami and so into Ohio.
SuBoRDER HERODII. Bitterns, Herons, Egrets.
Family Arpreip#. Bitterns, Herons, Egrets.
Subfamily Boraurin#. Bitterns.
All the species comprising this group are found in the
_ state. They are strictly swamp haunters, feeding and nesting
there. They usually stand quietly and wait for the prey to
come within striking distance, when they strike it with the
strong, sharp-pointed bill. I have seen them pursue the
frog or fish or tadpole. Apparently they eat any small ani-
mal which comes in their way in the swamps, except
birds.
60. (190.) BoTaurus LENTIGINOSUS (Montag.). 190.
American Bittern.
Synonyms: Botaurus minor, Ardea minor, A. lentiginosus.
Bittern, Indian Hen, Stake Driver, Bog-bull, Thunder Pump,
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 165.
The Bittern will not be known to those who do not go
into the marshes and swamps. It is seldom seen on running
streams, preferring the unfrequented swamps and bogs,
feeding in the stagnant pools among the reeds and brush.
It is reported as fairly common over the state, but will be
absent from places lacking swampy ground, and therefore
must be considered local in its distribution in summer. It
is more frequently seen during the migrations than at any
other time. While visiting in Medina in May, 1901, while
out with a party of bird students on a wet morning, we saw
_a Bittern in an orchard in the heart of the residence district
of the village. It permitted an approach within a rod, and
HERODIONES. 9"
even then merely hopped into the foliage a littie closer.
Later I learned that we failed to see the young bird which
was crouching in the grass. This bird is a summer resident,
probably breeding throughout the state wherever suitable
places may be found.
The first reach Oberlin late in March or earty in April,
and the last return south late in October.
Gee 01905): AgpEerrA exiers (Gmiel.).,. 191.
Least Bittern.
Synonyms: Ardea exilis.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Sury., 1838, 165.
This little bittern is more local in its distribution than the
last species. At the Licking reservoir it was the most
numerous of the swamp haunting birds, but we were unable
to find one at the Lewiston reservoir. It nests in the San-
dusky bay swamps, and a pair has usually been found at
the Oak Point swamps. Elsewhere I have no knowledge of
it. The birds are so reluctant to leave their reedy retreats
that it is no wonder few are seen by any but the ardent orni-
thologist. It is likely that this bittern breeds locally through-
out the state, but the reports are not positive on that point.
The migrations are late in April or early in May, and the
last return south by the middle of September.
Subfamily ArpreIn@&. Herons and Egrets.
Six species of this group are found in Ohio. All of them
are wading birds and therefore feed in shallow water. They
choose more open water than the bitterns, trusting more to
watchfulness and stalking for their food. Their nests are
built in trees or bushes instead of in the rushes, and the
birds are found among the trees. Their colors do not blend
so perfectly with their surroundings. Their food is much
the same as that of the bitterns. .
54 BIRDS OF OHIO.
62. (194.) ARDEA HERODIAS Linn. 185.
Great Blue Heron.
Synonyms: Blue Crane.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 165.
This, the largest of our herons, is being jostled about at
an alarming rate as its wooded retreats disappear. It is a
summer resident in all parts of the state, but the large
heronries once accommodating great numbers of pairs are
either greatly reduced or wholly destroyed. I have reports
of a great heronry at Richmond, and another, already re-
duced to half its former size, some eight miles southeast of
Jefferson. The water is being drained off and the trees
made into lumber, and the birds must go. In Lorain county
half a dozen pairs nest each year, but there is no apparent
increase in numbers from year to year. Their nesting re-
treats have not yet been discovered, so they are likely to re-
main in peace for some time.
Unlike the bitterns, the herons prefer either running water
or stagnant water free from much growing vegetation. The
Great Blue feeds mostly from the fish nets in Lake Erie,
taking the fish out of the “pounds.” Batrachians are cap-
tured in the streams and ponds, and some grasshoppers are
used to vary the diet.
The first reach Oberlin about March 20th, and the last
return south about the middle of October.
63. (196.) HeERopIAS EGRETTA (Gmel.). 186.
American Egret.
Synonyms: Herodias alba egretta, Ardea egretta.
Great White Egret, Great White Heron, White Crane.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 165, 185.
Dr. Wheaton wrote of this heron, ‘‘Rather common vis-
itor in July, August, and September.” It is now not only
not common, but any record is counted worthy of special
mention. Specimens have been taken in Erie, Lora:n, Cuya-
hoga, and Ashtabula counties in recent years, besides the
numerous records from counties farther south. D1. Whea-
HERODIONES. 55
ton knew of no breeding records, but spoke of seeing young
birds. His statements seem to indicate that he regarded the
occurrence of this heron in Ohio as the result of a northward
migration after the breeding season. I have been tinable to
find any actual breeding records. One of the two Lorain
county specimens, taken by Mr. R. E. Jump, near Oberlin,
was found during the spring. The majority of occurrences
seem to fall in July and August.
64. (197.) EGRETTA CANDIDISSIMA (Gmel.). 187.
Snowy Heron.
Synonyms: Garzetta candidissima, Ardea candidissima.
Little White Egret.
Wheaton, Ohio Agri. Report, 1860, 368, 377.
The occurrence of this heron in the state nearly duplicates
that just given for the American Egret. While every record
is regarded as practically accidental for that county in which
the record falls, it is significant that the records cover prac-
tically all of the state except the extreme northwestern and
extreme southeastern parts. On the lake shore, Erie, Lo-
rain, Lake, Ashtabula; inland, Licking, Hardin, Defiance;
and Hamilton on the southwestern border are certainly rep-
resentative of the whole state. With our present knowledge
of this bird we must regard it as rare and irregular as a
summer visitor.
65. (200.) FrormpA C#RULEA (Linn.). —.
Little Blue Heron.
Synonym: Ardea cerulea.
Entered as hypothetical by Wheaton, Reprint, Ohio Agri. Re-
port, 1861, 21, and also in his 1882 Catalogue. Also as hypo-
thetical by Langdon, Cat. Birds of Cin., 1877, 15. The first
published record of this species as unquestionablv a bird of
Ohio is as follows:
McCormick, L. M., Auk, X, Oct., 1892, 397. Record of a bird
captured near Oberlin by Mr. R. E. Jump, about 1882.
The distribution of this little heron in Ohio is hardly less
irregular than that of the two egrets. Since the publication
of the Lorain county specimen others have been taken in
56 BIRDS OF OHIO.
Hamilton (Dury and C. C. Smith), Morgan (Morris and
Arrick), where it was found breeding, Ashtabula (Sim),
Perry (DeLong), Pike (Henninger). Reports from Colum-
biana and Defiance clearly refer to the Green Heron. The
movements of this heron are too erratic to make predictions
of its probable occurrence worth while.
66. (201.) BurorIpEs virRESCENS (Linn:). 188.
Green Heron.
Synonyms: Ardea virescens.
Fly-up-the-creek, Shytepoke.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 165.
This is the common and well-known heron in Ohio. It is
common and breeds everywhere in the state where there is
water enough to furnish food and trees or other cover
enough to hide the nest and young. In Lorain county it
frequently nests in orchards bordering swamps, or in the
thick second growth on a hillside.
The Green Heron consumes quantities of grasshoppers,
and probably other large insects, besides its diet of tadpoles
and water insects, and small batrachians. It is too useful
to be persecuted for its ungainly carriage.
The first reach the state during the last week in April,
usually, and the most have gone south by the first of Octo-
ber, but individuals may tarry even after the middle of
November where the fishing is good.
67. (202.) NycTricoRAX NYCTICORAX NZ#vIUS. (Bodd.).
189.
Black-crowned Night Heron.
Synonyms: Nyctiardea grisea var. nevia, Ardea disecors, Nycti-
ardea gardneri, Ardea neevia. F
Night Heron, Quawk, Squawk, Qua-bird, American Night
Heron, Night Raven.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Sury., 1838, 165, 184.
This heron is locally common in the state, but seems to
be absent from many regions. It is a summer resident
wherever it is found. Its semi-nocturnal habits probably
PALUDICOLA. 504
account for its apparent absence from many places where it
should breed. It is another of the swamp loving birds, nest-
ing in the trees and bushes which grow in the swamps or in
wet places.
Migration dates are lacking. It is likely that it winters
in some favorable places in the state. Observers should be
on the lookout for it.
‘OrpeErR PALUDICOLZ. Cranes, Rails, Coots, Gallinules.
SUBORDER GRUES. Cranes.
Family Gruip#. Cranes.
All three of the North American cranes have been found
in Ohio, one of them having wandered from the west. In
general appearance the cranes show a marked resemblance
to the herons, but the space in front of the eye is covered
with bristles instead of being bare. While migrating they
fly in long files. They are not such strict marsh haunters
as the herons, but frequent uplands also. They are omnivo-
rous feeders, often swallowing indigestible matter and dis-
gorging it after a time. Frogs, lizards, snakes, field-mice
and probably insects, and vegetable food are eaten with
equal relish apparently.
68. (204.) GRuUS AMERICANA (Linn.). 238.
Whooping Crane.
Synonyms: Ardea americana.
White Crane.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 165.
Ihe reports of the occurrence of this bird come from the
western half of the state, where it appears to be a rare mi-
grant.
I find no dates of migration. Judging from the migrations
in Iowa at nearly the same latitude, they should be seen
passing northward in a long thin line during the last week
in March and the first week in April.
58 BIRDS OF OHIO.
69. (206.) GruS MEXICANA (Miill.). 239.
Sandhill Crane.
Synonyms: Grus canadensis, Ardea canadensis, A. mexicana.
Brown Crane, Southern Sandhill Crane, Common Brown
Crane.
Wheaton, Ohio Agri. Report, 1860, 370, 480.
While this crane is by no means common it is rather more
numerous than the preceding species. It has been found
breeding at Chicago Junction, and near Toledo. The eggs
taken at Chicago Junction were successfully hatched and
the young reared and kept in captivity until their natural
death. One of the three birds of this lot was preserved by
Mr. E. E. Masterman, of New London, and is now in the
Oberlin College museum. It is a fine large bird in almost
perfect plumage.
The migrations should occur at the same time as those
of the Whooping Crane. The cranes may be distinguished
from other birds in flight by the manner of flight. After
perhaps ten deliberate wing strokes there is a period
of soaring flight of nearly the same duration, then
another beating of the wings followed by a soaring,
and so on. When the birds settle too close to the ground
in this straight-away flight they circle upward by means of
the same style of flight as when going straight ahead. At
intervals they croak in concert, creating a disturbance that
must arrest attention. In flight, legs and neck are stretched
out at full length.
SUBORDER RALLI. Rails, Gallinules, Coots.
Family RALLIDA.
In food habits the species comprising this family agree in
general. All eat seeds, tender vegetation, worms, insects,
crustaceans, mollusks, and with these some rubbish. The
rails and gallinules live in the swamp vegetation very largely
while the coots live and feed more in the open water and are
therefore more often seen. The rails are averse to leaving
the cover of the grass, and will do so only when suddenly
PALUDICOLA. 59
disturbed. They are so protectively colored, and know so
well how to assume protective attitudes, that they have small
need to leave their covers.
70. (208.) Rattus ELEGANS Aud. 231.
King Rail.
Synonyms: Fresh-water Marsh Hen, Red-breasted Raul.
Wheaton, Ohio Agri. Report, 1860, 369, 378.
Inland this does not appear to be a common bird, but in
shallow ponds or lagoons near the lake it is common. It is
probably a summer resident wherever it occurs in the state,
nesting in the marshes.
It reaches Oberlin about the first of May, but I have no
records for the southward migration.
“1. (212.) RALLuUS virGINIANUS Linn. 2382.
Virginia Rail.
Nuttall, Man. II, 1835, 205.
This is probably the most common of the rails along the
lake front where it is found in every marsh of any extent,
and may even resort to wet meadows to nest. He is so sly
and so hard to flush in spring that few but those who are
on the lookout and know where to find him realize his pres-
ence. The nest is generally placed on a hummock formed
by the roots of a bush or tuft of grass in the marsh, often
without concealment. In movement this bird resembles a
chicken, just as the King Rail resembles a hen. It is less
common than the Sora away from the lake marshes, becom-
ing even rare as a summer resident near our southern bor-
der.
The Virginia Rail reaches Lorain county about the first of
May, and has gone south by the middle of September.
72. (214.) PorzANA CAROLINA (Limnn.). 233.
Sora.
Synonyms: Rallus carolirus.
Carolina Rail, Ortolan, Crake, Carolina Crake, Cominon Rail.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 165, 185.
60 BIRDS OF OHIO.
The Sora is a fairly common inhabitant of the marshes
and wet meadows wherever they occur in the state. It ap-
pears to be a little less numerous south than north. It fre-
quently nests in wet meadows or in the tall grass bordering
ditches. During the migrations it not infrequently strikes
buildings or wires or other obstructions, and is either killed
or hurt or dazed and is brought to notice more frequently
than any of the other rails in this way. One that had been
injured in the breast was found in the court of Peters Hall,
Oberlin, when the building was opened in the morning.
There had been no open doors or windows, nor any broken
window where it might have entered. Its appearance there
could not be accounted for unless it had squeezed under a
door in the basement.
The Sora reaches Oberlin shortly after the first of May,
according to my records. It probably arrives earlier but is
unnoticed at first. I have no records of its departure south-
ward, but since the date of capture of the one mentioned
above was October 23, 1896, it seems likely that the depart-
ure is not far from that date.
3. (215.) PorZANA NOVEBORACENSIS (Gmel.). 234.
Yellow Rail.
Synonyms: Rallus noveboracensis, Fulica noveboracensis.
Yellow-breasted Rail, Upland Rail, Yellow Crake, Little
Yellow Rail.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 165, 185.
This little rail is reported as rare in the six *counties
where it has been found. There is good reason to believe
that it is much more numerous than the records show, be-
cause it is both so small and so hard to flush from its reedy
retreats that we almost never see it. Systematic search
should reveal it in many localities where it has never been
seen.
I can find no records of nests actually found within the
state, but the dates upon which many specimens have been
found clearly indicate that this rail breeds in the northern
part of the state at least.
*Ashtabula, Cuyahoga, Erie, Hamilton, Lorain, Portage.
PALUDICOL®. 61
"4. (216.) PorzANA JAMAICENSIS (Gmel.). —
Black Rail.
Synonyms: Rallus jamaicensis.
Little Black Rail, Little Black Crake.
Entered as hypothetical by Dr. Wheaton in his 1882 Catalogue
on the authority of Dr. Langdon, whose record was also hypo-
thetical. The first published record must therefore stand as fol-
lows:
Dury, Charles, Journal Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., 13, July, 1890, 97.
This specimen, one of two seen, was captured near Car-
thage, May 17, 1890, at Ross Lake. I find no other authen-
tic record.
%5. (218.) JoNoRNIS MARTINICA (Linn.). 235.
Purple Gallinule.
Synonyms: Porphyrio martinica, Gallinula martinica, Fulica
martinica.
Wheaton, Ohio Agri. Report, 1860, 369, 378, hypothetical. The
first unquestioned record seems to be as follows:
Wheaton, Bull. Nut. Orn. Club, II, 1877, 83. Specimen captured
by Dr. Howard E. Jones, at Circleville, May 10, 1877.
The first specimen captured in the state of which we have
any record seems to be that reported to Dr. Wheaton. “Dr.
Hunt informs me of the capture of this species near the
mouth of the Big Miami river, on March 31, 1877.” “Two
specimens * * * * have since been taken at Madisonville,
one by the writer in the latter part of April, and another
by Mr. William H. Whetsel, early in May. Mr. John W.
Shorten also reports one killed May 1, at Jones’ Station
(about thirty miles from Cincinnati), by J. H. Kelly, Esq.”
( Wheaton.)
Prof. E. L. Moseley reports a specimen captured at San-
dusky bay, April 28, 1896; Dr. Carl Tuttle, one which had
flown against the telegraph wires and was killed, “along
the lake shore,” September 2, 1894 (Auk XII, 191).
No other records than these have come to my knowledge.
62 BIRDS OF OHIO.
76. (219.) GALLINULA GALEATA (Linn.). 236.
Florida Gallinule.
Synonyms: Gallinula chloropus, Crex galeata.
Common Gallinule, Red-billed Mud-hen.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 165, 185.
This rather conspicuous swamp bird is fairly common
over the entire state where there are marshes large enough
to accommodate it. In many of the larger swamps it is al-
most abundant. At Licking reservoir we found it in con-
siderable numbers. At the Sandusky bay marshes it is
more than common. I have not found it at the small
swamps at Oak Point. A few were to be found at Lorain
before the ship yards were established there. It does not
flush readily from its retreats, but makes such a disturbance
when running through the reeds and grasses that it can
readily be traced by sound. In the vicinity of the young
it is possible to approach within studying distance of the
parents.
They first reach northern Ohio about the first of May,
and the last is seen about the middle of September.
7%. (221.) Furica AMERICANA Gmel. 237.
American Coot.
Synonyms: Coot, Mud-hen, Crow Duck, White-billed Mud-hen.
Wheaton, Ohio Agri. Report, 1860, 369.
While the Coot is more often seen than the Florida Galli-
nule by the casual bird student, it is not as numerous in
individuals in the state. It generally visits the Oberlin
water-works reservoir during both migrations, and may
visit the open water and ponds in the vicinity of the lake
shore at such times. If it remains all winter in the south-
ern counties it does so rarely. It was not found breeding
at either the Licking or Lewiston reservoirs, nor at Chippe-
wa lake, but one bird was seen by me at the Sandusky bay
swamps in July. It appears to breed sparingly in our most
northern marshes, but is not generally common in summer.
The Coot enters the state late in March, reaches the lake
LIMICOLZ. 63
shore soon after the first of April, and returns south again
during late October.
Orver LIMICOLZ. Shore Birds.
The Shore Birds very largely subsist on such animal food
as may be found in the soft mud or along the borders of
streams and ponds or on the shore of lake or ocean. All spe-
cies found in Ohio except the Plovers probe the mud for the
worms, insects and their larve, mollusks and other small
animals found there, but the Plovers glean mostly from the
surface and may also take some vegetable matter. They
are decidedly useful birds, keeping in check insects which
other birds would not destroy.
Family PHALARopopID#. Phalaropes.
Two of the three species of this family are found in Ohio,
and the other one may yet be discovered. At best they are
unusual and wary, wading in the water and swimming on
its surface with ease.
78. (223.) PHALAROPUS LOBATUS (Linn.). 227. 4
Northern Phalarope.
Synonyms: Lobipes hyperboreus, Phalaropus hyperboreus,
Tringa lobata.
Red-necked: Phalarope.
Kirtland, Am. Journal Sci. and Arts, XL, 1841, 21.
I have been unable to add any records of this species to
those given by Dr. Wheaton, which are as follows: A sin-
gle specimen (not a pair) taken near the pier in Cleveland
harbor in November, 1840 (?), and preserved in Dr. Kirt-
land’s collection. A pair taken by Dr. Jasper, on the Scioto
river, also in winter plumage, one of them preserved in Dr.
Wheaton’s, the other in Oliver Davies’ collection. Dr.
Wheaton also remarks that others have been taken by Mr.
R. K. Winslow and others on the lake shore. The
status of the species as an Ohio bird must rest upon the
three captured specimens.
64 BIRDS OF OHIO.
79. (224.) STEGANOPUS TRICOLOR Vieill. 228.
Wilson Phalarope.
Synonyms: Steganopus wilsoni, Phalaropus wilsonii, Phalar-
opus tricoler.
Kirtland, Okio Geol. Surv., 1838, 165, 185.
This phalarope is reported only from Erie county where
it is stated it may breed. It has been found in Lorain county
three times, each time during the first week in May. While
it may breed in the north-western part of the state there is
no record of its doing so.
The few notes upon its migration seem to indicate that it
reaches the northern counties soon after the first of May.
A more careful search for this interesting bird should dis-
cover it in many places where it is not known at present.
It is wary and difficult to approach.
Family Recurvirostrip&. Avocets and Stilts.
Both North American members of this family have been
found in the state. They are also rare, and, like the last
family, are waders. They do not swim as well, since their
toes lack the lobes on their sides.
80. (225.) RECURVIROSTRA AMERICANA Gmel. 229.
American Avocet.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1837, 166 185.
The rarity of this species in the state is attested by the
paucity of reports of its occurrence. Dr. Wheaton placed
. it upon his list on the authority of Dr. Kirtland, who report-
ed specimens that had been killed near Cincinnati by sports-
men. Mr. Charles Dury makes this later record, “Has been
seen on sandbar of Ohio river.” Mr. A. Hall “saw a
specimen taken near Cleveland.” Rev. W. L. Dawson in-
forms me of a specimen secured at St. Mary’s reservoir,
Nov. 10, 1882, by Mr. Clemens Utter, which is now in the
collection of the State University. Mr. R. W. Smith re-
ports “One specimen, in winter plumage, taken at Lebanon
LIMICOLA. 65
reservoir, in the spring of 1880, and now in Mr. Gould’s
collection.”
This exhausts what we know of the Avocet as an Ohio
bird.
81. (226.) HIMANTOPUS MEXICANUS (Mull.). 230.
Black-necked Stilt.
Synonyms: Himantopus nigricollis, Charadrius mexicanus.
Stilt, Long-shanks, Lawyer.
Langdon, Journal Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., I, 1879, 182.
The above citation rests upon the authority of Mr. Dury.
Dr. Wheaton also states that ‘““The Stilt has been repeatedly
taken on Lake Erie, as I am informed by Mr. Winslow.”
There are no more recent records.
Family Scotopacip#. Snipes, Sandpipers, etc.
Ohio is credited with twenty-seven members of this var-
ied family. The Woodcock is strictly sylvan, found no-
where but in the wet woods. Many are shore haunters,
some feed in wet meadows, and most of them are likely to
be found in or around the field ponds and spring flooded
places where the water stands for a few days or weeks. All
have sensitive bills with which they are able to feel the
worm or insect in the mud, and some are able to move the
tip of the bill without moving the rest of the bill. Some
travel in flocks of varying size while some are solitary. Ref-
erence to the individual species will discover other points
which it would not be possible to treat here.
82. (228.) PHILOHELA MINOR (Gmel.). 200.
American Woodcock.
Synonyms: Scolopax minor.
Bog-sucker, Big Mud Snipe, Big-headed Snipe, Blind Snipe,
Whistling Snipe, Timber Doodle, Bog Bird, Night Partridge,
Night Peck, Hookum Pake, “Pewee,” Labarador Twister,
Whistler.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Sury., 1838, 165.
--The Woodcock is too much sought after and therefore
66 BIRDS OF OHIO.
too well known as a game bird to pass unnoticed in any lo-
cality. It is generally reported as being a fairly common
breeding bird throughout the state. Naturally it is more
numerous in wet or damp woods than elsewhere, and may
become even abundant in restricted localities which afford
it both cover and abundant food. Being semi-nocturnal,
it must be flushed to be seen during the day. At twilight
one may be favored with the so-called song and peculiar
mazy dancing flight during the mating season, in regions
where the birds are numerous.
Woodcock is the only woods-haunting bird which probes
deep into the mud for the worms and insect larve which
lurk there. It therefore performs an office as an insect de-
stroyer which is shared by no other bird. As its name im-
plies, it is strictly sylvan, seldom venturing out of the brushy
retreats except to pass from woods to woods, or during the
mating flight.
One would naturally expect a bird which depended upon
mud-inhabiting insects for food to tarry south until warm
weather insured an abundant supply of its food; but the
Woodcock reaches Oberlin during the last week in March
at the latest, often by the middle of that month, and does
not return south until early November.
83. (230.) GALLINAGO DELICATA (Ord). 201.
Wilson Snipe.
Synonyms: Gallinago wilsoni, G. media wilsoni, Scolopax wil-
sonii, S. delicata.
American Snipe, Jack Snipe.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 165.
The Jack Snipe is still an abundant migrant in some lo-
calities, but is becoming scarce in others. It is the mud pro-
ber of the fields and treeless bottom lands, complementing
the work of the Woodcock. There can be no doubt that this
snipe does good service for the farmer in ridding his wet
fields of the insect larvae which burrow there ready for the
young crop soon to appear. It is a pity that the erratic flight
of the snipe offers so many temptations to the sportsman,
LIMICOL. 67
and his flesh to the epicure. He is a necessary factor in the
economy of agricultural science.
Reports of the breeding of this species in several counties
pretty clearly indicate mistaken identification of the bird.
So far as I have been able to judge, there are still no authen-
tic records of nests or young actually found in the state. It
may yet be found breeding in the north-western counties,
and possibly elsewhere.
There is unmistakable evidence that this snipe sometimes
winters in the state. Prof. E. L. Moseley records them in
winter some miles west of Sandusky where springs prevent
the freezing of the mud and water. In the southern counties
there are January records which can hardly be migrating
birds.
The first migrants reach Oberlin about the first of April,
and some remain well into May. Their return in autumn is
too irregular to make any definite statements possible, ex-
cept that the last tarry well toward the end of October.
84. (231.) MAcRORHAMPHUS GRISEUS (Gmel.). 202.
Dowitcher.
Synonyms: Scolopax grisea.
Red-breasted Snipe, Gray Snipe, Gray-back, Gray-backed
Snipe, Long-billed Dowitcher, Brown-back.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Sury., 1838, 165.
Judging from the reports, it is a decidedly rare bird in
Ohio. Dr. Langdon and Mr. Dury report it without com+
ment as rare near Cincinnati, and Prof. Moseley reports it
rare without comment at Sandusky. It is not mentioned
by others. It has never been taken in Lorain county.
It should be looked for in April and May, and again in
late July, in August and probably in September.
85. (232.) MACRORHAMPHUS SCOLOPACEUS (Say.). 202a.
Long-billed Dowitcher.
Synonyms: Macrorhamphus griseus scolopaceus, Limosa scol-
pacea.
Western Dowitcher, Red-bellied Snipe, Greater Long-neck.
Wheaton, Ohio Agri. Report, 1884, 1875, 572.
68 BIRDS OF OHIO.
There seemed to be considerable confusion in Dr. Whea-
ton’s mind regarding the two Dowitchers, since this species
was not included in the body of his catalogue, but was
given a place in his check-list. It seems likely that his M.
griseus covered this species which was then regarded as a
subspecies. I have but two specific references to this spe-
cies, both from Cincinnati. Mr. William Hubbell Fisher
has permitted me to examine a specimen in his private col-
lection, and Mr. Charles Dury reports it as rare. If there
be other specimens in collections they have not been brought
to my notice. Its normal range would seem to lie west of
Ohio, although the other species is the rarer in Indiana, ac-
cording to Butler.
86. (233.) MicRopALAMA HIMANTOPUS (Bonap.). 208.
Stilt Sandpiper.
Synonyms: ‘Tringa himantopus.
Wheaton, Ohio Agri. Report, 1874, 1875, 572.
Dr. Wheaton admits it to his catalogue on the authority
of Mr. Winslow. Mr. A. Hall enters it as ‘‘Very rare,”
near Cleveland. The only other record is the following:
Forest and Stream, XX XIII, No. 1816, p. 265 (?). Dr. E.
Sterling. 1889.
87. (234.) TRINGA caNnuTUsS Linn. 204.
Knot.
Synonyms: Red-breasted Sandpiper, Gray-back, Robin Snipe,
May Bird, Ash-colored Sandpiper, White-bellied Snipe, Sil-
ver-back, Red-breast Plover, Beach Robin, Horse-foot Snipe,
Robin-breast, White Robin Snipe, Red Sandpiper, Blue Plo-
ver.
Wheaton, Ohio Agri. Report, 1860, 380, hypothetical. The first
published record of a specimen actually taken seems to be
the following:
Wheaton, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1882, Vol. IV, Pt. 1, 478.
“Mr. Ed. Savage, of this city, captured a fine male, of a
pair in full breeding plumage, at the Licking reservoir,
May 27, 1878.”
LIMICOLZ. 69
Prof. E. L. Moseley, of Sandusky, is the only contributor
to report it.
88. (235.) ARQUATELLA MARITIMA (Briinn.). 205.
Purple Sandpiper.
Synonyms: ‘Tringa maritima.
Wheaton, Ohio Agri. Report, 1860, 380, hypothetical.
Apparently the only specimen actually captured in the
state is that reported by Mr. Winslow from near Cleveland,
which he says was preserved in the collection of the Cleve-
land Academy of Sciences.
89. (239.) AcTroproMAsS MACULATA (Vieill.). 206.
Pectoral Sandpiper.
Synonyms: Tringa maculata.
Grass Snipe, “Jack Snipe,’ Krieker.
Wheaton, Ohio Agri. Report, 1860, 369.
This distinctively field sandpiper is fairly common as a
migrant in all parts of the state. It may be abundant at
some times during the migrations. It travels in flocks of
from half a dozen to fifty or more birds which move as one
bird. In general habits these birds resemble the plovers
more than the sandpipers, apparently gleaning as well as
probing for food. They must be classed as true benefactors
to the farmer.
The first migrants reach Oberlin about the middle of
April, and some tarry into the first week of May. The first
return late in July and some remain about the wet bottom-
lands until the first of October.
90. (240.) AcroproMaAs FUSCICOLLIS (Vieill.). 207.
White-rumped Sandpiper.
Synonyms: Actodromas bonapartii. Tringa bonapartii. Trin-
ga fuscicollis.
Bonaparte’s Sandpiper.
Wheaton, Ohio Agri. Report, 1860, 369.
In spite of the statement by Dr. Wheaton that this sand-
piper is a “not uncommon spring and fall migrant on Lake
70 BIRDS OF OHIO.
Erie, rare in the interior of the state,” there remain only
the records mentioned by him in his 1882 catalogue. Dr.
Wheaton found it once, “in a locality known as the ‘Broom-
corn’ fields, near Shadeville in Franklin county, late in Oc-
tober, 1875.’ Dr. Langdon’s record follows: “Two speci-
mens, the first recorded for this vicinity, taken September
6, 1879, near Glendale, Ohio, by Mr. J. B. Porter; both
were males.” The records of Mr. R. K. Winslow must be
discounted, in the absence of specimens.
Bird students should be on the lookout for this species,
which should be found in some numbers in the state.
91. (241.) AcropRoMAS BAIRDII Coues. 208.
Baird Sandpiper.
Synonyms: ‘Tringa bairdii.
Wheaton, Ohio Agri. Report, 1874, 572.
While this sandpiper is reported by Mr. Dury alone of
all those who have handed lists to me, it cannot be as rare
as that would indicate. It has been taken in Lorain county
several times during its southward migration, but never in
spring that | am aware of. It should be found in some num-
bers with the other sandpipers. Probably the whole trou-
ble is that none know the bird in the field. The winter plu-
mage is not as distinctive as one could wish, but identifica-
tion is not difficult.
92. (242. AcTODRAMAS MINUTILLA (Vieill.). 209.
Least Sandpiper.
Synonyms: ‘Tringa minutilla, T. wilsonii.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 165.
The Least Sandpiper usually reaches Oberlin in flocks
after May 10. It is easily approached and readily identified,
yet few seem to know it. I have always found it along the
borders of ponds probing in the mud, or bathing in the wa-
ter’s edge. It was found in considerable numbers by Mr.
Dawson and myself on Middle Bass Island during the first
week in August, 1901. I have not seen it in the southward
migration in Lorain county.
LIMICOLA. Hal
93. (248a.) PELIDNA ALPINA PACIFICA (Cous). 210.
Red-backed Sandpiper.
Synonyms: Tringa alpina var. americana, Pelidna alpina amer-
icana, P. pacifica, Tringa schinzii.
American Dunlin, Black-breast, Black-bellied Sandpiper, Ox
Bird.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 165, 185.
There has apparently been a considerable decrease in the
numbers of this species since Dr. Wheaton prepared his
catalogue. It is nowhere given as common in the state. It
is rare in Lorain county at any time of year, but has been
recorded more often in the autumn than during the spring
migrations. It is strictly a migrant across the state.
Migration dates are too few to be of service in determin-
ing the time of migration, but they indicate a northward
movement during late April or early May, continuing well
toward the close of May; and a return late in September
or early October.
94. (246.) EREUNETES PUSILLUS (Linn.). 211.
Semipalmated Sandpiper.
Synonyms: Ereunetes petrificatus, Tringa pusilla.
Peep.
Wheaton, Ohio Agri. Report, 1860, 369.
This and the Least Sandpiper might easily be confused
by any one not familiar with the two species. The differ-
ence in size would hardly be apparent unless the birds were
near together. It is reported generally as not common dur-
mg the migrations, but may be in some localities during fa-
vorable seasons. They often mingle with the Least Sand-
pipers in the fall at the common feeding-grounds of the
shore birds. Both species, with many others, were recorded
at the lagoon on Middle Bass Island during the first week of
August, 1901, by Mr. Dawson and myself.
They appear to migrate somewhat earlier than the Least
Sandpipers, in spring, but may return with them.
yi BIRDS OF OHIO.
95. (248.) CALIDRIS ARENARIA (Linn.). 212.
Sanderling.
Synonyms: Tringa arenaria.
Ruddy Plover, Beach-bird.
Wheaton, Ohio Agri. Report, 1860, 480.
This light colored sandpiper is often common along the
lake shore during both migrations. It appears to be less com-
mon in the interior of the state, but should be found on the
gravelly beach of lake or large pond or reservoir. In flight
the flocks are compact and move as one bird. I saw eleven
killed from a flock of less than thirty birds with one dis-
charge of the shot-gun. I have never seen the birds except
in flocks of from six to fifty individuals.
The food consists largely of the insects washed ashore
by the waves. and any other fragments of animal matter
whi the birds care for. They seldom run out on the beach
far 1rom the water, but depend largely upon the waves for
food.
It passes through Lorain county during May, rarely tarry-
ing into the first week of June, and returns by the middle
of August, remaining well toward October.
96. (249.) Limosa FEDOA (Linn.). 213.
Marbled Godwit.
Synonyms: Limosa fceda, Scolopax fedoa.
Great Marbled Godwit, Doe Bird, Dough Bird, Marlin.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 165, 185.
I am able to add nothing to Dr. Wheaton’s records of
this bird in the state. “Dr. Kirtland notes its capture in sev-
eral instances in northern Ohio. Mr. Langdon states on the
authority of Mr. Dury, that thirty-three were ‘shot in one
day, near the mouth of the Little Miami, some years ago, by
Charles Weeks, Esq.’ A specimen was taken by a son of
Dr. Jasper in the immediate vicinity of this city (Colum-
bus), April 21, 1879.” The wariness of the shore birds
and the absolute necessity of securing specimens of most of
them to make the identifications sure, are reasons which
make the records of so many so unsatisfactory.
LIMICOLA. 73
97. (251.) Limosa HamMastica (Linn.). 214.
Hudsonian Godwit.
Synonyms: Scolopax hemastica.
Smaller Doe-bird, American Black-tailed Godwit, Ring-tailed
Marlin.
Kirtland, Ohio, Geol. Surv., 1838, 165, 185.
The records which Dr. Wheaton gives for this species are
all that I have been able to find. “Dr. Kirtland notes its
capture in the vicinity of Cincinnati, and Mr. Winslow
mentions its occurrence near Cleveland. I met a flock of
eight birds, in the spring of 1858, wading in a shallow pond
in an old brickyard within the city (Columbus) limits, but
was not so fortunate as to secure specimens. In the spring
of 1861 a fine specimen was taken below the State dam, near
the city, by a sportsman and taxidermist, which was pre-
served until recently.” There appear to have been but two
specimens actually captured in the state. We should make
a better record than this for Ohio.
98. (254.) TorANUS MELANOLEUCUS (Gmel.). 215.
Greater Yellow-legs.
Snyonyms: Scolopax melanoleuca, Gambetta melanoleuca,
Totanus vociferus.
Greater Tell-tale, Greater Yellow-shanks, Long-legged. Tat-
tler, Stone-snipe.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 165.
Fairly common during the migrations over the entire
state. It may be absent from some restricted localities
where there are no ponds or wet meadows to furnish feed-
ing places. Both Yellow-legs feed standing “knee’’ deep in
the water, often immersing the entire head, but oftener dart-
ing about and thrusting here and there for some fleeing in-
sect or tadpole. While they are not distinctly beneficial they
are certainly not harmful to agricultural interests. They
may often be seen in small flocks of about a dozen or less
individuals, or singly on the borders of ponds of almost any
extent, or on the lake shore.
74 . BIRDS OF OHIO.
This species reaches Oberlin about April 20th, and often
tarries well into May. It returns again about the middle of
September and remains a month. Rev. W. F. Henninger
has a record for March 14, 1899, which is certainly early
for the species, for southern Ohio.
99. (255.) . ToTANuUS FLAVIPES (Gmel.). 216,
Yellow-legs. °
Synonyms: Scolopax flavipes, Gambetta flavipes.
Lesser Tell-tale, Common Yellow-legs, Lesser Yellow-shanks.
Kirtland, Ohio Geok Surv., 1838, 161.
Judging from my own experience, this is the commoner
form of this genus in northern Ohio at least. It is found
in the same situations as the larger species, and frequently
associates with it, while feeding, but seems to prefer to fly
only with its own kind. I have seen companies of fifteen to
twenty birds, in the ratio of two of the Greater to three
of the Lesser Yellow-legs, feeding together, in starting up
from the pool immediately separate, each species flying by
itself.
Rev. W. F. Henninger has a record for southern Ohio
on March 18, 1901. This is undoubtedly the earliest record
for the appearance of this species for the state. The average
date of arrival at Oberlin falls close to the first of May.
This may be too late, since there are records for the middle
of April. The southward movement begins early in Au-
gust and continues to the end of September.
100. (256.) HeELopromaAs soLiraRtus (Wils.). 217.
Solitary Sandpiper.
Synonyms: Totanus solitarius, T. chlorypigius. Rhyacophilus
solitarius, Tringa solitaria.
American Green Sandpiper, Solitary Tattler, Wagtail, Tip-up.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 165.
As its name implies, this bird is solitary in its habits, and
does not occur in flocks. It clearly prefers a small pond in
the borders of some open woods, or in the midst of a pas-
ture in which there remain scattering trees. It may also be
LIMICOLZ. W5
found in more open situations during the migration period,
rarely loosely associated with Yellow-legs. I have never
seen it in merely damp places, but it sometimes frequents
small temporary streams which run through meadows.
There seems good evidence that this sandpiper breeds spar-
ingly from the vicinity of Columbus northward. I have
seen individuals in each summer month. Dr. Wheaton
found a young bird in the care of its parents near Columbus.
The ease with which this species may be confounded with
the Spotted Sandpiper may account for its apparent absence
during the summer. It has the general appearance, and a
note which closely resembles that of the Spotted Sandpiper,
but lacks the round spots on the underparts, and has white
spots on its back. The white spotted back should positively
separate it from the Spotted Sandpiper, and its note should
be equally distinctive from the Yellow-legs which also has
white dorsal spots.
This sandpiper reaches Oberlin during the third week of
April, and returns south rather late in October.
101. (258.) SyMPHEMIA SEMIPALMATA (Gmel.). 218.
Willet.
Synonyms: Totanus semipalmatus, Scolopax semipalmata.
Semipalmated Tattler.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol, Surv., 1838, 165.
Besides Dr. Wheaton’s records, Dr. Langdon and Mr.
Dury are the only ones who report this species. lt has not
been taken in Lorain county. Dr. Wheaton’s statement,
clearly based upon Dr. Kirtland’s information, that it is
“Not a common spring and fall migrant, probably breeds in
northern Ohio,” indicates that since 1838, when Dr. Kirt-
land found it in summer on the lake shore, it has become not
only rare but almost extinct. If it still occurs near Cincin-
nati it is very rarely. Observers should watch carefully for
the birds and report any occurrences.
76 BIRDS OF OHIO.
102. (261.) BARTRAMIA LONGICAUDA (Bechst.). 220.
Bartramian Sandpiper.
Synonyms: Actiturus bartramius, Totanus bartramius, Tringa
bartramia, Tringa longicauda.
Upland Plover, Bartram’s Tattler, Field Plover, Grass Plo-
ver, Prairie Pigeon, Prairie Snipe.
Audubon, Orn. Biog., IV, 1838, 24.
This large upland sandpiper is fairly common during the
entire summer over the greater part of the state, being
rather less common along our southern border as a summer
resident. Whilé a few breed in the vicinity of Oberlin
each year, the individuals are so few that they might easily
be counted and their breeding places located. These birds
are rather gleaners than probers, and therefore feed upon
the insect life at the surface of the ground and among the
grass, doing good service in meadows.
The average appearance for Oberlin is April 15, and the
average date of last seen October 15. Rev. W. F. Hennin-
ger has a record for March 21, 1902, for southern Ohio.
The birds leave the state about October 25.
103. (262.) TRYNGITES SUBRUFICOLLIS (Vieill.). 221.
* Buff-breasted Sandpiper.
Synonyms: ‘Tryngites rufescens, Tringa subruficollis, T. rufe-
scens.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 165.
“Rare migrant, only noted in the fall. In addition to its
occurrence noted by Dr. Kirtland (Cleveland, two specimens
captured in August, 1840), it has since been taken on sever-
al occasions near Cleveland. A specimen was taken in the
immediate vicinity of this city, August 31, 1876, which is
now in the collection of the Ohio State University. - This
bird was in company with Semipalmated Plover and Semi-
palmated Sandpipers, on a gravelly bank of the Scioto
river.” (Wheaton, 1882.) Nothing more has been report-
ed concerning this species.
LIMICOLZ. hey
104. (263.) AcTITIS MACULARIA (Linn.). 222.
Spotted Sandpiper.
Synonyms: ‘Tringoides macularius, Totanus macularius, Tringa
macularia.
Sandpiper, Spotted Tattler, Peet-weet, Wag-tail, Tip-up,
Teeter-tail, Sand-lark.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Sury., 1838, 165.
This is the common little sandpiper throughout the state.
No one who has walked by a lake shore or along the mar-
gins of any considerable stream or moderate to large pond,
can have failed to see this bird. It is common everywhere
all summer, breeding in fields or on the steep banks of lakes
and rivers. Only once have I failed to find it on the lake
shore in summer, gleaning among the debris thrown up by
the waves. I have also watched it gleaning in the meadows
and plowed fields.
The first reach Oberlin about April 17th, and the last are
seen during the first week of September. These dates do
not vary materially from those for southern Ohio contrib-
uted by Rev. Mr. Henninger.
105. (264.) NUMENIUS LoNcIRosTRIS Wils. 223.
Long-billed Curlew.
Synonyms: Sickle-bill.
Kirtland, Ohio Ohio Geol. Sury., 1838, 165, 185.
The reports indicate that this rather conspicuous bird is
rarely seen within the state, but the places of occurrence
are so well scattered that it may be expected to occur occa-
sionally over practically the whole of the state except the
southeastern fifth. Dr. Wheaton records specimens taken
near Cleveland by Dr. Kirtland; at Licking reservoir, spec-
imens captured there having been examined by Dr. Whea-
ton, and the probability of its occurrence at St. Mary’s res-
ervoir; and Dr. Langdon’s records of. several specimens
taken near Cincinnati. To these maybe added ‘Defiance
(Slocum), Erie (Moseley), and: an additional record of a
flock of seven at Licking reservoir, May 31, 1902, recorded
by the writer and Mr. Irving A. Field. While it is possible
78 BIRDS OF OHIO.
that this species may be found breeding in some parts of the
state, no positive record has yet been made to that effect.
It is likely that the birds arrive from the south about the
middle of April, tarrying well toward June as the records
prove. They might be mistaken for the Bartramian Sand-
piper when so far away that the extremely long curved bill
cannot be seen, but otherwise they should be easy of identi-
fication.
106. (265.) NuMENIus HupDsonicus Lath. 224.
Hudsonian Curlew.
Synonyms: Jack Curlew, Short-billed Curlew, American Wim-
brel.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 165, 185.
Dr. Wheaton gives practically the same records for this
. curlew as for the Long-billed. Records from Defiance
(Slocum), Erie (Moseley), and Ashtabula (Sim) have
come to me. This species was regarded as less likely to oc-
cur than the preceding, by Dr. Wheaton. So far as the re-
ports received are concerned it would appear to be scattered
over the state about the same. It is strictly a migrant in the
state Dr. Wheaton had never seen it in Ohio.
10%. (266.) NUMENIUS BOREALIS (Forst.). 2265.
Eskimo Curlew.
Synonyms: Scolopax borealis.
Esquimaux Curlew, Dough-bird.
Wheaton, Ohio Agri. Report, 1860, 380, 480.
Dr. Wheaton’s statement that it is a “Not common spring
and fall migrant” seems to be pretty largely based upon a
report from Mr. R. K. Winslow that “it is not rare in the
vicinity of Cleveland,” without specimens to prove the state-
ment. Dr. Wheaton records only the capture of a speci-
men taken near Cincinnati by Mr. Shorten, in September,
1878, but states that he saw a single bird in a flock of
Golden Plovers in the vicinity of Columbus. Prof. E. L.
Moseley reports it as rare in Erie county as seen by Dr.
Graffe. The similarity of this and the last species makes
LIMICOLA. J 79
any records other than those of actual captures of question-
able value. Fortunately we have a specimen taken within
the state.
Family CHARApDRIID#. Plovers.
The Plovers have short beaks which are not fitted for
probing in the mud, but for gleaning from the surface.
They wade some, but seem to prefer to keep near the edge
of the water. They have a strong tendency to flock, but
may also be found singly, even during the migrations.
108. (270.) SQUATAROLA SQUATAROLA (Linr.). 195.
Black-bellied Plover.
Synonyms: Squatarola helvetica, Charadrius helveticus, C.
squatarola, Tringa squatarola, T. helvetica.
Swiss Plover, Bull-head Plover, Whistling Field Plover, Ox- -
eye, Beetle-head.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 165, 185.
This plover appears to be rare throughout the stat>. It
has not been generally reported, but such reports as have:
been made indicate that it may be found occasionally every-
where except in the south-eastern fifth. Its migrations begin
about the middle of April and may continue well toward
June. In the autumn they should be found in August and
September.
109. (272...) CHARADRIUS DOMINICUS Mill. 196.
American Golden Plover.
Synonyms: Charadrius fulvus var. virginicus, C. pluvialis, C.
virginicus, C. fulvus.
Golden Plover, Field Plover, Bull-head Plover, Bull-head,
Green-back, Green Plover.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 165, 184.
From common or even abundant during the spring migra-
tions up to the time Dr. Wheaton’s work closed, this plover
has become hardly more than casual in most sections of the
state. It is still found in some numbers. occasionally, in
spring, in regions where the small lakes are numerous, and
80 BIRDS OF OHIO.
sometimes on the shore of Lake Erie. Several reports to the
contrary notwithstanding, it does not nest in the state. Late
spring and early autumn records of many of this group of
birds do not necessarily indicate that they breed in the re-
gion where such records have been made. The “Shore
Birds” linger late and return early.
The Golden Plover, as well as several other species, mi-
grates in flocks which fly as one bird. When one individ-
ual has been shot from a flock the rest return for the lost
one, and may be in danger of a similar fate at the hands of
a thoughtless hunter. They should be looked for about the
middle of April, and again in late August or early Septem-
ber.
110. (2%3.) OxyecHus vociFERUS (Linn.). 197.
Killdeer.
Synonyms: Charadrius vociferus. Agialitis vocifera
Killdeer Plover, Ring Plover.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 165.
Of all members of this group of birds the Killdeer is
probably the best known, because he talks about himself so
much! He is among the first birds to come from the south
in early March, not seldom reaching the lake shore with the
Robin and Bluebird, but more often about a week behind
them. One would expect a bird of his tastes to fare poorly
while snow still covers the ground for days at a time, but
he seems to find enough to keep him warm and active. At
first he stays close to some low, wet place, gleaning from the
surface of the mud, or searches out the fields which have
been well kept and therefore furnish him with a clear sur-
face to feed upon. It seems likely that the Killdeer some-
times eats soft seeds when insects, worms, and other soft
animals are difficult to find, but I have no direct evidence
of it. At any rate, he must be classed with the distinctly
beneficial birds because of the insect larvee which he eats.
. The first decidedly spring thaw, which may occur late in
February or not till the second week in March, brings this
‘bird to Lorain county. He stays all winter in the southern
LIMICOLA. 81
part of the state. His stay in the autumn is determined by
weather conditions, but he is usually to be found until the
first of November, and sometimes well toward the close of
that month.
111. (274.) EGIALITIS SEMIPALMATA Bonap. 198.
Semipalmated Plover.
Synonyms: Charadrius semipalmatus.
Ring-neck, Ring Plover, Semipalmated Ring Plover.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 168, 184.
This little plover is far more common in autumn than in
spring, and Dr. Wheaton records it but once in spring at
Columbus—May, 1880. It is not uncommon at the lake
shore in autumn, from the last week in July until the mid-
dle of September. It often associates with Killdeer and the
Sanderlings, but in flight flocks separately. It is generally
seen in small flocks, but single individuals are sometimes
found on the lake shore as well as on the smaller ponds.
Its single black breast band easily distinguishes it from
Killdeer if its smaller size does not. I have never seen it
feeding except at the water’s edge or among the recently
thrown-up wash on the shore. Its food seems to be largely
insects and small mollusks.
112. (27%.) AEZGIALITIS MELODA (Ord). 199.
Piping Plover.
Synonyms: Charadrius melodus, Adgialitis melodus.
Ring-neck.
Kirtland, Am. Journal Sci. and Arts, XL, 1841, 24.
It seems more than likely that the A. O. U. committee
will finally reduce this and the next form to one species, but
in the absence of legislation it seems necessary to include both
forms. The interrupted black breast band of this form and
the continuous breast band of the subspecies, a difference
upon which the subdivision of the species was largely based,
does not seem to be a good character.
Reports of the occurrence of this small plover are meager
Dr. Langdon and Mr. Dury report it from Cincinnati, Prof.
82 BIRDS OF OHIO.
Moseley from Sandusky, there are specimens taken in Lo-
rain county, and the record of Dr. Wheaton for the vicini-
ty of Columbus exhaust the records. It is certainly a rare
migrant across the state, probably in late April.
113. (27%a.) AEGIALITIS MELODA CIRCUMCINCTA Ridgw.
Belted Piping Plover.
Dr. Wheaton said of this form, in his 1882 catalogue,
“Mr. Ridgway describes as a geographical race of this spe-
cies, var. circumcinctus, from the Missouri region. To this
variety Mr. Nelson refers the birds taken in Illinois by him,
and doubtless Ohio birds are the same. But specimens of
circumcinctus have been taken in various localities on the
Atlantic coast and doubtless, as held by Mr. Brewster, the
variety is untenable.”
There are specimens of both forms in Ohio collections,
but circumcincta appears to be the more numerous. Just as
we go to press, Mr. W. L. Dawson, Prof. J. S. Hine and the
writer have found some half-dozen pairs of this form breed-
ing on the beach of Cedar Point, across from Sandusky,
near the new Lake Laboratory of the Ohio State University.
A set of four eggs was taken there, in an advanced state of
incubation, June 26. This form should be found breeding
in any suitable localities over the state.
Family ApHrizip&2. Turnstone.
The species which is found in Ohio always occurs in
flocks while it is with us. I have never seen it except on the
lake shore, where it was gleaning among the rubbish thrown
up by the waves. It is a striking looking bird, easily identi-
fied.
114. (283.) ARENARIA INTERPRES (Linn.). 194.
Turnstone.
Synonyms: Strepsilas interpres, Tringa interpres.
Brant Bird, Calico-black, Bead Bird, Horse-foot Snipe.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 165, 184.
GALLINZ. 83
- The Turnstone appears to be Tittle known in the interior
of the state. It has been recorded at Cincinnati (Langdon),
but not elsewhere away from the lake shore. It is also re-
ported from Erie and Cuyahoga counties. It is somewhat
irregular in Lorain county, but generally seen during the
spring migrations in small flocks. All of my records fall
between May 16 and 20. I have not seen it in autumn.
While here it remains near the water’s edge, gleaning from
the wash of the waves. I have rarely seen it feeding on
the loose sand among the larger stones a rod or more from
the water. Dr. Wheaton did not find it near Columbus.
OrpeER GALLINZ. Gallinaceous Birds.
To this group belong the Game Birds par excellence.
Their flesh is pleasant because they feed so largely upon
vegetable matter of various kinds. Careful investigation
of the food of these birds reveals the fact that the propor-
tion of cultivated grain eaten is very small, while the weed
seeds form a large proportion. There can be no doubt that
of the grain eaten much is what has fallen during harvest,
and so would be wasted if the birds did not get it. In some
localities members of this group do eat grain to a considera-
ble extent, but the habit is not general by any means. In
winter buds and tender shoots of trees are eaten, and in
summer insects are freely destroyed. There is always great
danger that the birds comprising this group will suffer ex-
tinction because they are killed both for sport and for their
flesh. Legislation limiting their destruction needs to be
specific and not disregarded by citizens.
Family TETRAONIDZ GROUSE, etc.
115. (289.) Corinus vircintanus (Linn.). 184.
Bob-white.
Synonyms: Ortyx virginianus, Perdix virginiana, Tetrao vir-
ginianus.
Virginia Partridge, “Quail,’’ Partridge.
Wilson, Am. Orn., VI, 1812, 21.
Bob-white is still common in all portions of the state, but
84 BIRDS OF OHIO.
is evidently less numerous than a score of years ago. It
is reported as abundant from a few localities. The prohib-
itive laws have prevented any great diminution in numbers.
It seems likely that the modern restrictions thrown around
the sportsmen will tend to diminish their numbers or at
least dampen their ardor for the chase, thereby increasing
the chances of life for the “Quail.” It would be a distinct
zesthetic loss if the Bob-white should wholly disappear from
our fields and woods. Literature is too full of references
to his prophetic warning or encouragement for us to consent
to his extinction.
I find no evidence that Bob-white migrates to any appre-
ciable extent. It is probably hardly proof that he does not
because a flock or covey is known to occupy the same re-
gion the year through, but it looks in that direction. Unfor-
tunately we have almost no means of knowing for a certain-
ty the individual birds, and so are unable to follow them all
the year. It seems likely that there is some small southward
movement during the colder weather, or with the appear-
ance of considerable snow.
Dr. Sylvester D. Judd has proved that Bob-white eats
very little grain, and that little is probably largely waste
grain, but he does consume great quantities of weed seeds,
particularly those of the ragweed. Farmers can coax a flock
of Bob-whites to their barn-yards by throwing grain out to
the flock, but it would be a pity to do so for the purpose of
killing them.
116. (300.) Bonasa UMBELLUS (Linn.). 182.
Ruffed Grouse.
Synonyms: Tetrao umbellus.
Partridge, Pheasant.
Kirtland, Preliminary Report, Ohio Geol. Sury., 1838, 67.
This strictly woods game bird has rapidly decreased in
numbers in the last decade; partly because it has been so
persistently hunted and partly because its breeding haunts
have been destroyed in so many places. It is reported as
still fairly common in the north-eastern third of the state,
COLUMB2. 85
and locally elsewhere, but it is rare in most other localities.
None have been seen in Lorain county west of Elyria for
three years. Ten years ago it was frequently met in the
woods about Oberlin. It is resident where it occurs at all,
remaining in the deep woods. Its drum call is familiar to
every countryman.
Family PHASIANIDE, TURKEYS.
117. (810a.) MELEAGRIS GALLOPAVO SYLVESTRIS (Vieill.).
181.
Wild Turkey.
Synonyms: Meleagris gallopavo var. americana, M. gallopavo,
M. g. var. gallopavo, M. fera, M. gallopavo fera.
Common Wild Turkey, Eastern Wild Turkey.
Bonaparte, Am. Orn., I, 1825, 80.
This, the noblest of the game birds, is all but extinct with-
in the state. It should not be placed upon the list of extinct
species until the southern counties between the Scioto river
and Cincinnati have been more thoroughly worked. It may
be present there still.
OrpdER COLUMB. Pigeons.
Of the two members of this order found in Ohio only one
is now numerous enough to receive attention as regards its
food. That has been done under the discussion of the spe-
cies. It is noteworthy that in the eastern parts of the United
States the Mourning Dove builds its nests well above the
ground, almost always, but in the west on the ground, and in
the middle west indifferently on the ground or above it. Of
course there are exceptions in each region.
118. (315.) EcropistEs MIGRATORIUS (Linn.). 179.
Passenger Pigeon.
Synonyms: KEctopistes macrura, Columba migratoria.
Wild Pigeon.
Wilson, Am. Orn., I, 1808, 102.
This once extremely abundant species is now of casual
86 ; BIRDS OF OHIO.
occurrence during the migrations. It is likely that scatter-
ing records of single individuals or very small companies
may be made from time to time. Many localities on the
Western Reserve have their histories of great flights and im-
mense rookeries. Before they have entirely passed from the
memory of those who knew of them personally these places
should be mapped for future reference.
119. (316.) ZENAIDURA MACROURA (Linn.). 180.
Mourning Dove.
Synonyms: Zenaidura carolinensis, Columba carolinensis, C.
macroura.
Carolina Dove, Turtle Dove, Wild Dove.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 164.
The Mourning Dove ranks well up among the familiar
birds, because it frequently nests in the orchard or shrub-
bery in towns and the suburbs of cities. It is a familiar
bird along country roads in summer, taking dust-baths or
gleaning for food. A few hardy individuals remain even
in the extreme northern parts of the state all winter, but many
pass the winter in the southern parts of the state. The bulk
of the migrations occur about the middle of April in Lorain
county. It is impossible to tell when the most go south,
because they are so quiet about it. Few are seen during
the molting period, which begins after the last brood is
raised, and nests with eggs are found even during the first
week in September.
Observations upon the food of the doves and examina-
tions of their stomachs prove that while in spring and sum-
mer a good deal of wheat is eaten, by far the largest pro-
portion of the dove’s food consists of the seeds of noxious
weeds. Undoubtedly the most of the wheat eaten is what
the birds find among the stubble after the crop has been har-
vested. I have many times flushed doves from cornfields,
during July and August, and found that they were eating
the partly ripe seeds of the grasses which are the plague of
the farmer’s life. The Mourning Dove seldom occurs in
flocks of any size, and therefore any depredations upon
grain fields will hardly be noticed.
—
RAPTORES. 87
OrDER RAPTORES. - Birds of, Prey.
SUBORDER SARCORHAMPHI. American Vultures.
Family CATHARTID2. American Vultures.
120. (3825.) CATHARTES AURA (Linn.). 177
Turkey Vulture.
Synonyms: Vultur aura, Rhinogryphus aura.
Turkey Buzzard.
Wilson, Am. Orn., IV, 1812, 89.
The Turkey Vulture is fairly common during the summer
throughout the state, even to the lake shore, the books upon
birds to the contrary notwithstanding. During my resi-
dence at Oberlin, beginning in 1890, it has been almost com-
mon, nesting in fallen hollow logs or hollow stumps. It re-
mains all winter in the southern parts of the state, but is ab-
sent in winter north. I have found it as early as the 7th of
March at Oberlin.
Its habit of feeding on carrion is well known.
If the birds are too far away for one to see the bare head,
the soaring flight without any flapping of the wings, or
only an occasional stroke to regain balance, readily identi-
fies the species. The hawks soar, it is true, but they also flap
their wings a good deal, or soar in circles, while the vulture
soars almost straightaway, without wing strokes.
121. (326.) CATHARISTA URUBU (Vieill.). 178.
Black Vulture.
Snyonyms: Carthates atratus, C. iota, Catharista atrata, Vul-
tur atratus.
Carrion Crow.
Audubon, Orn. Biog., II, 1834, 33.
The foregoing reference by Audubon that this species
summers in Ohio as far as Cincinnati; three specimens seen
by Dr. Langdon, “On or about December 20, 1876,” one of
which he secured on January 1, 1877, it having been killed
a few days previous by Mr. Edwin Leonard, of Madison-
ville ; and a specimen in Mr. Oliver Davie’s collection, killed
88 BIRDS OF OHIO.
February 6, 1895, four miles north of Reynoldsburg, seem
to constitute the Ohio records for this southern species.
SUBORDER FALCONES. Kites, Hawks, Eagles, Falcons,
Osprey.
Family Fatconip#. Same as above.
The food habits are fully given under each species.
122. (327.) ELANOIDES FoRFICATUS (Linn.). 166.
Swallow-tailed Kite.
Synonyms: Falco furcatus, Nauclerus furcatus, Falco forficatus.
Wilson, Am. Orn., VI, 1812, 70.
Writing in 1812, Wilson said that this Kite “is very abun-
dant in South Carolina and Georgia, and still more so in
West Florida, and the extensive prairies of Ohio and the
Indiana Territory.” Dr. Kirtland found it “in considerable
numbers in Portage and Stark counties” in the mid-
dle thirties, but noted its absence in 1838. Mr. Kirkpatrick
found it occasionally in Crawford county, where it had been
numerous before, in 1858. This was the last seen of this
elegant bird until a specimen came into Dr. Wheaton’s hands
from Pataskala, where it was killed August 22, 1878.
Twenty years later in August, 1898, Rev. W. F. Henninger
notes a specimen shot in Ross county near Chillicothe. This
seems to close the records to date.
123. (331.) Circus HUDsoNIUS (Linn.). 167.
Marsh Hawk.
Synonyms: Circus cyaneus var. hudsonius, Falco cyaneus, F.
hudsonius.
Marsh Harrier, Harrier, Mouse Hawk, Blue Hawk, American
Marsh Hawk.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Sury., 1838, 161, 178.
In habits this hawk is unlike any of the other hawks. It
lives in the open country, nesting and perching on the
ground. It may always be known by its white rump spot
or patch, and by its relatively small body and long, pointed
RAPTORES. 89
wings and long tail. It flies more like a swallow than a
hawk, as it skims over the meadows or sweeps upward and
away with graceful, easy strokes. It is hardly common
generally over the state, but is found in considerable num-
bers in especially favorable places.
The food of this hawk proves it to be one of the most
beneficial of all our predaceous birds. It does sometimes
eat poultry and small birds, but the proportion of these to
the whole food of mice, snakes, insects, and squirrels is so
small that it should not count against him. While their
young were still in the nest I have seen the male return from
a search over the meadows with a _ good-sized - snake,
apparently not yet dead, in his talons, and drop it from a
considerable height to the female who would always catch
it before it reached the ground.
The Marsh Hawk is not a common winter resident, even
in the southern counties, and breeds but rarely if at all there.
It passes north early in March, reaching the lake shore be-
fore the first of April, sometimes as early as the last week in
February. It has not been found in Lorain county after the
middle of October.
124. (332.) AccIPITER VELOx (Wils.). 169.
Sharp-shinned Hawk.
Synonyms: Accipter fuscus, Falco velox, Falco fuscus, Nisus
fuscus.
“Pigeon Hawk.”
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 161, 178.
This little hawk is hardly common anywhere in the state,
but it is everywhere present all the year. While it prefers
the woods, skulking through the smaller growth low down
if it has been feeding, it may often be seen flying across the
open. In flight it may be known from the Sparrow Hawk
by its larger size, long barred tail, lack of reddish in the
feathers of the back, and by the fact that it does not hover
ower the meadows but skulks in the woods.
It lives principally upon small birds and young poultry
and English Sparrows, only occasionally killing mice and
ey oe os BIRDS OF OHIO,
ag
other small mammals. It is distinctly injurious, but is be-
coming less so in winter because it now prefers English
Sparrows to other birds. It is therefore becoming more
numerous in the cities and towns and less so in the country.
If he will only grow fonder of the sparrow pests and leave
the young poultry alone we can easily forgive the past and
give him encouragement for the future.
125. (333.) ACCIPITER COOPERII (Bonap.). 168.
Cooper Hawk.
Synonyms: Falco cooperi, Astur cooperi, Nisus cooperi.
Chicken Hawk, Big Blue Hawk, Big Blue-tailed Hawk, Long-
tailed Dart, Darter.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 164, 179.
This medium-sized hawk is more often found in the woods
than elsewhere. Indeed, it is seldom seen out of the woods
except while it is soaring up almost out of sight, or while
it is making a raid upon the poultry yard. It differs from
the Sharp-shinned Hawk in having a long, rounded tail
and rounded instead of rather pointed wings. To one who
knows these two birds there is no difficulty in identifying
them, but the difference is hard to explain. In general, the
Sharp-shinned gives the impression of sharp angles with its
pointed wings and square cut tail, while the Cooper has
a decidedly rounded outline for both wings and tail. The
Cooper is a larger bird. Its metallic “tic, tic, tic, tic,” is its
characteristic call, usually uttered during the breeding sea-
son.
This hawk is a common resident in the southern parts of
the state, but is rare in winter north of Columbus. The in-
dividuals which migrate reach Oberlin about the middle of
April, and depart late in October.
Like the Sharp-shinned, this hawk lives principally upon
small birds, poultry also composing a large share of its food.
It occasionally eats snakes and small mammals, but distinct-
ly prefers the hot-blooded birds. If it eats English Spar-
rows their numbers must be small, because it does not come
into the cities and towns for them. The maledictions heaped
RAPTORES. 91
upon him are his death knell. We can only hope that he
will not take down with him the manv hawks which are dis-
tinctly beneficial, thus depriving us of Nature’s balancers for
the injurious rodents and larger insects.
126. (334.) AcCIPITER ATRICAPILLUS (Wils.). 170.
American Goshawk.
Synonyms: Astur atricapillus, Falco palumbarius, A. p. var.
atricapillus.
Goshawk, Blue Hen Hawk, Chicken Hawk.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Sury., 1838, 161, 178.
The Goshawk is so much like the Cooper Hawk that it
is not known by more than a few of the more experienced
Ohio ornithologists. It is larger, with a relatively shorter
tail, and the general color is bluish-slate, so much so that the
bird is often called the “Blue Hawk.” It is much more
northern in its distribution, reaching Ohio only in winter,
and then occurring over the entire state in small numbers.
It seems likely that some of the northern winter records for
the Cooper Hawk may really be for this species. The
records of its occurrence in the state are too few to make any
statement of the time when it may be expected to reach the
state from the north reliable. It seems likely that it arrives
with the first cold and snow.
In food habits this species resembles the Sharp-shinned
and Cooper Hawks, but its larger size necessitates larger
quarry. It lives principally upon birds, the grouse forms
contributing the most to its bill of fare. It can easily make
off with an ordinary sized chicken, which it is very willing to
come into the barn-yard for. It is so bold a hunter that the
presence of man seems to make no difference whatever.
Many instances have been recorded when it has picked up
a chicken from the ground at the feet of persons who were
feeding the flock. The Ptarmigan and Ruffed Grouse are
favorite tidbits in its summer home. In summing up the
evidence Dr. Fisher says: “Little can be said in favor of
this Hawk, as the destruction of a few injurious rodents is
a very meager offset for the great number of game birds
92 BIRDS OF OHIO.
and poultry it destroys.” Fortunately it is not numerous
enough in our state to inflict any appreciable damage.
127. (337.) BuTeo BOREALIS (Gmel.). 171.
Red-tailed Hawk.
Synonyms: Buteo aquilinus, Falco borealis, F. aquilinus.
Red-tailed Buzzard, Hen Hawk.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 161, 178.
This large hawk appears to be migratory to some extent,
passing farther south in winter when the ground is covered
with snow. However, it is a fairly common resident over
the entire state. It is sometimes absent from the northern
counties for two or three weeks during the period of snow
covered ground, usually in the early part of February. It
has the undeserved title of “Hen Hawk,” which should be
transferred to the Goshawk. While it is true that this large
hawk sometimes feeds upon poultry in some regions more
than in others, it clearly prefers other quarry. Dr.
Fisher says, “Abundant proof is at hand to show that this
Hawk greatly prefers the smaller mammals, reptiles and
batrachians, taking little else when these are obtainable in
sufficient numbers ; but if hard pressed by hunger it will eat
almost any form of animal life, such as poultry and other
birds, insects, crawfish, or even offal or carrion. .... It
is to be remarked that young Hawks are less particular as
to the character of their food, and they are more frequently
found to be the depredators of the poultry yards.” Rev.
Mr. Henninger has found that in southern Ohio, at least in
Pike and Scioto counties, the Red-tails feed almost exclu-
sively upon birds and poultry.
With the evidence all in we must say that while this large
hawk is sometimes a menace to the poultry yard and at such
times must be killed, it is generally far more beneficial than
injurious, and therefore should not be persecuted unto death
whenever found.
This hawk may be seen soaring in ascending spirals al-
most anywhere in any region of the state on fair days. It:
nests in the woods, but apparently feeds as much in the open
RAPTORES. 93
fields as in the woods. It may be easily distinguished from
the other large hawks by the bright rufous of its tail, which
may have a band of dusky near the tip.
128. (339:) BUuTEO LINEATUS (Gmel.). 172.
Red-shouldered Hawk.
Synonyms: Falco hyemalis, F. lineatus, F. buteodes.
Red-shouldered Buzzard, Winter Hawk, Chicken Hawk.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 161, 178.
In northern Ohio this hawk is the most numerous large
hawk, the little Sparrow Hawk alone outnumbering it. It is
less common during the winter than during the summer, and
may be absent for three or four weeks in the latter part of
January and February when the cold is severest. It seems
to be much less common, if present at-all, in the southern
part of the state in summer. I did not see it along the Ohio
river in August. It may be known from the other large
hawks by the lack of any rufous on the tail and by the mod-
erate length of its tail. Its cry is pil ye, pil ye, differing
from the cry of the Red-tail, which is a continuous scream.
There seems to be no evidence that this hawk eats poul-
try. Dr. Fisher states that it eats mammals, birds, snakes,
frogs, fish, insects, centipeds, spiders, crawfish, earth-
worms, and snails. Its food is.therefore more varied than
that of any other member of this order. It is distinctly
beneficial, and if injurious at all so very little so that it may
not be counted as cause for the death sentence except on the
rarest of occasions.
The general habits of this hawk resemble those of the
Red-tail, but its nest is not placed so high, usually, and it
is not quite so wary.
129. (343.) BuTEOo PLATYPTERUS (Vieill.). 173.
Broad-winged Hawk.
Synonyms: Buteo pennsylvanicus, Falco pennsylvanicus, F. latis-
simus, B. latissimus.
Broad-winged Buzzard.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 161, 178.
94 BIRDS OF OHIO.
This is another little known hawk, not because it is rare,
for it is present in some numbers throughout the state, but
because it apparently differs but little from several other
middle-sized hawks. It is about the size of the Cooper
Hawk, but differs from that species in having a much short-
er tail and in having the wings more slender and therefore
more pointed instead of rounded. It differs from the Sharp-
shinned in being larger and in its habit of soaring like the
other hawks of the genus Buteo. Perhaps the most reliable
character is its unsuspiciousness of man. It will permit a
near approach without manifesting either uneasiness or curi-
osity.
Dr. Fisher says: “The food of this hawk consists prin-
cipally of insects, small mammals, reptiles, and batrachians,
and occasionally of young or disabled birds. A specimen
secured by the writer just after a shower was gorged with
earthworms. In spring when toads frequent ponds to spawn,
it devours large numbers of them, and later in the season
it is a not uncommon occurrence to see an individual with a
snake or frog dangling from its talons.” Probably the great-
est service which this hawk renders is in the destruction of
large numbers of the large insect larvae which most birds
do not touch. While it eats some animals which are bene-
ficial it is too useful a bird-to be killed indiscriminately, but
should be accorded protection.
This hawk should be found wintering in the state south of
Columbus, but probably in small numbers. It reaches north-
ern Ohio in the spring about the middle of March, and has
gone south again by the middle of November.
130. (34%a.) ARCHIBUTEO LAGOPUS SANCTI-JOHANNIS
(Gmel.). 174.
American Rough-legged Hawk.
Synonyms: Falco sancti-johannis, Archibuteo sancti-johannis,
A. lagopus.
Rough-legged Buzzard, Black Hawk.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 161, 178.
This large hawk occurs only during the winter, when it
RAPTORES. 95
ranges across the state. Being semi-nocturnal in habits it
is not often seen by those who go out only during bright
day, and so is regarded rare or absent from many regions
where it undoubtedly occurs. I have found it in Lorain
county only after the holidays, usually in late winter and
early spring. In feeding habits it somewhat resembles the
Marsh Hawk, beating low over the meadows and fields and
pouncing upon the mice and moles from its low flight.
Dr. Fisher says: “Its food consists principally, if not
almost exclusively, of the smaller rodents, and most promi-
nent among them are the arvicoline mice and lemmings.”
It is therefore clear that this hawk should be welcomed to
our fields and meadows and orchards where these pests
abound.
Probably. the chief character which will distinguish this
large hawk from all the others in flight is its dark color. It
is so much smaller than the eagles that the comparison
would appeal to any one at once.
igi.) (349.) AQUILA, CHRYSAETOS. (Ilinn;).) 1%:
Golden Eagle.
Synonyms: Aquila chrysaetus var. canadensis, Falco fulvus, F.
chrysaetus, Aquila canadensis.
Ring-tailed Eagle.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Sury., 1858, 67, 177.
It is not at all likely that this eagle nests in the state. It
seems to be a rare winter visitor, but is reported from all
sections. Mr. Harry B. McConnell tells me that three have
been captured in the vicinity of Cadiz within the past three
years. I have four records for Lorain county within the
last five years. One was shot, not far from Oberlin, in the
act of carrying off a hen from a barn-yard.
“The food consists mainly of mammals and birds, of
which spermophiles, rabbits, fawns, lambs, turkeys, water
fowl and other large birds form the principal part, though
offal and carrion are sometimes taken.
“To sum up, it may be stated that in sections of the coun-
try where rabbits, prairie dogs and gophers are abundant
96 BIRDS OF OHIO.
the Golden Eagle is very beneficial, confining its attention
mainly to those noxious animals; but in places where wild
game is scarce it is often very destructive to the young of
domesticated animals, and hence in such places has to be
kept in check.” ( Fisher.)
There are many accounts of the ferocity and cruelty of
this large bird of prey, some of which are probably true. It
has been known to kill a good sized black-tailed deer, and in
rare instances to attack a man who interfered with it while
it was feeding. Even in defense of its young it is usually
not courageous but an arrant coward. It is more than like-
ly that the accounts of the capture of children by this bird
are good illustrations of vivid imagination. While a hun-
gry bird might pounce upon an unprotected infant it is ex-
tremely unlikely that a child old enough to walk would be
molested.
132. (352.) HaALi#ETUS LEUCOCEPHALUS (Linn.). 176.
Bald Eagle.
Synonyms: Falco leucocephalus, F. washingtonianus, F. wash-
ingtonii.
Whie-héaded Eagle, Bird of Washington.
Wilson, Am. Orn., IV, 1812, 890.
While the Bald Eagle is common near Sandusky and
among the islands north of there, it is rare in the other parts
of the state. It does not seem to migrate southward in win-
ter, but is strictly resident wherever it occurs. The two
eagles are too large to be confused with the hawks, and the
white head and tail of this species is wholly distinctive.
“The favorite food of the Bald Eagle is fish, and where
this vertebrate can be procured the bird will touch little else.
Of the hundreds of these Eagles which the writer. has
watched, none were observed ever to touch anything except
fish or offal picked up from rivers or along their shores.
What proportion of the fish consumed is taken from the
Osprey is hard to estimate, but the number must be very
great. i
“What we have said in reference to the Golden Eagle
RAPTORES. 97
applies equally well to the bird under consideration, namely,
that over the greater part of the country where the natural
food, fish in the present case, is abundant it is a harmless
bird and should be protected; while in sections where it’ is
injurious to sheep or other domesticated animals it should
not be allowed to become numerous.” ( Fisher.)
There seem to’ be several well authenticated instances
when this eagle has attacked human beings, for one cause or
another, but it is equally true that it does not often do so.
Indeed, the provocation would have to be great, for the
birds are usually cowards in the presence of man.
~ It is well known that the Bald Eagle’s regular practice
is to wait until the Osprey has captured a fish when the
eagle attacks him and forces him to drop it, whereupon the
eagle secures it for himself. While it is hard on the Osprey
it is easy for the eagle.
133. (356.) FALCO PEREGRINUS ANATUM (Bonap.). 162.
Duck Hawk.
Synonyms: Falco communis var. anatum, Falco peregrinus ne-
vius, F. peregrinus, F. anatum, F. communis.
Peregrine Falcon, Great-footed Hawk, Wandering Falcon.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 161, 178.
The Duck Hawk seems to be the least known of our
smaller hawks, yet it must be pretty well distributed over
the state, at least in winter. It is one of the most fearless
of our birds of prey, and a true Falcon in its swiftness of
wing, quickness, and dash. It is able to overtake and kill
a pigeon or teal in full flight. Nothing seems able to es-
cape by its swiftness alone. It is also persistent to the last
degree, following a flock of ducks or other birds for miles,
often for days, killing whenever hungry. Hunters often
complain that their kills have been seized by this hawk from
_under their hands.
Concerning the actual records for this hawk within the
state there is little to say. Mr. Dury has taken several
specimens at St. Mary’s reservoir; Dr. Jasper took one at
Columbus; there is a specimen in the collection of Mr.
98 BIRDS OF OHIO.
A. Hengartner, of Lorain, taken near the lake shore; and a
specimen was taken in one of the State University buildings
during the winter of 1902-3. Mr. W. L. Dawson reports
one positively identified, at Columbus, March 5, 1902. There
are reports of other birds having been seen, but if there have
been any captures they have not been reported. Dr. Whea-
ton supposed that it might be found nesting in the north-
western part of the state, but if it does it is unknown to me.
The large size for a Falcon and the boldness and swift-
ness of this hawk are about all the field characteristics that
I can give. It could not be taken for one of the Buteo group,
nor for anything but a Falcon. It is the largest of that
group inhabiting Ohio.
“The food of this hawk consists almost exclusively of
birds, of which water-fowl and shore birds form the greater
part. In sections of the country where its nest is surrounded
by cultivated lands, the bird is bitterly complained of by
the farmers on account of its inroads on the poultry.”
( Fisher.)
134. (3857.) Fatco cotumBarius Linn. 163.
Pigeon Hawk.
Synonyms: A%salon columbarius, Hypotriorchis columbarius,
Falco lithifaleo var. columbarius.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838 161, 178.
This little Falcon appears to be rare in the state, as a
migrant or winter resident everywhere except in the north-
ern tier of counties where it has been found breeding rarely.
There are generally several records each winter near Ober-
lin. During the migrations it may be found near or even
traveling a little behind the flocks of blackbirds and other
small flocking birds, preying upon them. It should be
found during the winter in the southern parts of the state
pretty regularly, but in small numbers.
“The food of the Pigeon Hawk consists mainly of small
and medium sized birds, especially the gregarious species,
insects, and occasionally small mammals. Pigeons, Flickers
and Grackles are about as large birds as it usually attacks,
RAPTORES. 99
though Dr: Dall in one instance saw it kill a Ptarmigan, and
Dr. E. A. Mearns speaks of a specimen shot in the act of de-
stroying a hen. Among insects dragon flies are favorite
morsels for this Hawk, and the apparent ease with which
it captures these nimble winged insects demonstrates better
than anything else its remarkable power of flight. The
writer has also found grasshoppers, crickets and beetles
among the stomach contents.” ( Fisher.)
It is not easy to distinguish between this and some others
of the small hawks. However, this is one of the smallest and
darkest, with the habits of a Falcon, snatching its prev
from the ground or in the air without stopping its flight
instead of pouncing upon it and bearing it down by its
weight.
135. (360.) FaAtco spaARveRIuS Linn. 164.
American Sparrow Hawk.
“
Synonyms: Tinnunculus sparverius.
Sparrow Hawk, Rusty-crowned Falcon.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 161, 178.
This is universally conceded to be the commonest of our
hawks. It is common everywhere during the summer, but
is less common in the northern third of the state in winter
than in summer. It frequently comes into towns and city
parks at almost any time, to catch English Sparrows, and is
therefore seen by many persons who know nothing about
any other hawks. It is readily distinguished from all other
hawks by its bright rufous back and tail, and in the field by
its habit of hovering over a meadow as it scans the ground
for a mouse or insect. I have seen one spend an hour looking
over a ten-acre field in this way, hovering in one place for
about a minute, then change its position and hover again,
and finally fly to another field when unsuccessful.
“The Sparrow Hawk is almost exclusively insectivorous
except when insect food is difficult to obtain. In localities
where grasshoppers and crickets are abundant these hawks
congregate, often in moderate sized flocks, and gorge them-
selves continuously. Rarely do they touch any other kind
100 BIRDS OF OHIO.
of food until, either by the advancing season. or for other
natural causes, the grasshopper crop is so lessened that they
can no longer appease their hunger except by undue exer-
tion. Then other kinds of insects and other forms of life
contribute to their fare; and beetles, spiders, mice, shrews,
small snakes, lizards or even small birds are required to
bring up the balance.” (Fisher.) It therefore seems cer-
tain that the farmer has no better friend than this little Fal-
con. He may rarely exact toll in the form of chicken meat,
but that should no more count against the whole group of
Sparrow Hawks than an occasional chicken stealing cat
should count against all cats.
While this hawk nests in hollow trees in the woods, or
more properly on the borders of woods preferably, it is more
often seen in the open than in the woods, except when nest- -
ing. It feeds in the open then but stays near home.
136. (364.) PANDION HALIAETUS CAROLINENSIS (Gmel.).
165.
American Osprey.
Synonyms: Pandion haliaetus, Falco haliaetus, Pandion carolin-
ensis, Falco carolinensis.
Fish Hawk, Osprey.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 161.
The Osprey is not common anywhere in the state, but it
is likely to be present wherever fish are to be found near the
surface of the water. It should breed at the large reser-
voirs and lakes, but there are no such reports from those
regions. It is found all summer at the lake shore, but I am
not aware that a nest has actually been found. Rev. Mr.
Henninger states that it occurs in Scioto and Pike counties
during the winter and during the spring and autumn migra-
tions in some numbers, feeding along the Scioto river. It
visits the Oberlin water-works reservoir pretty regularly
the first or second week in May, often tarrying for several
days in the vicinity because the fish are so numerous and so
easy to catch.
The Osprey’s food is exclusively fish, almost always cap-
RAPTORES. 101
tured alive, but rarely dead ones are picked up from the
surface of the water if the bird is hard pressed for food.
I have seen it catch fish so large that it was barely able to
get out of the water with its catch. There are instances
when the bird has struck so large a fish that, unable to loos-
en his hold, he has been drawn under the water and
drowned. Large fish have been washed ashore with an Os-
prey still clinging to them in death, the claws set too firmly
in flesh and scales to be loosened.
It has been stated that where Bald Eagles are found there
the Osprey will be also. That has not proved true in the
region of Sandusky where the eagles are more numerous
than elsewhere in the state. Perhaps the Ospreys have
learned to avoid that region.
SuBorDER STRIGES. Owls.
Family Stricip#. Barn Owls.
13%. (3865.) StTRIX PRATINCOLA Bonap. 152.
: American Barn Owl.
Synonyms: Strix flammea var. americana, S. flammea, Aluco
flammeus americanus.
Barn Owl, Monkey-faced Owl.
Kirkpatrick, Ohio Farmer, VIII, 1859, 35.
“Rare visitor. Not over half a dozen individuals record-
ed.” (Wheaton.) There has been a very manifest increase
in the numbers of this owl since Dr. Wheaton wrote the
above quotation. It is now almost common in the southern
parts of the state, being even common locally. In the north-
ern half of the state it is generally reported as rare. Num-
bers: of specirnens have been taken along the whole lake
front. It is resident everywhere, and will usually be found
in barns and church steeples or similar places where it
spends the day, sallying forth at dusk for its daily catch of
rats and mice.
The bird may be known at once by its “monkey face,”
lack of ear tufts, and bright reddish-brown color. It is
102 BIRDS OF OHIO.
considerably larger than the Screech Owl, which may be
reddish, but has ear tufts.
“All testimony goes to show that the Barn Owl is one of
the most beneficial of rapacious birds... .. Its food un-
doubtedly consists principally of several species of rodents
which, from their great number and destructive habits, are
a curse to the country they inhabit... .. In the east its
food consists largely of mice and rats which it destroys
with as much energy as it does the gophers of the west.
All the common species, including the meadow, house, and
white-footed mice, as well as the common rat are eaten with
equal relish” (Fisher). Mr. Charles Dury gives an ac-
count of a colony of these owls which lived in the town hall
in Glendale, Ohio, in which he says, “But the strangest
part of the curious habitation was the flock of domestic
pigeons that were living seemingly on intimate terms with
the owls, and, judging trom the old pigeon nests, I presume
the pigeons had actually nested and reared their young
there. The floor where they lived was literally covered
with the pellets which the birds had disgorged, after the
manner of the owl tribe.” It seems to be beyond question
that one Barn Owl is worth a whole family of cats as a
mouser, and that it is far less likely to steal a chicken than
the average cat is.
Family Busonip2. Other Owls.
138. (3866.) Asio wiLsONIANUS (Less.). 153.
American Long-eared Owl.
Synonyms: Otus vulgaris var. wilsonianus, Asio americanus,
Otus vulgaris, O. wilsonianus.
Long-eared Owl, Cat Owl.
Audubon, Orn. Biog., IV, 1838, 572.
One must look in the woods for this owl, where it nests
and where it feeds by night and rests by day. It is not
common anywhere in the state, but is pretty generally dis-
tributed. In Lorain county it has been found both singly
and in companies of. six individuals in winter, and its cry is
sometimes heard during the summer while it is nesting. It
RAPTORES : 103
inhabits the stream gorges in which there is a considerable
growth of evergreen trees, in winter, and may be closely ap-
proached there. While it is strictly nocturnal it can see
well enough in bright sunlight to thread its way in rapid
flight through the mazes of the trees. Its confidence in its
protective colors and attitude often proves fatal.
This owl may be identfied in the field as a medium-
sized bird with conspicuous ear tufts. The only other owls
with conspicuous ear tufts are either so much smaller or so
much larger that one should have no difficulty in making
the determination.
“The Long-eared Owl is one of our most beneficial spe-
cies, destroying vast numbers of injurious rodents and sel-
dom touching insectivorous birds. ..... As this owl is
readily destroyed, it is the one that suffers most when short-
sighted legislators enact laws for the destruction of the
binds Of prey. +220 It is both cruel and pernicious to mo-
lest a bird so valuable and innocent as the one under con-
sideration.” (Fisher.) Like other birds of prey, this owl
will attack poultry or even small dogs when hard pressed
for food. Insects may form a fair proportion of the sum-
mer diet of these birds where they are easier to obtain than
rodents.
139. (3867.) AsIo AccipITRinus (Pall.). 154.
Short-eared Owl.
Synonyms: Brachyotus palustris, Strix brachyotus, Brachyo-
tus cassinii, Otus brachyotus, Strix accipitrinus.
Marsh Owl, Prairie Owl.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 161, 179.
This owl is just as truly a bird of the open fields as the
Long-eared is of the woods. It even nests on the ground,
and roosts under overhanging banks in almost any ditch or
considerable gorge. In Lorain county I have never seen
more than two together, and they on the lake shore in win-
ter. Several are seen each winter or early spring, but it
must be regarded as uncommon if not rare. I have never
seen it in summer. It appears to be common during the win-
104 BIBDS OF OHIO.
ter in some parts of the southern counties, and likely nests
in the more extensive prairies and swampy regions. It may
be known by its habit of feeding during the early forenoon
and late afternoon in broad day, and by its habit of feeding
in the fields. While it has ear tufts they are too small to be
seen unless the bird raises them in excitement.
“The food of this Owl consists largely of mice and other
small mammals. A number of species of insects, birds, and
reptiles also may be mentioned as occasionally contributing
to its fare. Fully 75 per cent of the stomachs examined in
the Department of Agriculture contained mice. .. . Of the
other mammals which this Owl feeds upon may be men-
tioned shrews, gophers, and sometimes small rabbits.”
(Fisher.) The verdict is clearly for protection of this owl,
even if he does sometimes kill useful animals.
140. (368.) SyRNium vARIUM (Barton). 155.
Barred Owl.
Synonyms: Strix nebulosa. Syrnium nebulosum.
Hoot Owl, American Wood Owl, Round-headed Owl.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 161.
This is the most common large owl, and stands next to
the Screech Owl in numbers. It is strictly resident through-
out the state, and as strictly arboreal. It is nocturnal, but
sometimes feeds during dark days or at twilight. Its cry
“who cooks for. you, who cooks for you, whol’ may be
heard in almost any large woods during the early evening
or early morning hours, while its blood-curdling caterwaul-
ings are more often reserved for the small hours when the
camper is sure to be asleep! In these later days some of
the thrilling accounts of “encounters” with wild cats and
panthers in the more settled districts of the state are trace-
able to the night cals of this owl. Certain it is.that a sud-
den awakening in the wee hours with the unearthly squalls
from this owl, perched just overhead, ringing in your ears,
meets instant response from your hair!
“In summing up the facts relating to the food habits of
this Owl it appears that, while the general statements of
RAPTORES. 105
certain authors, especially the earlier ones. charge the bird
with destruction to poultry, game, and small birds, such de-
structive habits are comparatively uncommon, That it
does occasionally make inroads upon poultry yards, and
does more or less damage among game birds, is true;
but the systematic collection and examination of a large
number of stomachs show the exceptional character of such
acts and reveal the fact that the larger part of the food
consists of mammals. And it is to be noted that among the
list are some of the most destructive rodents the farmer
has to contend with. If a fair balance is to be struck, there-
fore, it must be considered that this Owl is on the whole
beneficial, and hence should occupy a place on the list of
birds to be protected.” (Fisher.)
141. (370.): ScoTIAPTEX NEBULOSA (Forst.)._ 156.
Great Gray Owl.
Synonyms: Syrnium cinereum, Ulula cinerea, S. lapponicum
var. cinereum, Strix cinerea. Scotiaptex cinerea.
Spectral Owl.
Kirkpatrick, Ohio Farmer, VIII, 1859, 107.
The records given by Dr. Wheaton remain the only ones
for the state. They are: Mr. Kirkpatrick, Huntsburg, Ge-
auga county; and Mr. Charles Dury, Clarke county. It
must therefore be regarded as a casual visitor.
142. (372.) NwycTraLa Acapica (Gmel.). 157.
Saw-whet Owl.
Synonyms: Nyctale acadica, Strix acadica, Ulula acadica.
Acadian Owl.
Audubon, Orn. Biog., II, 1834, 537.
This little owl, the smallest of the group in Ohio, is al-
most wholly a winter resident in the state, breeding only
rarely in the northern counties. It is probably more numer-
ous than the reports show, for it is the most strictly noctur-
rial of the owls, and therefore seldom seen. Its small size
is also a good protection from prying eyes. Like the Barred
Owl, it has no ear tufts. It seems partial to evergreen
106 ; BIRDS OF OHIO.
woods, but has been found on several occasions in an out-
house of one of the lake summer resorts. The most of the
reports of its occurrence fall within the colder part of the
year, but it has been seen at Cincinnati in May (Dury), and
it was found in May at Licking reservoir (Dawson).
“The food of this little Owl is composed almost wholly of
mice, of which the wood-dwelling species seem to predomi-
nate. At times it attacks larger mammals, such as rats, half-
grown red squirrels and chipmunks. .... It rarely molests
small birds, unless its favorite food—mice—for some rea-
son, is scarce. Occasionally it feeds on scraps of raw or
cooked meat which it has been observed to pick up in the
vicinity of camps, and in winter, in the north, it will feed
on the carcasses of comparatively large animals. .... It
also feeds to some extent on insects of various kinds. Thus
it will be seen that while the diminutive size of the Saw-
whet limits its powers of usefulness, its mode of life ren-
ders it a useful adjunct to the farmer, and, small though it
be, yet in districts where it abounds the number of mice it
annually destroys must be very large.” ( Fisher.)
143. (373.) MeEcaAscops asio (Linn.). 158.
Screech Owl.
Synonyms: Scops asio, Strix nevia.
Mottled Owl, Little Horned Owl, Red Owl.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 161, 179.
This is one of the most numerous and best known of our
owls, and is the bird from which most persons get their
idea of what an owl is like. In the more settled districts
this owl seems to prefer to live in buildings other than
dwellings, or in hollow shade trees. There are numerous
instances of captures during the evening church service
which, from all accounts, left neither the owl nor the audi-
ence in a worshipful frame of mind! The natural home of
the Screech Owl is the deeper woods, where it frequently
roosts and always nests in hollows in trees. It also spends
the day in some thick foliaged tree. On the Oberlin Col-
lege campus a male is in the habit of spending the day in
RAPTORES. 107
an evergreen near the main walk leading from the Library
to the Chapel building. His presence would never be sus-
pected if the Blue Jays would mind their own business in-
stead of his. This pair rears its brood in the loft of either
French Hall or the Chapel.*
This little owl may be known by its conspicuous ear tufts
and reddish or grayish mottled plumage. Its quavering
call is often heard during the spring months.
“Their food consists of a great variety of animal life,
including mammals, birds, reptiles, batrachians, fish, crus-
taceans, and insects:. i. ./ Their economic relations, there-
fore, are of the greatest importance, particularly on account
of the abundance of the species in many of the farming
districts, and whoever destroys them through ignorance or
prejudice should be severely condemned.” (Fisher.)
144. (375.) Buso vircINIANUS (Gmel.). 159.
Great Horned Owl.
Synonyms: Strix virginanus.
Hoot Owl, Cat Owl, Hooter.
Wilson, Am. Orn., 1812, 52.
This is the largest of our “horned” owls, and is generally
reported as fairly common but disappearing near the large
citics. It is rare in Lorain county, but three individuals
betng known in the western half of the county. Its large
size should make it a conspicuous bird. I have found it
only when crows and hawks have routed it from its retreat.
It inhabits the larger, heavier woods, and is hardly more
than semi-nocturnal, sometimes feeding by day. It nests
indifferently in open nests or hollow trees.
It may be known at a glance by its white throat patch,
large ear tufes, and powerful build.
“The food of this species is of great variety; birds and
mammals as well as reptiles, fish, crustaceans, and insects
contribute to its fare. Among the birds most often taken
may be mentioned all kinds of poultry (including half-
*Since the above was written the chapel has burned. I am
glad to report that the owl escaped unscorched.
108 BIRDS OF OHIO.
grown turkeys), grouse, quail, doves, and wild ducks.
Ieven hawks, crows, and other owls do not escape the vo-
racity of this tiger among birds, and the !arge hawks are
emong those attacked and eaten.
“Of all the birds of prey, with the exception possibly of
the Goshawk and Cooper Hawk, the Great Horned Owl
is the most destructive to poultry. Ail kinds of poultry
seen to be taken, though when Guinca fowis and turkeys
are obtainable it shows a preference for these.” (Fisher.)
While this bird does a great deal of good in ridding the
country of injurious animals, its natural taste for poultry
sounds its death knell. We must feel a sort of compassion
for him in his unequal struggle for life. He sees no reason
for changing his manner of life and we cannot overlook his
failings.
145. (376.) NycTEA NycTEA (Linn.). 160.
Snowy Owl.
Synonyms: Nyctale scandica, Nyctea scandiaca, N. nivea, N.
scandiaca var. arctica, Surnia nyctea.
White Owl.
Wilson, Am. Orn. IV, 1812, 53.
The Snowy Owl visits the state only in winter and even
then in small numbers unless there be some special provoca-
tion in the matter of failure of food supply farther north.
It occasionally wanders completely across the state, but is
clearly more numerous along the lake shore than in the
interior. It also seems to be more numerous in the western
third than farther east. We could hardly expect to find it
except when the ground is covered, and the weather cold.
This bird is not pure white, but so near that color as to
appear white. No one would confuse it with any other
species of birds.
The favorite food of this large, smooth-headed owl seems
to be mice and other rodents and fish. Its numbers in Ohio
are too small to make it of any appreciable benefit, but it
must be regarded as more beneficial than injurious. It
probably does eat birds, and may even catch poultry on a
pinch, but the numbers captured are very small.
COCCYGES. 109
146. (377a.) SURNIA ULULA CAPAROCH (Mill.). 161,
American Hawk Owl.
Synonyms: Surnia ulula var. hudsonia S. funerea, S. ulula,
Strix ulula, S. hudsonia, S. caparoch.
Hawk Owl, Day Owl.
Kirkpatrick, Ohio Farmer, VIII, 1859, 67.
The above reference and the remark that “Mr. Langdon
thinks that he has seen this species at St. Mary’s reservoir,”
are all that Dr. Wheaton knew of this species as an Ohio
bird. There is a specimen in Mr. R. E. Jump’s collection,
captured near Oberlin some twenty years ago. Messrs. C.
H. Morris and E. J. Arrick report one in Morgan county
during the winter 1901-02, which was not captured. It
therefore appears that the only specimen which can be ex-
amined is the Jump specimen.
This owl is so named because in appearance and habits
of feeding it resembles a hawk more closely than an owl.
In habits it is almost wholly diurnal, feeding and flying
from place to place in broad day.
While in the state its food consists of small mammals
and birds. It is probably somewhat injurious, but its num-
bers are so small as to count for nothing economically.
OrpdER COCCYGES. Cuckoos and Kingfishers.
SuBORDER CUCULI. Cuckoos.
Family CucuLip#. Cuckoos.
147. (387.) CoccyzuS AMERICANUS (Linn.). 149.
Yellow-billed Cuckoo.
Synonyms: Cuculus americanus.
Rain Cuckoo, Rain Crow, Rain Pigeon, Wood Pigeon, Cow-
cow, Indian-hen.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 162.
This is the commoner of the two cuckoos in Ohio, and
seems to be pretty uniformly distributed over the state
during the summer. There is no evidence of an appreciable
change in numbers since Dr. Wheaton’s catalogue was pub-
lished.
110 BIRDS OF OHIO.
It is well known that the cuckoos are fond of the “hairy”
caterpillars, and destroy great numbers of them. I have
seen one bird disposed of a moderate sized colony of tent
caterpillars at one sitting, in the nesting season. Both
cuckoos deserve protection and good treatment for their
services in ridding us of many insects which most other
birds will not touch. .
This is the darker of the two species, and in flight the
wings show the rufous of the inner vanes of the feathers.
The call is on a lower key, is given slower and is not
phrased. It is only after some experience with the cuckoos
that one can hope to be certain which species he has afield.
The migration records are far from satisfactory. They
make it appear that the first arrive in the state shortly
after the first of May and the last tarry until the third week
in September. I have to say, however, that I have repeat-
edly found nests with eggs almost ready to hatch the first
week in May, thus indicating an early April arrival.
148. (388.) CoccyzUS ERYTHROPHTHALMUS (Wils.).
150.
Black-billed Cuckoo.
Synonyms: Cuculus erythropthalmus.
Rain Crow, Rain Dove, Chow-chow, Cow-cow.
Audubon, Orn. Biog., I, 1831, 170.
Dr. Wheaton’s statement that this cuckoo is a very com-
mon summer resident throughout the state is no longer ap-
plicable. The reports from observers are nearly uniform in
pronouncing it decidedly less common than the preceding
species. In habits it is practically the same as the Yellow-
billed. The cry is phrased instead of being uttered in a
uniform monotone.
PICK. . tk
SuporDER ALCYONES. Kingfishers.
Family ALCEDINID®. Kingfishers,
149. (390.) CERLYLE ALYcoN (Linn.). 148.
Belted Kingfisher.
Synonyms: Alcedo alcyon.
Kingfisher, Fisher.
Wilson, Am. Orn., III, 1811, 59.
The Kingfisher is a resident in favorable places, where
open water may be found the winter through, and where
fish are plentiful; but it is not known as a winter bird from
most localities, simply because open water is not found in
the coldest weather. In Lorain county there is no open
water, regularly, even along the lake shore, where fish can
be found ;* but at Norwalk a pool which is fed by warm
water from a manufacturing plant furnishes at least one
Kingfisher with winter rations. In the southern part of
the state it is more commonly found all winter and summer.
Migrants reach Oberlin about the middle of March.
The Kingfisher feeds entirely upon fish, but cannot be
considered in any degree injurious to the fishing industry.
*Since the above was written a pool of open water has been
discevered about two miles north of Elyria where a Kingfisher
spends the winter.
Orper PICI. Woodpeckers, Sapsuckers and Flickers.
Family Picipa#. Woodpeckers.
150. (393.) DryopaTEs vittosus (Linn.). 140,
Hairy Woodpecker.
Synonyms: Picus villosus, P. rubricapillus.
“Sapsucker.”
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Sury., 1838, 162.
This is a common resident throughout the state, but ap-
parently is less common in summer than in winter. Its
secretive habits during the nesting season probably give a
false impression. This and the next species frequent the
1f2 BIRDS OF OHIO.
orchards and shade trees during the winter: and spring,
sometimes nesting in old apple trees. Their search after
insects within the bark of trees has earned for them the mis-
taken title of Sapsucker, and with the title a measuré’ of
persecution. It is doubtful whether either of these birds
have ever done as much damage as good to the tree from
which they have taken injurious insects. _Wood-boring
beetles, both adults and larve, caterpillars, mostly tree-bur-
rowing, and wood-boring ants comprise the chief summer
food. It is therefore clear that this woodpecker is one, of
our best preservers of the forests. In winter they may eat
nuts, frozen fruit, and weed seeds when insects are hard to
find. They also eat the inner bark of some trees.
There seems to be no direct evidence that this and the
next species migrate at all.
151. (394c.) DryopATES PUBESCENS MEDIANUS (Swains.).
141.
Downy Woodpecker.
Synonyms: Picus pubescens, P. medianus, Dryobates pubes-
cens.
“Sapsucker,” Little Sapsucker, Small Sapsucker.
Kirtland, Chio Geol. Surv., 1838, 162, 179.
This is the more familiar and better known of our two
small winter woodpeckers. A little encouragement in the
way of broken nut meats or suet tied or nailed to some tree
or board placed for that purpose, will make him a regular
winter visitor even to the window sill. In summer he is
likely to choose a useless apple tree for his nest, if not
startled away.
This and the preceding species troop through the woods,
in winter, with the Chickadees, Tufted Tits, Nuthatches,
and Goldfinches, and often others, making an otherwise
dreary waste of timber full of life and interest.
In habits this little woodpecker resembles the Hairy
closely, eating the same kind of food. It may be known
from the Hairy by its smaller size and weaker bill, and
higher pitched voice.
PICI. 13
152. (400.) PicompEs arcTicus (Swains.). 142.
| Arctic Three-toed Woodpecker.
Synonyms: Picus (Apternus) arcticus.
Black-backed Woodpecker, Black-backed Three-toed Wood-
pecker, Ladder-backed Woodpecker, Banded-backed Three-
toed Woodpesker.
Wheaton, Ohio Agri. Report, 1860, 379, hypothetical.
Baird, Brewer, Ridgway, lI, 1874, 531.
The specimen reported by Dr. Brewer in the second ci-
tation above, was taken at Akron, Summit county. Ober-
lin College has since come into possession of a specimen
collected and mounted by Mr. John C. Catlin at Ravenna,
Portage county. It is not unlikely that Mr. Catlin secured
his specimen first, but this is the first mention of it in print.
Prof. J. S. Hine, of Columbus, gives it as occasional in
Franklin county.
It would occur only in severe winters.
153. (402.) Spuyrapicus varius (Linn.). 143.
Yellow-bellied Sapsucker.
Synonyms: Picus varius.
Yellow-bellied Woodpecker, Sapsucker, Common Sapsucker.
Wilson, Am. Orn., I, 1808, 147.
This is the true “Sapsucker,” and should not be confused
with our familiar winter woodpeckers. It feeds upon the
sap of the maple and pine trees in spring, and often causes
some damage to the trees, sometimes girdling the tree with
one or more rows of holes. It is undoubtedly true that the
insects which swarm about the exuding sap are also eaten,
so the object which the woodpecker has in view in tapping
the tree may be twofold. During the rest of the year the
birds eat insects, some mast, the inner bark of trees, and
such vegetable food as can be found.
It is common as a migrant across the state, both spring
and autumn, but nests in small numbers in the northern
part of the state. It winters in small numbers in the south-
west corner, reaching the lake shore in the northward mi-
gration during the middle of March. It crosses the state
114 BIRDS OF OHIO.
again during the first half of October. A few individuals
remain in almost any locality all winter. ee
154. (405a.) CEOPHL@US PILEATUS ABIETICOLA Bangs.
144,
Northern Pileated Woodpecker.
Synonyms: Hylotomus pileatus, Picus pileatus, Ceophlceus
pileatus.
Pileated Woodpecker, Logcock, Woodcock, Big Black Wood-
pecker, Black Woodpecker, King of the Woods, Cock of
the Woods.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 162.
The decrease in the numbers of this species heralded by
Dr. Wheaton in 1882, has gone on steadily, but less rapidly
than during his long term of study. From all reports it is
now almost gone from the northwestern parts of the state,
but can be found in the eastern and middle-southern parts
where some heavy timber is still allowed to stand. The
cutting down of a large tract of swampy woods in Ashta-
bula county has driven some of the birds remaining there
to the woods surrounding Jefferson, where Mr. Robert J.
Sim enjoyed the rare opportunity of watching a pair at
their household affairs during last spring. The writer saw
the tree, in September of the same year, and listened to the
weird laugh of the birds. If the woods are doomed the
Pileated Woodpecker’s days are numbered. We cannot but
mourn the passing of this majestic “King of the Woods.”
The food consists principally of the larvee of wood-boring
beetles, ants, and wild fruits. It is, therefore, one of our
best forest preservers.
155. (406.) MELANERPES ERYTHROCEPHALUS (Linn.) 146.
Red-headed Woodpecker.
Synonyms: Picus erythrocephalus.
Red-head, Tricolor.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 162.
The Red-head is one of our commonest summer birds. It
may fairly be called abundant after the young have left the
PICS 3h): 115
nest, and until the first frosts give warning of the coming
winter. It reaches southern Ohio about the 25th of April,
and the northern counties within three days afterward.
Frequently.a few individuals remain all winter even at the
lake shore, but the majority have left the northern regions
before the last of September.
The Red-head is not quite a true woodpecker, since he
does not search the bark of trees for insects and worms as
much as he looks for them on posts and such surfaces, but
he has developed the flycatcher habit of darting out for fly-
ing insects, catching them as adroitly as any Kingbird. The
late General J. D. Cox told with evident relish how as a boy
he took advantage of this flycatching habit to catch the bird.
By tossing a small stone up past the bird alert upon the top
of some broken topped dead tree, as the stone fell downward
the bird would invariably dart out to catch it, but was
stunned and fluttered to the ground only to be pounced
upon and carried off in triumph by the young general!
“The Red-head makes the best showing in the kinds of
insects eaten. It consumes fewer ants and more beetles than
any of the other species, in this respect standing at the head,
and it has a pronounced taste for beetles of very large size.
Unfortunately, however, its fondness for predaceous beetles
must be reckoned against it. It also leads in the consumption
of grasshoppers ; these and beetles together forming 36 per
cent. of its whole food.” (Beal.) It also eats a little corn,
a good deal of wild and cultivated fruit, and beech-nuts. It
does not injure trees by pecking them. The nest is dug out
of almost any woody substance, preferably a tree, but fre-
quently a post will do as well.
156. (409.) CenTuRUS CAROLINUS (Linn.). 145.
Red-bellied Woodpecker.
Synonyms: Melanerpes carolinus, Picus carolinus.
Zebra Bird, Guinea Woodpecker, Carolina Woodpecker,
Checkered Woodpecker, Zebra Woodpecker, Orange
Woodpecker or Sapsucker.
Wilson, Am. Orn., I, 1808, 1138.
The Red-bellied Woodpecker is fairly common in the
116 BIRDS OF OHIO.
southern part of the state, but less numerous in the northern
part. It is a resident everywhere, nesting in the deeper
woods. —
In addition to its usual diet of insects and worms it is a
lover of ripe apples, and in winter finds acorns and beech-
nuts good forage. It has been detected in the act of storing
away acorns and nuts for winter consumption.
157. (412a.) CoLAPTES AURATUS LUTEUS Bangs. 147.
Northern Flicker.
Synonyms: Colaptes auratus, Picus auratus Cuculus auratus.
Golden-winged Woodpecker, Flicker, High-holder. For the
remainder of the 125 English synonyms see “The Wilson
Bulletin,’ No. 31, for sale by the author at 25 cents a copy.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Sury., 1838, 162.
The Flicker is probably strictly migratory in its habits,
in spite of the fact that it is resident throughout the state—
in small numbers in the north, common in the south. It is
abundant as a migrant, but hardly more than common dur-
ing the nesting season. In winter it will eat anything that
can be found. In summer it seems to crave ants, of which it
consumes quantities. During harvest days it becomes lazy
and then feeds on the ground like a Meadowlark, catch-
ing the young grasshoppers and crickets and fatténing upon
them. It must be classed among the distinctly useful birds,
both as a destroyer of insects and as an alarm clock if you
have been so unwise as to cover any part of your roof with
tin! 3:30 in spring, 4:00 in summer and 4:30 in autumn are
the hours which he loudly heralds for the beginning of day.
You can’t drive him away.
The migrating host of Flickers reaches northern Ohio
during the third week in March. Its numbers are con-
siderable up to the middle of October, or even the first of
November.
MACROCHIRES. mA ey
OrpeER MACROCHIRES. Goatsuckers, Swifts, Humming
me birds.
fit
ha SuporpER CAPRIMULGI. Goatsuckers.
i
[ire a ' :
Family Caprrmutcip®. Nighthawk and Whippoorwill.
158. (417.) ANtTRostomus vocrrerus (Wils.). 138.
Whip-poor-will.
Synonyms: Caprimulgus vociferus.
Night-Jar.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 162, 180.
The Whip-poor-will is decidedly local in its distribution,
being common at one place and unknown at another not far
away, with no apparent reason. It is strictly nocturnal in
habits, and is therefore more often heard than seen. Even
when flushed in daylight it flies but a few rods and settles
down again, trusting to its protective coloration for conceal-
ment. So perfectly does its plumage and posture simulate a
part of a log, or a knot on a log, that it is perfectly hidden
from all but practiced and discriminating eves. Being
strictly insectivorous it is strictly migratory in habits, reach-
ing southern Ohio during the third week in April and the
northern counties shortly after the first of May. It has left
the state by September 22.
In northern Ohio one must look for the Whip-poor-will in
the wilder and rougher parts of the region. River gorges
and rocky bluffs may harbor numbers of pairs.
159. (420.) CHORDEILES VIRGINIANUS (Gmel.). 139.
Nighthawk.
Synonyms: Chordeiles popetue, Caprimulgus virginianus, C.
popetue var. popetue..
Bull Bat, Goatsucker, Night Jar, Mosquito-hawk, Pisk.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Sury., 1838, 162.
Contrary to its name, the Nighthawk is not strictly noc-
turnal, but is rather a bird of the twilight and dark days, but
it is frequently seen at broad day, particularly during the
season of southward migration. It is more numerous dur-
118 BIRDS OF OHIO.
ing twilight, when it may be seen leisurely flitting about in
crazy fashion gathering its harvest of flying insects, with an
occasional quick dart here or there after some larger and
quicker prey. It is strictly migratory, reaching our southern
“border about the first of May, and the lake shore a week lat-
er; departing southward again about the middle of Septem-
Ser. It is thus a little later in appearing and a little earlier
in leaving than Whip-poor-will.
In northern Ohio, at least, it seems to nest preferably on
the tops of our taller city buildings. I have yet to learn of
a nest that has been found in the woods within thirty miles
of Cleveland.
The Whip-poor-will and Nighthawk take up the destruc-
tion of insects where the swallows and flycatchers leave it.
We could wish there were more of all kinds of insect eaters,
particularly those which feed at night.
SUBORDER CYPSELI. Swifts.
Family MICROPODID. Swifts.
160. (423.) CH#TURA PELAGICA (Linn.). 187.
Chimney Swift.
Synonyms: Hirundo pelasgia, H. pelagica, Cypselus pelasgius,
Chetura pelasgica.
Chimney Swallow, Common Swift, Swift.
Wilson, Am. Orn., V, 1812, 48.
This familiar bird is pronounced abundant over the entire
state. - It nests in the smaller chimneys, and roosts in com-
munities in the larger chimneys. I find no records of nest-
ing in hollow trees. Dr. Wheaton speaks of the probabili-
ty that a few pairs nested in an old hollow tree three miles
east of Columbus, prior to 1882.
The Swifts reach Ohio about the middle of April, and
seem to distribute themselves pretty generally at once. Mi-
gration dates for the southern and northern counties do not
differ materially. They do not leave the vicinity of Oberlin
until mid-October, sometimes lingering well into the third
week.
MACROCHIRES, 119
Presumably the Swifts must rest at some time, but when
seems a mystery. We see them only on the wing, never
perched, unless it be in a chimney near or on the nest. Of
course their food consists entirely of flying insects captured
while flying. No one ever questioned the usefulness of this
strong-winged bird. |
SuporpDER TROCHILI. Hummingbirds.
Family TROCHILIDAZ. Hummingbirds.
161. (428.) TrocuiLus coLusris Linn. 136.
Ruby-throated Hummingbird.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 164.
This is the only Hummingbird which ever visits Ohio.
It is common all summer over the entire state, nesting either
near dwellings or in the woods as fancy may dictate. The
head contains no poison gland, so the thrust of the beak is
not poisonous unless the bird has just been feeding upon
some plant whose blossom is poisonous.
The Hummingbird is not one of the strongest winged
birds, but frequently perches for rest. It has brought to per-
fection the art of hovering and darting as well as forward
flight, but cannot soar. It is a great fighter in its way, eas-
ily putting to rout Catbirds, Robins and Blue Jays; not by
striking with either wings or beak (its feet are too small
and weak to be used in that way), but by hovering and danc-
ing close to the bird which it chooses to put to flight. The
buzzing, jiggling movement seems to confuse its adversary.
The Hummer reaches our southern border about the first
of May, but is a week later at the lake shore. It leaves the
state about the middle of September, often tarrying a little
longer at the south.
Probably no bird could long live upon a diet of honey
alone. It must certainly be true that the Hummingbird eats
honey, because its tongue is made that way, but it is just as
true that it eats insects which it finds in the blossoms with
the honey. It is therefore a useful bird as well as a pleasing
feature of our flower gardens.
120 BIRDS OF OHIO.
OrperR PASSERES. Perching Birds.
- Susorper CLAMATORES. Songless Perching Birds.
~ Family TYRANNIDZ. Tyrant Flycatchers.
The birds. which belong to this family are preeminently
flycatchers, but while they feed so largely upon flying in-
sects, catching them in mid-air by a sally from some position
where they have been waiting, they also eat wild fruits in
their season to some extent. Sometimes they descend to
the ground to pick up insects seen there. The only member
of the family about which complaints have been made is the
Kingbird. He is fond of honey bees, and will sometimes
nearly destroy a hive if not interrupted in his feast. As a
group the flycatchers are among our most useful insect de-
stroyers, supplementing the work of the swallows and
Nighthawk, Whip-poor-will, and Chimney Swift.
162. (444.) TyrRANNUS TYRANNUS (Linn.). 127.
Kingbird.
Synonyms: Tyrannus carolinensis, T. intrepidus, Muscicapa ty-
rannus, Lanius tyrannus.
Bee Martin, Bee Bird, Tyrant Flycatcher, Tyrant.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 163.
The Kingbird is well known to all. It is common during
the summer in all parts of the state. While it may be harm-
ful in some individual cases to bee raisers, it is a decidedly
useful bird in general.
The Kingbird reaches the Ohio river about April 20, and
Lake Erie five days later. It remains only until the first
week in September.
163. (452.) MyrarcHus crinitus (Linn:). 128.
Crested Flycatcher.
Synonyms: Musicapa crinita, Tyrannus crinitus.
Great Crested Flycatcher.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 1€3.
This bird is almost as well known as the Kingbird, from
which it may be easily distinguished by the reddish instead
PASSERES—TYRANNIDZ&. 121
of white-tipped tail. It has taken a notion to the orchards,
frequently nesting in the hollow apple trees, in spite of the
English Sparrow.
Its arrival follows that of Kingbird within five days, both
in the south and north. It generally lingers longer in au-
tumn, not infrequently tarrying until mid-October at Ober-
lin.
164.. (456.) SAyorNIs PHBE (Lath.). 129.
Phoebe.
Synonyms: Sayornis fuscus, Muscicapa fuscus, Tyrannus fuscus.
Pewee, Pewit, Bridge Pewee, Water Pewee, Pewit Fly-
catcher, Phoebe Bird, Barn Pewee, House Pewee.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 163.
The Phoebe is almost a household bird in many parts of
the state, nesting in barns and out-buildings. It also selects
bridges, but still clings to its ancient nesting places when
possible. Almost any rocky bluff furnishes a home for one
or more pairs of Phcebes, whether a river gorge, a deserted
quarry, or a natural rock face.
While a true flycatcher it is one of the early spring birds,
not infrequently announcing its arrival before the 20th of
March at the lake shore. It rarely departs for the south
before the leaves have fallen from the trees, which is late
October.
During the cold, snowy days of late March I have found
Phoebe in the deep woods gleaning from the blossoms of
the witch-hazel, or apparently eating the buds from a lin-
den tree.
165. (459.) NUTTALORNIS BOREALIS (Swains.). 130.
Olive-sided Flycatcher.
Synonyms: Sayornis borealis, Tyrannus borealis.
Wheaton, Ohio Agri. Report, 1860, 1861, 379, 480.
I find no records for this flycatcher east of Clarke county.
While Dr. Wheaton throws some doubt upon the admissi-
bility of the records upon which he gave the species a place
in his catalogue, except Dr. Langdon’s statement for 1877,
122 "BIRDS OF OHIO.
‘ ah ek eo Ad HALLO RP ORIOL CLEP yy
there can be no reasonable question that it is a rare migrant
in the western third of the state.
166. be ) ConTopus VIRENS (Linn.). ae
Wood Pewee.
Synonyms: Muscicapa virens, Tyrannus virens.
Pewee, Pewee Flycatcher.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 163.
Wood Pewee is more than common. In northern Ohio it
is easily the most numerous of any of our flycatchers, be-
cause found everywhere where there are trees, except in the
deep woods, and where found it is too numerous to escape
the notice of the most inattentive. , Its plaintive call must
be familiar to every one. It is probably less numerous in
the more hilly south-eastern parts of the state.
Wood Pewee is among the later arrivals from the south,
rarely appearing in the southern counties before May 5th,
and in the north not seldom as late as the 10th. It remains
with us in Lorain county until the middle of September, but
tarries until October along our southern border.
167. (463.) EMPpIpDONAX FLAVIVENTRIS Baird. 132.
Yellow-bellied Flycatcher.
Synonyms: Tyrannula flaviventris.
Kirkpatrick, Ohio Farmer, IX, 1860, 139.
Dr. Wheaton speaks of this species as “A common spring
and fall migrant,” apparently meaning over the entire state.
I have never found it in Lorain county, although it has been
taken there. It is not well known if a common migrant.
Probably it has greatly decreased in numbers since Dr.
Wheaton laid down his work. I find no records of its breed-
ing within the state.
Dr. Wheaton states that this flycatcher is different in hab-
its from the other small flycatchers, in that it frequents
fence-rows and is timid, darting into a thicket and remain-
ing hidden when one approaches. This may account for
its apparent scarcity.
PASSERES—TYRANNIDZ. 123
168.. (465.) EMPpIDONAX VIRESCENS (Vieill.). 133.
Green-crested Flycatcher.
Synonyms: Empidonax acadicus, Tyrannus acadicus, Platyr-
hinchos virescens.
Acadian Flycatcher, Small Green-crested Flycatcher.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv. 1838, 163.
Apparently more pairs of this woods haunting flycatcher
nest in the northen half of the state than in the southern
half. It is fairly common everywhere, but may almost be
called abundant in the heavier woods inthe north. Its
small size and weak voice cause it to be overlooked by many
who should know it.
In its northward migration it reaches the lake shore about
the first of May, and does not return south before the second
week in September.
169. (466.) EMPprmpONAX TRAILLII (Aud.). 134.
Traill Flycatcher.
Synonyms: Empidonax pusillus traillii, Tyrannus traillii, Mus-
cicapa traillii.
Little Flycatcher.
Read, Fam. Visitor, III, 1853, 359.
This is another little known species, probably rather be-
cause it is so difficult to distinguish between the small fly-
catchers unless one knows the song, than because the bird
is rare. As a migrant it seems to be fairly common in most
counties, but only a few remain to breed in the southern
tier of counties. I found it breeding in considerable num-
bers at Licking reservoir and at Lewiston reservoir. It
prefers a willow or alder fringed lake or marsh for its sum-
mer home. A short distance from such places it may not
be found at all.
This is one of the last of the migratory birds to appear;
sometimes not reaching northern Ohio before the middle of
May, rarely before the 10th day. It is gone again-by the
first of September.
134 > BIRDS OF OHIO.
170. (467.) “Empiponax MINIMUS Baird. 135.
Least:: Flycatcher.
Synonyms: Tyrannus acadicus, Tyrannula minima.
Chebec, Sewick.
Read, Family Visitor, II, 1853, 359.
While this is common as a migrant throughout the state
it appears to be rare as a summer resident, especially in.the
‘south. I have yet to find a pair breeding in Lorain county.
It is, however, given as breeding in Erie county, and as pos-
sibly breeding in Scioto county by Rev. W. F. Henninger.
Tt seems likely that it is local in its summer distribution. In
August we found it along the Ohio river from Marietta to
Ironton. .
The Least Flycatcher reaches Lorain county by the 25th
of April and departs about the first of September.
SuBoRDER OSCINES. Song Birds.
Family ALAUDIDAS..~ \Larks:
The true larks are found in flocks of from a few to several
hundred individuals except during the breeding season.
Their food consists of weed seeds and such grains as may
be scattered in the fields or by the roadside, and the eggs
and larve of insects. Probably adult insects are also eaten
to some extent. They are useful birds.
171. (474.) Orocorts aLpestris (Linn.). 126.
Horned Lark.
Synonyms: Eremophila alpestris, E. cornuta, Alauda alpestris.
Shore Lark.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 164; 183.
It is unfortunate that so few persons are able to distin-
guish certainly between our three forms of Otocoris. The
evidence seems to be pretty clear that there has been a shift-
ing about of alpestris and an invasion of praticola since Dr.
Wheaton wrote in 1882. He was familiar with the winter
bird but knew nothing of the summer form, which he
would have known had it been as common as it is now.
PASSERES—ALAUDID&. 125
“Abundant winter resident” is “the. term he applies to alpes-
tris, the form known to him. After an. experience of twelve
years in Lorain county. T would not. consider it more than
common. . In 1882 it apparently ranged completely across
the state, but now there are no extreme, southern records.
‘This, again, may be due to unfamiliarity with the birds. At
any, rate it is more common north than south. I have sel-
dom seen true Horned Larks before the first considerable
cold wave which brings snow. This may be late in Novem-
ber or not until the second week in January. Most of the
Horned Larks have gone north by the middle of March, but
individuals sometimes tarry until early May.
During the winter the Horned Lark is largely a seed
eater, and destroys quantities of noxious weeds in embryo.
During the period of snow covered landscape he searches
out the freshly spread manure, or goes into the pastures
where fodder has been scattered, picking up what the cattle
have left or uncovered. Flocks of several hundred are not
uncommon at such times.
172. (474b.) OrocorIS ALPESTRIS PRATICOLA Hensh. —
Prairie Horned Lark.
Dwight, Auk, VII, 1890, 145.
This is the first specific reference. In a general way Hen-
shaw covered Ohio in his review in 1884, but made no specific
reference to Ohio. This form was not elaborated until two
years after Dr. Wheaton had seen his catalogue out of the press,
but since he makes no mention of the breeding of the Horned
Lark it seems likely that he did not know this form. It is very
probable that it invaded the state just after Dr. Wheaton laid
down his work.
O. a. praticola is now the common resident form nearly
throughout the state. It is naturally more numerous in the
more level northern and western parts than in the rougher
south-eastern. Naturally it is confused with alpestris by
many of the Ohio men, particularly those who are familiar
with the earlier classification which Dr. Wheaton used.
In general habits this form agrees with alpestris. During
126 BIRDS OF OHIO.
the summer, particularly the breeding season, the regular
diet of weed seeds is supplemented with insect larve.
Since these birds may usually be rather closely approached
during the winter when they associate together, and always
head into the wind, they may be readily distinguished by
the yellow line above the eye in the true Horned Lark, and
by the white line, with no trace of yellow, in Prairie Horned
Lark. Both have yellow or yellowish throats, Horned Lark
the brighter and clearer. The form hoyti is as large as al-
pestris, but is lighter than praticola, and with no yellow over
the eye.
173. (474k.) Orocoris ALPESTRIS HOYTI Bishop. —.
Hoyt Horned Lark.
Synonyms: Otocoris alpestris leucolema.
Oberholser, A Review of the Larks of the Genus Otocoris, Pro-
ceedings of the U. S. National Museum, XXIV, No. 1271, 812.
The specimen above referred to, captured at Wooster,
one in the Oberlin College collection, and at least three in
the collection of the Ohio State University, are all of which
I have any record. A critical examination of local collec-
tions may reveal others. The recent elaboration of this
subspecies makes it impossible to say what its status in our
state is. From the small amount of evidence I would infer
that it is a winter visitor with the Horned Lark, ranging
into the state from the north-west.
Family Corvip#. Crows, Jays, Magpies, etc.
The food habits of the three representatives of this family
which occur in Ohio are given under the species.
174, (477.) CyanocitTa cristata (Linn.). 125
Blue Jay.
Synonyms: Cyanurus cristatus, Cyanura cristata, Corvus cris-
tatus, Garrulus cristatus.
Jay Bird.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 162.
Blue Jay is a familiar and common resident throughout
the state except in the south-eastern portion. He is usually
PASSERES—CORVIDE. 127
more in evidence during the winter than during the sum-
mer, no doubt because he finds food more plentiful and more
easily obtained in towns and cities. During the winter the
jay is a great scavenger, visiting the kitchen waste barrel
regularly. He will eat almost anything that can be digested,
and sometimes other things as well. Corn and nuts furnish
a good share of his winter food, where they are plentiful.
His friends keep still about what he eats during the summer.
There is no doubt that many nests despoiled of eggs or even
young must be laid to his mischievous propensities. One
might be allowed to judge of his character by the manner
in which his neighbors receive him. The appearance of a
jay in any neighborhood is the signal for all the birds to
band together to drive him away. Prof. F. E. L. Beal’s ex-
amination of 292 stomachs failed to sustain the almost uni-
versal testimony of the robbing proclivities of this bird.
There was some evidence of it but too little upon which to
base a sweeping condemnation. On the other hand, the Blue
Jay certainly does destroy large numbers of injurious in-
sects.
While it is probably true that the Blue Jay is migratory
to some extent, the northernmost birds receding south a
greater or less distance to spend the winter, and the others
also crowding south to give place to them, it is not an ap-
preciable movement in Ohio.
175. (486a.) CoRVUS CORAX PRINCIPALIS Ridgw. 123.
Northern Raven.
Synonyms: Corvus corax, C. corax var. carnivorous, C. carniv-
orus.
Raven, American Raven.
Wilson, Am. Orn., IX, 1825, 136.
The records seem to indicate that in Wilson’s time the
Raven was so common along the lake shore, particularly
easterly, as to entirely supplant the Crow. It gradually de-
creased in numbers, until none were known except in the
extreme northwest. In 1882 Dr. Wheaton regarded it as
a “Rare winter visitor.’ Mr. Thos. Mikesell, of Wauseon,
128 BIRDS OF OHIO.
is the only person who reports its occurrence at the present
time. Other residents of Fulton county corroborate Mr.
Mikesell’s statement. Apparently it has been in the habit
of nesting in that corner of the state and in the adjoining
parts of Indiana. Doubtless the next decade will witness
its complete extinction from the state.
176. (488.) Corvus AMERICANUS Aud. 124.
American Crow:
Synonyms: Corvus frugivorus, C. corone.
Crow, Common Crow.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 162.
Our common Crow is resident in some numbers in the
southern portion of the state, and may be found in small
numbers in favorable places even to the lake shore. Cold,
snowy winters are likely to drive most if not 2 —_idividuals
south at least to the center of the state. The northward
movement of the Crow host reaches Lorain county early in
March, but it is almost wholly dependent upon weather con-
ditions. Not infrequently small companies of these birds
may be seen moving north during the last week of February.
Considerable numbers remain well into December in all but
exceptionally cold winters which begin early.
It is well known that the Crow is a social bird to an un-
usual degree, except when nesting. Crow “Roosts” are
readily located by noting the converging lines of flight dur-
ing the afternoon in spring and fall, and in winter in the
southern counties.
It would be superfluous to discuss the food habits of this
interesting bird here. The reader can obtain an exhaustive
paper upon the Crow by writing to the Secretary of Agri-
culture, Washington, D. C. The evidence which will be
found there is slightly favorable to the Crow. But it must
be admitted that during planting time he is a mischievous
bird, and then may deserve a warm reception. But that he
does eat many insects which destroy quantities of grain must
also be freely admitted.
: | |
PASSERES—ICTERIDZ. 129
Family Icrerip#. Blackbirds, Orioles, Meadowlarks, etc.
Most members of this family are among the best known
of our birds, because they either live about dwellings or
in our parks, or because they are conspicuous in either color
or voice. Their food habits are discussed in detail under
each species.
17%. (494.) DoticHonyx oryzivorus (Linn.). 114.
Bobolink.
Synonyms: Icterus agripennis, Fringula oryzivorus.
Reedbird, Ricebird, White-winged Blackbird, Skunk Black-
bird, Bob Lincoln, Butterbird, Ortolan, Meadow-wink, May-
bird.
Nuttall, Manual, I, 1832, 185.
In his full wedding dress the. Bobolink is a well-known
bird, but in his traveling suit of drab and yellow he is to
most persons a common sparrow. I was somewhat sur-
prised to learn that while the Bobolink is one of our most
familiar meadow inhabitants in northern Ohio, it is not
found at all during the summer in the southern part, only
passing through as a migrant twice a year. I found it
breding sparingly at both the Licking and Lewiston res-
ervoirs. It is reported as common all summer as far south
as Delaware, but apparently at the Licking reservoir it is
near its southern breeding limit.
Being a meadow haunting bird, its appearance in the
state must have followed the disappearance of the forests,
except in the more open north-western counties. Dr. Whea-
ton places its first appearance in Geauga county in 1857.
Bobolink reaches Lorain county during the last week of
April. The males change their garb during July and early
August, after which the species may be found in flocks of
varying size, making ready for their journey to the Florida
rice fields. They are gone by the middle of September. In
the southern part of the state they remain but about a week
after their first appearance in spring, and return again dur-
ing the second week in September, to, remain but a few
days. ...
130 BIRDS OF OHIO.
With us the Bobolink is both interesting and useful. His
irresistible burst of song is one of our treasures, and his
destruction of insects and weed seeds makes him an aid to
the farmer. But in the south he has found the rice fields a
never failing source of food, and often pays the penalty of
thieving with his life. The year through he is more useful
than harmful.
178. (495.) MoLotHRus ATER (Bodd.). 115.
Cowbird.
Synonyms: Icterus pecoris, Molothrus pecoris, Fringilla pecoris.
Cowbird, Cow Blackbird, Cow Troupial, Cow Bunting, Com-
mon Cowbird, Chuckold, Blackbird, Shinyeye, Lazy Bird,
Clodhopper, Buffalo Bird.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 162, 180.
It is hard to find anything good to say about this lazy
tramp. He is, unfortunately, common all summer over the
entire state, so that nowhere can the other birds find refuge
from his depredations. We may have small pity for the stu-
pidity of the other birds in permitting the alien egg to remain
in their nests to work the destruction of their own young, but
how different are we when we find a poor human waif which
somebody may be too lazy to care for? Some birds, par-
ticularly the larger ones, do throw the egg out of their nest,
but few of the smaller ones seem to make any effort to free
themselves of the incubus. The presence of a young Cow-
bird in the nest of a species which is smaller than the Cow-
bird, frequently results in the death of the rightful inhab-
itants of the nest, and so great damage is done in the de-
struction of really beneficial birds.
There are perhaps two good things about the Cowbird.
It eats the insects and grubs which are more or less injuri-
ous to cattle, and which are found in the pastures among
the herds, and its flesh is good to eat! Cowbird and Eng-
lish Sparrow should find their way to the bill of fare of our
hotels. They are dainty tidbits. Call them Ricebirds if
you prefer.
The Cowbird reaches Ohio during the middle of March
and returns south late in October. It frequently associates
PASSERES—ICTERIDZ. 131
with the Bronzed Grackles in their roosts during the sum-
mer and autumn, and may sometimes be found in the north-
ward moving flocks made up of the several species of
“Blackbirds.” During the summer it is found in companies
of five to eight individuals, both males and females, about
the woodlands and pastures.
179. (498.) AGELAIUS PH@NIcEUS (Linn.). 117.
Red-winged Blackbird.
Synonyms: Agelefus phoenicus, Icterus phoenicus, Oriolus
pheeniceus.
Swamp Blackbird, Red-winged Starling, Red-and-buff-shoul-
dered Marsh Blackbird, Blackbird.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 162.
This is probably the most familiar bird of the swamps
and marshes in all parts of the state, where it nests in large
numbers. In some regions where its natural nesting places
of rushes and cat-tails have disappeared on account of
drainage, it has gone into the clover fields and meadows.
In others it has taken to the brush.
The testimony of the examination of large numbers of
stomachs of this bird shows that it may prove harmful in
some places and under some circumstances, but that its
harmfulness is about one-eighth, as represented by the
grains which it eats. The harmful insects and weed seeds
which it destroys should far outweigh any damage done to
agriculture. No doubt a large part of the grain eaten is
waste grain.
The Red-wing is one of spring’s harbingers. He reaches
Ohio not far from the first of March, but is inclined to be
a few days later than the Bluebird and Robin. When the
season is late he may come in a large flock of “Blackbirds,”
but earlier he seems to prefer to travel with a small company
of his own kind only. Like the other birds of his color he
loves company, and after the young are able to fly, a whole
swamp full select a place to spend the nights, which may
be with the other species, or possibly a roosting-place ex-
clusively of his own species. The most of our Red-wings
132 BIRDS OF OHIO.
have gone south by the last of October, but a few remain
well toward December, especially in the southern counties.
180. (498a.) AGELAIUS PH@:NICEUS FORTIS Ridgway.
Thick-billed Red-wing.
There is a specimen in the Oberlin College collection
which seems clearly to belong to this new race. It was
taken October 25, 1890, by C. A. Kofoid, at Oberlin. Ap-
parently this form should be found among the early spring
and late autumn Red-wings. The form has been so recently
elaborated that it has not been possible to examine specimens
in the different collections.
181. (501.) StrurNELLA MAGNA (Linn.). 118.
Meadowlark.
Synonyms: Sturnus ludovicianus, Sturnella ludoviciana, Alauda
magna.
Fieldlark, Old Fieldlark, Meadow Starling, Marsh Quail.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Sury., 1838, 162.
Like the Crow, Meadowlark may remain in small num-
bers in the northern part of the state all winter. Long con-
tinued cold, and particularly snow, will usually drive all
south, or into some region not covered by snow. In the
southern counties, decreasingly northward, it is a regular
winter resident. No doubt the present condition of the
Meadowlark is due to the clearing away of the forests, but
unlike the Bobolink, it does not require so extensive fields
and therefore probably found natural clearings in the for-
ests possible breeding grounds before’ the appearance of the
white settlers. If so his numbers were far less than now.
There should be no note of condemnation for this bird.
His services in the meadow and fields cannot be estimated
in values. Even during the winter insects comprise a large
proportion of his food, while practically no grain that could
be saved is eaten at any time. To’ say that 73 per cent. of
the whole amount eaten is insects, a large part of which éat
grains, is telling but half of the story. Being a ground
haunter, the insects destroyed are stich as the other birds
PASSERES—ICTERIDZ. An 133
raat Ce
do not touch. It is therefore one of the birds which should
be rigidly protected.
182. (506.) IcTERUs spuRIUsS (Linn.). 119.
Orchard Oriole.
Synonyms: Oriolus spurius.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 162.
The Orchard Oriole is a fairly common summer resident
throughout the state. In Lorain county it has increased,
during the last ten years, from scarcely more than casual
to fairly common. Writing in 1882, Dr. Wheaton states
that in the vicinity of Columbus, at least, it resorts to “the
low banks of sparsely wooded streams and willow thickets,”
preferring such places to orchards. In Lorain county it is
more often found in orchards than elsewhere.
The birds are not numerous enough to figure economical-
ly, but if they were their food would be found to consist
largely of insects injurious to fruit. The birds probably eat
some ripe fruit in its season, but so little of it as to be of
no consequence. Ripe mulberries are eaten with a good deal
of relish.
The Orchard Oriole reaches our southern border during
the last week in April and spends nearly a week in travers-
ing the state, seldom appearing at Oberlin before the first
of May. Its departure southward is a little uncertain, but
seems to be about the middle of August.
183. (507.) IcTERUS GALBULA (Linn.). 120.
Baltimore Oriole.
Synonyms: Icterus baltimore, Oriolus baltimore, Coracias gal-
bula.
Golden Robin, Hangnest, Firebird, Peabird, Hanging-bird.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 162.
This is the common Oriole throughout the state, and is
apparently on the increase in most sections. It is one of the
first birds which the would-be bird student sees and hears,
because it comes into the door-yard to nest, and sings fear-
134 BIRDS OF OHIO.
lessly. Its pendant nest is a familiar sight on almost every
street, after the leaves have fallen.
Its food consists largely of injurious insects, particularly
caterpillars and the small plant and bark lice which are over-
looked by most other birds. It is true that some ripe fruit
is eaten, but so little, usually, that little harm is done. A
mulberry tree will prove a safeguard from anything which
the Baltimore Oriole might be inclined to do with other
fruit, for he does love ripe mulberries.
This Oriole reaches our southern border early in the last
week of April, and loses little time in crossing the state,
passing south about September 5, in the northern, and the
10th in the southern counties. A few individuals may lin-
ger well toward October.
184. (509.) ScoLEcopHAGUS CAROLINUS (Mill.). 121.
Rusty Blackbird.
Synonyms: Scolecophagus ferrugineus, Quicalus ferrugineus,
Oriolus ferrugineus, Turdus carolinus.
Rusty Grackle, Thrush Blackbird.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 162.
The. little known..Rusty Blackbird is a regular migrant
across the state both spring and autumn, usually fairly com-
mon but seldom, if ever, very prominent. In the southern
counties it is a tolerably common winter resident. As a
migrant it could do no harm if it would, except possibly to
the ripe corn crop. There is no evidence that it is ever
harmful.
It is among the earlier spring birds, arriving during the
first week in March and remaining until the end of the first
week in May, returning again about the middle of Septem-
ber and remaining well into November, in the north. There
is one record for February 13, 1897, when a female was shot
in the marshes on Lake Erie. It must have wintered there.
PASSERES—ICTERIDZ. 11335)
185. (511b.) QuISCALUS QUISCULA 2NEUS (Ridgw.). 122.
Bronzed Grackle.
Synonyms: Quiscalus purpureus var. zneus, Q. versicolor, Q.
purpureus, Q. z#neus.
Crow Blackbird, Common Blackbird, Purple Grackle,
Bronzed Crow Blackbird, Brass Grackle, Western Crow
Blackbird. ou
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 162, 180.
This is the common “Blackbird” of lawns and shade trees.
Its steel-blue head and neck and bronze-colored body would
at once distinguish it from the other blackbirds. Dr. Whea-
ton states that it is “Found everywhere, but is especially
‘ numerous in sycamore groves along streams, and in oak
woodland.” I am not aware that it is now found breeding
away from the immediate vicinity of human habitations.
It is particularly numerous at farm dwellings where Lom-
bardy poplars are numerous, and in towns and parks
among the evergreen trees. It also roosts in the shade trees
in parks and along the streets where shade trees form a suf-
ficiently thick growth. ,
There can be no question that this species does more good
than harm the whole year through, but that is not saying
that the birds should always be left to do as they choose. It
is too true that during the fall, when the small grains are
standing in shock and the corn is in the milk, the grackles
do great damage, sometimes descending in immense flocks
upon a field, filling themselves with the grain. They also
eat ripe fruit to some extent. During the spring they are
decidedly beneficial in ridding the newly turned soil of
grubs and other insect larve. The farmer must be his own
judge and execute his sentence—if he can.
The Bronzed Grackles reach northern Ohio during the
first week in March, not seldom with the other first spring
birds. At Oberlin the arrivals usually fly first to the trees
in which the roost was selected the previous summer, and
then station themselves about town to suit their own fancy.
The bulk of individuals leave for the south about November
10, but stragglers remain into December, or rarely all win-
ter long.
136 BIRDS OF OHIO.
Family FRINGILLID. Finches, Sparrows, Buntings,
etc.
Of this group there have been found in Ohio 33 species
native to North America, and one imported species. Only
one other family of birds exceeds this in number of species,
and probably none exceeds it in the numbers of individual
birds, for the sparrows are always numerous. These birds
are also among the most puzzling to the average student.
Their food habits are given under each species.
186. (514.) HESPERIPHONA VESPERTINA (Coop.). 84.
Evening Grosbeak.
Synonyms: Coccothraustes vespertina, Fringilla vespertina.
Kirtland, Ohio Farmer (newspaper), IX, 1860, 91.
Dr. Wheaton knew of but one record for this northern
species, in the reference given above. A female was taken
by Mr. Charles Pease, Jr., and several others were seen by
Dr. Kirtland, a few days previous to March 24, 1860. There
was a small flight southward during the latter part of Jan-
uary, 1890, when a specimen was secured by Dr. Carl Tut-
tle, of Berlin Heights, Erie county, January 30, 1890; a
number were seen by Mr. A. Hall, of Cleveland, and by
Rev. J. M. Keck, in Lake county. At best it is a rare winter
visitor to northern Ohio. .
187. (515.) PINICOLA ENUCLEATOR LEUCURA (Mull.). 85
Canadian Pine Grosbeak.
Synonyms: Pinicola enucleator, Corythus enucleator, Pinicola
canadensis, Loxia enucleator.
Kirtland, Am. Journal Sci. and Arts, XIII, 1852, 218.
The records of the occurrence of this northern bird are
few, and, except Audubon’s inferential reference to speci-
mens captured at the mouth of the Big Guyandotte, in West
Virginia, are confined to northern Ohio. | Dr. Wheaton
gives three records, two besides Audubon’s. Dr. Kirtland
recorded it from near Cleveland, and the statement by Mr.
Read that it is “rare, though occasionally seen during most
of the year,’ seems to me a decidedly questionable
PASSERES—FRINGILLID. 137
record. Possibly the Purple Finch was meant. The only
other records that I have are one by Mr. A. Hall, of Cleve-
land, who captured a specimen, date not known, and one
by myself in Lorain county, January 1, 1902. It seems like-
ly that more activity in field work during the winter would
result in other records of this interesting species.
188. (517.) CARPODACUS PURPUREUS (Gmel.). 86.
Purple Finch.
Synonyms: Fringilla purpurea.
Purple Grosbeak, Crimson Finch, Linnet.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 164, 184.
The Purple Finch is a regular, but hardly common, mi-
grant, and less numerous winter resident in all parts of the
state. With us it occurs in small flocks, frequently asso-
ciated with Goldfinch. In Lorain county it is too irregular
to make any definite statements about its appearance in
spring or autumn worth anything. Singing individuals
have been recorded after the middle of May, and as early
as the first of September.
While in the state the food of this species is not such as
to affect agricultural interests, if it ever does. I have seen
it breaking off and scattering the buds from trees, working
at the pine cones, and eating weed seeds from near the
ground.
189. (521.) LoxIA CURVIROSTRA MINOR (Brehm.). 87.
American Crossbill.
Synonyms: Loxia curvirostra var. americana, L. curvirostra,
Curvirostra americana, Curvirostra minor.
Common Crossbill, American Red Crossbill, Red Crossbill.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Sury., 1838, 164, 184.
This Crossbill is an irregular winter visitor, and possibly
breeds occasionally. Its appearance and disappearance are
unaccountable. It has appeared at Oberlin during early
-aatturmn-and*been-common both in the village and surround-
ing region until the following June, and then disappeared
completely for months or years. Considerable flights some-
138 BIRDS OF OHIO.
times occur during the winter or early spring only, followed
abruptly by total disappearance. It may be found anywhere
in the state where coniferous trees furnish food. Mr. E. A.
Doolittle informs me that flocks are present now (late
June) at Painesville. I have found a flock at Oberlin dur-
ing the last week in June, 1903.
I have never seen the birds feeding on anything but pine
nuts which are taken from the cones either on the trees or
as they lie on the ground.
190. (522.) Loxia LEUCOPTERA Gmel. 88.
White-winged Crossbill.
Synonyms: Curvirostra leucoptera.
Wheaton, Ohio Agri. Report, 1860, 346, 366.
This Crossbill is rare in Ohio. There appear to have been
three flights, of which we have records, which may have
reached Ohio. One was in 1868-9, when Dr. Langdon
found considerable numbers of them associated with the
Red Crossbills in the proportion of two of the White-
winged to one of the other, in the vicinity of Cincinnati.
Another flight mentioned by Mr. A. W. Butler (Birds of
Indiana, 921) occurred in 1883-4, when numerous Indiana
records were made, but apparently no Ohio records have
come to light for this flight. The third and last occurred
during the winter of 1901-2, when a flock remained near
Ilyria, Lorain county, for at least two weeks early in Jan-
uary, 1902. Other records are scattering and probably do
rot have to do with large flights. At best the species is ir-
regular, requiring unusual weather and food conditions to
be forced south.
191. (528.) ACANTHIS LINARIA (Linn.). 89.
Redpoll.
Synonyms: JA%giothus linaria, Fringilla linaria.
Red-poll Linnet, Common Red-poll, Lesser Red-poll.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 164, 183.
The Redpoll is probably a little less rare than the last
PASSERES—FRINGILLID. 139
species, but it has ceased to be the “Tolerably regular win-
ter resident in northern Ohio” that Dr. Wheaton knew.
During my ten years’ residence in Oberlin I have never
seen it, in spite of many winter days spent afield in search
for it. The rare occasions when it does cross Lake Erie are
notable ones, for then the birds are among the most numer-
ous of winter birds. Stragglers may be found occasionally.
One was taken by Mr. Charles Dury in January, 1869, at
Cincinnati.
The Redpoll feeds much after the fashion of the Gold-
finch, the flock taking possession of a weed and apparently
cleaning out the seeds before leaving, twittering all the
while. They are not wary and allow a close approach.
192. (529.) ASTRAGALINUS TRISTIS (Linn.). 90.
American Goldfinch.
Synonyms: Chrysomitris tristis, Fringilla tristis, Carduelis
tristis, Spinus tristis.
Yellow-bird, Thistle-bird, Lettuce-bird, Salad-bird, Wild
Canary.
Audubon, Orn. Biog., 1831, 172.
Goldfinch is one of our commoner birds the year through,
but during the colder part of the year—from October to
April—he is known as a common sparrow, by the majority
of persons, because his bright yellow and deep black dress
has given place to drab only tinted with yellow. He has
lost his cheerful, rollicking song, also, substituting a con-
versational twitter while he feeds or flies. During the more
inclement weather flocks of Goldfinches take refuge in the
woods, where they feed upon such weed and grass seeds as
may be found there in the more open places. At other
times they range the fields for food. Goldfinches and Tree
Sparrows are frequently found in flocks together, both in
woods and open fields.
The winter food of Goldfinch consists largely of weed
and grass seeds taken from standing weeds and grass. In
summer and autumn thistle seeds are much in favor, as
they are in winter if there are any left. Insects are
140 BIRDS OF OHIO.
eaten and fed to the young during July and August, with
some seeds after the young are able to digest such hard food.
The great usefulness in destroying quantities of weed
seeds cannot be questioned. If he ever does damage I have
not heard of it.
193. (533.) Spinus Prnus (Wils.). 91.
Pine Siskin.
Synonyms: Chrysomitris pinus, Fringilla pinea, Linaria pinus.
Pine Linnet, Pine Finch American Siskin.
Storer, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., II, 1845, 52.
The Pine Siskin has certainly decreased in numbers since
Dr. Wheaton knew it in 1882, when he regarded it as abun-
dant. It is reported as rare from the southern, and only
locally common from the central portion of the state. In
the northern counties, particularly those touching Lake Erie,
it may frequently become common during the autumn and
spring, less so during winter. There is no authentic record
of its breeding in the state, unless Dr. Kirtland’s circum-
stantial evidence of mating and presence in June and July,
1850. be so considered. He states that both old and young
appeared for three successive years early in July. No nests
were found.
I have never found the Pine Siskin before the first week
in September nor later than the first week in May in Lorain
county. It is not always present all winter, but may be.
I have found it usually associated with Goldfinch feeding
with them and like them, but occasionally in small flocks
by themselves feeding in the pine and cedar trees and hem-
locks.
194. (534.) PassERINA NIVALIS (Linn.). 92.
Snowflake.
Synonyms: Plectrophanes nivalis, Emberiza nivalis, Plectrophe-
nax nivalis.
Snow Bunting, Snowbird, White Snowbird.
Audubon, Orn. Biog., II, 1834, 515.
Snowflake seldom appears in northern Ohio before the
PASSERES—FRINGILLIDZ. 141
new year opens. It could hardly be called common, in the
usual acceptance of that term, at any time, because the birds
band themselves together in greater or lesser flocks and are
not found in any other fashion. The flocks range over con-
siderable territory, appearing and reappearing at any one
place but few times during the winter. The flocks may
range from a few to several hundred individuals. Rarely
single birds may be found with the flocks of Horned Larks
or Lapland Longspurs. The species is less and less numer-
ous as one proceeds southward from the lake shore, becom-
ing only occasional in southern Ohio, in exceptional
weather.
Feeding wholly on the ground, Snowflake picks up such
seeds as may have been dropped or missed by the other spar-
rows. When the ground is completely covered with snow
they are driven to feed upon the standing weed tops which
project above the snow. A favorite feeding-place is a rail-
road track, where grains of wheat and oats sift through
the cars and afford easy picking.
The Snowflakes are strictly winter birds, seldom appear-
ing before the country is well snow-bound, or they drive
down just in front of a blizzard to give fair warning. They
are gone before April, usually not long after the first of
March.
195. (536.) CALCARIUS LAPPONICUS (Linn.). 93.
Lapland Longspur.
Synonyms: Plectrophanes lapponicus, Centrophanes lapponi-
cus, Fringilla lapponica.
Wheaton, Ohio Agri. Report, 1860, 366.
Dr. Wheaton’s statements regarding this winter species
still hold good for practically all of the state, except that I
would not term it common at any time. “The first to ap-
pear are single birds, in company with Shore Larks. Aft-
erward they may be seen in compact flocks of from ten to
thirty, frequenting old brick-yards, and fields where cattle
are fed, in company with Shore Larks, with which they as-
sociate on the ground, but fly by themselves in close flocks.
142 BIRDS OF OHIO.
Frequently when first flushed they utter a rapid rattling
note.” To this we can fully agree.
The first severe winter weather marks their appearance,
which is about the first of: December, in the vicinity of Ober-
lin. I have seen flocks as late as April 23.
The food is chiefly weed and grass seed and grain, with
a little insect food intermingled, even in winter. The birds
are strictly beneficial.
196. (540.) Poa@cETES GRAMINEUS (Gmel.). 95.
Vesper Sparrow.
Synonyms: Pccetes gramineus, Fringilla graminea.
Bay-winged Bunting, Grass Finch, Gray-bird, Vesper-bird,
Ground-bird.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Sury., 1838, 164.
This is our common “Ground Sparrow” so called. It
does not disdain a_ perch on a fence, nor even a tree, but
is more often found skulking or running on the ground in
the grass. The first part of its song is a weak imitation of
Meadowlark’s usual song. The bird may be readily recog-
nized by its two white outer tail feathers.
The food of the Vesper Sparrow varies with the season.
While it remains in the state it eats more insects than vege-
table matter, but during the winter it eats seeds and grain
almost exclusively. During the warmer part of the summer
its diet is 90 per cent. insect. A large part of the grain eaten
is undoubtedly gleaned from the stubble, and would be
wasted if the sparrow did not find it, or spring up in next
year’s cornfield only to make trouble. The good done in
the destruction of injurious insects is greater than that of any
other sparrow. Add to this the weed seeds destroyed dur-
ing the autumn and you have a strong case for this sparrow.
Vesper Sparrow reaches Oberlin during the last week in
March, and is common on the day of arrival, singing lus-
tily. In a few days the numbers have greatly increased un-
til almost every other bird seen is of this species. They lit-
erally swarm over the fields and pastures. As the migra-
tions progress the numbers are reduced somewhat, but all
PASSERES—FRINGILLIDA. 143
summer long it is an abundant species. The bulk of indi-
viduals has gone south by the first of October, but scatter-
ing individuals may remain well into November.
197. (542a.) PaAssERCULUS SANDWICHENSIS SAVANNA
(Wils.). 94.
Savanna Sparrow.
Synonyms: Passerculus savanna, Ammodramus sandwichensis
savanna, Fringilla savanna.
Common Savanna Sparrow.
Wheaton, Ohio Agri. Report, 1860, 366.
Judging from the reports that have come to me, this is
not a common species, certainly not ‘Very common,” as
Dr. Wheaton found it. The apparent rarity may well be
due to unfamiliarity. I have not found it even common in
Lorain county; a half-dozen records for the season is unu-
sually good success. I have utterly failed to find this bird
in summer. Rev. Mr: Henninger reports it as common
during the migrations, but a rare breeder in.southern Ohio
(Scioto and Pike counties). In the nature of the case, it
must be of local distribution. It is a great skulker in the
grass and may easily escape notice.
This, with other sparrows of the genus, prefers insects to
seeds and grain, while they are with us. This sparrow in
particular is the greatest of all beetle-eaters. Weevils and
other destructive species form a large part of its diet during
- June, July, and August. The seeds eaten are weed seeds
that we are anxious to get rid of, and the grain is almost
wholly waste, since these birds do not go in flocks, but skulk
about rather than expose themselves to view.
The Savanna Sparrow appears in southern Ohio during
the first week in April, and has reached our northern coun-
ties a week later (March 21, 1903). It leaves us about the
last week in October.
144 BIRDS OF OHIO.
198. (546.) CoTURNICULUS SAVANNARUM PASSERINUS
(Wils.). 96.
Grasshopper Sparrow.
Synonyms: Coturniculus passerinus, Ammodramus savannarum
passerinus, Fringilla passerina.
Yellow-winged Sparrow, Quail Sparrow, Cricket Sparrow.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 164.
This little sparrow is local in its distribution, but may
be fairly common in suitable regions, over the entire state.
Its diminutive size and weak voice serve to hide it from all
but the unusually interested. It seldom essays a higher
perch than the top of a fence-post, and is usually content
with a weed stalk or bunch of grass. It nests on the ground
in meadows or neglected fields.
The food consists of insects and weed seeds and grain,
but almost half of the whole food consists of iniurious in-
sects, and the grain is waste. The seeds are wholly of injur-
ious weeds and grasses. As a destroyer of injurious insects
this sparrow leads all the sparrows and equals some of the
larger birds, like the Robin, which are supposed to feed
largely upon insects and worms.
It appears in Ohio during the last week in April and re-
mains until the first of October. During this time it must
be looked for on the uplands, not in low places.
199. (547.) AMMODRAMUS HENSLOWII (Aud.). 97.
Henslow Sparrow.
Synonyms: Coturniculus henslovii, C. henslowi, Emberiza hen-
slowii.
, Henslow’s Bunting, Henslow’s Grasshopper Sparrow.
Jones, Auk, XII, 1895, 241.
Dr. Wheaton gives it in his catalogue of 1882, citing ref-
erences to Audubon, Birds Am., III, 1841, 76, and his own
publications based upon Audubon’s statement and upon a
supposed specimen which Dr. Wheaton collected in the vi-
cinity of Columbus in 1856, which proved to be the young
of A. s. passerinus. Dr. Wheaton eliminates these records
and says,“In all probability Henslow’s Bunting will be found
not uncommon in restricted localities, particularly in the
PASSERES
FRINGILLIDA. 145
southern and western portions of the state.” It seems,
therefore, that the reference given above should stand as
the first published record for the state. During the entire
summer of 1894 this sparrow was found in considerable
numbers about Oberlin, and several specimens were taken.
I have looked for it in vain every year since then. There
are no other reports of its occurrence within the state.
200. (549.1.) AmMopRAMUS NELSONI (Allen). —.
Nelson Sparrow.
Synonyms: Ammodramus caudacutus nelsoni.
Nelson’s Sharp-tailed Sparrow.
To Mr. Robt. J. Sim, of Jefferson, belongs the honor
of adding this interesting bird to our state list. The bird
was captured in the vicinity of Geneva, Ashtabula county,
on May 17, 1902, and sent to me for identification. It
proved to be a fine specimen in full spring dress. When .
captured the bird was on a bit of high, almost barren ground
which lies between two arms of the extensive marsh near
the lake shore. It seems probable that this secretive bird
may be found sparingly throughout the state in suitable
places.
201. (552.) CHONDESTES GRAMMACUS (Say). 98.
Lark Sparrow.
Synonyms: Chondestes grammaca, Fringilla grammaca.
Lark Finch.
Wheaton, Field Notes, I, 1861, 129.
The appearance and spread of this, one of the most beau-
tiful singers among the sparrows, is very interesting. Dr.
Wheaton records the first ones seen in 1861. In 1882 it
had spread well over the southern half of the state, at least
as far as the Scioto river, but was not known north of the
central portion. In 1890, when I came to Oberlin, it was
not known in Lorain county, but two years later Mr. L. M.
McCormick found it on the Vermilion river bottoms. Since
that time it has been found regularly, but in small numbers
in the western half of the county, and has also reached
146 BIRDS OF OHIO.
Cleveland. Mr. I. A. Field has found it not uncommon at
Granville and at Licking reservoir. It has not been report-
ed from the eastern third of the state, but may be found
there within a few years.
This is one of the great grasshopper-eating sparrows.
During its stay it eats almost no grain, but does eat grass,
clover and weed seeds, and numbers of weevils, besides the
grasshoppers. It is therefore deserving of protection, and
should never be persecuted.
It does not reach Ohio before the first of May, and is
gone again early in September. It must be looked for in
fields bordering woods, where it nests on the ground.
202. (554.) ZONOTRICHIA LEUCOPHRYS (Forst.). 99.
White-crowned Sparrow.
Synonyms: Fringilla leucophrys, Emberiza leucophrys.
White-browed Sparrow, White-browed Crowned Sparrow,
White-crowned Bunting.
Audubon, Orn. Biog., II, 1834, 88.
There is little danger of confusing this with the next
species in the spring, but far more in the autumn when the
black head stripes of spring have given place to brown, and
the white is reduced to gray. A little careful attention will
discover the difference between them at any time.
In Lorain county we look for the White-crowns in the
brush fringing woods. Sometimes the White-throats may
invade their favorite places, but I have never found them
invading the thickets which the White-throats regard their
own. This species is strictly migratory, and has never been
known to breed in Ohio, although Dr. Kirtland recorded
them in July, 1850, near Cleveland.
While with us the food consists of vegetable matter three-
fourths to the animal matter one-fourth. Of the vegetable
matter but a small proportion is grain, and a good propor-
tion of that is probably waste. Some fruit is eaten during
the summer, but none during the southward journey, or
so little as to amount to nothing. The animal food is about
a third caterpillars, the rest being ants, wasps, beetles and
PASSERES—FRINGILLID. 147
but few grasshoppers. It would thus appear that this spar-
row is deserving of protection for the large numbers of
weed seeds destroyed, and for its part in keeping in check
the insect pests.
The White-crowned Sparrow reaches Ohio during the
first five days of May and remains nearly two weeks. It
returns again early in October and remains about two
weeks.
203. (558.) ZONOTRICHIA ALBICOLLIS (Gmel.). 100.
White-throated Sparrow.
Synonyms: Fringilla pennsylvanica, F.. albicollis.
White-throated Crown Sparrow, Peabody-bird, White-throat,
Yellow-browed Sparrow, Bush Sparrow.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 164, 183.
If the White-crowned Sparrow, be considered common.
during its migrations the White-throat iy abundant usually.
There is no direct evidence that it ever breeds in the state.
It prefers the brushy tangles bordering woods, but may be
found in almost any brushy places away from woods, par-
ticularly if it be abundant. It associates with Song, Field
and Vesper Sparrows more or less, and with Juncos some-
times. The clear, whistled call or song may rarely be heard
during the southward movement, but is given full-voiced
during the northward one. To one familiar with the bird
its alarm call is characteristic.
Weed seeds comprise half of what this sparrow eats,
only 3 per cent. is grain; about 30 per cent. is wild fruit
in the season of fruit. The insects eaten are chiefly harmful
species. The debt is therefore wholly on our side of the
account.
The White-throat reaches northern Ohio from its winter
sojourn in the southern counties, early in April and remains
well into May. It returns again late in September and re-
mains about five weeks.
148 BIRDS OF OHIO.
204. (559.) SpizELLA MONTICOLA (Gmel.). 101.
Tree Sparrow.
Synonyms: Spizella montana, Fringilla canadensis, F. monti-
cola.
Winter Chippy, Winter Chip-bird, American Tree Sparrow,
Canadian Sparrow.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 164.
Tree Sparrow is by far our most abundant winter bird.
It ranges both woods and fields, cleaning up every weed
patch in the country. It lives in flocks of from ten or a
dozen to several hundred individuals, and not infrequently
sings in the dead of winter. One could not watch a flock
of these birds for five minutes and retain a fit of the “blues.”
In the coldest and stormiest weather they find something to
be happy about.
These birds seem to have a preference for grass seed,
and will clean up anything that may be left exposed. But
surely no thrifty farmer will leave his millet or timothy
shocks out all winter long. In the absence of cultivated
grasses great quantities of injurious grass seeds are de-
stroyed. Only two per cent. of animal matter is eaten, hence
the service of these birds lies in the weed seeds destroyed.
They reach Ohio about the beginning of the second week
in October and remain until the middle of April, or some-
times even into the last week of April.
205. (560.) SpizeELLa socraLtis (Wils.). 102.
Chipping Sparrow.
Synonyms: Spizella domestica, Fringilla socialis.
Chippy, Chip-bird, Hair-bird, Chipping-bird, Chipper.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 164.
This sociable little bird is one of ths door-yard_ birds
which must be well known to all who take any interest in
their feathered visitors. He may nest in the vine which
covers the trellis, if not disturbed; or at least in one of the
ornamenal trees in your yard, or in the grape-vine. Some
have supposed that this and the Tree Sparrow were the
same, but this sparrow goes south in winter. It is really
PASSERES—FRINGILLID@. 149
abundant during the entire summer throughout the state:
The food consists of 62 per cent. vegetable to 38 animal
matter. Only 4 per cent. of the food is grain, and there
seems to be no evidence that any fruit is eaten. Of the 38
per cent. of animal food a large part consists of the cater-
pillars of some of our most injurious insects. In large
part these are such insects as other birds do not find be-
cause they are afraid to come so near human habitations.
Although not larger than your thumb, this little bird is
among the most useful of our sparrows.
It may be a resident in the southern counties, unless the
weather is too severe. In northern Ohio it appears close to
the first of April, but does not become common before the
last of the month. The last ones leave the lake shore about
the middle of October.
206. (568.) SpizELLA PUSILLA (Wils.). 103.
Field Sparrow.
Synonyms: Fringilla pusilla, F. juncorum, Spizella agrestis.
Wood Sparrow, Bush Sparrow, Field Chippy, Red-billed
Chippy,. Feo-feo.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 164.
The Field Sparrow is really a bush-haunting sparrow,
and is not infrequently called the brush sparrow. The
brush fringing woods is the favorite haunt of this species.
Brushy pastures are usually full of them and their nests.
Their peculiar accelerando song is characteristic of such
places.
The food habits and food are very similar to those of
Chipping Sparrow. Both deserve strict protection.
The Field Sparrow spends the entire winter south of
Ohio, and returns during the third week in March, rarely
earlier. It remains well into October, and may linger until
November in the extreme southern part of the state.
150 BIRDS OF OHIO.
20%. (567.) JuNco HYEMALIS (Linn.). 104.
Slate-colored Junco.
Synonyms: Fringilla hyemalis.
Snowbird, Eastern Snowbird, Black Snowbird, Common
Snowbird, Junco, White-bill.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838. 164, 183.
This “Snowbird” is a winter resident over the whole
state, but is not usually common during January and Feb-
ruary in the extreme north. When it is present during
these months it is pretty closely confined to the deeper
stream gorges, where it finds food, and protection from the
cold winds. In the central and southern parts of the state
it may be found with the flocks of Tree Sparrows and Gold-.
finches, well scattered over the country. There it may pass
the night in the corn shocks.
During the winter Junco eats weed and grass seeds al-
most exclusively, only nine per cent. of its entire food being
animal. There is so little grain eaten that it does not figure.
Hence the Junco is a great aid to the agricultural inter-
ests in the destruction of weeds.
Junco appears in northern Ohio about the first of October
and within a week has made his way to our southern bor-
der. He leaves that border about the middle of April, often
later, but tarries’ along the lake shore until the first of May.
208. (575a.) PEUCHA ASTIVALIS BACHMANII (Aud.). —
Bachman Sparrow.
Synonyms: Fringilla bachmanii.
Oak-wocods Sparrow.
Henninger, Bulietin Michigan Orn. Club, II, 1898, 7.
The first specimen was captured by C. M. Weed, August
18, 1890, at Columbus. The specimens reported by Rev.
Mr. Henninger in the above reference were taken on April
23, and a second observed on May 3, 1897, at South Web-
ster. Miss Laura Gano reports several on April 27, and
later, on Grosbeck Hill, Avondale, and College Hill, Cin-
cinnati. Leander S. Keyser sends a questionable record
for Clarke county. The invasion has been from the south-
ny
PASSERES—FRINGILLID. Toe
west, with an apparent intention of remaining to possess
the state. Let us hope so.
209. (581.) MELosPIzA CINEREA MELODIA (Wils.). 105.
Song Sparrow.
Synonyms: Melospiza fasciata, M. melodia, Fringilla melodia,
F. fasciata.
Silver-tongue.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 164.
Next to the Chipping Sparrow, this is probably our best
known sparrow (always omitting mention of Britain’s con-
stant representative). It is present during the entire year
in all parts of the state, but, unlike Junco, is far less com-
mon in the northern third in winter than elsewhere, and far
less than it is during the summer. In summer it lives in
the brushy tangles bordering woods and swamps, or the
fields where weeds are allowed to grow, or even the back’
yards in the more thinly settled parts of towns and villages.
In winter it loves brush piles in the woods, provided there
is a good supply of food at hand. It is also found in some
numbers in the thick tangle of grass and sedges bordering
the swamps and bogs. It begins to sing early in February
if there be bright days. The early spring songs differ from
the later ones.
Only six per cent. of the food of this sparrow could pos-
sibly be of any use to man, while the weeds and injurious
insects destroyed are something enormous in quantity when
the abundance of the species is considered. It is true that
its increasing familiarity tends to develop in it a taste for
ripe fruits and more grain, but the useful things destroyed
are so completely overbalanced by the good it does that we
can afford to freely forgive and forget.
The great increase in the numbers of this sparrow in
Lorain county occurs about the first of April; then large
numbers arrive from the south and swell the numbers al-
ready here.
152 BIRDS OF OHIO.
%10.. (583.) MELosPIzA LINCOLNII (Aud.). 107.
Lincoln Sparrow.
Synonyms: Fringilla lincolnii.
Lincoln’s Finch, Lincoln’s Song Sparrow.
Wheaton, Ohio Agri. Report, 1874, 566.
Little seems to be known of this sparrow. Its close re-
semblance to Song Sparrow probably causes it to be con-
fused with that species. It is nowhere common in the
state, even during the height of the migrations. It does
not breed with us, but passes north. I have usually found
it in low brushy woods, rarely in the fields bordering woods.
It skulks about in the grass and weeds more than the Song
Sparrow, and has a very different song. One would not
confuse the two a second time. Rev. Mr. Henninger re-
gards it as common during the migrations in Scioto county.
It arrives in southern Ohio early in April, but Lorain
county records all fall in May. It is not unlikely that the
birds passing up the Scioto river are earlier than those
which travel overland to reach Lorain county. The birds
stay but a few days and pass north. In the autumn they re-
turn late in September or early in October.
211. (584.) MELOoSPIZA GEORGIANA (Lath.). 106.
Swamp Sparrow.
Synonyms: Melospiza palustris, Fringilla palustris, F. georgi-
ana.
Swamp Song Sparrow, Spotted Swamp Sparrow.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 164.
The Swamp Sparrow is so much confused with the Song
and other brush-haunting sparrows that it is difficult to
determine its exact standing. Judging from the reports it
is not common during the migrations. It is reported as
breeding near Circleville, by Dr. Howard Jones, who found
a nest in May, 1881, which contained five eggs. The bird
was shot.* I have looked for it in vain from Cleveland to
Sandusky on the lake shore, in summer. My own experi-
ence with it would indicate that it is fairly common during
*Illustrations of the Nests and Eggs of Ohio Birds, p. 186.
PASSERES—FRINGILLIDZ. 153
the spring migrations in Lorain county. It frequents rather
wet woods which are much grown with brush, as well as the
more swampy places.
In food habits this sparrow is not injurious, but its pref-
erence for swampy places, where it feeds upon the insects
and seeds, does not give it a high standing as a beneficial
species. However, it must be classed as one of the sparrows
which does more good than harm.
This sparrow reaches Lorain county about April 21,
and remains until about the middle of May, returning again
late in September for ten days or two weeks.
mio! (O90: i PASSERELEA, IL DACA’: (Mer. 108.
Fox Sparrow.
Synonyms: Fringilla iliaca.
Eastern Fox Sparrow, Fox-colored Sparrow, Rufous Spar-
row.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 164.
This is a common migrant both spring and autumn. It
is found in the brushy woods in company with the other
sparrows which haunt such places, but it seems to feel an
aloofness to them. It is rather slow and sedate in carriage,
not skulking in the brush piles as much as the others.
Fox Sparrow is fond of millipeds in April, and eats
many ground beetles during that month also. Of the 86 per
cent. of vegetable matter which constitutes its food, some
30 per cent. consists of the seeds of fruit. The remaining
vegetable matter is largely seeds of ragweeds and poly-
gonum. While some of the insects are useful, and possibly
some of the fruit is cultivated, the destruction of weed
seeds is so large that the birds perform a great service to
agriculture.
This is one of the early spring sparrows, arriving at
Oberlin about the middle of March and remaining five
weeks. It returns again during the last week in September,
or the first week in October, and remains a month.
154 BIRDS OF OHIO.
213. (587.) PipILo ERYTHROPHTHALMUuS (Linn.). 109.
Towhee.
Synonyms: Fringilla erythrophthalma.
Towhee Bunting, Chewink, Ground Robin, Marsh Robin,
Red-eyed Towhee, Jewee, Joree, Pink-pink, Wink, Wink-
wink, Pipilo, Turkey Sparrow.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 164.
Towhee is a resident over most of the state, but in small
numbers north. It is likely that the resident birds are males
while the females are more migratory. In northern Ohio
the winter birds must be looked for in well protected places
where food is easily obtainable. During the summer the
Towhee may be found in almost any thicket bordered
woods, or in the lower brushy second growth. I have found
nests in the higher, more open woods, as well as in the
brushy tangles. No one who visits the woods can have
failed to make the acquaintance of this strong-voiced bird.
The food habits do not seem to have been carefully in-
vestigated, but from the structure and general habits one
might infer that this rather unsparrow-like sparrow feeds
more after the fashion of the Robin. Such insects as haunt
the ground are eaten in considerable quantities, as well as
the weed seeds that may be found in the woods. It is cer-
tainly true that Towhee is useful as a weed destroyer.
The migrating females reach southern Ohio about the
middle of April and depart about the middle of November.
The migrating males reach Oberlin about the middle of
March, and but few remain after the first of November.
214. (593.) CARDINALIS CARDINALIS (Linn.). 110.
Cardinal.
Synonyms: Cardinalis virginianus, Fringilla cardinalis, Pity-
lus cardinalis, Loxia cardinalis.
Cardinal Redbird, Crested Redbird, Top-knot, Redbird.
Audubon, Orn. Biog., II, 1834, 366.
Cardinal is now a common resident over the entire state.
Ten years ago it was scarce in Lorain county, and even now
is far less numerous at the lake shore than twenty miles
PASSERES—FRINGILLIDZ. 155
south. Lately it has appeared at’ London, Ontario. Clear-
ly it is extending its range from year to year. With more
thorough protection it will soon become one of our most
familiar birds.
This large, strong beaked bird is made for a diet of seeds
which most other sparrows could not crush. I sometimes
wonder what the birds which apparently spend all their time
in towns and villages find to eat there. But there are al-
ways gardens with more weeds than vegetables. Weed
seeds must form a large proportion of its food, with a small
proportion of insects and fruit. I have yet to hear com-
plaints about the destructiveness of this brilliant plumaged
bird. Its loud, clear whistled calls and song are familiar
to most persons, whether they go into the woods or not.
Away from towns and villages the birds are thicket
haunters. They are often more numerous along the courses
of streams than elsewhere, especially during the winter.
215. (595.) ZAMELODIA LUDOVICIANA (Linn.). 111.
Rose-breasted Grosbeak.
Synonyms: Goniaphea ludoviciana, Fringilla ludoviciana, Coc-
cothraustes ludoviciana, Guiraca ludoviciana, Hedy-
meles ludoviciana, Habia ludoviciana.
Rose-breasted Song Grosbeak, Rose-breast, Redbreast, Red-
breasted Song Grosbeak, Red-breasted Grosbeak, Potato-
bug Bird.
Audubon, Orn. Biog. II, 1834, 166.
The Rose-breasted Grosbeak is hardly common as a mi-
grant in the southern half of the state. It is a summer
resident in the northern half, but is rare as far south as
Columbus, and not common at the lake shore. It is not
infrequently seen among the shade trees bordering village
streets, and may nest in the parks if not persecuted. Its
favorite nesting-place is a woods in which there are patches
of second growth or large bushes. Briar patches and
brushy tangles do not seem to offer many inducements.
The “gross” beak is adapted for crushing strong seeds,
upon which it feeds to a large extent. It is also accused of
eating ripe fruit. I have seen it eating the buds from
156 BIRDS OF OHIO..
trees. The birds are not numerous enough to be of much
use or harm, but they are certainly more useful than harm-
ful.
These grosbeaks reach Oberlin close to the first of Mex
and remain until the middle of September.
216. (598.) CYANOSPIZA CYANEA (Linn.). 112.
Indigo Bunting.
Synonyms: Passerina czrulea, Passerina cyanea, Fringilla
cyanea, Tanagra cyanea.
Indigobird, Indigo Painted Finch, Indigo Painted Bunting,
Indigo Bluebird, Blue Linnet, Green Linnet, Indigo, Green
Bird, Blue Nonpareil.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 164, 183.
The Indigobird is a common summer bird over the entire
state, being almost abundant in some places. It is fond
of any sort of thicket, from the brush fringing woods
and weedy briar tangles to the rank vegetation bordering
streams, marshes, and ponds, where it breeds.
Its food is similar to that of the Field Sparrow, with
which it lives in perfect harmony. It is therefore one of
the more useful of sparrows, of great service to agriculture
because it is so numerous.
It reaches the state about the first of May and stays until
October.
217. (604.) SpizA AMERICANA (Gmel.). 113.
Dickcissel.
Synonyms: Euspiza americana, Fringilla americana, Emberiza
americana.
Black-throated Bunting, Little Meadowlark, Little Field
Lark, Judas Bird, Judas Iscariot.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 164, 183.
Dr. Wheaton’s statement that this species is an “Abun-
dant summer resident from May to September, in Middle
and Southern, less common in Northern Ohio,” hardly ap-
plies now. It is fairly common, and locally abundant, east
to Licking county, and north to Columbus, but is rare north
to Cleveland, and seems to be wholly unknown east of
Cleveland. It is more numerous in the northwestern part
PASSERES—TANAGRIDZE. 157
of the state than east of Toledo. It is a summer resident
wherever it occurs, living and nesting in the fields much
after the manner of the Meadowlark.
Unlike most of the sparrows, Dickcissel eats more than
twice as much animal matter as vegetable matter. Of the
vegetable matter only three per cent. is grain, the rest being
weed seeds. Of the animal matter fully half of all food
eaten is grasshoppers and crickets. A small percentage of
useful insects is eaten, but it is so small a proportion
that no account of them need be taken. This is, therefore,
one of our most useful summer sparrows.
Rev. Mr. Henninger states that it is a rare summer resi-
dent in both Pike and Scioto counties where it has been
unknown until within the last six years.
Family Tanacriv&. Tanagers.
Only one of. the two members of this family found in
Ohio is distributed over the entire state. Both have bril-
liant plumage, and both are fairly good singers. While
they are woods-haunting birds, the Scarlet Tanager fre-
quently nests in parks and shade trees in cities and towns.
218. (608.) PrRANGA ERYTHROMELAS Vieill. 82.
Scarlet Tanager.
Synonyms: Pyranga rubra, Tanagra rubra, P. erythromelas.
Black-winged Redbird, Pocket-bird, Scarlet Sparrow, Can-
ada Tanager, Red Tanager, Scarlet Black-winged Tanager.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 164.
In spite of his brilliant dress, and in spite of the fact that
he is one of our common birds in every part of the state,
there are many persons who do not know the Scarlet Tan-
ager. When chance throws him so directly in their path that
they must see him, he is heralded as the rarest of birds
dropped down from —Limbo! How many there are who,
having eyes, see not! There is no part of the state where
this is not a common summer resident. It sometimes nests
in our city and village parks, well up among the branches.
This bird destroys insects, weed seeds, and eats wild
158 BIRDS OF OHIO.
fruit. I have seen it cutting the tender buds from elm trees
and eating them. It is not injurious in any way, and is of
considerable service to the farmer.
The Scarlet Tanager reaches Ohio about the first of May,
frequently earlier, and returns to the south late in Sep-
tember.
219. (610.) PIRANGA RUBRA (Linn.). 83.
Summer Tanager.
Synonyms: Pyranga estiva, Tanagra estiva, Fringilla rubra.
Summer Redbird, Rose Tanager, Red Bee-bird, Flaxbird,
Redbird, Mississippi Tanager, Variegated Tanager.
Audubon, Orn. Biog., I, 1831, 232.
The distribution of this southern species in our state is
rather remarkable. It is found in Trumbull, Portage and
Columbiana counties in the east, but does not go beyond
Franklin in the center nor Montgomery in the west, except
casually. It thus appears to remain close to the Ohio river
or its main tributaries. Its northeast range appears to be due
to a recent movement, since Dr. Wheaton says nothing about
it. There is no direct evidence, except the northeast move-
ment, that its range is being much extended. No doubt
there will be records of individuals from further north, as
our activity in field work increases, but any considerable ex-
tension of its range in the next half century does not seem
likely.
The deep ravines and gorges of the southeastern and
southern parts of the state seem to be the favorite abiding
places of this not very brilliant tanager. During a boating
trip down the Muskingum and Ohio rivers, from Zanes-
ville to Ironton, with my friend and fellow bird student,
Rev. William Leon Dawson, during August of 1902, we
found these birds at almost every stop below Marietta.
They are not uncommon about McConnellsville, where
Messrs. C. H. Morris and E. J. Arrick have found them
nesting, but we were not fortunate in finding them during
our stay there. Mr. Arrick well described the peculiar call
note, which was often heard along the Ohio river, by the
PASSERES—HIRUNDINID&. 159
syllables, cluckity chuckity chuck, or chuckity tuckity tuck.
This tanager’s food is like that of the Scarlet Tanager—
insects, varied by frequent helps of weed seeds and wild
fruits in their season. It is distinctly useful.
It seems to slightly precede the Scarlet Tanager in its
arrival, appearing during the last week in April and tarry-
ing well into September.
Family HiruNnpINniIbD-&. Swallows and Martins.
Five swallows and one martin spend the summer in Ohio.
These birds pass most of their days on the wing feeding and
playing. The martins are less active on the wing, but are
good flycatchers nevertheless. All of this family not only
rival but exceed the true Flycatchers as destroyers of fly-
ing insects, usually feeding upon the insects which fly high-
er or in the more open fields. Some glean from the top of
the grass as they fly. A large colony of swallows under the
eaves of a stock barn is the best friend of the milkman.
220. (611.) PrRoGNE supis (Linn.). 76.
Purple Martin.
Synonyms: Hirundo purpurea, H. subis, Progne purpurea.
Martin, Purple Swallow, Black Martin, Black Swallow, Great
American Martin, Blackbird Swallow.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 162.
Dr. Wheaton reported this as an “Abundant summer res-
ident.” If abundant anywhere now it is not so reported.
There may still be a few colonies where iarge numbers of
individuals breed. I have seen more at Lewiston reservoir,
where we found them nesting in the stumps projecting
above the water, than elsewhere. But even here they were
not abundant. It seems clear that twenty years have served
to greatly diminish their numbers over the entire state.
What the cause of this decrease may be is hard to determine.
Many have declared that since both Martins and English
Sparrows use the bird-houses, and since the sparrows are
on hand all winter, the Martins find their homes preempted
when they return, and are unable to regain possession. If,
| es BIRDS OF OHIO.
as we are told by Dr. W. B. Barrows in his report upon the
English Sparrow, the sparrows are successful in driving
the Martins away only half of the time, that would fully
account for the decrease in numbers. There can be little
question that at least a part of the decrease must be attrib-
uted to the sparrow.
. It should not be necessary to state that the food of the
Purple Martin consists largely of flying insects. During
the time the young are fed the old birds are driven to search
the ground as well as the air for grasshoppers and other
large insects to appease the appetite of the always hungry
young ones. Their services to mankind will only be appre-
ciated when they are gone and nothing takes their place
as destroyers of the insects which cause us so great annoy-
ance.
The Martin not infrequently reaches our southern border
during the second week in March, and the lake shore dur-
ing the third week. It moves south again about
September 15. Rev. Mr. Henninger reports an albino at
South Webster, Scioto county, March 29, 1895.
221. (612.) PETROCHELIDON LUNIFRONS (Say.). 177.
Cliff Swallow.
Synonyms: Hirundo fulva, H. lunifrons.
Eave Swallow, Crescent Swallow, Mud Swallow, Mud Daub-
er, Square-tailed Barn Swallow, White-fronted Swallow,
Rocky Mountain Swallow, Republican.
Bonaparte, I, 1825, 65.
The Cliff Swallow nests in colonies, and is_ therefore
common and may be abundant in a few places. It is hardly
common in Lorain county. There is no record of a colony
nesting away from human habitations in Ohio since its set-
tlement by civilized people. Their favorite nesting-place is
under the eaves of a barn or other similar building, often in
companies of several hundred, where the building affords
enough room. The flask-shaped mud nests are familiar to
every farm boy.
Like the other swallows, the Cliff Swallow feeds upon
PASSERES—HIRUNDINID 161
the insects that fly a good deal, catching them in mid-air.
These swallows are much liked by intelligent stock farmers
and dairymen, for they keep in check the flies that annoy
the herds and milch cows.
The Cliff Swallow appears at Oberlin during the last
week in April. It leaves its nesting-places early in July
and is gone south by the last of September.
222. (613.) HrruNpo ERYTHROGASTER Bodd. 78.
Barn Swallow.
Synonyms: Hirundo rufa, H. horreorum, H.erythrogaster var.
horreorum, Chelidcn erythrogastra.
Fork-tailed Barn Swallow, American Barn Swallow, House
Swallow.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 162.
This is the most common and familiar of our swallows,
always remembering that the Chimney Swift is not a swal-
low. While it is not in such great numbers as the Vesper
Sparrow, it may be fairly called abundant in practically all
parts of the state as a summer resident. It nests in barns
or almost any large out-building, or unused house; or under
bridges. There is no record of the nests of this species
under cliffs or in caves, as its habit was before civilized man
appeared in America. In Oberlin the Barn Swallow is a
familiar bird, nesting in any barn that may be left open for
it. One may see them flying about the streets catching in-
sects at any time of day, during the summer.
This swallow frequently gleans from the grass tops, as it
skims along without apparent effort. House flies are also
eaten, as well as the species of dancing flies which annoy
the wheelman.
The appearance of Barn Swallows in spring largely de-
pends upon the weather. They are such strong fliers that
they may venture north for a single day early in March,
during one of the spring-like days which are pretty sure to
come, or they may tarry south until early April. The most
have gone south by the first of September, but individuals
usually remain until the last week in September.
162 BIRDS OF OHIO.
'
223. (614.) IRIDOPROCNE BICOLOR (Vieill.). 79.
Tree Swallow.
Synonyms: Hirundo bicolor, Tachycineta bicolor.
White-bellied Swallow, Blue-backed Swallow, Field Swallow,
River Swallow, Wood Swallow, Green-blue Swallow,
Black-and-white Swallow.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 162.
Dr. Wheaton reported this as a “Very common summer
resident.” The only place where I have found it abundant
was at Lewiston reservoir in July, where the birds
swarmed about the multitudes of stumps in which they
nested. Not even the English Sparrow ventured to disturb
them there. In late July and early August the Tree Swal-
lows roost in our northern marshes at night, or line the
telegraph wires which pass such localities. They are
abundant enough then, but where they have come from is a
mystery. Certainly not from the immediate region, for they
are not found except in small numbers during the summer.
A few are willing to occupy the bird boxes-erected for them
and the Martins and Bluebirds, but most of them prefer to
cling to their primitive habits of nesting in hollow trees.
The food differs from that of the other members of this
group only in the difference in insects which naturally in-
habit such regions as these swallows frequent a part of the
year. During the weeks when the swallows are collecting
for their southward journey they roost together in mixed
companies of the several species, but one species usually
predominates.
The Tree Swallows arrive and depart with the Cliff Swal-
lows.
224. (616.) CLIVICOLA RIPARIA (Linn.). 80.
Bank Swallow.
Synonyms: Cotyle riparia, Hirundo riparia, Riparia riparia.
Sand Martin, Sand Swallow.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 162.
The Bank Swallow shifts its breeding-places to suit local
conditions and therefore may be reported as common at one
PASSERES—HIRUNDINID. 163
locality for a term of years and afterward wholly absent.
The banks in which it burrows to rear its brood are con-
stantly changing, sometimes wholly disappearing. Rail-
road cuts furnish suitable places for a short time, and then
become unfitted by the caving of the perpendicuar banks to
form a sloping bank. River banks and the clay banks fac-
ing Lake Erie are not alike two years in succession. Where
a colony of some 200 pairs of the Bank Swallow nested for
three years not one is to be found now. The bank caved off
back of the nests twice in succession during the same
spring, both times after many nests had been finished and
the eggs deposited. That was too much for the swallows.
Now there is but one large colony in Lorain county on the
lake shore, but there are several small colonies. At the
lake shore the birds might justly be called decidedly com-
mon, but elsewhere in the county they are scarce. Before
the spread of the English Sparrows into the country ham-
lets Bank Swallows nested in the shale cliffs on Vermilion
river, but now the sparrows occupy all of the available
nesting-places.
With the restriction that this swallow may be found
where cliffs or banks afford nesting-places, and not over
the country generally, it may be called common over the
entire state, during the summer. It is, of course, locally
common.
Bank Swallow reaches the lake shore about the begin-
ning of the last week in April, leaves its nesting-places early
in July, and has gone south by the middle of September.
225. (617.) STELGIDOPTERYX SERRIPENNIS (Aud.). 81.
Rough-winged Swallow.
Synonyms: Cotyle serripennis, Hirundo serripennis.
“Bank Swallow,’ Rough-wing.
Kirkpatrick, Ohio Farmer, VIII, 1859, 290.
This species is so little known, probably because of its
resemblance to the Bank Swallow, that reports are meager.
Dr. Wheaton says, “Next to the Barn Swallow, this appears
to be our most abundant species.” Judging from my own
164 BIRDS OF OHIO.
observations in several representative places in the state, such
is not the case now. The term common better applies.
These birds may be found about bridges, perpendicular
rocky cliffs, and sometimes in company with the Bank
Swallow, with which it nests to a limited degree. I have
never seen it in such large companies as the Bank Swallow,
but six to ten birds together is not uncommon. The nest is
usually made in a crevice of the rocks, and is not made by
the birds, although it may be cleared of loose earth or
rubbish.
The food is not much unlike that of the other members of
this group. It may be seen swinging back and forth over
the fields or up and down a rock walled stream, usually
feeding below the top of the cliffs.
The Rough-wing arrives a few days later than the Bank
Swallow, and does not leave the streams before the middle
of July. It has gone south by the first of September.
Family AMPELID&. Waxwings.
Both waxwings have been found in Ohio, only the Cedar
regularly. They are almost silent birds, having no true
song and but a weak chatter. They are erratic in habits,
usually occur in flocks, and frequently nest in our orchards.
Their plumage is soft and delicate. The conspicuous
crest is a good field mark.
226. (618.) AMPELIS GARRULUS Linn. 74.
Bohemian Waxwing.
Synonyms: Bombycilla garrula, Lanius garrulus.
Bohemian Chatterer, Northern Chatterer, European Chat-
terer, Waxen Chatterer, Northern Waxwing, European
Waxwing.
Kirtland, Am. Journal Sci. and Arts, XL, 1841, 20.
There is nothing to add to what Dr. Wheaton has said
about this winter bird. From that account it appears that
the species was a somewhat regular winter visitor in the
vicinity of Cleveland to about 1860. Since that time I have
been unable to find records for Ohio. It is just possible that
PASSERES—LANIID 165
the bird does reach our northern border sometimes still,
but is not distinguished from the Cedar Waxwing. Ob-
servers should be on the watch during our cold weather,
and especially be suspicious of any Waxwing which appears
during such severe cold.
Dr. Kirtland states that these birds were “attracted by the
berries, of the mountain ash and hawthorn, and the fruit of
the persimmon.”
227. (619.) AMPELIS CEDRORUM (Vieill.). 75.
Cedar Waxwing.
Synonyms: Bombycilla carolinensis, B. cedrorum.
Cherry Bird, Cedar Bird, Carolina Waxwing, Southern Wax-
wing, Little Waxwing, Carolina Chatterer, Spider-bird.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 162.
This is a somewhat irregular species, but may be consid-
ered a common resident over the entire state. However, it
is sometimes scarce or wholly wanting from some localities
and abundant at others during the same time. It is gener-
ally seen in flocks even during the nesting season.
Its food consists of 13 per cent. animal and 87 vegetable
matter. A few snails are eaten, but the bulk of the animal
matter consists of beetles, with a few bark and plant lice.
The vegetable matter is 87 per cent. wild fruit and seeds and
only 13 per cent. cultivated fruits, with the probability that
a large part of the raspberries and blackberries are also wild
fruit. Early cherries are scarcely touched. At any time
the Cherry-bird prefers mulberries to cherries. A single
bearing mulberry-tree has saved a whole orchard of cherries.
A Cherry-bird was brought to me which had killed itself by
eating too many ripe mulberries. Taken the year through
this bird is far more useful than harmful and should be pro-
tected.
Family Lanipa. Shrikes.
The name “Butcher-bird” was applied to members of this
family because of their habit of impaling their victims upon
thorns. It was long supposed that they gloated over the
166 BIRDS OF OHIO.
struggles and sufferings of their victims like veritable bar-
barians. That this is a libel on the character of the shrikes
any one may prove by studying them at first hand. They
are pretty fair singers, but the summer form is seldom heard
singing unless one happens upon the performer unobserved.
The Northern Shrike sings from his tree-top perch in the
midst of a snowstorm in midwinter. All shrikes are soli-
tary birds except while nesting and for some time after the
young have left the nest.
228. (621.) Lantus BoREALIS Vieill. 72.
Northern Shrike.
Synonyms: lLanius septentrionalis, Collyrio borealis, Collurio
borealis.
Great Northern Shrike, Butcher-bird, Great American
Shrike, Great Butcher Shrike.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 163, 181.
This solitary shrike is a winter resident over the entire
state, but it is irregular south and rare everywhere, except
occasionally along the lake front. It visits towns and vil-
lages during extreme weather for the sake of the hordes of
English Sparrows. In the fields and woods it is always on
the lookout for field mice or other rodents, and unwary spar-
rows.
The food of this bird consists of birds 35 per cent., insects
40 per cent., mice 25 per cent. Of the birds many are En-
glish Sparrows. While the other birds are useful species they
constitute less than 25 per cent. of the whole food. It seems
clear, therefore, that, contrary to his reputation, the Butch-
er-bird is one of our useful winter visitors and should be
encouraged to visit the settlements where English Sparrows
are to be so easily found. The habit of impaling its victims
on thorns has grown out of the necessity of storing food
against a time of scarcity, and is not an indication of the
savage or barbarous instincts so often attributed to these
birds.
The Northern Shrike reaches northern Ohio about the
‘first of October and the southern counties a week later. It
sometimes tarries until the first of April in Lorain county.
PASSERES—LANIIDE. 167
229. (622d.) Lanius LUDOVICIANUS MIGRANS W. Pal-
mer. 73 and 73a.
Migrant Shrike.
Synonyms: Lanius ludovicianus, L. 1. excubitorides.
Loggerhead Shrike, White-rumped Shrike.
W. Palmer, Auk, XV, 1898, 257.
Awaiting the action of the A. O. U. committee on nom-
enclature upon the proposed subspecies migrans, there seems
nothing left one but to accept this tentative name instead of
reverting to the former now obsolete names, so far as the
shrikes of Ohio are concerned. In the Oberlin College col-
lection there are a few more specimens referable to L. ludo-
vicianus excubitorides than to L. ludovicianus, with two‘or
three specimens indeterminate. With such a condition il-
lustrated by specimens taken within a few miles of Oberlin,
this proposed creation of a new subspecies which shall erad-
icate the confusion hitherto so apparent, seems desirable. At
any rate it is not wise to return to the old classification.
The two names used by Dr. Wheaton will therefore refer
to this new subspecies. It is clear from Dr. Wheaton’s re-
marks that his mind was not at rest concerning the summer
shrikes. The apparent shifting westward. of the excubito-
rides form noted by him, and by Prof. Ridgway in Illinois,
was not satisfactorily accounted for.
The food of this shrike differs from that of the Northern
only in the larger percentage of insects eaten and the small-
er percentage of birds. While feeding its young many
snakes are killed, and many of the spiny caterpillars. Grass-
hoppers are eaten in quantities. It is clear, from the care-
ful study of the food of this bird, and from the examination
of stomachs, that it is far more beneficial than injurious,
and should be protected at all times.
It appears certain that this form winters as far north as
Columbus in small numbers. It is hardly common any-
where in the state, except locally. The southeastern coun-
ties are too deeply gashed and are so lacking in suitable
nesting-places that it is practically absent from that region.
-
168 -- BIRDS OF OHIO.
This shrike reaches northern Qhio about the middle of
March and returns south about the first of October.
Family VIREONID. Vireos.
Of the six vireos found in Ohio four remain to breed,
and one of the four is found only in the southern parts of
the state. These birds closely resemble the warblers in hab-
its and carriage, but are more deliberate in their movements,
and glean from leaves rather than from the twigs and stems,
but they must sometimes make sallies into the air for flying
insects, and frequently act like warblers. They usually sing
all the time between mouthfuls, and may be known by their
songs even when other characteristics fail. For the most
part they are sober-colored, one species having a yellow
throat. Their colors are shades of gray with some green
and yellow. In contrast to the warblers, they are not patchy
in color.
The vireos are preéminently leaf gleaners, but they some-
times eatch flying insects after the manner of the warblers.
Their food is therefore more largely eggs and larve of in-
sects than the winged forms. It is just possible that they .
may take a little ripe fruit in its season, but if so, in too small
quantities to count.
230. (624.) Vireo oLIvAcEeus (Linn.). 66.
Red-eyed Vireo.
Synonyms: Vireosylvia olivacea, Muscicapa olivacea.
Red-eyed Greenlet, Red-eyed Flycatcher, Red-eye, Preacher-
bird. :
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 163.
This vireo is almost abundant in woods throughout the
state. Its perpetual phrased song is likened to the admoni-
tions of a preacher, and has given it the name of “Preacher
Bird.” Its woven pensile nest is an easy mark for the Cow-
bird, which is pretty sure to deposit one or more of its par-
asitic eggs in the nest. I have found three eggs of the Cow-
bird and but two of the rightful owner in one nest. The
PASSERES—VIREONIDA. 169
duped vireo seems to offer no protest to this persistent im-
position. The birds are not confined to the woods, but fre-
quently nest in our city parks. The noise of traffic may
almost completely drown the cheerful voice, but it cannot
stop it.
This vireo reaches the lake shore about the 23d of April
and departs about the 25th of October.
231. (626.) VIREO PHILADELPHICUS (Cass.). 67.
Philadelphia Vireo.
Synonyms: Vireosylvia philadelphica.
Brotherly Love Vireo, Brotherly Love Greenlet.
Baird, P. R: R. Report, UX, 1858, 335.
This vireo seems to be irregular as a migrant in Ohio, “I
have never found it in Lorain county, nor elsewhere in the
state. If it were even fairly common it could hardly have
escaped so many observers entirely.
Rev. Mr. Henninger found it late in April and again late
in September, in southern Ohio.
232. (627.) VIREO GILvus (Vieill.). 68.
Warbling Vireo.
Synonyms: Vireosylvia gilva, Muscicapa gilva.
Warbling Greenlet, Warbling Flycatcher.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 163, 180.
This is the vireo which lives in the shade trees and parks
all summer. It is almost abundant over the entire state.
The peculiar rolling song and rasping scolding notes must
be familiar to all. They may be heard just outside your door
at almost any time from May to August.
This vireo seems to travel with the Red-eyed Vireo, some-
times arriving a day or two earlier. Southern Ohio dates
of arrival range from April 19 to May 9, while Lorain coun-
ty arrivals range from April 28 to May 1. They have left the
lake shore by September 15, but tarry a month longer in the
southern counties.
170 BIRDS OF OHIO.
233. (628.) VIREO FLAVIFRONS Vieill. 69.
Yellow-throated Vireo.
Synonyms: Vireosylvia flavifrons, Lanivireo flavifrons.
Yellow-throated Greenlet.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 163.
Most people are not acquainted with this vireo, probably
because it prefers the taller timber and is seldom seen about
human habitations. It is hardly common as a summer res-
ident except in certain localities where tall oak timber is
plentiful. Its song closely resembles the song of the Red-
eyed, but may be readily distinguished after careful study
of both.
This species arrives during late April, perhaps a little
later than the two foregoing species, and remains until Sep-
tember. |
234. (629.) ViREO SOLITARIUS. (Wils.). 170.
Blue-headed Vireo.
Synonyms: lLanivireo solitarus, Muscicapa solitaria.
Solitary Vireo, Solitary Greenlet, Blue-headed Greenlet.
Wheaton, Ohio Agri. Report, 1860, 365, 375.
Like the Yellow-throated Vireo, this is little known, part-
ly because it seldom gets out of the woods, and partly be-
cause it is strictly a migrant across the state. Its song has
a fairly close resemblance to the song of the Red-eyed Vireo,
but it is not difficult to distinguish after a little study. I
have found the Blue-headed on the College campus and in
the shade trees lining our streets.
This vireo reaches Lorain county the first week in May,
usually near the first; or even the last days of April, is fairly
common for a week, and passes north about the 15th of
May. It returns about the middle of September, remaining
but a short time. It leaves southern Ohio shortly after the
middle of October. A better acquaintance with this bird
will undoubtedly prove it to be not uncommon during the
migrations across the state.
PASSERES—MNIOTILTID®. 171
235. (631.) VIREO NOVEBORACENSIS (Gmel.). 71.
White-eyed Vireo.
Synonyms: Muscicapa noveboracensis.
White-eyed Greenlet, Little Green Hangingbird, Chickity-
beaver, Politician, Hanging Flycatcher, Green Flycatcher.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 163.
The White-eyed Vireo is distinctly southern in its distri-
bution, in Ohio. It is a fairly common summer resident in
the southern half of the state, ranging at least to the south-
ern border of Franklin county, but Dr. Wheaton did not
find it at all at Columbus, nor have others found it there as
more than a casual visitor. In the eastern half of the state
it ranges north into Cuyahoga and Ashtabula counties, be-
ing fairly common at Jefferson all summer. There is no
record for Lorain county. I did not find it in Medina coun-
ty, where the conditions are unusually favorable, nor at
either the Licking or Lewiston reservoirs. Dr. Wheaton
regarded it as of local distribution over the state. If that
be true at the present time evidence is lacking.
It reaches our southern border early in May and retires
southward early in September.
Family MNIOTILTID. Wood Warblers.
The species of this family found in Ohio are both the most
numerous and the most interesting of birds. Thirty-six
species are regularly found, one has wandered from the east,
and two belong to the Hypothetical List of the A. O. U. He
who can resist the temptations to get into the woods which
“Warbler Time” brings is hopeless from an ornithological
standpoint! Most of them pass through the state twice
each year, but fully fifteen species remain to breed while
three others occasionally do. Some of the species which
nest well north in the state in small numbers and are mi-
grants elsewhere must be regarded as rare breeders, the
most of the individuals passing well north to breed.
Most members of this group are insect eaters, but most of
them also eat fruit and berries in their season, some of them
to a considerable extent. Some are gleaners from leaf and
172 BIRDS OF OHIO.
branch, some feed largely upon the ground, while some
catch flying insects after the manner of the true Flycatchers.
All are useful birds and none seem to be at all injurious.
236. (636.) Mwnioritta varia (Linn.). 28.
Black and White Warbler.
Synonyms: Mniotilta varia borealis, Sylvia varia, Motacilla
varia.
Black-and-white Creeper, Black and White Creeping War-
bler.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 163, 182.
Dr. Wheaton gives this warbler as a “Common summer
resident.” It is so reported by a few observers well scat-
tered about the state, but is regarded by most as common
only during the migrations. My studies in different parts
of the state have convinced me that it is to be found breed-
ing in suitable places over the entire state, but is common
only locally. It breeds sparingly about Oberlin. During
the summer it must be sought in the deeper high woods.
Its creeping habits and weak song make it an inconspicuous
bird at best, and in the deep shadows of the woods it may be
easily overlooked.
This warbler is among the first of the great host of warb-
lers which pass across the state—a few of them remaining all
summer—late in April and early in May. It appears on our
southern border about April 25th, and our northern border
about three days later. In Lorain county it is common up
to the middle of May and then the few which remain to
breed retire to the deeper woods. The last have left the
county by the 25th of September.
23%. (637.) PROTONOTARIA CITREA (Bodd.). 29.
Prothonotary Warbler.
Synonyms: Motacilla citrea.
Golden Swamp Warbler, Willow Warbler, Golden Warbler.
Wheaton, Ohio Agri. Report, 1860, 363, 373.
The distribution of this handsome warbler is largely de-
termined by the special conditions favorable to its breeding.
PASSERES—M NIOTILTID&:. ° 173
Dr. Wheaton says of it: “The Prothonotary Warbler is
only known in this state as a summer resident in western
Ohio, especially in the vicinity of St. Mary’s reservoir.”
I have found it fairly common at Licking reservoir, in all
three counties in which that reservoir lies; but it was not
found at Lewiston reservoir in spite of the fact that breed-
ing places seemed plentiful. In “Birds of Indiana,” page
1022, Mr. Butler mentions a Cleveland record for this spe-
cies. I have been unable to verify this record. Mr. Charles
Dury reports its presence at Cincinnati and St. Mary’s res-
ervoir, as stated above. These are the only positive state
records. It is likely that the bird occurs in other suitable
localities in the state. Its local distribution is well illustrated
by the finding of breeding birds in eastern Minnesota. There
seems to be some indirect evidence that this species is ex-
tending its range northward where conditions are favorable.
I have no records of its migrations, but it must reach
Licking reservoir early in May, for during the last week
in May we found a nest which was the second for thaf pair
of birds, the first having been robbed two weeks previously.
238. (639). HELMITHEROS VERMIVORUS (Gmel.). 30.
Worm-eating Warbler.
Synonyms: MHelmintotherus vermivorus, Sylvia vermivora, Hel-
inaia vermivora, Motacilla vermivora, Vermivora penn-
sylvanica.
Worm-eating Swamp Warbler, Worm-eater.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 163, 182.
Like the last species, this one is among those of more
southern distribution. Dr. Wheaton regarded it as rare in
summer. It now seems to be common in many places in the
southern part of the state, and ranges well north in the east-
ern half, breeding in Cuyahoga and Ashtabula counties.
There is a doubtful record for Lorain county. Without
doubt this species is extending its range northward, and
further study by trained men will no doubt greatly increase
the Ohio records.
The Worm-eating Warbler reaches Ohio during the first
174 BIRDS OF OHIO.
week in May and departs southward about the middle of
September.
239. (641.) HELMINTHOPHILA PINUS (Linn.). 32.
Blue-winged Warbler.
Synonyms: Helminthophaga pinus, Sylvia solitaria, Vermivora
solitaria, Certhia pinus.
Blue-winged Yellow Warbler, Blue-winged Swamp Warbler.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 18388, 163, 182.
This warbler is tolerably common during the migrations,
but is less numerous as a breeding bird over the entire state.
Given a wet woods with a fringe of brush and the Blue-wing
is pretty certain to be present. One hearing of the curious
song is enough to fix it in mind. While the nest is placed
near the ground in the grass or rarely low bushes, the birds
must usually be looked for in the tree-tops, or at least in the
upper branches of the taller trees. If the bird be near the
ground it is pretty certain proof of the presence of the nest.
This warbler reaches northern Ohio during the last week
in April, and remains until the middle of September.
240. (642). HELMINTHOPHILA CHRYSOPTERA (Linn.). 33.
Golden-winged Warbler.
Synonyms: Helminthophaga chrysoptera, Sylvia chrysoptera,
Vermivora chrysoptera, Motacilla chrysoptera.
Blue Golden-winged Warbler, Golden-winged Swamp Warb-
ler.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 163, 182.
The distribution of this warbler in Ohio seems to be al-
most identical with that of the Worm-eating Warbler, with
the exception that it seems to be a little more northern. It
has been found in Lorain county a half-dozen times, but
is not known to have bred there. It is reported as breeding
in Cuyahoga and Ashtabula counties, and is common lo-
cally in the southern half of the state. It also nests on the
ground, but is not so fond of the tree-tops for a perch.
It is unwary, permitting a near approach. Its lazily uttered
see zee see see is unlike the song of any other bird, but
might be mistaken for an insect.
PASSERES—M NIOTILTIDZ. 1p 45)
This Warbler reaches Lorain county during the first week
in May. I have no autumn records of the return south. It
probably tarries until the first of September at least.
241. (645.) HELMINTHOPHILA RUBRICAPILLA (Wils.). 34.
Nashville Warbler.
Synonyms: Helminthophaga ruficapilla, Sylvia rubricapilla,
Vermivora rubricapilla, Sylvia ruficapilla.
Nashville Swamp Warbler, Nashville Worm-eater.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Suryv., 1838, 168, 182.
The Nashville Warbler is a common migrant, passing
entirely across the state twice each year. It is not confined
to the woods but is just as common in the parks and along
the tree-lined streets, and in the door-yards among the fruit
and ornamental trees, busily engaged in cleaning out the in-
sect pests from bud and leaf.
_ This warbler reaches Lorain county about the first of May
and is common for two and sometimes three weeks, often
tarrying until the 23d of May. It returns in force -early
in September and remains about four weeks. ‘There is little
doubt that this is a late date for the return of this and many
other warblers, but the records show no earlier dates.
242. (646.) HELMINTHOPHILA CELATA (Say). 35.
Orange-crowned Warbler.
Synonyms: Helminthophaga celata, Sylvia celata.
Wheaton, Ohio Agri. Report, 1860 363, 3738.
Dr. Wheaton’s statement that this is a “Rare spring and
fall migrant” remains true to-day. The bird is little known.
I have found it but a half-dozen times at Oberlin, and not
more than one bird for each record. Once it was feeding
in an orchard just out of the village, the other times in the
woods low down in the brush.
My dates of spring migration fall within the first week of
May. . I have no autumn records.
176 BIRDS OF OHIO.
4
243 (647.) HELMINTHOPHILA PEREGRINA (Wils.). 36.
Tennessee Warbler.
Synonyms: Helminthophaga peregrina, Sylvia peregrina, Ver-
mivora peregrina.
Tennessee Swamp Warbler.
- Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 163, 182.
This is probably the most numerous warbler of the shade
trees and orchards during both spring and autumn migra-
tions. It passes entirely across the state, none remaining to
breed. In spring it literally swarms about our trees and
lawns, but is unnoticed by the majority of people, because
it is so small and because its song is so like that of the Chip-
ping Sparrow, and some insects. In autumn it is more con-
fined to the woods, but is not uncommon in orchards and
shade trees. It is one of our best friends, gleaning every-
where for the eggs, larve or the perfect insects which do so
great damage to fruit. Yet I have known of fruit growers
who made war upon them for eating off the buds! They
are after the bug that eats the bud or the fruit.
The Tennessee Warbler is among the later warblers to ar-
rive, appearing about May 5, and remaining two weeks.
It passes south again in September, leaving the state during
the first week in October
244. (648a.) CoMPSOTHLYPIS AMERICANA USNEZ Brewst.
37 (part).
Northern Parula Warbler.
Synonyms: Dendreca tigrina, Perissoglossa tigrina, Sylvia
americana, Parus americanus, Compsothlypis america-
na (part).
Blue Yellow-backed Warbler, Parula Warbler.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 163, 182.
Judging only from the specimens in the Ohio State Uni-
versity and Oberlin College museums, six in all, this form is
pretty clearly a regular migrant across the state in spring,
during the first two weeks of May. There appear to be no
breeding specimens in collections. It is not common any-
where, but is fairly numerous during favorable years for
the spring migrations of the warblers.
PASSERES—M NIOTILTIDA. aly ard
245. (648b.) COMPSOTHLYPIS AMERICANA RAMALINZ.
Ridgway. 37 (part).
Western Parula Warbler.
The synonyms and reference should stand as in the pre-
ceding form. In “Birds of North and Middle America,”
Vol. II, 486, Prof. Ridgway gives the following reference:
ead, Proc. Ac’. Nat. Scis Phila vi 18a. (ns Ohio).
Mr. H. C. Oberholser also informs me that this is likely
the breeding form for Ohio. A specimen in the Ohio State
University collection, and one in the Oberlin College col-
lection, both taken rather late for the migratory movement,
are decidedly small. In the absence of contradictory evi-
dence it seems necessary to regard this form as the Ohio
breeding Parula Warbler. It is little known in the breed-
ing season, having been noted only by Dr. Langdon and Mr.
Dury near Cincinnati. It would appear to be a little later
than the preceding form in its migrations.
246. (650.) DENDROICA TIGRINA (Gmel.). 38.
Cape May Warbler.
Synonyms: Dendreeca tigrina, Perissoglossa tigrina, Sylvia
maritima, Sylvicola maritima, Motacilli tigrina.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 163, 181.
The Lorain county records for this warbler number less
than a dozen, all in the first week of May. There are no
reports of any greater number anywhere in the state in the
spring migrations, but Rev. Mr. Henninger notes it as com-
mon during the autumn migrations in Scioto county, “es-
pecially in upland beech woods.” It is strictly a migrant
in the state, stopping but a short time in spring, but passing
south more leisurely.
It reaches southern Ohio late in April, and northern Ohio
a week later; returning about the middle of September, and
9
may be found in Scioto county as late as October 3.
178 BIRDS OF OHIO.
ty
247. (652.) DENDROICA #STIVA (Gmel.). 39.
Yellow Warbler. ;
Synonyms: Dendreeca estiva, Sylvicola estiva, Sylvia
eestiva, Motacilla estiva.
Summer Warbler, Summer Yellowbird, Blue-eyed Yellow
Warbler, Golden Warbler, Yellow-bird, Yellow-poll Warbler,
Wild Canary.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 163, 182.
This well-known warbler is our commonest summer warb-
ler in all parts of the state. It has the capacity of accommo-
dating itself to almost any conditions, seeming as much at
home in the orchard or ornamental trees as in its primitive
briar tangle in some drying swamp. Its nest may be within
a few feet of the ground or in the tree-tops if necessary. As
an inhabitant of the orchards it is kept busy with the insect
pests which make the life of the fruit-grower miserable.
Here it is a great aid in keeping in check fruit destroying
insects.
The Yellow Warbler is among the earlier warblers to ap-
pear in spring, reaching our southern border before the 20th
of April, or even during the first week of April, in favorable
years. It is usually found at Oberlin about the 22d of
April, often earlier. The departure in the autumn is not so
easy to trace. I have found them in Oberlin as late as Sep-
tember 7. It is likely that individuals remain much later
but the majority have gone before the first of September.
248. (654.) DENDROICA CARULESCENS (Gmel.). 40.
Black-throated Blue Warbler.
Synonyms: Dendreeca cerulescens, Sylvia canadensis, Sylvico-
la canadensis, Dendroica canadensis, Motacilla canaden-
sis, M. cerulescens.
Canadian Warbler, Pine Swamp Warbler.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 163, 182.
This is one of the fairly common migrants, passing en-
tirely across the state twice each year. It is as often seen
in parks and along shaded streets in spring as in the woods,
but seems to avoid human habitations on its return journey.
It is an inhabitant of the lower stories of the woods, even
PASSERES—M NIOTILTIDA. ’ 179
feeding upon the ground, when the white wing-spot is con-
spicuous against the blue-black wing.
It reaches southern Ohio as early as the 15th of April in
favorable years, but seldom appears at Oberlin before the
first of May. It remains about two weeks, and returns
again early in September or even late in August, to remain
until about the first of October.
249. (655.) DENDROICA coRONATA (Linn.). 41.
Myrtle Warbler.
Synonyms: Dendroeca coronata, Sylvia coronata, Sylvicola cor-
onata, Motacilla coronata.
Yellow-rumped Warbler, Yellow-crowned Warbler, Yellow-
rump, Myrtlebird, Yellow-rumped Wood Warbler.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Sury., 1838, 163, 181.
This is an irregular warbler, sometimes being abundant
and again hardly even common. It is the earliest to appear
in spring and the latest to depart southward in autumn. It
does not breed in the state as far as known. In its north-
ward movement it is well distributed in the woods and
parks, but in its southward journey it prefers to travel in
the more open country, often with the Chipping Sparrow.
At such times it may be seen in the fields gleaning among
the weeds like a sparrow, or searching for insects in weed
stems. It derives its name from its fondness for the berries
of the myrtle (Myrica cerifera).
During the spring passage of this species the insect food
is greatly in the preponderance, although even then myrtle
berries are eaten when they can be found, but during the
autumn passage southward, when the fruit of the myrtle is
abundant, it has been determined that fully 62 per cent. of the
food is the myrtle berries. It seems remarkable that a bird
supposed to be an insect eater should feed so largely upon
this particular fruit. The myrtle berries are good for noth-
ing, while the insects eaten are injurious. It is clear that
this warbler deserves protection equally with the other warb-
lers.
The Myrtle Warbler appears in Lorain county about the
180 BIRDS OF OHIO.
middle of April, depending on the weather at that time, and
tarries until the middle of May, or later sometimes. It re-
turns late in September and is fairly common until the 20th
of October, scattering individuals remaining into the first
week of November.
250. .(657.) DENDROICA MACULOSA (Gmel.). 42.
Magnolia Warbler.
Synonyms: Dendrceca maculosa, Sylvia magnolia, 8. maculosa,
Sylvicola maculosa,, Motacilla maculosa.
Black and Yellow Warbler.
Wilson, Am. Orn., III, 1811, 63.
Dr. Wheaton says of this species, “Abundant and regular
spring and fall migrant in middle Ohio, summer resident
in small numbers in north-eastern Ohio.” At the present
time it is generally regarded as not common as a migrant,
except occasionally, when it becomes common. I find no
evidence that this warbler now breeds within the state.
While few of us find the first warblers on their return in
late July or early August, it is well known that they migrate
as early as that. Middle of the summer specimens do not,
therefore, indicate that the birds have bred in the vicinity.
Late June records would more likely indicate breeding birds.
The Magnolia Warbler reaches northern Ohio early in
May, and the last has passed north about May 21. It re-
turns late in July or early in August, judging from the
records, and remains until about September 20.
251. (658.) DENDROICA RARA Wils. 48.
Cerulean Warbler.
Synonyms: Dendrceeca cerulea, Sylvia azurea, S. rara, Dendroi-
ca cerulea.
Azure Warbler, Blue ‘Warbler.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 163, 182.
Dr. Wheaton’s statement, “Abundant summer resident,”
no longer applies to this woods-haunting warbler. It is uni-
versally reported as not common during the summer. It
would be hard to assign a reason for this decrease in num-
PASSERES—M NIOTILTID. 181
bers, since the places where the bird now nests are numer-
ous enough for its purposes. True, it does not go out of the
taller woods to breed, but it seems to find woods enough
suitable for breeding places. It may be, however, that dur-
ing the earlier days it was confined to the deeper woods and
the rapid disappearance of them has driven many to other
regions. In Lorain county it is to be found in every con-
siderable woods, but is only common here.
The Cerulean Warbler arrives with the warbler host,
about the first of May in northern Ohio, and is fairly com-
mon for two weeks. The departure northward of a major-
ity of the individuals leaves the state thinly settled with
Ceruleans. It passes south during the last week of Septem-
ber.
©o
Or
ca)
(659.) DENDROICA PENSYLVANICA (Linn.). 44.
Chestnut- sided Warbler.
Synonyms: Dendreeca pennsylvanica, Sylvia _ icterocephala,
Sylvicola icterocephala, Motacilla pennsylvanica, M. ic-
terocephala.
Quebec Warbler, Yellow-crowned Warbler.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 163, 181.
Of all the warbler host this is to me the most interesting,
in its parti-colored dress and confiding ways. The day that
brings them is the brightest day of the season. In their
northward movement they are not particular about the places
where they feed, provided the insects are numerous and the
trees are not too far apart. Every year we see numbers of
them on the College Campus. I have seen them in the door-
yard, in the apple-trees, and in the deep woods among the
highest branches. It is common only locally, apparently.
Dr. Wheaton gives it as a summer resident in the north-east-
ern parts of the state. It is not unlikely that it still breeds
in the northern part of the state, but if so it has not been so
reported to me. None have been found in summer in Lorain
county.
This is one of the warbler host which reaches Oberlin
about the first of May, remaining about two weeks and then
182 BIRDS OF OHIO.
passing north. It returns early in September and remains
until the last week of the month.
253. (660.) DENDROICA CASTANEA (Wils.). 45.
Bay-breasted Warbler.
‘Synonyms: Dendrceeca castanea, Sylvia castanea, Sylvicola cas-
tanea.
Bay-breast.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 163, 181.
Apparently this warbler is not well enough known to
make any statements of its spring migrations reliable. In
Lorain county it is fairly common every spring, and usually
more numerous in the autumn. That seems to be the gen-
eral verdict, except that in many places the species is not
at all common. The whole warbler group is perhaps less
known by the average bird student than any other. The
reason for this lack of acquaintance is not easy to explain,
because the usually bright patchy coloring of these birds
makes them somewhat conspicuous. Their small size and
arboreal habits, and the difficulty of detecting them among
the foliage, doutbless contribute largely to the difficulties.
This is among the later arrivals in spring, not appearing
in Lorain county before May 5, generally, and has gone
northward by the 23d. In its southward migrations it
reaches Ohio about the middle of August, and tarries in the
southern counties until the middle of October.
254. (661.) DENDROICA STRIATA (Forst.). 46.
Black-poll Warbler.
Synonyms: Dendreeca striata, Sylvia striata, Sylvicola striata,
Muscicapa striata.
Black-poll.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 163, 182.
This warbler arrives even a little later in spring than the
Bay-breast, and is frequently associated with it. Judging
from the reports it is a little more numerous in spring and
fully so in the autumn. Fall specimens of these two warb-
lers are so nearly alike that one not well acquainted with
PASSERES—M NIOTILTIDA. 183
them will probably not be able to distinguish between them
in life. A good pair of field glasses, such as the 8-power
prism glasses, usually makes their identification possible
at a range of twenty-five yards. But under any circum-
stances close scrutiny is necessary to detect the tint of cream-
buff on the underparts of the Bay-breast and the distinctly
yellow tint of the same parts of Black-poll. Both species
are wood birds, but they also feed in wooded parks within
the city limits, at times. !n their southward migrations
they are partial to the hillsides bordering streams where
the trees are not so tall.
_ The Black-poll does not reach Oberlin until after May
10, and remains but a week or ten days. It returns during
the last half of August and does not leave our southern bor-
der before the 10th of October.
~
255. (662.) DENDROICA BLACKBURNIZ (Gmel.). 47.
5 Blackburnian Warbler.
Synonyms: Dendreca blackburnie, Sylvia blackburniz, Sylvi-
cola blackburnie, Motacilla blackburnie.
Hemlock Warbler, Orange-throated Warbler.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 18388, 163, 181.
Dr. Wheaton regarded this beautiful warbler as an
abundant migrant. It appears to have decreased in numbers
until it is only common in most parts of the state, and un-
common in others. At Oberlin it is usually common during
both migration periods. It is a bird of the tree-tops, sel-
dom descending below the middle story of the woods, unless
the weather be inclement. It is one of the few birds which
attract the attention of the casual passer whose eyes are
ever raised above the ground. Its brilliant orange throat
gleams like a sunbeam amid the foliage.
This winged Prometheus comes with the opening buds
near May-day, usually after rather than before, and remains
until the foliage hides him. During the first two weeks only
males in brilliant dress may be found, but during the last
week these have made way for the host of plainer colored
females. The last are seen about May 22. The return
184 BIRDS OF OHIO.
may be as early as the middle of August, the last passing
south about September 25.
256. (663a.) DENDROICA DOMINICA ALBILORA Ridgw. 48.
Sycamore Warbler.
Synonyms: Dendrceca dominica var. albilora, Sylvia pensilis,
Sylvicola pensilis, Dendroica superciliosa, D. dominica.
White-browed Yellow-throated Warbler, White-cheeked
Warbler.
Kirtland, Am. Journal Sci. & Arts, XL, 1841, 21. The first refer-
ence for the subspecific name as it now stands should be
Ridgway, Am. Nat., VII, 1873, 606.
This species appears to breed sparingly across the state,
but is known by few observers. I have never seen it. Dr.
Wheaton states that it is the earliest of all the warblers in
spring, even preceding the Myrtle. If it has passed through
Lorain county it has entirely eluded careful search for a
half-dozen years. It certainly does not breed in the western
half of the county or it would have been found at some
time. It has actually been found breeding at Cleveland, Mt.
Vernon, Wauseon, and Cincinnati. More careful search
for this early warbler should reveal its presence in many
parts of the state where it is not now known even as a mi-
grant.
Reliable migration dates are wanting, but it appears that
the birds should be looked for early in April, and that some
remain in the southern counties well into October. Syca-
more groves appear to be the favorite places for these
birds.
257. (667.) DENDROICA VIRENS (Gmel.). 49.
Black-throated Green Warbler.
Synonyms: Dendreca virens, Sylvia virens, Sylvicola virens,
Motacilla virens.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 163, 181.
Unlike the two following species, this one is among our
commonest migrant warblers. Dr. Wheaton’s designation
of “Abundant spring and fall migrant,” still applies. It is
common in the woods, but seems to prefer the lawns, parks,
PASSERES—M NIOTILTIDA. 185
and shaded streets. At almost any hour of the day, during
the first two weeks of May, several may be heard singing
about the library building on the Oberlin College campus.
It is no less numerous anywhere else in the state, judging
from the reports.
In the spring migrations it reaches southern Ohio about
April 25 and the lake shore about two days later; passing
north about May 20, but often remaining several days
longer, singing all the time. The first return during the
latter part of August and tarry into the first week of Oc-
tober. It is just possible that a few pairs remain to breed
in the northern counties.
258. (670.) DENDROICA KIRTLANDI Baird. 50.
Kirtland Warbler.
Synonyms: Dendreeca kirtlandi, Sylvicola kirtlandi.
Baird, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., V. 1852, 217.
Our state enjoys the honor of furnishing the type speci-
men of this rare and little known species, and to Charles
Pease belongs the coveted honor of securing that specimen.
The state records should be brought down to date. The
name of the collector, place and date are given.
Charles Pease, near Cleveland, May 13, 1851 (type).
R. K. Winslow, near Cleveland, June -(May?), 1860.
Charles Dury, Cincinnati, first week in May, 1872.
W.and J. Hall, Rockport (Cuyahoga county), May, 1878.
H. E. Chubb, Cleveland, May 4, 1880.
H. E. Chubb, Cleveland, May 12, 1880.
L. S. Keyser, Springfield (?), 1891.
Lynds Jones, Oberlin, May 11, 1900.
Lynds Jones and W. L. Dawson, near Ironton, August
28, 1902 (two).
No other state can boast so many specimens, but Mich-
igan is fast approaching us in numbers. Better acquaintance
with the species and greater activity in field work will prob-
ably prove this supposably rare warbler not “The rarest of
all the warblers.”
186 BIRDS OF OHIO.
259. (671.) DeEnproica vicorsu (Aud.). 51.
Pine Warbler.
Synonyms: Dendreeca pinus, Sylvia pinus.
Pine-creeping Warbler, ‘“Vigor’s Vireo.”
Wheaton, Ohio Agri. Report, 1860, 364.
This is another of the almost ornithological mysteries to
the writer. I have found just one specimen in Lorain
county, and that one an early migrant. It is reported as a
rare migrant by most persons, but is reported on good au-
thority as breeding in the southern part of the state. Dr.
Wheaton did not know of any record of its breeding. Be-
yond doubt it should be one of the breeding warblers of the
state. It needs careful looking after by competent field
observers everywhere.
Migration dates are meager, but they indicate that this
warbler makes its appearance late in April, and departs
about October 10 from the southern counties.
260.. (672.) DENDROICA PALMARUM (Gmel.). 52.
Palm Warbler.
Synonyms: Dendreca palmarum var. palmarum, Sylvia pete-
chia, Sylvicola ruficapilla, Motacilla palmarum.
Red-poll Warbler, Red-poll.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Sury., 1838, 163.
The general verdict is that this warbler is not common as
a migrant. In some regions it seems to be fairly common,
and probably is sometimes so in most localities. It is a bird
of the underbrush, mostly, and will not often be seen with
the other warblers. It seems to be fond of feeding about
and in old brush-piles in spring, and wanders along railroad
tracks and fence rows during its southward migration.
The Palm Warbler reaches the state about May 22 and
remains two weeks or more if conditions are favorable. It
returns during the first week of September and remains
about a month.
PASSERES—M NIOTILTID. 187
261. (673.) DENDROICA DIscoLor (Vieill.). 53.
Prairie Warbler.
Snyonyms: Dendreca discolor, Sylvicola discolor, Sylvia dis-
color.
Red-backed Warbler, Parti-colored Warbler, Pasture Warb-
ler, Wildwood Warbler.
Audubon, B. Am., II, 1841, 68.
This interesting little warbler is little known by Ohio or-
nithologists, who regard it as a rare migrant. There are
two Lorain county records of single specimens which did
not remain to breed. Dr. Wheaton states that it breeds in
northern Ohio but is migratory in the southern half. It
should be found breeding wherever it is found in the state,
but its rarity makes any records notable. Rev. Mr. Hen-
ninger regarded the specimen taken in Scioto county on Oc-
tober 8, 1894, as accidental. It will be found in brushy
pastures and shrubby clearings, not in the woods. It is usu-
ally so confiding that a near approach is easy. Its song will
not fail to arrest the attention of any one who has an ear
for strange sounds. This is a warbler which all should be
watchful for during the early days of May.
Migration dates are almost entirely lacking, but it is likely
that records will fall within the first five days of May, for
the first appearance in spring, and somewhere near the first
of October for the departure in autumn from the southern
counties. .
262. (674.) SErURUS AUROCAPILLUS (Linn.). 54.
Oven-bird.
Synonyms: Siurus auricapillus, Sylvia aurocapillus, Motacilla
aurocapillus, Turdus aurocapillus.
Golden-crowned Thrush, Accentor, Golden-crowned Accen-
tor, Golden-crowned Wag-tail Warbler, Wagtail, Land
Kickup.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 163.
The Oven-bird is a common summer resident over the en-
tire state, and may be abundant in suitable localities. It
must have dark woods, preferably damp, but not swampy.
In hilly regions it frequently nests well up on the hillside.
188 BIRDS OF OHIO.
Its oven-shaped nest is not readily seen among the dead
leaves, of which the exterior is made. The crescendo chant is
one of the characteristics of some woods. The bird’s dress so
hamonizes with the environment that the chant may well
be considered a spirit chant coming from everywhere and
nowhere. The birds seldom mount high in the trees, but
remain near the ground, walking about as any civilized bird
should.
The Oven-bird reaches Oberlin near the 24th of April,
sings until July 10, rarely later, and leaves us for the south
during the last week of September, sometimes later.
263. (675.) SEIURUS NOVEBORACENSIS (Gmel.). 55.
Water-Thrush.
Synonyms: Siurus nevius, Sylvia noveboracensis, Turdus nove-
boracensis, Motacilla nevia, M. noveboracensis.
Water Wagtail, Water Thrush, Small-billed Water-Thrush,
Bessy Kickup, River Pink, Aquatic Accentor, New York
Aquatic Thrush.
Kirtland, Ohio, Geol. Surv., 1838, 163, 181 (part).
This warbler is hardly common in most sections of the
state. It is sometimes almost so at Oberlin, for a few days
in spring. Like the other members of this genus it is a
lover of damp places, preferring those that are somewhat
swampy, while with us. I have never seen it higher up in
the trees than ten feet, and then only when it was greatly
disturbed. Its wild ringing song is given from a low perch
or from the ground. When being pursued the bird has a
habit of darting off and returning behind the pursuer or
silently running ahead several rods and flitting close to the
ground to appear far at one side. The quest is a nerve-
wearing one, but if once in a dozen times you see the bird
a moment before he glides away that is reward enough. You
don’t wish to have all birds perch on your nose!
The Water-Thrush reaches Oberlin about the 3d of May
and passes north with the warbler host about May 22. It
returns during the early days of September and remains un-
til the Ist of October.
PASSERES—M NIOTILTID. 189
264. (676.) SEIURUS MOTACILLA (Vieill.). 56.
Louisiana Water-Thrush.
Synonyms: Siurus motacilla, Sylvia noveboracensis, Turdus
noveboracensis, Seirus ludovicianus, Turdus motacilla.
Large-billed Water-Thrush, Large-billed Accentor, Water
Wagtail, Large-billed Wagtail Warbler.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 163, 181 (part).
' This is really the earliest of all the warbler group, but
does not get the credit it deserves because its name is not
warbler. I have found it at Oberlin the last of March. It
is only locally common as a summer resident in the state;
in most places it is not common, but can hardly be consider-
ed rare. In Lorain county it is pretty strictly confined to
the deep stream gorges or to the hills and banks at the lake
shore. Somewhere in every stream gorge a pair or more
may be found during the summer. Of course the gorges
must be wooded, and with a stream flowing at the bottom.
This species prefers to remain on the ground, seldom perch-
ing in a tree unless disturbed about its nest or young. Its
wild song echoes and reéchoes in the steep walled gorge, re-
calling the untamed spirit of the Red man whose hunting
ground this once was.
The average dates of arrival for this species fall within
the first week of April, for southern Ohio, and a week later
for Lorain county. The last ones leave the state during the
middle of October.
265. (677.) GEOTHLYPIS FORMOSA (Wils.). 58.
Kentucky Warbler.
Synonyms: Oporornis formosa, Sylvia formosa, Myiodioctes for-
mosa,Sylvicola formosa.
Kentucky Yellow-throat.
Audubon, Orn. Biog., 1, 1831, 196.
Dr. Wheaton says of this warbler, “Rare summer resident ;
in particular localities only.” It is now fairly common over
most of the southern third of the state, and ranges nearly
to the lake in the western half, and rarely to the lake in the
190 BIRDS OF OHIO.
eastern half of the state. There are three probable records
of its occurrence in Lorain county.* In the rougher parts of
the state this warbler is to be found in the gorges well
grown with brush and trees. It seems partial to the steep
hillsides in such localities.
The first appear in southern Ohio during late April or
early May, and return south late in September.
266. (678.) GEOTHLYPIS AGILIS (Wils.). 57.
Connecticut Warbler.
Synonyms: Oporornis agilis, Sylvia agilis, Trichas agilis.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 162, 182.
This is one of the rare warblers which pass entirely across
the state. Dr. Wheaton recorded five specimens taken in the
state. The unquestionable records since 1882 are hardly
more. But three have been recorded for Lorain county, one
of them May 24, 1902. It must be looked for on or near
the ground in brushy places, but not necessarily where it
is wet. The birds are timid and retiring, but may be closely
approached with care. : ] have never heard the song to know
it.
The migrations appear to occur rather late in spring, and
the return in fall is during the early part of August.
267. (679.) GEOTHLYPIS PHILADELPHIA (Wils.). 59.
Mourning Warbler.
Synonyms: Sylvia philadelphia.
Philadelphia Warbler, Black-throated Ground Warbler.
Wheaton, Ohio Agri. Report, 1860, 363, 373.
While this species seems to be more numerous than the
last, it is by no means common anywhere in the state. It
does not remain to breed, but passes north of our border.
During their migrations these birds are to be found on or
near the ground, rarely mounting into the lower branches
of the trees. They seem to prefer brushy tangles within
*Since the above was written a specimen has been secured at
Oberlin by the writer.
PASSERES—M NIOTILTID. 191
the woods, and have been found only in rather damp places
in Lorain county. They are usually silent while here.
The individuals recorded at Oberlin have been among
the latest arrivals—between the 10th and 15th of May.
They remain but a week or ten days and then pass north-
ward, returning early in August.
268. (681d.) GEOTHLYPIS TRICHAS BRACHIDACTYLA
(Swain). 60.
Northern Yellow-throat.
Synonyms: Geothlypis trichas, Sylvia trichas, Trichas mary-
landica, Turdus trichas.
Yellow-throated Ground Warbler, Ground Warbier, Black-
masked Ground Warbler, Black-cheeked Ground Warbler,
Black-necked Yellow-throat, Briar Wren, Yellow Briar
Wren, Maryland Yellow-throat.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 163, 182.
This little brush warbler is everywhere common, and lo-
cally abundant in Ohio. It will be found in the brushy
woods, weed-grown! swales, or sloughs, in second-growth
slashings, or in the fringe of brush surrounding high woods.
In general it prefers damp situations, but may nest almost
anywhere if the conditions are suitable for a nest. No doubt
there are places in the hilly south-eastern parts of the state
where this bird is rare if present, because the conditions
which entice him are wanting.
The Northern Yellow-throat reaches Ohio during the
last week in April and is soon common even to the northern
counties. It sings during its entire stay, leaving the state
early in October.
269. (683.) IcTERIA VIRENS (Linn.). 61.
Yellow-breasted Chat.
Synonyms: Icteria viridis, Turdus virens, Muscicapa viridis.
Yellow Mockingbird.
Audubon, Orn. Biog., II, 1834, 223.
This large unwarbler-like warbler is far more common
in the southern counties than at the lake shore. Appar-
ently the gradation is a nearly uniform one from the Ohio
192 ' BIRDS OF OHIO.
river to Lake Erie. It is locally abundant in the southern
counties and is almost rare in the northern, except locally,
where it may become fairly common. This is another thick-
et loving bird, and is found in nearly the same situations as
the Maryland Yellow-throat, but in the smaller growth of
trees. The birds live higher up, and usually nest higher ;
but, like the Yellow-throats, they must have brushy condi-
tions, at least.
The Chat reaches Oberlin about the first of May and tar-
ries until the first week of September.
270. (684.) WILSONIA MITRATA (Gmel.). 62.
Hooded Warbler.
Synonyms: Myiodioctes mitratus, Sylvania mitrata, Motacilla
mitrata.
Hooded Fly-catching Warbler, Mitred Warbler, Black-headed
Warbler, Selby’s Warbler.
Read, Fam. Visitor, III, 1853, 367.
The summer distribution of this warbler is somewhat pe-
culiar. In general it is more common southerly than north-
erly, but about Jefferson it is almost common. It is reported
as rare during the summer near Cleveland. There is but
a single record for Lorain county, and that was not a breed-
ing bird.* It is certain that the species would have been
found if it breeds in the vicinity of Oberlin. Even in the
southern counties it is only locally common.
The Hooded Warbler frequents the undergrowth of the
woods, but often mounts high up among the branches to
sing. Its nest is in the undergrowth. In my experience
the preferred nesting-place is in some rather flat woods
among the spice bushes or other shrubbery which grows well
under tall trees.
The migration records are somewhat uncertain, but seem
to be during the first week of May and the last week of
September.
*Since the above was written another specimen has been found
at Oberlin.
PASSERES—M NIOTILTIDA. 193
271. (685.) WILSONIA PUSILLA (Wils.). 63.
Wilson Warbler.
Synonyms: Myiodioctes pusillus, Sylvia wilsonii, Muscicapa
pusilla.
Green Black-capned Fly-catching Warbler, Green Black-cap-
ped Yellow Warbler, Wilson’s Blaek-cap, Black-capped
Yellow Warbler.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 163, 182.
Wilson Warbler is strictly migratory, passing completely
across the state both spring and autumn. Dr. Wheaton said
of it, “Not common migrant in spring; abundant in fall.” I
have never found it common at Oberlin in spring, and even
less numerous in fall. Its numbers appear to have decreased
since Dr. Wheaton’s time. It may be found in the shrub-
bery of woods, or even well up in the trees, when migrating.
I have found it in orchards not infrequently, in company
with the other migrating host of warblers.
This warbler is usually rather late in putting in an ap-
pearance, but the fact that it is sometimes recorded late in
April argues that it may well be placed with the group of
warblers which arrive about May 1. It passes north about
May 20, and returns early in August, to remain three
weeks or more.
272. (686.) WILSONIA CANADENSIS (Linn.). 64.
Canadian Warbler. ;
Synonyms: Myiodioctes canadensis, Sylvia pardalina, Sylvicola
pardalina, Muscicapa canadensis.
Canada Fly-catching Warbler, Canadian Fly-catching Warb-
ler, Speckled Canada Warbler, Necklaced Warbler, Cana-
da Flycatcher.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 163, 181.
The Canadian Warbler should be found as a migrant
anywhere in the state, both spring and autumn. It is not as
numerous as many species, but is certain to be seen during
each migration if one be on the lookout for it. I have found
it more frequently in the higher woods than elsewhere, but
it also feeds in the shade trees and orchards. In the woods
it prefers the middle stories of the trees.
194 BIRDS OF OHIO.
At Oberlin this warbler makes its appearance about May
7, remaining until about the 20th. It returns early in Au-
gust and individuals may be found as late as September
20.
273. (687.) SETOPHAGA RUTICILLA (Linn.). 65.
American Redstart.
Synonyms: Muscicapa ruticilla.
Redstart, Redstart Warbler, Redstart Flycatcher.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 163.
Redstart is a common summer resident everywhere in the
state, and in many localities is really abundant. It is par-
tial to woods which contain many small trees among the
larger timber. I have never found it nesting in deep woods
devoid of underbrush or some small growth, but it is usually
numerous in small second-growth timber.
It reaches the state during the last week in April, and has
passed to the lake shore by the 1st of May. None are seen
in Lorain county after September 25, but a few individu-
als may tarry in southern Ohio until the middle of October.
Family MOTACILLIDA. Wagtails.
The single species which inhabits Ohio is generally found
in flocks in the spring and fall months, and may linger into
the winter in the middle and southern parts of the state.
Its usually Small numbers make it unimportant economic-
ally.
274. (697.) ANTHUS PENSILVANICUS (Lath.). 27.
American Pipit.
Synonyms: Anthus ludovicianus, A. spincletta, Alauda pensil-
vanica.
Brown Lark, Titlark, Pipit, Louisiana Pipit, American Tit-
lark, Wagtail, Prairie Titlark, Reddish-brown ‘Titlark,
Louisiana Lark, Hudsonian Wagtail.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 163, 182.
The Pipit is so erratic in its movements that one is at a
loss what to say about it. It is hardly common for more
than a few days at a time, if a flock be regarded as an indi-
PASSERES—TROGLODYTID. 195
vidual. The most of my dates of first appearance fall within
the first week of May, but there is one record for March
15,1901. The last have gone north.by May 20. I have
but one autumn record, which is October 19, 1896.
While the Pipit is a bird of the fields it may also perch in
trees, and in that particular differs from the Horned Larks,
which it somewhat closely resembles in general habits and
appearance. The slight wag to the tail is always a good field
mark.
From the habits and haunts of these birds one would con-
clude that their chief food must be the larve of insects, with
perhaps a good deal of weed seed or grain of one sort or an-
other. They are fond of searching over newly plowed
fields, where they may be seen feeding.
Family TROGLODYTID. Mockers, Thrashers, Wrens.
This family is so varied that it seems best to subdivide it
into the two subfamilies.
Subfamily MIMINE. Mockers, Catbirds, Thrashers.
To this subfamily belong the larger birds which are nearly
the size of the Robin. Three species occur in Ohio, one of
them rarely, while the other two are common enough to be
well known. The Catbird is the familiar slate-colored bird
of the brushy tangles of the woods or garden, while the
Brown Thrasher is more often seen along hedgerows where
it nests. All members of this subfamily are famous singers
and mockers.
275. (703.) Mimus potyctottos (Linn.). 7.
Mockingbird.
Synonyms: Turdus polyglottus.
Mocking Thrush, Mimic Thrush.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 163, 181.
As an Ohio bird the Mockingbird is certainly rare. The
unquestioned records seem to be as follows: Cincinnati,
Langdon, Dury; Waverly, Henninger; Perry, Beeman;
196 BIRDS OF OHIO.
Morgan, Morris, Arrick, Davie; Oberlin, Jump (specimen) ;
Columbus, Wheaton, Davie. The Cleveland records need
confirmation. In Morgan county they were present all sum-
uier in 1896, and in the autumn of that year twenty birds
were to be found. The same colony returned in 1897 but
left during the cold May and June of that year, and have
not been found since. There are a number of unconfirmed
records of the Mockingbird from northern Ohio which may
prove to be good records. But the likelihood of the presence
of escaped cage-birds in the vicinity of cities, from which
these reports come, throws some doubt upon the records.
Since the above was written Mr. C. H. Morris writes me
that on January 25, 1903, in company with Mr E. J. Ar-
rick, he found and captured a Mockingbird near McCon-
nellsville. Let us hope that this is an indication of an inva-
sion of this beautiful singer and mimic.
276. (704.) GALEOSCOPTES CAROLINENSIS (Linn.). 8.
Catbird.
Synonyms: Mimus carolinensis, Turdus felivox, Mimus felivox,
Muscicapa carolinensis.
Cat Flycatcher, Merle Catbird, Chat.
Kirtland, Ohio, Geol. Surv., 1838, 163.
Catbird is everywhere common during the summer, and
abundant in many localities. It is probably too well known
to make necessary the mention of its brush-loving proclivi-
ties. It is bold enough to make its summer home in the
door-yard if a suitable nesting-place be furnished.
Forty-four per cent. of the Catbird’s food consists of in-
sects, and 56 per cent. vegetable matter. Of this 56 per
cent. only one-third consists of fruit which might be culti-
vated. In most parts of Chio it is certain that a large part
of the fruit eaten is wild fruit. Hence the Catbird is really
a decidedly beneficial bird. It cannot be denied that he
eats some fruit on occasion, and may be punished for it.
He is neither a witch nor a wizard, as many persons seem
to think, but a plain everyday sort of bird, mostly concerned
with his own business, wanting nothing only to be let alone.
PASSERES—TROGLODYTID 197
The Catbird reaches the state shortly after April 20,
rarely earlier, and soon becomes common. The bulk of the
species has gone south by the 10th of September, but indi-
viduals may remain well into October.
2v7. (705.) Toxostoma ruFuM (Linn.). 9.
Brown Thrasher.
Synonyms: MHarporhynchus rufus, Turdus rufus, Mimus rufus.
Brown Thrush, Thrasher, Sand Mockingbird, French Mock-
ingbird, Ferrugineous Thrush, Fox-colored Mockbird.
Kirtland, Ohio, Geol. Surv., 1838 163.
Although fairly common, the Brown Thrasher is far less
numerous than its cousin, the Catbird. It is a great lover
of hedgerows and overgrown line fences where narrow
thickets have formed. It may also be found in brushy tan-
gles, but not in woods proper.
Sixty-four per cent. of what the Brown Thrasher eats is
animal matter, mostly injurious insects, while only 36 per
cent. is vegetable. This bird also eats fruit in its season,
but the bulk of its vegetable food is of no use to man. It is
one of the distinctly beneficial species which sometimes does
some damage.
Contrary to what we might expect, this bird is an early
April arrival from the south, rarely appearing late in
March. The late snow-storms do not seem to inconvenience
it. Individuals may be found during the first week in
October.
Subfamily Trociopytina. Wrens.
Six species of wrens are found in Ohio. In the north the
House, and in the south Carolina and Bewick are famil-
iar about dwellings. The two Marsh Wrens have spoiled
their voices by living so much in the damp of the marshes,
but the other members of the group are good singers. The
tireless energy of these birds makes the classical ant look to
his laurels. We have nothing but commendation for the
services rendered by these birds, even if they do occasionally
usurp the dwellings of other birds.
198 BIRDS OF OHIO.
278. (718.) THRYOTHORUS LUDOVICIANUS (Lath.). 21.
Carolina Wren.
Synonyms: Troglodytes ludovicianus, Sylvia ludoviciana.
Great Carolina Wren; Mocking Wren, Louisiana Wren, Ham-
mock or Hummock Wren, Palmetto Wren, Large Wood
Wren.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 168, 183.
Dr. Wheaton’s statement, “Abundant in Southern, com-
mon and resident in Middle, rare in Northern Ohio,” still
holds good in the main. There is good evidence that its
northern range is extending, and that the birds are becom-
ing more common north than he knew them. They seem to
be resident wherever they occur. We found them on East
Sister Island, Lake Erie, and there are records even into
Ontario.
In many places this wren is as familiar as the House
Wren, building under the porch roof. It is fond of brushy
tangles and bushy ravines or gorges. The borders of
streams afford good cover.
The food of this wren is almost entirely animal, and the
most of that insects. It is likely that in winter more vege-
table waste may be eaten if other food is hard to secure,
but at any time this large wren is one of the most beneficial
of our birds.
279. (719.) THRYOMANES BEWICKII (Aud.). 22.
Bewick Wren.
Synonyms: Thryothorous bewickii, T. b. var. bewickii, Troglo-
dytes bewickii.
Southern House Wren, Long-tailed House Wren, Song Wren,
Long-tailed Wren.
Dury and Freeman, Journal Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., II, 1879, 101.
While Dr. Wheaton and Dr. Langdon admitted this wren to
‘their earlier lists they removed it from their later ones because
the records upon which statements were made proved unfound-
ed. The above reference is the first authentic record.
It appears that this wren, which was unknown as an Ohio
bird in 1882, has extended its range northeastward almost
PASSERES—TROGLODYTID.®. 199
if not quite to our northern border as far east as Oberlin,
where it has twice been recorded within the last five years.
It is gradually but surely replacing the House Wren in the
southern counties, possibly because it is the resident form
while the House Wren migrates. It is common now as far
east as Scioto county, and nearly as far north as Columbus.
The food of this wren does not differ materially from that
of the Carolina Wren. It is distinctly beneficial in its food
habits.
280. (721.) TROGLODYTES AEDON Vieill. 23.
House Wren.
Synonyms: Trogoldytes domesticus, Motacilla domestica.
Eastern House Wren, Short-tailed House Wren, Wood Wren.
Read, Proc. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci., VI, 1853, 396.
The House Wren, once a common summer resident in all
parts of the state, is now being forced out by the invasion
of Bewick Wren. It does not appear to be increasing in
those parts of the state not yet covered by the last species,
but is holding its own there. I have been disappointed in not
finding more House Wrens about the houses. The woods
are much more preferred in Ohio than in the central parts
of Iowa. In certain parts of every town this wren may be
found, but it is not present everywhere that a place offers.
The food consists almost wholly of insects that harm
fruit-trees. It has lately been discovered that if a pair of
House Wrens are driven from a box or other nesting-
place which they have selected, and are permitted to nest
in the vicinity, they will destroy the eggs of any birds which
may nest in that place desired by them but denied them.
One would not suppose vindictivenesss to be a vice of Jenny
Wren.
The House Wrens appear in southern Ohio about the
middle of April, and a week later at Oberlin. They return
south about October 1.
200 BIRDS OF OHIO.
281. (722.) OLBIOoRCHILUS HIEMALIS (Vieill.). 24.
Winter Wren.
Synonyms: Anorthura troglodytes var. hyemalis, Troglodytes
europeus, T. hyemalis, T. parvulus var. hyemalis, Syl-
via troglodytes.
Bunty Wren.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 163.
Dr. Wheaton stated that this little wren is a common
winter resident. It is now not at all common in most locali-
ties. Possibly its small size and lowly habits cause it to be
overlooked. It is more numerous during the migrations, in
Lorain county, than during the winter, arguing that the
majority of individuals pass farther south to winter.
During the winter it haunts brush-piles,where it is able to
pick up a respectable living of animal matter, and the stream
gorges, probably passing the nights in the little caves in
the rocks.
Individuals may be found as late as May 10, in spring. I
have never found one before the 10th of October in autumn.
282. (724.) CisToTHORUS STELLARIS (Licht.). 26.
Short-billed Marsh Wren.
Synonyms: Troglodytes brevirostris, Troglodytes stellaris.
Fresh Water Marsh Wren, Meadow Wren.
Read, Proc. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sci., VI, 1853, 395.
This is a rare bird in Ohio. It appears to breed in suit-
able localities anywhere in the state, but is too rare to be
noticed by any but the ornithologist who is on the lookout
for it. There are two Lorain county records, but neither of
them of breeding birds.
- Unlike the next species, this wren does not prefer the
large marshes, but rather wet lands which have a rank
growth of coarse grass. Here the birds build their mouse-
like nest, lashing it to the grass stems. I have never seen
the birds in brushy places, nor in the immediate vicinity of
true marshes.
The food differs from that of the more arboreal wrens
only in the kinds of insects eaten.
PASSERES—CERTHIID. 201
ed ad LON
Its Ohio migrations cannot be accurately given because
we have no data. It is likely that the birds reach Ohio
during the first ten days of May, and depart southward
again during the middle of September.
2838. (725.) TELMATODYTES PALUSTRIS (Wils.). 25.
Long-billed Marsh Wren.
Synonyms: Cistothorus palustris, Troglodytes palustris, Mot-
acilla palustris, Certhia palustris.
Salt-water Marsh Wren, Marsh Wren.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 163.
This Marsh Wren is abundant about most of our large
marshes. Regions without marshes or marshy conditions
will not be visited by this species. I found them literally
swarming at Licking and Lewiston reservoirs, Sandusky
Bay marshes and Chippewa Lake. A few pairs remain in
the rapidly narrowing marshes at Lorain and Oak Point.
These birds are true swamp birds, lashing their nests to
reeds and cat-tails which stand in the water. In my mind
they are associated with Coot, Florida Gallinule, and Black
‘Bern.
The food is largely insects, and probably also some other
small animals inhabiting such regions.
This wren reaches Lorain county during the first five
days of May, and is gone by the middle of September.
Family CEerTHIID®. Creepers.
284. (726.) CERTHIA FAMILIARIS AMERICANA (Bonap.).
20.
Brown Creeper.
Synonyms: Certhia familiaris, C. f. rufa, C. americana.
American Creeper, Little Brown Creeper.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 164.
The Brown Creeper is sometimes common during the mi-
grations, but is less common as a winter resident over the
entire state. His small size and weak voice and resem-
blance to the bark of trees serve to hide him from all but
202 BIRDS OF OHIO.
the inquiring eye. In winter he prefers the deep woods,
though often found in towns; but during the migrations he
frequently pursues his search for insects and larve in the
bark of our shade trees. In winter I have usually found
him among the company of nuthatches, woodpeckers, and
titmice.
In spring he tarries well into May, returning late in Sep-
tember. ;
Family Parip#%. Nuthatches and Titmice.
Subfamily Sitrinz. Nuthatches.
The nuthatches are so different from all other birds in
their manner of feeding that they attract attention at once.
They much prefer to cling head downward on a perpendic-
ular tree trunk, prying into the crevices of the bark, or
“hatching” the kernel from some nut or seed. They always
want to know what you are and what you propose to do
about it. They are poor singers, but the voice is strong
and carries far. The term “sapsucker” is wholly misap-
plied to these birds. They are wholly useful.
285. (72%7.) SITTA CAROLINENSIS Lath. 17.
White-breasted Nuthatch.
Synonyms: White-bellied Nuthatch, Carolina Nuthatch.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 164.
All must know this interesting inhabitant of the trees,
for he is common all the year everywhere in the state, com-
ing into the parks and not infrequently building his nest
there or in the shade trees along the streets. He may be
found everywhere that trees grow, especially in winter. He
is usually the first of the winter company to make his pres-
ence known in the woods. His habit of clinging and feed-
ing head down on the trunk of a tree attracts attention to
him at once.
The food of this bird is both insects and yegetable mat-
ter. The insects are such as inhabit the bark of trees, most-
ly, and the vegetable matter seems to be largely the beech-
PASSERES—PARIDZ. 203
nuts and the other small forest nuts and fruits. I have
seen the nuthatch descend to the ground for weed seed and
other tidbits which have fallen upon the snow. He also
sometimes searches about the decaying stumps and about
the roots of the trees. There is nothing in the statement
that he is one of the “sapsuckers” and so injures trees.
He is a very useful bird at all times.
286. (728.) SITTA CANADENSIS Linn. 18.
Red-breasted Nuthatch.
Synonyms: Red-bellied Nuthatch, Canada Nuthatch.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 164.
This nuthatch is usually less common than the preced-
ing, and is not resident anywhere in the state. It is more
common as a migrant both spring and autumn, but it win-
ters in small numbers over the entire state, more numerous-
ly in the southwestern part. It is found in nearly the same
situations as the White-breasted, and frequently ranges
with it. Its food seems to be much the same.
In its migrations it reaches the state early in April and is
gone north by the middle of May, returning again about the
middle of September. Most have gone south again a
morth later, a few remaining all winter.
Subfamily Parrnx. Titmice.
Of the members of this group which live in Ohio one is
southern, scarcely reaching even the middle of the state.
The other two are among the most common winter birds,
the Chickadee often feeding about our houses. The Tufted
Titmouse not infrequently comes into town, especially dur-
ing March and April, when he is calling lustily. A whistled
imitation of their calls will almost invariably bring one or
more within reach of your hand. They are not so much in
evidence in summer because they are busy with household
affairs then.
204 BIRDS OF OHIO.
287. (%31.) BaoLopHus BicoLtor Linn. 14.
Tufted Titmouse.
Synonyms: Lophophanes bicolor.
Crested Titmouse, Toupet Titmouse, Peter-peter, Sugar-
bird.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 164.
This Titmouse is common all the year over the entire
state. Its loud voice and unwariness make it a familiar
woodland object. It also ventures into town during the
winter and early spring, but keeps mostly to the woods. In
winter it forms one of the company of small birds which
range through the timber.
Its food consists of both animal and vegetable matter.
The animal food is largely insects and the vegetable weed
seeds and small nuts. It is at all times a useful bird.
2880) -(735.).. <PARUS-ATRICAPILLUS “lamin... «1:
Chickadee.
Synonyms: Black-capped Chickadee, Eastern Chickadee,
Black-capped Titmouse, Black-cap.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Sury., 1838, 164.
There is hardly a more familiar bird in the state than
either this more northern Chickadee or the next species. It
comes into the dooryard during the winter, looking for any
chance crumb, or for the suet which you may have thrown
out or tied to some convenient tree. It generally retires to
the woods at nesting-time, and is little seen then, but a
whistled imitation of the pe te call will usually bring an
answer and the bird himself after a little. The Chickadee
is one of the most inquisitive of birds, and can readily be
taught to feed from one’s hand. It is well worth while to
take a little time to cultivate the acquaintance of the birds
which are sure to visit your yard at some time during the
winter, for once they find provisions put out for them they
become regular visitors, and soon call other birds to the
feast. A bone not too closely picked, tied to a tree or nailed
to a board placed convenient to the window, will do very
well. They are also fond of suet, and broken nut meats are
eagerly taken. :
PASSERES—-SYLVIIDZ. 205
The food of this smaller titmouse is not unlike that of
the Tufted. The Chickadee is probably a greater weed-seed
destroyer.
289. (%36.) PARUS CAROLINENSIS Aud. 16.
Carolina Chickadee.
Synonyms: Parus atricapillus var. carolinensis.
Southern Chickadee, Carolina Titmouse.
Wheaton, Ohio Agri. Report, 1874, 562.
It is difficult to distinguish between the two Chickadees
at first, but one soon learns to note the smaller size of the
Carolina. The notes and calls are also different, being
higher pitched and more rapidly given than the Chickadee
of the poets, and usually of more syllables.
The distribution of this Chickadee is not clearly worked
out for Ohio. It is the more common form south, but
does not appear to displace the other anywhere. The evi-
dence seems to point to a more northerly distribution in the
western part of the state, where it is known as far north as
Columbus and Granville, but it seems to be absent from
Morgan county and east of there. We need to study the
chickadees more carefully before any definite statement can
be made of the distribution of this form.
Family Sytvupa. Kinglets and Gnatcatchers.
Next to the hummingbirds these are the smallest of our
native birds. They are strictly arboreal, but sometimes
glean from the ground. In their passage north and south
the kinglets feed plentifully in our orchards and shade
trees, only the Gnatcatcher remaining to nest.
Subfamily RecuLinz. Kinglets.
290. (%48.) REGULUS SATRAPA Licht. 13.
Golden-crowned Kinglet.
Synonyms: Regulus cristatus, R. tricolor.
Golden-crested Kinglet, American Golden-crested Kinglet,
Fiery-crowned Wren.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 163.
206 BIRDS OF OHIO.
This kinglet is common as a transient, but less common
as a winter resident. It is sometimes even abundant dur-
ing the migrations in certain localities. The kinglets are
leaf and twig gleaners, but also make sallies after flying in-
sects. They are to be found among the evergreen trees dur-
ing the winter more often than elsewhere, but also frequent
well protected brushy woods to feed. Their food seems to
be wholly insects.
This kinglet goes north about the middle of April and re-
turns again about the first of October.
291. (749.) REGULUS CALENDULA (Linn.). 12.
Ruby-crowned Kinglet.
Synonyms: Motacilla calendula.
Ruby-crown, Ruby-crowned Wren, Ruby-crowned Warbler.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 163, 183.
The Ruby-crowned Kinglet is rather more common
during its migrations than the Golden-crowned, but it does
not remain during the winter, nor is there any record of its
breeding within the state. It is found in the same situations
as the Golden-crowned, both appearing in our parks and
orchards in spring and autumn. The Ruby-crowned has a
louder voice than its cousin ,and may be more readily found
on that account. The food is the same as that of the other
species.
This kinglet reaches Ohio about the middle of April and
remains four weeks, returning about October 1 and pass-
ing south in about three weeks.
Subfamily PoLtiopTitin«. Gnatcatchers.
290.) (751.). POLIPOTILA C@RULEA, .( Linney). ule
Blue-gray Gnatcatcher.
Synonyms: Sylvia cerulea, Sylvania cerulea, Motacilla
cerulea.
Blue-gray Flycatcher, Little Blue-gray Flycatcher.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Sury., 1838, 163.
The Gnatcatcher is a fairly common summer resident in
many localities, but less common in others. It is found in
PASSERES—TURDID. 207
brushy woods, nesting well up in the trees. It is so unwary
that a near approach is easy, even if the birds do not come
near to inspect you. The delicate little song carries well
and must arrest the attention of the unobserving. As the
name suggests, it feeds upon flying insects, but also gleans
from leaves and branches.
One might expect so small and apparently delicate a
bird to tarry in the south late, but it reaches Lorain county
as early as the first week in April in favorable seasons. It
apparently passes south again late in September, but au-
tumn records are not wholly satisfactory.
Family Turpip#. Thrushes, Robins, Bluebirds.
The Thrushes have been placed at the top of the bird
branch because of their musical ability. It does not seem
likely that they will remain there long, because their struct-
ure pretty clearly points to a lower place. But wherever
they may finally rest in classification they will never cease to
attract the earnest attention of all those who love good bird
music. Added to this zsthetic value of the thrushes, there is
their undoubted usefulness economically. For the most
part they are woods birds, but during the migrations most
of them may be seen in the shade trees or in the back yards
which have been left bushy. Robin and Bluebird are too
familiar to call for any remarks of mine. They need no
added encouragement to live with us, but with a little en-
couragement the Wood Thrush, that “Nightingale of
America,’ may easily be induced to make its nest in the
back orchard, from whence he will give you a charming ser-
enade twice each day during the summer season.
293. (755.) HyLociIcHLA MUSTELINA (Gmel.) 1.
Wood Thrush.
Synonyms: Turdus mustelinus.
Wood Robin, Wood Nightingale, American Song Thrush,
Song Thrush.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 163.
208 BIRDS OF OHIO.
:
The Wood Thrush is a common summer bird in all parts
of the state. It announces its arrival with a burst of song,
and may be heard singing well into August. Brushy
woods or small second growth seem to be preferred for
nesting-places. It is not so much a bird of thorny tangles
as the Catbird, preferring a growth of young trees. Some
make their way into the towns and villages, nesting in the
orchards and berry patches in back lots. During the sum-
mer of 1902, a pair successfully reared a brood within five
rods of the Chapel building on the Oberlin campus.
The food of this thrush is very largely such insects and
worms as may be found on the ground among the leaves.
It has not been accused of eating either fruit or garden veg-
etables. Its beautiful song adds to its usefulness a charm
which every true bird lover cannot but wish to make a part
of his summer life.
Wood Thrush comes to Ohio during the last days of
April and remains well into September, but is silent during
the last weeks of its stay.
294. (%56.) HyLOCICHLA FUSCESCENS (Steph.). 2.
Wilson Thrush.
Synonyms: Turdus fuscescens, T. wilsonii.
Veery, Tawny Thrush, Nightingale.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Sury., 1838, 163.
The Veery is much less common than the Wood Thrush,
but during the migrations may be fairly common. Occa-
sionally a few remain to breed even south to our southern
border. In the northern tier of counties it is regularly found
all summer, but in small numbers. Its vocal powers are of
an entirely different order from the Wood Thrush, being
rather weird than beautiful. It lives in close company with
the Wood Thrush, apparently nesting in much the same
localities. The food habits do not seem to be materially
different. .
Wilson Thrush is usually a few days later than the
Wood Thrush, in spring, and departs a little earlier.
PASSERES—TURDID. 209 .
295. (%57.) WyLocicHLa aLici# -(Baird). 3.
Gray-cheeked Thrush.
Synonyms: Turdus swainsoni var. alicie, T. alicie.
Alice’s Thrush. :
Baird, Rev. N. Am. Birds, 1864, 23.
Dr. Wheaton records this thrush as a “Common spring
and fall migrant.’”’ It has been universally reported as a
rare migrant. I have no doubt that closer acquaintance
with it will prove it to be less rare. It is not easy to distin-
guish between this and the next species. I have found it
only in the brushy woods in company with the Olive-backed.
It appears to keep closer to the woods than the Olive-
backed, feeding there on or near the ground. Its food
probably consists of insects and worms largely.
Migration records are not _ satisfactory. Lorain
county dates fall close to May 10, which is apparently
near the end of the spring migration. I have no autumn
dates.
296. (7%58a.) HyLociIcHLA SWAINSONI (Cab.). 4.
Olive-backed Thrush.
Synonyms: Turdus swainsoni.
Swainson’s Thrush, Little Thrush, Swamp Robin.
Wheaton, Ohio Agri. Report, 1860 (1861), 379, hypothetical, Re-
print, 5.
“Abundant migrant” characterizes this species in a few
localities, as it apparently did for Columbus, at least when
Dr. Wheaton was working. At most localities it is only
common. This thrush is often seen in the parks and shade
trees during its migration, where I have seen it feeding upon
the tender shoots of trees, probably the young buds of the
elms. Rev. Mr. Henninger found it eating gum berries in
September. Its food must consist of insects cap-
tured on the ground or in trees indifferently. I have
often seen it making sallies after flying insects, much after
the manner of the flycatchers.
This thrush appears at Oberlin during the last five days
of April and has gone north by May 23... It returns early
in September and tarries about four weeks.
210 BIRDS OF OHIO.
297%. (7%59b.) HyLocICHLA GUTTATA PALLASII (Cab.). 5.
Hermit Thrush.
Synonyms: Hylocichla unalasce pallasi, Turdus pallasi, T. mi-
nor, T. solitarius, T. aonalaschke pallasil.
Solitary Thrush, Rufous-tailed Thrush, Eastern Hermit
Thrush, Swamp Robin, Ground Swamp Robin.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 163.
This thrush must be looked for early in April or late in
March, and for that reason may be overlooked by many stu-
dents of the migrations. It remains in the deeper woods
during its stay, and is usually silent. I have heard it sing
on only one occasion. Dr. Langdon reports the breeding
of this species in the vicinity of Cincinnati, on the authori-
ty of Mr. Charles Dury. It appears to be the only breeding
record for the state. .
The food habits do not seem to differ materially from
those of the other thrushes, except that it is found earlier
and does not venture into our parks and gardens.
As suggested above, this thrush arrives early in April,
usually departing about the time the other thrushes arrive.
It returns in October and is present but a short time.
298. (%61.) MERULA MIGRATORIA (Linn.). 6.
American Robin.
Synonyms: Turdus migratorius.
Robin, Robin Redbreast, Migratory Thrush, Red-breasted
Thrush.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 163.
Robin is a common resident in the southern counties,
‘much less common in the middle parts and rare as a resi-
dent in the northern counties in favorable situations. As a
summer resident it is abundant from the middle of the state
north, but less so south. While a few individuals remain
all winter well north it should be regarded as a spring ar-
rival and summer resident there. During the breeding sea-
son it is to be found everywhere except in the deep woods
and swamps. During the molting season it retires to the
deep woods in some numbers, but many ‘still remain about
PASSERES—TURDID. 211
our lawns. It roosts at night with the blackbirds in consid-
erable numbers, or forms roosts of its own.
The food of the Robin is varied according to the season
largely. Prof. F. E. L. Beal has made a careful study of
the food of this bird and it is worth while quoting exten-
sively from his report here.
“An examination of 330 stomachs shows that over 42 per
cent. of its food is animal matter, principally insects, while
the remainder is made up largely of small fruits and ber-
ries. Over 19 per cent. consists of beetles, about one-third
of which are useful ground beetles, taken mostly in spring
and fall when other insects are scarce. Grasshoppers make
up about one-tenth of the whole food, but in August com-
prise over 30 per cent. Caterpillars comprise about 6 per
cent., while the rest of the animal food, about 7 per cent., is
made up of various insects, with a few spiders, snails and
angle worms. All the grasshoppers, caterpillars and bugs,
with a large proportion of the beetles, are injurious, and it
is safe to say that noxious insects comprise more than one-
third of the Robin’s food.
“Vegetable food forms nearly 58 per cent. of the stomach
contents, over 47 per cent. being wild fruits, and only a lit-
tle more than 4 per cent. being possibly cultivated varieties.
Cultivated fruits amounting to about 25 per cent. were found
in the stomachs in June and July, but only a trifle in Au-
gust. Wild fruit, on the contrary, is eaten in every month,
and comprises a staple food during half the year.
“The depredations of the Robin seem to be confined to
‘the smaller and earlier fruits, and few, if any, complaints
have been made against it on the score of eating apples,
peaches, pears, grapes, or even late cherries.”
From this it appears that the Robin is one of our most
useful birds and should be rigidly protected.
The Robin is one of the first birds to greet us in spring
and among the last to depart south. Dates of arrival for
Oberlin fall very nearly on the first of March. The last are
seen about the middle of November. A few remain all win-
ter even on the lake shore.
212 BIRDS OF OHIO.
299. (766.) Strata statis (Linn.). 10.
Bluebird.
Synonyms: Saxicola sialis, Sialia wilsonii, Motacilla sialis.
Eastern Bluebird, Blue Robin, Blue Redbreast, Blue War-
bler, Cottage Warbler, Blue-backed Redbreast Warbler,
Common Bluebird, Wilson’s Bluebird, American Bluebird.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 163.
Bluebird is familiar to all who ever look at birds. Pre-
vious to that disastrous cold winter—1894-5—when the
Bluebirds were all but exterminated in Kentucky and Ten-
nessee, it was decidedly common all summer. Its recovery
from that calamity has been steady and rapid until it
has become common again. Previous to that time there
were no records for its wintering in northern Ohio, but
since then it is regularly found all winter in small numbers.
The survivors were a hardier race which has pushed its
range farther north. Bluebirds are found everywhere ex-
cept in the deep woods during the breeding season. They
easily adapt themselves to the changing conditions due to
the settlement of the country, and readily breed in boxes
erected for their use.
They feed to a small extent upon wild fruits and their
seeds, but 76 per cent. of the food is animal, mostly noxious
insects. There can be no question of the usefulness of
Bluebird.
Robin and Bluebird arrive very near together, and tarry
equally long into November. The Bluebird is considered
the “Harbinger of Spring.”
ACCIDENTAL. 213
ACCIDENTAL.
The species classed under this head are such as have wan-
dered into the state from regions considerably removed
which they regularly inhabit at some time of year. Their
presence in the state cannot be accounted for in any other
way than by supposing that some accident is responsible
for their appearance in a place so far removed from their
regular habitat, and therefore they cannot be expected to
occur again under normal conditions.
OrperR PYGOPODES. Diving Birds.
Family Atcip#. Auks, Murres, and Puffins.
The only representative of this salt-water inhabiting
family is the Briinnich Murre, which was probably blown
across Canada by a severe northeast storm. It is accidental
in the state, and so would not figure in the economy of the
state.
1. (31.) Urta tomvia (Linn.). —.
Brunnich Murre.
Butler, reported by E. L. Moseley as occurring at Sandusky on
Lake Erie, Auk, 1897, 198.
The records that have come to me of. the capture of
specimens of this species in Ohio are: Ashtabula 1, Lake 2,
Lorain 4, Erie 3, and likely Ottawa counties, all during the
last half of December, 1896. Fairport, December 18;
Sandusky, December 19. The Lorain and Ashtabula rec-
ords are given as late December, probably about Christ-
mas. It is not unlikely that individuals of this large inland
flight penetrated to some of the interior waters of this state,
but if so, records are lacking.
A wanderer from the northeast.
214 BIRDS OF OHIO.
OrpeR TUBINARES. Tube-nosed Swimmers.
The order is represented by a single species, three indi-
viduals of which were probably blown inland by a severe
southeast storm, reaching Cincinnati on the Ohio river.
Being wholly accidental in the state, and unlikely to occur
again except under similar conditions, the species does not
figure economically.
Family PRocELLARIID#. Petrels, etc.
2. (98.) AESTRELATA HASITATA (Kuhl.). —.
Black-capped Petrel.
Synonym: Procellaria hasitata.
Lindahl, Auk, XVI, 1899, 75.
This reference may not be earlier than the Seventh Annual
Report, Ohio State Academy Sciences, 56, same author, but ab-
sence of a specific date in that publication makes the above
reference take precedence.
Two specimens were taken alive on October 5, 1898, on
the Ohio shore, and one on October 4, the preceding day, on
the Kentucky shore. All died in captivity and found their
way into the collection of the Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist. All were
in a starved condition, and therefore easily captured. Dr.
Lindahl says that a severe northeast storm probably drove
them inland.
Accidental from the east.
OrpdER STEGANOPODES. Totipalmate Birds.
Family Frecatip2. Man-o’-War Bird.
But a single specimen of the single species comprising
this family has been taken in the state, reference to which is
given under the species.
3. (128.) FREGATA AQguILaA Linn. —.
Man-o’-War Bird.
Synonyms: Pelecanus aquilus, Tachypetes aquilus.
Frigate, Frigate Pelican, Hurricane Bird.
Davie, Nests and Eggs of N. Am. Birds, 1898, 74.
ACCIDENTAL. 215
The single specimen for Ohio, according to Oliver Davie,
in the above reference, “is now in the possession of Dr.
Renshaw, of Sugar Grove, Ohio, and was taken by Mr.
Emmet Adcock, in Fairfield county, Ohio, in the spring of
1880.”
OrpDER ANSERES. Ducks, Geese, Swans.
Subfamily ANATINZ.
4. (136.) MaARECA PENELOPE (Linn.). —.
Widgeon.
Synonyms: Anas penelope.
European Widgeon.
Jones, The Wilson Bulletin, 1902, 71.
The specimen here recorded was captured on the Lick-
ing reservoir, March 29, 1902, by Mr. Peter Hayden, of
Columbus. The specimen was given to Mr. Irving A.
Field who mounted it for the museum of Dennison Univer-
sity, Granville, Ohio, who reported this and another speci-
men captured there April 1.
Accidental from the east.
5. (141.) QurQuEepDULA CYANOPTERA (Vieill.). —.
Cinnamon Teal.
Synonyms: Anas cyanoptera.
Davie, Nests and Eggs of N. Am. Birds, 1898, 81.
“On the 4th of April, 1895, a fine male of this species was
Felted, ts. at the Licking county reservoir, by William
Harlow.” The specimen is now in Mr. Davie’s private
collection.
A wanderer from the west.
OrpER HERODIONES. Bitterns, Herons, Storks,
Ibises, Egrets.
SugBorDER IBIDES. Spoonbills and Ibises.
Family Inmwip#. Ibises.
A single species of this family rarely wanders north to
Ohio.
216 BIRDS OF OHIO.
6. (186.) PLEGADIS AUTUMNALIS (Hasselq.). 193.
‘Glossy Ibis.
Synonyms: Plegadis falcinellus, Ibis ordii, Ibis falcinellis, Ibis
falcinellus var. ordii, Tringa autumnalis.
Black Snipe, Black Curlew.
Dr. Wheaton records the only specimen of this species
which has ever been taken in Ohio, as follows: “Dr. Kirt-
land, after quoting from the Boston Traveler (June 28),
1850, an account of the capture of this species at Cam-
bridge and Middleboro, Massachusetts, and Middletown,
Connecticut, says: ‘To the above we would add that two of
these interesting birds, probably a pair, were seen two years
since near Fairport, Lake county. One of them, a beauti-
ful male, was shot by Mr. Pruden, and forwarded to us.
It was duly skinned and mounted, and may now be seen
alongside of a Scarlet Ibis, from the banks of the Amazon,
in the second case south of the door, in the cabinet of Nat.
Hist.; at Cleve. Med. Col.’ ”
A wanderer from the south.
Grier PALUDICOLA. Cranes, Rails, ete:
Family ‘sRuIpD#. Cranes.
7%. (205.) GrRuUS CANADENSIS (Linn.). —.
Little Brown Crane.
Synonyms: Ardea canadensis.
Davie, Nests and Eggs of North American Birds, Fifth Edition,
1898, 121.
“T mounted a specimen of this bird which was taken in
the spring of 1884, from a flock of seven or eight birds near
Springfield, Ohio. It is a rare migrant in the state.” This
is the only state record, and must be regarded as strictly
accidental. It is not given by Butler as a bird of Indiana,
and is regarded as a doubtful species in northern Michigan.
A wanderer from the west.
ACCIDENTAL, 1 217.
Orper LIMICOL/E. Shore Birds.
Family ScoLoPAciDé&,. Snipes, Sandpipers, etc.
8. (260.) PAVONCELLA’ PUGNAX (Linn.). . [219.]
Ruff.
Synonyms: Machetes pugnax, Trigna pugnax, Philomacus pug:
nax.
Reeve, Combatant, Gambetta.
Wheaton, Bull. Nuttall Orn. Club, Il, 1877, 83.
The above citation is of a specimen obtained by Dr.
Theodore Jasper, at Licking reservoir, November 10, 1872.
Rev. W. L. Dawson informs me that there is another speci-
men in the collection of the Ohio State University bearing
date of April 28, 1878, taken at Columbus.
The credit for the anecerration and final identification of
the first specimen belongs to Dr. Wheaton.
A wanderer from the east.
OrDER RAPTORES. Birds of Prey.
Family Fatconip#. Hawks, etc.
9.(337b.) BuTEO BOREALIS CALURUS (Cass.). —.
Western Red-tail.
Synonyms: Buteo calurus.
Black Red-tail.
A specimen in the collection of the Ohio State Universi-
ty proves to belong to this form. It was captured ‘Novem-
ber 20, 1875, by Theodore Jasper, presumably near Colum-
bus, since it is labeled “ Franklin Co.” in Dr. Jasper’s hand-
writing. It is labeled a female.
OrvER PICI. Woodpeckers.
Family Picipa.
10. (395.) DryopaTtes BorEALIS (Vieill.). —
Red-cockaded ee
Synonyms: Picus borealis.
Pine-bark Woodpecker. “Sapsucker.”
218 BIRDS OF OHIO.
A specimen in the Ohio State University collection bears
the following inscription: “Picus borealis. March 15, 1872.
Loc. Columbus, O. It was in company with another of its
own kind and 2 or 3 sapsuckers, nuthatches, etc., and shot
from a high tree between the canal and Scioto river.” It
proves to be a typical specimen of this species.
OrperR PASSERES. Perching Birds.
Family TyrANNID&. Flycatchers.
11. (443.) Musctvora FoRFICATA (Gmel.). —.
Scissor-tailed Flycatcher.
Synonyms: Muscicapa forficata, Milvulus forficatus.
“Fork-tailed Flycatcher,’ Swallow-tailed Flycatcher.
Davie, Nests and Eggs of North American Birds, Fifth Edition,
1898, 297.
“A male specimen of the Scissor-tailed Flycatcher was
taken near Marietta, O., May 20, 1894, by Mr. Frank H.
Welder, the skin of which is now in his collection.”
A wanderer from the southwest.
Family Icrerip®. Blackbirds, etc.
12. (497.) XANTHOCEPHALUS XANTHOCEPHALUS
(Bonaps)'y <-{iiae.]
Yellow-headed Blackbird.
Synonyms: Xanthocephalus icterocephalus, Icterus xantho-
cephalus.
Wheaton, Ohio Agri. Report, 1874, 567. Mentioned by Coues,
Birds N. W. as probable in Ohio.
There is a specimen in the collection of F. Frey, of San-
dusky. A flock of six passed over Oberlin just above the
treetops, October 9, 1896.
One is reported from McConnellsville, Morgan county,
by Mer. E. Je Arrick
These, with the statement of Dr. Wheaton that a pair was
seen by Mr. W. R. Limpert, in the summer of 1873, near
Groveport, Franklin county, exhaust the Ohio records that
I have been able to find.
A wanderer from the west.
INTRODUCED. 219
Family FRINGILLIDZ. Sparrows, etc.
13. (553.) ZoNOTRICHIA QUERULA (Nutt.). —.
Harris Sparrow.
Synonyms: Fringilla querula.
~ Hooded Crown Sparrow, Black-hood Sparrow.
Davie, Nests and Eggs of N. Am. Birds, 1898, 337.
“On the 29th of April, 1889, Mr. J. E. Gould shot a spec-
imen of Harris Sparrow two miles north of Columbus, Ohio.
Four or five others were observed feeding in a thicket in
company with the White-throated Sparrow, Z. albicollis.”
The specimen was presented to Mr. Davie, and his identifi-
cation corroborated by Mr. C. F. Batchelder. The skin is
now in the collection of the Ohio State University. This
small group must have wandered far out of their way in
the northward migration.
A wanderer from the west.
Family MnNiotTittip#. Wood Warblers.
14. (672a.) DENDROICA PALMARUM HYPOCHRYSEA
Ridgw. —.
Yellow Palm Warbler.
McCormick, Auk, IX, 1892, 397.
This specimen, captured on April 10 (not 16 as in the
Auk, 1892), remains the only record for the state. It was
taken by Mr. G. D. Wilder, at Oberlin.
A wanderer from the east.
Family Paripa. ‘Titmice, etc.
dae C290) Ss olTtAePUSILEA. Teath, +; [19]
Brown-headed Nuthatch.
Kirtland, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 164, 183.
Dr. Kirtland’s statement, “I once killed a specimen in the
northern part of the state,’ remains the only instance of
its occurrence within our limits.
220 BIRDS OF OHIO.
INTRODUCED.
Of the four species which have been introduced into
Ohio but two are to be found now. The English Sparrow
has become not only a nuisance, but a menace to the bal-
ance of nature between the insects and those birds which
feed upon insects, by crowding the native birds out in many
instances. It is not at all certain that the Mongolian or
Ring-necked Pheasant may not, ere long, also prove a men-
ace to the agricultural interests by a too great increase in
numbers. Happily the other two foreign species were un-
able to gain a foothold in our state. They might not have
proved injurious if they had succeeded in becoming accli-
matized, but it is never safe to make predictions. Recent
legislation forbids the importation of other birds and mam-
mals into the United States except under proper super-
vision. It is not likely that we shall have to learn over
again the folly of precipitate action of this sort.
OrpEer GALLIN/E.
Family PHASIANID.
1. PHASIANUS TORQUATUS.
Ring-necked Pheasant.
Synonyms: Mongolian Pheasant.
Successfully introduced into Allen, Ashtabula, Crawford,
Erie, Hamilton, Hardin, Madison, Morgan, Scioto, and
Summit counties, and probably others.
OrpER PASSERES.
Family FRINGILLIDE.
2. PASSER DOMESTICUS (Linn.). [unnumbered.]
English Sparrow.
Synonyms: Pyrgita domestica, Fringilla domestica.
European House Sparrow, Philip Sparrow, Parasite Gamin,
Hoodlum, Tramp, The Sparrow.
Wheaton, Ohio Agri. Report, 1874, 566.
EXTINCT. pred ies
_The first importation of this pest into the state directly
from Europe was into Cleveland, in 1869, twenty pairs.
During the same year thirty-three pairs were taken from
New York to Cincinnati and Warren. Then followed im-
portations into Marietta, 1870, Coshocton and Portsmouth,
1874, Steubenville, about 1880 or 1881, - Wapakoneta,
about 1882, which seems to have been the last importation.
Since that time it has spread well over the state, in the more
settled districts, even invading the country places and farm
buildings, until the tendency to nest’ in the woods grows
strong. About Oberlin several pairs have already invaded
the trees rightfully belonging to Bluebirds and Crested Fly-
catchers, in the woods a mile from the village.
BX TINGE.
But two native and two introduced species have become
extinct in historic times. At least three others are rapidly
approaching extinction: these are Wild Turkey, Passenger
Pigeon, and Swallow-tailed Kite. It was supposed that
these would prove extinct, but records of occurrence with-
in the past ten years make it necessary to retain them for
the present. The causes for the disappearance of these two
native birds and the great decrease of the others are not
far to seek. They have been mercilessly hunted and their
natural breeding places have been destroyed in the settle-
ment of the state. Lacking the ability to change their hab-
its with the changing conditions, it was inevitable that they
should die out.
Orpver GALLIN-.
Subfamily TETRAONINZ.
1. (305.) TyMPANUCHUS AMERICANUS (Reich.). 183.
Prairie Hen.
Synonyms: Cupidonia cupidio, C. americanus, Tetrao cupido.
Pinnated Grouse, Prairie Chicken.
222 BIRDS OF OHIO.
The last trace I have been able to find of the presence of
this bird in the state is that of Prof. E. L. Moseley, who re-
ports a.capture in 1880, near Sandusky. It is now ex-
tinct within the state.
Apparently this bird has always been confined to the
northwestern prairies of the state, and can hardly have been
common at any time within the history of the state as a
state.
ORDER “PSITLACL. eParsets:
The single species representing this order in Ohio is now
extinct in the state
Family Psirracipa#. Parrots and Paroquets.
2. (382.) CoNURUS CAROLINENSIS (Linn.).
Carolina Paroquet.
Synonyms: Psittacus carolinensis.
Orange-headed Parrot, Carolina Parakeet, Carolina Parrot,
Parakeet, Illinois Parrot.
Wilson, Am. Orn., IIJ, 1811, &9.
{t is probably true that this almost extinct species was an
inhabitant of the larger part of Ohio during the first decade
of the 19th century and previously, reaching Lake Erie at
its western end at least. In 1831 Audubon remarked upon
the rapid decline in numbers. Later than that the birds
were largely confined to the southwest corner of the state,
occurring in small and scattered flocks as far north as Sum-
mit county up to 1853. “In July, 1862, a flock numbering
from twenty-five to thirty made their appearance in the
Capitol Square of Columbus,” remaining a couple of hours
in the elm trees in front of the residence of Wm. S. Sulli-
vant, LL.D., who reported this occurrence to Dr. Wheaton.
Mr. Oliver Davie says: “The last record we have of this
bird being taken in Ohio is October 9, 1884. A specimen
was shot by Mr. A. Lee Hoskinson, near Newark, and
mounted by S. G. Hamilton. .... It is still in Mr. Hoskin-
EXTINCT. 223
son’s possession.” It is not impossible that this was an es-
caped cage-bird.
There can be no doubt that this belongs to the extinct
species of the state.
OrpDER PASSERES. Perching Birds.
Family ALaupip&. Larks.
3. (473.) ALAUDA ARVENSIS Linn. [unnumbered]
Skylark.
Synonym: European Skylark.
Langdon, Journal Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., I, 1878, 111.
The first attempt to introduce this European species into
the state was by a Mr. Bateham in the autumn of 1851,
when a cage of them was liberated in the grove back of the
Lunatic Asylum, Cincinnati. Colonel Harris stated that
these shortly disappeared. Another more successful attempt
seems to have been made during the seventies, since Dr.
Langdon, in his list of 1878, states that they had been found
breeding in the outskirts of Cincinnati. This colony must
have disappeared shortly after Dr. Langdon’s list was pub-
lished, for nothing more was known about them when Dr.
Wheaton published his catalogue in 1882. Skylarks are un-
known in the state now.
Family FRINGILLIDA. Sparrows, etc.
4. CARDUELIS CARDUELIS (Linn.). —.
Goldfinch.
Synonyms: Fringilla carduelis.
European Goldfinch, Thistlefinch.
Langdon, Journal Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., IV, 1881, 342.
Introduced at Cincinnati during the years 1872-4. Ap-
parently they did not thrive, since nothing has been heard
from them since their introduction.
224 BIRDS OF OHIO.
HYPOTHETICAL,
The species included under this head are mostly those
whose known range should cover Ohio either during their
migrations or during their regular wanderings, but which
have not yet been found in the state. .Two of the species
are here placed because they are regarded as hypothetical
forms in the United States. The Cincinnati Warbler is
still represented by a single specimen, and Brewster
Warbler has not yet been given the distinction of a sub-
specific rank. It will probably be some time before the
question of hybridism as applying to these two forms is
settled. I have deemed it wise to place here some species
included in Dr. Wheaton’s catalogue on what appears now
to be insufficient evidence. It is not enough to say that a
species is or has been found; the statement must always be
verified by specimens where the species is at all rare.
No record should be allowed to stand unquestioned without
the evidence of a specimen to prove that the species has oc-
curred within the state. 7
1. (38.) STERCORARIUS LONGICAUDUS Vieill.
Long-tailed Jaeger.
This Jaeger may pass across the state in its migrations.
2. (40.) Rissa TRIDACTYLA (Linn.). 273.
Kittiwake.
Syronyms: Larus tridactylus.
Common Kittiwake.
Wheaton, Ohio Agri. Report, 1860, 371, 379.
There are two records for Ohio. That of three speci-
mens reported by Mr. R. K. Winslow in Cleveland harbor,
clearly before the eighties, and the report of Mr. E. W..
Vickers for Mahoning county. I am unable to find evi-
dence of the preservation of specimens of this gull. The
fact that it is regarded as rare or even doubtful as a winter
visitor in Michigan, and has never been found in Indiana
HYPOTHETICAL. 225
nor in Pennsylvania, throws doubt upon any record not .
accompanied by specimens.
3. (42.) Larus GLaucus Brinn.
Glaucous Gull.
Arctic regions, south in winter to the Great Lakes and
Long Island.
4. (65.) STERNA MAXIMA Bodd.
Royal Tern.
Tropical America and warmer parts of North America,
casually northward to Massachusetts, the Great Lakes and
California.
5. (71.) STERNA PARADISEA Brinn.
Arche Tern.
This tern should be found passing across the state during
the migrations.
6. (120a.) PHALACROCORAX DILOPHUS FLORIDANUS
(Aud.). 272a.
Florida Cormorant.
Synonyms: Graculus dilophus var. floridanus, G. floridanus,
_Phalacrocorax floridanus.
Water Turkey.
Wheaton, Ohio Agri. Report, 1874, 575.
The evidence that this form nested in considerable num-
bers at the St. Mary’s reservoir prior to 1875, is not be-
yond question.
?. (155.) Hrstrionicus HISTRIONICUS (Linn.).
Harlequin Duck.
Synonyms: Anas histrionicus, Histrionicus torquatus.
Admitted to Dr. Wheaton’s list in error. It may be
found in the state.
226 BIRDS OF OHIO.
8. (166.) OIDEMIA PERSPICILLATA (Linn.).
Sire {Scoter.
Synonyms: Anas perspicillata.
It is likely to be found on Lake Erie.
9. (173.) BRANTA BERNICLA (Linn.). 246.
Brant.
Synonyms: bBernicla brenta, Anser bernicla, Anas bernicla.
Brant Goose.
Kirtland, Preliminary Report, Ohio Geol. Surv., 1838, 67.
The lack of specimens from Ohio necessitates placing
this goose on the list of Hypothetical species.
10. (191.1.) ARDETTA NEOXENA Cory.
Cory Least Bittern.
If this be a good species it should be found in Ohio as a
migrant and probably also breeding. It has been found
breeding in Ontario, hence its migration route must cross
Ohio.
11. (222.) CryMoPHILUS FULICARUS (Linn.). 226.
Red Phalarope.
Synonyms: Phalaropus fulicaruis, Tringa fulicaria.
Coot-footed Tringa, Gray Phalarope.
Wheaton, Ohio Agri. Report, 1861, 380, hypothetical.
This published record is based upon the statement of Mr.
R. K. Winslow, of Cleveland, “that two or three specimens
had been taken on Lake Erie.” There being no other rec-
ord, and no specimens preserved, it seems necessary to
place the species in the Hypothetical list.
12. (392.) CAMPEPHILUS PRINCIPALIS (Linn.).
Ivory-billed Woodpecker.
Synonym: Picus principalis.
White-billed Logeock, White-billed Woodcock.
The evidence of the probable former presence of this
regal woodpecker in Ohio is strong. A specimen was taken
HYPOTHETICAL. PMG
in Franklin county, Indiana, which borders Ohio. The
map in the Auk, 1891, by Hasbrouck, illustrating the present
and former range of this bird in the United States, is made
to cover the extreme southwest. corner of Ohio. We shall
probably never have positive evidence of its occurrence
in Ohio.
13. (466a.) EMPpIDOMAX TRAILLII ALNORUM Brewst.
Alder Flycatcher.
Jones, Wilson Bulletin, No. 20, 1898, 37.
This subspecies was elaborated after Dr. Wheaton’s
time. While it has not been reported by any ornithologists
in the state, there can be no reasonable doubt that it mi-
grates across regularly. No doubt a critical examination of
specimens in the local collections throughout the state will
reveal specimens of this form now supposed to be ¢railli.
14. (597.) GurIRACA C#RULEA (Linn.).
Blue Grosbeak.
Reported at College Hill, Cincinnati, June 12, 1899, by
Laura Gano. No specimen was secured. It seems likely
that it may ocasionally reach our southwestern. border.
15. (601.) CyaANospiza ciris (Linn.).
Painted Bunting.
Reported from Sandusky by Prof. E. L. Moseley. No
specimen was secured. This record, if authentic, would
seem to be a case of escaped cage-bird. It is likely that
wanderers may sometimes reach the vicinity of Cincinnati.
16. (6%5a.) SEIURUS NOVEBORACENSIS NOTABILIS
(Ridgw.).
Grinnell Water-Thrush.
Synonyms: Seiurus neyvius notabilis.
Having been found at Brookville, Indiana, not far from
our western border, it is entirely possible that it may be
found in the western part of the state.
R28 BIRDS OF OHIO.
17. (21.) HELMINTHOPILA LEUCOBRONCHIALIS (Brewst.).
Brewster Warbler.
Synonym: Helminthophaga leucobronchialis.
Jones, Wilson Bulletin, No. 42, June 15, 1903, 68.
On May 23, 1902, while out with my class for
early morning study, we discovered a singing male
of this interesting form. The first part of the song
was clearly Blue-wing. in all particulars, while the
last was just as clearly Golden-wing. The students
noticed the oddity of the song without having their atten-
tion especially called to it. We studied the bird in all
lights and positions for half an hour, many times within
fifty feet, with a pair of stereo-binoculars, clearly making
out the white underparts, faintly tinted with yellow on the
breast and a slight darkening of the chin feathers, the yel-
low crown and great yellow wing patch. On the 28th we
again found the bird in the same situation, on the border
of an open woods, and gave it even more attention than be-
fore. It was in full song, and seemed less wary than be-
fore. A week later it was gone. The evidence of nesting
seemed so strong that I was unwilling to collect* the bird,
hoping to secure a breeding record and be able to study the
hybrid family. The bird was probably not strictly typical
leucobronchialis, but came near to it, as indicated by both
song and plumage.
During the spring of 1903 two almost typical specimens
have been secured and at least one other seems to be tarry-
ing to nest in a woods half a mile west of Oberlin. I am
hoping to add some direct testimony to the life history of
this interesting variation.
18. (22.) HELMINTHOPILA CINCINNATIENSIS (Langd.).
31.
Cincinnati Warbler.
Synonym.. Helminthophaga cincinnatiensis.
Langdon, Journal Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., III, 1880, 119.
The single specimen collected by Dr. Langdon, May 1,
1880, at Madisonville, from which his description was
SUM MARY. 229
made, remains unique. In the absence of other specimens
the theory of hybridism seems probable. If a hybrid it was
probably between H. pinus and G. formosa. The forma-
tion of hybrids between H. pinus and some closely allied
species seems not uncommon.
(371.) NycTALA TENGMALMI RICHARDSONI (Bonap.).
. Richardson Owl.
Synonyms: Nyctale richardsoni.
Tengmalm’s Owl, Arctic American Saw-whet Owl, Ameri-
can Sparrow Owl.
Coues, Birds of N. W., 1874, 314.
There seems to be no question but this reference was an
error.
SUMMARY.
More or less regularly found in the state.................. 299
INECICENtAlan ite CMO MStALC ss s)oleratcbers sticie cious =) chelate elelsticl one else se 1a. 15
TEIN OLLCOMECOM PHT O DC a.1iavsvavee eo eevetiore o etele ais, «| sletehe or elevreia oayel eae 2
TSCM wears sistas sn oedcadeccaness coudsod Oo cuDUe OBO OOU Coeur 4
Hypothetical on the A. O. U. Check-List.................... 2
Whole number of species actually recorded in the state....322
[ELV POCM tI CAL tar micerieycleustel teks © ciskaiieke. s)slehe: aus(erei cielo versv ele. nels eee 16
Whole number of species treated in this Catalogue...... 338
Drweeevie WVnheatonis) (Catalogwerac..« c scicis clere cele alelcieesieciel 298
230 BIRDS OF OHIO.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF OHIO ORNITHOLOGY
This bibliography includes that given by Dr. Wheaton,
in a somewhat abbreviated form, and such other books, cat-
alogues and periodicals as have appeared since 1882, which
contain references to Ohio birds. It makes no pretensions
to being a complete bibliography, but serves to show from
what sources my information has been derived. Some ref-
erences are of a decidedly general nature, others specific.
1808-14.
Wilson, Alexander. American Ornithology. Vols. I-IX.
1825-33.
Bonaparte, C. L. American Ornithology. Vols I-IV.
1831-39.
Audubon, J. J. Ornithological Biography. Vols. I-IV.
1832-34.
Nuttall, T. A Manual of the Ornithology of the United States
and of Canada. Vols. [-II.
1838.
Atwater, Caleb. A History of the State of Ohio, Natural and
Civil.
1838-74.
Kirtland, Jared P., M.D. Various writings: First and Second
Annual Reports on the Geological Survey of the State of Ohio,
1838; articles in the Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 1841, 1852; articles
in Family Visitor, 1850-52; Ohio Farmer, 1860; Proc. Cleveland
Acad. Nat. Sci., 1874.
1840-44.
Audubon, J. J. The Birds of America, from drawings made
in the United States and their Territories. Seven volumes.
1845.
Storer, D. H. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. II.
1852.
Balrd, S. F. Description of a new species of Sylvicola (Den-
droica kirtlandi). Ann. Lyc. N. Y., V, 217.
1852-3.
Read, M. C. (Editor.) Family Visitor. Catalogue of Birds
of Ohio.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. 2a1
1854.
Zuchold. Journal fiir Ornithologie. (Copy of description of
D. kirtlandi.)
1855.
Cassin, J. Illustrations, etc. (of D. kirtlandi.)
1858.
Baird, S. F. Birds, Pacific R. R. Report.
1859.
Brewer, T. M. North Am. Oology. Smithsonian Contribu-
tions.
Kirkpatrick, John. Articles in Ohio Farmer and Ohio Agri.
Report.
1861.
Trembly, J. B. Articles in Field Notes.
Wheaton, J. M. Articles in Field Notes. Also Catalogue of
Birds of Ohio (Ohio Agri. Report for 1860), and Reprint of same.
Collins, W. O. Fifteenth Annual Report Ohio State Board of
Agri. for 1860.
Harris, S. D. (Editor.) Field Notes, I, Introduction of Skylark
at Columbus.
1864.
Hough, F. B. Executive Document No. 55, House of Repre-
sentatives, 36th Congress, Ist Session. (Migration dates.)
Baird, S. F. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections.
1867.
Brewer, T. M. Article in the American Naturalist on habits
of birds.
1868.
March, P. G. Kingfisher’s Nest again. Am. Naturalist, II.
Garlick, T. Migrations of Birds. Am. Naturalist, II.
1869.
Ingersoll, Ernest. Variation of Bluebird’s Eggs. Am. Natur-
alist, III.
1872.
Coues, Elliott. Key to North American Birds.
Cope, E. D. Zoological Sketch of Ohio. Topographical Atlas.
Maynard, C. J. A Catalogue of the Birds of Coos county, N.
H., and Oxford county, Me. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.
1874.
Ridgway, Robert. Birds of Illinois. Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist., N.
PEse.<
Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway. A History of North American
Birds. Vols. I-III.
232 BIRDS OF OHIO.
Coues, Elliott. U. S. Geol. Surv. of the Territories. Birds of
the Northwest.
Wheaton, J. M. Notes in Birds of the Northwest.
1875.
Wheaton, J. M. The Food of Birds as Related to Agriculture.
O. Agri. Report for 1874.
1876.
Jordon, D. S. Manual of the Vertebrates of the Northern U. S.
Henshaw, H. W. On two Empidonaces, traillii and acadicus.
Bull. Nut. Orn. Club, I.
1877-80.
Langdon, F. W., M. D. Articles in the Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club,
and Journal Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist.
Dury, Charles. Same references.
Wheaton, J. M. Same references.
1877-8.
Merriam C. Hart. A Review of the Birds of Connecticut.
Trans. Conn. Acad. 1877. Remarks on some of the Birds of Lew-
is county, Northern New York. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, III.
1878.
Ridgway, Robert. Eastward range of Chondestes grammacus.
Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, III.
Ballou, W. H. The Natural History of the Islands of Lake
Erie. Field and Forest, III.
Coues, Elliott. U.S. Geol. Surv. of the Territories. Birds of
Colorado Valley.
1878-9.
Brewster, W. Descriptions of the First Plumage in various
species of North American Birds. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, IILIV.
1878-82.
Jones, G. E. and Shultze, E. J. Illustrations of the Nests and
Eggs of the Birds of Ohio with text. Circleville, Ohio.
1879.
Brewer, T. M. The Eggs of the Redstart. Bull. Nutt. Orn.
Club, IV.
Marshall, D. M. The Butcher Bird.. Journal of Science, new
series, II.
Purdie, H. A. Another Kirtland Warbler. Bull. Nutt. Orn.
Club, IV.
1880.
Chubb, H. E. Spring Field Notes. Forest and Stream, XIV,
307.
Ingersoll, Seym. Articles in Forest and Stream.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. 230
Ridgway, Robert. Note of Helminthophaga cincinnatiensis.
Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, V. ;
1882.
Wheaton, J. M. Report upon the Birds of Ohio. Geol. Surv.
of Ohio, IV. First published separately in 1879. —
1884.
Coues, Elliott. Key to North American Birds.
Langille, Rev. J. H. Our Birds in Their Haunts.
Chubb, H. E. Birds and Electric Lights. Forest and Stream,
XXII, 26.
1887.
American Ornithologists, Union Check-List.
Ridgway, Robert. Manual of North American Birds.
1889.
Davie, Oliver. Nests and Eggs of North American Birds.
Ridgway, Robert. Birds of Illinois.
Barrows, Walter B. The English Sparrow.
Dwight, Jonathan Jr. The Horned Larks of North America.
1890.
Warren, B. H. Birds of Pennsylvania.
1891.
Keyser, Leander S. Bird-dom.
1892.
Bendire, Maj. Charles E. Life Histories of North American
Birds.
Wilcox, E. V. Ohio Agri. Ex. Sta., Bulletin 43, Food of Robins.
1893.
Fisher, A. K., M. D. Hawks and Owls as Related to the Far-
mer.
Fisher, A. K., M. D. The Hawks and Owls of the United
States.
Cook, A. J. Birds of Michigan.
1895.
Chapman, Frank M. Handbook of the Birds of Eastern North
America.
Barrows, W. B. and Schwarz, E. A. The Common Crow of the
United States.
Beal, F. E. L. Preliminary Report on the Food of Wood-
peckers.
1896.
Oberholser, H. C. Birds of Wayne county, Ohio.
1897.
Butler, A. W. Birds of Indiana.
204. BIRDS OF OHIO.
1898.
Apgar, A. C. Birds of the United States.
1899.
Chapman, F. M. Bird-Life.
1900-1903.
Ridgway, Robert. Birds of North and Middle America.
The following list of periodicals has contained so many
references to Ohio birds that it is not deemed necessary to
assign the particular references to the several years and au-
thors. Some of these periodicals have long since been un-
obtainable, some have ceased to be, some are scaicely out’ of
their swaddling clothes.
American Ornithology. Published at Worcester, Mass.
Annual Reports, Ohio State Academy Science, Columbus, Ohio.
Auk, The. New York City. '
Bird-Lore. Harrisville, Pa.
Birds and Nature. Chicago, Ill.
Bulletin Michigan Ornithological Club. Detroit, Mich.
Iowa Ornithologist. Long since discontinued.
Journal Cincinnati Society of Natural History. Cincinnati,
Ohio.
Journal Columbus Horticultural Society.
Museum, The. Discontinued.
Forest and Stream, New York City.
Observer, The. Discontinued.
Oologist, The. Albion, N. Y.
Ornithologist and Oologist, The. Discontinued.
Ornithologists’ and Oologists’ Semi-Annual. Continued as
Wilson Bulletin.
Osprey, The. Washington, D. C.
Popular Science News.
Science. Lancaster, Pa.
Swill-Cross. Discontinued.
Taxidermist, The. Discontinued.
Wilson Bulletin, The. Oberlin, Ohio.
Wilson Quarterly. Continued as Wilson Bulletin.
Young Oologist. Continued as Oologist.
INDEX.
Acanthis linaria, 138.
Accipiter atricapillus, 91.
cooperi, 90.
velox, 89.
Actitis macularia, 77.
Actodromas bairdii, 70.
fuscicollis, 69.
maculata, 69.
minutilla, 70.
AHgialitis meloda, 81.
circumcincta, 82.
semipalmata, 81.
vocifera, 80.
AMstrelata hasitata, 214.
Agelaius phoniceus, 131.
fortis, 132.
Aix sponsa, 41.
Alauda arvensis, 223.
Ammodramus henslowii, 144.
nelsoni, 145.
sandwichensis savanna, 143.
savannarum passerinus, 144.
Ampelis cedrorum, 165.
garrulus, 164.
Anas boschas, 37.
obscura,. 37.
rubripes, 38.
Anser albifrons gambeli, 49.
Anthus pensilvanicus, 194.
Antrostomus vociferus, 117.
Aquila chrysaetos, 95.
Archibuteo lagopus _ sancti-jo-
hannis, 94.
Ardea candidissima, 55.
cerulea, 55.’
egretta, 54.
herodias, 54.
virescens, 56.
Ardetta exilis, 53.
neoxena, 226.
Arenaria interpres, 82.
Arquatella maritima, 69.
Asio accipitrinus, 103.
wilsonianus, 102.
Astragalinus tristis, 139.
Avocet, American, 64.
Aythya affinis, 438.
americana, 41.
collaris, 43.
marila, 42.
vallisneria, 42.
Beolophus bicolor, 204.
Baldpate, 38.
Bartramia longicauda, 76.
Bittern, American, 52.
Cory Least, 226.
Least, 53.
Blackbird, Red-winged, 7, 132.
Rusty, 134.
Thick-billed, 132.
Yellow-headed, 218.
Bluebird, 15, 211.
Bob-white, 83, 84.
Bobolink, 14, 129.
Bonasa umbellus, 84.
Botaurus lentiginosus, 52.
Brant, 226.
Branta bernicla, 226.
canadensis, 49.
hutchinsii, 50.
Bubo virginianus, 107.
Bufflhead, 45.
Bunting, Indigo, 156.
Painted, 227.
Buteo borealis, 92.
calurus,
lineatus, 93.
platypterus, 93.
Butorides virescens, 56.
Calearius lapponicus, 141.
Calidris arenaria, 72.
Campephilus principalis,
Canvas-back, 42.
Cardinal, 14, 15, 154.
Cardinalis cardinalis, 154.
Carduelis carduelis, 223.
Carpodacus purpureus, 137.
Catbird, 196.
Catharistes urubu, 87.
Cathartes aura, 87.
Centurus carolinus, 115.
Ceophleeus pileatus abieticola,
114.
Certhia familiaris americana,
201.
217.
226.
Ceryle alcyon, 111.
Cheetura pelagica, 118.
Charadrius dominicus, 79.
Charitonetta albeola, 45.
Chat, Yellow-breasted, 191.
Chaulelasmus streperus, 38.
Chen cerulescens, 49.
hyperborea, 48.
nivalis, 48.
Chewink, 154.
Chickadee, 204.
Carolina, 17, 205.
Chondestes grammacus, 145.
Chordeiles- virginianus, 117.
Circus hudsonius, 88.
Cistotherus -palustris, 201.
stellaris, 200.
Clangula clangula americana, 44.
islandica, 44.
Clivicola riparia, 162.
Coccothraustes vespertinus, 136.
Coeccyzus americanus, 109.
erythrophthalmus, 110.
Colaptes auratus luteus, 116.
Colinus virginianus, 83.
Colymbus auritus, 22.
holbeellii, 23.
Compsothlypis americana us-
nee, 176.
ramaline, 177
Contopus borealis, 121.
virens, 122.
Conurus carolinensis, 222.
Coot, American, 62.
Cormorant, Double-crested, 34.
Florida, 225.
Corvus americanus, 128.
corax principalis, 127.
Coturniculus savannarum pas-
serinus, 144.
Cowbird, 130.
Crane, Little Brown, 216.
Sandhill, 58.
Whooping, 57.
Creeper, Brown, 201.
Crossbill, American, 137.
White-winged, 138.
Crow, American, 128.
Carrion, 127.
Crymophilus fulicarius, 226
Cuckoo, Black-billed, 110.
Yellow-billed, 109.
Curlew, Eskimo, 78.
Hudsonian, 78.
Long-billed, 77.
Cyanocitta cristata,
Cyanospiza ciris, 227.
cyanea, 156.
Dabchick, 24.
Dafila acuta, 40.
126.
BIRDS OF OHIO.
Dendroica estiva, 178.
blackburnie, 183.
cerulescens, 178.
castanea, 182.
coronata, 179.
discolor, 187.
dominica albilora, 184.
kirtlandi, 185.
maculosa, 180.
palmarum, 186.
hypochrysea, 219.
pensylvanica, 181.
rara, 180.
striata, 182.
tigrina, 177.
vigorsii, 186.
virens, 184.
Dickcissel, 15, 17, 156.
Dolichonyx, oryzivorus, 129.
Dowitcher, 67.
Long-billed, 17, 67.
Dove, Mourning, 86.
Dryobates borealis, 217.
pubescens medianus 112.
villosus, 111.
Duck, Black, 37.
American Hider, 46.
Harlequin, 225.
King Hider, 46.
Lesser Scaup, 43.
Red-legged Black, 38.
Ring-necked, 43.
Ruddy, 47.
Scaup, 42.
Wood, 41.
Eagle, Bald, 96.
Golden, 6, 95.
Ectopistes migratorius, 85.
Egret, American, 54.
Egretta candidissima, 55.
Hider, American, 17, 46.
King, 46.
Elanoides forficatus, 88.
Empidonax flaviventris, 122.
minimus, 124.
traillii, 123.
alnorum, 227.
virescens, 123.
Ereunetes pusillus 71.
Erismatura jamaicensis, 47.
Falco columbarius, 98.
peregrinus anatum, 97.
sparverius, 99.
Finch, Purple, 137.
Flicker, Northern, 116.
Florida caerulea, 55.
Flycatcher, Alder, 227.
INDEX.
Crested, 120.
Green-crested, 123.
Least, 124.
Olive-sided Flycatcher, 121.
Scissor-tailed, 218.
Traill, 123.
Yellow-bellied, 122.
Fregata aquila, 214.
Fulica americana, 62.
Gadwall, 38.
Galeoscoptes carolinensis, 196.
Gallinago delicata, 66.
Gallinula galeata, 62.
Gallinule, Florida, 62.
Purple, 61.
Gavia arctica, 25.
imber, 25.
lumme, 26.
Gelochelidon nilotica, 31.
Geothlypis agilis, 190.
formosa, 189.
philadelphia, 190.
trichas brachydactyla, 191.
Gnatcatcher, Blue-gray, 6, 206.
Godwit, Hudsonian, 73.
Marbled, 72.
Golden-eye, American, 44.
Barrows, 17, 44.
Goldfinch, European, 223.
American, 139.
Goose, American White-fronted,
49.
Blue, 49.
Canada, 49.
Greater Snow, 48.
Hutchins, 50.
Lesser Snow, 48.
Goshawk, American, 91.
Grackle, Bronzed, 6, 131, 135.
Crebe, Holbeell, 23.
Horned, 23, 24.
_Pied-billed, 24.
Grosbeak, Blue, 15, 227.
Canadian Pine, 136.
Evening, 136.
Rose-breasted, 155.
Grouse, Ruffed, 84.
Grus americana, 57.
canadensis, 216.
mexicana, 58. :
Guiraca cerulea, 227.
Gull, Bonaparte, 30.
Herring, 29.
Iceland, 28.
Glaucus, 225.
Great Black-backed, 28.
Ring-billed, 29.
237
Sabine, 30.
Halizwetus leucocephalus, 96.
Harelda hyemalis, 45.
Hawk, American Rough-legged,
94.
American Sparrow, 99.
Broad-winged, 93.
Cooper, 90.
Duck, 97.
Marsh, 88.
Pigeon, 98.
Red-shouldered, 93.
Red-tailed, 7, 92.
Sharp-shinned, 89.
Western Red-tailed, 217.
Helmitheros vermivorus, 173.
Helminthopila celata, 175.
cincinnatiensis, 228.
chrysoptera, 174.
leucobronchialis,, 228.
peregrina, 176.
pinus, 174.
rubricapilla, 175.
Helodromas solitarius. 74.
Hen, Prairie, 221.
Herodias egretta, 54.
Heron, Black-crowned Night, 56.
Great Blue, 54.
Green, 56.
Little Blue, 17, 55.
Snowy, 55.
Hesperiphona vespertina, 136.
Himantopus mexicanus, 65.
Hirundo erythrogaster, 161.
Histrionicus histrionicus, 225.
Hummingbird, Ruby-throated,
119.
Hydrochelidon nigra surinam-
ensis, 33.
Hylocichla aliciz, 209.
fuscescens, 208.
guttata pallasii, 210.
mustelina, 207.
swainsoni, 209.
Ibis, Glossy, 216.
Wood, 51.
Icteria virens, 191.
Icterus galbula, 133.
spurius, 133.
Ionornis martinica, 61.
Iridoproene bicolor, 162.
Jeger, Long-tailed, 224.
Parasitic, 17, 27.
Pomarine, 26.
Jay, Blue, 126.
Junco hyemalis, 150.
Junco, Slate-colored, 150.
238
Killdeer, 18, 80.
Kingbird, 120.
Kingfisher, Belted, 111.
Kinglet, Golden-crowned, 205.
Ruby-crowned, 206.
Kite, Swallow-tailed, 88.
Kittiwake, 224.
Knot, 68.
Lanius borealis, 166.
ludovicianus, 167.
excubitorides, 167.
migrans, 167.
Lark, Horned, 124.
Hoyt Horned, 126.
Prairie Horned, 17, 125.
Larus argentatus, 29.
delawarensis, 29.
glaucus, 225.
leucopterus, 28.
marinus, 28.
philadelphia, 30.
sabinii, 30.
Limosa fedoa, 72.
hemastica, 73.
Longspur, Lapland, 141.
Loon, 25.
Black-throated, 25.
Red-throated, 26.
Lophodytes cucullatus, 36.
Loxia curvirostra minor, 137.
lucoptera, 138.
Macrorhamphus griseus, 67.
scolopaceus, 67.
Mallard, 37.
Man-o-War Bird, 214.
Mareca americana 38.
penelope, 215.
Martin, Purple, 159.
Meadowlark, 6, 18, 132.
Megascops asio, 106.
Melanerpes carolinus, 115.
erythrocephalus, 114.
Meleagris gallopavo sylvestris,
85
Melospiza cinerea melodia, 151
georgiana, 152.
lincolni, 152.
Merganser americanus, 35.
serrator, 35.
Merganser, American, 35.
Hooded, 36.
Red-breasted, 35.
Merula migratoria, 210.
Micropalama himantopus, 68.
Mimus polyglottos, 195.
Mniotilta varia, 172.
Mockingbird, 195.
BIRDS OF OHIO.
Molothrus ater, 130.
Murre, Briinnich, 213.
Muscivora forficata, 218.
Myiarchus crinitus, 120.
Nettion carolinensis, 39.
Nighthawk, 117.
Nonpareil, 15.
Numenius borealis, 78.
hudsonicus, 78.
longirostris, 77.
Nuthatch, Brown-headed, 219.
Red-breasted, 203.
White-breasted, 202.
Nyctala acadica, 105.
Nyctea nyctea, 108.
Nycticorax nycticorax nevius,
Oidemia americana, 46.
deglandi, 47.
perspicillata, 226.
Olbiorchilus hiemalis, 200.
Old-squaw, 45.
Olor buccinator, 51.
columbianus, 51.
Oriole, Baltimore, 133.
Orchard, 133.
Osprey, American, 100.
Otocoris alpestris, 124.
hoyti, 126.
praticola, 125.
Oven-bird, 6, 187.
Owl, American Hawk, 109.
American Long-eared, 102.
Barn, 101.
Barred, 104.
Great Gray, 7, 105.
Great Horned, 107.
Saw-whet, 105.
Screech, 106.
Short-eared, 103.
Snowy, 108.
Oxyechus vociferus, 80.
Pandion haliaetus carolinensis,
100.
Paroquet, Carolina, 222.
Parus atricapillus, 204.
bicolor, 204.
carolinensis, 205.
Passer domesticus, 220.
Passerculus sandwichensis sa-
vanna, 143.
Passerella iliaca, 153.
Passerina nivalis, 140.
Pavoncella pugnax, 217.
Pelecanus erythrorhynchos, 34.
Pelican, American White, 34.
Pelidna alpina pacifica, 71.
INDEX. 239
Petrel, Black-capped, 214.
Petrochelidon lunifrons, 160.
Peucea estivalis bachmanii,
150
Pewee, Wood, 6, 122.
Phalacrocorax dilophus, 34.
floridanus, 225.
Phalarope, Northern, 63.
Red, -226.
Wilson, 64.
Phalaropus lobatus, 63.
Phasianus torquatus, 220.
Pheasant, Ring-necked, 220.
Philohela minor, 65.
Pheebe, 121.
Picoides arcticus, 113.
Pigeon, Passenger, 85.
Pinicola enucleator leucura, 136.
Pintail, 40.
Pipilo erythrophthalmus, 154.
Pipit, American, 194.
Piranga erythromelas, 157.
rubra, 158.
Plegadis autumnalis, 216.
Plover, American Golden, 79.
Belted- Piping, 82.
Black-bellied, 79.
Piping, 81.
Semipalmated, 81.
Podilymbus podiceps 24.
Polioptila czrulea, 206.
Poccetes gramineus, 142.
Porzana carolina, 59.
jamaicensis, 61.
noveboracensis, 60.
Progne subis, 159.
Protonotaria citrea, 172.
Querquedula cyanoptera, 215.
discors, 39.
Quiscalus quiscula eneus, 135.
Rail, Black, 17, 61.
King, 59.
Virginia, 59.
Yellow, 60.
Rallus elegans, 59.
virginianus, 59.
Raven, Northern, 127.
Recurvirostra americana, 64.
Red-head, 41.
Redpoll, 138.
Red-tail, western, 217.
Red-wing, 132.
Thick-billed, 132.
Regulus calendula, 206.
satrapa, 205.
Riparia riparia, 162.
Rissa tridactyla, 224.
Robin, American, 6, 7, 15, 210.
Rute, 20:7.
Sanderling, 72.
Sandpiper, Baird, 70.
Bartramian, 76.
Buff-breasted, 76.
Least, 70.
Pectoral, 69.
Purple, 69.
Red-backed, 71.
Semipalmated, 71.
Solitary, 74.
Spotted, 77.
Stilt, 68.
White-rumped, 69.
Sapsucker, Yellow-bellied, 113.
Sayornis pheebe, 121.
Scolecophagus carolinus, 134.
Scoter, American, 46.
Surf, 226.
White-winged, 47.
Scotiaptex nebulosa, 105.
Setophaga ruticilla, 194.
Seiurus aurocapillus, 187.
motacilla, 189.
noveboracensis, 188.
notabilis, 227.
Shoveller, 40.
Shrike, Loggerhead, 167.
Migrant, 167.
Northern, 166.
White-rumped, 167.
Sialia sialis, 212.
Siskin, Pine, 15, 140.
Sitta canadensis, 203.
carolinensis, 202.
pusilla, 219.
Skylark, 223.
Snipe, Wilson, 15, 66.
Snowflake, 140.
Somateria dresseri, 46.
spectabilis, 46.
Sora, 59.
Sparrow, Bachman, 17, 150.
Chipping, 148.
English, 6, 220.
Field, 149.
Rox 53:
Grasshopper, 17, 144.
Harris, 219.
Henslow, 17, 144.
hanks 5: iF, Aabe
Lincoln, 152.
Nelson, 17, 145.
Savanna, 143.
Song, 151.
Swamp, 152.
240 BIRDS OF OHIO.
Tree, 148.
Vesper, 6, 142.
White-crowned, 146.
White-throated, 147.
Spatula clypeata, 40.
Sphyrapicus varius, 113.
Spinus pinus, 140.
Spiza americana, 156.
Spizella monticola, 148.
pusilla, 149.
socialis, 148.
Squatarola squatarola, 79.
Steganopus tricolor, 64.
Stelgidopteryx serripennis, 163.
Sercorarius longicaudus, 224.
parasiticus, 27.
pomarinus, 26.
Sterna antillarum, 33.
caspia, 31.
dougalli, 32.
fosteri, 31.
hirundo, 32.
maxima, 225.
paradiseza, 225.
Stilt, Black-necked, 65.
Strix pratincola, 101.
Sturnella magna, 132.
Surnia ulula caparoch, 109.
Swallow, Bank, 162.
Barn, 161.
Cliff, 160.
Rough-winged, 163.
Tree, 162.
Swan, Trumpeter, 51.
Whistling, 51.
Swift, Chimney, 118.
Symphemia semipalmata, 75.
Syrnium varium, 104.
Tachycineta bicolor, 162.
Tanager, Scarlet, 157.
Summer, 14, 15, 158.
Tantalus loculator, 51.
Teal, Blue-winged, 39.
Cinnamon, 215.
Green-winged, 39.
Telmatodytes palustris, 201.
Tern, Arctic, 225.
Black, 14, 33.
Caspian, 17, 31.
Common, 14; 32.
Forster,. 31.
Gull-billed, 31.
Least, 33.
Roseate, 32.
Royal, 225.
Thrasher, Brown, 197.
Thrush, Gray-cheeked, 209.
Hermit, 210.
Olive-backed, 209.
Wilson, 14, 208.
Wood, 207.
Thryomanes bewickii, 198.
Thryothorus ludovicianus, 198.
Titmouse, Tufted, 204.
Totanus flavipes, 74.
melanoleucus, 73.
Towhee, 154.
Toxostoma rufum, 197.
Tringa alpina pacifica, 71.
bairdii, 70.
canutus, 68.
fuscicollis, 69.
maculata, 69.
maritima, 69.
minutilla, 70.
Trochilus colubris, 119.
Troglodytes aedon, 199.
Tryngites subruficollis, 76.
Turkey, Wild, 85.
Turnstone, 82.
Tympanuchus americanus, 221.
Tyrannus tyrannus, 120.
Uria lomvia, 213.
Vireo flavifrons, 170.
gilvus, 169.
noveboracensis, 171.
Olivaceus, 168.
philadelphicus, 169.
solitarius, 170.
. Vireo, Blue-headed, 170.
Philadelphia, 169.
Red-eyed, 168.
Warbling, 169.
White-eyed, 14, 15, 17, 171.
Yellow-throated, 170.
Vulture, Black, 87.
Turkey, 153 87.
Warbler, Bay-breasted; 182.
Black and White, 172.
Blackburnian, 1383.
Black-poll, 182.
Black-throated Ble; 178.
Black-throated Green, 184
Blue-winged, 174.
Brewster, 228. a
Canadian, 193. * lpia
Cape May, 177. Sie
Cerulean, 180. Sia Be
Chestnut-sided, is 181.
Cincinnati, 228. :
Connecticut, 190.
Golden-winged, 14 se 17,
gs a? 174.
Hooded, 14, 15, 17, 192: 4"'
Kentucky, 14, 15, 17, 189.
Kirtland, 185.
Magnolia, 15, 180.
Mourning, 190.
Myrtle, 179.
Nashville, 175.
Northern Parula, 176.
Orange-crowned, 175.
Palm, 186.
Pine, 186.
Prairie, 187.
Prothonotary, 15, 17, 172.
Sycamore, 184.
Tennessee, 176.
Western Parula, 177.
Wilson, 193.
Worm-eating, 14, 15, 17,,
173
Yellow, 178.
Yellow Palm, 219.
Water-Thrush, 188.
Grinnell, 227.
Louisiana, 189.
Waxwing, Bohemian, 164.
Cedar, 165.
Whippoorwill, 117.
Widgeon, European, 215.
Willett, 75.
Wilsonia canadensis, 193.
INDEX. 241
mitrata, 192.
pusilla, 193.
Woodcock, American, 65.
Woodpecker, Arctic Three-toed,
113
Downy, 112.
Hairy, 111.
Ivory-billed, 226.
Northern Pileated, 114.
Red-bellied, 115.
Red-cockaded, 217.
Red-headed, 114.
Wren, Bewick, 15, 17, 198.
Carolina, 14, 15, 17, 198.
House, 199.
Long-billed Marsh, 201.
Short-billed Marsh, 200.
Winter, 200.
Xanthocephalus xanthocepha-
lus, 218.
Xema sabinii, 30.
Yelow-legs, 74.
Greater, 73.
Yellow-throat, Northern, 191.
Zamelodia ludoviciana, 155.
Zenaidura macroura, 86.
Zonotrichia albicollis, 147.
leucophrys, 146.
querula, 219.
'
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een
"SPECIAL PAPERS
OF THE es me oe
No.. 1. SANDUSKY FLORA.
se By E. Le Mostisy, A
No. 2. THE ODONATA OF OHIO. Hie
_ By Davin S. Keuuicom,
No. 3. THE PREGLACIAL DRAINAGE OF our J
By W. G. Ticut,
| | J. A. Bownocker,
; - J. -Topp, M.D.
| GeRARD Ronee ters
No. 4. THE FISHES OF OHIO, . . sta
By Raymonp C, Osan, MS ie
eo it
No. 5... THE TABANIDAS OF OHIO. CGA 5:
Re AEROS. Janes 5: Hine re
No, .6. THE BIRDS OF OHIO.
oe oe Se ee Joss, M.S
o : se Ohio ‘State University, Columbus, i
Ohio State
Academy of
SAcienced
Special Papers No.7
Ecological
Study of Big
Spring Prairie
Wyandot County, Ohio
a SS
; By
THOMAS A. BONSER
Published by the Academy of Science
with the Emerson McMillin Research Fund,
COLUMBUS, OHIO
1903
|
POH
1
== woopED CLAY ISLANDS, if sa a ai ce
LALWOUDS SHOWING SET
Ex:]WOoDED SAND DUNES, Te ChcED RaooLe. TLING OF SOIL BY
MMB Muck ELEVATION, & BOWLDER SHOWING SETTLING OF SOIL,
[i] NATURAL POPLAR THICKET,
N.M, NATURAL MEADOW,
—-—- COUNTY LINE,
S| WOODED BURNED AREA,
Ear WOODED LIMSTONE ISLAND,
% % i 1 Mile
' i er : f
2 Miles
SOALE OF MILES,
CIO: STATE
ACADEMY OF SCIENCE
SprecrAL Papers No. 7
ECOLOGICAL STUDY OF BIG SPRING PRAIRIE
WYANDOT COUNTY, OHIO,
Bx LIBRAR
THOMAS A. BONSER NEW YO
BOTANICA
GARD
PUBLISHED BY THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE WITH THE
EMERSON McMILLIN RESEARCH FUND
Publication Committee:
J. H. SCHAFFNER L. H. McFADDEN GERARD FOWKE
COLUMBUS, OHIO
1903
NOTE.
The study of Big Spring Prairie, upon which this
paper is based, was carried on under two grants of
twenty-five dollars each from the Emerson McMillin
Research Fund, and the expense of publication is met
by the further aid of the same fund.
WILLIAM R. LAZENBY,
F. M. WEBSTER,
JOHN H. SCHAFFNER,
Trustees.
INTRODUCTION.
In the Autumn of 1899, the writer began the
ecological study of Big Spring Prairie, situated in
Wyandot, Seneca, and Hancock counties, Ohio. This
prairie is about ten miles long, and from one half to a
mile wide. From its shape, it might aptly have been
termed Horse-shoe Prairie. It orginates just north of
Carey, in fact a portion of it les within the corporate
limits of the town; thence it extends four miles in a
northwesterly direction; here, making a sweeping curve,
it extends three miles westward; again widely curving,
it extends three miles in a southwesterly direction,
ending about one-half mile north of Vanlue, Hancock
county. About two and one half miles of prairie lie in
Wyandot county, about the same extent in Seneca
county, and five miles in Hancock county. The widest
portion occurs in Seneca county, where it curves to the
westward, the next widest in Hancock county, where
it curves to the southwest.
The term prairie has been applied to the more or
less grassy plains of the treeless regions both east and
west of the Mississippi River. The eastern prairies
differ in many particulars besides size, from those in
the extreme west near the foot of the Rockies. Between
these limits, we may find all gradations in specific
characteristics. The typical eastern prairies are prop-
erly natural meadows; some, in fact, border on thé
semi-marsh type. ‘This belt comprises the region from
the eastern prairie limit to Missouri and Iowa. West
of this there is a gradual gradation through the steppe
type to the semi-desert near the Rockies.
The most striking differences between the eastern
and western. prairies are the climatic factors of rainfall
and general humidity of the atmosphere.
4 BIG SPRING PRAIRIE.
The climatic factors of irregular and scanty rain-
fall and the general low humidity of the atmosphere are
potent causes of the western type of prairie. ‘These
factors in combination with the occurrence of frequent
prairie fires are sufficient to account for the absence of
trees upon this type of prairie.
The origin, development, and future of the eastern
type of prairie must be considered apart from the west-
ern type, as each possesses its own peculiar factors and
specific characteristics. Prairies may be studied by a
comparative survey of the likenesses and differences of
the various types of prairie areas, and the causes which
led to them. Again we may study each type compara-
tively with the topographic features and vegetative
characteristics immediately surrounding it. This latter
survey should be conducted along the border line of
prairie and forest, where the struggle can be said to be
fairly on, and where the effects and results of this rather
uneven struggle can be most advantageously observed.
A life-time is frequently long enough to observe the
forest encroachment upon the eastern prairie, ages
might be required to note the same degree of encroach-
ment upon the western type of prairie.
Many theories have been advanced to account for
the absence of trees on prairies; as the prairie fire theory;
the fine soil theory; the ulmic acid theory; ete.
Lesquereux states that prairies are formed from old
lakes, or bays extending from them with the marsh as
the intermediate formation, and he furthermore asserts
in regards to these: ‘‘Trees never invade them, never
grow upon them, even when drained.” This latter
statement may need some modification, as observation
does not bear out the assertion “even when drained.”
In the West, the prairie is the natural formation,
the presence of the forest is especially to be explained.
In the East, the forest formation is the natural one,
the presence of the prairie is to be explained. The
BIG SPRING PRAIRIE. 5
eastern prairie is only an intermediate formation be-
tween the marsh and the forest formation. Itis simply
a question of time. ‘The observed facts corroborate this.
As it is difficult adequately to define tree, but much
easier to define deciduous tree, still easier to define
Cottonwood tree, and easiest to define Populus grandi-
dentata; so it is difficult to announce principles, or
elaborate a statement of facts which shall fully apply to
all prairies in all conceivable localities, and under their
various natural conditions, but easier to apply the same
to the eastern prairie, still easier to the Ohio prairie,
and easiest to apply certain well-defined principles, and
give a statement of observed facts in regard to Big
Spring Prairie. The last named task shall be ours
chiefly in the following article. In accordance with
the above, our investigations have been conducted
along the following lines.
(1) Geological formations surrounding prairie, and
the characteristic vegetation of same.
(2) Past condition of prairie, especially since 1832, in
which year the Big Spring Indian Reservation was
thrown open to settlement.
(3) The drainage of prairie, past and present, and its
effect upon general level of same and also upon the
character of the vegetation.
(4) The lagging behind of effects, as shown by the
observed facts that plants cling for a time to a local-
ity after the conditions have changed, in this instance
from the hydrophytic to the mesophytic.
(5) The nature of the soil in the various portions and
the characteristic vegetation of same.
(6) ‘Tree introduction or encroachment upon prairie,
the order and cause.
(7) The prairie under cultivation.
6 BIG SPRING PRAIRIE.
The writer wishes to extend his thanks to Dr. H.C.
Cowles, of the University of Chicago, under whose direc-
tion the investigation of this area was conducted: and
also to Prof. W. A. Kellerman, Ph. D., of the Ohio State
University, for some of the photographs, and for his per-
sonal visits to the area and his kind assistance in various
ways. ‘he writer is also under obligation to Mr. W.
C. Johnson, Mr. Peter Brayton, and Mr. H. B. Phelps
for aid rendered or information furnished.
The principal factors which must be considered in
prosecuting the lines of investigation indicated naturally
divide themselves into Climatic, Physiographic, His-
torical, and Ecological.
~I
BIG SPRING PRAIRIE.
CLIMATIC CONDITIONS.
Big Spring Prairie is crossed at two points by the
forty-first parallel, which forms the boundary line
between Wvyandot and Seneca counties. By reference
to Map 1, it will be seen that almost equal parts of this
prairie lie on either side of this line. It is about forty
miles south from Lake Erie and about twenty miles
north from the Ohio River and Lake Erie divide. The
extremes of temperature are slightly greater here than
directly along the lake shore. ‘This, in part, may ac-
count for some of the differences in vegetation of the
Big Spring Prairie and the Castalia Prairie near Lake
Erie. In the Spring, the vegetation which has begun
active growth during a few premature warm days, is
more likely to be injured by frost than the more tardy
vegetative growth of the lake region. In the Autumn,
frosts occur earlier than in the lake region. Further-
more, on the low lying prairie with its moist black soil,
frosts occur later in Spring and earlier in Autumn than
on the ridges around it.
1. PHYSIOGRAPHIC.—GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS
SURROUNDING PRAIRIE AND CHARACTERISTIC VEGE-
TATION OF SAME.
The Niagara Limestone is the native rock which
underlies the western part of Wyandot and Seneca
counties and the eastern part of Hancock county.
The surface of these counties is quite level, moderate
hills occurring only along the larger natural water
courses. As there are no important natural water
courses in the vicinity of the Prairie, the country is a
rather level plain with the exception of an interesting
and remarkable outcrop of Niagara Limestone. This
8 BIG SPRING PRAIRIE.
outcrop occurs in the form of two ridges, one is desig-
nated ‘‘North Ridge,” the other ‘‘West Ridge.’’ Each
is about five miles long, but the West Ridge is the
longer of the two, and considerably broader than North
Ridge. North Ridge originates about one-half mile
north of Carey and extends northward for nearly five
miles, where it almost imperceptibly merges into the
general level of the country to the north of it. The
greater portion of the steepest slope is toward the Big
Spring Prairie on the west. This ridge is traversed by
several gently sloping drainage valleys, which may
have been preglacial gulleys, now filled with drift.
For the depth to the underlying rock is considerably
greater here than on the median plains which also oc-
cur on portions of both ridges.
The West Ridge originates a short distance west
of the corporation line of Carey, Ohio, and extends
over five miles in a northwesterly direction. The
Carey and Findlay pike is situated either on the crest-
line of the ridge, or near it. From an inspection of
Map 1, it will be seen that the crest extends first
northwestward, then turns sharply to the north. The
steepest slope is toward the south and west, the out-
crop being quite conspicuous at certain localities. To
the northeast of the crest, the land slopes quite gradu-
ally and forms a rather level plain until within a short
distance from the prairie, where it forms a short but de-
cided slope to it. This ridge is also traversed, by those
broad gently sloping drainage valleys, which are es-
pecially noted for their fertility.
The characteristic Niagara fossils have been found
chiefly in the North Ridge. As there are no extensive
perpendicular sections of the bedding, the dip of the
strata can be judged only from the perpendicular expo-
sures in the quarries on the slopes of the ridges. It is
found that the dip is quite uniformly toward the low
ground nearest to the quarry. The dip in the various
BIG SPRING PRAIRIE. 9
-quarries varies from a gentle dip of 5° to as high as 18°.
The ridges are perforated with numerous sink-holes
and subterranean water channels, from one of which
the Carey Water Works obtains its supply for the town.
The dip of the strata and the subterranean water
‘supply have considerable bearing upon past and pres-
ent conditions of prairie, as will be explained later. In
the Ohio Geological report the following theory to ac-
count for those ridges occurs: “It would seem as if
the conditions of the ocean’s bed in which the Niagara
was formed were not uniform. While regular strata
were being deposited in a wide area, including portions
-of Seneca and Hancock Counties, without disturbance
or contortions, a concretionary and crystallizing force
sprang up into operation in the northwest corner of
Wyandot County which in working from below, caused
the even beds of deposition to swell upward over the
growing mass or masses. In some cases it aided in the
preservation of fossil remains. In others it hastened
their absorption into the mass of rock. ‘This is a pecu-
liarity of the rock formation not confined to the Niagara,
butis displayed conspicuously in the water-lime above,
and it has been seen inthe corniferous. When the lapse
of time brings such hardened masses into contact with
the erosions of ice and water, they cause the prominent
features of the landscape by the removal of the more
destructible parts about them. Such may be the ex-
planation of the remarkable ridges about Carey, the
even friable beds seen in the quarries about their flanks
having once been continuous over their summits, but
unable to resist the forces of the glacial epoch were de-
nuded down to the more enduring rock.”’
Thus the summits of the ridges, which are com-
paratively narrow for the greater part of their extent
consist of a very hard Niagara Limestone, while there
is a gradual transition in hardness along the sides to
the rather friable strata along or near the bases.
10 BIG SPRING PRAIRIE.
Along the summits and edges of the ridges, the soil,
varying from dark red clay to lighter shades, is exceed-
ingly thin, the fields being covered with angular stones.
In the shallow natural drainage courses, the soil is
arich loam, as it is also on the flat median plain of
West Ridge. Along the base the soil is frequently
quite sandy.
Whereas the greatest heights of both North and
West Ridge are about one hundred and fifty feet each,
and the median plains of same about thirty to fifty feet
higher than prairie, the country to the north and west
of the prairie is as arule, only about three to six feet
higher than the level along edge of prarie. Even this
elevation is a gradual slope reaching this height at a
distance of forty to eighty rods from the edge of prairie.
Although this slope is so very gradual, only in a few lo-
calities is there a gradual transition from forest to prai-
tie. For the greater portion of its extent, the line of
demarkation between forest and prairie is quite dis-
tinct. Bordering upon the southwestern portion of the
prairie, there is a low wet woods in which there is no
perceptible difference in level between it and the ad-
joining prairie.
CHARACTERISTIC VEGETATION OF THE RIDGES.
For the sake of more clearly indicating the nature
of the various plant societies in a more or less limited
area, it will be found expedient to employ five classes
of plant societies instead of the three given by Warm-
ing. ‘The classes under this scheme would be:
(1) Xerophytic area.
(2) Xero-mesophytic area.
(5) Mesophytic area.
(4) Hydromesophytic area.
(5) Hydrophytic area.
The first, third, and fifth conform to Warming’s
classes.
BIG SPRING PRAIRIE. 11
A xero-mesophytic area is one in which there is an
approximately even mixture of the two classes from
which the name is derived. The same applies to the
term Hydromesophytic. This enables us to more
clearly define the peculiar characteristics of limited
areas, which would otherwise be impossible.
Furthermore these terms can be employed abso-
lutely or relatively. Absolutely considered there are
no extensive xerophytic plant societies in Ohio, as only
the plants occurring on more or less perpendicular rock
walls; on edges of cliffs, on the lower and middle
beaches of Lake Erie; on the nearly perpendicular
surfaces of freshly eroded river banks can be classed as
such. Even in these cases the term applies rather to
the hard condition of life and to the difficulty of gaining
or maintaining a foothold than to the idea of drought-
enduring as commonly understood. Relatively we can
designate that society of any given region, which occurs
under the most unfavorable conditions, relatively
xerophytic, and those in the wettest, hydrophytic, and
the gradations between them as before indicated. As
the iatter view is apt to lead to confusion, we shall con-
fine ourselves to the former limitations, and according-
ly consider the Xero-mesophytic as the extreme of plant
society in the area under consideration. And even
under this heading, we can bring only the summits of
the ridges, the exposed slopes, and the evident outcrops
of the Niagara limestone.
Both ridges were formerly densely wooded, but at
present there are only a considerable number of small
areas which can be termed woodlands, and even from
these, the largest and most desirable timber trees have
been removed.
Although the ridges as a whole exhibit a character-
istic forest formation, yet this forest formation can be
divided into two distinct types occurring respect-
ively on:
ly BIG SPRING PRAIRIE.
(1) The summits, the exposed slopes, and the
outcrops.
(2) The level median plane, and the broad shallow
drainage valleys.
The differences to be considered are two-fold.
(1) Presence of species in one area not found in
the other.
(2) Relative abundance of the same species in the
two areas.
The type of plant society taken asa whole would
be designated as White-oak, Black-oak, Hickory Forest,
a term applied by Dr. H. C. Cowles, of the University
of Chicago, to a similar type of forest formation at
Glencoe, Illinois. At Glencoe, Illinois, this type oc-
curs on hills of extensive drift formation, and in this
region the same type in a pronounced form occurs on
an outcrop or upheaval of Niagara Limestone, both
representing the Xero-mesophytic form of plant society.
The soil on the summit of the ridges and along
the steepest hillsides is quite shallow, consisting largely
of red clay, although various other shades of clay also
occur. The underlying rock seems to weather into a
slightly sandy clay soil. Numerous sink holes, now
filled up, formerly occurred on these ridges. ‘These
enabled the surface water to disappear readily, and re-
tarded the progress of the plant societies upon it, thus
partially accounting for the Xero-mesophytic forest type
instead of the mesophytic type which sometimes occurs
upon such areas as pointed out by Dr. H.C. Cowles in
his ‘Plant Societies of Chicago and Vicinity.” The
history of the plant life on this area in the past most
probably conformed in its main features to the account
of the ‘‘Upland Series of Plant Societies” in the work
referred to, but the type of forest had not as yet attained
the possible mesophytic type.
BIG SPRING PRAIRIE. 6
In treating of the plant societies of any region, it is
not neccessary or even expedient to enumerate all the
plants occurring in them. The rare or accidental ones
are sometimes of interest only as they may be remnants
of some past society or prophecies of some future one,
generally difficult of interpretation. The common
plants which give character to the landscape are the
ones of most interest as they have proven their fitness
of survival by their successful struggle with their rivals.
‘The divisions under which the plants of these ridges
can be divided are the Woodland Societies, The Road-
side Societies, the Cultivated Field Societies, and the
Pasture-land Societies, the last two constituting the
troublesome weeds. ‘The Woodland societieis of the
summits of ridges, steep slopes, and outcrops shall be
considered separately from those of the median plane
and drainage valleys, while in regard to the remaining
societies, it is not necessary to thus subdivide them.
The plants of the woodland areas are conveniently
arranged under the horizontal strata of trees, shrubs,
and herbs. ‘The forests on the summits of the ridges,
the steepest slopes, and the outcrops of the Niagara
limestone are xeromesophytic and of the White-oak,
Black-oak, Hickory type of forest.
Considerably over one-half of the trees are species
of Quercus (Oak), less than one-fourth are Hicoria
(Hickories), the remainder are a variable mixture of
Cornus (Dogwood), Cercis (Redbud), Sassafras (Sassa-
fras), Acer (Maple), Crataegus (Hawthorn), Juglans
(Walnut) Celtis (Hackberry), and Ostrya (Ironwood).
Of the latter the dogwood and redbud are perhaps
the more abundant, the walnut the least abundant.
The most characteristic tree is Quercus alba L.
(White oak). The next most common ones of the oaks.
are Quercus rubra L. (Red oak) and Quercus velutina
Lam. (Black oak). Besides these, the following occur:
Quercus minor (Marsh), Sarg. (Post or iron oak),
14 BIG SPRING PRAIRIE.
Quercus imbricaria Michx (Shingle oak), and Quercus
acuminata, (Michx) Sarg. (Chestnut or yellow oak),
doubtless also a number of hybrids.
The second most characteristic tree is Hicoria
ovata (Mill) Britton (Shell-bark Hickory), other com-
mon species are Hicoria alba (L.) Britton (White-heart
hickory) and Hicoria glabra (Mill) Britton (Pignut
hickory).
The following species constitute the remaining
minority of individuals:
Cornus florida (L.) (Flowering dogwood), Celtis oc-
cidentalis (L,) (Hackberry), Prunus pennsylvanica
L,. f. (Wild red cherry), Prunus serotina (Ehrh) (Wild
Black Cherry), Cercis canadensis L. (Redbud), Sassa-
fras sassafras (1) Karst. (Sassafras), Crataegus (vari-
ous species), Acer saccharum Marsh (Sugar or Rock
Maple), Juglans cinerea (L) Britton (Butternut), and
Juglans nigra L. (Black Walnut).
The infrequent Acer and Juglans are prophecies of
the future mesophytic forest, which, in a state of na-
ture, was gradually developing.
In the drainage valleys and on the median plane,
the above species of oaks and hickories are less abun-
dant, and a number of other species, which are charac-
teristic of the strictly mesophytic forest are fairly com-
mon; as, Ulmus Americana L. (American elm); Acer
saccharinum, L. (Soft Maple); Fagus Americana
(Sweet Beech); Tilia Americana, L. (Basswood); Quer-
cus macrocarpa Mx. (Burr-oak); Ulmus fulva, Thomas
(Slippery Elm); Quercus plantanoides (Lam) Sudw.
(Swamp White oak); Quercus palustris Du Roi (Pin
oak;) Hicoria minima (Marsh) Britt. (Bitternut);
Fraxinus Americana L. (White Ash); Fraxinus
quadrangulata Michx. (Blue Ash); and Fraxinus lan-
ceolata, Borck. (Green Ash).
On a slight elevation just east of the Johnson Cel-
ery Farm, there occurs a clump of trees consisting of
BIG SPRING PRAIRIE. 15
eleven White Oaks, four Red or Black Oaks, two Shin-
gle Oaks, three Hickories, and a large Elm, the last
was situated in a slight depression, and is over two feet
in diameter.
The principle shrubs of the xero-mesophytic area
are Corylus Americana, Walt. (Wild Hazel-nut); Rhus
aromatica, Ait (Fragrant Sumac); Crataegus, (several
species); and Rhus glabra L. (Upland or scarlet sumac);
while the following are quite common: Hamamelis vir-
giniana L,. (Witch hazel); Rhus radicans L. (Poison
Ivy); Viburnum prunifolium L. (Black haw); Vibur-
num pubescens (Ait) Pursh. (Downy leaved arrow-
wood); Rubus villosus ait. (High-bush blackberry); Ru-
bus occidentalis L. (Black raspberry); Ribes Cynobasti
L,. (Wild Goose berry); Rubus Canadensis L. (Dew-
berry); Vitis sp? Ptelea trifoliata L. (Shrubby tree-foil);
Viburnum acerifolium L. (Maple-leaved arrow-wood);
Celastrus scandens, L. (Climbing Bittersweet); Smilax,
several species; Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.)
Planch (Virginia Creeper); and Enonymous atropur-
purens, Jacq. (Wahoo, or burniug bush). Three of the
above species Rhus aromatica, Ptelea trifoliata, and
Crataegus were found growing, in the Summer of 1902,
on a sand dune along the shore of Lake Michigan,
thus proving the xerophytic capabilities of these spec-
ies. Frequently by the lagging behind of effects, xero-
phytic plants will cling to an area for a considerable
time even after the conditions have changed to the
xero-mesophytic or to the mesophytic.
On the median plane and the drainage valleys,
most of the above species also occur, but not so com-
monly; while Benzoin benzoin (L.) Coult. (Spicebush),
Cornus, several species; Rosa sp?; and Xanthoxylum
Americanum Mill. (Prickly Ash) are quite abundant.
The common or characteristic herbaceous plants
of the xero-mesophytic area are Antennaria plantagini-
folia (L) Rich. (Plantain-leaf Everlasting), which fre-
16 BIG SPRING PRAIRIE.
quently carpets large areas; Euphorbia corallata, L.
(Flowering spurge); Syndesmon thalictroides (L)
Hoffinsg. (Rue Anemone); Lithospermum canescens,
(Mx.) Lehm. (Hoary Puccoon); Desmodium, several
species; Hedeoma pulegioides (L.) Pers. (American
pennyroyal); Heliopsis scabra; (L.) B. S. P. (Rough
Ox-eye); Aster laevis L. (Smooth Aster); Aster undu-
latus L. (Wavy-leaf Aster); Aster ericoides L. (White-
heath Aster); Solidago, several species. In the meso-
phytic woodlands occur the usual early geophilous
Spring flowers in abundance, while inthe Autumn the
following flourish: Eupatorium ageratoides L. (White
snake-root); Adicea pumila L. (Raf. Richweed or clear-
weed); Impatiens biflora, Walt. (Spotted touch-me-not);
Lobelia syphilitica L. (Blue lobelia); Aster Novae-
Angliae L. (New England Aster); Sanicula Marylandica
L. (Black snake root); Urticastrum divaricatum (L.)
Kuntze (Wood Nettle), etc. One specimen of Aralia
racemosa IL, (American Spikenard) was-found in one
of the wettest woods, which occurs on the median
plane.
All gradations between the xero-mesophytic and
the mesophytic societies occur on different portions of
the Ridges according to the direction and steepness of
the slope, and the depth and character of soil.
ROADSIDE SOCIETY.
Along the roadsides and fence-rows, especially old
worm-fences, some of the plants, originally occurring
on the area, survive and flourish, silent witnesses of the
character of former conditions and plant societies.
More frequently they offer ready footing to new arri--
vals, prophecies of future societies. Asarule the con-
ditions of life of roadside plants are much more adverse
than those of fence-rows, and in consequence they must
possess greater power of surviving in spite of hard
BIG SPRING PRAIRIE. a Ih
usage. On account of the more abundant opportuni-
ties for artificial or accidental seed dissemination along
highways, these latter societies possess a greater vari-
ety of plant life than fence-rows away from highways.
The most successful roadside plants are those, which,
when broken or cut off, have the power of sprouting
up from the stub or root. These sprouts are generally
quite prolific in seed production. It is also of advan-
tage for these plants to possess a perrennial under-
ground rootstock as many of them do. The inequali-
ties in the level of a cross-section of the average coun-
try pike or road furnish conditions for extremely varied
sub-divisions in Roadside societies.
The traveled roadbed is extremely xerophytic, the
ditch or depression commonly occurring may support a
hydrophytic society, while the remainder of cross-
section may offer narrow beds of xero-mesophytic, and
mesophytic, and hydro-mesophytic. Thus all forms of
plant societies may exist in duplicate on each side of a
road not over fifty to sixty feet in width. On account
of the frequent rock outcrops, the roadways of the
Ridges are more evenly xerophytic or xero-mesophytic
than is commonly the rule; but in the drainage valleys
and on the median plane the ordinary type roadway
with its varied plant societies occur. ‘The most char-
acteristic roadside shrubs of the Ridges are Rhus aro-
matica, Rhus toxicodendron, and Celastrus scandens.
Other quite common species are Rhus glabra, Rubus
occidentalis, Rubus villosus, Rubus Canadensis, Cra-
taegus, Prunus, Smilax, and Vitis.
The most characteristic herbaceous plants are As-
ter multiflorus Ait. (Dense-flowered Aster); Asclepias
tuberosa L. (Butterfly-weed, Pleurisy root); and Pen-
stemon hirsutus (l,.) Willd. (Hairy Beard-tongue).
In this locality, the writer has found Aster multi-
florus growing only on the Ridges, while at Chicago,
Ill., it occurs on level sandy commons or even along
18 BIG SPRING PRAIRIE.
side-walks in the vicinity of the University of Chicago.
As another instance of this difference of habit, may be
mentioned Celtis occidentalis which, in Wyandot
County, Ohio, occurs chiefly on ridges or bluffs, while in
Illinois itis found only on the flood-plains of streams, as
on the flood-plain of the Des Plaines at Riverside. A
slight decrease in atmospheric humidity between two
places is often sufficient to limit to very narrow boun-
daries the habitat of certain species; which inthe more
favorable localities have a wider range.
Other common herbaceous plants of the Ridge
roadsides are Melilotus alba Desv. (White Melilot):
Plantago lanceolata lL. (Ribgrass); Poa compessa L
(Wire-grass); Euphorbia (several species); Lithosper-
mum arvense L, (Corn Gromwell, Wheat-thief); Trios-
teum perfoliatum L (Horse-Gentian); Solidago (various
species); Aster (various species); Achillea millefolium
L, (Yarrow); Bidens and Carduns (several species).
Polygala senega L, (Seneca Snakeroot) is rarely
found on the ridges, and is one of the witnesses of
former plant societies.
The most characteristic weed of wheat-fields is
Lithospermum arvense (Corn Gromwell. Wheat thief),
while Ambrosia (Ragweed), Amarantus (Pigweed) and
Chenopodium (Lambs-quarters) are also quite common.
The region adjoining the prairie on the north and
west was covered with a typical mesophytic forest
formation of the Maple, Basswood, Beech type, with
its characteristic shrubs and herbs.
2. Past CONDITION OF THE PRAIRIE-HISTORICAL
FACTOR.
On Sept. 17, 1818, a treaty was agreed upon be-
tween the U. S. Government and the Wyandot In-
dians. One of the articles of this treaty reads as
follows: ‘That there shall be reserved for the use of
BIG SPRING PRAIRIE. 19
the Wyandots residing near Solomon’s Town and on
Blanchard’s Fork in addition to the reservation before
made, sixteen thousand acres of land to be laid off in a
Square form on the head of Blanchard’s Fork, the
center of which shall be the Rig Spring on the trace
leading from Upper Sandusky to Fort Findlay.” This
reservation is indicated by a dotted boundary line on
Map I. ‘This section was granted to the Indians be-
cause such a large portion of it was unfit for agricul-
tural purposes; while, at the same time, it formed an
excellent hunting ground for them on account of the
abundance of game of various kinds. Even after the
reservation was thrown open to settlement deer,
beaver, otter, mink and various species of water fowl
were quite common. From the wording of the article
granting the Big Spring Indian Reservation to the
Wyandots, one would be justified in inferring that the
Big Spring was at the head of Blanchard’s Fork in
1818. If this is true, there must have been a natural
drainage for this section in the earlier years of the past
century, and as there was no well-defined outlet when
the reservation was thrown open to settlement, the out-
let or Blanchard’s Fork must have become so clogged
up that nearly all traces of the original stream became
obliterated. Ina history of Seneca County the follow-
ing occurs: “Big Spring was once a very powerful
one, and formed a small lake. Clearing of land de-
creased its importance.’? ‘The reservation was ceded
to the U. S. in 1832 Jan. 19th, and was thrown open to
settlement in 1833. Big Spring township, Seneca
County, was formed March 6, 1833, he town of
Springville was laid out in 1834, by which time, most
of the ridge land was occupied by settlers. During
this year there occurred in this section, a very destruct-
ive late Spring frost.
In 1837 the crops were greatly injured by drought.
Even the marsh was well dried off for that day. The
20 BIG SPRING PRAIRIE.
Hocking Valley R. R. was built across a portion of
prairie in 1877-78. After this, the serious prairie fires,
burning even the soil, became prevalent.
The first dwelling house was built on the actual
prairie in the summer of 1901. At present there are
several dwelling houses upon this area.
In an interview, Mr. Peter Brayton, a pioneer of
Springville, whose recollections date back to 1833,
when Big Spring Indian Reservation was thrown open
to settlement, stated that, in his boyhood, the prairie,
which was then known as the Big Prairie in distinc-
tion from a small prairie of several hundred acres about
one and a half miles east, was covered with water for
the greater portion of the year. In Winter and Spring
there was a continuous sheet of water from Carey to
Vanlue, a distance of about ten miles. This sheet var-
ied considerably in width and depth. Except in wet
years, most of the marsh would dry off considerably in
late Summer and Autumn.
A short distance north of the new road just south
of Springville, there was still a permanent lake, which
contained from two to four feet of water even in dry
seasons. It was known as The Lake, although it was
only about two miles long and twenty to fifty feet wide.
Beyond this space of clear water, there was a shallower
portion in which cattails, reeds, and bulrushes grew.
The body of water was the last remnant of a rapidly
dying lake.
The common testimony of several pioneers of this
region is, that during wet Springs, canoe trips could be
taken from near the cemetery just north of Carey to
Springville, and that during the winter the boys would
skate over this same route.
Judging from present conditions of level, the above
statements scarcely seem possible, as the Divide at pres-
ent occurs along new road No. 1 Map]; and this divide,
according to the surveyor’s measurement is about eight
BIG SPRING PRAIRIE. vA |
feet higher than the level of prairie just north of Carey,
and about ten to twelve feet higher than the lower end
of old lake. Consequently, if the water was deep enough
for canoeing upon the divide, and if the general level
and slope were then as now, the depth of water just
north of Carey must have been about eight feet and at
the lower end of old lake about ten feet. But this is
impossible, as it would have flooded the present site of
Carey, and would have been drained into Spring Run.
Either the statements are false; or the divide has
been built up considerably within the last seventy years
and the general level of prairie just north of Carey and
of lower end of lake are considerably lower than form-
etly. These last two phases will be further discussed
under Drainage of Prairie, past and present and its ef-
fect upon general level of same.
It was impossible to get any reliable scientific data
in regard to flora of prairie in the earlier part of the
nineteenth century; but, according to statements of
the pioneers, cattails, reeds, bulrushes, poison sumach
(popularly called “poison shumake’’), boneset, wild
sun-flowers, and sedges were more abundant; while
willows occurred only along the border of prairie or
marsh and on a few isolated spots which were slightly
higher than the general level. The wild rose occurred
less frequently than at present; and the elderberry,
which became so common in late years did not occur at
all upon the prairie until artificial drainage was put
into operation. Before this, it was one of the common
plants on certain portions of the ridges.
Large areas of sedges, known as marsh grass by
the old settlers, were mown for the hay. As no areas
of any size were available for this purpose in late years,
the almost pure sedge societies have been supplanted
by other more-varied plant societies.
Although the Big Spring Prairie was in reality a
marsh, perhaps similar to the Skokie Marsh in northern
22, BIG SPRING PRAIRIE.
Illinois, the sod, consisting of tangled sedges and
grasses of the preceding year, and of the growing
sedges and grasses, offered such a firm support that the
marsh could be safely crossed by horses without the
danger of miring, but at each step of the horses feet the
ground would quiver for many rods in either direction.
After the sedges and grasses were mown for hay by
the settlers they would set fire to the dried sedges and
grasses in the Autumn, in order that the areas might
be more suitable for mowing the next year. This led
to a curious but natural result. Whereas before these
prairie fires cattle and horses could graze over this area
without miring; after a repetition of these Autumn fires,
the burned areas became so soft and treacherous, that
cattle and horses frequently mired in them.
Naturally the burning of the dead sedges and
grasses prevented the formation of the dense carpet of
tangled vegetable remains, and thus the upper crust
being broken in places, the area became a true morass.
This condition continued until ditches were dug and
the land, for the time being, became fairly well drained.
Besides the sedges and grasses the most common plants
were
Typha latifolia—(Cattails);
Phragmites phragmites—(Reeds);
Eupatorium perfoliatum—(Boneset);
Aster (several species)—(Wild asters);
Potentilla fruticosa—(Shrubby Cinquefoil);
Betula pumila—(Low Birch);
Rhus vernix—(Poison Sumac, or Poison Elder.);
Helianthus (several species)—-(Wild Sunflowers);
Riddellii >
Solidago, and > Probably—(Goldenrods)
Ohioensis j
Some less common plants were
Lacinaria spicata—(Blazing Star, or Gay Feather);
Parnassia Caroliniana—(Grass of Parnassus);
BIG SPRING PRAIRIE. we
Lobelia Kalmii—(Kalm’s Lobelia, or Brook Lo-
belia);
Lobelia syphylitica—(Blue Lobelia, or Great Lo-
belia);
Lobelia cardinalis—(Cardinal flower);
The following plants were more rarely found upon
it than in later years
Rosa carolina—(Swamp rose);
Salix (various species)——-(Willows);
Urtica gracilis—(Slender Nettle).
Ordinary weeds from cultivated ground were not
found growing upon it.
Trees were much less common on prairie in 1833
than in later years. ‘They occurred only on the old
clay islands, the sand dunes, and along the margin of
the prairie where muck was quite thin. On the por-
tions covered with sedges and grasses, no seedling trees
made their appearance.
The first trees to make their appearance were the
Willows, Poplars, Eln:s, and Soft Maples. On the sand-
dunes oaks had already made their appearance in 1833.
DRAINAGE OF THE PRAIRIE-PAST AND PRESENT.
From the configuration of the territory embraced
in area represented in accompanying map, and from
the arrangement and depth of the drift material in the
various portions, one would be justified in inferring
that the preglacial drainage of this section differed ma-
terially from the one in post-glacial times.
The portion of Big Spring Prairie between Carey
.and Springville, and included between North Ridge
and West Ridge, presents a striking resemblance to an
old river valley, which might repay investigation by
the geologists of the state, who have made extensive
investigations along this line in other portions of the
state. If this surmise in regard to old river bed is cor-
rect, as the evidences seem to indicate, the drift mater-
24 BIG SPRING PRAIRIE.
ials of the glacial epoch were deposited in such a man-
ner that a lake was formed on the present site of the
prairie, a greater deposition of drift occurring at the
south end of the valley, and also to the north and west
of the prairie area.
This lake differed but slightly in outline from the
ptesent prairie, and it differed considerably in depth.
From borings on this area the greatest depth did not
much exceed thirty feet and considerable portions were
only a few feet in depth, for in some localities the diff-
erence in depth between the surface level and the drift
clay or solid rock is quite slight. Bowlders resting on
shallow drift clay occur in angle formed by the road-
beds of the Hocking Valley R. R. and the Northern
Ohio R. R. and just east of this point, in fact just
across the tracks, the Niagara limestone lies scarcely
two feet below the surface. Bowlders also occur on
a rather large area in the vicinity of Springville.
Further investigation would be needed to determine
whether the preglacial stream flowed northward or
southward between the North and West Ridges.
That this area was a lake in post-glacial times is
evidenced by the fact that quicksands, old lake beaches,
sand-dunes, etc., exist in various portions. These will
be more fully discussed under the various natural areas
and plant societies into which the prairie can be divided.
‘When this region was first settled, the natural drainage
of the southern portion of the east arm was a broad
gradual slope to Spring Run, joining it at the present site
of the Gault House, Carey, Ohio. No definite stream
existed in this portion within the memory of man;
but that such an outlet formerly existed is evidenced
by the fact, that the nearly obliterated remains of a
beaver dam occurs in the southern portion of this
area. It extended in an easterly and westerly dir-
ection about half way between Dow street and the
Northern Ohio R. R. It filled the gap between the
BIG SPRING PRAIRIE. 25
slope of West Ridge and the locality just across the
Hocking Valley R. R., where the Niagara limestone
lies within a foot or two of the surface.
The northern portion of the prairie from Spring-
ville westward was drained by the outlet mentioned in
the treaty, which was made with the Wyandot Indians
in 1818. -The Blanchard River is about five or six
miles west from the western boundary of the Indian
Reservation. In the treaty this would scarcely be re-
ferred to as the head-waters of Blanchard’s Fork, so
there must have been a tributary of this name _ suffi-
ciently open to warrant mention. According to the
testimony of the older settlers, there was no well-defined
open stream in 1840. Blanchard’s Fork must have
gradually become clogged up by an encroaching growth
of cattails, sedges, grasses, water-plants, and arrow-
leafs: thus producing the sluggish outlet frequently
mentioned by the old settlers.
The southwestern extremity of prairie near Vanlue
had a broad sluggish drainage to the southwest along
two shallow valleys.
Whether all of these outlets existed when the area
was a lake, or originated after it had developed to the
marsh type, it is difficult to determine: but, most prob-
ably the outlet was the only one, the others originating
after the surface of marsh was built up higher than the
original level of the lake.
This would seem to be a natural consequence, for
there are several areas of limited extent in various por-
tions of the prairie which would corroborate this view.
These areas are elevated several feet above the sur-
rounding level, although they consist of muck, of as
great or greater depth than the adjoining portions.
This greater elevation of a portion of a marsh is a com-
mon formation in a Sphagnum swamp. The writer
has never been able to find any Sphagnum whatever
on this area, or any traces of it in the muck, although
26 BIG SPRING PRAIRIE.
Dr. W. A. Kellerman and myself have made micro-
scopic examinations of muck obtained in localities
where it would have been most likely to occur. It
either existed formerly, even if no traces have been
found, or other forms of plant life possess the same
power. As before mentioned a remnant of the old
lake existed as late as 1850, occupying a portion of the
bed of the old outlet, or Blanchard’s Fork.
By an inspection of the Map, it will be seen that
the drainage at present is in the same three general
directions as mentioned under natural drainage while
the area was a marsh. The Divide occurs along New
Road No. 1. The territory to the south of this road is
drained into Spring Run, the water eventually finding
its way into Sandusky Bay by way of Tymochte Creek
and Sandusky River.
The ditch, draining into Spring Run, does not
follow the natural drainage course to vicinity of Gault
House, but veers eastward just north of Carey and emp-
ties into the Run near the Hocking Valley Depot. The
territory north of the Divide is drained northward, then
westward and empties into the Bower Ditch just west
of the Seneca—Hancock County line. The waters of this
ditch reach Lake Erie via the Blanchard, Auglaize, and
Maumee Rivers. The Vanlue end of prairie is drained
by several ditches whose waters empty into the Blanch-
ard River.
ARTIFICIAL DRAINAGE AND ITS EFFECTS.
The first drainage ditch was dug about 1860. This
drained the old lake remnant, and led to the gradual
decrease in strictly hydrophytic plants. The second
ditch drained into the old lake bed. It extended from
the western edge of prairie, eastward along Seneca—
Wyandot County line, and then northward along the
eastern margin of prairie, then northwestward, empty-
BIG SPRING PRAIRIE. 7
ing into the old lake bed. The third ditch extended from
the vicinity of New Road No. | chiefly along the west-
ern portion of prairie, then along southern border, and
emptied into Spring Run as at present. A number of
lateral ditches draining into these were dug. As a re-
sult of this drainage, portions of the prairie became fit
for cultivation, other portions formed excellent pasture
lands.
Fic. 1.—BOWLDER SHOWING SETTLING OF SOIL
Although the drainage ditches were occasionally
cleaned out and deepened, in the course of years, the
area began to revert to the marsh type. The flow of
the water became more and more sluggish. It was
found necessary to abandon some of the cultivated por-
tion as it could no longer be properly drained. An un-
looked for result had occurred. The general level of
the drained portion of the prairie was lowered to such
28 BIG SPRING PRAIRIE.
an extent, that the mesophytic condition was gradually
reverting to the hydrophytic condition again.
As evidence of the settling of the soil and the ex-
tent of the settling, we would call your attention to
figure 1 which shows a large bowlder resting on drift
clay. The location of this bowlder is indicated on the
Map. ‘The dark band along the side of rock near the
top marks the old marsh level; the shorter band of dark
and light streak near the base of rock was exposed by
prairie fire which burned the soil several years ago.
The picture does not do justice to the real appearance
of the rock. The portion above the upper band is old
and exceedingly weatherworn, and partially covered
with mosses. The portion below the upper band has a
clean, bright surface as ifit had been more or less acted
upon by humic acids. The difference in the appear-
ance of these distinct areas is far more striking on the
' bowlder than in the picture. The decrease in level of
this part of prairie is thus shown to be about 22 feet.
Mr. Peter Brayton states that when a young man,
he was one day walking across prairie not far from the
edge, ashort distance north of New Road 2, which
crosses his farm. The ground was wet and springy.
At each step, his feet would sink into the muck. He
happened to step upon something solid. Upon inves-
tigation, he found it to be a bowlder, whose top was
slightly below the surface. In 1899, the bowlder was
projecting about 20 inches above the surrounding level.
This seeming elevation of bowlder, and actual settling
of soil occurred after artificial drainage was introduced.
The old settlers are quite unanimous in their testi-
mony, that a person could shake many square rods of
ground by jumping upon one of the “bogs” as they
called the “sedgy hummocks”’ projecting above the
general level; and also, that portions of prairie muck
seemed to be quite deep as poles could be thrust vertic-
ally into the soil to the depth of ten feet or more. At
BIG SPRING PRAIRIE. 29
present, they are at a loss how to account for the fact,
as the muck in those identical places is now only three
or four feet deep. Below the muck, there is either a
sand bed, a layer of clay or both. The testimony of
the bowlders clears the mystery, for the muck was
formerly deeper, and the sand-layer beneath was a
quicksand, such as is yet encountered while making
a at i eee a
Fig. 2.-TREE WITH EXPOSED Roots, SHOWING SETTLING SOIL.
excavations for the abutments of some of the bridges
across the prairie streams. When thoroughly drained,
the quicksand becomes a solid bed. The settlers,
ignorant or unmindful of the quicksand beneath,
were mistaken in supposing that the entire depth
penetrated was muck.
As further evidence of the amount of settling of
the soil, we would direct your attention to figure 2.
30 BIG SPRING PRAIRIE,
This tree is situated in a low woods, adjoining the prai-
rie and at the junction of a shallow drainage valley
from West Ridge. It is about two rods distant from
the ditch draining southern part of prairie. The tree
is 59 inches in circumference just above the exposed
roots. The amount of settling indicated is about 2%
feet. Figure 3 shows another tree 36 inches in cir-
cumference. It is situated in same woods, but a short
distance up the slope of this natural drainage valley.
The amount of settling at this point is about 24 inches.
Considerable of this settling was due to the last deepen-
ing of the outlet of this prairie ditch in 1897.
Several wooded areas of this prairie, whose princi-
pal genera are Ulmus, Fraxinus, and Acer exhibit a like
tendency to prominent or exposed roots. Whenever
the roots of trees are imbedded in a solid clay subsoil,
and the soil settles, it will leave the upperroots ex-
posed as illustrated in figures 2and 38. Thus, in part,
we can read the history of the past of such areas by
the present conditions.
Since the settling of the soil tends to cause a rever-
sion of the plant societies, it is of considerable interest
to further investigate the subject of drainage and its ef-
fects; especially as prairie fires which burn the soil as
well as the vegetation upon it are, upon this prairie, a
direct result of artificial drainage. Before artificial
drainage was introduced, the burning of the soil did
not occur, as the muck was surcharged with water.
The enclosing ridges and the solid rock bed underlying
the prairie renders this a peculiar kind of prairie. The
edge of the prairie is lined by a number of springs, the
natural outlets of the subterranean drainage of the
ridges; the rock strata of these ridges, as before ex-
plained, dipping toward the low ground and hence in
this region toward the prairie, the subterranean water
must rise in prairie muck until it rises sufficiently high
to be drained off by the prairie ditches. For this reason,
Fig. 3.—TREE SHOWING SETTLING OF SOIL BY ITS EXPOSED Roots.
32 BIG SPRING PRAIRIE.
most of the earlier ditches were dug» chiefly along the
edges of prairie, thus intercepting the waters from the
springs. ‘The destruction of the forests on the ridges,
and the construction of tile ditches and open ditches
have considerably lessened the importance and magni-
tude of the springs along the margin of prairie, thus
aiding in the evolution of plant societies. After the
soil became drier, and especially after the construction
of the Hocking Valley R. R. across this area, prairie
fires became prevalent.
In order to investigate the amount and causes of
the settling of the soil, direct experiments with soils
were performed. Samples of soil were collected,
weighed, and measured while still wet. After thorough-
ly drying in a slow oven, the soil was again weighed
and measured. ‘The dry soil was then burned, and the
weight and volume of ash determined, in order to learn
what amount of settling of soil was due to prairie fires
and what amount todrainage. These prairie fires have
rapidly changed a mesophytic area to a hydrophytic
one, extensive depressions occurring on the areas burned
over, and as the drainage of the ditches became more
sluggish, these depressions would fill with water, which
would scarcely dry up even in dry seasons. A number
of such areas came under the writer’s observation be-
tween 1891 to 1897. In the latter year the outlet was
deepened by blasting the rock in bottom of ditch from
the point where the outlet empties into Spring Run to
the bridge just north of the Northern Ohio railroad sta-
tion. ‘The point where deepening ended is shown in
figure 4, the rude fence marking the limit.
Fic. 4.—SHOWING THE BROWN DITCH AT WESTERN LIMIT OF DEEPENING.
34 BIG SPRING PRAIRIE.
EXPERIMENTS WITH SOIL.
Soil No. J, taken from the bottom ofa ditch 6 feet
deep near the Johnson celery farm, gave the following
results:
Wet soil, after draining 48 hours.......... 160 0z
Dry sorl,-(dried “in slow oven)... i> «2205. 20 02
HUOSSie tN AWiel Oi Gaeemests ace cierraictemiors 140 oz
EROS SUL O Gratton dieses sheer eVorereteroe oe 875 %
V oliiie Ob WGt{SOtl soccer nas seit te mete 4 qt
Voluine Of dry sOlonan da oc he enone sae i qt
oss volumes. -ves0l525es eee 21 qt
HOSA gt sacmtd ie sete aeeer 564 %
Volume of dry soil........... fight: fpt. 2 gi.
Volume of ashes: 0 <<: ...0.; : 3 gi.
Loss in volume .... 1 qt. () pt. 3 gi.
MWOSS eircom ese 788 %
Soil No. 2, taken from about 10 inches below sur-
face on celery farm.
Weight ot soil, UNdriedis or nc. a6 cores wel a 112 oz.
Weight of Soil dried 2 samc tyeccm oo ee 26 OZ.
Loss in weight ., s..c64 ks .ecs 2s Side OO OZ
GOSS AUG itz siavecenets seaisrerteners alorsiede ao atorreveha 762 %
Y¥ olumecof soil, undried se...) oti ciao 3 qt.
Volume of soil, dried ...5 -.-.+-2sesecssees no 13 qt.
Loss in volume........ -----+se0ce0s 15 qt
1 BOIS) Oh a ae Oab ane Dos Otnn aon Eoicte 50 «2%
Volume OL dried sot) coreg ist. cee eee 12 gi.
Volume of Ashes 32. nocnseee, tale samen tee 33 gi.
ILyoysSpahays oon odonGe snesaaadé- 83 gi.
TOSS Opis cree ciaie asta s cus clelaleisvere Jin eee
Soil No. 3. Clay subsoil, taken from wooded area
near south end of prairie.
Weipht.of clay undried 2c. ess ca anloe ne 14 Ib.
Wierghit of clay: (died ere cchetonloe totes oi vrei ei 1b:
Loss in weight. +e sce sucess nee 3) Ib;
MOSSE oieiauso race Sentero ate eared olccreetere 212 %
Loss in volume slight.
BIG SPRING PRAIRIE. 35
Soil No. 4. Clay mixed with sand, taken from
edge of ditch at south end of prairie.
Wieinhit UUINCURME Ciera aietetel ssn cistet eereeieee- Sister on ecko 20 Ib.
Wieichisdniedescrng m.c3caton asia Tene Dee 16 lb.
POSSI WeTeihs sists sist 452.3 5). atel ole 4 lb
ILOSS: Ghaodace 8 Ventbe Gconmseas oaue 20 %
Loss in volume slight.
Soil No. 5. Taken from field E. of Map II.
Weight of wet soil, drained 24 hours......... 72 OZ.
Weichtiol dry Soles ya secs cc ccs lelcielgncrets se 32 oz.
MOSS siMmWiEl& lnibieeccte cmercrsteticiome sittin 40 oz.
WOE Apc .ctree aad & See mises fGen le 5D)
VOlUMIE OL wWetuBOll «5 leis aetcretts Sectiecisheae fs 4 pt.
Wolpe OF adby: SOU nos 5 <naoremas se cae 23 pt.
TOSS My OlUIMMC Sei haps alec ee 13 pt.
MOSS 0G citteretcs cum snac ne Save cveieiererene sere 31% %.
WoluntesOn Ory SO coi4 Saas oie nase ob as aee 23 pt.
Volume of ash after burning 2.0.2.5 <al a 17. pt,
OSS Mav OUI Oifesses a ace at vale o wise eres 1} pt
dG NS SW Pipaina ee eel Sikes WEN See ow ee 50 %
in drying.
in drying.
in burning.
Loss per cent. in weight ||
Loss percent. in yolume
Loss per cent. in volume
Soil No. 1, Muck from depth of 6 ft........ 874 | 564 788
Soil No. 2, Muck from depth of 10 inches... | 76% | 50 703
Biel Noro (Clay SUDSOM =. 70-25. oa ciatacine'sis's 213 |slight
Soil No. 4, Clay mixed with sand.......... | 20 |slight
Soil No. 5, Muck from cultivated surface... | 55 373 | 50
|
36 BIG SPRING PRAIRIE.
From the above data, we see that the surface soil
has lost 37% per cent. in volume, the soil ata depth
of 10 to 12 in. 50 per cent., while the soil from a depth
of 6 feet lost 56% per cent.
Under natural conditions, the soil will not dry as
thoroughly, and in consequence will not lose as great a
per cent. in drying, perhaps considerably less than half;
but the ratio of loss will remain approximately the
same. ‘he soil from near the surface lost less in vol-
ume because it contained a smaller amount of water, and
because the vegetable matter of which it is chiefly com-
posed had already undergone some oxidation.
Chemistry teaches us that a slow oxidation will
practically accomplish in the course of years what a rap-
id combustion will accomplish in a few hours.
The burning of the deeper soil gave a loss of 78%
per cent., of the soil from near the surface 70? per cent.
making a difference of 8 percent. Thusa partial oxi-
dation of soil had taken place in the latter and a conse-
quent decrease in volume resulted. As this area had
been drained but a few years, we can gain some idea of
the importance of this phase of the subject. A com-
plete oxidation of the vegetable portion of the soil will
cause approximately the same decrease in general level
as the burning of the soil, which has been occurring of
late.
There are four causes at work in reducing the gen-
eral level of this area:
Ist. Withdrawal of the water from the soil and the
consequent shrinkage in volume as determined by direct
experiment.
2d. Drainage produces aeration of soil; and the
resulting oxidation of its vegetable remains, by which
great portions pass off as gases, cause the remains to
settle more closely together. —
3d. Burning of the soil, which produces most
rapid and greatest difference in level.
FIGURE 5. SHOWING BURNING OF SOIL, AND MEANS EMPLOYED TO PREVENT ITS SPREADING.
38 BIG SPRING PRAIRIE.
4th. The erosion of surface soil in the vicinity of
ditches.
The above four causes are direct results of artificial
drainage.
This settling of marsh soil after drainage becomes
of economic importance. For, if there is just enough
difference in level to secure proper drainage when the
first ditches are dug, the area in the course of years, is
bound to revert to the semi-marsh type, if the muck is
sufficiently thick.
If, however, the fall in outlet ditch is sufficiently
great, the ditches must be deepened from time to time,
until the first two causes have approximately accom-
plished their work. ‘The third force or cause does not
manifest itself on all drained marsh areas. But wherever
it is liable to occur, provision must be made both for
prevention, if possible; and for staying its destructive
progress.
Figure 5 illustrates a method employed on Big
Spring Prairie to stay the ravages of prairie fires. The
dry prairie grass was set on fire by sparks from a pass-
ing engine. The sedgy or grassy hummocks project-
ing above the general level are quite dry, and hence are
set on fire by the burning grass. The heat from this
burning portion expels the moisture from the soil in
immediate contact with it and raises it above the ignit-
ing point and the firespreads. Before the real value of
this marsh land was learned, little effort was made to
check its progress unless it threatened to encroach upon
fences or the land adjoining prairie. But, after Mr.
W. C. Johnson proved the value of this marsh land by
developing a celery and truck farm upon it, the land
rose in value from $10 an acre to $75 or even more.
At present if a prairie fire originates, which threat-
ens the burning of the soil, a trench is dug around the
burning area. Ifthe trench is deep enough to reach
very wet soil, it effectually prevents its further ravages
BIG SPRING PRAIRIE. 39
as shown in the illustration. This settling of drained
marsh land is not peculiar to Big Spring Prairie, but
was noticed by the tillers of the Scioto Marsh. This
marsh was formerly wooded. After it was drained, the
land was cleared and cultivated. After tento fifteen
years of cultivation, the stumps seemed to be growing
in height, and logs imbedded under the surface were
exposed. The amount of settling varied from one to
two feet. The farmers of that section ascribed the ap-
parent elevation of the stumps to the settling of soil
consequent upon cultivation.
The first and second causes above enumerated are
sufficient to account for the amount of settling of the
soil. Mr. W. C. Johnson, former proprietor of the Wild
Rose Celery Farm, stated that the Creston, O., marsh
had settled at least ten feet, and that Mr. John Brink-
erhoff, the surveyor, who has frequently surveyed and
leveled the marsh for securing data of water level for
ditching, has observations to this effect on record.
Formerly this marsh possessed a slow natural drainage,
now a ditch about ten feet deep scarcely drains it.
Under this subject, it may be of interest to give
graphic representations of the advance or retrogression
of plant societies under varying conditions.
We shall employ Warming’s three classes of Xero-
phytes, or drought-enduring plants; Hydrophytes, or
water-loving plants; and Mesophytes, or plants thriving
best in medium condition of moisture. The class Hal-
ophytes may be ignored in this connection.
The process of the filling up of a shallow lake mar-
gin is quite rapid from the time the first bulrush makes
its appearance above the water, until the area so cov-
ered has been transformed into a marsh, which is cov-
ered with water for only portions of the year. From
that stage to the strictly mesophystic prairie the advance
becomes gradually slower and slower, as portions of
the vegetable remains by the alternate soaking and dry-
40 BIG SPRING PRAIRIE.
ing pass off as gases, and thus a correspondingly less
amount of humus is accumulated.
The rapidity of the above mentioned process was
strikingly exhibited by a pond on the Lawrence Straw
farm in the Sandusky River Valley. This pond came
under the writers observation in 1895. At that time
there was still a small area of clear water in the center
for the greater portion of the year. The remainder of
pond was covered with quite shallow water, in which
there flourished a rank vegetation of cattails, calamus,
and various sedges. At present there is no longer any
clear area of water, at any time of the year; and the great-
er portion of the original pond is now above the perma-
nent water level for by far the greater portion of the
year. This advance has been made inten years. As
this dead pond is enclosed on two sides by high hills,
and as several deep gullies discharge their waters into
this area, the erosive material carried into it wasan im-
portant factor in its rapid advance. But the like factor
existed formerly in regard to Big Spring Prairie, as West
Ridge fills in the inner curve of the bow, and North
Ridge extends along its eastern border. The present
broad, shallow drainage valleys were formerly narrow
and deep gullies carrying into the old lake a large
amount of silt consisting of sand and clay, which were
deposited in different places in varying proportions.
The following figure will illustrate the foregoing
graphically under the condition of natural drainage:
XEROPHYTIC
MESOPHYTIC
HYDROPHYTIC
FIGURE 6. DIAGRAM OF CURVE OF ADVANCE UNDER NATURAL DRAINAGE,
BIG SPRING PRAIRIE. 41
Horizontal lines indicate time. Vertical lines in-
-dicate rapidity of filling up or change.
a—First bulrush or tattail making its appearance.
6 to c—Curve of advance from shallow lake to
marsh.
c te d—Curve of advance from marsh to semi-marsh.
d to e—Curve of advance from semi-marsh to meso-
phytic prairie.
Under artificial drainage this curve must be modi-
fied to meet the new conditions, and hence the follow-
ing diagram will illustrate it:
XEROPHYTIC — if
Cc f
MESOPHYTIC — Biers
es
fb
Apa FOREN GT MC 9 oe a
FIGURE7T. DIAGRAM OF ADVANCE AND RETROGRESSION UNDER ARTIFI-
CIAL DRAINAGE,
a—Appearance of first bulrush or cattail.
a to b—Advance under natural drainage.
6 to c—Effect of artificial drainage.
c tod—Settling of soil and erosion.
But the condition of greatest water content of soil
will not be reached until the outlet ditch becomes com-
pletely clogged up with plant remains whose accumu-
lation will be greater here than where there is less
moisture. Consequently a barrier retarding drainage
will be built up and the conditions on the originally
‘drained portion will for a time become more hydro-
phytic as indicated by the curve ‘“‘d fo e.”” When “‘e”
greatest degree of marshiness has been attained, the
natural process of advance will again tend to carry the
42 BIG SPRING PRAIRIE.
area to the mesophytic condition. The above represents
the curve if only one effort at drainage has been made.
If the ditches are cleaned out or deepened, new curves
must be accordingly introduced at the proper stage.
If the soil takes fire after drainage, and a severe
burn ensues, the curve will need adjustment as follows:
XEROPHYTIC
MESOPHYTIC
HYDROPHYTIC *
FIGURE 8. RETROGRESSION AS RESULT OF THE BURNING OF SOIL.
a to b—Advance under natural conditions.
6 to c—Advance under artificial drainage.
c to d—Stage of settling before prairie fire.
d to e—Retrogression as result of prairie fire.
ée to f—Advance under natural conditions.
As before stated, the first ditches were dug about
1860, but by 1890 certain portions of prairie had so far
reverted toward former conditions that a joint county
ditch was petitioned for and granted by the proper au-
thorities of Seneca and Hancock counties. This ditch
was constructed in 1891 and is known as the Bower
Ditch as represented on Map I.
Figure 9 gives an illustration of it some distance be-
pond the prairie area. The greater portion of this out-
let is cut through a considerable thickness of clay now
quite firm. ‘The muck above it has undergone consid-
erable oxidation and consequent settling. ‘This outlet
will furnish adequate drainage for great portions of this.
prairie for many years to come.
In 1897 it was found necessary to deepen the outlet
of the Brown Ditch at southern end of prairie. In order
BIG SPRING PRAIRIE. 43
to secure sufficient fall for further proper drainage, it
was necessary to blast out a couple of feet of solid rock for
the greater portion of the distance from the bridge just
north of the Northern Ohio depot to the point where it
empties into Spring Run. A portion of the southern
arm of prairie just south of the Carey—Findlay road has
been rendered fit for cultivation by means of a very ex-
tensive system of underground drainage. A walled
catch-basin, receiving the water from several side arms,
occurs just south of thisroad. A large tile drain carries
this water to the southwestward.
FIGURE 9. BOWER DircH Just BEYOND LIMIT OF PRAIRIE, DEEPENED IN 1891.
4. LAGGING’ BEHIND OF EFFECTS.
On area D of Map II, although there are ditches
on three sides of it producing excellent drainage, yet
Phragmites phragmites (Reed) still flourishes fairly
well. It is not as dense or rank as formerly, but it is
yielding very gradually to the changed conditions, and
44 BIG SPRING PRAIRIE.
promises to hold out forsome years tocome. Itis also
holding its own in a few other well drained areas.
In the depressions of area Fof Map II, Typha lat-
ifolia (Cattail} was very abundant before the last deep-
ening of ditch, after which a gradual decrease in abund-
ance occurred. Yet it was fairly common even in 1900,
the year before the greater portion of this area was
brought under cultivation.
Isnardia palustris (Mud Purslane) and Proserpinaca
palustris (Mermaid Weed) are other striking examples
of plants yielding slowly to the changed condition. A
specimen of Proserpinaca was found late in the Autumn
on a pieceof ground which had been planted to pota-
toes. It survived in spite of cultivation, but it had
changed its general habit. Instead of growing long
and slender, it formed a dense mat about eight inches
in diameter, which closely hugged the ground.
Salix myrtilloides and Betula pumila are frequent-
ly found growing along the well drained banks of
ditches three to five feet deep, although they are char-
acteristic swamp plants. The evident explanation of
this lagging of effects is found in the facts of well devel-
oped root system of most of the plants cited in connec-
tion with the great water content of the muck of this
prairie.
5. PLANT SOCIETIES OF THE PRAIRIE.
Although there is only a moderate difference in the
surface level of the prairie, yet there are quite distinct
plant societies flourishing in close proximity to each
other. Some times the difference in surface level is
not more than one or two feet yet on the slightly higher
portion, a mesophytic forest formation may have been
developed, while a hydro-mesophytic prairie society
may be firmly established on the slightly lower level.
Again on another part of prairie considerably higher
than the wooded portion, a prairie society may be hold-
ing sway. Mere elevation can not reconcile these
BIG SPRING PRAIRIE. 45
seemingly contradictory plant societies. Upon closer
examination, it was ascertained that, although the sur-
face level of the muck differed but moderately, the drift
clay beneath is not nearly so uniform in level. Conse-
quently, while at some places the clay bed lies one or
two feet beneath the surface, at others it lies at a depth
unknown at present. On account of the dip of the rock
strata of the ridges adjacent to the prairie, the lower
strata of muck are surcharged with water, which pre-
vents excavating a hole deep enough to determine depth
of muck. Along iron pipe or wooden pole might be
driven into the muck, but it would be impossible to de-
termine, whether the entire distance of easy penetra-
tion were muck, quick sand, or a plastic mixture of
sand and clay. Fora conservative estimate we may
state that the muck in some portions is at least eight
or ten feet deep. As there is this difference in the na-
ture and depth of the soil and sub-soil, and asin the
neighborhood of the old lake remnant the soil is more
sandy than elsewhere, and as the plant societies vary
according to these factors, we shall deal jointly of the
nature of the soilin the various portions and the charac-
teristic plant societies thereon.
The first division of plant societies on Big Spring
Prairie would be the wooded portions, and the Prairie
proper. The wooded portions may be classified under
the following divisions:
1 The Sand Dune Forest.
2 The Outcrop Forest.
3 The Clay Island Forest.
4 The Clay Bank Forest.
5 The Burned Area Thicket.
These divisions will be more fully treated of in the
division of Forest Encroachment or Introduction upon
Prairie, the Order and Cause.
The prairie proper supports various plant societies
according to its elevation, proximity to ditches, and ef-
46 BIG SPRING PRAIRIE.
fects of prairie fires in the past. Furthermore, portions
of prairie are still natural meadows; others are under
a high degree of cultivation; still others were at one
time cultivated, but, for a number of years past, have
been used for pasturage again. Thus there is presented
a varied array of plant societies according to the fore-
going conditions and the problem of their ecology be-
comes quite a complex one.
The prairie societies can be considered under the
following divisions:
1 The Natural Meadow moriptice:
The Heath Societies.
The Burned Area Societies.
a On severe burns.
6 On repeated slight burns.
4 MeadowSocieties on areas, formerly cultivated.
5 ‘The Ditch Societies.
We shall first treat of the contiguous plant socie-
ties of the southern portion of the east arm of prairie,
as, on the portion represented on Map II, all of the
above prairie societies occur, and also some of the wood-
land societies.
The eastern portion of field “‘A”’ is slightly higher
than the western, but not more than a foot and a half.
Bowlders of various sizes are quite numerous in eastern
portion, only a few occurring in western portion. The
soil in the eastern portion, as seen along ditches is from
one anda half to two feet deep, consisting of three
layers, acomparatively thick layer of muck, a medium
layer of blue clay, and a thin layer of sand resting upon
partially disintegrated native Niagara Limestone. The
sand was most likely deposited along the shore of the
old lake. About two blocks south of this field, the sand
layer is considerably deeper as was observed in water-
works trenches, which were in line of the original nat-
ural drainage course. How the blue clay came to over-
lie the sand layer is an unsolved problem, unless Les-
GC bw
\y
garryad anos \
OIHO NUALYON
HHH HH HEEL EH
aNVISI AVIO qaqooM
oe
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ol
we
Saou
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saou
09
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RIDGE.
“WEST!
a
48 BIG SPRING PRAIRIE.
quereux’s suggestion that the clay in ponds may be
formed by remains of convervoideae and characeae
is true.
The soil in the western part of field is from two to.
five feet deep with asimilar arrangement of materials,
but the muck and clay are relatively much thicker.
In fields B, F, and C the muck is deeper than in A,
with the exception of the wooded clay island and its im--
mediate vicinity. In H,G, E, and Dthe muck is of
still greater depth.
Along the Brown Ditch in eastern portion of field
F, the layers of muck and sandy clay are quite promi-
nent, while along the ditch in western portion of field
the muck only, is visible.
The surface of this field is quite irregular, especially
the western portion, on account of the ravages of one or
more severe prairie fires, which left anumber of depres--
sions of irregular outline and of varying extent. In.
1896, these were from one to three feet lower than the
surrounding portions.
Before the last deepening of the outlet of the Brown
Ditch in 1897, these depressions contained more or less.
water throughout the entire year. Although the Brown
Ditch was deepened only to the western extremity of
field A, the remainder of ditch has become deeper by
natural erosion. In 1899, a tile ditch was constructed
as indicated on Map II. Asa result, the depressions.
indicated by the banded areas, contained water only
during quite wet weather.
In 1896, Typha latifolia L. (Cattail); Isnardia pa-
lustris LL. (Marsh Purslane); Proserpinaca palus--
tris L. (Mermaid-weed); Scirpus lacustris L. (Great
Rush); Ranunculus delphinifolius Torr. (Yellow Crow-
foot); and Carex (various species) were the characteris-
tic plants, thus indicating the true hydrophytic condi--
tions. In 1900, the Typha latifolia was becoming quite
scarce, while the Ranunculus delphinifolius had entire--
BIG SPRING PRAIRIE. 49
materially decreased. ‘The Proserpinaca, which still
maintained its foothold in the lowest depressions, ex-
hibited its characteristic tendency of producing simply
toothed leaves instead of the dissected ones which the
plant produces, when submerged. As the above species
decreased in number, various species of Carex, Scirpus,
and Agrimonia parviflora supplanted them.
The characteristic grasses, sedges and rushes of
this natural meadow were Poa pratensis L. (Kentucky
Blue-grass); Agrostis alba L. (Red top, Herd’s-grass);
chiefly in the southern and southeastern portion of field
near the ditch; Muhlenbergia racemosa (Mx) B. S. P.
(Marsh Muhlenbergia); Scirpus atrovirense Muhl. (Dark
green Bulrush); Scirpus cyperinus (L.) Kunth. (Wool-
grass); and Juncus effusus L. (Bog-rush).
The following were also common: Spartina cynos-
uroides (L.) Willd. (Tall Marsh-grass); Carex lupulina
Muhl. (Hop Sedge); Carex Frankii Kunth. (Franks
Sedge); Carex comosa Boot. (Bristly Sedge); Carex vul-
pinoidea Mx. (Fox Sedge); Eleocharis (species?) Cy-
perus flavescens L. (Yellow Cyperus); Cyperus eryth-
rothizos Muhl. (Red-root Cyperus); Panicum crus-galli
L. (Witch-grass); Homalocenchrus oryzoides (L.) Pool.
(Rice Cut-grass); and Ixophorus glaucus (L.) Nash.
(Yellow Foxtail). The Poa and Agrostis occur in the
best drained portions, while the marsh species flourish
in the minor depressions.
The most characteristic herbaceous plants were
Eupatorium perfoliatum L. (Boneset); Solidago cana-
densis L. (Canada Golden-rod); Lycopus americanus
Muhl. (Cut-leaf Water Hoar-hound); Verbena hastata L.
(Blue Vervain); Asclepias incarnata L. (Swamp Milk-
weed); and Agrimonia parviflora Soland. (Small-flow-
ered Agrimony.
Other quite common plants were Potentilla mon-
speliensis L. (Bushy Cinquefoil); Mimulus ringens L,
(Sessile-leaf Monkey-flower); Penthorum sedoides IL.
50 BIG SPRING PRAIRIE.
(Ditch Stone-crop); Cardamine pennsylvanica Muhl.
(Pennsylvanica Bitter-Cress); Epilobium lineare Muhl.
(Linear-leaf Willow-herb); Polygonum (4 species);
Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt. (Garden Tickseed); Iris versi-
color L. (Large Blue-flag); Geum virginianum L,.
(Rough Avens); Urtica gracilis L. (Slender Nettle);
Scrophularia marylandica L. (Maryland Figwort); An-
gelica purpurea L,. (Purple-stem Angelica); Mentha pi-
perita L. (Peppermint); Scutellaria galericulata L,.
(Marsh Skullcap); Phytolacea decandra L. (Pokeweed);
Carduus muticus (Michx) Pers. (Swamp Thistle); Card-
uus lanceolatus L. (Common Spear Thistle); Erechtites
hieracifolia (L.) Raf. (Fire-weed); Xanthium canadense
Mill. (American Cocklebur and Ambrosia artemisaefo-
lia Ll. (Ragweed). The Mimulus, Penthorum, Carda-
mine and Iris testify to the former marshy condition;
the Epilobium and Erechtites, tothe presence of fire.
The Xanthium owes its presence most likely to ani-
mals, as this field has been used extensively for pastur-
age. Species formerly fairly abundant in this meadow,
but now rare are the following: Lobelia cardinalis
(Cardinal Flower); Lobelia syphilitica (Blue Lobelia);
Lobelia Kalmii (Kalm’s Lobelia. Brook Lobelia) Naum-
bergia thyrsiflora (Tufted Loose-strife); all witnesses of
the former marsh condition. Along the margins of
the depressions the following shrubs occur:
Rosa carolina lL, (Swamp Rose); Ribes floridum L.
Her. (Wild Black Currant) and Salix (several species)
(Willows). Potentilla fruticosa so common on other
portions of prairie is not found in this meadow.
The wooded clay island will be taken up under the
subject of Tree encroachment upon prairie.
FIELDS G. AND C.
These were heath-like areas covered chiefly with
the following shrubs: Potentilla fruticosa (Shrubby
Cinquefoil); Sambucus canadensis (Elderberry); Salix
(several species, Willows) Populus deltoides and tremu-
BIG SPRING PRAIRIE. Dil
loides, with Urtica gracilis as the most abundant her-
baceous plant; and the following quite common: Koel-
lia virginiana (L.) MacM. (Virginia Mountain Mint);
Helianthus giganteus (Tall Sunflower); Thalictrum
polygamum (Tall Meadow-rue); and Carduus muticus
(Michx.) Pers. (Swamp Thistle.
FIELD B.
The unburned portion was still a natural meadow
in 1899, and resembled field F. Inaddition to most of
plants found in field F, the following were quite com-
mon: Aster Novae-Angliae L.(New England Aster);
Aster puniceus Ll. (Red-stalk Aster); Euthamia gram-
inifolia (L.) Nutt. (Bushy Fragrant Goldenrod); Lactu-
ca Scariola L. (Prickly Lettuce); Asclepias syriaca L,.
(Common Milkweed); Helianthus giganteus L,. (Tall
Sunflower); Onagra biennis (L.) Scop. (Common Even-
ing Primrose); Roripa armoratia (L, ) Hitch. (Horse-rad-
dish); Lactuca spicata (Lam.) Hitche. (Tall Blue Let-
tuce); Potentilla fruticosa L. (Shrubby Cinquefoil); and
Rubus occidentalis (Black Raspberry).
In the Autumn of 1897, the shaded portion was se-
verely burned. Asaresult the elms numbered from 1
to 7 were destroyed. The fire, burning the soil and
roots from under the trees, caused them to fall, but yet
did not consume them.
In 1898, the severely-burned spaces were covered
with mosses (chiefly Funaria hygrometrica) and a few
annual herbs. In 1899, some of these spaces contained
hundreds of seedling elms and poplars; others were
covered with rosettes of Onagra biennis and Epilobum
coloratum; others, with Muhlenbergia racemosa; still
others with Panicum capillare. Kach of the foregoing
have seeds that are readily disseminated and the ash of
the muck does not seem to be detrimental to their ger-
mination. ‘The south portion of the burned area con-
tains more of the seedling elms and poplars than the re-
HQ, BIG SPRING PRAIRIE.
maining portion on account of its proximity to the seed
bearing trees to the south and west of it.
FIELD A.
We treated first of the area surrounding this field so
that we might note what plants from natural meadow
were able to regain a foot-hold on this area; and what
new species were competing with them.
This field has not been cultivated since 1886, and
was sown to the following grass seeds: Poa pratensis,
Agrostis alba, and Phleum pratense.
The trees occurring in this field are Populus moni-
lifera indicated by xl, etc., and Ulmus Americana indi-
cated by small circles. The diameters of the Populus
monilifera were as follows: x1, two feet; x2, three feet;
x3, one and one-fourth feet; x4, two and one-half feet;
x5, one and one-half feet. The diameters of Ulmus
Americana were 8, ten inches; 9, two and one-half feet;
10, one and one-fourth feet; 11, one and one-fourth feet;
12, one and one-half feet; 13, one one-fourth feet.
The trees are in a very flourishing condition, but
the roots of those in the middle and eastern portion of
field are very shallow, some radiating above the ground,
partly on account of the settling of soil, partly on ac-
count of the shallow soil over the native rock. Dr. Asa
Brayton, who owns the field states that the trees are
voluntary, and that only a few of the largest were pres-
ent before the ditches were dug.
The principal plants of the natural meadows to the
West and North which have gained a foot-hold, are:
Koellia Virginiana (L.) MacM. (Virginia Mountain
Mint); Vernonia fasciculata Michx. (Western Iron-
weed); Agrimonia parviflora (Small-flowered Agrimony);
Euthamia graminifolia (Bushy Fragrant Goldenrod);
and Solidago canadensis (Canada Goldenrod). ‘The fol-
lowing plants occur less abundantly than the above, but
yet are quite common: Aster Novae-Anglie (New Eng-
land Aster); Lycopus Americanus (Cut-leaf Water
BIG SPRING PRAIRIE. io
Hoar-hound); Eupatorium perfoliatum (Boneset); Poten-
tilla monspeliensis (Bushy Cinquefoil); Aster vimineus
(Small white Aster).
The following occur stillless frequently: Rosa car-
olina, Asclepias tuberosa, Onagra biennis, Carduus mu-
ticus, Iris versicolor, Sambucus canadensis, Urtica gra-
cilis. From the cultivated ground the following are the
most plentiful: Achillea millefolium (Millfoil or Yar-
row); Dipsacus silvestris Mill. (Wild Teasel); Oxalis,
{two species) Ambrosia artemisiaefolia (Bitterweed,
Ragweed); Chenopodium album L. (Lambs-quarters);
Amerantus retroflexus L. (Rough Pigweed); Nepeta
cataria L. (Catnip); Rumux crispus L. (Curled Dock);
Polygonum hydropiper L. (Water-pepper); Polygonum
persicaria L,. (Lady’s thumb); Leptilon canadense (L.)
Britt. (Horse-weed) and Convolvulus sepium L. (Hedge
Bind-weed). In the eastern portion of field, there
are a few Crataegus and one specimen of Gleditschia
triacanthus.
The introduced species in this field occur most
commonly where there are breaks in the sod or upon
the soil thrown from the ditches. A dense sod seems
to be an effectual preventative against the encroach-
ment of most species of plants. ‘The plants which will
gain a foot-hold upon the suitable places are chiefly
those which occur on the areas around it tothe windward,
and under similar ecological conditions of soil, moist-
ure, etc- This fact is strikingly illustrated in compar-
ing field H, a natural grassy meadow along the western
border of prairie, with artificial meadow A in the east-
ern portion. Fields F and B are closely allied in phys-
ical and chemical characteristics of soil to field A, and
the wind is suitable for seed dissemination, in conse-
quence, we find many species in common.
FIELD H.
This is a natural meadow. It is strikingly differ-
ent in physical and chemical characteristics of soil from
54 BIG SPRING PRAIRIE.
the adjoining ridge, but very similar to that of F and G
to the east of it. Although the prevailing winds are
favorable, few if any ridge plants have become estab-
lished upon it. Again as the prevailing winds are west-
erly, few of the species occurring on F and G are found
upon H, although the ecological factors of nature of soil
and water content are similar. The surface is well sod-
ded with grasses and sedges, but very hummocky as
shown in figure 10.
The next most characteristic plant is Iris versicolor
(Iris or Blue Flag). Two species of Polygonum occur
in moderate quantities. Few other plants are common.
The Iris occurs also in the northeast corner of woods K.
In the northwestern corner of field there were four
Ash trees, having the lower portion of trunk considera-
bly enlarged and the roots prominent.
FIELD D.
Before the deepening ditches in 1897, the most
characteristic plant of this small area was Phragmites
phragmites (L.) Karst.(Reed). It is still quite common.
Other fairly common plants Salix (several species), As-
ter novae-angliae, Aster puniceus, Solidago Riddellii,
Solidago Ohiensis, Verbena hastata, and Urtica gracilis.
One clump of Chelone glabra occurred also. The Phrag-
mites are witnesses of the low marsh condition, and the
Solidago Ohioensis and Riddellii of the wet prairie.
The Urtica gracilis gives evidence of the occurrence of
prairie fires. That there were no severe burns is evi-
denced by the fact that marsh and wet prairie species
are still the dominant plants.
As the two divisions of Natural Meadows and
Heath Societies gradually shade into each other, and
as they possess many species in common, we shall
treat of them jointly, beginning with the large area, oc-
cupying the greater portion of the territory between
the two new roads indicated on map I.
FIGURE 10, NATURAL MEADOW, FIELD H oF MAP II. GRASSES, SEDGES AND POLYGONUMS,
56 BIG SPRING PRAIRIE.
In the vicinity of new road No. 1, ditches were dug
years ago along the eastern and western margins. As
a result of this, the level of the soil along the margins
was lowered, while accumulation still continued in the
middle; accordingly at the time of the digging of the
ditches along the middle of prairie, this portion was
higher than that along the edges, presenting the phe-
nomena frequently observed in undrained Sphagnum
swamps. At present, there are two higher portions be-
tween the middle ditch and either margin of prairie.
Although this portion was the highest part of this sec-
tion, it possessed distinct and characteristic bog feat-
ures. A short distance south of the divide there were
two springs, and north of it three or more springs, of
which Ox Spring was the most important. Some of
these prairie springs are at present simply large
depressions, filled with water during wet seasons, and
in dry seasons, barely moist. The abundance of
springs in this locality and their former importance,
in connection with its position between the two ridges,
accounts fully for its being the most elevated portion
of prairie. The abundance of water, discharged by
these springs, before the ridges were so extensively de-
forested, was especially conducive to the rapid accumu-
lation of plant remains, as it prevented much loss from
oxidation. ‘This area seems to have possessed the ne-
cessary conditions for a Sphagnum swamp, but careful
microscopic examination of the soil from this vicinity
failed to reveal any traces of Sphagnum. Other mosses
chiefly Hypnum species are quite abundant in the
spring of the year. Since beginning the study of this
section, this portion in immediate vicinity of Ox Spring
has been brought under cultivation, and displayed a
divergence from the general character of the surface
soil of the prairie. Irregular patches and streaks of
marly deposits occurred here and there. The origin of
these deposits is due in great part to the lime deposited
BIG SPRING PRAIRIE. ih
from the evaporation of the water, which overflowed
the surface of soil in vicinity of Ox Spring, and in part
to the shells of fresh water mollusks inhabiting same.
The water from this spring, and in fact from all
wells in vicinity of ridges is heavily charged with lime.
This marly soil effervesces briskly when treated with
hydrochloric acid. The surface muck to the east of
this section is of a deep black color, but at the depth
of 3 or 4 feet it is of a brown color, resembling in this re-
spect peat from aSphagnum swamp. A microscopic ex-
amination of this brown soil reveals the fact that over
nineteen-twentieths of it is composed of purely vege-
table matter, the cellular structure being well pre-
served. This lower stratum has the appearance, and
slightly also the odor of well-rotted cow-manure. This
brown muck when first exposed possesses a slight am-
monia odor, which it soon loses. One form of plant
remains consists of a wavy stem with 34 inch inter-
nodes. The interior is well-rotted; the bark forms a
brownish layer, which, after drying, crumbles under the
least touch. It is this brown water-charged muck
which gives that extreme spongy character to the soil.
It would be interesting, if it were possible to determine
whether this brown muck were due to the remains of
Philotria, Ceratophyllum, Utricularia, Myriophyllum,
ete , or to Typha, Juncus, Phragmites, Carex, etc.
As before mentioned this vicinity possesses the
deepest muck. Fig. 11 represents this natural meadow
as viewed northward from the divide. The ditch
represented is about 5 feet deep, and flows northward.
By a close inspection of the illusrtation, the surface
along each side of the ditch is seen to slope toward it;
this slope is due to the settling of soil incident to drain-
age and aeration. Between this ditch and the western
margin of prairie, especially in the vicinity of the
springs there occurs a plant society of the Heath type,
three of whose species are quite characteristic of peat
dVW NO NMOHS Sv ‘T ‘ON Gvoy MON HaTAT( AHL WOUT HLYON YNIMOO'T MOCVEW TVYOALVN— TIL YI
BIG SPRING PRAIRIE. 59
bog formations. It is a Hydro-mesophytic Society, and
can best be designated as a Potentilla fruticosa, Betula
pumila, Salix myrtilloides, Rhus vernix heath. The
last three species are the characteristic and common
plants of Sphagnum swamps, either the simple Sphag-
num swamp such as occurs at Fox Lake, Wayne Co.,
Ohio, or the Tamarack Bog as the one on the Calumet
flood plain at Millers, Ind.
It is still an unsolved problem whether these spec-
ies are remnants of a former Sphagnum swamp, or
whether they are ever associated together on areas
where Sphagnum moss has never occurred.
Big Spring Prairie marks the southern limit for
the range of Retula pumila in Ohio. Besides the Salix
myrtilloides, there also occurs Salix candida, Salix beb-
biana, and Salix lucida. The Salix candida is the next
most common species to Salix myrtilloides. Close to
the shallow old ditch along the western margin there
occur occasional large willows and poplars. In some
portions the Potentilla fruticosa predominates as in
field just south of the divide, while at others there are
various combinations of the remaining characteristic
species. The remaining shrubby plants are Rosa caro-
lina, Cornus stolonifera, and Ribes floridus, the last the
least abundant.
The principle grasses and sedges are Chrysopogon
avenaceus (Michx.) Benth. (Indian Grass); Phragmites,
(Reed); and Carex (various species).
The principle herbaceous plants are Solidago rid-
dellii (Riddells Goldenrod); Solidago ohioensis (Ohio
goldenrod); Allium cernuum (Nodding Onion); Lacin-
aria spicata (Gay feather Devils-bit) and Dryopteris
thelypteris (Marsh Shield Fern.) In fig. 11, the Solid-
agos are shown to the left of the ditch chiefly.
The Allium and Lacinaria in field in vicinity of
Ox Spring were found to be by far the most abundant
on the marly streaks and areas; they occur much less
60 BIG SPRING PRAIRIE.
frequently on the other portions of prairie. This may
be a natural hint to the onion growers of this section.
Other species occurring less frequently are Verbena
hastata. (Blue Vervain); Euthamia grammifolia (Bushy-
fragrant Goldenrod); Solidago canadensis (Canada
Golden-rod); Aster novae-angliae (New England Aster);
Aster puniceus (Purple-stem Aster); Aster paniculatus
(Tall White Aster); Mimulus ringens (Sessile Leaf
Monkey Flower); Penthorum sedoides (Ditch Stone-
crop); Asclepias incarnata (Swamp Milkweed); Lobelia
kalmii (Brook Lobelia Kalm’s Lobella); Lythrum ela-
tum (Wing Angled Loosestrife); Eupatorium perfolia-
tum (Boneset); Eupatorium maculatum (Spotted Joe
Pie Weed); Parnassia caroliniana (Grass of Parnassus);
Coreopsis tinctoria (Garden Tickseed); Helenium aut-
umnale (Sneezewort); and Isnardia palustris in the
lower places. Along over-arching south-bank of a
ditch flowing east, about 4% mile south of the divide,
there occurred patches of Marchantia, Conocephalus,
and along the north bank, amid some shrubby cinque-
foil Geaster minima was very common. Various other
species of Geaster also occur on the prairie.
As we advance northward and eastward from the
Ox Spring, the shrubs: become less abundant and are
also less rank. As the shrubs are low, and the grasses
and sedges tall, this field looks like a grassy plain, simi-
lar to that shown in fig. 12, which represents breaking
of virgin prairie for Celery farm. The taller grasses
are Chrysopogon, the lower shrubs chiefly Potentilla
fruticosa. Around immediate vicinity of some of the
prairie springs Cephalanthus occidentalis (Button Bush)
commonly occurs.
Near the Mound Springs occurs the most extensive
natural meadow still extant and here also the portion
near the series of springs is several feet higher than
the prairie west and north of it. On this higher por-
tion, near the margin of prairie the bog conditions are
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62 BIG SPRING PRAIRIE.
more prominent than in the lower area to the west and
north, on account of the abundance of water discharged
formerly by these springs, which preserved the accumu-
lation of plant remains, as in the neighborhood of Ox
Spring. This more elevated portion is characterized
by its rather dense sod of grasses and sedges with its
occasional Solidago, Eupatorium, Dryopteris thelyp-
teris, etc.
To the west of this area there is another typical
Potentilla fruticosa, Betula pumila, Salix myrtilloides,
Rhus vernix heath, but the Lacinaria spicata and
Allium cernuum are lacking, the soil here being a pure
black muck of great depth.
The following are as common here as at Ox Spring:
Solidago riddellii, Solidago ohioensis, Solidago cana-
densis, Dryopteris thelypteris, Aster novae-angliae,
Helenium autumnal, Agrimonia parviflora, Coreopsis
tinctoria, Spathema foetida is more common.
Ordinary weeds from cultivated ground seldom
occur here as few slight, and no severe prairie fires have
devastated this portion. The absence of severe prairie
fires is chiefly accounted for by its distance from rail-
road. ‘The sod is broken in such few places that seed-
ling poplars and willows are notcommon. Still further
to the west and north there occurs an extensive heath
of the Rosa carolina, Potentilla fruticosa variety rep-
resented in fig. 13.
South of new road No. 2 there is an extensive
Rosa carolina, Sambucus canadensis, Potentilla fruti-
cosa heath. No willows or poplars of any consequence
occur here now, although numerous young trees were
quite abundant eight to ten years ago, as the remains
were still strewn about upon the ground, or were still
standing as dead trunks. Most probably they were
destroyed by a prairie fire, severe enough to kill the
trees, not severe enough to burn the soil.
Fig. 13.—RosA CAROLINA, BETULA PUMILA, PoTENTILLA FRUTICOSA HEATH,
NORTH OF CAREY & FINDLAY PIKE.
64 BIG SPRING PRAIRIE.
Just north of the area represented by map II, there
occurs a large area which has been repeatedly, but most
of it not severely burned. The shrubs on this area are:
Salix fluviatilis (Sand-bar Willow); Salix bebbiana
(Bebb’s Willow); Lambucus canadensis (Elderberry);
Rosa carolina (Swamp Rose); Potentilla fruticosa
(Shrubby Cinquefoil); but the Rosa and Potentilla are
not as frequent as on those areas not visited by prairie
fires. Occasionally Populus monilifera, Populus tremu-
loides, Rubus villosus, and Rubus occidentalis also oc-
cur. Where the sod is most completely destroyed Ur-
tica gracilis is by far the most abundant plant, while
Thalictrum polygonum, Solidago canadensis, Koellia
virginiana, Epilobium lineare, and Eupatorium perfo-
liatum are next most abundant, as are also various spe-
cies of Bidens. Ambrosia, and Dipsacus sylvestris.
Where the sod is completely destroyed the Urtica and
the weeds from cultivated ground predominate; on the
other portions the original plants maintain their foot-
hold. ‘Those species with deepseated and extensive
underground rootstocks are the most successful ones in
holding their own. The general type of plant society
of this prairie area would be designated as Hydro-
mesophytic.
MEADOW SOCIETIES ON AREAS FORMERLY CULTIVATED.
At western extremity of prairie, and some distance
south of the Bower Ditch there occurs a meadow of
this type which contains 60 acres. It is extremely well
sodded, but has been so closely pastured, that it was
impossible to determine the species of grasses, but,
most likely, the same combination of grass seeds were
sown here as in the meadow just north of Carey. A
woods occurred just west of the pasture field. This
area differs from the two pasture fields discussed under
map II, as there are so few species of plants to be
found upon it.
BIG SPRING PRAIRIE. 65
No one species can be considered characteristic or
even common. Here and there a stray Erigeron, Po-
tentilla, Aster, Ambrosia, Capsella, Ranunculus, ete.
may occur. This is another striking illustration of the
results of location, environment, and direction of the
prevailing winds; and also of the fact that most seeds
require a bare soil for germination. A few smaller iso-
lated areas of this class occur with characters interme-
diate between the above form and the area just north of
Carey as figured on map II.
THE DITCH SOCIETIES
These would be divided into those plants growing
directly in the ditches, and those flourishing on the
banks. The principal plants growing directly in the
ditches of this prairie are: Lemna minor (Lesser
Duckweed); Bidens laevis (Smooth Bur- Marigold);
Coreopsis tinctoria (Garden Tickseed); Alisma plan-
tago-aquatica (Water Plantain); Bidens frondosa (Beg-
gar-ticks); Isnardia palustris (Marsh Purslane); Lud-
wigia polycarpa (Many-fruited Ludwigia); Eupatorium
perfoliatum (Bone-set); Eupatorium maculatum (Spot-
ted Joe Pie Weed); Verbena hastata (Blue Vervain);
Xanthium strumarium (Cockle-bur); Homalocenchrus
oryzoides (Rice Cut-grass); Typha latifolia (Cat-tail);
Carex (numerous species) (Sedges); Bidens connata
(Swamp Beggar-ticks); Helenium autumnale (Sneeze-
weed) and Ambrosia trifida (Horse-weed). Along
the banks there flourish chiefly grasses, willows,
young elms, young cottonwoods, and a variable num-
ber of other species depending upon the nature of
the plant societies in the immediate vicinity.
6. ‘TREE INTRODUCTION UPON PRAIRIE, THE OR-
DER AND CAUSE.
A number of theories have been advanced to ac-
count for the absence of trees upon prairies, but few
to account for tree encroachment upon same. Most
66 BIG SPRING PRAIRIE.
theories which have been proposed in regard to either
are made so general that there are nearly or fully as
many exceptions to the rule as there are conformities
to it. In the course of time, the forest formation is
certain to encroach upon the eastern type of prairie or
natural meadow, which, in general, can be more cor-
rectly designated as a semi-marsh. The problem be-
fore us is to determine the order, cause, and rate of
encroachment.
The factors which determine order of tree en-
croachment upon natural meadow are relative elevation
of the various portions, drainage, nature of the soil and
the occurrence of suitable bare spots for germination of
the seeds.
Drainage may be either natural or atificial. The
natural drainage of wet meadows is secured either by
the gradual elevation of one portion above another by
the more rapid accumulations of plant remains on the
former than on the latter, or by the erosion of some ad-
jacent portion. The proper drainage of a portion of
prairie remote from an artificial ditch may be secured
indirectly by the settling of the soil in the space inter-
vening between the ditch and the remote area. The
suitable places for germination and growth of tree
seedlings are furnished by sandy beaches, established
sand dunes, or exposures of bare soil, caused by either
prairie fires or artificial drainage.
On Big Spring Prairie the following order of en-
croachment has been observed:
Ist. On the limestone or outcrop island indicated
on map I.
2nd. On the sand beaches and sand dunes of the
old lake.
3rd. On the clay banks along margins and on the
clay islands of the old lake.
4th. On the bare soil thrown out of drainage
ditches, or on the exposed slopes.
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68 BIG SPRING PRAIRIE.
5th. On areas where sod and surface soil have
been burned by prairie fires.
LIMESTONE OR OUTCROP ISLAND.
The highest portion of this area is about four or five
feet higher than the surrounding prairie. There is no
actual outcrop of Niagara limestone, but it is covered
with a rocky clay soil, similar to that of the ridges.
When this region came under the writer’s observation,
it was undercultivation, but some of the original trees
were still standing. There were nine oaks in a
flourishing condition, and three dead ones still standing.
The oaks were chiefly Quercus alba (white oaks ) There
is no doubt but that this was the first wooded area of
this prairie, the forest appearing but little later than
that on the neighboring ridges, as the island was former-
ly much higher without doubt, and has been consider-
ably worn down by erosion.
SAND DUNES AND BEACHES.
In Big Lick Township, Hancock county, there
occurs an old sand beach or low dune along the
slope of ridge as indicated on map I. This beach or
dune was blown up by the north and northwest winds
while the prairie site was still a lake. First, a sandy
beach was formed, with its three zones of lower, middle
and upper beaches as discussed by Dr. H. C. Cowles of
the University of Chicago in his treatise ‘‘ The Ecolog1-
cal Relations of the Vegetation on the Sand Dunes of
Lake Michigan.’”’ Only here the zones would te nar-
rower, and different species would occupy the upper
and middle beaches of this area, from those found on
the corresponding zones along Lake Michigan. It
would be interesting to know what these first species
were, but there is now no means of determining this,
and it would be useless to speculate. On account of
the slope of the ridge, the sand was blown up the slope
BIG SPRING PRAIRIE. 69
without forming a distinct or characteristic sand dune
as commonly understood. It may have been more
distinct in the past than at present. Now it may more
properly be termed a sand slope.
The characteristic vegetation is quite similar to
that found on the north slopes of the ridges, the oaks
and hickories predominating. The grass is chiefly Poa
compressa. A portion of this sandy slope is under
cultivation.
In Big Spring Township, Seneca county, there
occur three distinct dunes, two of them marked S. D.
on map I, meaning simple dunes. The one to the
southwest, illustrated by fig. 14, will be referred to as
West Dune, the other as North Dune. M. D. C. in-
dicates a Miniture Dune Complex.
By inspection of map I, it will be noted that
these dunes are located between the Bower Ditch on
the north and the outlet of the Big Spring on the
south. Asa natural stream, the Bower Ditch had eroded
a perceptible valley on the ridge to the northeast, and
had donbtless carried a considerable amount of silt into
the old lake. The natural currents from the Big Spring
and those from the south also carry some silt along.
As these two silt laden currents encountered the sweep
of the prevailing westerly winds, much of this silt
was deposited, and in time, formed a sand bar or bank.
After portions of this sand bar became sufficiently ele-
vated to remain above the water throughout the year,
low dunes would be formed by the action of the winds.
Seeds would soon find lodgment, and plant life appear.
The same currents which transported the silt, would
also transport many seeds. The general order of the
advance of plant life on these dunes would resemble
that of the sand dunes along Lake Michigan. First,
there would appear annuals, then grasses and sedges,
which would act as binders of sand and in consequence
low dunes would form; after this, shrubs and tree
70 BIG SPRING PRAIRIE.
seedlings would appear. A diversified flora would
gradually develop from the natural introduction
of various seeds, until we should find just such a
flora as is found on the Minature Dune Complex,
which is the oldest of these dunes. It was formed
by the southwest, west, and northwest winds. The
south winds chiefly heaping up the sand carried down
from the Big Spring, which at present feeds the artifi-
cial lake represented in fig. 15. The surface is quite
undulating from the irregular arrangement of the sep-
arate dunes formed by the alternate shifting of the
winds. The highest portion of this dune complex is
about seven oreight feet above the surrounding level.
The humus overlying the dune sand is from eight to
twelve inches deep. The underlying sand is very fine
and atypical dune sand of unknown depth. Thedepth
of humus would indicate that this dune complex is
quite old, as would also the fact that this area was
densely wooded in 1832, when the Indian Reservation
was thrown open to settlement. Its age would also be
indicated by its diversified flora.
The wooded area can be divided into the dune com-
plex proper, and a lower portion to the north and north-
east of it.
On the dune complex proper, the most abundant
trees are:
Ulmus Americana (American Elm); Quercus alba
(White Oak); and Acer saccharinum or rubrum (Silver
Maple or Ked Maple.)
Besides the above the following occur:
Populus deltoides (Cottonwood); Prunus serotina
(Wild Black Cherry); Quercus imbricaria (Shingle Oak);
Fraxinus Americana (White Ash.)
On the low ground adjoining the following species
occur:
Ulmus Americana (American Elm); Quercus pal-
ustris (Pin Oak or Swamp Oak); Oweneits platanoides
FIGURE 15. ARTIFICIAL LAKE FED By BIG SPRING.
tz BIG SPRING PRAIRIE.
(Swamp White Oak); Acer rubrum (Red Maple); and
Fraxinus sp? (Ash.)
The diameters of some of the larger trees were as
follows:
White Oak, 32 inches; White Oak, 42 inches; Cot-
tonwood, 38 inches; American Elm, 41 inches, and
American Elm, 55 inches.
Thus, the size of the trees corroborate the testi-
mony of the pioneers in regard to the wooded condition
of this area in ]852.
On the simple dunes, about the same species occur
that are foundon the dune complex, but the Populus
deltoides (Cottonwood) is more abundant as is evident
from an inspection of fig. 15, which represents a por-
tion of West Dune, the white-barked trees from the
middle to the left of picture being cottonwoods.
As proof of the more recent formation of West
Dune, we submit the following diameters of trees:
Populus deltoides (Cottonwood) 24inches; Quercus
alba (White Oak) 18 inches; Prunus serotina (Wild Red
Cherry) 15 inches; and Ulmus americana (American
Elm) 32 inches. The trees of North Dune areas a rule
larger than those on West Dune and not as large as
those on the dune complex. Between the two single
trees there occurs a solitary Quercus rubra (Red Oak)
56 inches in diameter. All of these dunes are charac-
terized by a regular jungle of shrubby plants. On the
Miniature Dune Complex the principal shrubs are
Crataegus (several species) (Hawthorns); Cornus stolo-
nifera (Red Osier); Rhus glabra (Smooth Sumac); Ru-
bus villosus (Common Blackberry); Rubus occidentalis
(Black Raspbeiry); Corylus americanus (Hazelnut);
Euonymus atropurpureus (Wahoo, Burning Bush);
Euonymus obovatus (Running Strawberry Bush); Vi-
tis (sp?) (Wild Grape); Smilax herbacea (Carrion flow-
er); Smilax hispida (Hispid Greenbrier); Celastrus
scandens (Climbing Bittersweet); Parthenocissus quin-
l ord »
i)
BIG SPRING PRAIRIE.
quefolia (Virginia Creeper); Rhus radicans (Poison Ivy);
Staphylea trifolia (Bladdernut); Sambucus canadensis
(Elderberry); Lonicera (sp?) (Honeysuckle); Spiraea
(sp?); Viburnum (two species) (Arrow wood); Malus
coronaria (American Crab-apple); Salix (several spe-
cies) (Willows); Populus deltoides (Cotton wood); Pop-
ulus tremuloides (Trembling Aspen); and Cornus flori-
da (Flowering Dogwood). In all there are twenty-five
or more species, some forming a sort of zone along the
edge of forest.
On West Dune only the following eight shrubs and
young trees were observed:
Euonymus atropurpureus (Wahoo); Euonymus
obovatus (Running Strawberry); Viburnum prunifolium
(Black Haw); Rubus villosus (Common Blackberry);
Cornus stolonifera (Osier); Parthenocissus quinquefolia
(Virginia Creeper); Vitis sp? (Wild Grape); Populus
tremuloides (Trembling Aspen. )
The Dune Complex, being richer in genera and
species, indicates conclusively its priority in formation.
Perhaps the West Dune was formed when there was
only a lake remnant, and there was not the same op-
portunity for the transportation of suitable seeds by
water currents, as there was in the case of the Dune
Complex. It would also indicate that the seeds were
introduced upon the Dune Complex by water currents
rather than by wind dispersal, or else the disparity in
number of genera and species upon these two dune
areas would not be so great, as they are only a short
distance apart.
If the prevailing westerly winds were the chief
factor in the introduction of new species in this region,
the West Dune ought to be much richer in species than
it is, as for many years past, it must have intercepted
the seeds from this source. Perhaps this accounts for
the greater abundance of Cottonwoods on the West
Dune.
74 BIG SPRING PRAIRIE.
The density of shrubby growth is fully as great
on the West Dune as on the Dune Complex, but there
is no sod upon the former, while portions of the latter
are densely sodded.
The difference in herbaceous vegetation is still
more striking than in the case of the shrubby plants.
On West Dune the following were the principal
herbaceous plants:
Galium (two species) (Cleavers or Bedstraw); Cir-
caea lutetiana (Enchanter’s night shade); Viola pubes-
cens (Downy Yellow Violet); Viola canadensis (Canada
Violet); Geranium maculatum (Wild Cranesbill); Podop-
hyllum peltatum (May Apple); Polygonatum biflorum
(Hairy Solomon’s Seal); Scrophularia marylandica
(Maryland Figwood); Arctium lappa (Burdock); Urtica
gracilis (Slender Nettle); Botrychium virginianum
(Virginia Grape-Fern); Onoclea sensibilis (Sensitive
Fern. )
On the Dune Complex the following were the most
common and characteristic herbaceous plants:
Bicuculla cucullaria (Dutchman’s Breeches); Vag-
nera racemosa (False Solomon Seal); Vagnera stellata
(Stellate Solomon’s Seal); Erythronium americanum
(Yellow Adder’s Tongue); Trillium grandiflorum (Large
Flowered Wake-Robin); Polygonatum biflorum (Hairy
Soloman’s, Seal); Podophyllum peltatum (May Apple);
Hydrastis canadensis (Golden Seal); Ranunculus (sev-
eral species) (Buttercups); Washingtonia longistylis
(Sweet Cicely); Dentaria laciniata (Cut-Leaf Pepper
Root); Anemone quinquefolia (Wood anemone); Caulop-
hyllum_ thalictroides (Blue Cohosh); and Cardamine
purpurea (Purple Bitter-Cress )
Other common plants are:
Geranium maculatum (Wild Crane’s Bill); Viola
(several species) (Violets); Scrophularia marylandica
(Maryland Figwort); Cicaea lutetiana (Enchanter’s
Nightshade); Heuchera americana (Alum Root); Trios-
BIG SPRING PRAIRIE. 75
teum perfoliatum (Horse Gentian); Arisaema triphyllum
(Indian Turnip); Hydrophyllum virginicum (Virginia
Waterleaf); Thalictrum dioicum (Early Meadow Rue);
Urtica (two species) (Nettles); Polygonum virginianum
(Virginia Knotweed); Apocynum androsaemifolium
(Spreading Dogbane); Zizia aurea (Early Meadow Par-
snip); Aquilegia canadensis (Columbine); Onoclea sen-
sibilis (Sensitive Fern, Botrychium virginianum (Vir-
ginia Grape Fern); Dryopteris sp? (Shield Fern); Adi-
antum pedatum (Maiden-hair Fern); Solidago (several
species) (Goldenrods); Heliopsis helianthoides (Smooth
Oxeye); Hystrix hystrix (Bottle-brush Grass); and Aster
(various species) (Asters. )
In the low portion of the woods were Eupatorium
ageratoides (White Snake Root.)
The following were rare plants not only for this
dune complex, but even for this entire vicinity:
Cypripedium parviflorum (Smaller Yellow Lady’s
Slipper); Viola pedata (Birds-foot Violet); Unifolium
canadense (False Lilly-of-the-Valley); and Panax quin-
quefolium (Ginseng).
The writer has failed to find the last two specimens
anywhere else in this neighborhood during twelve years
of botanizing. The first two are rarely found in this
vicinity. These are strong witnesses for the compara-
tively greater age of the Dune Complex over the others,
and also of the varied conditions prevailing upon this
area in former times.
By an inspection of the above lists it will be seen
that herbaceous plants are fully four times as numerous
on the Miniature Duue Complex as on the West Dune.
The North Dune contains a few more specimens
than the West Dune, but not nearly as many as the
Dune Complex. One plant common to the North Dune
has not been observed on either of the others, namely:
Spathyema foetida (Skunk Cabbage), although it is
quite abundant on various portions of the prairie.
76 BIG SPRING PRAIRIE.
WOODS ON CLAY BANKS AND CLAY ISLANDS.
These two divisions may be considered together,
as the same factors of shallow muck and a clay subsoil
are common to both. By even a slight drainage the
water will move down the clay incline, giving the
proper condition for the development of thickets fol-
lowed by forests upon it. Mr. Peter Brayton stated
that a thicket originated in the vicinity of new road
No. 2 after the first ditch was dug. The clay subsoil
continues the slope of the adjoining ridge. In conse-
quence, there was developed a thicket extending from
a point southwest of the Big Spring in a westerly and
southwesterly direction. In 1895 it was far more ex-
tensive than is figured on Map J, for by 1899, many
acres had been cleared and brought under cultivation.
One of the first trees to make its appearance upon
these areas is Populus deltoides (Cottonwood), suc-
ceeded by Ulmus (Elm), Acer (Maple), and Fraxinus
(Ash). The trees in woods just south of new road
No. 2 were from 10 to 15 inches in diameter.
Fig. 16 represents Clay Island of Map II. This area
in 1899 contained four elms over 3 feet in diameter, and
two over 2 feet in diameter, besides a few smaller ones.
There were also about 50 small ash trees, some of which
originated from the stumps of former larger trees, as
sometimes from four to six of these trees are grown
together at the base. All of these trees exhibited the
characteristic prominent roots. Some of the clay
islands were wooded before the first ditches were dug.
The effect of ditching was to cause a more rapid en-
croachment of forest upon the surrounding portions
which were underlain by a properly sloping clay-
subsoil. By 1886, the forest had encroached consider-
ably upon the prairie to the southwest, south and south-
east of it where the proper natural slope of clay subsoil
occurred. In this year a severe prairie fire destroyed
FIGURE 16. WooDS ON CLAY ISLAND REPRESENTED ON MAP II,
78 BIG SPRING PRAIRIE.
about all of the trees upon the newly occupied area.
Upon most of this area between the depressions repre-
sented on Map II, numerous young trees of Populus
deltoides (Cottonwood); Populus tremuloides (Trem-
bling Aspen); and Ulmus americana (American Elm),
were gaining a foothold.
One of the clay islands in the western part of the
prairie contains only Elms. The other clay islands or
clay banks represented exhibit slight variations in the
relative number of the species enumerated above, but
all of the species are characterized by the prominent or
exposed roots.
Fig. 17 represents a peculiar formation of a Maple
tree which occurs a short distance southwest of one of
the clay islands in the western part of the prairie. The
clay-bed gradually sloped from the island in either
direction. After drainagea seedling maple sprang up
and flourished for several years. As the muck is
deeper here than on the island, the tips of the larger
roots only were imbedded in the clay; asa result the
tree could not successfully withstand the strong wind
to which it was exposed. When it was blown down,
the roots were not broken off as commonly happens,
when they are imbedded in hard soil. The roots on
the windward side were torn loose, and have decayed
as can be noted by a careful inspection of cut.
Those on the side nearest the prostrate trunk were
but little disturbed. Hence the tree continued its
growth, The principal branches survived in their
struggle for existence, the other branches being shaded
gradually decayed, and the resulting formation ensued.
This is an apt illustration of a successful struggle for
existence under adverse conditions. ‘The illustration
shows in the back-ground another tree not so suc-
cessful in its struggle. The mere looseness of soil on
prairie where muck is quite deep may be sufficient
reason to account in part for the absence of trees of any
size on such areas.
FIGURE 17. ALONG EDGE OF A CLAY ISLAND ON WESTERN PORTION OF PRAIRIE.
80 BIG SPRING PRAIRIE.
The area just south of the new road, No. 1, marked
W. B. (wooded bay) was formerly a bay of the old lake.
The silt carried down from one of the drainage valleys
gradually helped to fill this up. In time, it passed
through successive stages until it became eventually
well wooded. The woods was cleared off, and the area
was brought under cultivation. At a depth of i0 or 12
inches there is a flaky sort of soil, which burns with a
bright blaze similar to cannel coal ‘The extent of this
deposit was not ascertained, but most probably is quite
limited in thickness and extent. The texture of this
soil is n:uch firmerethan the muck on other portions of
prairie, and loses less in weight and volume on drying
than the muck from other portions of prairie. The loss
in burning is considerable, but was not tested
quantitatively.
The northeast corner of woods K of map II, was
formerly a small bay into which one of the drainage
valleys emptied. After it became filled up with silt
and plant remains, a marsh condition arose; and such
plants as Iris and Spathyema made their appearance.
These plants still survive in the woods in spite of the
rather thorough drainage. In this bay there was a
gradual slope of the clay bank tothe northeast; and
after first ditch was dug, seedling elms and ash sprang
up in the muck soil, as now there was moving water in
the soil instead of stagnant water. The roots extended
through the muck and into the clay sub-soil. As the
soil settled after drainge, the roots became considerably
exposed as represented in figure 2and 3. After the
settling of the soil, some of the trees were blown down
as the roots did not furnish sufficient support to resist
wind action. Many of the trees are leaning’ more or
less and as some of the exposed roots are gradually de-
caying, many more will succumb in the near future,
and a forest suited to the new conditions will gradually
supplant it if leit in a state of nature.
BIG SPRING PRAIRIE. 81
APPEARANCE OF TREES ALONG DITCHES.
It is a well known fact that trees and shrubs com-
monly occur along ditches or water courses even in the
west. Whenever drainage ditches are dug upon the
eastern typeof prairie, a variable number of trees make
their appearance along their banks; the number and
kind of trees depending upon kind and quantity of
seeds finding lodgment upon the bare soil. Theamount
of seeds received will depend upon proximity to source
of supply, and the direction of the prevailing winds at
the time of seed-dispersal.
On Big Spring Prairie, those ditches occurring near
forests, (especially if the forests are so situated that the
prevailing winds can be instrumental in wafting the
seeds to the bare soil along them) are apt to exhibit a
greater number of species, and also a greater number of
individuals of each species, than those ditches not so
favorably situated.
Fig. 18 represents a row of trees which sprang up
after the digging of the Brown Ditch. This row of
trees occurs partly on the western bank of ditch, and
partly on the eastern bank as indicated on Map II.
This row of trees consists of
DIAMETER
79 Ulmus americana (American Elm)...... 6 to 30 in.
® Prunus serotina (Wild Black Cherry)....3 to 18 in.
3 Platanus occidentalis (Sycamore)...... 12 to 24 in.
® Juglans nigra (Black Walnut).......... 6 to 18 in.
Die SE eae TA Ease SV es SEN) a's eh cva 510.6 « «a/c cece ae 10 to 12 in.
The trees occur along the very margin of ditch.
The roots on the ditch side are considerably exposed
on account of erosion, occasioned by the deepening of
the outlet of ditch. From the foregoing list, it is evi-
dent that the elms are by far the most abundant species.
This is true of nearly all the other ditches. On the
very slopes of the ditches along new road No. 1, num-
erous cottonwoods and willows are springing up, as the
TT ay Rr ;
IT dVW NO GUEINASAMAAY HOLIC YNOTY SUMUT, “Sl MWAYTYT
ee. eae oT SW alte aca
7 . Ka RT gen) tn
‘ ty ; Pe te: ,*
Pao ay
BIG SPRING PRAIRIE. 83
seeds find such ready lodgment upon this bare soil, and
the conditions seem to be suitable for their germina-
tion, especially upon the banks sloping to the south.
Here there is a proper amount of light and heat in
connection with the ever-present moisture in this muck
soil. Along some few of the ditches, willows are the
predominent trees or shrubs. Maples occur only occa-
sionally.
Most of the trees figured on Map II, originated
along ditches, and an inspection will show that elms
and poplars are the abundant species.
On the Peter Brayton farm in Big Spring Town-
ship, Seneca County, there occurs a peculiar group of
trees along one of the ditches. This group comprises
several maples ranging from 18 inches to 30 inches in
diameter, a few elms, a couple of oaks, a black haw, an
ash, a dogwood, and several willows of 14 to 15 inches
in diameter.
TREES ON BURNED AREAS.
Prairie fires have been frequently assigned as the
cause of prairies and the absence of trees upon them; but
on Big Spring Prairie, fires are the direct cause of the
encroachment of thickets and forests upon it. Ifa
prairie fire burns simply the tops of the dead grasses, but
does not distroy the sod and roots, ordinary weeds make
but little headway in gaining foothold. Schimper
gives, as the cause of the density of sod, the fact that
grasses propagate abuntly by vegetative reproduc-
tion, and adds that this very density of grass rootstocks
and roots with their great capacity for the absorption
of soil moisture is one of the chief hindrances to the
germination of the seeds of trees and to the flourishing
of tree seedlings. Herbaceous plants, not including
grasses, can not engage incontest against woody plants.
Qn an area on which sod and soil are burned,
mosses and a few annual herbs make their appearance
84 BIG SPRING PRAIRIE.
the first year. The herbs become more abundant the
second year and tree seedlings also make their ap-
pearance at this time.
On Map I, between the Seneca-Wyandot County
line and new road No. 2, there is indicated the location
of one of the most extensive thickets or embryo forests
on this prairie. Figure 19 gives a view of this thicket
from the southwest. ‘The larger trees to the right are
cottonwoods. In the Autumn of 1891 or 1892, a severe
prairie fire originated from a spark from a Hocking Val-
ey engine. As aresult the sod and soil were burned away
toadepth of one to two feet. Theyearafter the fire,
mosses and annual herbs appeared, succeeded the next
year by seedling cottonwoods and willows.
In 1899, the circumferences of three willows at
one foot above the ground wereas follows: 11 in., 14 in.
and 15 in.; of eight cottonwoods were 12 in., 13 in.,
id in., 16in., 16 in,, 17 in., 17-in: and 18 in: > Phoses or
less dimentions were very numerous, thus showing that
all the seedlings did not make their appearance the same
year. In the latter part of the eighties, a prairie fire
burned quite a depression near the railroad, just across
from the wooded bay (W. B). The trees sprang up
only around the margin. In 1899, the trees, chiefly
cottonwoods and willows, were from 7 to 14 in. in di-
ameter.
A short distance northeast from the woods which
presents such excellent examples of exposed roots
from the settling of soil, as shown so strikingly in fig.
2 and 3, there stood in 1899, a thicket of cotton-
woods, trembling aspen, and willows. This area had
been burned over some years before, and the largest
trees were from 15 to 20 feet high, while there were
all gradations down to dense patches of seedlings of
the season of 1899. Inthe autumn of this year, the
writer had the opportunity of noting the effect of prairie
fire on young trees. A prairie fire burning only the
AWOL
6
"WAUVA NOLAVUAG WALA AHL NO NYOYG WIXIVUd AYAHANS NO LAMOIA GL
86 BIG SPRING PRAIRIE.
surface covering of weeds and sedges swept over the
greater portion of this thicket. In 1900, it was noted that
less than half of the seedlings had succumbed to the
flames. The remainder were still ina fair growing condi-
tion, while on the bare spots many tree seedlings sprang
up during this season. In 1901, this area was b:ought
under cultivation, and thus ended any further observa-
tions. The herbaceous vegetation in this thicket con-
sisted chiefly of Urtica gracilis (Slender Nettle); Am-
brosia trifida (Horse weed); Bidens (various species
(Spanish needles); and Polygonum (various species)
(Smartweeds); making a rank vegetation for the flames
to act upon, and yet only a portion of the young trees
were destroyed.
On area B, of Map II, several trees from 8 to 12 in.
in diameter were burned down in 1897, butin 1899 tree
seedlings were already taking possession of portions of
this area. In 1900, it was brought under cultivation,
and no further stages could be noted.
On Map I, other detatched areas of varying extent
are indicated. Each case, upon examination, reveals
the fact that destruction of sod is the potent factor in
the introduction of weeds and tree seedlings upon Big
Spring Prairie, and probably upon any of the eastern
type of prairies.
BURIED FORESTS.
While some workmen were digging ditches on the
H. B. Phelps Celery and Onion Farm just north of the
woods showing settling of soil by the prominent roots,
indicated on Map I, numerous trunks of trees were en-
countered. The diameters of these trees vary from 6
inches to about 3 feet. Near the Brown Ditch the tree
remains occur near the surface, while further away
the tree trunks were found at a depth of 2 to 4 feet.
When this find occurred, the writer surmised that it
might be a buried tamarack forest, but a microscopic
BIG SPRING PRAIRIE. 87
examination of numerous specimens proved that none
of them were conifers The species could not be defi-
nitely determined, but there is no doubt that several
species occurred. The species most probably were
cottonwoods, elms, ash, and willows. Even if the ex-
act species can not bedefinitely determined, the fact
remains that a forest formerly flourished on a rather
large area, where within the memory of man, only a
typical semi-marsh existed. It is also an indisputable
fact that this forest was destroyed from some cause,
and preserved in an accumulation of plant remains.
Since the cause is practically unknown, it may be in
order to offer a possible and probable theory in regard
to the matter, especially as some further data concern-
ing the depth and nature of the various soil strata
have been secured since writing the portion relating to
that subject. While drilling a well on the Phelps
Celery Farm just south of the Brown Ditch, the follow-
ing strata were encountered and depths of each were
learned:
Jy Wily hep yoy Tie petiole Aa aie Meola Aral pee Onan Pe ania ee nse 6 ft.
Rlayesmad tion uinlO atl. 2-08 cares = yen cele sy oes Se > ft,
Mach quicksand aid oTravel 5.5 a wae eee 9 ft.
pleco tial tment: Ap eee Soha RY Sate ah She eae 1S: ft:
The gravel rests directly upon the rock strata,
which are here 18 feet below the surface. About 40 rods
or so north of this well, the strata were found to be of
the following depths:
AEST AG eo ee eae Ri rosin Asse oh he pone ated eecle Ot Sit.
| GIERE GSI OF: oli c Ue on e012) cl NeRea a a sl MSO Se er eee tT 3 ft.
Marts quicksand and. gravel +1220 su sea saet hits
DE OA ers Reese oe erate tee ate WN aia a ate ZO:
As the surface slopes from the latter well toward
the former, the rock strata are nearly horizontal.
This arrangement and nature of strata proves con-
88 BIG SPRING PRAIRIE.
clusively that this area was a lake in past glacial times,
and incidentally corroborates the conclusion that it was
a preglacial drainage valley, as the rock strata near the
western end of prairie are 30 feet beneath the surface.
As the surface level is lower here than at the points
before mentioned, it is evident that the stream flowed
northward and westward. The gravel, sand and marl
were deposited when the lake was quite deep, and be-
fore the abundant aquatic plant life became established.
The position of the clay bed seems to confirm Lesque-
reaux’s explanation in regard to formation of such strata
in ponds and sluggish streams from the remains of
chara and allied plants. After bulrushes and cat-tails
made their appearance the formation of the muck
layer began, Aftera shallow layer of muck had accu-
mulated over the clay bed, the area must have become
sufficiently elevated to secure natural drainage enough
to enable tree seedlings to make their appearance.
The clay subsoil offered a sufficiently firm support
for successful tree growth. After the forest became
established, it is possible that the natural drainage
outlet became obstructed, perhaps by the beaver dam
before mentioned. In consequence the forest would
be flooded and the trees destroyed.
Buried forests have also been reported as occur-
ing on the Vanlue end of the prairie, and may in the
future be found to have existed on other unexplored
portions. It is indeed a peculiar area scientifically, as
it is proving practically to the celery and onion grow-
ers.
THE PRAIRE UNDER CULTIVATION.
Before the first artificial drainage, the cultivation
of any portion of the prairie was impossible. Even
after the first artificial drainage, only isolated portions
were cultivated Drainage was resorted to chiefly to
render the prairie safer for pasturage, as cattle and
horses frequently mired in this marsh.
BIG SPRING PRAIRIE. 89
Corn was the crop most commonly grown, but it
was found from experience that only three payng corn
crops could be grown on any area consecutively. The
first year’s yield was excellent in quantity and quality;
the second year’s good; and the third year’s fair. Af-
ter the third year the yield was small, and of inferior
quality. Wheat and oats were tried, but generally
proved unsuccessful, as they would go down before they
ripened on account of the lack of silicates and potash
in the soil. On limited portions where the muck is not
deep and, where, at the same time, there is a clay sub-
soil, wheat and oats can be successfully grown. These
crops prove successful also in immediate vicinity of the
sand dunes, as the soil here is quite sandy.
In a field just north of new road No. 2, clover was
sown as an experiment, but it did not flourish very
well, as too many weeds seemed to be able to gain a
foothold and thus crowd out the clover. Several of the
areas formerly cultivated have been sown to a mixture
of grass-seeds, and furnish excellent pasturage. If not
too closely pastured, these areas seem to possess the
power of preventing other forms of vegetation from
gaining much of a foothold. When too closely pas-
tured, partially bare spots are produced, and here other
forms of vegetation establish themselves and gradually
encroach upon the pasture land. The large pasture
field in the western part of prairie is a good example of
the former, while the pasture indicated by A on Map
II. is a good example of the latter.
In 1895 the Wild Rose Celery Farm was estab-
lished by Mr. W. C. Johnson, now deceased. Being a
practical gardener and celery grower, and being ac-
quainted with the nature of various other drained
marsh areas of the state, he recognized the value of
this prairie land, which, before this time, was valued at
about $10.00 an acre. After Mr. Johnson demonstrated
its fitness for celery and onion culture, the land rose
90 BIG SPRING PRAIRIE.
rapidly in value. Before the real value of the land was
known, little effort was made to check the ravages of
prairie fires, unless they threatened fences and other
property; but now such means are employed as are
illustrated by Fig. 5. Mr. Johnson was practically
acquainted with the Creston Marsh, Scioto Marsh,
Hog Creek Marsh and other similar areas. He knew
what amount of ditching was required to render these
marshes fit for successful culture of the various crops
to be grown upon them. On the Creston Marsh, a five
to ten acre field surrounded by ditches is well drained,
while but little more ditching is required to drain the
Scioto and Hog Creek Marshes. Mr. Johnson, not
recognizing that Big Spring Prairie is a peculiar area
on account of the great water content of the soil and
its capacity for holding same, at first, constructed his
lateral ditches 25 rods apart. He soon learned that
this was not sufficient to drain this land properly, and,
after experimenting, found it necessary to construct
either tile or open ditches every 4 rods. On account of
the origin of the soil water from the enclosing ridges,
the temperature of this soilis lower than that of the
other marsh areas mentioned; but this very factor
renders this area most suitable for the successful cult-
ure of celery and onions. It also accounts for the
presence of the Betula pumila and the Salix myrtil-
loides on the natural prairie areas. Fig. 20 gives a
typical scene on Wild Rose Celery Farm.
In 1901, Mr. Edwin Brown caused the heath C of
Map II. to be cleared off, and 20 acres of it were planted
to onions. This crop netted him about $1200. This
gave an added impetus to the cultivation of the prairie.
At present the principal crops are onions, celery, pota-
toes, and other garden truck. The various onion
growers are learning from experience that the amount
of drainage required on other marsh areas of Ohio with
which they are acquainted, is not adequate for the
successful cultivation of the Big Spring Prairie.
S
7) ‘
Rep RS
FIGURE 20. SCENE ON WILD ROSE CELERY FARM OF MR. W. C. JOHNSON.
92 BIG SPRING PRAIRIE.
For the successful culture of the above mentioned
crops, the soil must be treated with fertilizers contain-
ing potash and phosphates. On account of the in-
creased value of this land, there will be little of the
natural prairie remaining in a few years.
A BRIEF COMPARISON OF BIG SPRING PRAIRIE WITH
OTHER DRAINED MARSHES IN OHIO.
The Scioto Marsh is drained by the Scioto River.
There are no enclosing ridges of limestone with their
practically impervious inclined strata. In consequence
the water content of the soil of the Scioto Marsh is less
than that of Big Spring Prairie, while at the same time
the oxidation of the plant remains was more thorough.
As a result of this the soil of the Scioto Marsh becomes
finer under cultivation, and as the water content is less,
the dry surface soil is more readily blown about by the
winds. From this cause, the onion crop on the Scioto
Marsh is frequently destroyed. The wind blows the
soilaway from the onions, and the roots become ex-
posed, and the crop is thus ruined. ‘This is not so
likely to happen on Big Spring Prairie, as the water
content of the soil is greater, especially on that portion
northwest from Carey, hemmed in by the two adjacent
ridges. In 1902, a considerable portion of the onion
crop on Big Spring Prairie was injured partly by a late
frost and partly by a peculiar sand-blast action of the
fine particles of sand driven along the surface by strong
winds. ‘The onions were not blown out, as they fre-
quently are on the Scioto Marsh, and the destruction
was by no means total. Furthermore, since the above
sand-blast action can occur only when the surface soil
is dry, and while the onion tops are young and tender;
and, as dry weather in the Spring is rather rare in this
section, there is little likelihood of frequent repetitions
of the above.
BIG SPRING PRAIRIE. 93
The following table gives a comparative view of
the constituents of the soil from Hog Creek Marsh,
Scioto Marsh, and Big Spring Prairie.
he analyses were made by Prof. Herbert M. Hill,
Chemist, University of Buffalo.
ae Spee |
| a | ie ne 2 | 20
| Be eee ear eee)
Soil From No. bos Sel Sa 2s
BE SP pad eek Ong
5 a< | #8
Hog Creek Marsh... 1 1.26 Baw Mek (OM ba ary,
ue bio oe doe tohsvail mei WeAls) i]. Obs) Trace 61.81
Scioto Marsh..... teeta: 1.099 09 LO 3767.38
¢ CCS Se Mee ent 4 95 13 Trace | 66.02
ut u“ eel 90 .09 10 | 50.01
be se Aa NE es 6 PAGS res 07 Trace | 66.36
“ GO eee tits fe. reas 10 15 53.36
Big Spring Prairie. ty ES] tiers Trace 78.01
Soil No. 8 was taken from the Wild Rose Celery
Farm, at a depth of about 10 inches. Thus it is evi-
dent that the soil from Big Spring Prairie contains
most moisture, and that it in not as rich in ammonia
and phosphoric acid as the soils from the two preced-
ing marshes. The Castalia Prairie differs radically
from Big Spring Prairie, Scioto Marsh, and Hog Creek
Marsh. The wonderful springs at Castalia with their
immense volume of water, heavily charged with lime
and other mineral ingredients, have occasioned ex-
tensive marl deposits, which are valuable for the
manufacture of Portland Cement. The muck or
humus over the greater part of this prairie is very shal-
low, accordingly, drainage will affect the general level
but little. There are some moderately elevated hills to
the south of this prairie, while the northern portion slopes
gradually toward Sandusky Bay. According tothe state-
ments of Mr. W. H. Rowell of Castalia, and other pio-
neers of that Section, the most common and character-
istic plant formerly was Phragmites phragmites (reed.)
At present it occurs only at a few isolated localaties,
94 BIG SPRING PRAIRIE.
chiefly along the north and south road some distance
west of the Cement Works. Ona few limited areas,
the muck is deeper than commonly occurs on this
prairie. Some years ago, a prairie fire burned the soil
on one of these areas, and gradually a forest developed
upon it. Southwest of Castalia Station, there occurs a
low woods, which about a century ago, was doubtless a
portion of the prairie. This woods contained principal-
ly the following species:
Populus deltoides (Cottonwood); Ulmus Ameri-
cana (American Elms); Hicoria minima (Swamp
Hickory); Quercus macrocarpa (Mossy-cup Oak); Celtis
occidentalis (Hackberry); Tilia Americana (Basswood,
or Linden); Acer (saccharinum or rubrum) (White
Maple, or Red Maple.) Thus showing a close approxi-
mation to the typical mesophytic forest.
Since the artificial drainage of the northwestern
portion of prairie, thickets of cottonwoods and willows
are springing up, as the humus is thin and extensive
marl deposits underlie it. This marl deposit forms a
firm support for the roots. Thickets of the same
species are also developing upon those portions where
the surface soil has been disturbed and then aban-
doned, but where dense sod occurs on areas formerly
cultivated, tree seedlings seldom encroach. Certain
portions are almost pure Potentilla fruticosa heaths
with occasional Crataegus scattered about. The fol-
lowing plants occuring on Castalia Prairie do not oc-
curon Big Spring Prairie: Hypoxis hirsuta (Star-
grass); Aquilegia canadensis (Columbine); Cypripe-
dium candidum (Small White Lady’s Slipper); Hous-
tonia (species) and Gentiana crinita (Fringed Gentian. )
The following common plants of Big Spring Prairie
were not found at Castalia: Betula pumila
(Low Birch) and Salix myrtilloides (Bog Willow), thus
it isevident that Big Spring Prairie more closely re-
sembles a Sphagnum Swamp than does Castalia
Prairie.
BIG SPRING PRAIRIE. 95
BRIEF SUMMARY OF FACTS IN REGARD TO BIG SPRING
PRAIRIE
1, Big Spring Prairie is a peculiar marsh area,
when compared with other drained marshes of the
state.
2. This prairie was most probably a portion of a
preglacial drainage valley, and without doubt, a post
glacial lake.
3. The water content and capacity of the soil of
this prairie is above the average. This fact accounts
for the striking lagging behind of effects in regard to
plant life.
4. The low temperature of the soil water ac-
counts for this prairie’s marking the southern limit for
the range of Betula pumila in Ohio.
5. Artificial drainage has considerably lowered
the general level of the prairie. Occasional deepening
of the ditches will be needed on this account.
In the drainage of other marsh areas, this lowering
of the general level must be taken into account.
There must be sufficient fallin the outlet ditches, not
only for proper immediate drainage but for drainage
in the future when the soil has settled.
6. Few ridge species of plants ever gain a foothold
upon the prairie.
7. Direction of prevailing winds in connection
with location of any given area, as along eastern or
western borders of same; determines largely the num-
ber of species upon it.
8. A dense sod tends to prevent the encroachment
of other forms of vegetation, especially tree seedlings.
It is not so effective against shrubs as is evidenced by
the heath formations.
9. Burning of soil causes reversions of plant so-
cieties in the depressions; on others it leads to estab-
lishment of forests, This is especially true if the
96 BIG SPRING PRAIRIE.
depth of muck is decreased to such an extent that roots
of trees can penetrate to a firmer stratum.
10 Trees require a firm support for their roots.
Consequently, successful tree growth can not occur
where muck is deep and loose.
11. Order of tree encroachment upon prairie was
as follows:
(a) On limestone island.
(b) On sand dunes or beaches.
(c) On clay islands or clay banks.
(d) Along drainage ditches.
(e) On severely burned areas.
12. Portions of this prairie were formerly wooded,
as is evident from the buried forests. Forests probably
destroyed by flooding on account of construction of
beaver-dams.
13. The highest portions of natural prairie possess
the most distinctive marsh characters.
14. Parallel ditches at intervals of four rods
needed to drain this area properly for the successful
cultivation of the best paying crops.
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