Annual report on introduction of domestic reindeer into Alaska

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3 1,083.272

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REPORT

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iNTRODDCnON OF DOMESTIC REINDEER INTO ALASKA,

WITH

ILLUSTRATIONS,

BY

SHELDON JACKSON, r>. r>..

GENERAL AGENT OF EDUCATION IN ALASKA.

18 9 6.

WASHINGTON:

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.

189 7.

OOI^TEIirTS.

Page.

Action of the Senate of the United States of America 7

Letter of the Secretary of the Interior to the President of the Senate 9

Report of Dr. Sheldon Jackson, United States general agent of education in
Alaska, to the Commissioner of Education on the introduction of domestic

reindeer into Alaska for 1896 - 11

Station 11-

Personnel 11

Herds 12

Distribution of herds 14

Needs of the miners 15

Beindeer for Seal and Aleutian islands 16

Importation of Lapps 18

Scarcity of food : 18

Itinerary for 1896 19

Obligations to Revenue-Cutter Service 39

APPENDIX.

Annual report of J. C. Widstead, superintendent Teller Reindeer Station. . . 43

Daily journal at Teller Reindeer Station, T. L. Brevig 61

Meteorology at Teller Reindeer Station, J. C. Widstead 91

Annual report of reindeer at Cape Nome 55

Annual report of reindeer at Cape Prince of Wales, Thomas Hanna 99

Annual report of reindeer at Golovin Bay, N. O. Hultberg 101

Transfer of reindeer to Swedish and Episcopalian missions 103

Driving of a herd of reindeer from Port Clarence to Golovin Bay 105

An inland trip from Point Barrow, by Mr. L. M. Stevenson 108

Letter of instructions from Dr. Sheldon Jackson to William A. Kjellman,

superintendent 109

Dr. Lyall's report on diseases of reindeer 113

The colonization of Lapps 115

Circular letter to mission societies ._. 119

Reply of American Missionary Association 122

Reply of Moravian Missionary Society 122

Reply of the Board of Home Missions of the Presbyterian Church 123

Correspondence of Hon. Clifton R. Breckinridge, envoy extraordinary and

•minister plenipotentiary to Russia, concerning reindeer 124

Application to the Russian Gt)vemment for permission to establish a tem-
porary station in Siberia for the purchase of reindeer 125

Rev. Francis Bamum, S. J, (Roman Catholic) , on need of reindeer 126

4 CONTENTS.

Page.

Dr. JohnB. Driggs (Epiflcopalian) on need of reindeer 130

Dr. J. H. Romig and Rev. S. H. Bock (Moravian) on need of reindeer 131

P. B. Weareonneed of reindeer _ 132

V. C. Gambell (Presbjrterian) on need of reindeer 132

Rev. Alex. E. Earlsen (Swedish Evangelical) on need of reindeer 133

Rev. N. O. Hultberg (Swedish Evangelical) on need of reindeer 134

Correspondence concerning placing of reindeer on the Seal Islands 135

Correspondence concerning placing of reindeer on the Semidi Islands 137

Condition of Arctic Eskimo 139

Index 143

ILLUSTEATIONS.

Fftcepage.

Tnttle, Capt. Francis, U. S. R. C. S Frontispiece.

Jarvis, Lient. D. H., U. S. R. C. S _ Frontispiece.

Reindeer: Typical reindeer man, Siberia, his house and family 14

Unga: Mr. andMrs. O. R. McEIinney and pnpils 18

Unalaska 20

Reindeer: Loading at St. Lawrence Bay 22

Cape Thompson, Arctic Ocean 28

Point Barrow: Presbyterian Mission honse and school bnilding 32

Cape Prince of Wales, Bering Straits 34

Reindeer: Harnessed to sled 36

Fnlcomer , Miss Anna, Circle City 38

Salamatoff, Miss Matrona, Unalaska 88

Hilton, Miss Olga, Sitka 38

Mellor , Miss Elizabeth, Unalaska 38

Brevig, Rev. T. L., Teller Reindeer Station 40

Romig, J. H. , Bethel 40

Roscoe, W. E.,Kadiak 40

Shull, U. P., Sitka 40

Sea Gnll, Bering Sea 46

Eggs of wild fowl, Bering Sea 48

Herders: Teller Reindeer Station 50

Reindeer: Herded on the beach 80

Sitka: Schoolhouse No. 1 100

Sitka: Group of school children , Presbyterian Mission 104

Juneau: Miss E. Sazman and pupils. School No. 2 108

Afognak: Mrs. C. M. Colwell and pupils 112

Kilbuck, Henry and Katie, Bethel 120

5

ACTION OF THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES.

In the Senate op the United States,

December 17, 1896.

Eesolvedy That the Secretary of the Interior be directed to transmit
to the Senate the report of Dr. Sheldon Jackson upon "The intro-
duction of domestic reindeer into the District of Alaska for 1896."

Wm. R. Cox, Secretary.

7

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

Department of the Interior,

Washington^ January 5, 1897.

Sir: I am in receipt of Senate resolution of the 17th ultimo —

That the Secretary of the Interior be directed to transmit to the Senate the
report of Dr. Sheldon Jackson upon ** the introduction of domestic reindeer into
the District of Alaska for 1896/'

In response thereto, I have the honor to transmit herewith a copy of

the report indicated in the foregoing resolution.

Very respectfully,

David R. Francis, Secretary.

The President of the Senate.

9

INTRODUCTION OF DOMESTIC REINDEER INTO ALASKA.

Department of the Interior,
Bureau op Education, Alaska Division,

Washington^ D. C, December SI ^ 1896,

Sir: I have the honor to submit herewith my sixth annual report of
"The introduction of domestic reindeer into Alaska."

STATION.

During the year a comfortable log schoolhouse 22 by 32 feet,
together with a woodhouse and bell tower for the same, has been
erected for the use of the children of the employees at the station.
The building has attracted considerable attention from its neat and
comfortable appearance. The main headquarters building was
enlarged with an addition 24 by 40 feet, built in connection with it.
This addition gives accommodation for a storeroom, and also for the
herders' families who may be sojourning temporarily at the station.
It furnishes accommodations for keeping seal meat, oil, blubber, dried
and frozen fish; also a carpenter's bench, with facilities for manu-
facturing sleds and snowshoes. In the attic is furnished much needed
room for storing sails, boat oars, and fishing nets.

In addition to the buildings erected at the station, huts made of
plank and driftwood, covered with sod and dirt, were erected at sev-
eral convenient points for the accommodation of the herders passing
between the herd and the main station in winter. During the severe
storms of last winter these huts were found of very great value, and
probably in some instances saved lives. Similar huts were also erected
at the winter camp for the use of the herders.

personnel.

After a sea voyage of thirty-seven days, Mr. J. C. Widstead, who
had been appointed assistant superintendent of the station, reached
Port Clarence July 1 2 on the brig W. H, Meyer, Two days later, the
supplies for the station being safely landed, a southerly wind spring-
ing up so increased in violence that the vessel was driven ashore from
her anchorage and became a total wreck. With the wrecking of the
vessel were lost the supplies of the schools at Bering Straits and q.\s^
Point Barrow, together with the peraonaV ^tt^«Xa ^1 "Oaa^ej^'^ .^^S>s\a\aa»>.

12 INTBODUGTION OF DOMESTIC BEINDEEB INTO ALASKA.

Hanna and family, who were en route to their station at Cape Prince
of Wales.

Owing to some misunderstanding and friction which arose over the
sale of the wrecked vessel, Mr. William A. Kjellmann sent his resig-
nation to Mr. William Hamilton, who represented the Bureau. As
there was nothing else to be done, the resignation was accepted, and
on July 20 Mr. J. C. Widstead was appointed superintendent, with
Mr. Thorwald Kjellmann as assistant superintendent. Mr. Widstead
had been selected for a subordinate position, but in the absence of
any other more suitable person in that region he was necessarily given
the first place upon the resignation of Mr. Kjellmann. His adminis-
tration during the past year was not a success, and upon my arrival
at the station, July 28, 1896, I removed him and reappointed Mr.
William A. Kjellmann superintendent and Albert N. Kittilsen, M. D.,
assistant superintendent, these gentlemen having been sent up from
the States this season for service at the station.

During last year some dissatisfaction was expressed by the Lapps
that there was no physician within reach for their families. This
want has been supplied by the appointment of Dr. Kittilsen as assist-
ant superintendent of the station. The seven families of Lapps have
remained with the herd, performing their usual duties with efficiency
and success. The experience of the past two years has demonstrated
the wisdom of their importation as instructors to the Eskimos in the
■ care and management of deer. Their success has been so marked
^ that hereafter, whenever a herd is loaned to a mission station, an
experienced Lapp will be sent with the herd to take charge of and
instruct the apprentices.

Under the tuition and direction of the experienced and skilled
Lapps were ten Eskimo apprentices from different villages extending
all the way from Point Hope on the Arctic shore southward and east-
ward to Fort Adams on the Upper Yukon River, a distance of 2,000
miles. These apprentices have made fair progress in mastering the
science of managing and breeding reindeer.

Li January Moses, Tatpan, Martin, and Okweetkoon were trans-
ferred from the Teller Reindeer Station to the new station established
on Golovin Bay, they having come originally from that general region
of country.

During the fall Oozhaloo, one of the most prominent natives at
Point Barrow, with his family, was transported to the Teller Reindeer
Station at his own request and accepted as an apprentice. It is hoped
that ultimately he will be able to go back in charge of a herd to that
distant and desolate northern section.

HEBDS.

There are now five herds in Alaska, one at Cape Prince of Wales, a
mission station of the Congregational Chorchi numbering 253; one at

INTBODUCTION OP DOMESTIC REINDEER INTO ALASKA. 13

Cape Nome, in charge of three experienced Eskimo apprentices, num-
bering 218; two at Grolovin Bay, one belonging to the Swedish Evan-
gelical Mission Station and the other to the St. James Episcopal Mission
Station, together numbering 206, and the central Government herd at
the Teller Reindeer Station, numbering 423, making a total of 1,100
head.

During the previous five years the transporting of reindeer from
Siberia was done by the revenue cutter Bear. This year the Bear,
having extra work in connection with the policing of the seal islands
of Bering Sea, was unable to afford the usual assistance. In place of
the Bear, arrangements were made with Mr. Minor W. Bruce to pur-
chase the deer on the Siberian coast and deliver them to the Govern-
ment at so much a head on the Alaska shore. Through a combination
of circumstances, however, he failed to be able to carry out his con-
tract, and the result was that no deer were purchased this season. It
is i)erhaps as well that this attempt to procure deer through private
parties from Siberia has so signally failed, as the men who were
selected to live in Siberia and do the purchasing were not such as were
competent to suitably represent the United States Government. Rus-
sia had kindly given permission to the United States to purchase, but
would naturally expect that the agents for doing the work would be
responsible men under the control of the United States Government.
It is hoped that the Bureau of Education will, this coming year, be
able to send its own agent on the field, and thus prevent any interna-
tional complications arising from the misdoings or mistakes of agents
not responsible to the Government. But while there was no increase
to the herd from importation, there was a very gratifying increase by
birth. Four hundred and sixteen fawns were born to the herds last
spring, of which 357 lived.

At the Teller Station there were at the opening of the year 525 liead.
On the 14th of January, 1896, 130 of these were sent off to establisli a
new herd at Golovin Bay.

During the year 25 died from accidents received during transpor-
tation from Siberia. Upon the second trip of the Bear the steamer
encountered a severe gale and the reindeer were thrown lielplessly
from side to side across the deck, resulting in dislocated joints ami
broken limbs and internal injuries, resulting in death. During the
fall a hoof disease broke out in the herd, resulting in tlie death of 25.
A portion of a diseased lung and liver was sealed up in alcoliol, and
has been sent to the Agricultural Department for a diagnosis of tlu^
disease and a possible remedy. (Appendix, p. 113.) Ten male deer
were killed during the year for foo<l. One liundred and forty-one
fawns were bom, of which 10 died. Of the 423 deer at the station on
the Ist of July, 1896, 15 are claimed by tlie api)rentico Taootuk, 11 by
Kummuk, 7 by Sekeoglook, 4 by Woksok, 4 by Electoona, and 3 by
Ahlook, making 44 that are the private property of the apprentices.

14 INTRODUCTION OF DOMESTIC REINDEER INTO ALASKA.

There are 7 head of female deer belonging to the Teller Station that
are still in the herd at Cape Nome.

In the herd at Cai)e Prince of Wales there are 253 head, of which
84 are fawns bom last spring. There are 5 herders or apprentices in
charge of the herd. Some of the cows without fawns were milked, and
the herd seemed to be prospering:.

The Cape Nome herd numbers 218, of which 43 were born last
spring. During the spring 11 were killed in an avalanche as they
were feeding at the base of a mountain.

The two herds at Grolovin Bay aggregate 206, of which 80 were bom
last spring. Of this herd, the apprentice, Martin, claims 12 deer,
Tatpan 7, Moses 21, and Okweetkoon 10, making 50 claimed by the
herders as private property.

The trip made in driving the herd from Port Clarence to Golovin
Bay was a successful and interesting one, a full account of which is
given by Mr. G. T. Howard. (Appendix, p. 105.)

During the year, at the Teller Station 22 deer were broken to har-
ness, making 52 sled deer in the herd. Much time was given to the
training of these deer for freighting and traveling purposes. Seven-
teen sets of harness were made, 14 freight sleds, and a number of
snowshoes and skis. But little difficulty has been met with during
the past year from the dogs.

DISTRIBUTION.

In the general plan of distribution it has been our purpose to sup-
ply the mission stations, partly in the order of their proximity to the
central herd, that the new herds may be more conveniently super-
vised, and partly through the interest which the stations have mani-
fested in sending their young men for training. Hence the first
station to receive a loan from the Government was the Congregational,
at Bering Straits, 60 miles away from the central station. The super-
intendent of that mission was for one year (1893-94) superintendent
of the reindeer station and had around him a number of his young
men as apprentices. About that time the report was maliciously cir-
culated among the natives that they were not to receive any benefit
from the reindeer; only the whites. To disabuse their minds, three
of the more advanced of the native herders were loaned (January 31,
1895) 100 head of deer and sent off some 60 miles down the coast to
Cape Nome by themselves. This was the beginning of the third herd.

Among the first stations to respond to the call for young men to
learn the business was the Swedish station at Unalaklik, Norton Sound,
and the St. James Episcopal mission on the Yukon. As the Swedish
station was the next nearest to Port Clarence after the Congregation-
alists, and as they had had three young men in training, it was very
proper that they should have the next or fourth herd, and while the
Episcopal station at Fort Adams is more remote than the Roman

INTRODnCnON OF DOMESTIC REINDEER INTO ALASKA. 15

Catholic station on the Lower Yukon or the Presbyterian station on
St. Lawrence Island, yet as that station had had an apprentice almost
from the first in the herd, and was a central point for the establish-
ment of reindeer among a different race of people in Alaska, it seemed
applx)priate to give the fifth herd to them, which was done.

In arranging plans for the distribution of the domestic reindeer in
Alaska, so far as the native population are concerned, I have looked
to the missionaries settled among them for cooperation and assistance.

They are the wisest and most disinterested friends the natives have.
From their position and work, having learned the character and needs
of the people, they can wisely direct the transfer of the ownership of
the deer from the Government to such of the natives as have been
trained in the care of the deer.

And in order that the herders should have, in the infancy of the busi-
ness, the continued oversight of exi)erienced herders and the teaching
in methods of handling by the most competent instructors, it is impor-
tant that with every new herd sent out there shall also be sent a com-
petent Lapp. In accordance with this purpose, the several missionary
organizations at work in arctic and subarctic Alaska were last spring
corresponded with by this oflSce. (See Appendix, p. 119.)

In the commencement of the work it was anticipated that all the
mission stations would have ere this been furnished a loan of reindeer,
but the increase through purchase in Siberia has been much smaller
than was anticipated. Instead of being able to purchase a thousand
or more head a year, the average increase by purchase has only been
about 150 a year. This necessarily delays the distribution of deer, as
it is not good policy to weaken unduly the central herd at Port Clar-
ence, and of course we can not distribute more than we have.

It is as important to teach the natives just emerging from barbar-
ism how to earn an independent support as it is to give them book
instruction. The industrial pursuit which nature seems to have
mapped out for the native population of arctic and subarctic Alaska
is the breeding and herding of reindeer and the use of the deer as a
means of transportation and intercommunication.

During the past season the influx of miners into the Yukon has
made a very urgent call for reindeer for freighting purposes. In the
ori^nal plan for the purchase and distribution of reindeer reference
was mainly had to securing a new food supply for the famishing
Eskimo, but it is now found that the reindeer are as essential to the
white men as to the Eskimo. The wonderful placer mines of the
Yukon region are situated from 25 to 100 miles off of the great Yukon
River. The provisions brought from the south and landed upon the
banks of the river are with great difficulty transported to the mines.
So great was the extremity last winter that mongrel Indian dogs cost
$100 to $200 each for transportation purposes, and the freight charges
from the river to the mines, 30 miles, ran^gi^d lTw:^^5i \ft "t^ ^i«Q^»*"^i«^

16 INTRODUCTION OP DOBIESTIC REINDEER INTO ALASKA.

pound. (Appendix, p. 132.) The difficulty experienced in providing
the miners with the necessaries of life has demonstrated the neces-
sity of reindeer transportation, and that the development of the large
mining interests of that region will be dependent upon the more rapid
introduction of reindeer for freighting. There are no roads in Alaska
and off of the rivers no transportation facilities to any great extent.
In the limited traveling of the past, dogs have been used for that pur-
pose, but dog teams are slow and must be burdened with the food for
their own maintenance. On the other hand, trained reindeer make
in a day two or three times the distance covered by a dog team, and
at the end of the day can be turned loose to gather their support from
the moss, which is always accessible to them.

W. H. Gilder, of the Century, in his trip across Siberia to telegraph
to the Navy Department the burning of the United States naval ves-
sel Rogers in St. Lawrence Bay, Siberia, 1882, says in his book, Ice
Pack and Tundra, page 190:

During a portioD of the route we had horses for draft animals and at other times
reindeer. I much prefer the latter, because so much fleeter and so much more
docile.

Last spring an application was received from the United States
Treasury Department for the placing of 40 reindeer on the Seal islands,
and arrangements were made for complying with the request; but
before the arrangements could be carried out I received a protest
from the North American Commercial Company, who are the lessees
of the islands, as they feared that the reindeer would disturb the seal
upon the rookeries. Consequently nothing was done in the matter.
(Appendix, p. 135.)

A number of influential parties, several being in the United States
Congress, have expressed an earnest wish that a few reindeer might
be placed upon each of the larger islands of the Aleutian group to pro-
vide a food supply for any crew that may hereafter be wrecked on
those islands, and prevent the repetition of the starvation and canni-
balism which occurred in 1894 on Umnak Island, one of the Aleutian
group, in the wrecking of the whaling bark James Allen. When,
June 14, the United States revenue cutter Bear^ upon which I was a
passenger, found the survivors, there were nine left in a hut, crazed
with starvation. They were gathered around the fire with a pot of
human flesh on cooking, which they had cut from the bo<Iy of a man
who had died and been buried two weeks before. Upon perceiving
the rescue party they gave a feeble hurrah, and, laughing and crying
by turns, remarked that they were sorry to say that they were canni-
bals, but that starvation had stared them in the face and they were
compelled to resort to the flesh of their dead companions for food.
They reported that Gideon had died June 7, and they had eaten him.
When he was gone, they had dug up Pena, who had been buried on
May 30, and were now (June 14) eating him. When they reached the

INTRODUCTION OF DOMESTIC REINDEER INTO ALASKA. 17

ship they were so weak that some of them had to be carried and all
of them helped to the forecastle, where the clothes, swarming with
vermin and reeking in filth, were cut off of them and thrown over-
board. They were then thoroughly washed and their hair cut. When
stripped of their clothing their emaciation showed their suffering.

Requests have also come from parties who have leased some of the
Alaska islands for the purpose of raising foxes. They are anxious in
connection with their fox ranches to try the experiment of raising
reindeer for the market. (Appendix, p. 137.)

In Ice Pack and Tundra, page 170, W. H. Gilder, speaking of the

people of northeastern Siberia, thus testifies to the value of reindeer

meat as a food :

Reindeer meat is also eaten by those who can afford it, unless rich enough to
eat beef, which they prefer, though why I could never discover, for the meat of
the reindeer is much more delicate and tender, and has a peculiarly delicious
flavor, probably derived from' the fragrant moss that constitutes its food. It is
cheap enough to satisfy the most economical housekeeper, a fine fat buck, entire,
costing at Nishne Kolymsk only 3 rubles, that is $1.50, and at Sradnia 5 rubles.
The meat of the reindeer is always excellent, while the beef is more expensive,
and is only exceeded in price by the horse, which is a luxury only to be indulged
in by the rich.

I am in full sympathy with all these requests for the distribution
of reindeer in widely separated sections of Alaska. The more widely
they are distributed and the larger number of interests that are sub-
served by them the greater good will be accomplished and the larger the
constituency of those who will take an interest in this new industry.

The vast territory of central and arctic Alaska, unfitted for agricul-
ture or cattle raising, is abundantly supplied ^vith the long, fibrous
white moss, the natural food of the reindeer. Taking the statistics of
Norway and Sweden a« a guide, arctic and subarctic Alaska can sup-
f>ort 9,000,000 reindeer, furnishing a supply of food, clothing, and
means of transportation to a population of a quarter of a million.

Providence has adapted the reindeer to the peculiar conditions of
arctic life, and it furnishes the possibilities of large and increasing
commercial industries. The flesh is considered a gi*eat deliea-cy,
whether fresh or cured. The untanned skin makes the best clothing
for the climate of Alaska, and when tanned is the best leather for the
bookbinder, upholsterer, and glove maker. The hair is in great
demand, by reason of its wonderful buo^^ancy, in the construction of
life-saving apparatus. The horns and hoofs make the best glue known
to commerce. With Alaska stocked with this valuable animal, the
hardy Eskimo and the enterprising American would develop industries
in the lines indicated that would amount to millions of dollars annu-
ally, and all this in a region where such industries are only developed
enough to suggest their great i)ossibilities.

The term for which the Lapps contracted to serve the United States
has expired. They have so fully proved tliftYt ^^^vs^^-^ ^ Nj^^^^^^^
S. Doc. 40 2

18 INTRODUCTION OP DOMESTIC REINDEER INTO ALASKA.

their employment, and made themselves so necessary that their serv-
ices can not be dispensed with without injury. An effort is being
made to induce them to remain in the country longer, and there is a
reasonable prospect that, after returning to their native land, they
will close out their business affairs and return to Alaska as perma-
nent settlers. If a few additional families of Lapps can be encouraged
to accompany them it will be a great boon to the rising reindeer
industry. (Appendix, p. 115.)

Reindeer Lapps are of two classes — one who give their entire
attention to the raising of reindeer, and the other who give their whole
attention to freighting and transportation. The latter class in the
old country seldom raise the reindeer which they own, but are accus-
tomed to purchase from the breeder, then train and use entirely for
freighting. We are very fortunate in having both classes among the
seven Lapp men in Alaska. Two of the seven are trained freighters,
and it is proposed to allow them this coming season to go to the mines
and demonstrate the usefulness of the reindeer in that region for
transporting freight and furnishing rapid communication for passen-
gers and mail. With the introduction of a larger number of deer,
suitable for freighting purposes, it will be necessary to secure a larger
number of experienced Lapps from the old country, as it will take a
series of years before the natives can be so far trained that they can
be trusted to freight on their own account.

At the request of this office, through the Secretary of the Interior,
the Secretary of State has communicated with His Imperial Majesty
the Czar of Russia, requesting permission for this office to place a
purchasing agent, with one or two herdsmen, at some suitable point
on the coast of Siberia adjacent to Alaska. (Appendix, p. 125.)

At the request of the Department of the Interior in 1892, permission
to purchase reindeer on the Siberian coast was obtained through his
excellency the Russian minister resident at this capital. But experi-
ence has shown that unless the deer are purchased beforehand and
collected at one point on the coast the United States steamer is
delayed too long in the process of effecting these preliminaries, and
the consequence is that the short season in which the transportation
of reindeer is possible in these northern seas passes away with slender
results. The average purchase has been considerably less than 150
reindeer per annum during the past four years. It will be easy to
double the number annually, provided the purchasing and collecting
of deer can be performed by some party in advance.

The scarcity of food in places continues periodic, and much suffer-
ing, with loss of life, must ensue while the present slow process of
introducing a new food supply into the country continues. Mission-
aries of all churches on the ground unit^ in testifying to the need of
more speed. (Appendix, pp. 12G et seq.)

A few years of larger appropriations on the part of Congress would

INTRODUCTION OP DOMESTIC REINDEEB INTO ALASKA. 19

purchase and place in Alaska two herds of 5,000 each, the natural
increase of which would perpetuate and extend the stock until the
whole country is covered.

THE ITINERARY.

Leaving Washington on May 14, 1896, for my annual inspection of
the schools and reindeer stations in Alaska, Seattle was reached on
the 29th of the same month. The following two days, exclusive of an
intervening Sabbath, were spent in looking after the procuring and
shipment of supplies for the various schools, and on June 2 I took the
steamship City of Topeka for Sitka, visiting en route the schools at
Fort Wrangel, Juneau, and Douglas Island, reaching Sitka on the 8th
of June. Five very busy da} s wei'e given to the several schools at
Sitka. Through the courtesy of Capt. C. L. Hooper, commanding
the Bering Sea fleet, arrangements were made b}' which I was allowed
to take passage on boawi the United States revenue cutter Bear,

On the morning of June 13 I went on board the Bear, which got
under way at 10 minutes after 11 o'clock a. m., and proceeded out to
sea bound for Bering Sea and the Arctic Ocean. The seven-day
voyage to Unalaska was unusually pleasant — the sea was smooth, the
wind favorable, and we made a quick trip. Through the whole trip
I found the officers both obliging and companionable.

The ship's roster reads: Francis Tuttle, captain; David II. Jarvis,
first lieutenant and executive; Claude S. Cochran, second lieuten-
ant; William E. W. Hall, second lieutenant; II. G. Hamlet, third
lieutenant; Charles S. Coffin, chief engineer; Harry U. Butler, first
assistant engineer; Henr}' K. Spencer, second assistant engineer;
Robert Lyall, surgeon.

In the earl}'^ morning of the 18th, meeting the revenue cutter Ritsh,
bound for Sitka, we availed ourselves of the opportunity of sending
back letters to friends in the States. At 10.20 a. m. of the same date
we dropped anchor in Delaroff Harbor (ITnga). Going ashore, I had
an opportunity to visit the schoolhouse and teacher's family; also to
meet some of the pupils. The teacher had taken a sailing vessel to
Puget Sound for his vacation. While at anchor the Alaska Commer-
cial Company's steamship Bertha arrived from San Francisco laden
with supplies for various trading and mission statitms, and among the
passengers were a number of missionaries. At noon we were again
under way, calling at Sand Point for about an hour. Leaving Sand
Point and passing through Popoff Strait, we were in sight of Pavloff"
Volcano, which was vigorously throwing out huge puffs of black smoke
from it« crater.

At noon on June 19 we steamed through Unimak, passing into Ber-
ing Sea. That afternoon, sweeping rapidly by the head of Akun
Island, we were soon off the north point of Akutan Island. Horizon-
tal bands of red rock alternating with yellow and green rin^^ b^v^Jai..

20 INTRODUCTION OP DOMESTIC REINDEER INTO ALASKA.

in the rays of the setting sun, gave a foreground of wondrous beauty.
In the background towered Akutan Volcano, its sides covered with
snow, portions of which were discolored and shaded by a recent
shower of ashes. Occasional puffs of light vapory smoke arose from
the crater and slowly rolled off into space. At the western end of
the island a remarkable pillar of rock, with perpendicular sides and
level top, arises out of the sea, while, to complete the marvelous pic-
ture, on the east a cloud of fog was seen rolling over a high ridge and
down the precipitous sides of a mountain, giving it the appearance
of a vast cataract — a score of Niagaras united in one. It was a scene
of a lifetime and never to be forgotten.

At 11.20 p. m. of the 19th we dropped anchor in Dutch Harbor. It
was the first time during fourteen trips that I was permitted to reach
Unalaska without being seasick. Ten days were spent at Unalaska
and Dutch Harbor in looking after and aiTanging for the educational
work at Unalaska, and also the several points on the coast of Bering
Sea and the interior of Alaska. The next day the steamship Bertha
arrived from San Francisco having the following persons on board:
Rev. and Mrs. H. A. Naylor, Rev. Frederick F. Flewelling, of the
Church of England, en route for the Church of England's missions on
the head waters of the Yukon River, a distance from their English
home of about 11,200 miles; the Rev. S. H. Rock, and Dr. and Mrs.
J. H. Romig, of the Moravian Church; the former was en route to
Carmel, on the Nushagak River, and the latter to establish medical
missions on the Kuskokwim River; the Rev. Paschal Tosi, vicar apos-
tolic; the Rev. James M. Cata-ldo and Brother Pietro Branesli, of the
Roman Catholic Church, en route to their missions upon the Yukon
River; the Rev. and Mrs. Jacob Kortchinsky, of the Russo-Greek
Church, en route to their mission at St. Michael.

Attracted b}^ the herring or other small fish, the harbor was full of
whales, a dozen of which played around the ship and could easil}'
have been shot from the deck.

On June 24 we escorted to the steamship Homer Prof, and Mrs.
John A. Tuck, who were leaving Unalaska to return to the States. A
large numl>er of friends, whom they had made among the natives,
were also at the wharf to bid them godspeed. They have done faith-
ful, eflicient, and self-denying work during the seven years they have
labored in Unalaska.

The Metho<list Episcopal missionaries at Unalaska took the occa-
sion of the presence of so many missionaries and teachers to give
their own school a picnic, to which all the visiting missionaries were
invited. This was held on a mountain side on the afternoon of the
2Gth, and was a very enjoyable occasion.

On the 20th, by direction of the Secretar}^ of the Interior, with the
assistance of sailors furnished by Capt. Francis Tuttle, commanding
the revenue cutter Bear, I selected and marked out the land necessary

nVTBODUCTION OF DOMESTIC BEINDEEB INTO ALASKA. 21

for Grovernment school and mission purposes iu the proposed town
site of Unalaska.

On June 30, the revenue cutter Rush having arrived from Sitka
with mail for the fleet, at 0.50 p. m. the cutter Bear got under way
for St. Lawrence Island, the reindeer station, and other points in
Bering Sea and the Arctic Ocean.

On July 3 at 2.30 o'clock p. m. we met our first ice, in latitude
59° 51' 15" and longitude 170° 9' 55". Keeping off about 2 miles
from the ice we steamed parallel with it for the next 100 miles. It
was a part of a large ice floe that extended from St. Matthew Island
across Bering Sea to Nunivak Island. That night we passed through
considerable ice drift, being spurs from the main floe.

On July 4, in the midst of a dense fog somewhere off the south end
of St. Lawrence Island, the ship was decorated with flags, and at noon
a salute of 21 guns was fired. Working the ship slowly through a
dense fog and broken ice during the night and the next forenoon, we
reached and came to anchor off the village at the extreme northwest
corner of St. Lawrence Island.

Soon our ship was surrounded with boatloads of natives, and among
them came Mr. Gambell, the teacher at that island, receiving his annual
mail (for this is one of the several stations in northern Alaska that
has but one mail a year). I went ashore with him to inspect the sta-
tion and school. My stay on shore, however, was cut short by the
surf commencing to rise and threatening to prevent my return to the
ship. All haste was made to reach the ship, which was already, under
the influence of the storm, dragging her anchor. The anchor being
lifted, the ship's station was changed to the south side of the point,
but the anchorage was very little better. In the meantime the sea
had become so rough that it was with great difficulty the natives
who had returned me to the ship were able themselves to make a
landing through the surf. After watching them safely on shore, at
10.20 p. m. we got under way and steamed out to sea. The next
morning, steaming through a large field of floating ice, we came to
anchor at 6.35 a. m. off the village of Indian Point, Cape Tchaplin,
Siberia. As usual upon the arrival of a vessel, the deck of the cut-
ter was soon crowded with natives, some endeavoring to barter rein-
deer skins, furs, and curios, and others desiring to see the ship's
surgeon.

The annual cruise of the revenue cutter along that northern coast
offers the natives the only opportunity during the year of the advice
of an educated physician; consequently whenever the ship drops
anchor all the sick and ailing that are able to be moved are gathered
up from the village and neighborhood and brought on board the ship
to see the doctor. Those who are unable to be moved are usually
afterwards visited in their huts on shore and ever^^hing possible
done for their help and relief. For the time being tha %VcL>^\i^i^iwvs^^^

22 INTKODUCTION OP DOMESTIC REINDEER INTO ALASKA.

a traveling hospital and dispensary. During our stay the captain and
a number of the officers accompanied the surgeon on shore. At 4.05
p. m. we were again under way steaming through a field of drift ice
that seemed to be running out of the bays north of the point. As we
are in north latitude, where at this season of the year there is no
night, it makes but little difference whether we are steaming or lying
at anchor during the night. We rise by the watch and retire in the
same way, the sun shining both when we go to bed and when we
wake up.

On July 7, at 3 o'clock in the morning, we reached and anchored off
South Head, St. Lawrence Bay, Siberia, and several boat loads of
Tchuctchees came to the ship. This is one of the best points for pro-
curing reindeer on the Siberian coast, and here we secured in former
yeai's the greatest number, but this season, as the Bear could not be
spared for the purpose of transporting deer, we were compelled to
notify the deer men that other vessels were coming later in the season
for their deer. However, through a combination of circumstances, no
ships went for the deer, greatly to our disappointment and that of
the people.

In an hour we were again under way. Passing to the north of the
Point, several large umiak loads of natives were seen coming out to
sea to meet us, and the engine was stopped to allow them to come on
board. The same message concerning the purchase of reindeer was
communicated to them. At 5.40 a. m. we were again under way,
headed for the reindeer station at Port Clarence, which we confidently
expected to reach that evening (alas for human confidence, it was
nineteen days before we finally reached that station). But at 1.20
p. m. we got into the ice and had to slow down speed. To add to our
troubles, so dense a fog set in that we could scarcely see the length
of the ship. Two or three times during the night the engine was
stopped until the fog should lighten up a little — occasional glimpses
only revealed heavy ice all around us. After a night of great anxiety
the captain anchored at sea the next morning at 7.30. At 9.50 a. m.
the fog lifted a little, the anchor was hoisted, and another attempt
made to work through the ice and get into Port Clarence. At 3 p. m.
the fog again lifted a little, and from the crow's-nest at the masthead
it was seen that the ice was densely pa<;ked all the way across from
Cape York to Cape Douglas, that the original ice of the previous
winter was still unbroken in Port Clarence, and heavy ice floes were
packed together from the entrance of Port Clarence 8 miles out to sea.

Realizing the impossibility of making any progress toward land,
the captain determined to run down to Kings Island and land a family
of natives belonging to that place that he brought over from Siberia.
Upon approaching the island he was surprised to find at anchor under
the lee of the land the steam whalers Orcay Tlirashery and Narivhaly the
whaling schooner Eosario^ and the coal bark J, P, Peters, A heavj'' fog

mTBODUCTIOy OF DOMESTIC REINDEER INTO ALASKA. 23

eiiveloi)ed the island. Anchor was dropi)ed in the midst of the whal-
ing fleet at 7.20 p. m. The whalers, unable to get into Port Clarence
(the first time in fifty years at this season of the year), had taken
refuge in the lee of Kings Island and were coaling ship. That night,
a storm arising, two of the whalers lost their anchors and were com-
pelled to put to sea to save going on the rocks. While lying at anchor
at Kings Island, in company with Captain Tuttle, I called upon the
several captains of the whaling fleet. Captain Smith, who had win-
tered at Ilerschel Island, narrated an incident where the children of an
an old man, being tired of caring for him, had removed all their belong-
ings and provisions from the hut, leaving their old father to starve or
freeze to death. The sailors, learning the situation, kept the old man
supplied with provisions through the winter, and the following spring
he died from natural causes. Among the wild Eskimos of the Arc-
tic, both on the Alaskan and the Siberian coasts, it is considered a
kindness and neighborly act to kill an old person, or one that is
chronically sick without prosi)ect of ever being well again.

While Captain Smith was on the coast of Siberia, a native who had
made up his mind to change his residence to another section of the
country had an invalid daughter who, with their appliances, could
not be moved. Instead of remaining in his old home and caring for
that daughter, he and his sons packed up all the family belongings
and supplies on their dog sleds, hitched up their dog teams, and when
everything was ready for a start, they went into the hut and stabbed
the daughter to death. At the island where we were anchored, a few
weeks before our arrival, a man who had been sick a long while
adjusted a cord around his own neck and then asked his neighbors to
pull him up until he was strangled to death; he wanted to die, and,
as good neighbors, they assisted him in accomplishing his wish.

On July 10, the weather having somewhat cleared, a large number
of Kings Islanders came on board. Theycrawled down the precipi-
tous sides of their island home to the water's edge like so many ants,
and launching their one-hole bidarkas through the surf came off to
the ship in droves. During the day, on hearing a report that the
teacher at Cape Prince of Wales had had some trouble with the
natives, and as we had his yearly mail on board. Captain Tuttle con-
cluded to make an attempt to reach him, and at 10.45 got under way.
Upon coming within sight of the place at 3.15 p. m., a large ice floe
was found moving against the village, making it impossible to land.
Nothing could be done but turn and steam for another anchorage.

The ice still blocking up the entrance to Port Clarence, the ship was
headed for St. Michael, and we found to our regret that the immense
ice floe which we had been in vain attempting to penetrate in order to
get to the Teller Reindeer Station extended all the way down the coast
to Cape Nome, a distance of 180 miles, so that in going to St. Michael
the ship was forced by the ice floe 50 miles south of its tra<^ <!a^'c@j^.

24 INTRODUCTION OP DOMESTIC REINDEEK INTO ALASKA.

There was, however, a good providence in this, as it led the captain
to find the brig Geneva dangerously situated in the ice and to tow it
safely into St. Michael. On the morning of the 22d of June the
steamer Bertha had taken the Geneva in tow for St. Michael, a trip
of five or six days. But after battling for nearly three weeks with
the ice the captain left the schooner at sea until the steamship could
force her way through the ice to St. Michael, unload, and then return
for the schooner. However, providentially for the schooner she did
not have to wait, but was picked up and towed to a place of safety
before being crushed.

All through July 11 and 12 our steamer kept along the edge of the
great ice floe, the weather thick with fogs and snow squalls until the
latter part of the afternoon of the 12th, when the snow squalls were
succeeded by a drizzling rain. At 10.10 p. m. we anchored off St.
Michael. Going ashore on the forenoon of the 13th, we found mosqui-
toes in swarms.

July 15 Captain Tuttle took the Bear up the coast to enable me to
visit the school and Swedish mission at Unalaklik. In previous years,
when requesting to visit the place, I had been told that the water was
too shallow for an ocean steamer. Upon making the attempt, how-
ever, we found no special difficulty; the day was perfect, bright, sun-
shiny, no wind, smooth water. The captain had invited a select
company from St. Michael to accompany us. At 2.50 p. m., anchor-
ing off the village. Lieutenant Jai^vis took the party in the steam
launch close to the shore, where we were transferred to rowboats to
make a landing. Although it was vacation time, the school bell was
rung and the children called in that I might have an opportunity of
seeing them at work. The mosquitoes, however, were so bad that
the visiting party became anxious to get off shore, and I did not have
as much time as I would have liked. Returning to the ship, we hoisted
anchor and sailed for St. Michael, which we reached at 1.50 the fol-
lowing morning.

In the harbor at St. Michael we found the Yukon River steamer
Partus B. Weare, the ocean steamer Bertha and bark Geneva, of
San Francisco, and the small steamers William Seward, Explorer,
Koyuk, and Yukon, and the schooner- rigged yawl Edith,

On July 21 the American brigantine C. C, Funk arrived from San
Francisco and the steamer Arctic came down the Yukon. Among
the passengers on the Arctic were Rev. and Mrs. T. II. Canham, Miss
Macdonald, and Mrs. Bishop Bompas, all of the Church of England
missions; Mrs. Dr. Glenton, of the American Episcopal mission; Mr.
and Mrs. Harper from the Pelly River Trading Station, and Mr. Wil-
liam A. Beddoe, of Chicago, contractor for the mail route between
Juneau and Circle City ; Mr. Omer Maris, correspondent of the Chicago
Record, and Mr. H. De Windt, correspondent of the Pall Mall Gazette,
JLondon. The cutter Bear had instructions to convey the latter to

INTRODUCTION OF DOMESTIC REINDEER INTO ALASKA. 25

Siberia, where he proposed making a land journey across to Europe.
I have since learned that his plan miscarried, and he came down later
in the fall on a whaler to San Francisco, returning to Europe across
the United States and the Atlantic instead of across Siberia. It
was reported so healthy in the Upper Yukon Valley, just below the
Arctic Circle, that although white women have been in that section for
fifty yeai's as wives of missionaries and fur tradei's, only one had died
during that time in the district- — Mrs. Bell, wife of Captain Bell, of
Fort Simpson, on the McKenzie River. Such an unusual occurrence
caused much comment among the people.

The missionaries reported that the gold mining at Circle City was
making rapid progress. During the present season both the Protes-
tant Episcopal and the Roman Catholic churches have established
missions at that place and proposed hospitals. Last winter the first
public school ever held in Circle City was established by the miners
and taught by a volunteer teacher, Mrs. Dr. Yates. The school lasted
three months, January, February, and March, 1896, with 30 pupils.
The Episcopalians have paid <5l,300 for an unfinished frame building,
and have also bargained for an additional lot at $800. A corner lot 50
feet front and 100 feet deep sold this spring for 12,500 in gold ; another
lot 30 feet front and 50 feet deep, with an uncompleted two-story build-
ing, sold for 17,000 in gold. Half the buildings in the place are saloons,
and liquor costs 50 cents a drink. Last winter the place contained
560 white inhabitants; this summer, 1,150, of whom 200 are perma-
nent residents in the village and the others scattered among the adja-
cent mines. There are about 40 white women in the district. Last
winter the thermometer registered at 5 p. m. 66° below zero for three
weeks at a time. During the entire month of January the average
temperature was 46° to 48° below zero. At Mastodon mines the ther-
mometer last winter registered 76° below zero, and this summer 103°
above zero.

The valley of the great Yukon River is being fairly well supplied
with missionaries. Belonging to the Church of England are Rev. and
Mrs. T. H. Canham and Miss Mellett, on the Porcupine River; Rev
B. Totty, at Fort Selkirk; Bishop and Mrs. Bompas and Miss Mac-
donald, at Forty-mile Creek. In the service of the Protestant Epis-
copal Church are Rev. and Mrs. J. L. Prevost, at Fort Adams; Rev.
and Mrs. J. W. Chapman, Mrs. Bertha W. Sabine, and Miss Mary V.
Glenton, M. D., at Anvik. In the employ of the Roman Catholic
missions are Right Rev. Paschal Tosi, vicar apostolic; the Rev. A.
Robant, the Rev. F. Bamum, the Rev. Monroe, with lay brothers
Marchisio, J. T. Sullivan, and J. Negro, together with ten sisters, at
Kosoriffsky; the Rev. William Judge, the Rev. A. Ragaru, and lay
brothers C. Gioarano and J. Rosetti, at Nulato; the Rev. J. Treca,
the Rev. A. Parodi, and lay brothers B. Cunningham and J. Twohig,
at Cape Vancouver. Those belonging to the Russo-Gr^<5kVLC>V^»;:t^^5^^!>:t^

26 INTRODUCTION OP DOMESTIC REINDEER INTO ALASKA.

Rev. Belkof (retired), at St. Michael; the Rev. Johannes Orloff, at
Ikogmute, Yukon River, and Rev. and Mrs. Jacob Kortchinsky, for
St. Michael and Paul's village, St. Sergius. Belonging to the Swedish
Evangelical Church are Rev. and Mrs. A. E. Karlsen; Miss Malvina
Johnson and David Johnson, teachers at Unalaklik; Rev. August
Anderson, Rev. and Mrs. N. O. Hultberg, and Mr. and Mrs. Frank
Kameroff, at Gk)lovin Bay; and Mr. and Mrs. Stephan Ivanoff, at
Koyuk.

During the evening of July 22 the steamship Bertha sailed for San
Francisco with 125 passengers and a mail to our friends. Learning
that the Swedish mission at Gk)lovin Bay was out of food, Captain
Tuttle very kindly offered to go to their relief, and I at once made
arrangements with the Rev. A. E. Karlsen, Swedish missionary at
Unalaklik, who is in charge of their stations, to procure the necessary
supplies for the relief of the station at Grolovin Bay. While I was on
shore making these arrangements, the steamship Portland arrived
from Seattle with a later mail and newspapers. She also brought
lumber and workmen for the construction of a river steamer for the
North American Trading Company. The Alaska Commercial Com-
pany are also building a new river steamer and some large barges.

The development of the Yukon gold mines is greatly stimulating
trade through all this country.

Having received on board the supplies for the relief of the Swedish
station, we hoisted anchor at 9.55 p. m. and put to sea. At 7.10 the
following morning we were at the entrance of Golovin Bay, but a gale
having arisen, the sea was too rough to land stores, and as there was
no sheltered anchorage we were compelled again to go out to sea,
where we hove to, riding out the storm; a most miserable day.

On the morning of the 25th we again skirted the bay and were able
to make an entrance, dropping anchor at 6.40 a. m. Upon the slope
of the west bank of the bay the reindeer herd was clearly visible from
the ship; also the native \illage on the end of the eastern spit. Hav-
ing finished breakfast, at 8.15 a. m. Dr. Lyall, the physician, and
myself were sent to the village in a boat in charge of Lieutenant Ham-
let. A fair wind made it a pleasant sail. On our way we were met
by Mr. Hultberg, the missionary, and Mr. Dexter, the trader, coming
to the ship. They were taken aboard our boat and returned with us
to the village, where they tried to engage all the natives with their
umiaks and send them off to the ship to bring in the stores and sup-
plies. Some friction having arisen between the trader and the mission
with regard to the location of the mission buildings, I staked off a
plat of vacant ground around the mission buildings, having first
informed Mr. Dexter, the trader, and invited him to accompany and
counsel with me. As some of the reindeer apprentices have tried to
dispose of their private deer to the trader, I left him a formal notifi-
cation that they were not allowed to sell. While we were on shore

INTRODUCTION OF DOMESTIC BEINDEEB INTO ALASKA. 27

the wind freshened, and we found it rough and dangerous getting back
to the ship. Many natives who had started out in their umiaks had
returned to the beach, being unwilling to venture in the rough sea.
When we reached the ship, at 1 p. m., the captain got under way and
moved in to the western shore, somewhat sheltered from the wind
and the waves. From our new anchorage the supplies were speedily
landed, and as the storm was still heavy and our anchorage in the open
roadstead insecure, the ship got under way at 4.43 p. m. and stood
out to sea.

On Sunday evening, July 26, at 8.35 p. m., we dropped anchor in
Port Clarence, near the mouth of which we had been over two weeks
before. At anchor in the harbor was the schooner Ida Schnauer,
of San Francisco, Captain Neilsen in command; also the whaling
schooners Bonanza and Rosario. The schooner Ida Schnauer had on
board the supplies for the reindeer station and several of the schools
and missions, together with Mr. Lopp and family, who were returning
to their stations at Bering Straits, and Mr. Kjellmann of the reindeer
station. Soon after dropping anchor Mr. Lopp came on board and
remained until midnight.

At 8.40 a. m. on the 27th the Bear got under way and moved up to
the Teller Reindeer Station, where supplies, barter goods, and mail
were sent on shore, after which, at 11.35 a. m., anchor was hoisted,
and we crossed to the south side of the bay to the watering station
near Cape Riley. While the ship was absent watering I remained at
the reindeer station, and with Mr. Widstead took an inventory of the
public property. At 11.15 a. m. the schooner Ida Schnauer anchored
oflf the station and commenced discharging freight. We all worked
far into the night. As the year before the brig W, H. Myer, that had
on board the supplies for the missions and schools, was forced ashore
and wrecked in front of the reindeer station (the natives claiming
through the power of their medicine man), the Eskimos made the
night hideous by their drums and bowlings as they tried to invoke
another storm and secure the wreck of the present vessel.

The next day was indeed stormy, with a very hea\^ surf, but the
schooner did not come ashore; she, however, was unable to land
any freight at that time, and found it necessary to go into deeper
water. Having finished the inventory and looked over the station, I
appointed Mr. William A. Kjellmann superintendent in the place of
Mr. J. C. Widstead, removed. As the storm kept up all day, prevent-
ing the landing of any supplies, various conferences were held with
different employees, and the work of the station mapped out for the
coming year. The storm that prevented the landing of supplies also
prevented the return of the cutter, and as the employees at the station
had no extra furniture and did not suppose that they needed to make
any provision for visitors at that station, with one communication
with the world a year, the physician and myself had to alee.^ q^xj^.^^^

28 INTRODUCTION OP DOMESTIC REINDEER INTO ALASKA.

floor in the drug room. The employees, however, did the very best
they could to make us comfortable.

On the 29th, the sea being still rough, no goods were landed, but at
3.55 p. m. the Bear returned and anchored off the station, allowing us
to return to our quarters on ship. As Captain Tuttle was anxious to
start northward, I returned on shore and worked until late in the
night closing accounts with Mr. Widstead and the Lapps. The surf
was so rough that but for the hull of the wrecked Meyer making a
shelter I would not have been able to have got through and returned
on board ship. Early in the morning Mr. David Johnson, a Swedish
missionary from Unalaklik, and his native assistant came on board
by permission of the captain to go to Kotzebue Sound, where they
hoped to be able to establish a new mission. Two of the Eskimo
apprentices, Ahlook and Electoona, were taken on board for a visit to
their relatives at Point Hope. At 6.10 a. m., July 30, the ship was
under way, stopping a few moments as we passed out of Port Clarence
to communicate with the schooner Bonanza. At 2.40 p. m. we were
steaming by the village at Cape Prince of Wales, but as there was too
much surf for landing we passed on, entering the Arctic Ocean with
pleasant weather.

July 31, while skirting the Alaska coast north of Bering Straits,
the ship anchored at 10.25 a. m. to allow some natives to come on
board for medical attention. At 6.15 p. m. resumed our trip; during
the night, reaching drift ice, anchor was dropped at 11.10 p. m. All
night heavy drift ice surrounded the vessel.

At 6.35 a. m. August 1, starting up the engines the ship worked its
way through heavy ice until 8.30 a. m., when we anchored off Cape
Blossom, in Kotzebue Sound. Soon several boat loads of natives came
on board, among them being the uncle of Mr. Johnson's interpreter.
During the day, the storm increasing, the natives were unable to leave
the ship. In the afternoon and evening the rain and sleet of the
morning turned to snow and continued during the night. The drift
ice, which was scouring the sides of the vessel, increasing in volume,
making it dangerous to longer remain, and the storm of the previous
day having somewhat abated, about 6 o'clock in the morning of
August 2 the natives started for shore, accompanied by Mr. David
Johnson and his native assistant of the Swedish Evangelical Union
Mission Society. Mr. Johnson was landed among these wild people
without a house to shelter him, without anything to build a house
from, with no protection of courts, policemen, or government within
1,000 miles, with nothing but a few pounds of provisions for the win-
ter, throwing himself upon the barbarous people among whom he
expected to work. His strong, heroic faith made an impression upon
the officers and crew of the ship. The natives having left, at 7.10
a. m. the cutter Bear got under way, and at 5.52 p. m. rounded Cape
Krusenstern. The day was misty and stormy, with frequent snow
squalJs and heavy ice.

INTBODUCTION OF DOMESTIC REINDEER INTO ALASKA. 29

On Monday morning at 6.30 the officer on deck discovered a brig
ashore. At 7.10 a. m. we passed Cape Thompson, and at 9.15 a. m.
we were abreast of the wrecked bark, which was found to be the
whaler Hidalgo, Capt. C. A. Gifford master. An officer was sent
ashore and soon returned, reporting the vessel a complete wreck and
abandoned, the crew being quartered at one of the whaling stations
south of Point Hope. At 10.25 a. m. the ship steamed ahead, and at
11.10 anchored off one of the whaling stations, 7 miles below Point
Hope, to communicate with the wrecked crew. Various parties,
whalers and natives, were soon on board. At 1 p. m. anchor was
hoisted and we steamed around to the north side of the spit, and at
2.45 p. m. anchored off the village of Point Hope. In the harbor were
the whaling schooner Rosario and the bark Mermaid, The captain
kindly sent the physician and myself immediately ashore with the
annual mail for the Episcopal mission station. The grounded ice
made it very difficult and dangerous landing. We were able, how-
ever, to reach the beach at the lower end of the village, and then had
a long, hot walk to the mission. As Dr. Driggs, the missionary, had
been home from the States but a few days, we did not remain long.
During the afternoon. Captain Gifford, of the wrecked whaler, came
on board the Bear and asked passage to llnalaska, which was granted
him. Having transacted the necessary business at Point Hope, at
5.35 p. m. the anchor was hoisted and the ship passed around to the
whaling station on the south side of the spit, where we anchored at
7.15 p. m. to enable Captain Gifford to secure and bring on l)oanl his
personal effects. Having completed his arrangements and returned
on board with his things, at 9.30 p. m. the Bear got under way for
the far north.

All night long we steamed through floating ice, encountering light
hail and rain storms. At 7 a. m. August 4 passed Cape IJsbourne,
distant 5 miles. At 8.15 the ice, which had been light, became very
heavy, and at 9.35 a. m., unable to proceed farther on account of the
ice, we came to anchor off Point Lay.

August 5 another attempt was made to get northward. Getting
under way at 2.40 a. m., we st<?amed for some distance along the edge
of the ice, but by 4.10 a. m. found that we were in the midst of heavy
drift ice. At 8. 15, the ice becoming too heavy for progress or for safety,
we came to anchor under Icy Cajx*. At noon, tlie ice floe closing
in upon us, the ship got under way and proceeded slowly through
heavv ice floes and thick fog southward until, finding compara-
tively open water near CajH* Lay, it came to anchor at 5.. 55 p. m.,
the current setting strongly to the north. Tlie next day we made our
thinl attempt to get north, hoisting anchor at 2.40 a. m., but by 4.45
a. m. were again in the heavy ice, and at 7.5(; a. m. were compelled to
anchor on the south side of Icy Cap<% tlie great ice floe forming a
solid wall in front of us. Soon after some natives came on board and
reported the ocean closed with ice up to Point Barrow. The drift

30 INTRODUCTION OP DOMESTIC REINDEER INTO ALASKA.

ice again closing in upon ub, at 6.20 p. m. the anchor was hoisted and
we were compelled to steam to the southward through heavy ice
until 8.55 p. m., when we were able to anchor in clear water off Point
Lay, near which we found already anchored the whaling barks
Horatio^ Captain Slocum commanding, and the Alice Knowles^
Captain Ogden commanding.

During the night conferences of the captains were held, and Captain
Gifford of the wrecked Hidalgo joined the bark Horatio as mate. As
Sisyphus rolled his stone up the hill only to find it at the bottom the
next day, the same toil to be repeated day after day, so every morning
the cutter Bear^ pushing for the north, would get fast in the ice and
be compelled to return again to the south in the afternoon. Thus, on
the 7th of August, at 5.35 a. m., the anchor was hoisted and another
attempt made to get north. This time the captain concluded to steam
southward and westward around and through the southern edge of
the great ice floe, hoping to find open water outside to the westward.
Passing north along the west edge of the ice floe we steame<l through
floating ice until 10.10 p. m., when the ice became too heavy to make
further progress, and we repeated our daily experience of steaming
southward until 11.30 p. m., when the propeller was stopped and the
vessel allowed to drift with the ice. At 3. 15 on the morning of August
8, the fog lifting. Point Belcher was seen about 15 miles away and we
found that we had drifted northward during the night at the rate of 2
miles per hour. The weather clearing somewhat at 3.30 a. m., we
again steamed northward through the ice. At 7 the masts of some
whalers were seen to the north of us, and soon aft^r the mission,
buildings and whaling station at Point Barrow were sighted through
the field glasses. Everyone was now in high glee, as we would soon
be there, and, after discharging our duties at that place, would be able
to face southward and homeward.

At 10 a. m. we were opposite the station, w^here some of the whalers
had succeeded in getting in, when the ice had closed in upon them,
and they were prisoners. But the opening that had let them in had,
before our arrival, closed with ice, which stood a solid, impenetrable
wall to bar any further progress on our part. We had got our mail
out, our clean clothes on, in expectation of going ashore and seeing
friends; but, alas, we could not get ashore; we could not even remain
where we were, and nothing was left to do but to turn and steam
southward to open water, which we did until 1.45 the next morning,
when the engine was stopped and, it being too deep to anchor, the
vessel was allowed to drift. To our astonishment, when the thick fog
and rainy night had passed, we found that we were back opposite
Point Barrow, having during the night drifted northward with the
ice. Again we steamed through the drift ice along the edge of the
main fl.oe, looking for some channel through which we could force
our way in and reach the station, but in vain; and again at 2 p. m.
we turned southward and west, steaming through heavy ice until

INTRODUCTION OF DOMESTIC BEINDEER INTO ALASKA. 31

midnight, when the engine was stopped and, as usual, the vessel
allowed to drift.

August 10, at 5 a. m., the ship resumed her usual practice of bump-
ing ice and forcing her way within sight of the desired haven, and then
turning away and steaming southward, until G.20 p. m., when we came
up with the whaling barks Horatio^ Mermaid^ and Alice Knoivles, The
three captains soon came aboard to spend the evening, while the four
vessels drifted around the sea. At 11.20 p. m. Mr. John Wells, mate
of the wrecked brig Hidalgo^ was taken on board the cutter Bear for
transportation to Unalaska, provided we ever got out of the ice. The
previous night having been spent as usual in drifting in the fog and
the ice, at 9.25 a. m. August 11 some of the officers went in the
second cutter to shoot walrus discovered asleep on the ice. They
claimed to have shot three, but none were brought back to the ship.
In the afternoon the officer of the crow's-nest having discovered some
open water inshore, the vessel was forced through the heavy ice until
the open water was reached, and at 3.40 p. m. the ship was anchored
off Skull Cliff. Heavy drift ice was floating by us all night to the
northward. On August 12, at 8.40 a. m., we started northward, reach-
ing heavy ice at 10.07, and a few minutes afterward, came to anchor,
unable to proceed. At 12.40, discovering a small lead in the ice, we
were again under way, and at 2 p. m. anchored near Refuge Inlet.
The day was stormy, raining and snowing by turns. The ice coming
in too heavy for safety, at 10.55 p. m. the anchor was again hoisted
and we turned southward, steaming for a safer location. Finally, at
11.10 p. m., the ship was fastened to the lee side of a large berg of
grounded ice, where we lay very securely until the next day.

At noon August 13 an officer reported that he thought the vessel
could get through the ice to Point Barrow. At 1.20 p. m. the moor-
ings of the ship were cast off from the grounded ice and we com-
menced picking our way northward through the heavy ice with
blinding flurries of snow and squalls of rain. This time (the ninth
attempt) we made it, and at 4.25 p. m. the ship was secured to a
grounded iceberg off Point Barrow Refuge Station. The berg was
probably 6 miles long with an average breadth of half a mile; in
places it was from 50 to 75 feet high above the water and went down
under the water to the bottom of the sea. This great berg had come
in from the sea eleven months before and had remained until our
visit, the middle of August, and perhaps is still there. We found
that the past winter had been an exceptionally severe one. On the
20th of December the thermometer registered 40° below zero and
remained steadily below zero until the middle of May. During an
ordinary winter at that point there are mild spoils of weather, but
last winter was very cold. The warmest weather during February
was 38° below zero and the coldest G6° below. The average tempera-
ture for the month was 45° below. The extreme cold lasted through. tAsA
winter until the 20th of April, wli^ii W, ^«j& ^T \^Qr« -ws^. ^^sw^^H^^aJ?^

32 INTRODUCTION OP DOMESTIC REINDEER INTO ALASKA.

time on the weather continued to moderate until the middle of May,
when the thermometer marked zero. Snow did not leave the ground
until the 19th of July, and on the fresh-water lakes ice remained until
the middle of August, a month later than usual. Spring plowing and
gardening had not yet commenced at the time of our visit, the middle
of August. The long summer day commenced on the 10th of May
and lasted until the 4th of August. The long winter nights will
commence the 19th of November and last until the 23d day of January.

Soon after making the ship fast to the ice, Mr. John W. Kelly,
manager of the Pacific Steam Whaling Company's Station, and Mr.
Charles Brower, of the Liebes Station, Mr. L. M. Stevenson, teacher
and missionary, and Captain Aiken, superintendent of the Govern-
ment Refuge Station, with others, came on board. A portion of the
ice whi(*h had blocked the entrance to the roadstead had that morn-
ing moved to the northward, making a channel for our entrance.
After dinner I accompanied Captain Tuttle on shore and made calls
at the Government Refuge Station and the Presbyterian mission.
When I left Washington in May, it was with the understanding on
the part of the Presbyterian Missionary Society that their station at
Point Barrow would be closed until a suitable man and his wife could
be found for the work, as it had been found necessary for Mr. Steven-
son to return to his family in Ohio. But as the Government had
ordered the refuge station closed, and building and supplies to be sold to
the Pacific Steam Whaling Company, it seemed better that Mr. Steven-
son should be kept another year to look after the school and mis-
sion building. As he was out of supplies. Captain Tuttle very kindly
advanced him 15 tons of coal, 150 gallons of coal oil, 4 boxes of navy
crackers, and 16 sacks of flour, which were to be replaced by the mis-
sion society when the ship reached Unalaska. Other supplies for the
mission were secured from the wardroom mess and the whaling sta-
tion on shore, and Mr. Stevenson has remained at his difficult post
another year.

To expedite the work of turning the Government station over to the
whaling station. Lieutenant Jarvis with two sailors were sent on shore.
As time was precious and our stay on account of the ice at Point Bar-
row uncertain, I again went ashore on the 15th immediately after
breakfast and remained all day, looking after various matters con-
nected with the school and mission at that northernmost station.
Oozhaloo, one of the wealthiest, and most active Eskimos of the
settlement, made application to be taken with his family to the Rein-
deer St^ition, where he desired to become an apprentice and learn the
management and care of domestic reindeer. His application was an
evidence of his ability and farsightedness. When a lx)y, if hungry, he
could get into a kiak and go out and club a seal on the head in front
of his home; now seals have become so scarce that but few are secured
even with guns. When he was a boy, whales were always found in

INTRODUCTION OP DOMESTIC REINDEER INTO ALASKA. 33

the waters adjacent to his home; they remained there during the
entire season of open water; now the few whales that are seen at all
scurry past the village as if conscious that bomb guns were waiting to
take their lives, and it is but rare that the natives get them. When
he was a boy, if he wanted a change in his diet from whale blubber
and seal meat, he could go just back of the village and shoot a deer
with his arrow; now he finds it necessary to go 100 miles or more inland
after caribou, and it is with difficulty they are secured by rifle and
bullet. He sees that the food supply of the country is practically gone
and that there is no future for his people unless a new food supply is
furnished. This he sees to be through the introduction of domestic
reindeer, and for himself and his family desires an early opportunity
of learning how to have and care for the new food supply. As he w^as
indorsed by the missionary, I agreed to take him, and securing permis-
sion from Captain Tuttle, brouglit him on board the ship with his wife
Toakluk, his son Chowlock, daughter Neuta, and adopted daughters
Kontelow and Ahlahle. Mr. John W. Kelly, who has been in the
Arctic region for eleven years, also sought and received permission to
return south with the Bear,

Having received on board the annual mail and finished our work at
Point Barrow, at 3.45 p. m. August 15 the Bear got under way for
the south, working slowly through heavy drift ice.

During the 16th Point Belcher was passed. The whaling schooners
Mosario and Mermaid were met and their mail taken on board. All
day the cutter Bear worked her way through the drift ice. On the
17th we finally got out of the Arctic ice into clear water, and after a
most gorgeous sunset, at 11.50 midnight, anchored off theCorwin coal
mine for fresh water. The forenoon of August 18 was consumed by
the crew in getting fresh water. Two of the officers went ashore to
hunt ptarmigan. While tramping over the tundra they found the
tent, clothing, and skeleton of a white man; also his sled and other
belongings. As no white man is known to be missing, and as neither
natives nor white men in the vicinity knew anything about it, the dead
man must have been a prospector who had come alone across the
wilderness the previous winter, and, worn out, perhaps out of pro-
visions, had starved and perished upon that bleak shore of the Arctic
Ocean. Since his remains have been found, the people at Point Hope,
<K) miles away, recall the fact that during the previous winter two
unknown and half-starved sled dogs had come to the village.

Having watered ship, at 1.30 p. m. anchor was hoisted and we stood
to the westwartl to round Cape Lisbourne, where we have always found
a rough sea, and this year was no exception. At 10.30 a. m. the ship
anchore<l off Cooper's whaling station. Point Hoi>e, and the stores, the
whalebone, and fifteen sailors of the wrecked schooner Hidalgo were
received on lK)ard for passage to Unalaska; also the whalebone from
the whaling bark Oat/ Head; also mails for the south w^^^ ^^^v^v^^^s^
S. Doe. 49 3

34 INTRODUCTION OP DOMESTIC REINDEER INTO ALASKA.

from the whalers and the village. The herder Ahlook, whom I had
brought to Point Hope to visit his friends, also returned on board, and
at 5.30 p. m. the anchor was hoisted and we started for Kotzebue
Sound. Passing Cape Krusenstern on the morning of August 20,
about 6 p. m. in the afternoon we took in tow four umiaks with their
loads of people en route to Kotzebue Sound, and at 9.30 p. m. anchored
off Cape Blossom. During the night large numbers of natives came
on board from shore, but as the sea began to be very rough, they left
for land, and at 9 a. m. on the 21st the vessel got under way for shelter,
which it secured at 2.25 p. m. near Choris Peninsula. We reached
there at noon, none too early, as the storm had increased to a gale.

It had been expected that the steam launch would be sent to Ele-
phant Point to investigate the unusual quantity of the bones of the
mammoth which have been exposed by the elements at that point.
But during the morning of August 22 the weather continuing stormy,
and the gale apparently increasing, the captain concluded to go to
sea, and at 11.15 a. m. we got under way and drove before the storm.
At 5.50 p. m. Cape Krusenstern was abeam, and at 8.55 p. m. the
west point of Cape Espenberg was abeam. During Sunday, August
23, it alternately snowed and rained, the wind blowing a gale. As
the steamer could make no headway against the storm, we sailed
with the wind, and were taken a long distance westward out of our
course. At 11.25 on the 24th ice appeared ahead of us and all after-
noon we steamed through heavy drift ice. About 5 p. m. East Cape,
Siberia, loomed up in the distance through the fog, and as we
approached it made a beautiful sight. East Cape and the Diomede
Islands were covered with fresh-fallen snow from summit down to the
water's edge. The ship attempted to make Whalen Village, Siberia,
but found that the ice was packed from the shore 5 miles out to sea.
We then turned and tried to make East Cape, Siberia, but again we
were headed off by the ice, which was packed to sea 3 miles out from
the cape. At midnight the captain gave up the struggle and allowed
the steamer to drift, until the following morning he could make another
attempt to reach East Cape. But with the coming of the morning,
August 25, the situation was no better, and giving up the attempt to
reach East Cape, the ship skirted around the south end of the ice floe,
and at 8 o'clock came to anchor in clear water in the bight south of
East Cape. A number of umiak loads of Siberians came on board to
see the physician and do some trading.

At 11.10 a. m., the thick fog clearing up, the ship got under way
and, stood for the Siberian village on Ratmanoff Island, one of the
Diomedes, where we anchored at 3.23 p. m. Three loads of Siberians
came off to the ship. Stopping for an hour, we were again under way
for the American side of the Straits, but at 5.25 p. m. stopped to
receive a boat load of natives from the village on Krusenstern Island.
At 5.50 p. m. we were again under way for Cape Prince of Wales,

INTRODUCTION OF DOMESTIC REINDEER INTO ALASKA. 35

reaching there soon after midnight. Being unable to effect a landing,
the ship turned and put out to sea again for safety. With the morn-
ing light of August 26 the ship returne<l to the village of Cape Prince of
Wales and anchored at 7.45 a. m. Shortly afterwards Mr. W. T. Lopp,
the missionary, came on board with some natives. Immediately after
breakfast Dr. Lyall, the physician, and myself went ashore with Mr.
Lopp. The affairs of the mission and school were looked after, a num-
ber of natives were attended to by the physician, and at noon we
returned to the ship. Soon after, the schooner Ella John.son, John
T. Smith master, anchored near by. Mr. Minor W. Bruce and party
for trading for reindeer were on board. Accompanying Lieutenant
Hall, I paid a visit to the schooner and had a conversation with Mr.
Bruce concerning arrangements for securing reindeer. Upon return-
ing to the Bear, I was greatly surprised to find that the sailing papers
of the Ella Johnson were defective, and that not being properly reg-
istered the schooner could not go to Siberia and trade for reindeer, as
was expected. This closed all hope of procuring reindeer from Siberia
this year.

At 2.45 p. m. wo got under way for Port Clarence. A dense fog
having set in, at 10.30 p. m. the ship came to anchor at Point Jack-
son, at the entrance of the harbor. The next morning, the fog having
lifted, at 5.40 a. m. the ship got under way, and at 8 o'clock anchored
off Point Riley after fresh water. Having watered ship, at 2.45 p. m.
the Bear got under way and steamed over to the Teller Reindeer
Station, on the north side of the bay, where the captain. kindly allowed
me, together with the herders, Ahlook, Eleetoona, and Oozhaloo and
his family, to land, after which the steamer ran down to Point Spencer
for a sheltered place in which to make repairs and changes in her pro-
peller. At the station we were very busy looking after the details of
the business until after midnight. During the morning of August 28
Lieutenant Cochran came over from Point Spencer with the steam
launch and, picking up Dr. Lyall, Mr. Kjellmann, Dr. Kittlesen, Mr.
John W. Kelly, Mr. Wells, mate of the Hidalgo^ three herders, and
myself, steamed away for Grantley Harbor, to visit the reindeer herd.
Landing about 11 a. m., w^ehad lunch on the beach, after which we
walkeil to the reindeer camp, 4 miles distant. It was a very hard
walk. At the time of the arrival of the Be(tr an epidemic had
appeared in the herd, causing a swelling an<l suppuration around the
hoofs. A brush corral had been constructed and some 30 sick deer
gathered into it. The two physicians of the party, with the herders,
proceeded to give an examination, and a portion of the diseased heart
and liver of one that had died was placed in alcohol to Ih) sent to the
Agricultural Department at Washington for (expert examination.

Ah it had proved a very hard walk from the depot to the herd, the
Lapps proi)08ed to send me back by a sled drawn by the reindeer.
The deer had not been hitched up all summer audHi^^^^^x:^ \xv^t^

36 INTRODUCTION OP DOMESTIC REINDEER INTO ALASKA.

The result was that at the very first brook we came to they gave a
leap, overturning the sled, throwing me out into the bushes, and
nearly breaking away from the drivers. The sled was righted and I
again got on. The rest of the way they took me along rapidly over the
snowless tundra, across a mountain, through bunches of Arctic wil-
low, up and down the st^ep sides of the ravines, and landed me safe
and sound on the beach in an astonishingly short time. After lunch
we embarked in the launch for the station. In the meantime the
^^ind had changed and got up a rough sea which tossed and pitched
the steam launch, greatly to our discomfort. Reaching the station at
7 o'clock, I went ashore, and the others continued on their way to the
ship at Point Spencer.

August 29 dawned with a storm raging at sea and a heavy surf on
the beach. As there was no going out or returning ashore, the day
was spent without interruption looking over the affairs of the station.
Sunday morning, August 30, came in with fog. The gale of the pre-
vious day had ceased. At 11 o'clock the bell was rung and divine
service held in the schoolhouse. Thirty-three persons were present,
comprising nine nationalities. There were Americans, Norwegians,
Lapps, Ootkeavies, Tigaraites, Kinegans, Kaveans, Seelawiks, and
natives around Norton Sound. The preacher spoke in English. The
Rev. T. L. Brevig, Norwegian minister, translated the English into
Lappish, and Dora, an Eskimo girl from Golovin Bay, translated the
English into Eskimo, thus requiring three languages to reach the
audience. It was an interesting and unique service.

Dora, the Eskimo interpreter, has had an eventful career. When
born, she was thrown out of the house by her mother to freeze to
death, the mother not wishing the trouble of bringing her up. An
older sister took pity on the babe, brought her into the house, and
assumed charge of her. After a while the sister became tired of her
charge, and again the babe was thrown out of doors to perish. Then
a neighboring woman took her in and brought her up as her own
child. When she was about 12 years of age, she was sold to a man for
his wife, but being brutally treated, she ran away and found an asylum
at the Swedish mission. The mission was raided by the natives and
the girl carried off by force. Again escaping, she was permitted to
remain at the mission, where she has become a strong, fine-looking,
intelligent, consecrated girl of about 17 yeara of age. At present she
is living with Rev. and Mrs. Brevig at the reindeer station. As I
rose from the dinner t«ble the cutter Bear was seen steaming over
fn)ni Cape Spencer. I was very sorry, as it would probably necessi-
tate going on board ship on Sunday, thus setting a bad example to
the natives, and I had repeatedly given strict orders against all
unnecessary Sunday work at the station. True enough, orders came
from the captain to come on board, as he would sail immediately.
XJeutenant Hall was sent with a steam launch to arrest some natives

INTRODUCTION OP DOMESTIC REINDEER INTO ALASKA. 37

for various misdemeanors, and Mr. Kjellmann was sent to the herd to
secure some necessaiy vouchers from the Lapps. The launch having
returned from Grantley Harbor, adieus wore spoken to the friends on
shore, and at H.3() p. m. the anchor was hove, and we steamed away
for St. Michael. The fog setting in heavy, we anchored outside at
Cape Spencer at 10.20 p. m. The next morning we were under way
at 7.40, reaching St. Michael at 11.40 p. m. September 1.

In the harbor were the brigantine C. C. Funky John Calliston
master; the schooner Alice Cooke, D. H. P. Penhallon master, and
the steamer Lnk))iey Charles Anderson master. Letters were received
from the Swedish stations at Unalaklik and at Golovin Bay calling
attention to the failure of the fish supply this season and the prospect
of a famine during the next winter; also making inquiries whether it
was not possible for provisions to be left at those stations. (See
Appendix p. 133. ) September 3 Mr. II. De Windt, correspondent of the
Pall Mall Gazette, London, England, was taken on board, with sup-
plies, to be landed at Indian Point, Siberia, from whence he expected
to make a sled trip across Siberia; also Lewis Sloss, jr., and Rudolph
Neumann, of the Alaska Commercial Company, and Rev. P. T. Rowe,
the Episcopal bishop of Alaska, for transportation to ITnalaska. At
9.20 p. m. farewell salutes were fired from the ship and the battery
on shore, and we stood out of the harbor for East Cape, Siberia.

On September 5, encountering a gale with a rough sea, the vessel,
being unable to proceed, hove to. The following morning, making out
Kings Island looming up through the fog, the ship got under way
at 5.25 o'clock, and attempted to reach it, which was acc(miplished
at 8.55, when we anchored under the lee of the island abreast of the
village.

Soon a number of natives crowded the* deck. The northwest storm
continuing with unabated severity and the time drawing near when
the ship was under orders to report at Tnalaska, the captain con-
cluded to give up attempting to reach East Capeainl to nmke at once
for Indian Point; hence at 5 a. m. September 7 we wer<» again un<ler
way. In the afternoon we came up with a large (juantity of heavy
drift ice, which we skirted for a long distance. On Tuesday at 4.i'0
a. m. we dropped an<*hor off Indian Point. Mr. 11. De Windt, with
servant and supplies, was sent ashore. All p()ssi])h» arrangenu^nts
having been made for his comfort, at 10 p. ni. W(» again got under
way and stood for St. Lawrence Island, where we eanu? lo anchor at.
3 a. m. on the morning of September 0. As then* was <*oal to lan<l
for the use of the school, I went ashore with the tirst loa<l to confer
with the teachc^rand look over school matt(»rs. AfttM- breakfast Lieu-
tenant Jarvis an<l Dr. Lyall, tlie physician, came ashore and per-
formed a surgical oiH»ration on a <*hil<l. The ailments of vari<»us
natives were also atten<led to. While at lunch on shore tlu» steam
whistle blew for our return to the sliip. Upon boardui% >j\:sl\>^ n^jn^

38 INTRODUCTION OP DOMESTIC REINDEER INTO ALASKA.

anchor was hove and we got under way for the Pribilof Islands. That
day and the following one were charming — as old sailors say, *' weather
breeders," and so it proved to us. During the night of the 10th and
11th the wind changed dead ahead, and we hove to, the wind blowing
a gale from the southeast and a heavy sea running; but little sleep
was had on board the ship.

On the morning of September 12, there being a little lull in the gale,
the ship again resumed her course, but in the evening the storm
resumed its fury and we were again hove to under double-reefed main-
sail. On the morning of the 13th at 2 a. m. the gale split the fore-
trysail. All that day and the following day and the day after
that the storm raged in its fury. The supply of coal in the steamer
was getting low. The date at which the captain was to report at
Unalaska had passed, so making a desperate effort and proceeding
as best we could through the storm, we were fortunate enough to
get into the harbor of Unalaska, the quiet waters of which seemed
very delightful after the tossing of the previous week. Going
ashore for our mail, I had the uncomfortable experience to find that
through some one's blunder my whole mail for the summer had been
sent into the Arctic, and eventually did not reach me until weeks after
my return to my ofl&ce in Washington. This, however, was not as
bad as the disappointment of the teachers and traders at Point Hope
and Point Barrow in the Arctic at the loss of their annual mail which
was sent them in the spring of 1895. It has not yet reached them,
and information secured recently in the office at Washington locates
the missing mail still on Puget Sound. If there are no further delays,
the letters which were sent in the spring of 1895 will probably reach
their destination in the fall of 1897 — two and a half years after they
started.

At Unalaska, finding that the U. S. revenue cutter Wolcott was
under ordera to proceed to Sitka, I sought and secured permission
from Captain Hooper to accompany her. Gk)ing on board the morning
of the 20th of September, we got under way during the forenoon and
proceeded to sea in company with the cutters Corwin and Grant and
two English men-of-war. It was the disbanding of the Bering Sea
fleet for the season. The passage through the Aleutian Islands was
made by the Analga Pass. The day was pleasant and the sail along
the south side of the Aleutian Islands with their wonderful scenery
delightful. On the 2l8t a short call was made at Belkofsky to ascer-
tain the condition of a small Aleutian settlement where the people
were said to be out of food. Learning that the settlement was safe,
we were again under way for Sitka. The pleasant weather of the 20th
and 21st was the calm before the approaching storm. While torna-
does were sweeping along the Atlantic coast, destroying much property
in towns and cities, a similar storm raged along the Pacific, and, com-
meucing with the 22d, for a week we were tossed and buffeted as the

INTRODUCTION OF DOMESTIC REINDEER INTO ALASKA. 39

North Pacific in the late fall knows how to do. Much anxiety was
felt for the safety of our vessel. Boxes of oil were adjusted so that
the drippings could sta}'^ somewhat the severity of the waves, and no
doubt contributed greatly to the safety of the vessel. But it is a long
road that has no turn. So after the discomforts of the protracted
storm we entered on the 28th the land-locked island-studded harbor
of Sitka with satisfaction and thankfulness.

The interval between September 29 and the departure of the mail
steamer City of Tapekn on October 10 was given to schools and edu-
cational work at Sitka. Taking in charge two young girls, who were
sent to the Indian school at Carlisle, Pa., we sailed from Sitka on the
10th of October. The following day a call was made at Juneau. On
the 12th we reached Fort Wrangel and on the 13th visited Metlakatla,
reaching Seattle on the IGth, leaving the same night by train over the
Northern Pacific Railroad. My trip was concluded upon reaching
Washington, October 22, having traveled 18,4G5 miles.

As in the past so again this season I have been greatly indebted for
facilities of transportation furnished me. by the Revenue-Cutter Serv-
ice of the Treasury Department. The permission accorded by the
honorable Secretary of the Treasury and Capt. C. F. Shoemaker,
Chief of the Revenue-Cutter Service, was cordially seconded by Capt.
C. L. Hooper, commanding the Bering Sea fleet, Capt. Francis Tuttle,
commanding the Bear, and Capt. Martin L. Phillips, commanding the
cutter Wolcott, together with the officers of the Bear and the Wolcott.

I have the honor to be, sir, very respectfully, your obedient
servant,

Sheldon Jac^kson.

Hon. W. T. Harris, LL. I).,

Conunissiotter of EdiwatiDiiy lV(ushinyhn, 1), C,

44 INTRODUCTION OP DOMESTIC REINDEER INTO ALASKA.

It had also been decided to erect a store and herders' house, with
a view of better controlling the herders and, if possible, keep outsid-
ers from them. A rude plan and specification of such *houses were
given us, and not questioning the matter, but believing it to be a pre-
concerted arrangement between yourself and the former superintend-
ent, we immediately sent some of the apprentices after logs, which we
laid as foundation, putting the superstructure upon these after the
manner in the States, filling gravel and sand between in and out side
sheeting to make it warmer.

This house, 24 by 40 feet long, has three rooms for families, with
one large separate room for boys on one side, with a hall running
through the center, while the other side will be taken up by boxes
arranged for seal meat, seal oil, blubber, dried and frozen fish, a
carpenter's bench, etc.

The storehouse is built up to and connected with the west end of
the old station building, is 24 by 18 feet wide, and will have besides
the storeroom a separate room for natives, one for a warden of the
building, and one for supplies. In the garrets will be found a much-
needed room for storing of sails, oars, fishing nets, and dry fish.

Nearly all the lumber, nails, and paint at the station were used in
the erection of them, and the apprentices showed a marked interest
and were untiring in their labor.

July 20 the revenue cutter Be^r for the second time anchored in
the harbor.

Shortly after, the dingey was lowered and Mr. W. Hamilton, assist-
ant agent of education for Alaska, came ashore. Learning that he
had deer for us on board we immediately sent for our herd, which we
drove down on the beach to receive the newcomers. In the after-
noon they were landed in the usual manner — ^taken partly in to land
in boats, thrown into the water, when they swam ashore, joining with
the deer in waiting for them, and counted as they ran up and entered
the herd.

The corresponding tallies of the number received into the herd,
taken on two opposite sides, was 85, but some were frightened by a
number of tents on the beach where they were landed and by a con-
siderable stir among the natives and ran up the lagoon before reach-
ing the herd.

An inspection of the entire number brought the common verdict
^of "poor lot." That night three of them died, the next day a fa\\Ti;
July 22, 3 more females; July 23, 1 more fawn; July 24, another
female, and so on.

Almost all of the deer in this load had ])een more or less injured in
transportation. ^

* The Bear encountered a severe storm while en ronte with the deer, during
which the deer were injured by being thrown from side to side of their pen.

INTRODUCTION OP DOMESTIC REINDEER INTO ALASKA. 45

Those most severely injured lay down unable to follow the herd,
so we placed special watches with them day and night, relieving
each watch — one Lapp and two apprentices — at 10 o'clock in the
evening and 7 in the morning, giving them a day off between each
watch, for labor on schoolhouse and other buildings.

July 26 the revenue cutter again visited us, landing the deer as
before, Rev. Hanna taking their number as they came ashore on one
side and the superintendent on the other.

These numbers were found to be 37, with two escapes up the lagoon,
one of which came back into the herd some days later.

Now with a view of being able to care for our patients and to afford
them opportunity to feed without contact with the herd and on drier
soil, we built a fence for them at Nook River, taking four of the severest
cases into another fence nearer the tent, where they were attended to
daily.

One of these, a large and very tame male, with an extremely bad
foot, was shown Mr. Hamilton and others while at the station.

Three weeks the patients were confined in their hospital, during
which time they showed such change as would warrant a move of
camp ground.

We then placed them in a herd which we drove up the valley to
the base of the hills back of Nook, where we camped a week.

Here there was a vast improvement among them, and we found the
foot trouble especially rapidly abating; so we took them over the hill
into the Ageeopak Valley, where we pitched tents on a high place
with splendid moss, fuel, and wood, remaining here till late in October,
when, for want of wood, we moved farther down the pass some 14 or
15 miles.

This camp was directly back of the Muck-A-Charley Mountain in a
low tract opening into the large valley of the Ageeopak.

We did not remain long in this place, however, for the wind blew
fiercely on the side we could use for our tents; so we again moved
down the winding creek in a northeasterly direction, and halted that
night in some small brush to reconnoiter.

From information given by Mr. Rist, who had been over the region
before, it was agreed that we should follow the large river southward
until a suitable place for winter, and probably fawning season, could
be found. So the Lapps took the deer with them and the next day con-
tinued down the large river, making a general survey of the surround-
ing country, returning two days later with report of a suitable place
15 miles down.

When the mild northern sun again rose, it found us moving over a
level country, winding our way as best we could over a rather marshy
tract, and at dusk our tents, two for apprentices and one for the
herders, stood pitched in the pleasantest spot we had yet seen in that
desolate country. It was agreed upon to be the pasturage for the

46 INTBODUCTION OF DOMESTIC REINDEER INTO ALASKA.

winter and fawning season, having all requirements for it, such as
fish, water, moss, wood, and shelter in abundance.

We camped here until May 1, during which time our herders experi-
enced such hardship in the single, open-at-the-top canvas tents that
we have determined to build huts for next winter's camping, and
have sent several deer loads of suitable logs there for the purpose.

It now became necessary to make a change of pasturage — ^the snow
leaving, which would make transportation difficult — so we retreated
to the old camp back of Muck-a-Charley to be nearer sea and station
during summer.

At this camp we rested a few days; then moved over the hills divid-
ing the Ageopak Valley on the east and north side from the tundra
and sea on south and west, remaining here some fourteen or fifteen
days, after which we journeyed farther down the valley toward the
station, and several changes which we since have made for convenience
sake — ^wood, drier ground, etc. — now find us near Grantly Harbor and
the sea.

In June, during the flowering of the grass, we experienced no diffi-
culty in herding our deer. Finding that the female, with her fawn,
more than the male, roved about in search of it, we separated them
and established two camps, keeping a number of Lapps and appren-
tices at each. Later, when the grass was found in abundance on the
tundra and elsewhere, we again joined them.

In the summer and fall we were compelled to do but very little
milking, because of the serious results on our patients from running, ,
lassoing, and occasional stampede. During winter we milked two,
but in the June of 1896 quite a number.

Of the males that arrived during the summer, 23 were castrated.
This, we thought, would be sufficient for next year's demand for addi-
tional sled deer. However, this was not the only reason; a very
unpleasant cause, indeed, necessitated the operation.

The disease came over with them from Siberia, and was fortunately
checked by this action from spreading among the females.

Later it disappeared entirely.

September 5 we set out to collect moss for the winter. Knowing
that we would have to employ many more sled deer during winter
than formerly, from the increased number of stoves required in the
herders' house and elsewhere, a corresponding increase in the amount
of moss would also have to be provided for. The moss is needed as
food for the deer in cases where, after a day of hard work at haul-
ing wood or moss, they are at the station, but can not be taken out to
pasture for some reason or other, as, for instance, severe wind, snow-
drift, frost, or fatigue of herders or deer.

We launched the whale boat, rounded off at Nook, and landed about
4 o'clock on the left shore of Grantly Harbor, some 8 miles farther in,
where we pitched tent. This being the place where moss was col-
lected in 1894 and not in satisfactory quantity, we sailed for the

INTRODUCTION OF DOMESTIC REINDEER INTO ALASKA. 47

opposite shore of the harbor some days later, where 3,000 mows or
small stacks were set up.

We also cut and dried some hay previous to this, but it did not suit
the taste of the sled deer, and was used instead for keeping out snow
from our houses; for packing in the natives' and Lapps' boots, bed-
ding, etc.

This place is 15 miles distant from the station, and as many days
may intervene, at times, between coming and going of parties sent
after moss, being detained by wind, snowdrift, unforeseen labor with
the moss, and the like, former experience suggested the building of
a hut, which during the cold months gave such excellent shelter in
preference to the tent that a series of debates ensued, the result of
which was an agreement to substitute them for the tent at the
Ageeopak camp.

While sailing before a mild westerly breeze, having on board lum-
ber, wood, logs, and some trading goods with which to trade for fish on
the way, we had come within half a mile of our destination when one
of the apprentices observed water in the boat. Being told to bail it
out, he immediately made ready, but before being able to reach the only
place in the boat for that purpose it quickly filled and laid over on the
sail. The cork in the bottom had in some way got loose, which caused
the occurrence.

While we were picking moss, building the hut, store, and herder
house, fishing, herding, etc., a party of Lapps and apprentices were
sent out to collect driftwood and raise it up into piles, to afford it
opportunity to dry during the fall and to mark the place through the
snow in winter. Quite a number of the piles were set up on the beach,
covering a distance of 3 or 4 miles, but they proved to be far insuf-
ficient for the consumption of the station. So in April, May, and
June we have often been 14 or 15 miles in search of fuel.

This, it is true, affords excellent opportunity for the apprentice at
driving, but it is also a setback for the sled deer, which become lean
and haggard from the constant toil with a heavily loaded sled over
many miles of rough ice.

Two cartloads, 4 dog loads, and 406 deer loads of wood were con-
sumed at the station between November, 1895, and June, 1896. There
were 13 stoves required for the herder house and other buildings, and
we were compelled to fix the pipes straight up to avoid fire.

Fishing was not neglected during the short summer, and our suc-
cess, as a rule, far exceeded our expectations. While we were busy
at carpenter and other necessary work about the station we used our
standing nets, tending to them morning and evening. The result
from these drafts was smoked and stored away for winter, when
it affords one of the best articles for food, in that it does not freeze.
Later we took trips into the bay with our large seines, and were
abundantly rewarded.

48 INTRODUCTION OF DOMESTIC REINDEER INTO ALASKA.

Again, when the bay began to freeze large quantities of frost fish
were caught by our apprentices while sealing.

This spring we were unable to secure the usual amount of fish.
We have had an unusually late season, and so far have had no oppor-
tunity to lay in a supply of salt fish for the winter.

Sealing was a failure in the fall. Not only did the station lament
the absence of the regular autumn visitor, but the entire coast from
Cape Prince of Wales down to the lakes suffered more or less. At
Palarzook, especially, but also Topcarzook and Canougok, villages
between us and the cape, the natives were actually starving. Results
of sealing were insufficient in the fall, frost fish failed them in the
winter, and later the little crab which they sometime resort to for lack
of something better also failed.

In April some of their dogs died, or went insane for want of food,
and an invitation was extended them, to which they responded two
or three days later, when they were fitted out with a small supply
from the station, and parted with faces beaming with joy.

Later, in April, May, and June, grouse, seal, ducks, frost fish,
geese, swans, and cranes were plentiful. A number of these were
every day shot or trapped and added to the general food supply of
the station. A mink was trapped in the spring by Wocksock, and
later Toutook with a stick killed a large lynx, which he found on his
morning watch.

The herders are (1) Johan Tornensis, wife, and a 2-year-old girl;
(2) Mikkel Nakkila and wife (Tornensis's sister) ; (3) Mathis Eira, wife,
and two boys, 1 and 5 years old; (4) Samuel Kemi, wife, one girl 3 years
old and one boy 10 months; (5) Aslak Somby, wife, and girl about
10 years old; (6) Per Rist; (7) Frederick Larsen.

These men have been employed during the year in the various
duties of an experimental place of this kind. Some of them have done
their duty to my satisfaction without murmur; others have been an
endless source of trouble to me. J. Tornensis and his brother, M.
Nakkila, being the only ones with experience in labor other than that
pertaining to the herd, with little help built and furnished the school-
house, but showed no interest in nor did any labor on any of the other
buildings. However, they looked to and kept their own houses in
good order, which relieved me from fear of fire from that quarter.

M. Eira, upon his wife taking sick in the latter part of the sum-
mer, took leave of all duties for more than a month, at the end of
which time he again resumed his duties with the herd. Tornensis and
Nakkila, we thought it would be advisable to keep from the camp, so
they were employed at the station as teachers in driving — at which
they are experts — tending to the large number of sled deer at the pas-
turage, or in the barn making harness, sleds, and repairing these;
accompanying the superintendent on his visits to other or our own

INTRODUCTION OF DOMESTIC REINDEER INTO ALASKA.

49

herd, making inland trips, etc., and in January, when the herd left for
Golovin Bay, Nakkila, with one apprentice, accompanied them, return-
ing with the deer and sleds lent for transportation. The trip was a
success in every way and was completed in fourteen days. Nakkila
is equally handy about the blacksmith shop, carpenter work, sail mak-
ing, boat fixing, fishing, making of nets, and many other things. Tor-
nensis is the harness maker of the station and the usual companion of
the superintendent on his travels.

M. Eira is good at herding when someone is with him. He has
been at the camp all winter, and his wife has shared his camp life
with him the greater part of the time.

He refused to go with the Golovin Bay herd unless another Lapp
accompanied him, so A. Somby was substituted, according to order.
He, too, is good and reliable with the herd. His wife also shares
camp life with him.

S. Kemi was partly with the herd and partly employed at the sta-
tion during winter as driver with apprentices. During the sickness
of his wife in spring he was exempted from duties.

Per Rist, the eldest among them, has been with the herd the entire
year, for which service I take great pleasure in extending to you the
highest commendation. Under his protection and care comes Fred-
erick Larsen, yet a boy, but deserving of special commendation for his
interest in and reliability as a herder.

The wives of these men, besides the two mentioned, have stayed at
the station, owing to the presence of their husbands there and the
little room and poor condition at the camp.

The rations were issued the herders at regular intervals of four
weeks, and distributed as follows:

Name.

J. Tomenslfl
M. Nakkila .

M. Eira

A. Somby...

8. Kemi

P. Rist

F. Larsen...

Flour.

Butter.
Pounds.

Rice.

Meat

and

pork.

Pounds.

Matches.

Mo-
lasses.

Pounds.

Pounds.

Boxes.

Quarts.

60

8

5

45

2

60

8

5

45

2

70

9

5

45

2

70

9

5

45

2

60

8

5

45

2

30

4

3

m

8

1

40

4

3

23i

8

1

Navy
bread.

Pieces.

40
40
40
40
40
40
50

Note.— Also 2 pounds sugar, 2 pounds coffee, 1 pound tea, and all the fish they wanted.

At times, however, it is necessary to add or give extras in between
the rations — ^as, for instance, when parties are sent out just previous
to the ration day and can not get back in time for the regular issue, or
when they are detained at station from camp or elsewhere longer than
was intended, their rations thus giving out. In such instances the
articles, usually fish and navy bread, were charged against them and
added in the amount found in the expenditure of each.

The navy bread was not issued with the regular ration, but, as has
been the practice formerly, it was given them when going away from
S. Doc. 49 4

50 INTRODUCTION OP DOMESTIC REINDEER INTO ALASKA.

the station. As everything on these trips freezes, and wood for fire is
not always at hand or to be found, the navy bread, rather than the
frozen bread, is indulged in.

Frederick Larsen was a constant applicant for these crackera.

The apprentices are: (1) Moses and wife, Yukon (wife from Nook);
(2) Martin, Unalaklik; (3) Okweetkoon, Golovin Bay; (4) Elektoon,
Point Hope; (5) Ahlook, Point Hope; (6) Tautook and wife, Polarze-
rook; (7) Sekeoglook, Port Clarence; (8) Kummuk, wife, and 3 chil-
dren, Eaton River; (9) Wocksock, wife, and 3 children, Eaton River;
(10) Dunnok and wife, Imaurook.

Considerable has been said of Moses in former reports, but I again
take the opportunity to present him to you as deserving of praise.
During the summer he courted and married a girl from Nook, who,
however, was later taken back by her mother. In the latter part of
November he met with an accident, fortunately, without a more serious
result. Attempting to extract a cartridge that had fastened in his rifle,
it exploded while he worked at it, splitting his chin and filling his eyes
and face with powder.

Martin had made marked progress, but had a bad temper, and being
tired of herding left in October.

Okweetkoon has made good use of his time at the station. He is
good at herding and driving, but foremost of all the apprentices in
lassoing. In Elektoon we find besides reliability as herder unusually
bright intellect and an agreeable temper. He has made fair progress.
Ahlook, his townsmate, is perhaps less progressive, but his deportment
is splendid, and his kind temperament and wiyingness make him a
friend of all. Tautook is foremost at herding, agreeable in temper,
and now quite well acquainted in the various cares of a herder.

Sekeoglook and Wocksock require special commendation for their
good will and exemplary interest. They are older men by far than
any yet mentioned, so their progress is slower, but they will in time
undoubtedly make our best and most trustworthy herders.

Wocksock has two sons, both of whom are now taking their watch
with the apprentices.

Kummuk is fair at herding, but less capable of showing effect of
progress or advancement. He is a typical Alaskan, loyal to the cus-
toms of the race — more so than to the order of the station — with no
interest in school or church, the first of which he never visits, the
latter only when bidden to. He has been extensively relieved from
duties because of his sick wife. The two sons, about 7 and 4 years
old, are among the brightest at school.

Kummuk was discharged in March for refusal to obey; then, refus-
ing to leave the station, his rations were cut off. Dunnuk entered his
apprenticeship in October, 1895, and has since shown such progress
as will warrant success as herder. His wife shares camp life with
him.

INTRODUCTION OF DOMESTIC REINDEER INTO ALASKA.

51

During summer word was sent for apprentices up the coast to Cape

Prince of Wales, Kotzebue Sound, Golovin Bay, and Yukon River, but

none responded.

Merit roll.

Name.

Moses

Martin

Okweetkoon
Elektoon —

Ahlook

Tautook

Sekeoglook.
Kunmiuk —
Wocksock...
Dunnuk

Approxi-

Days on
duty.

Deport-
ment.

Adapta-
bility.

mate
number

miles
driven.

Per cent.

Percent.

102

90

95

200

45

67

92

(a)

102

88

92

200

210

92

92

300

210

94

80

400

310

90

92

350

310

90

90

500

98

65

86

200

310

90

90

500

240

86

92

450

Number
of deer
lassoed.

Number
of deer
broken
to har-
ness.

9

2

6

i

7

1

8

10

1

8

2

8

1

8

a Martin left before sleighing began.

We continued the same amount of rations to the apprentices as in
1894-95, not finding it advisable to decrease it, as the contract with the
Lapps tends to increase the demand for such food as they have, and
because sealing failed. The weekly ration per person (two children
being same as one adult) is:

Sugar pounds . . 1

Flour do 6

Navy bread pieces. . 40

Tea - . - pound . _ \

Molasses _ pint. . 1

Beans pounds.. 3

Rice pounds 2

Com meal do 2

Matches _ blocks. _ 2

Soap - pound. _ i

Salt meat and pork do 4

They had all the fish and seal oil they wanted. The rice, mess beef,
pork, and sugar were not given after January 1.

After the camp was so far distant from the station that they could
not come every week for their rations without considerable loss of
time and inconvenience to them, we attempted to issue it every fourth
week; but we soon had to discontinue this, for their rations, in the
greater number of cases, were consumed in less than half that time;
after which, being refused additional na\'y bread, would spread the
report that we did not give them suflicient to eat. We then cut the
regular time of issue down to two weeks, when the amount was found
to be more than plentiful.

Allow me to suggest while on this question that the same amount
of flour be allowed them that is given the Lapps, with no navy bread
unless the ordinary bread becomes so hard from frost that it can not
be eaten. The dry crackers are their favorite bread — always accessi-
ble, too, and afford them food with the least effort or labor. They resort
in every instance to the bag of crackers first and subsist on these
exclusively so long as they last, only making pancakes of the flour
when there is no more hard bread.

52 INTRODUCTION OF DOMESTIC REINDEER INTO ALASKA.

The object of the Lapps is to acquaint them with the entire mode
of life of the nomadic Lapp, and the baking of the bread at the camp
fire should not be omitted. It would be as economical as the biscuit
and a constant application to labor.

Harness. — No material improvement has been made. Years of
experience have failed to suggest any. The kind now in use by the
Lapps — the shape of the bow trees, their fastening with a string under
the neck, the attachment of the side band to these bow trees, the fast-
ening of the backhand to the side bands, the extension of the back-
band and their fastening to the curved singletree under the belly are
as simple, practical, and convenient as it is desirable to have them.
The harness is put on and secured by two motions, and touch the deer
as little as possible (which is an essential thing with our yet young
males) except on the back and ridge of the neck where the bow trees
rest. The belly trace, however, we improved upon by covering it
with dog or other skins, thus preventing its chafing the legs.

A pair of shafts like those used for a single horse was also tried,
but the result was not satisfactory for our young deer, who too often
spin about until something breaks.

Seventeen new harnesses were made during the winter. Each
herder made one or more, on which he carved with deep letters his
own name and that of the village from which he came. Some were
also made and given as presents to the herd at Cape Prince of Wales
and to Antisarlook by Tornensis.

Fourteen new freight sleds were made in the fall. We have since
frequently repaired and altered them to suit the purpose. Moses,
Okweetkoon, Wocksock, Kummuk, and Tautook made 1 each. Snow-
shoes and skees were also made, the latter of which are much admired
by the apprentices.

Between November and March 22 deer were broken to harness,
making, with those from last year and previous, a total of 52. Moses
and Frederick, taking the lead, sent down 3 for trial, which did good
service tied to the back of another sled of our long wood trains.
Elektoon, Okweetkoon, Tautook, and Wocksock have added 1 each,
which have done good service at transporting driftwood or provisions.

Fifty-one of these deer have been employed at the station at various
times, always dividing them so as to have a number at the herd
rested and in good condition. In January, February, March, April,
and May the tundra about the station was considerably covered with
drift snow, under which lay a covering of ice difficult for them to get
through, so we had frequently to change with fresh ones from the
herd.

The supposition that reindeer could not be raised or would be diffi-
cult to raise in Alaska because of the dogs is entirely without a
support.

The dogs in and about the station, or the neighborhood of it, gave

INTRODTTCTION OF DOMESTIC REINDEER INTO ALASKA. 53

US no trouble. The one instance which occurred was from strange dogs
which had arrived in the village the evening before. When our sled
deer were driven back past the village by a Lapp and an apprentice
the next morning on their way to the pasturage, they were attacked
by these and other dogs, and in the skirmish and chase one deer was
bitten in the left hind leg.

On our journeys to strange villages we would tie our deer some dis-
tance outside of it, or, where it was necessary to drive past them,
would, when met by the dogs, step close up to the deer and lead
them by.

The shepherd dog Bekkie had frequent epileptic spells in August
and September, in which it would run in among the deer, biting right
and left. To chain it seemed useless; in some way it would unfasten
itself and invariably make for the herd and cause trouble. So we
ordered it killed.

Distribution, — By order of Mr. W. Hamilton, assistant agent of
education of Alaska, 100 deer were distributed, viz, 16 males and 34
females to St. James Mission, Yukon River; 16 males and 34 females
to the Swedish Mission, Golovin Bay.

All these were selected January 16 and driven in one herd to Golovin
Bay, where they will remain over fawning season and summer till
next fall. When traveling is possible, the St. James Mission herd will
be taken to its far destination on the Yukon. Moses, Okweetkoon,
Martin, and Tatpan also left with this herd. Their personal deer
consisted of 24 females and 6 fawns, namely: Moses, 11 females and
1 fawn; Martin, 5 females and 2 fawns; Okweetkoon, 6 females and 1
fawn, and Tatpan, 2 females and 2 fawns. All these were selected at
one time and driven off on the respective parties' own responsibility,
Mr. Howard representing the St. James Mission and Mr. Hultberg the
Swedish mission at Golovin Bay.

There is now in Alaska a total of 1,175 domestic deer.

In October, having an opportunity to visit Cape Prince of Wales
with an Alaskan in h^is whaleboat, we hoisted sail at 7 in the morning,
and with an easterly breeze and considerable rowing reached the cape
at 11 o'clock the night following, in total darkness, cold, wet, and
fatigued.

Under the hospitable roof of Rev. Mr. Hanna we remained several
days, during which we had occasion to visit the village church and
Sunday school, so well attended that there seemed no room for more.
Everyone joined in the hymns. The herd was found a few miles back
of the village, in good condition, numbering 1G8. Thanking these
peopie for the kindness extended us, and with a promise of a return
some time later, we rowed the greatest part of the way back to Port
Clarence, where we arrived two days later.

Our second visit to the same place was February 22, when a Lapp
and myself, with two deer each, drove up the lagoon, overtaking

54 INTRODUCTION OF DOMESTIC REINDEER INTO ALASKA.

natives who left our station an hour or more previous, and arrived
at Kanangok, the first village, at half past 4 in the afternoon, fully
three-quarters of an hour before any of the other parties, proving
beyond doubt that deer for traveling are far superior, both in speed
and comfort, to their canine competitors. The morning after, the
weather being favorable, we continued our way on the rough ice past
Polarzock and Topcarzock, where the congregated Alaskans viewed
us with evident astonishment. Turning to our right, we drove up the
valley past the last-named place, instead of going around the pro-
jecting point into the village. About 3 o'clock that afternoon we
tied our deer some miles outside, to be safe from dogs, and continued
our way on foot first, then on dog sleds into the village, where a
hearty reception was extended from Rev. Mr. and Mrs. Hanna and
the many Eskimos.

The following day we were detained from visiting the herd by wind
and snowdrift, but the Lapp, rather than stay at the station, had left
in the evening, taking our deer with him.

We again visited church and Sunday school, both well attended,
and many an ardent hymn, in simple voices, rose to Him who shapes
the destiny of every life. The Lapp, J. Tornensis, had meanwhile
cared for our own deer, counted the herd, and once more returned to
the station. The 164 deer were in a prime condition, but, from con-
siderable wind which pressed through the pass, heaping large masses
of snow there, it was suggested to move them farther inland for the
rest of the winter. February 26, Mrs. Hanna having decided to visit
Port Clarence, we harnessed the dogs, placed her as comfortably as
possible on a sled, and left Rev. Mr. Hanna with many good wishes
and godspeed. From the herder's house we continued 2 or 3 miles
farther on, where our deer were tied. Again placing Mrs. Hanna on
my sled, we, with considerable difficulty, proceeded down the valley
toward Polarzock, where we camped. The morning after, notwith-
standing dense fog and snowdrift, Mrs. Hanna insisted upon continu-
ing the journey, so we pressed on.

At Kanongat, where we camped on our way up, the Eskimos
implored us to go no farther that day. " The ice had broken around
the point, the only way for us to take; the wind would be so strong
we could not drive against it; the day would be over, and we would
lose our way; the white bear would see us; there would be no house
for us to camp in," and many more such cheerful pleadings; but, the
lady still being determined on reaching Port Clarence that day, I
ordered the Lapp to drive ahead, Mrs. Hanna and myself, on one
sled, following.

No doubt that was the most extraordinary journey that brave lady
has ever made.

March 31 Antisarlook (Charley) drove up to the station, and with
pathetic voice told us a snow slide had fallen over his herd, killing two

INTRODUCTION OF DOMESTIC REINDEER INTO ALASKA.

55

males and eight females. Having for some time desired to look into
the condition of his herd, the locality he was in, etc., J. Tornensis
made ready, and the next morning, with an apprentice, we started
for his place, arriving there the day after. We found a range of low
mountains running north and south, with a cut, or gulch, in the cen-
ter, through which the northeast — the prevailing — wind swept, col-
lecting on the west side of it a hanging bank of snow. His deer had
been feeding at the foot of it, and the slide covered entirely these
missing ten, besides injuring another female, which later had to be
killed. The following history of Charley's herd was taken, according
to his own account and that of the journal of the station:

Given in total from station in 1895

Increase in spring of 1895

Killed for food in summer of 1895

Broke leg; jnmping

Broke leg; chased oy dog

Killed; eyes knocked out by lasso

Killed; chased by dog

Killed for fur for boys

Killed by falling snow

Delivered to Tatpan for herding

October 1, sold to station (P. Clarence) .

Increase in spring of 1896

Pawns died

Total in herd July 1, 1896.

Males.

21

15

Females.

83

2
2

1

9
2
2

65

Fawns.

9
71

1
2

78
18

137

Total.

113

71

4

2

2

1

1

2

11

2

2

78

18

217

An account taken by the Lapp and myself of his deer April 4 cor-
responds with above, minus 35 fawns which have been added since.
Taking in consideration the good condition of his herd and the favor-
able locality he is in, we have every reason to believe in a success of
this loan. He was ordered to change pasturage and to avoid such
places in future. Immediately sending the order to his herdei'S, we
found his herd the following day some miles to the west of his place,
on a level field with good shelter.

We had some sickness during the year. Nasook, wife of Kummuk,
had lung trouble when we arrived and was rapidly declining until in
the winter and spring he was kept constantly with her, doing service
at hauling driftwood or tending to deer at the pasturage.

Mrs. Kemi complained of being ill some time in January; was
advised to take exercise out doors, but refused and gradually declined
till in June she was not expected to live. Her husband, desiring to
be near her, was employed at driving and generally tending to the sled
deer, as has been stated before. Her disease was scurvy, brought on
by eating salt meat. She was also unaccustomed to sedentary life.
She is now recovering.

Karl Brevig suddenly took sick in the evening of March 1, and rap-
idly grew worse so that the next morning at 1 a. m. he was no more.

56 INTRODUCTION OF DOMESTIC REINDEER INTO ALASKA.

He was a charming little fellow, unusually intelligent, kind, and
pretty.

Mr. Th. Kjellman has been more or less ill all the winter, growing
worse until in June he was confined to bed for some time. In the fall
we had an increase in the family of M. Eira. The boy is enjoying
good health and developing each and every trait of a typical Lapp.
November 22 Mrs. Kemi presented us with another, no less deserving of
praise than its predecessor. Mrs. Kummuk, March 30, added a girl to
the number of children, and Mrs. Brevig one the month following, mak-
ing four children born at the station. The little girl of Kummuk pined
and died some time later, and its mother shortly after. They were
buried near the station. The trade in the fall constituted the main
trade of the year. The large number of Eskimos left at Point Spencer
by the departed whalers later came to us with all the goods not dis-
posed of between themselves or to the ships. If it were not for this
it would be difficult to procure many of the articles needed by the sta-
tion. We had to purchase considerable quantities of deer skins, deer
boots, seal boots, thong, deer thread, and sinews, because the supplies
the Lapps brought with them were exhausted and because a great
many more deer were employed at or about the station than formerly.
A fair supply was laid in in July, August, and September, but addi-
tional articles were also purchased at various times through the entire
winter, the chief one being dried and frozen fish, seal, and seal skins.

School began the first week in September and was fairly well
attended at times in fall, but as winter set in the attendance lessened,
until in March it ceased entirely. The poverty of the people, the
poorly clothed condition of the children, and the little interest in the
work undoubtedly are the reasons for the unsatisfactory result.

During the warmer months we had service quite regularly, later
only occasionally, and lastly none at all. These services were held in
Norwegian for the Lapps, after which would follow a song or two in
English, with a stoi^"^ from the life of Christ, for the Eskimos. After
Christmas these, too, ceased.

Three recitations were held for the exclusive benefit of the Eskimo
during the year by the teacher, who used interpreters from Golovin
Bay, also two readings given them by a man from that bay.

No service was held at the camp.

Our visitors tlirough the year were Mr. Howard, with credentials
from St. James Mission, and Mr. Hultberg from the Swedish mission,
Golovin Bay, in January; Mrs. Ilanna, from Cape Prince of Wales,
and Mr. Kameroff, a trader in service of Mr. Dexter, near Golovin
Bay, in February and March. A number of Alaskans have been our
constant visitors, trading either with the station direct or with parties
privately.

Our apprentices have had their amusements, their winter feast and
dance, and we are much indebted t^) Mrs. Brevig for her labor and
interest in several entertainments given them.

INTRODUCTION OP DOMESTIC REINDEER INTO ALASKA. 57

At Christmas we gave each resident in our village a present in the
form of navy bread, flour, beans, and corn meal, and at New Year's
a similar gift to the village of Nook of the same quantity and articles
per person.

We have had a quiet and peaceful year with the natives, with not
one occasion to mar the trust in them. The apprentices have been
prosperous, energetic, and dutiful; also most of the Lapps; all of
which I respectfully offer for your consideration. It is now sustained
by experience that Port Clarence is not in a locality with particular
favor for the deer. A much more convenient place might be found.
Especially should one be sought where there are woods. In the near
future, when the utility of the reindeer is firmly established and
every prejudice removed which has been a barrier to the possibility
of raising them in Alaska, such a place will be found. Later still, .
when these swift-footed rovers connect, over hundreds of miles of
snow and ice, civilization with the remotest human abode and enter-
prise in Alaska, or carry the impatient adventurer from the coast into
the somber depths of the interior, numerous stations will be found on
Golovin Bay, on Kuskoquim River, Bristol Bay, Cooks Inlet, and
Prince William Sound; but the present mode of operation is too slow.

There is no reason why the Government can not afford to be gener-
ous toward an enterprise that must become of national importance in
the course of years, or, as has been suggested, contribute an annual
amount sufficient to establish, with the consent of the Russian Gov-
ernment, purchasing stations on the Siberian side, where deer can be
herded or kept In readiness for transportation to any favorable locality
during the six or seven weeks of the short arctic summer.

To this we respectfully call the attention of every one interested in

the development of that far-off territory and its boundless resources.

Respectfully, yours,

J. C. WiDSTBAD, Superintendent.

Dr. Sheldon Jackson,

United States General Agent of Education in Alaska,

Statistics of Teller Reindeer Station for 1895-96,
1895.

July 1. Inherd _ 402

Received from Siberia 123

1896.

Jan. 14. Sent to Golovin Bay _._ 130

Died from effects of transportation _ 25

Died from hoof disease _ 25

Died from other diseases 9

Died from accidents _ 8

Males killed for food.. 10

Killed by natives _ 4

Fawns bom _ 141

Fawns died 1A

58 INTRODUCTION OP DOMESTIC REINDEER INTO ALASKA.

1896.
July 1. Of the 423 at the station—

Yaootnk claims _ 15

Kumiimk claims. __ 11

Se Eeoglook claims... 7

Wok-sock claims. 4

Electoona claims 4

Ahlook claims 3

Total 44

There are 7 head of females in Antisarlook's herd at Cape Nome belonging to
the Teller Station.

Reindeer account.

Date.

Male.

Female.

Pawns.

Totrfi.1.

1885.
July 21

According tocountine .

90
55

196
56

116
12

402

21

RAf^AivAd m hftrfl fl^inriff RT«nTnni"r r ^ ,„ .,.,,. .

123

Total

145

252

128

525

Branded to apprentices

Aug. 17

26
18

26

Sept. 30

Died and killed durinsr Quarter

11

12

41

Total

11

44

12

67

Balance. --

134
14

206
5

116
1

458

Dec. 90

niAd AT^d wiiAd during quarter

20

BftlaucA end of Quarter

120

203

115

438

1896

Delivered to—

Golovin Bay and Yukon

Jan. 14

32

68
11
2
5
6
2

100

Apprentice Moses __

1
2
2
1
1

12

Apprentice Tatpan

4

Apprentice Martin

.--..«>k«.r

7

Apprentice Otweetkoon

7

Mar. 30

Killed and died durine: Quarter

14

17

Total

46

94

4

7
2

147

30

Bought from apprentices -

6

Balance ,

46

90

5

141

Balance end of quarter

Increase durim? auar£er_

June 30

74

113

110
130

297
130

Total

74

113
2

240
2

427

30

Killed and died duriner Quarter

4

Balance on hand

74

111

238

423

Quarterly roll of lost, strayed, and killed deer, with cause of death.

Date.

Character of disease and cause of butchering.

Male.

Female.

Fawns.

Total.

1895.
July 20
20

Died; effect of transportation ;

1
1

2

3

Died; cancer in heart (uew '^f'mer) .

1

21

Died; effect of transportation _

1

1

22

do

3

3

23

do

1
3

1

1

25

do

3

26

do

1

28

do .

2

2

30

Killed ; dyin&r from effect of transportation

1

1

Total

2

6

8

16

INTBODUCTION OF DOMESTIC BEINDEEB INTO ALASKA.

59

Qtmrterly roll of lost, strayed, and killed deer, vnth caiise of dea^/i— Continued.

Date.

Character of dlflease and cause of butchering.

Male.

Female.

Fawns.

Total.

18»5.
Aug. 1
6

Di«cl durine nlprlit; ftff*w»t f^f trftTispm*t«-t.mn

2

8

Died: too feeble to follow herd

1

1

10

Found dead in morning

1
2

1

1

13

Died from effect of transportation

2

13

.^. do..™. ....:.. .^

1

13

Killed: hoofs rotten, skin fallinsr oflf leers

1

1

14

Killed; broke legs, lumped on Dv buck

1

1

18

Died; attacked by Bikkee, too feeble to follow
herd

1

1

21

Killed; leg trouble (Okwitkoon's)

1

1

24

Died: effect of transi)ortation, sores on legs and
body _ _

1

1

28

KHled bv reouest of W. Hamilton

1

1

Total

3

7

3

13

Killed : ulcerated less, could nat walk

Sept. 2

4t

1
1
1
2

1

Died in hospital : transportation . .

1

2

17

Died; trouble in kidneys..

1

25

Died ; males* foot trouble, broken les .

1
1

1

3

26

Killed; males* foot trouble

1

28

Female and fawn stolen by natives, males foot
trouble

2

1

4

Total

7

4

1

12

Oct. 5

1
1
1
1
2
1

1

7

do

1

12

Died; too feeble to feed

1

17

Killed; leg trouble

1

2

23

Died; swollen legs, females killed by natives

Killed; leg trouble

3

5

26

1

Total

7

3

1 11

Killed; leg trouble, could not feed

Nov. 2

3
1

1

1

4

9

do

1

20

do

1

29

Died; disease in liver

I

1

Total

5

2

7

Died; fighting

Dec. 7

1
1

1

10

Killed; boil in breast incurable

1

Total

2

2

1ft9R

By demand of Lapx>s, killed for food

Jan. 6

7
1

1
1

7

6

Sold to Th. Kjellman

1

12

Strangled to 'death while grazing during night
(sled deer)

1

15

Killed at camp without permission

1

Total

10

10

Died during night ; sore feet from summer

Died; broke neck while being lassoed (object to
tame)

Feb. 13

1

1

17

1

1

36

Killed ; year-old fawn, could not feed

1

1

Total

2

1

3

deer)

Mar. 7

1
2

1

25

Ban away through some of the Lapps* careleas-
ness; killed by natives (sled deer)

2

Total

3

3

Died during night; drifted in snowstorm, sick
from summer

Apr. 26

1

1

June 1

Died; disease in brain

1
al

1

12

1

17

Died from some trouble in InteMstines

1

1

Total

2

2

4

a Yearling.

60

INTRODUCTION OF DOMESTIC REINDEER INTO ALASKA.

Number and death of fawns calved April, May, and June, 1896, luith cause of death.

Date.

Num-
ber
bom.

Nnmber

of
deathft.

Canse of death.

Apr. 8

11

13

7

10

3

13

7

6

5

12

11

6

7

6

4

8

10

6

4

7

2

11

4

3

2

2

2

2

1
1 ,
1

Drifted with etnow in night.
Desertion.

16

28

29

30

May 1

2

i

5
4
3

Frozen (mother yearling).
Still bom (mother yearling).
Rtill bom.
Frozen.

a

4

2

Desertion.

6

7

2

Killed by bnck.

8

9

1

Stillborn (mother yearling).

10 .. ..

11

u

16

20

24

28

31

JiinA 2.

6

13

i"

Mother died in fawning, calf two days later.

Totfll....

158

21

DAILY JOURNAL AT TELLER REINDEER STATION, PORT

CLARENCE, ALASKA.

[Prom July 1, 1895, to July 1, 1896.]

By T. L. Brevig, Teacher,

July 1, 1895. — Northwest wind and cloudy in the forenoon, clearing
in the afternoon. I went over to the anchorage to get mail from the
Jeanie. But little mail arrived, and I enjoyed the hospitality of
Captain Mason over night.

July 2, 1895. — Clear and nice, with northwest wind. The revenue
cutter Bear arrived at the anchorage at 1 p. m., being sighted early in
the morning. Mr. Kjellmann also came over from the station, and we
took dinner on board, leaving at 5 p. m. Camped on beach and then
boarded the Orca and Jeanette, staying till midnight, when we sailed,
arriving at the station at 4 a. m.

July 3, 1895. — Clear and calm. Mr. William Hamilton, Dr. Jackson's
assistant. Dr. Sharp and Mr. Justice, from Philadelphia, came on shore
in the Beards steam launch, with a lieutenant in charge. Thermom-
eter, 72° in the afternoon.

July 4, 1895. — Clear, with a very strong north wind. Captain Smith
and wife from the whaler Narwhal^ Mr. Hamilton, the Beards doctor,
and a lieutenant celebrated on shore. Photographs were taken of the
Lapps, deer, and station. Thermometer, 71°. The herders were
allowed to go to the ships.

July 5, 1895. — Clear and beautiful day, with north to northeast wind.
The Bear had left the anchorage during the night. The nets caught
10 salmon to-day. To-night all the nets were set.

July 6, 1895. — Clear and warm, 73° in the shade. The wind made
2f rounds of the compass, beginning northeast and setting at north-
west. The water in the bay registered 53°. In the afternoon seven
or eight distinct peals of thunder were heard toward the southeast,
and the sky indicated a thunder storm over the mountains. A smoke-
house was built near the oil house. Antisarlook and Mary arrived
from the sandpit in the evening.

July 7, 1895. — Clear and warm; strong north wind in the evening.

62 INTRODUCTION OF DOMESTIC REINDEER INTO ALASKA.

The whaler Orca left in the morning and the whaler Balaena anchored
near Nook, presumably to fish. Aslok and Mathls went out to the
ships in a ship's boat without asking permission. Fredick, Okwitkoon,
Tautook, and Elektoon went out to the herd. Kjellmann, Johan,
Mikkel, Ahlook, and Wocksock went in to Grantly Harbor to fish.

July 8, 1895. — Clear with strong north to northeast wind all day,
clouding over toward night. Two ships are anchored beyond Cape
Riley and the steamship Jeanette is anchored near the shore watering.
The fishing party returned with 50 salmon and 20 more were CAUght
here at the station. Mr. and Mrs. Brevig had dinner aboard the
Jeanette.

July 9, 1895. — Clear with medium west wind and a thin fog in the
evening. The Jeanette had left during the night, and the vessels at
Cape Riley returned to the anchorage. Sail was made for the new
dingy.

July 10, 1895. — Light west wind; clear in the forenoon, fog in the
afternoon. In the afternoon Brevig, Johan, Mikkel, Ahlook, and Mrs.
Nakkila went over to the Jeanie for some provisions and returned at
11.30 p. m. A deserter from the Jeanette was here in the evening, and
the instructions in regard to deserters were read to him. His intention
was to work his way up the Yukon.

July 11, 1895. — West wind, with a little fog. Kjellmann went up the
lakes to fish with two boat crews. The deserter left to-night.

July 12, 1895. — Strong west wind. Overcast part of the day. Cap-
tain Whiteside and wife called at the station. About noon a brigan-
tine was seen to anchor at the anchorage. About 4 p. m. she set sail
and steered for the station. She proved to be the brig W. H, Meyer.
Brevig boarded her as soon as she anchored, and Mr. Widstead, the
assistant, soon landed. Brevig and wife boarded her in the evening.

July 13, 1895. — Overcast, with rain and fog; strong west-southwest
wind, with very high, surf that hindered all communication with the
ship. Kjellmann did not return from Grantly Harbor. A native
doctor was chased out of Tantook's house while he was performing
his incantations over an old woman.

July 14, 1895. — ^Light south wind in the forenoon; calm in the after-
noon. Rain and fog. The usual service and Sunday school. The
Meyer landed the lumber and some of the cargo. Fredrik reported
a female deer dead. Mr. and Mrs. Hanna came on shore in the after-
noon and took supper with Brevig. The whalers Balaena^ Narwhal^
and Belvidere went over to the anchorage in the morning.

July 15, 1895. — Light northwest to northeast wind. Overcast, with
some rain in the forenoon, clearing in the afternoon. All hands have
been busy unloading and receiving the cargo from the Meyer. One
vessel left and three arrived at the anchorage. Mr. and Mrs. Hanna
were on shore part of the day.

July 16, 1895. — Clear and calm in the forenoon. At 5 p. m. a

INTBODUCTION OF DOMESTIC REINDEER INTO ALASKA. 63

strong west-southwest wind set in, bringing rain and fog. Nearly
all the cargo of the Meyer has been landed, and all would have been
landed but for the high surf toward night. Samuel brought in a para-
site that had been found in a dead deer. It was fastened to the
heart, and from there had spread in different directions through the
flesh, some arms being 6 feet long. Part of one arm was preserved
in alcohol and will be sent to the Bureau.

Mr. and Mrs. Hanna were on shore and took dinner with the Brevigs.

July 17, 1895. — Very strong west-southwest wind, with some rain.
About 1 a. m. I was awakened by a native woman yelling at my win-
dow, "Ship; come quick; on shore; by and by break." And on
looking, the Meyer was seen broadside, dragging toward the beach.
She came on rapidly and a line was soon made fast on shore, but the
passengers were not landed till about 3 o'clock, and at the next trip
the boat was stove in. About 5 a. m. she was abandoned and the
men were quartered in the herders' house. The captain, supercargo,
and first mate took breakfast with the Kjellmanns, and the Hannas
with the Brevigs. Afterwards all stayed with the Brevigs. The cap-
tain and supercargo went on board and stayed all night. She soon
filled with water and sand. The keel and rudder were knocked off in
stranding.

July 18, 1895. — Strong west to southwest wind, overcast, with some
rain. The captain and purser made two attempts to reach the vessels,
but did not succeed. Mr. Hanna's trunks and boxes were brought on
shore, all soaked. The hold is filled with water to within 3 feet of the
hatches and the cargo is all soaked through and broken up. Con-
siderable coal was landed, the natives helping themselves in some
instances. The lumber was piled.

July 19, 1895. — Overcast, with strong southwest wind with showers.
Nothing landed from the wreck. Mr. Hanna opened some of his
boxes and found them full of coal dust that had washed in.

July 20, 1895. — Southwest wind, medium strong; rain. At 7.30
a. m. the Bear hove in sight, and during the day 100 deer were-
landed. In the evening the Narwhal came in with several captains;
and the W, H, Meyer was sold to Captain Townsend. A crew of
natives were employed to unload the cargo.

July 21, 1895. — Light southwest wind, with occasional glimpses of
the sun. The Balaena arrived from the anchorage, and the wrecking
was continued. Mr. Hamilton was on shore all day transacting busi-
ness. Mr. William A. Kjellmann resigned, and his resignation was
accepted by Mr. Hamilton. Mr. J. C. Widstead was appointed in his
place, and Mr. Hanna assistant.

Several officers from the Bear were on shore. In the evening the
crew and officers of the Meyer were taken on board the Bear.
Mikkel and Ahlook arrived from Grantly Harbor with fish. Wock-
sock and family were left at the camping place. Several of the deer

64 INTRODUCTION OF DOMESTIC REINDEER INTO ALASKA.

landed died during the night and day, and several are sick. Mes-
dames Brevig and Hanna and Rev. Hanna took dinner on board the
Bear^ which sailed about 7.30 p. m. The Balaena left soon after, and
the Meyer was given to Brevig to unload what coal he could and
look after things on shore.

July 22, 1895. — Light southwest wind, calm in the afternoon ; cloudy,
with showers. The whaleboat with Kummuk in charge was sent to
Capo Prince of Wales to bring Mr. Lopp for a consultation in regard
to that station. Kjellmann went over to the sandpit to engage pas-
sage for his wife down to the States. A boat crew from the whaler
Balaena called in to ransack the Meyer, but left without anything.

July 23, 1895. — Clear and calm, with a light fog early in the
morning. Kjellmann had returned during the night. The Sanoma
anchored about noon I mile offshore, and Captain Lundgreen, Cap-
tain I Vterson, and Mr. Wood came on shore. A boat was sent to the
llHhing [)ar(y in errantly Harbor. All the vessels left the anchorage
thlN morning.

July iM» 1895, — Oloar, with a light west wind. The fishing party
ivt urnod in tho ovoulug with UK) dried salmon. Some work was done
on t ho Hohoolhouso. Tho Saiioma has been taking water all day.

July iJft» 1895. ' I.ight southwest wind, partly overcast. Two deer
diod, M i\ Lopp arrivod oarly in the morning, and things were talked
ovor. T\w iHH>f on tho sohoolhouse was commenced. The Sanoma is
Mtill taking water.

.1 uly 2(), 1895. — Strong south wind with some rain. The Bear came
in and anchored at 8 a. m. Forty deer were landed; one went down
the beach west of the lagoon. Mr. Lopp boarded the Bear and
remained on board. The doctor from the Bear was on shore, examined
Nazuk and Fredrik, and prescribed for them. One deer died.

July 27, 1895. — Overcast, with light south wind. The Bear coaled
up from the Sanoma, Mr. Hamilton transacted business on shore all
da}^ Rev. Hanna resigned as assistant, and Th. Kjellmann was
appointed in his place. Hanna bought W. Kjellmann's provisions,
and the Cape herders were supplied from the station supplies. The
goods were taken on board the Bear, and Rev. Hanna and wife also
wont on board. W. Kjellmann also decided to go down with his wife.

July 28, 1895. — Overcast and only occasional gusts of wind from
various directions. Sunday school was held in the evening. The
Hear left about 5 a. m. with the Sanoma in tow, leaving her at the
sandpit and went north on her yearly cruise. Clearing toward
evening.

July 29, 1895. — Overcast, with strong north-northeast wind. Work
on the schoolliouse roof was continued. Some coal was landed from
the Meyer and placed on the beach out of reach of the surf. A two-
masted steamer arrived at the anchorage and a canoe with letters
from Lopp and Hanna.

INTRODUCTION OP DOMESTIC REINDEER INTO ALASKA. 65

July 30, 1895. — Clear and nice, with medium north to north-north-
east wind. Some mail was received by the steamship Lackme. Kjell-
mann received notice to be on board the Lackme to-morrow afternoon.
Building on the schoolhouse. A baby girl arrived at Mathis Eira's.

July 31, 1895. — Clear and nice, with a light north-northeast wind.
Kjellmann left about 2 p. m. Brevig, Widstead, Mikkel, Johann,
Fredrik, Kummuk, Elektoon, Sekeoglook, and Okwitkoon came with
him, but could not return on account of the high winds. Th. Kjell-
mann had charge of the station.

August 1, 1895. — Clear and nice, calm in the afternoon. Brevig
returned from the ship about noon, and the rest in the evening.

August 2, 1895. — Clear, with strong north wind in: the afternoon.
Letters were received from the cape. The Sanoma and Lackme had
disappeared from the anchorage in the morning. Several canoes left
for the lakes to fish. Provisions were issued to the Lapps.

August 3, 1895. — Clear and chilly, with a medium strong north-
northwest wind. General work around the station.

August 4, 1895. — Clear, with strong north to north-northwest wind
increasing. Service and Sunday school.

August 5, 1895. — Clear, with a very strong northeast wind all night
and day. The superintendent, with Moses, Martin, and Sekeoglook,
went down Grantly Harbor for stones as a foundation for the proposed
herders' house. The pipe on the main building was fixed, and work
continued on the schoolhouse.

August 6, 1895. — Overcast, with a medium north-northeast wind
during the day; blowing a gale during the night. A party of herders
were sent out after a raft of logs, and the foundation for a new herders'
house joining the old one on the west was laid. A shelf was put in
the old schoolhouse, and the books were put in there. Many salmon
caught.

August 7, 1895. — Overcast, with a few light showers. Strong north-
east wind during the night and forenoon; moderating and variable.

August 8, 1895. — Frequent showers all day, with sunshine between.
Light north-northeast wind veering to the north. General building.

August 9, 1895. — Clear, with strong north wind, easterly in the
morning. A small sloop entered the bay and anchored abreast of the
village. Miner Bruce and a whaler from Point Hope came on shore
and stayed all day. The galley of the Meyer was made into a flour
house. The roof of the lean-to was tinkered. A gang brought home
a raft of logs for the herders' house.

August 10, 1895. — Clear and nice in the forenoon, with a very
strong southwest wind in the evening. The sloop remained all day,
and Bruce brought a little girl and made arrangements to take a
troupe of two males and two females with him. The sloop sailed
over to the other side and anchored and Bruce and Thayer remained
at the station with the little girl.
S. Doc. 49 5

66 INTRODUCTION OP DOMESTIC REINDEER INTO ALASKA.

August 11, 1895. — Cloudy, with rain and strong south-southwest
wind. Bruce and Thayer stayed around the station all day and went
on board after dark. The tumult at the station }iindered service and
Sunday school.

August 12, 1895. — Light north wind, with glimpses of the sun
between showers. Several men were sent out to look up all the deer
that could not follow the herd. One skin was brought in. The
framework on the new herders' house was set up.

August 13, 1895. — Clear and bright, with a light northwest wind,
changing to northeast in the evening. General work around the sta-
tion. The first snow of the season had fallen during the night, cover-
ing the mountain tops to the southeast and northwest, those of the
east being covered nearly to the base.

August 14, 1895. — Clear and nice, with a light west to northwest
wind. Housebuilding. A fawn had to be killed, as a foot was broken
by being jumped on by an old deer in crossing a small stream.

August 15, 1895. — Clear and nice, with a light west-northwest wind.
Building. Widstead, Kjellmann, and two Lapps went out fishing in
a small lake northwest from the station.

August 16, 1895. — Clear and nice most of the day, clouding over at
night; westerly breeze. A number of deer reported sick from swollen
legs.

August 17, 1895. — Clear and nice, almost calm. A deer that had
been sick for two days was killed, and '*Beckey," the shepherd dog
who lately had taken to chasing and biting the sick deer, was killed.

August 18, 1895. — Partly overcast, calm and nice, with a light
breeze in the evening. Service and Sunday school.

August 19, 1895. — Clear and calm; with a rising northeast wind in
the evening. Thermometer, 72° about noon, and sultry. Building
was indulged in.

August 20, 1895. — Strong north to northwest wind all night and
day. Fog in the mountains. The superintendent, two Lapps, and
two Eskimos were out building a corral for the deer.

August 21, 1895. — Foggy on the hills, clear, with a medium-strong
north wind. A female deer was killed on account of a swollen leg.
A general hunt was made for a sick deer, and it was put in the
corral. The swollen legs were cut open and treated. Eyes were
strained in vain for the Bear,

August 22, 1895. — Overcast and chilly, with a strong north to north-
east wind. General work around, fixing up. A canoe arrived from
the cape with letters from Lopp and Ilanna.

August 23, 1895. — Rain and fog all night, with medium-strong north
wind. Three cap© canoes arrived.

August 24, 1895. — Clear and nice, with a light wejst to northwest
vrind in the afternoon. Nearly all the Laplanders have been sent
up to the tent with the deer.

INTRODUOTION OF DOMESTIC REINDEER INTO ALASKA. 67

August 25, 1895. — Overcast, with strong west to southwest wind,
with a little rain toward dark. Sunday school and services.

August 26, 1895. — Strong south - southwest wind, abating toward
evening, vrith a little rain. Five Lapps and four Eskimos were sent
out to the herd; Johan and Wocksock to get hay.

August 27, 1895. — Clear and nice, nearly calm. At 6 p. m. the
smoke from a steamer was seen. At 8 p. m. she entered the bay.

August 28, 1895. — Overcast, with nearly calm. The Bear was
anchored outside the station in the morning and the surplus reindeer
goods were landed. Mr. Hamilton, Mr. Lopp, and Dr. Driggs were on
shore, also several officers. A deer was butchered and sent on board.
Accounts were settled. Mr. and Mrs. Brevig called on board in the
evening.

August 29, 1895. — Cloudy, with some rain in the morning. Mr.
Hamilton was on shoi*e all day transacting business, also several of
the officers and guests.

August 30, 1895. — Cloudy, with rain in the morning, strong north-
east wind during the night, changing to south in the forenoon, very
high tide. The Bear left early in the morning.

August 31, 1896. — Partly overcast, with showers. Northeast wind
during the night, veering to northwest. Considerable sickness among
the deer.

September 1, 1895. — Clear, with southwest wind, turning to north-
west. Service, with baptism of Mathis's child and communion. Sun-
day school.

September 2, 1895. — Overcast, with medium-strong northwest wind.
Two females with their fawns were brought from Moses and Okwit-
koon. School commenced with 8 pupils. Carpenters were at work
in the schoolroom and everything was in disorder. No seats and no
blackboard.

September 3, 1895. — Partly cloudy, with medium-strong northwest
wind, turning to northeast, becoming stronger. Four deer were found
behind the hills, two dead and two sick ; the latter were brought back
to the herd. A door was cut through the east wall of Brevig's kitchen
and an entrance made.

September 4, 1895. — Clear, with a medium-strong northeast wind.
General work around the station. A male deer that had been kept
around the station sick with a swollen leg was killed.

September 5, 1895. — ^The superintendent and family, with Samuel,
Johan, Mikkel, and Wocksock, went up to Grantly Harbor to lay up
moss and fish. Clear, with southeast wind, very light.

September 6, 1895. — Overcast, with a light westerly wind. A parti-
tion was put in the old schoolroom for a library.

September 7, 1895. — Cloudy, with a strong southwest wind. Car-
pentering the order of the day. A Diomede canoe arrived. Fredrik
came down from the herd last night.

68 INTRODUCTION OF DOMESTIC BEINDEEB INTO ALASKA.

September 8, 1895. — Cloudy, with very strong southwest wind.
Sunday school in the schoolhouse.

September 9, 1895. — Raining, with a continued storm from the south-
southwest. The whaleboat arrived in the afternoon, having been all
day from the north side of Grantly Harbor. They came in for more
provisions.

September 10, 1895. — Cloudy, with showers during the day. At 1
p. m. the superintendent and family all went to the '* moss domains."
Medium-strong southwest wind.

September 11, 1895. — A genuine Alaska day, with pelting rain and
howling wind all day. The wind started fair from northeast, veered
to the east,increasing in strength, and finally settled at south, becom-
ing a gale. The masts of the ship snapped.

September 12, 1895. — Cloudy, with pouring rain all day. Strong
south to southwest wind. Carpeting and painting. Aslok took his
family out to the herd, which is now removed northeast beyond the
hills, on a small stream.

September 13, 1895. — Cloudy, with drizzling rain, light north-north-
west wind. Moses, Tautook, and Elektoona came in from the herd,
reporting many sick deer. Carpeting, etc.

September 14, 1895. — Cloudy, with snow flurries, snow covering the
hills around. The roof of the warehouse was fixed with walrus hides
and tar paper, and a door put in the east end. Painting and house
cleaning.

September 15, 1895. — Cloudy, with light northwest wind and snow
flurries. Sunday school in the forenoon, but no service, as the Lapps
were nearly all out. Per went out to the herd with Moses and Elek-
toona. Tautook came in. The moss and fishing party arrived about
4 p. m., reporting everything wet. Ice one-fourth inch thick was
formed on pools and barrels of water; it did not thaw during the day.

September 16, 1895. — ^Partly clear, light northwest wind. Snow
covered the ground this morning, but disappeared. Mountains and
hills are covered.

September 17, 1895. — Partly clear, with west-southwest wind and
some rain. Several of the Cape Prince of Wales and Kings Island
natives were drunk last night. Two canoes arrived from the cape,
iM'inging letters from Mr. Ilanna. A party was sent out stacking up
wood for winter. Carpentering, painting, etc.

September 18, 1895. — Clear, with very strong west-southwest wind,
increasing toward evening. Carpentering, etc.

September 19, 1895. — Banking up of the house on the weather side
and fixing windows. The wood party returned toward dark.

September 20, 1895. — Cloudy, with strong south-southwest wind,
some rain. Carl Brevig's second birthday.

September 21, 1895. — Clear in the morning, clouding over, with rain
from northeast after dark. Several canoes left and some arrived.

INTRODUCTION OP DOMESTIC REINDEER INTO ALASKA. 69

September 22, 1895. — Cloudy, with a very light northeast wind, and
light winds all day. Sunday school and service.

The deer that had strayed away have been found, and returned to
the herd.

September 23, 1895. — Cloudy, with northwest wind. About4.30 p.m.
the superintendent, with both boats loaded with trading goods, went
into Grantly Harbor to trade fish. The Laplanders were to build a
winter house for stopping at when going after moss.

September 24, 1895. — Cloudy, with strong northwest wind; cold.
About 4.30 p. m. the superintendent returned walking, reporting that
the whaleboat had taken in so much water that it was near sinking
when the smaller boat came to the rescue. All the provisions, one
rifle, the station field glass, and trade goods were lost, the people
reaching shore wet and cold. The crew arrived about 6.30 with the
boat.

September 25, 1895. — Cloudy, with a light north-northwest wind.
The boat left again with provisions for the house builders; three-
fourths of a barrel of molasses, lead, powder, kettles, spades, tobacco,
files, knives, combs, sugar, navy bread, one rifle, one shotgun, and
several other small things, besides the provisions of the party, sent
down with the boat yesterday.

September 26, 1895. — Cloudy, clearing toward evening; strong north-
east wind all night and day. General work around the station.
Many canoes are encamped on the beach. Some snow fell during the
night, and ice one-half inch thick had formed on pools.

September 27, 1895. — Clear, with light east to south-southeast wind.
Several canoes left and several arrived. The station boats arrived
from the lakes. Heavy frost during the night. Twenty-eight pupils
in school.

September 28, 1895. — Clear, light southeast wind, changing to strong
south-southwest at night. In the afternoon the superintendent left
for the place of disaster with four men to try and fish up some of the
sunk goods.

September 29, 1895. — Partly clear, with light southeast wind. Sun-
day school. In the afternoon Charley and Mary arrived and reported
all well with the deer. Per Rist reported that a female with fawn
had suddenly disappeared. She had a bell on. Soon after Moses
found some Nook people eating fresh deer meat and tallow. An
investigation will be had. The visiting canoes have made a business
of pilfering around the station.

September 30, 1895. — Clear and calm. Light rain during the night.
At 1 p. m. the superintendent and party returned, having worked all
day and found nothing.

October 1, 1895. — Clear and nice, with light east wind. Samuel,
Elektoon, and Tautook went out gathering wood. Kummuk and
Wocksock went to the herd. A new deer shed was commenced.

70 INTRODUCTION OF DOMESTIC REINDEER INTO ALASKA.

October 2, 1895. — Clear, with a medium-strong north-northeast winu.
Antisarlook and Mary left in the forenoon. He sold two deer with
fawns to the station. Martin went with him and would try and reach
Golovin Bay from there. Building and fixing up.

October 3, 1895. — Clear, with a light northwest wind. Trading
canoes came in from the cape. The wood gang returned in the fore-
noon.

October 4, 1895. — Clear and fine. Light west -northwest wind.
Considerable trading done. One canoe left for Antisarlook's place.

October 5, 1895. — Cloudy, with strong east-northeast wind. Several
canoes left for the cape. A new man was received at the station as
herder.

October 6, 1895. — Cloudy, with a light rain. Sunday school.
Moses's marriage was postponed, as his intended would not promise to
go with him to his future home up on the Yukon.

October 7, 1895. — Clear, with light east wind, mild. Th. Kjellmann
went out to the herd to count the deer. Atthorlook found a fresh
deerskin and tendons buried in the sand a short distance below the
village. Two bullet holes in the skin showed that it had been shot.
Theft is the only explanation.

October 8, 1895. — Clear and nice, calm ; a light north-northeast wind
after dark. Mikkel ran a nail through his foot. Th. Kjellmann and
Johan returned from the deer.

October 9, 1895. — Overcast, with a storm; northeast wind all night
and day. Kjellmann reports 490 deer in the herd. Grouse plentiful.
Some 30 deer were sick. House fixing and painting.

October 10, 1895. — Cloudy, with snow in the evening; strong north
wind. At 2.30 p. m. the superintendent, Tautook, Mikkel, Samuel,
and Donnack and wife started in the whaleboat for Antisarlook's
place. In the evening Moses and Nahzahk were married, Mrs.
Brevig and Th. Kjellmann being witnesses.

October 11, 1895. — Cloudy, with strong north to northeast wind,
snowing all day. Several people were drunk around the station, and
it seems from whisky procured from some vessel. Nettogak has
offered some for sale.

October 12, 1895. — A cold, blustering day, with strong north wind.
Stoves were put up in the herders' room and Wocksock's room, and
they moved in. Fredrik returned from the herd.

October 13, 1895. — Clear and nice, with a light north wind. The
usual Sunday school and service. In the evening the superintendent
and party returned, having only reached Point Spencer Thursday
night, and could not leave it, on account of the surf, until this
morning.

October 14, 1895. — Cloudy and cold, with a strong northeast wind.
Three Lapps and one Eskimo were sent out to stack the moss.

October 15, 1895. — Cloudy in the forenoon ; clearing in the afternoon,

INTRODUCTION OF DOMESTIC REINDEER INTO ALASKA. 71

with a light north-northeast wind, becoming easterly. A canoe arrived
from the cape with the rumor that the Jeanie was wrecked at Ilerschel
Island.

October 16, 1895. — Clear and cold, with a light north-northeast wind.
Thermometer, 20° to 24^

October 17, 1895. — ('loudy and snowing in the afternoon. Strong
north-northeast wind. The Lapps received their provisions. Aslak
came in from the herd and reported several deer sick. Thermometer,
19° to 24°.

October 18, 1895. — Cloudy, with snow all the afternoon. The cape
canoes left early in the morning. Thieving is becoming general.
Lumber, coal, tools, etc., are stolen by visitors and people of the vil-
lage. The moss party returned without the whaleboat, as the ice was
too solid on Grantly Harbor for the boat to pass through. Ther-
mometer, 29° to 35°.

October 19, 1895. — Cloudy, with medium south wind. The cabin
stoves from the Meyer were found in a native's house, and taken back
to the station. The herders reported one deer dead. Lumber that
has been taken both from the station and from C-aptain Townsend is
seen in the village. Thermometer, 32"" to 25°.

October 20, 1895. — Overcast, with light east to northeast wind.
Thermometer, 30° to 31°. Sunday school.

October 21, 1895. — Clear, with light north wind. A canoe load of
wood was brought in. Ahlook reported two deer dead. Seven in
three weeks. At 6 p. m. a whaleboat arrived with two native whalers
that had heew landed at the cape from the Thrasher. Twenty-six
pupils, all natives. Thermometer, 31° to 30°.

October 22, 1895. — Light clouds. Light east wind. The Lapps
brought a boat load of wood. Thermometer, 29°.

October 23, 1895. — Clear toward evening. Light east winds. At
9 a. m. the superintendent left for Cape Prince of Wales. Moses and
Kummuk went along. Two herders went into Grantly Harbor to
look after and care for the whaleboat. Per and Fredrik came in from
the herd, reporting one more deer sick.

October 24, 1895.— Clear and light calm. Thermometer, 10° to 20°.
A canoe load of wood was brought in.

Octol>er 25, 1895. — Cloudy, with very strong oast wind all night and
day. Per and Fredrik left for the herd. Thermometer, 15° to 20''.

October 20, 1895. — Clear in the afternoon, with strong east -south-
east to east wind. Aslak with family. Math is, Sekeoglook, and Okwit-
ko<m arrived from the henl. G(»neral wood cutting and putting
things in onler. Thermometer, 2r>'" to 31°.

()ctol>er 27, 1895. — Cloudy, with light northeast wind; rain in the
evening. Sunday school and service*. Wocksock and Ahlook arrived
from the henl, leaving only Per and Fredrik as guanl. One fawn
dicHl. Thermometer, 27^ to 40°.

OctobiM' 28, 1895. —Clear, with a light northeast wind, increasing

72 INTRODUCTION OF DOMESTIC REINDEER INTO ALASKA.

toward dark. Lapps and Eskimos went out to the herd. Johan
and Mikkel went out hunting. Thermometer, 24° to 32°.

October 29, 1895. — Light clouds, mild, 45° at noon. At 7 a. m. the
superintendent and party returned from the cape. Three deer had
died since August 1. The boat had been on the trip twenty-four
hours.

October 30, 1895. — Clear, nice day. A canoe load of wood was
brought. Thermometer, 30° to 38°.

October 31, 1895. — Clear, nice day. Light east-northeast wind.
Wood brought in. Thermometer, 32° to 40°.

November 1, 1895. — Light clouds, with light north wind. At 9 a. m.
the superintendent and ^likkel went out to the herd to get some pic-
tures taken from it. A canoe load of wood was brought. Thermom-
eter, 29°.

November 2, 1895. — Cloudy, with medium-strong north wind. At
5.30 p. m. Widstead, Per, Ahlook, Tautook, Elektoon, and Mikkel
came in from the herd, which had been moved about 5 miles farther.
Eight deer had been left at the old camp l)ecause they were too sick
to follow the herd, and two Eskimo herders sent back to bring them
in slowly. Thermometer, 27° to 31°.

November 3, 1895. — Clear, with light northeast wind growing
stronger. Sunday school. Thermometer, 19° to 25°.

November 4, 1895. — Clear, with a wintry breath from the northeast.
Ice is forming on the bay. The herders went out to the herd. Two
sleds arrived from the lakes. Thermometer, 17° to 24°.

November 5, 1895. — Cloudy, with a gale from northeast all night
and day. Mikkel, Mathis, and Dunnuk returned from a visit to the
"Deerslayer" herd, admitting the act. Thermometer, 17° to 23°.

November 6, 1895. — Clear, with light southeast wind in the morn-
ing, veering to northeast and becoming stronger after dark. Kum-
muk and Sekeoglook went out seal hunting about noon in the little
l)oat. Fredrik came in from the herd. Sled building is being thought
of. Thermometer, 22° to 30°.

November 7, 1895. — Partly overcast, with a gale from the northeast
during the night. Light, varying winds during the day. Fredrik and
Dunnuk went out to the herd. The wind increased in strength after
dark. Thermometer, 30° to 38°.

November 8, 1895. — Clear and cloudj^ calm and windy. Thermom-
eter, 40°.

November 9, 1895. — Strong wind from the northeast, with a little
snow in the evening. Per and the herders arrived from the herd for
provisions. Thermometer, 30° to 35°. Cloudy.

November 10, 1895.— Cloudy, with light, northeast wind, 15° to 22°.
Sunday school and service. The superintendent settled with the
**Deerslayer" for five white fox skins.

November 11, 1895. — Clear, cold, and calm. Provisions for three

INTRODUCTION OP DOMESTIC REINDEER INTO ALASKA. 73

weeks were sent out to the herd with Mikkel. Moses and wife, Tau-
took, and Per also went out. Sekeoglook and Kummuk went out
sealing. A load of wood was brought.

November 12, 1895. — Clear, with light north-northeast wind; calm
in the afternoon. Mikkel returned from the herd. Some fish were
brought in. Thermometer, 8° to IS"".

November 13, 1895. — Clear, with occasional snow flurries; medium
strong north wind. Thermometer, 12° to 17°. The bay was cleared
of ice. Cutting wood.

November 14, 1895. — Partly ov^ercast; some snow fell during the
night. Light northwest wind. Some fish were brought in for trade.
The superintendent, with three herders, brought in a canoe of wood.
The bay is yet clear of ice. Thermometer, 10° to 12°. Kummuk
and Sekeoglook came home, reporting plenty of tomcod caught, but
no seal.

November 15, 1895. — Clear, but hazy and cold. Light north to
northwest wind. Thermometer, 0° to 8°.

November 10, 1895. — Clear and nearly calm. Thermometer^ 5°
to 0°.

November 17, 1895. — Clear, calm, cold. Sunday school. Ther-
mometer, 10° to 3°.

November 18, 1895. — Clear and calm. The roof of the school-
house caught fire from the tar paper around the pipe, but was
extinguished before any damage was done. The ice was strong
enough to !)ear dog teams to-day. Some fish were caught through
the ice. SIcmI fixing. Thermometer, 10° to 0°.

November 19, 1895. — CUear, with a light east wind. Some fish
brought. Thermometi^r, 0" to 4°.

Noveml)er 20, 1895. — Cloudy, with a little snow flying, and very
strong east win<l all night and day. Thermometer, 4° to 29°.

November 21, 1895. — Cloudy and snowing nearly all day, with a
light east wind. The herders are all complaining that they are suf-
fering from cold, as they have not suflicient clothing. Two of the
herders have been supplied with artegas by the Lapps. Moses's wife
is staying in Nook.

Xoveml)er 22, 1895. — Cloudy and calm; a little snow fell. Mrs.
Kemi was delivered of a iine l>oy ; lH)th doing well. Thermometer, 30°
all <iay.

November 23, 1895. — Cloudy, with gusts; thawing. The superin-
tendent issued the suppliers to-day. Thermometer, 33''.

November 24, 1895. — Cloudy, calm, with a light drizzling rain; thaw-
ing. Sunday school and service. Ctmsiderable cough around. Ther-
mometer, 35°.

November 25, 1895. — Cl(»ar, nice, calm day. Thermometer, 25° to

November 20, 1895. — Clear, with a strong north wind in the evening.

74 INTRODUCTION OP DOMESTIC REINDEER INTO ALASKA.

Last night a young married man in the village was to be initiated as
a shaman, and hanging without being strangled was the test. He
was taken down a corpse, and, despite the efforts of all the shamans
on the coast, remained so. The natives say he was a poor doctor, and
so was strangled. Thermometer, 27° to 8°.

November 27, 1895. — Clear and calm, with gusts from the north dur-
ing the night. Thermometer, T" to 12°.

November 28, 1895 (Thanksgiving Day). — Clear, nice, calm day.
The day was celebrated by hoisting the flag. Some work was done
around the station, and Kummuk, Wocksock, and Mikkel were out
seal hunting. Kummuk and Mikkel each shot one. In the evening
the superintendent gave a party to the herders, treating to tea and
cake. A sled left for Antisarlooks (Charley's) and down the coast.
Thermometer, 2° to 4°.

November 29, 1895. — Cloudy, with strong wind from the east in the
forenoon. Clear and calm in the evening. Two sleds came in from
the lakes. Thermometer, 10° to 27°.

November 30, 1895. — Overcast, with a strong wind blowing from the
south all day, becoming a gale, with snow and rain, in the afternoon.
My stovepipe blew down. The ice piled up high on the beach and
the tide was very high at noon. Late last night Per and herders
came in from the camp. Moses is suffering from the charge of powder
from an exploded cartridge having lodged in his face and eyes. He
was hauling the leyers of a loaded rifle in the hut, and a cartridge
lodging, he tried to force it and exploded it. The bullet passed out
through the muzzle, nearly hitting Dunnuk's wife, the shell and
powder striking Moses. ITie superintendent and I tried to extract
the powder from the eyes, but with the instruments at our disposal
did not succeed. Cold bandages were applied. Thermometer, 30° all

dav.

December 1, 1895. — Cloudy and calm. Sunday school. All the
herdere attended, and many from town. Thermometer, 30° all day.

December 2, 1895. — Clear and nice, with light west to south wind.
Ahlook, Elektoona, Wocksock, Okwitkoon, and Sekeoglook went out
to the herd. Johann and Mikkel went out to bring in driving deer to
the station. Thermometer, 30° all day.

December 3, 1895. — Cloudy, with strong south wind at 2 p. m.,
with two hours' heavy snowing. Moses's eyes are very bad. Ther-
mometer, 30° all dav.

December 4, 1895. — Cloudy, with some snow in the evening.
Medium strong south wind after dark. Samuel, Kummuk, and Tau-
took were sent to the moss yard with the dogs and four sleds. Aslak
and Mathis came in from the herd. Moses's eyes are getting worse
and after another vain trial to remove the powder it was decided to
try and send him to St. Michaels in hope of finding a doctor. Ther-
mometer, 31°, stationary.

INTRODUCTION OP DOMESTIC REINDEER INTO ALASKA. 75

December 5, 1895. — Cloudy and snowing, with medium east wind.
Aslak and Mathis came in late. Thermometer, 15° to 20°.

December 6, 1895. — Cloudy, with a little snow falling. Thermome-
ter, 18° to 23°. Wind south-southwest, ending with a strong north-
east wind. The moss party with 14 deer arrived about 11a. m.

December 7, 1895. — Strong north wind all night and day, with drift-
ing snow. Colder; thermometer, 3° to 10°. Johann went out to the
herd to get Okwitkoon home to go with Moses to St. Michaels. Wood
is getting to be a scarce article around the station. A deer was
butchered — a male that had been troubled with a sore shoulder all
summer. The shoulder was broken and matter had formed in the
fracture.

December 8, 1895. — Cloudy, cold, clammy, chilly, with strong north-
west winds at times, with calm intervals. Sunday school and service.
Thermometer, 13° all day.

December 9, 1895. — A snowstorm raging all night and day, blow-
ing a gale. The snow drifted badly in and around the house. Kjell-
mann moved down from his room upstairs on account of the cold.
Johann and Okwitkoon came home last night, reporting a fearful storm
in the mountains.

December 10, 1895. — Cloudy, with a light northwest wind. Ther-
mometer, 12°. Some wood was hauled with deer. A gale during the
night.

December 11, 1895. — Storm from the north, with snow. Thermom-
eter, 12° to 15°. No school on account of the storm.

December 12, 1805. — Cloudy and stormy, with light north wind,
changing to northeast and becoming very strong after dark. The
school house is proving very cold. Thermometer, 12° to 2°.

December 13, 1895. — Clearand calm. Wood hauled. Thermometer,
8° to 10°.

December 14, 1895. — Clear and calm. Wood hauled. Thermom-
eter, 10° to 13°.

December 15, 1895. — Cloudy, with gusts of wind from east to south-
east. Milder; thermometer, 10° to 20°. No Sunday school, as I was
sick with a cold.

December 16, 1895. — Cloudy and storming from east. Per, Fredrik,
and Wocksock came down from the herd. Thermometer, 28° all day.

December 17, 1895. — Cloudy, with medium strong east wind. Mik-
kel, Johan, and Dunnuk went out to the mountains for birch for
harness trees. Samuel, Fredrik, and Tautook went for moss. Ther-
mometer, 18° to 28°.

December 18, 1895. — Clear, with light east wind. Moses and Okwit-
koon left at 8.30 a. m. for the south. Thermometer, 12° to 18°.

December 19, 1895. — C-lear and calm. Thermometer, 15° to 3°.
Per and Wocksock went out to the herd. The moss party returned
in the night; also Moses, as the dogs were in such condition that they
could not pull the sled.

76 INTRODUCTION OF DOMESTIC REINDEER INTO ALASKA.

December 20, 1895. — Clear and nice, very light east wind. Moses
went to Nook to bring his wife home. Thermometer, 5° to 0°. A
little wood hauled. A sled arrived from Eaton River.

December 21, 1895. — Clear, with medium strong north wind, turning
to north-northeast. Johan, Mikkel, and Dunnuk, returned from the
mountains. Thermometer, 0° to 7°.

December 22, 1895. — Clear and calm, with ice film in the air. Sun-
day school in herders' room. Thermometer, 12° to 15°.

December 23, 1895. — Clear and cold, with gusts of wind from the
north-northeast. Mathis arrived with all the herders from the camp,
leaving only Per and Aslak with the herd. Many visitors are here
to take in a dance in the village. Thermometer, 18° to 20°.

December 24, 1895. — Clear and cold, with a medium north-northeast
wind. Thermometer, 20° to 24°. The natives (106) got their Christ-
mas cheer, and in the evening the children were entertained with a
Christmas tree. Two sleds arrived from the cape, but no letters
from Hanna.

December 25, 1895. — Iced fog, with light northwest wind. Ther-
mometer, 18° to 21°. Service, and Samuel's baby was baptized.
Lapps and Eskimo herders were entertained at Brevig's in the even-
ing. Patients are very numerous now. Letters arrived from Golovin
Bay.

December 26, 1895. — Clear, calm, frost-laden air. Thermometer,
22° to 30°. Some trading.

December 27, 1895. — Clear and calm. Thermometer, 22° to 24°.
The station people were entertained in the schoolhouse on tea and
cake.

December 28, 1895. — Clear, cold, with medium strong north-
northeast wind in forenoon; calm in afternoon. Thermometer, 28°
to 31°.

December 29, 1895. — Hazy, with light north wind. Sunday school.
Thermometer, 22° to 26°. Cape sleds left early in the morning.

December 30, 1895. — Clear, calm, and cold. Thermometer, 18° to
21°.

December 31, 1895. — The Nook people received their entertainment.
A melanchol}^ day. Clear, cold, calm. Thermometer, 26° to 22°.
Mathis, Fredrik, Johan, Mikkel, Tautook, Moses, Eummuk, and Dun-
nuk went out to the herd.

January 1, 1896. — Cold, clear, calm. Thermometer, 29° to 34°. No
service, as the Lapps were at the tent. Soon after dark Mr. Hultberg,
from Golovin Bay, and Mr. Howard, from the St. James Mission, on
the Yukon, arrived with natives to take a herd of deer with them.
They had made the trip in five days, traveling only four days.

January 2, 1896. — Clear, cold, calm; talking and trading. Ther-
mometer, 29° to 24°.

January 3, 1896. — Clear and calm. A fine aurora last night. Ther-
mometer, 20° to 10°.

INTRODUCTION OP DOMESTIC REINDEER INTO ALASKA. 77

January 4, 1896. — Clear and calm. Wood hauled by deer. Ther-
mometer, 12** to 8**.

January 5, 1896. — Cloudy, with drifting snow; light northwest wind.
Sunday school and service. Johan and Mikkel returned from the
herd with five deer to be butchered. Thermometer, 12° all day.

January 6, 1896. — Cloudy, with light northwest wind and flying
snow. The deer were butchered. Thermometer, 10° to 12°.

January 7, 1896. — Cloudy, with medium strong northwest wind and
moving snow. Thermometer, 18°.

January 8, 1896. — Clear, with light northwest wind. Johan went
out to bring home Mathis and Moses and prepare for leaving with the
herd. Thermometer, 18° to 21°.

January 9, 1896. — Clear, calm, and cold; thermometer, 21° to 18°.
Several sleds arrived from the cape with letters from Hanna, Moses,
Mathis, and Aslak. Came in from the herd; one deer broke loose on
the way and returned to the herd.

January 10, 1896. — Clear, calm, and cold; thermometer, 25° to 22°.
Moses went out to Nook and brought back his wife, preparing to go
with the herd. Mathis is preparing to leave, but will not go without
another Lapp family with him.

January 11, 1896. — Cloudy, with medium east wind; thermometer,
12°. It was at last decided that Aslak and family should go with the
herd to Golovin Bay.

January 12, 1896. — Cloudy and mild; thermometer, 12° to 10°. Sun-
day service with communion and Sunday school. One deer was
strangled last night while tethered. Light southeast wind.

January 13, 1896. — Cloudy and snowing all day, with light east to
southeast wind. Aslak and family, Moses and wife, Okwitkoon, and
Martin left. Mathis also went out. Th. Kjellmann went out to the
herd. Mikkel and Ahlook will go with them to Golovin Bay and
bring the extra deer and sleds back. Thermometer, 10° to 24°.

January 14, 1896. — Cloudy in the morning and clear in the after-
noon. Thermometer, 26° all day. Sungoo (a native of Nook) brought
in a stray deer that he had found near his village, for which he was
rewarded. It was the one that had got loose from behind Moses's sled.
Tatpan arrived al)out dark from Antisarlook's rei)orting, all well and
172 deer in the herd.

January 15, 1896. — Partly overcast, mild, and calm. Thermometer,
23° all day. Twenty-seven pupils to-day. The superintendent is
taking an invoice of Government property and sapi)lies.

January 16, 1896. — Cloud}', calm, and mild. Thermometer, 28°.
Rumors of whisky distillation are in circulation in the village.

January 17, 1896. — Clear, with a light northeast to east wind.
Thermometer, 10°.

January 18, 1896. — Partly overcast, with strong north-northeast
wind. Thermometer, 10° to 3° below zero.

January 19, 1896. — Clear, calm, and nice day. No service or Sunday

78 ^ INTRODUCTION OP DOMESTIC REINDEER INTO ALASKA.

school. Kjellmann and Johan arrived about 2 p. m. very tired. The
herd had left Friday evening. Dunnuk went with the herd instead
of Ahlook, as he was acquainted with the path. A deer had been
butchered at the tent, as the herders were entirely without provisions
and starving. Thermometer, 12° to 18° below zero.

January 20, 1896. — Clear, calm, cold. Thermometer, 20° below zero
all day. Charley arrived in the evening. Very cold in the school.

January 21, 1896.— Clear, calm, cold. Thermometer, 28° to 22° be-
low zero.

January 22, 1896.— Clear and cold. Thermometer, 18° to 12° below
zero. Strong southeast wind in the morning. Light east wind during
the day.

January 23, 1896. — Clear in the forenoon; clouding over toward
evening; getting milder. Thermometer, 12° to 2° below zero. Per
and Kummuk returned to the herd with provisions. Samuel and
Fredrik went for moss about dark. Joe came down from Palazruk
toward dark. General woodcutting.

January 24, 1896. — Clear, fine day, and calm. Thermometer, 8° to 8°
below zero.

January 25, 1896. — A very fine day ; clear and calm. Thermometer,
2° to 8° below zero.

January 26, 1896. — Clear, calm, and mild; frozen fog in the evening.
Sunday service. Samuel and Fredrik returned with moss in the even-
ing. An old man died in the village to-day, and after he had been
buried the whole village was on the roof, burning and throwing fire-
brands toward the grave and howling. When asked why, they
answered ^'So that the dead should not come back." Thermometer,
8° to 10°.

January 27, 1896. — Clear in the afternoon, light clouds in the morn-
ing. Strong north wind during the night, medium strong during the
day. Thermometer, 5° to 12°. The herd, according to Per's account,
numbers 333.

January 28, 1896. — Clear, nice day. Calm. Thermometer, 8° to 6°.
Wood hauled with six deer. A sled arrived from Eotzebue Sound.
Twenty-eight pupils in schooL

January 29, 1896. — Clear, with a strong north wind during the
night. The natives are complaining of little food. Thermometer,

8° to 11°.

January 30, 1896. — Cloudy, with medium-strong wind. Snow fly-
ing. Two sleds arrived from the cape with letters from Mrs. Hanna.
A tunnel was made through the snow to the main entrance of our
house. Thermometer, 15° to 8°.

January 31, 1896. — Clear, calm, and cold. Thermometer, 8° to 14°.

February 1, 1896.— Overcast in the afternoon, strong east wind,
with drifting snow. The cape sleds left. Thermometer, 20° to 22°.

February 2, 1896. — Blizzard from northeast, turning toward the
north during the night; drifting very bad. Thermometer, 16°.

INTRODTCTION OP DOMESTIC REINDEER INTO ALASKA. 79

February 3, 1896. — Cloudy, with medium strong north wind. Ther-
mometer, 13° to 17°.

February 4, 1896. — Clear and cold, with a light north wind. Ther-
mometer, 28° to 22°.

February 5, 1896. — Clear and very cold, with light east wind.
Thermometer, 32° to 29°. Samuel, Tautook, and Mathis arrived from
the herd last night, and report all well at the herd, but no food for the
herders.

February 6, 1896. — Clear, cold, and calm. Fredrik, Samuel, and
Sekeoglook went after moss. Thermometer, 32° to 25°. But two
children from the village attended school.

February 7, 1896.— Clear, cold, and calm. Thermometer, 29° to 23°.

February 8, 1896.— Clear, cold, and calm. Thermometer, 27° to 25°.
llie moss party returned during the night. The herders received
their provisions.

February 9, 1896. — Clear, cold, and nearly calm. Strong east wind
during the night. Service in the forenoon. About 4 p. m. Mikkel
and party returned from Golovin Bay, reporting the herd well through,
without any lost. It took 8 dogs to make the trip. A girl from the
Swedish mission arrived to help Brevig during the spring. Ther-
mometer, 26° to 24°.

February 10, 1896. — Clear and cold, with light east wind. Ther-
mometer, 31° to 27°.

February 11, 1896. — Clear and cold, growing milder. Thermometer,
24° to 16°. Medium strong north wind. The superintendent and
Johan, according to rumor, went out grouse hunting. They did not
return.

February 12, 1896. — Clear and cold, with very light east \^ind, getting
milder. The superintendent and Johan returned without any grouse.
Thermometer, 32° to 17°. Sleds arrived from the cape. No letters
from the Hannas.

February 13, 1896. — Clear, cold, very light southeast wind. Mathis
and family and Elektoon went out to the herd. Fredrik went along
to bring in fresh deer.

February 14, 1896. — Clear, calm, cold. No mail, no valentines.
Thermometer, 30° to 28°.

February 15, 1896.— Clear, with light east wind. Cold— 35° to 29^
below zero. Wood hauling and cutting. The cape sleds left.

February 16, 1896. — Clear; cold, with light east-southeast wind.
Thermometer, 34° to 29° below zero.

February 17, 1896. — Clear and cold, with light east wind. At 1.30
p. m. the superintendent, with Mikkel, Johan, Dunnuk, Wocksock,
and Tautook, left with four deer and the dog sled for the moss place
to bring home the whaleboat touched there, as it is rumored that the
natives are spoiling it. Samuel brought wood. Thermometer, 34°
to 27° l)elow zero.

February 18, 1896.— Clear and cold. Thermometer, 34° to 29° below

80 INTRODUCTION OF DOMESTIC REINDEER INTO ALASKA.

zero. Variable winds and strong, in gusts. At 3 p. m. Frank Kameroff ,
with a native trader, arrived with two sleds of trade goods from Mr.
Dexter, Golovin Bay. The superintendent and party returned at dark,
leaving the boat 3 miles back. Influenza is making its professional
call.

February 19, 1896. — Strong north wind; drifting. No school on
account of the storm. Thermometer, 34° to 26° below zero.

February 20, 1896. — Clear and cold. Calm in the afternoon. The
whaleboat was brought in to-night. Per, Ahlook, Elektoon, Fredrik,
and Kummuk came in from the herd. Two deer dead from fighting.

February 21, 1896. — Cloudy and light southeast wind. Thermome-
ter, 24° to 11° below zero.

February 22, 1896. — Clear; fine day. The flag was hoisted. At 8.30
Kameroff, the superintendent, and Agitarlook left for the cape. In
the evening Soquin and wife arrived, but no tidings from Mr. Hanna.
Thermometer, 18° to 25° below zero.

February 23, 1896. — Clear, with gusts of wind from southeast.
Sunday school and service. The sails and oars of the whaleboat were
brought in by natives. Thermometer, 27° to 21° below zero.

February 24, 1896. — Clear and calm. Twenty-nine pupils at school.
Considerable fish was brought in and traded. Thermometer, 22° to 12°
below zero. Per, Tautook, and Sekeoglook went out to the deer camp.
Fredrik was sent up to bring some more sled deer down.

February 25, 1896. — Clear in the morning, clouding over, medium
east wind. Fish traded. Thermometer, 23° to 13° below zero.

February 26, 1896. — Milder, with light southeast wind and snow till
5 p. m. , when it cleared up with a brisk wind from the north. Snow
drifting. Thermometer, 15° to 3° below zero. Mikkel, Wocksock, and
Ahlook left for moss in the morning; considerable fish traded.

February 27, 1896. — Clear, with medium strong wind, becoming
stronger toward dark. At 8 p. m. Widstead, Mrs. Hanna, and Johan
arrived from the cape, having been two days on the way.

February 28, 1896. — A howling storm from the northeast during the
night. The wind veered to east and southeast in the forenoon, snow-
ing and drifting badly. Fredrik arrived from the camp, having failed
to go to the moss camp, as directed. Sekeoglook had lost his gun and
bread sack. The gun was found, but not the bread. Milder. Ther-
mometer, 3° to 16° below zero.

February 29, 1896. — The storm continued, with snowing and drift-
ing. The moss party returned toward dark, from 7 to 8 p. m. Kam-
eroff and four more sleds arrived from Canoughguk against the storm.

March 1, 1896. — Strong southeast wind and snow. Thawing. Ther-
mometer, 29° to 33°. Sunday school and service in Eskimo, with
Kameroff and Erick as interpreters. Two sleds arrived from Golovin
Bay. Carl Brevig was taken very sick at 3 p. m.

March 2, 1896. — Strong south wind, with snow. Carl Brevig's ill-
ness increased, and he died at 2 a. m. from what appeared to be

INTRODUCTION OP DOMESTIC REINDEER INTO ALASKA. 81

cholera. He suffered much the last twelve hours, and the death
struggle in convulsions was severe. Thermometer, 20° all day.
Preparations were made for the funeral. A cape sled arrived from
Golovin Bay.

March 3, 1896. — Carl Brevig was buried in the forenoon. Service
was held in the schoolhouse in English and Eskimo by the assistance
of Cameroff and Erick as interpreters, and in Norwegian at the grave.
Clear, calm, and beautiful day. In the evening a beautiful auroral
display. Thermometer 22° all day. The dogs had attacked the skin
boat and eaten part of it.

March 4, 1896. — Clear, calm, and very beautiful day. Thermometer
22° all day. The cape sleds all left in the morning. One sled arrived.
The superintendent, with the assistance of Kameroff , gave the herders
a talk.

March 5, 1896. — Partly overcast, storming during the day and all
night, and snow drifting. Kameroff, with three sleds, left at 11 a. m.
Thermometer, 10° to 15°.

March 6, 1896. — Clear, but blowing and drifting all day and night.
At 2 p. m. the wind was very strong from north-northeast. Thermom-
eter, 10° to 4°.

March 7, 1896. — Clear, with a strong north-northeast to north wind
all night and day. Colder, 12° to 5°. A sled left for Kotzebue Sound.
Wood hauling. Two cats killed by the superintendent.

March 8, 1896. — Clear, with strong shifting winds. Service and
Sunday school. Mathis reports all. well at the herd. Thermometer,
22° to 18° below zero.

March 9, 1896. — Cloudy, with some snow flurries; strong northwest
wind. Barrels and hogsheads were put in through the snowdrift
against the house to admit a little light to the windows. Thermome-
ter, 18° to 14° below zero.

March 10, 1896. — Blizzard from the northwest all night and day,
clearing about dark. No school on account of the weather. Ther-
mometer, 18° to 22° below zero.

March 11, 1896. — Clear, calm, cold, quiet. Mathis and Elektoon
went out to the herd. Twenty-six children attended school. Ther-
mometer, 22° to 15° below zero.

March 12, 1896. — Clear and nice, with gusts of wind until 4 p. m.,
when a furious storm set in from the northeast. Two sleds arrived
from the cape with letters from Mr. Hanna. Three of the herders
went after wood, and Johan, Mikkel, and Ahlook went after moss.
Thermometer, 22° to 12° below zero.

March 13, 1896. — Clear, but storming and drifting, accompanied by
shoveling snow and cutting wood. Thermometer, 15° to 13° below zero.

March 14, 1896. — Clear, with a strong northeast wind and drifting.
Rations were issued. Thermometer, 18° to 14° below zero.

March 15, 1896. — Cloudy and overcast, with strong, varying winds
S. Doc. 49 6

82 INTRODUCTION OF DOMESTIC REINDEER INTO ALASKA.

and snow. The moss gang returned in the afternoon. Sunday school.
Thermometer, G° to 10° below zero.

March 16, 1896. — Cloudy, with light north wind. Snowing and drift-
ing all day. The moss was brought in to the station. Thermometer,
0° to 12°.

March 17, 1896. — Cloudy and snowing all day and night. Nearly
calm. The superintendent was out hunting part of the day. Ther-
mometer, 10° to 24°.

March 18, 1896. — Clear, with a gale through the night from north-
east, continuing all day, abating toward evening. Snow drifting badly.
Thermometer, 15° to 50°.

March 19, 1896. — Cloudy, with a very strong east wind in the fore-
noon, veering southeast in the evening. Drifting badly. The sled
deer were attacked by the dogs in the village this morning and one
was severely bitten. A pacJi attacked the passing sleds and, partly
through mismanagement of Samuel, one of the deer was bitten
badly. A sled was broken up and used as a weapon to strike with,
and one dog, being caught under the sled, was dragged a long distance,
Samuel holding on to one hind leg. Measures have been taken to pro-
tect the herd in the future. The superintendent's cook left him
last night and tried to come back again to-night. Thermometer,
10° to 22°.

March 20, 1896. — Clear at noon; wood hauling; some snow fell.
Thermometer, 15°.

March 21, 1896. — Clear in the forenoon, overcast in the afternoon;
calm. Thermometer, 10° to 12°. Ration day for herders. Per and
Tautook came in from the herd during the night, and reported all
well.

March 22, 1896. — Cloudy; snowing all day; calm. Service, with
communion and Sunday school. Mild; thermometer, 15° to 24°.

March 23, 1896. — Cloudy, with sleet at times. A gale commenced
to blow from the south at 9 a. m. , lasting all day and evening. The
tar paper and batting were torn from the storehouse roof, scattering
the fragments over the tundra. Fredrik left three deer in the shed,
and some one left the door open, and the deer walked off. Thermom-
eter, 27°.

March 24, 1896. — Clear and nice, with medium-strong west wind.
Mikkel and Fredrik tracked the deer toward the herd. Thermometer,
10° to 20°.

March 25, 1896. — Clear and nice, with light west wind. Per, Tau-
took, and Johan went out to the herd. Wood was hauled. A sled
arrived from the south. Clouding over about dark. Thermometer,
10° to 15°.

March 26, 1896. — Clear and nice, with a light north wind. Netoxite
arrived from the cape to bring Mrs. Hanna home. Growing colder.
Thermometer, 10° to 7°.

INTRODUCTION OF DOMESTIC REINDEER INTO ALASKA. 83

March 27, 1896. — Clear, calm, cold. Service and Sunday school.
Thermometer, 5° to 12°.

March 28, 1896. — Clear, calm, nice day. Thermometer, 15° to 5°.
Johan returned late last night from the herd. Hauling wood.

March 29, 1896. — Overcast in the afternoon, with strong east wind
and snow drifting a little. Easter service and Sunday school. Ther-
mometer, 12° to 6°. Some work was done around the station in the
afternoon. Opening cases of crackers and preparing for a trip to
Antisarlook's.

March 30, 1896. — Overcast and snowing nearly all day. Thermom-
eter, 10° to 18°. Shortly after dinner ''Nahzook," Kummuk's wife,
was delivered of a fine girl baby, and both mother and child are doing

well.

March 31, 1896. — Clear, with a strong north-northeast wind, abating
toward evening; snow flying. Antisarlook arrived early in the morn-
ing with the carcass of a deer. He had lost nine in a storm by being
caught in an avalanche of snow. Thermometer, 10° to 6°.

April 1, 1896. — Clear, calm, nice day. Thermometer, 5° to 15°. The
superintendent and Johan left for Antisarlook's place this morning;
also Dunnuk and wife, Antisarlook and boy, and two other sleds,
one of which returned. Wood was hauled and some fish traded.

April 2, 1896. — Clear and calm, clouding over at sunset. Mikkel,
Fredrik, Ahlook, and Wocksock went after moss. At 7 p. m. Mathis
and Sekeoglook came in from the herd, reporting all well at the herd.
The deer that strayed from the station have not come into the herd.
They had been within a few miles of the flock, and then had turned
toward the north. Thermometer, 4° to 0°.

April 3, 1896. — Cloudy in the morning, clearing in the evening. A
calm, fine day. Very quiet around the station. Thermometer, 0°
to 15°.

April 4, 1896. — Clear, with a very light east wind. Provisions were
issued to Mathis Eira and the Eskimos at the herd and station.
Thermometer, 5° to +10°.

April 5, 1896. — Clear, with a very light east wind. Thermometer,
—7° to +5°.

April 6, 1896. — Clear, nice calm day. The moss party returned
about noon. Thermometer, — 7° to +12°.

April 7, 1896. — Clear and calm. The superintendent returned dur-
ing the night and reports Antisarlook's deer 155 in number and in a
splendid condition. A cape sled arrived in the evening. The Lapps
hauled wood. Thermometer, — 2° to +13°.

April 8, 1896.— Clear and calm. Thermometer, +2° to +16°.

April 9, 1896. — Clear and nice, calm. Thermometer, — 5° to 20°.
Dunnuk and family returned to-night from Charley's. The family
had been increased with a little girl while on the visit.

April 10, 1896. — Clear and nice, with a snow flurry and gust of wind

84 INTRODUCTION OF DOMESTIC REINDEER INTO ALASKA.

from the southeast toward evening. Wood hauled. Thermometer,
+10° to +15°.

April 11, 1896. — Overcast, with light snow all day. Thermometer,
+8° to +14°.

April 12, 1896. — Overcast, with strong southeast to southwest wind
and snow. Service, but no Sunday school.

April 13, 1896. — Overcast, with snow, sleet, and rain, with a strong
south wind all day and thawing a little. Thermometer, +20° to +35°.

April 14, 1896. — Clear at times, with cloudy intervals. Strong west
to southwest wind, becoming easterly. The superintendent, Johan,
Fredrik, Ahlook, and Dunnuk went out to the herd this morning.

April 15, 1896. — Clear and calm in the morning, snowing and blow-
ing in the afternoon. Dunnuk's baby died last night and buried,
but nothing was said until this evening. Letters arrived from Mr.
Hanna. Thermometer, + 15° to + 24°.

April 16, 1896. — Calm during the day. Cloudy, with some snow.
At 5 a. m. a gale commenced to blow from the south, accompanied by
snow, thawing a little. Thermometer, +20° to +34°.

April 17, 1896. — Cloudy and storming, a very strong south to south-
west wind during the night. Some snow falling during the day.
Mrs. Brevig has been sick all day. Thermometer, +16° to +10°.

April 18, 1896. — Clear in the morning and mild, clouding over in
the evening, with a light north wind. At 11.58 p. m. (last night) Mrs.
Brevig was delivered of a 7-pound girl. Mother and child are doing
well. Th. Kjellmann gave out the rations to-night, as the superin-
tendent had not returned from the herd yet. Thermometer, +10°
to +15°.

April 19, 1896. — Clear and cloudy, windy and cloudy. No service
or Sunday school, as herders and Lapps were all absent from the
station. The superintendent returned late in the evening. Dunnuk
and Tautook came in with him, as he had failed to send any provisions
with them; there were none at the camp. Thirty fawns and two still-
born. Thermometer, 7° to 5°.

April 20, 1896. — Clear in the morning, cloudy and snowing in the
afternoon. Strong east wind. Thermometer, 5° to 10°.

April 21, 1896. — Cloudy; snowing all day. East wind, veering to the
south; becoming milder. Thermometer, 10° to 21°. Letters arrived
from Moses at Golovin Bay.

April 22, 1896. — Genuine Alaska weather all night and day. Strong
south-southwest wind, with snow and sleet all night and day. Thaw-
ing. Thermometer, 34° all day.

April 23, 1896. — Calm, with occasional sunbeams in the forenoon.
Clouding over with a strong northeast wind in the evening. Tautook,
Dunnuk, and Wocksock, with their families, went up to the herd; also
Samuel, Johan, and Mikkel went after moss. Kummuk refused to go,
and was discharged. Mild. Thermometer, 33° to 45°,

INTRODUCTION OF DOMESTIC REINDEER INTO ALASKA. 85

April 24, 1896. — ^A gale from northwest during the night, abating
some in the forenoon. The snow had drifted badly and all the
entrances were blocked up. Clear and calm in the afternoon. A sled
came in in the morning reporting 27 fawns at Antisarlook's place.
Kummuk refused to leave the station. Thermometer, 5° to 15°.

April 25, 1896. — Clear and calm during the day, but a fresh north
wind during the night. Netaxite arrived from the cape. Very quiet
around the station. Thermometer, +5° to +15°.

April 26, 1896. — Clear and calm till 7 p. m., when it clouded over.
Thermometer, — 5° to +12°. No Sunday school or service, as herders
and Laplanders were all away from the station.

April 27, 1896. — Partly overcast, with medium strong east wind.
Mrs. Hanna left for home at 6.30 this morning, also two other sleds
left for the cape. Some fish were brought in and bought. Mrs. Brevig
was up for a short time during the day. A little snow fell. Johan
and Mikkel returned. Thermometer, — 5° to +12°.

April 28, 1896. — A gale from northwest all day and night, snow
flying. Thermometer, +22° to +7°.

April 29, 1896. — Clear, with medium strong northwest wind. A
sled arrived from Polognik for provisions. Thermometer, 0° to +5°.
Wood was hauled.

April 30, 1896. — Clear and calm, with a rising northwest wind
after 7 p. m. The Poloznik sleds left at 11 a. m. with flour, bran,
and middlings. Thermometer, — 3° to +10°.

May 1, 1896. — Clear, with a strong north wind. Fredrik and Elek-
toon arrived for provisions for the herders and report all well at the
herd; about 100 fawns, and 7 dead. There is scarcity of food among
the Eskimos, as the seal hunting and tomcod fishing has proved a
failure. Thermometer, — 5° to +12°.

May 2, 1896. — Clear and calm. Fredrik and Elektoon left for the
herd with provisions in the afternoon. Letters arrived from Hanna.
Thermometer, +16° to —2°.

May 3, 1896. — Clear, with a strong north-northeast wind all day
and night. Snow flying. No service or Sunday school, as Lapps and
herders were away from the station. Thermometer, +20° to +10°.

May 4, 1896. — Clear, with a light southeast wind. Strong north-
northeast wind during the night. The superintendent took a trip on
snowshoes in the afternoon. Thermometer, +10° to +20°.

May 5, 1896. — Clear and calm till toward evening. Johan and
Mikkel with their families went out toward the moss hut with the
deer, to keep them where the moss is not so thickly covered with
thick, hard snow. Thermometer, +12° to +26°.

May 6, 1896. — Clear and calm. In the evening some snow fell. At
4 p. m. Antisarlook, Mr. Johnson, and Rock, their native interpreter,
came. The two latter are out on a missionary trip to last till after the
s^ips arrive. Thermometer, +15° to +28°.

86 INTRODUCTION OF DOMESTIC REINDEER INTO ALASKA.

May 7, 1896. — Overcast, with a light snowfall. Calm. Service in
Eskimo by Brevig, with the assistance of Mr. Rock. Thermometer,
+10° to +33°.

May 8, 1896. — Clear, nice weather. Service in Eskimo by Mr. John-
son and Rock. Thermometer, +17° to +26°.

May 9, 1896. — Clear and nice, with a light north-northeast wind.
At 10.30 Brevig and Rock left for a place down the coast between
Antisarlook's and Cape Nome. Antisarlook's and another sled left
at the same time.

May 10, 1896. — Clear, with a strong northeast wind in the forenoon.
Calm and mild in the afternoon.

May 11, 1896. — Strong northeast wind all day. A native woman
came in and reported she had seen a deer and fawn in the mountains
back of the station. The superintendent went out and found them.
Kummuk was sent out to watch them.

May 12, 1896. — Clear and bright; a strong northwest wind, and drift-
ing badly. The superintendent went out to the moss party on skis
to bring back a Lapp and deer to hunt for the stray deer. Johan
came back with two deer. Kummuk had not found the deer last night.

May 13, 1896. — Clear and bright. The superintendent started out
in search of the deer in the evening, taking Johan along.

May 14, 1896. — Foggy in the morning; clearing, with light south-
southwest wind ; calm in the evening ; mild. Brevig and Rock returned
in the afternoon, 12. 30 p. m., from Ah haw look, having traveled every
day for six days. Service after supper.

May 15, 1896. — Clear and calm; thawing a little. In the evening
the superintendent and Johan returned, having followed the deer into
the mountains; they could not come within rifle range of it. Mikkel
and wife and Johan's wife and child returned from the moss hut.
Samuel and Sekeoglook came in from the herd, reporting all well and
the camp 2 miles nearer the station. Thermometer, +15° to +35°.

May 16, 1896.— Clear and calm. Thermometer, 20° to 40°. Seal oil
prepared for the camp.

May 17, 1896. — Clear and calm. Thermometer, 25° to 43°. Service,
with baptism of "Dagny Alaska" Brevig. Eskimo service in the
afternoon, but few attending. A few tents were erected on the beach
by Noometes.

May 18, 1896.— Clear, calm ; thawing. Thermometer, +25° to +42°.
Shoveling snow and opening tunnels in the afternoon.

May 19, 1896. — Clear and thawing; north-northwest wind in the
afternoon. At 7 p. m. Kjellmann, Johnson, Rock, Samuel, and Seke-
oglook left, all with deer for the herd. Thermometer, +28° to +45°.

May 20, 1896. — Clear, with a strong north-northwest wind all day
and night. Tidings were brought that the deer and fawn are yet in
the mountains. Thermometer, +12° to +31°.

May 21, 1896. — Clear, with a medium strong north wind. Several

INTRODUCTION OF DOMESTIC REINDEER INTO ALASKA. 87

sleds left for the sandpit, among which was Ah gaetarlook. Johann
(Omelik) hauled wood. Thermometer, +18° to +33°.

May 22, 1896. — Clear, with a medium strong north wind. Johan,
Kjellmann, and Rock returned in the forenoon. Johnson's deer had
the misfortune to break its leg as it left the camp. They reported
about 120 fawns, 9 dead. Thermometer, 2o° to 33°.

May 23, 1896. — Calm and clear. Dunnuk, Wocksock, Tautook
and wife, and Ahlook came in from the herd for provisions. The
superintendent came home late in the evening, his deer breaking his
hip joint in coming down the hills behind the station. In the after-
noon a deer tied out east of the station got scared by a dog and broke
loose. Johan, Wocksock, and Ahlook went out after it with deer.

May 24, 1896. — Partly overcast; bright in the evening. Two serv-
ices in Eskimo. The herders went out late in the evening with their
provisions. Several loads of lake people arrived and left for the sand-
spit. The disabled deer was taken out to the herd strapped to a sled.
Thermometer, 26^ to 42^.

May 25, 1896. — Clear, calm, bright. At 7 p. m. Mr. Johnson and
Rock left for the cape. Kummuk also left in the evening. Ther-
mometer, 28^ to 40°. Johan and Mikkel brought logs.

May 26, 1896.— Clear and calm. Thermometer, '30° to 40°. Late
in the evening the superintendent, Johan, and Mikkel left for the site
of building the herders' claim for next winter, with the logs brought
for that purpose.

May 27, 1896. — Partly overcast the forenoon; clear, with a fresh
north wind, in the afternoon. Fredrik and Elektoon came in for pro-
visions in the night. Thermometer, +28*^ to +39*^.

May 28, 1896. — Clear and bright, with a light north wind, all day.
Samuel came in during the night and reports six fawns and two dead,
making the number of deer 327 and 133 fawns. Thermometer, +29°
to +410.

May 29, 1896.— Clear, calm, nice. Thermometer, 28° to 46°.
Nazook, Kummuk's wife and her children were taken over to the
sandspit to-night by her nephew. She is very sick. Her old father
went with her.

May 30, 1896. — Clear, warm, calm. Mathis left late in the evening.
A sled arrived from the cape reporting one three-masted vessel sighted.
He had water boots and waterproof skins to sell for flour, but the su-
perintendent would not buy them, although the herders are asking for
them and there are none at the station. Two white fox skins were
bought. Wocksock sent in for water boots and was sent an old pair
that Elektoon had discarded as useless last summer.

May 31, 1896. — Overcast, with a light shower in the evening. Johan
and Mikkel returned in the morning early. The superintendent left
on a hunting trip between 12 and 1 a. m. He returned in the even-
ing. Kummuk cakne home about noon with letters from Hanna and

88 INTRODUCTION OP DOMESTIC REINDEER INTO ALASKA.

Johnson; also three of Johnson's dogs; 85 fawns reported at the cape
and 8 dead.

June 1, 1896. — Clear, with a light north-northeast wind in the even-
ing. Tidings were brought in that the deer and fawn up in the moun-
tains were shot, but the name of the party could not be ascertained.
A seal was offered for a box of tobacco, but not bought. Johan and
Mikkel hauled wood. The tundra is nearly bare of snow.

June 2, 1896. — Clear, with a strong north-northeast wind all night
and day. Johan and Mikkel brought wood in the night and are leav-
ing again to-night for more wood. Tidings were brought in that a
polar bear had been seen last night near Cape Riley by a native boy.
Hunters that were out could not discover bear nor his tracks. It
sounds like a hoax.

June 3, 1896. — Clear and bright, with a very strong north-north-
east wind all night and day. Very quiet around the station.

June 4, 1896. — Clear, with strong north-northeast wind in the night
and forenoon ; calm in the afternoon. Per and Fredrik came in for
their provisions. Johan and Mikkel were sent out after stones for a
projected bath house, but as the bare tundra is not the best sleighing
ground, the rocks had to be left some distance out. Provisions were
issued to the Lapps.

June 5, 1896. — Clear and nice, with a fog in the evening. Dunnuk
and Sekeoglook came in in the morning for provisions, and with Per
and Fredrik went out again in the evening. At 6 p. m. Johan, Mik-
kel, and Brevig went up the lagoon, hunting.

June 6, 1896. — Clearing in the forenoon. Frost and fog during the
night. The hunters returned at 7 a. m. with 15 birds. Calm, but
chilly.

June 7, 1896. — Foggy in the morning; cold, with heavy frost dur-
ing the night. Sunday service. Clear and bright in the afternoon.
Per reported 132 fawns and 332 deer of the different kinds.

June 8, 1896. — Clear and calm till toward evening, when a light
north wind with fog sprang up. Mikkel and wife went out to the
herd to stay some time. Johan and Kjellmann also went out to bring
in new deer and moss. The superintendent went out hunting in
the evening. Tautook and wife came in early in the morning, she
being sick from rheumatism. Tautook went up to the herd again in
the evening.

June 9, 1896. — Snowstorm, with strong southwest to south wjlid all
day and night; cold.

June 10, 1896. — Strong west wind during the night, abating some
in the morning; snowing nearly all the forenoon; freezing.

June 11, 1896. — Partly overcast; light west wind ; heavy frost last
night; some fixing up around the house; very quiet.

June 12, 1896. — Clear in the afternoon; heavy frost last night;
light west to northwest wind. Kjellmann and Johan returned late

INTRODUCTION OF DOMESTIC REINDEER INTO ALASKA. 89

last night and report one yearling died while giving birth to a large
calf. Johan, Kjellmann, and the superintendent left late in the
evening for the lumber beach to get material for a fist stanchion and
oars for the small boats.

June 13, 1896. — Clear in the forenoon; a chilly fog in the afternoon
and heavy frost in the night. The party returned in the morning
and brought the dingy with them. Brevig has painted some of their
rooms. Tautook came in in the evening.

June 14, 1896. — Partly clear; fog morning and evening and heavy
frost in the night. No service or Sunday school, as all the herders
are out at the camp and only one Lapp family at the station.

June 15, 1896. — Fog all day. The hunters returned shortly after
dinner with 33 birds. Heavy frost during the night. House-cleaning
processes in ferment.

June 16, 1896. — Overcast, with strong south wind and snow all day.
Solitude reigns at Teller Reindeer Station.

June 17, 1896. — Overcast, with a heavy snowfall in the morning.
Clearing up in the afternoon. Heavy frost in the evening. Johan,
Widstead, and Brevig went up the lagoon hunting in the evening.

June 18, 1896. — Clear and nice, the snow from yesterday disappear-
ing. The hunters returned about noon with 22 birds.

June 19, 1896. — Overcast, with a light west wind, and rain in the
afternoon. Fredrik and Ahlook came in from the herd, reporting
all O. K.

June 20, 1896. — Overcast in the forenoon, clearing in the evening.
Ahlook and Fredrik left to-day. Tautook, Wocksock, Dunnuk,
Elektoon, and Sekeoglook came in for their provisions to-day and
left in the evening. The superintendent also went out later on.
Cutting wood and cleaning up around the station.

June 21, 1896. — Overcast, with rain and fog in the forenoon, and
part of the afternoon with light west wind. The wind changed to
northwest at 5 p. m., and it cleared up. Sunday service.

June 22, 1896. — Snowing all forenoon, clearing in the afternoon.
Medium strong north-northwest wind. It froze last night. The super-
intendent and Wocksock returned early in the morning.

June 23, 1896. — Clear and chilly. A very heavy frost last night.
A door was put in from the hall into the superintendent's parlor.
General cleaning up. The drift in front of the house had van-
ished partly, assisted thereto by the teacher's shovel. A man came
in from the sandpit this morning and reports seal scarce.

June 24, 1896. — Overcast, with showers and shifting winds. Clean-
ing around the station. Very quiet.

June 25, 1896. — Strong southeast to southwest wind, with rain all
day and night. At noon the wind ceased, but the rain continued all
day and evening. Mikkel came down from the herd in the night and
reported all well at both herds. He went up again this morning.

90 INTRODUCTION OF DOMESTIC REINDEER INTO ALASKA.

June 26, 1896. — Cloudy, with very light variable winds. A sled
started from the sandpit crossing the bay on ice toward Cape Riley.
Continued cleaning up around the premises.

June 27, 1896. — Cloudy in the morning, clearing up with a medium
strong north-northeast wind. Mathis and Tautook came in from the
herd. Mathis reported that the deer disabled by the superintendent
is getting worse and will soon have to be killed. He wanted to get
his provisions, as it is four weeks since he got his, and to have some
remain at the herd while the rest get their provisions. He was
refused, and was supplied by me with enough to eke out for him-
self and family to July 2, the regular provision day. Mrs. Kemi
is very sick, and received the sacrament to-day. She seems near
death. Samuel Kemi asked me to help him to get some help, as he
had asked the superintendent, but he had refused to let him have any
in the house. I engaged a boy to help him until there is a change.

June 28, 1896. — Clear and calm. Strong northeast wind during the
night. Sunday service. In the afternoon Brevig and family went up
on top of the hill back of the station and through the glass saw a ship
oif Kings Island.

June 29, 1896. — Clear and calm. Kummuk and Edd (whaler) came
in from the sand pit across the ice and reported much ice outside.
Inside the bay the ice remains the same. Mrs. Kemi is getting worse.
A thin crust of ice had formed on the water last night. Mathis and
Tautook left for the herd during the night and Wocksock left late in
the evening. Brevig partly filled the ditch behind the house with
debris and sand. Kummuk reported his baby dead and his wife very
sick and food very scarce.

June 30, 1896. — A chilly fog nearly all day; calm, occasional very
light winds from southwest in the afternoon. Carl Brevig's grave
was decorated. The superintendent put down the carpet in his room.
Mrs. Kemi remains the same. The ice is broken up some along the
shores and open water is visible here and there.

INTBODUCTION OF DOMESTIC BEIHDEER INTO ALASKA. 91

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REPORT OF DOMESTIC REINDEER AT CAPE PRINCE OF

WALES.

By Thomas Hanna, In Charge.

Cape Prince of Wales, Jxdy i, 1896.

Sir: I herewith send you a statement showing the number of rein-
deer in herd at Cape Prince of Wales, Alaska, on July 1, 1896; also
number of fawns calved, number of deaths, causes, etc. :

Olddeerinherd July 1,1896 169

Calves in herd July 1, 1896 84

Total 253

Deaths of old deer during year:

Injured infighting 8

Killed by dogs 1

Killed by herders for marriage feast 1

Died by causes unknown 2

Total 7

Fawns:

Killed by dogs 2

Killed by white foxes 8

Desertion of mother 8

Stillborn 8

From causes unknown 5

Total 16

There are at present in charge of herd five herders who might be
called apprentices, as this is but third year of service for them in
reindeer business.

It must be said that our herders have been faithful in detail during
all seasons of the year.

We have sled deer trained, more than needed to do all the hauling
of wood, station work, and pleasure driving.

We have been milking but little, mostly cows without fawns.

The collar harness made by Mr. Lopp we find best suited to our use.

The summer of last year and fall were very pleasant; the winter
was one of intense cold and very long, the ice only breaking at pres-
ent date, July 10. . : , ,_ : .

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100 INTRODUCTION OF DOMESTIC REINDEER INTO ALASKA.

There is no need of fear of deer not living in Alaska, when ours
have turned out so well and increased so rapidly.

The families belonging to herders have taken deep interest in and
care of them, providing some clothing and food when we had not an
ample supply for their use. All the people are longing for deer.
Many of the chief families would gladly take herds on Government
conditions.

We ought to take at once, say, five apprentice herders, so as to
have them trained in order that herds might be loaned at an early
date. Can we promise such loan of herds? If so, I believe we could
have apprentices without providing food and clothing or any cost
whatever to our missionary board.

I have only to express the joy and hope that personally I feel in
this great undertaking for this very deserving and needy people.

Hoping to have some words of cheer from you, I am, dear sir, very

truly, yours,

Thomas Hanna,

Superintendent and Teacher.

Dr. Sheldon Jackson,

United States General Aye7it of Edtication in Alaska.

ANNUAL REPORT OF HERD OF DOMESTIC REINDEER AT

GOLOVIN BAY.

By N. O. HuLTBERO, In Charge.

GoLOviN Bay, Alaska, August 12, 1896.

Sir: I have the honor to report that the herd arrived at this place
from Port Clarence on the 25th of January, 1896. At first the herd
was kept 5 or 6 miles north of the station, where there was moss in
abundance. As we had a number of steers, my thought fell on how to
get them trained. I ordered the boys to work with them every day,
but it proved to be too hard work for them, as they are all very lazy.
I then ordered the herd to be moved farther off. So it was moved to
about 30 miles northwest of the station. Each of the boys then had
to go home once a week for his own provisions, and if he came home
with an old deer, he had to go back again with an empty sled. In this
way we broke 11 new deer before spring. Before the calving season
began the herd was moved again to a good sheltered place. The first
calf was born April 13. April 18 I found 13 calves born. May 1 78
were born, and on May 14 the last was bom. So the calving season
took just a month. The weather was very severe during two-thirds
of that month. It also caused the death of several calves. The Lapp
assured me that if we had not had so good a place for them we would
have lost at least half of the fawns. You will find from the inclosed
list the number of those that died.

In June some kind of disease broke out among the deer. It took
several fawns and two old deer. At present the herd is in a pros-
perous condition. I have had a good deal of trouble with the native
herds. As soon as they came here, Martin sold two of his deer to Mr.
A. Dexter, trader at this place, and two to another man, all without
my knowledge. I was informed of this by my former interpreter, Mr.
F. Eomasoff. I asked Martin, and he said : * ' Yes ; I sell my deer. No
your deer. I sell if I want to." I could not very well do anything to
him, as I heard myself when at Port Clarence that he was told by the
superintendent, Mr. Widstead, that down here he could sell his deer
for a very high price. I told Martin that if he sold his deer without
permission he would have to leave himself, and the best he could do

101

102 INTRODUCTION OF DUUEBTIC BEINDEER INTO ALASKA.

was to tell the buyers they could not have any deer, and so he did.
Martiu is a hard lioy to control.

Tfttpan is a very contented boy and faithful in watching, though he
sometimes is pretty lazy. Okithon has appeared to be the best boy.
He is always contented. When he has work to do, he works till he
gets through with it,

Moses is a very careless boy. He is not to be depended upon in
anything; acts contrary to orders, and is never satisfied. He left
the herd the 13th of April because he could not get white man's
grub. He was sent back again, as he said himself, by Mr. E. Enget-
stand, trader at Unalaklik, after two weeks. I told him then that I
did not want him. He went out to the herd, where he told the others
that he was told by Mr, Engelstand to go back, and if I did not want
him he should stay with the herd and take his grub from Mr. Dexter.
Under such circumstances I thought it best to give him his grub as
before, and let him stay until Mr. Prevost came down. Thus he stayed
here until the 27th of July, when he was sent home by orders from yoit.
To the Lapp and family I give the best recommendation, as far as herd-
ing is concerned. They have stayed by the herd steadily since they
came here, Thoy say, "The herd is our home and our joy." As we
ourselves, so had they to live very scantily for some time, on account
of being short, of provisions. After they found out that we really
were short they made no complaint.

The native herders have each had 1 pound of flour a day and 1 pound
of tea a month. I have counted two lumps of sugar a day for each.
They had all the native grub they could eat, and all the ammunition
they wanted for hunting. We have shot five doga. Three of them
belonged to the station; we have not yet found the owners of Uie
others.

On the 25th of February a deer ran away with a sled. We found
the deer tangled up in some bushes, nearly snowed over, but alive.

Reindeer aceount.

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Very respectfully, yours,

Dr. Sheldon Jackson,

United States General Agent of Education i

N. O. HULTBERG.

TRANSFER OP REINDEER TO THE SWEDISH MISSION STATION AT
OOLOVIN BAY AND EPISCOPAL MISSION AT FORT ADAMS.

GOLOViN Bat, February 5, 1896.

SlR: In eompftny with Mr. Howard, from the St. James MissioD, I
started for Port Clarence the 28th of December, 1895, to bring the
reindeer which were to be brought down to Golovin Bay. We arrived
at Port Clarence the 1st of January, 1896. Oar way was over the
mountains. The temperature was between — 35° and — 12° during
the trip. At Port Clarence we were guests of Mr. and Mrs. Brevig,
who were verj' delight«d over our visit. After much delay, we at
last got ready to start for the herd, which was about 30 to 40 miles
oflf, the 13th of January.

We were very surprised to hear of the order given that only 50
head were to be delivered for each place, Golovin Bay and Fort
Adams, half males and half females. I decided to not take any deer
at all, because 25 cows will only pay the herders for the first year,
besides a herd of 50, the Lapps said, would be impossible to take ear©
of when there are wolves around. Mr. Howard insisted on my taking
them if we got two-thirds cows, which the superintendent at last
promiseil us. So we concluded to keep them all at Golovin Bay until
next winter, as the herd then would be a little bi^er.

Accompanied by one of the Lapps, our boys, and Mr, Kjellmann,
who is an old bat a wise man, we started for the herd. We were two

104 INTRODUCTION OP DOMESTIC REINDEER INTO ALASKA.

days on the way there. The 16th, in the afternoon, we were ready to
leave for Golovin Bay. The 25th of January we arrived at Gk)lo\an
Bay, everything having gone first rate by the aid of the Lapps, Mikkel,
and Aslak.

Sincerely, yours, N. O. Hultberg,

Missionary at Oolovin Bay.
Dr. Sheldon Jackson.

reindeer HERD REPORT, GOLOVIN BAY, 1896.

Golovin Bay, July 10, 1896.
Sir : As I have opportunity, I will send you a few lines. It has been a
very late spring on account of the severe winter, which has kept on till
so late. We have not been able to go on water before about the 1st of
July. It was very stormy and cold during the calving season; it
caused the death of several calves. In other respects the herd is get-
ting on nicely. The Lapps say that this is the best place for reindeer
they ever saw; that the Gk)vernment would gain a good deal by bring-
ing the whole herd down here.

Yours, truly, N. O. HULTBERG,

Missionary.
Dr. Sheldon Jackson.

106 INTRODUCTION OF DOMESTIC REINDEER INTO ALASKA.

not only would one deer haul more than their team of dogs, but that by hitching
each behind the other a single man could handle a half dozen sleds or more.

As the night was cloudy and dark, we were forced to go into camp early, picket-
ing our deer in the same manner as horses.

January 14. — This morning we had a very long hill to climb, and upon arriving
at the summit, to my dismay I noticed that the other side was so steep that I
wondered how it was possible to descend with our loads. I was not to remain
long in doubt. One of the Lapps, after the deer had been given sufficient rest,
unharnessed his animal, tied the lougee to the rear of the sled, which he pulled
over the edge of the hill, and jumping on, started, the deer bracing himself with
his four feet and pulling backward. As they flew down the hill they were
obscured by a streak of whirling snow, marking the path of descent like the tail
of a comet. Others followed, and as they met with no accident, I jumped on the
sled and started, after having well assured myself there was no other place of
descent less precipitous. I arrived safely at the bottom, but it is an experience I
have no desire of repeating. About noon we arrived at the place where the herd
was feeding. The Lapps had constructed two corrals of brush, into the larger of
which the deer will be driven, our deer selected and marked, and then placed in
the smaller one.

The Lapps live in tents similar to the ordinary Indian tepee, as they can more
readily move with the deer from one pasture to another. They dress entirely in
deerskins in winter, using the heavy winter fur for that purpose, which gives
them the appearance of having very broad shoulders and permits them to sleep
out in the coldest weather without any other protection.

Upon visiting a Lapp family I was invariably offered a cup of coffee accompa-
nied with a lump of sugar, which it would be considered an act of discourtesy to
refuse. The coffee I noticed had a saline taste, and afterwards discovered that the
Lapps seasoned it with salt, which made it somewhat unpleasant to the taste.
Mr. Hultberg told me that in one day he had drunk 13 cups of this beverage,
having made that number of visits.

January 15. — This morning the deer, numbering about 500, were driven into the
larger corral, where the work of separating began. It was not until evening that
the work was accomplished, when our deer were driven some distance from the
main herd and left in charge of a herder for the night.

January 16.— It was late this morning when we started on our journey. My driv-
ing deer, which was a fresh one from the herd, was inclined to be somewhat frolic-
some. He was undoubtedly taking an unfair advantage of my inexperience, and
in such a manner as to make me feel decidedly nervous. He would go from side to
side, causing the sled to make a succession of small curves, or he would turn com-
pletely around, as if he was trying to make as small a circle as possible, with a
view to upsetting the sled. Finally he turned around in such a manner as to get
the trace between his fore legs, then stood still, and looked at me as if he enjoyed
my discomfiture. I certainly would have been in a serious predicament had it
not been for the timely assistance of one of the Lapps who had followed us some
distance. He grabbed the deer by the horns and in no gentla manner turned
him about, and after giving him a smart cut with the end of the lougee, jumped
on the sled. The deer started at a lively pace and in such a manner as to indicate
that he was mastered. In a few moments we caught up with the other deer, and
as a preventive of future antics of the same nature, I tied him to the rear of
another sled, when he trotted along in rather a dejected manner, as if conscious
of the fact that he was in disgrace.

It was a pleasant surprise to find how easily a herd of deer can be driven. They
bunch together like so many sheep when traveling, and one Lapp and his dog can
handle a large herd as easily as a man can drive a team of horses hitched to a

INTRODUCTION OF DOMESTIC REINDEER INTO ALASKA. 107

wagon. At abont 6 o*clock we arrived at a village with a name that I was nnable
to reproduce in chirography. Mr. Hultberg and I soon fonnd ourselves snngly
ensconced in an empty barabra. The herd was driven some distance from the vil-
lage, where plenty of moss was found, and there left by themselves for the night,
the Lapps assuring us that they needed no watching and would be found there in
the morning.

January 19. — On the 17th and 18th we experienced some very cold weather,
combined with the usual winds. To-day we crossed the summit of the range that
divides Port Clarence from the Golovin Bay district. The weather was remark-
able for being entirely devoid of wind. On the summit there was a perfect calm,
a meteorological phenomenon rarely witnessed in this section. We are cami)ed
at a village (?) composed of one barabra and occupied by a very large family, who
welcomed us with outstretched arms, undoubtedly anticipating a feast over the
remnants of our supper; but if so, they were disappointed, as our stock of provi-
sions, which was short at the start, owing to the scarcity at Port Clarence, is
being reduced to an alarming extent, necessitating our living almost entirely upon
native food.

The natives on the coast, as a rule, are very hospitable to travelers, who are
always welcomed. Should they be aroused at midnight they do not seem annoyed
nor inconvenienced, but will immediately set to work to build a fire, get fresh
water, and in their humble way endeavor to make their guests as comfortable as
possible. The women invariably take charge of the boots, cleaning them of ice
and snow before hanging them up to dry, and in the morning will prepare them
with dry straw, after carefully examining them to see if they need repairing.
A little flour and a small handful of tea is considered by them ample compensation.

The women. I noticed, are more industrious than the men. Languid indolence
seems foreign to their nature, and their patience under trying circumstances is a
virtue our women of civilization might deem worthy of emulation.

January 24. — At noon we arrived at Gk)lovin Bay, where we were soon doing
justice to a bountiful repast spread before us by Mrs. Hultberg.

MR. L M. STEVENSON'S TRIP INLAND FROM POINT BARROW

IN THE WINTER OF 1895-96.

On the 26th of November, 1895, in company with some natives, I
made a sled trip into the interior of Alaska, penetrating south as far
as the latitude of Point Lay, traveling a distance of nearly 500 miles
in the round trip.

The country is mostly level until the foothills of the Meade River
Mountains are reached, when it is suddenly broken and rugged.

Through this region flows the Kooloogorooh, a broad stream, with
long winding curves many miles in length, but a short distance by land
from one to the other. The south bank is fringed with a growth of
willows from 5 to 9 feet high, while on the north bank there is a growth
of wild rye, wild rice, and other similar products, and the reindeer moss
is seen everywhere.

The snow is never more than 9 inches deep, usually less, and a sled
breaks through to the ground except in the drifts.

The entire country is well adapted to the herding of domestic rein-
deer, the moss in winter and grass in summer being in sufficient
quantity for their support.

Coal veins of greater or less width crop out frequently, the largest
seen by me being 20 feet or more in width and standing boldly out of
the bluff.

Five stations might be located as follows: One at Otekeahoa, one at
Pooleame, one at Cavearo, one at Colloovah, one at or near the largest
coal vein.

The stations thus located will not be nearer to each other than from

30 to 50 miles.
106

110 INTRODUCTION OF DOMESTIC REINDEER INTO ALASKA.

apprentice, replaced from his deer. Where one or more natives kill
or injure a deer, procure all the evidence possible, that they may be
punished. When deer stray from the herd and are returned by the
natives, reward them.

There are seven female deer in the Cape Nome herd which have been
purchased from Charley and the apprentices. When convenient,
these should be brought to the herd at the station.

It appears that some of the apprentices have offered to sell their
deer to traders. This will not be allowed. If an apprentice attempts
it, he must not be allowed to remove the deer from the herd.

HERDERS.

As the time of the Lapps expires next summer, it is desirable that
you aiTange with some of them to remain two years longer.

If you decide that next season will be a favorable time for you to go
to Lapland to secure a permanent colony of Lapps for Alaska, you
will make your arrangements accordingly. You will also arrange to
take with you one or two of the most influential of the Lapps as
assistants.

It is not expedient at present to add to the number of apprentices
taken from the people dwelling in the vicinity of Port Clarence. The
family which I bring you from Point Barrow, and perhaps one or two
that may be sent up from the Kuskokwim River, are all the new ones
that will be added to the force this year. Give the new ones a fair
and just trial, and if any one proves a failure you can send him home
next season.

As it is important that the apprentices be habituated to a nomadic
life, they will not this year spend four months at the station attend-
ing school. I hope ultimately to arrange for a school in the imme-
diate neighborhood of the herd and to require the attendance of the
herders and apprentices.

The instructions of August 1, 1894, on page 63 of Reindeer Report
of 1894, allowing apprentices 2 deer the first year, 5 the second, and
10 the third, are herebj" countermanded.

The old apprentices will be allowed the deer that have already been
issued to them, together with the increase of the same, but no more
are to be issued until further orders. Care should be taken in prop-
erly marking the deer and fawns belonging to each apprentice. The
apprentices who went with the herd to Golovin Bay claimed their full
number of does, and every doe had a fawn each year, and none of
them died during the years that the apprentices had been serving.
This looks as if proper regard had not been had with respect to mark-
ing the animals.

The feeding, clothing, and instruction of a man and his family are
ample payment for his services while learning his trade. Experience
has shown that the apprentice at the station makes a better living

INTRODUCTION OP DOMESTIC REINDEER INTO ALASKA. Ill

than his apssociates at home. When he completes his apprenticeship,
it may be proper to give him some deer for a start, but if this done,
it will be as a gift and not wages.

The term of apprenticeship will be five years. The herders that have
secured deer are not allowed to remove them from the main herd,
except they go in company with others to make up a new herd of not
less than 100 head.

DOGS.

Frequently remind the Lapps of the necessity of keeping their breed
of dogs pure. Do not let them cross with the Eskimo dog. Also have
the Lapps train two dogs apiece, so that there will be a supply of
trained dogs to send out with new herds.

MORALS.

I would call your special attention to rules on morals, issued August
1, 1894, page 64, Reindeer Rei)ort, 1894.

From the log book and other sources of information there is reason
to believe that the superintendent has not insisted upon the observ-
ance of these rules as strongly as he should. Not even hunting, fish-
ing, or breaking deer is to be allowed on Sunday.

TRADING.

The Grovemment is not running a store at the reindeer station.
The supply of trade goods furnished is to procure reindeer skins, seal
skins and oil, boots, fuel, pay for labor, etc.; also to supply the
Lapps with such things as they are expected to buy; and not for
the purposes of general trade. The employees of the Government at
the station and camps are hereby forbidden to trade in whalebone at
all, or in furs, etc., for shipment out of the country, or trading to
other parties for shipment out of the country or away from the sta-
tions or for trading to other parties. The breaking of this rule will
be considered sufficient cause for dismissal from service. Reindeer
and seal skins, furs, boots, and supplies needed at any of the other
schools or mission stations can be purchased by your station and sold
to the others, after your station has secut'ed sufficient for its own use.

As reindeer skins are both more expensive and more difficult to pro-
cure than seal skins, you will encourage, especially in summer, the use
of seal-skin garments by the apprentices.

As the natives have learned to make liquor from molasses, none
must be given or traded from the station. And the supply of molasses
issued as rations to the apprentices must be looked after.

By an act of Congress every Government school is required to teach
that liquors and tobacco are injurious to the human system. But
such teaching will have little influence if the Government furnishes
a regular supply of tobacco. Therefore none is to be traded or given

112 INTRODUCTION OF DOMESTIC REINDEER INTO ALASKA.

at the station, except that which by agreement is required for the
Lapps. Hereafter tobacco is to be ordered in quantity only sufficient
for the supply of the Lapps.

As the herders are removed inland, no more parties need be sent
out in the spring for seal, but you will purchase the necessary seal
skins and oil from the natives.

You are also authorized to purchase wood for the schoolhouse from
the natives.

Christmas and New Year presents can not be made at the expense
of the Government.

RATIONS.

By the present ration list I notice that fish and seal oil are issued
without limit, and full rations besides. The apprentices should be
kept as far as possible on their native diet, and not create wants
which it will be difficult for them to supply when they go out by them-
selves. Hence they should be encouraged to eat seal oil and fish, and
less of the food brought up from San Francisco at heavy expense.
The Government wishes them to be well fed, but in doing so does not
wish to create expensive or wasteful habits, nor to issue food to be
given to their relatives. They are now receiving a larger allowance
than the Government furnishes the sailors on the revenue vessels.
When reindeer meat is issued to the Lapps, you will decrease the
supply of salt meat for that month's ration. When reindeer are
killed for food, see to it that the old and crippled are taken.

When Dr. Kittilsen is called off to a distance to attend to the sick,
you can furnish him with food for the trip from the station, the same
to be paid for by the party calling for his services.

You can also take supplies from the station for yourself upon your
trip to the Yukon and Kuskokwim rivers. When supplies are so
issued, make a regular account of them.

The rations which the assistants now receive will feed them upon
the trip.

Very truly, yours, Sheldon Jackson,

General Agent.

William A. Kjellmann,

Superintendent of Teller Reindeer Station.

DR. LYALL'S REPORT ON EPIDEMIC AMONG REINDEER.

Unalaska, Alaska, September 17, 1896.

SiB: Do you desire a report of the hurried and consequently imper-
fect investigation into the disease prevailing among the 400 or 500
reindeer at Teller Station, as made by Dr. Kittilsen and myself? I
feel I must plead my incompetency to do such an important subject
the justice it demands, for my observations were hot made with any
idea of my being called upon to express them in black and white.
Such a disease requires the closest observation into its characteristics
during the whole course that it runs, so as to describe it in that lucid
manner so essential for a guide to its proper treatment by those who
may desire to investigate it further. As you may have observed,
among the dozen or more examined by us some showed the incep-
tion of the disease in the slightly swollen ring around the hard portion
of the hoof, while others of the severest type had the hoof immensely
swollen, broken down, and discharging a strong-smelling sanguino-
purulent matter, welling up from sinews running all through the
affected area, whether located around the hoof, the knee, the thigh,
back, or lower jaw. In the inception of the disease the swollen part is
to the touch hard and resisting, but as the disease advances, fluctua-
tion shows the breaking down of the tissues, when, if not lanced, it in
time breaks through the skin, gradually forming a sluggish-looking
ulcer, bathed with pus and having hard, sharp-cut edges. Recommend-
ing as I did the early and free incision into the pus cavity, washing out
the pus, and curetting the diseased tissue, so as to remove as much as
possible the possibility of its being taken up by the absorbents and
carried throughout the system, I was not only carrying out a sound
surgical principle and procedure but also emphasized my belief in
the primary seat of the disease being in the hoof and knee together,
but if only one of these, always the hoof, and thereby cutting off the
sources of infection from the lungs and liver, the only two internal
organs we were so far able to find infected. Sections of these you
have in your possession, and after examination through the micro-
scope additional pathological data can be adduced. I only regret our
neglect to include sections of the diseased muscular and connective
tissue, which on cutting gave one the impression of resistance to the
knife much like that of cartilage, although it was more friable, and

S. Doc. 49 8

114 INTRODUCTION OF DOMESTIC REINDEER INTO ALASKA.

seemed to be somewhat granular. In some of the worst cases the
hoofs were almost dropping off, and necrosis of the bones had com-
menced. That the succeeding infection of the lungs and liver was
the result of septicaemia I have little doubt, but the microscope will
reveal many additional facts.

In Scotland, where the sheep are often wintered by putting them on
sections of the turnip field, which often is wet and muddy, I have
seen what went under the name of foot rot there very prevalent, and
again since being in Alaska I have observed the same disease in a
few slicep brought up from the States and turned loose on the islands
where the ground was continually soaked with water. This disease
in the sheep presented symptoms similar to those seen among the
reindeer. They became sluggish and drooping if the treatment of
the disease was neglected too long, so as to infect the rest of the sys-
tem, losing appetite, and finally dying. The treatment followed,
viz., "a mixtureof tar, crude carbolic acid, and boracic acid," was the
same as I recommended in the case of the deer, the parts, of course,
being first thoroughly cleaned out and the animals turned onto dry
pasture. Hoping this may aid you somewhat in coping with this dis-
ease, I am, very respectfully, yours,

Robert Lyall, M. D.

Dr. Sheldon Jackson,

United States Oeneral Agent of Education in Alaska.

THE COLONIZATION OF LAPPS.

Madison, Wis. , February 12, 1896.

Sir: In reply to your inquiries concerning the formation of perma-
nent colonies of Laplanders in Alaska, etc. , the following may be of
service :

I believe some of the Lapps at present in Alaska can be persuaded
to renew their contracts for a couple of years if they are sufficiently
and properly urged.

With respect to the possibilities of getting a colony of Lapps to
move to Alaska and remain there, I think this can indeed bo accom-
plished, but many difficulties are connected with such an enterprise,
especially the transportation of their herds. I do not think, however,
the attempt can l>e carried out before the Lapps now in Alaska, or
some of them, have returned to Lapland with a satisfactory result of
their journey, and also with a satisfactory account of Alaska and its
future as a reindeer country. The Laplanders are cautious people
and will not easily be persuaded to a new and unattempted enterprise
unless they are thoroughly convinced that the result will be in their
favor.

The question of the immigration of the Laplanders has for many
years been of interest to me, as I have seen that it is only a matter of
time when the Lapps will be compelled to migrate on account of the
increase in population and decrease in pasturages for reindeer. This
fact has not escaped their notice, and the most prominent among them
have made several investigations concerning the most appropriate
place to migrate to. If simple calculation is to be taken into account,
America must become the future home of the Laplanders. This con-
clusion I reach in the following manner: The Lapps have tried to
move to the mountains of southern Norway and Sweden, but only a
limited number can there find pasture for their herds, as all the valleys
are occupied by peasants, who use the land for agricultural purposes
and are greatly opposed to the coming of the Lapps. The farmers
have already made many complaints concerning the destruction of
their fields and meadows by the reindeer. To Russia the Laplanders
will not go. Southern Europe is not favorable for the production of
reindeer. Iceland and Greenland could probably receive some, but
the possibility to defray more than the necessary expenses is very
slight, as there is hardly a market for their produce. The American
continent alone remains. The United States has Alaska, and Canada
has its whole northern extent from the Atlantic to the Pacific to offer.

116 INTRODUCTION OF DOMESTIC REINDEER INTO ALASKA.

When the present conditions of these two areas of land are compared,
the conclusion is involuntarily reached that the northern parts of
Canada must, at present, be preferred as the future home for the
Lapps. The reason of this is that from the northern parts of Canada
a market for the produce can be more easily reached than from Alaska,
where no neighboring market can at present be reached, and there is
no home market either.

llie Lapps are a civilized people, and as such will try to find a new
home where they may earn more than a bare livelihood ; besides, they
are quite avaricious. This desire for wealth would attract them to
Canada, provided some of them could come to northern Canada and
could see the vast area of favorable land for them where now thous-
ands of wild reindeer are grazing.

Permit me here to state my private opinions concerning the produc-
tion of reindeer and emigration of Laplanders. If I see no way to
accomplish anything in Alaska in the near future, I have made the fol-
lowing plan for a Canadian colony of Laplanders:

I will, with the Canadian Government's permission, go and investi-
gate tlie country and pastures in northern Canada, and if found
satisfactory I will obtain the support and necessary backing either
of the Government or private parties, then I will go to Lapland, form
a colony of good, chosen participants, transport the colony with some
reindeer to Canada, plant the colony on a selected place, capture as
many wild reindeer as possible, take them into the herd and tame
them, and in this manner in a few years produce many herds. As
soon as the size of the herds permits, the sale of meat, etc., begins by
driving a herd for slaughter to the nearest railroad connection. Here
the animals are slaughtered and shipped to the large cities of Canada
and the United States. According to low calculation, money invested
in such enterprise would yield 500 per cent in eight years. I shall
not here give a closer calculation, as it would be of no consequence
to you, while the above private plan possibly might suggest to you a
useful idea.

With regard to your plan of inducing the Laplanders to take a per-
manent abode in Alaska and what the Government should do in order
to further such a colonization, I take the liberty to present the follow-
ing proposition : Send the most intelligent of the Lapps at present in
Alaska, with a sensible, able white man as their leader, to investigate
the southern tracts of Ahiska — that means the stretch between St.
Michael and Cooks Inlet — with the aim in view of finding a place suit-
able for a Lapp colony with respect to situation, pasture, etc. On
the named stretch of land the Laplanders would doubtless find a more
agreeable climate and conditions, together with the prospect of earn-
ing money by sale of products as well as the opportunity to earn extra
money by fishing, etc. After the Lapps have found a suitable place,
let them ^return toLaj)land, accompanied by a man who has full power

• •

INTBODUCTION OF DOBIESTIC REINDEER INTO ALASKA 117

to act as and when he sees fit. After such i*eturning Lapps have told
their people what they may expect by migrating to Alaska, and after
the matter has been sufficiently considered, it will be an easy matter
for the agent to gather his colony. The above proposition can easily
be carried out without incurring further expense, as the Lapps who
are to return in 1897 can be used as an investigation committee.

There are now in Alaska some of the most popular people of Lap-
land, and the opinion expressed by them upon their return to Lapland
will be the first, last, and only standard by which all Laplanders
will build their future as far as Alaska is concerned. If the Lapps are
kept at those northern stations in Alaska until the expiration of their
contracts, and sent directly home, I am convinced of the fact that all
pix)spects for the formation of Laplander colonies in Alaska will be in
vain, except started anew by hired people.

I shall not here express the minor reasons which lead me to such a
conviction, and they would, besides, be of no consequence to the matter
in hand. I wish to say, however, that the stretches of land north of
Norton Sound will not be settled by Laplanders before some colonies
farther south have succeeded, developed, and send their descendants
there.

With respect to the transportation of reindeer from Lapland, I think
it possible that whole herds can be brought over, but it would be an
expensive matter. The reindeer can be driven from Lapland to
Trondhjem, then by rail to Christiania, then by steamer to New York
or Quel)ec, then by rail again to Vancouver, so by steamer across to
Cooks Inlet, from which place they can be driven anywhere. The
trip from Trondhjem, Norway, to Cooks Inlet will take from twenty-
five to thirty days, which the deer will endure all right. Another way
is to take them by steamer direct from near North Cape, Norway, to
New York or other place cm the east coast, and in so doing the whole
trip from Lapland to Alaska would require only about twenty days.
In my opinion, this is the only route over which the animals can be
transported.

If sufficient reindeer could be bought in Siberia, I think it would be
a better plan to let the participants of the colony sell their herds in
Lapland, take the money along, and buy deer in Alaska, but in such
case the Government must agree to sell a certain number of deer at
a stated rate to the colonists on or after their arrival in Alaska. The
(xovemment could, while the transaction, formation, and transporta-
tion of the colony took place, secure the necessary reindeer in Siberia
and have the deer brought to Pastolik or St. Michael, whence they
could be driven to their destination.

As the number of miners, traders, and other civilized people coming
to Alaska is constantly increasing every year, the means of transpor-
tation will necessarily have to be increased, and the Lapps will thereby
have an additional means of livelihood.

118 INTRODUCTION OP DOMESTIC REINDEER INTO ALASKA.

It will be necessary, doubtless, in the near future that the Gov-
ernment establish postal communication with and in Arctic Alaska.
In that region the mail must be carried overland the greater part of
the 3'ear, and the reindeer is the most, if not the only, suitable
animal for mail transport. If the selection of a place for a colony
and the transportation of the mail were considered with respect to
each other, the colonists might be employed as mail carriei'S within
a certain district.

All possible measures must be taken to secure for the colonists as
much extra earnings as possible, in order that they may not be com-
pelled to depend on their herds for the necessaries for the first years.

It is my opinion that you should not let the Lapps at present in the
countrj'^ depart before they are favorably inclined to colonization.
At present such a favorable inclination does not exist. It can, how-
ever, be secured by showing the best of Alaska to them. The prin-
cipal cause of the Laplanders' dissatisfaction with the present regime
I have already touched upon in my report.

It is not easy beforehand to state how many Laplanders could be
obtained or induced to settle in Alaska; but quite a number could
be secured if there was something definite to offer them in the future.
The first colony should consist of about fifteen families, together with
some youths; in all, about fifty persons. A school must be estab-
lished, and other socially binding institutions. The colony must be
formed with the greatest prudence and foresight, that there may be
no conflicting powers within the colony.

A skillful choice of participants will, in a great measure, determine
the success of the colony. If the first colony proves a success for the
participants, there will soon be a general immigration.

The price of reindeer in Norway and Sweden varies as much as the
price of cattle in this country; the average price of a live deer is
about 15 kroner ($4.50). If a larger quantity were to be purchased,
the price might be lowered to 10 kroner, or about $3 per head.

Twenty years ago to-day the first immigrants from Iceland arrived
at Winnipeg. There are now 10,(X)0 of these people in Manitoba.

A great deal more might be said, but I think the above will give
you an insight into my view of the matter, and I would be glad if any
of my ideas would prove acceptable.

In the northern part of Norway therft is a hardy, practical, ener-
getic branch of the Lapps, or, more correctly speaking, an interming-
ling of Norwegians and Lapps. These people I consider best suited
to become tlie pioneers of Arctic Alaska.

If desirable, I would gladly express mj'self more in detail as to the
proper way or means of making the Lapps favorable to immigration.
Yours, respectfully,

William A. Kjellmann.

Dr. Sheldon Jackson,

United Slates General Agent of Education in Alaska.

CIRCULAR LETTER SENT TO THE MISSIONARY SOCIETIES
ENGAGED IN WORK IN NORTHERN ALASKA.

Department op the Interior,

Bureau op Education,
Washingtan, D. C, May 11, 1896.

SIR: In arran^ng plans for the distribution of domesticated rein-
deer in Alaska, I am led to look to the several missionary societies for
cooperation and assistance. The missionaries being the most intelli-
gent and disinterested friends of the natives, I look upon them as the
best agents in reaching the native population. From their position
and work, having learned the character and needs of the i)eople, they
are able to most wisely plan and carry out methods of transferring the
ownership of the deer from the Government in such a manner as will
best facilitate the reindeer industry.

As a wide and general distribution of reindeer will both save the
natives from extinction and place them upon a plane of independence
and self-support, making them useful to the white immigrants who
are flocking to Alaska, the missionaries have a direct and personal
interest with the Government in this work. To secure this coopera-
tion of the missionaries, I propose to loan to the mission stations small
herds of reindeer as an adjunct to their school work. It is as impor-
tant to teach the natives just emerging from barbarism how to earn
an independent support — how to connect themselves with our indus-
trial civilization — as it is to give them book instruction; the two go
hand in hand.

The industrial pursuit which nature seems to have mapped out for
the native population of arctic and subarctic Alaska is the breeding
and raising of reindeer and engaging in the transportation of pas-
sengers and freight. In intrwlucing this industrial training in con-
nection with your schools, it is very important that the young men
under training for herdsmen should have instruction in the latest
and most improved methods of handling these valuable animals.
The two sections from which we can draw instructors are Siberia,
which is nearest to the region proposed to be occupied, and Lapland,
which is <iuite distant. The Siberians, however, are a barbarous and
superstitious people, milking the deer by antiquated methods and

handling them cruelly. They know nothing of the use of the herd

119

120 INTRODUCTION OF DOMESTIC REINDEER INTO ALASKA.

dog, have crude harness, and are brutal in their general treatment of
the deer. The Lapps, on the other hand, are considered to be the
most skillful handlers of reindeer in the world. Centuries of experi-
ence have given them improved methods of handling and treatment.
They are, moreover, a ci\ilized and Christian people.

Therefore, when a herd is loaned to a mission station the Grovem-
ment will require —

First. That an experienced Lapp herder shall be sent with the herd,
who shall be in charge of the apprentices and their herds. His salary
will be paid by the Government.

Second. It is the desire of the Government, in <>rder to secure the
most efficient and successful herders among the natives, that improved
methods of treatment, improved harness, sleds, etc., shall be used,
and that apprentices shall learn how to manufacture them after the
best models.

Third. That special prominence shall be given to training in driv-
ing the teams, in order that a sufficient number of reindeer shall be
utilized for transportation purposes. With the influx of population
the reindeer as a means of communication between settlements in that
isolated region will be more important, if possible, than as a food
supply. It is also indispensable that the natives should thus become
prepared for teamsters to do the freighting of that vast region for the
white men. It is expected to establish express and mail lines, con-
necting even the most distant stations with southeast Alaska and
with the States.

Fourth. The superintendent of the Government herd shall at all
times have the right to inspect the herd and method of treatment,
and make suggestions with regard to the same to the missionary in
charge, who on his part shall furnish full information to said agent
of the Government.

Fifth. The Government reserves the right, after a term of not less
than three years, to call upon the station for the same number of deer
as composed the original herd, and the deer so returned to the Gov-
ernment shall be of animals 2 to 4 years old, and shall be of females
equal in number to the females in the original herd, unless otherwise
arranged with the Government agent, the missionary station to own
a number equivalent to the increase of the herd.

Sixth. Experience has taught that under proper care the annual
increase of a herd of reindeer may be safely estimated at 40 to 50 per
cent; it has ]>een as high as G5 per cent at times. Hence the mission-
ary station can rely on possessing a herd of its own as large as the
original by the third year. The Government will also by this arrange-
ment be in position to supply other stations, thus multiplying indefi-
nitely and steadily the number of stations and herds of deer. How-
ever, it is hoped that there will be no necessity for drawing away any
from any of the stations, but that it will be possible rather to increase
the herd at each station by new additions of reindeer.

INTRODUCTION OP DOMESTIC REINDEER INTO ALASKA. 121

Seventh. It is well known that the vast territory of central and
northern Alaska, unfitted for agriculture or cattle raising, is abun-
dantly supplied with a long, fibrous white moss ( Cladmiia rmigiferina)^
the natural food of the reindeer, and capable of sustaining millions
of them. Taking the statistics of Norway and Sweden as a guide, a
conservative estimate of the capability of Arctic and subarctic Alaska
for the support of reindeer would place the number at not less than
9,000,000, furnishing support to a population of 250,000.

Eighth. Take into consideration with the foregoing the fact that in
this region, now almost inaccessible for lack of roads and transporta-
tion facilities, valuable gold deposits have been discovered, and white
settlers in large numbers are being attracted by the hope of gain.
Already great difficulty is experienced in providing this mining popu-
lation with the necessaries of life, and rapid and frequent communi-
cation with civilization is impossible. Dog teams are slow, and on
long journeys must be burdened with the food necessary for their
own maintenance. Trained reindeer make in a day two to three
times the distance covered by a dog team, and at the end of the jour-
ney can be turned loose to gather their support from the moss always
accessible to them. To the isolated settlements and growing centers
of industry and civilization springing up in so vast and inhospitable
a region some available means of transportation of supplies of bread-
stuflfs, groceries, tools, and mining implements is an imperative
demand. The reindeer, strong, fleet of foot, self-sustaining, and
requiring no beaten road, furnishes the most promising means of
supplying this want, and organized into trains for systematic wofk,
intercommunication between points distant from each other and far
removed from any base of supplies becomes at once as important
in the civilization and development of Alaska as are the railroads to
our more favored States.

Ninth. Consider further, Providence has adapted the reindeer to
the peculiar conditions of arctic life, and furnishes in them the pos-
sibilities of large and increasing commercial industries. The flesh is
considered a great delicacy whether used fresh or cured by smoking,
or prepared by the processes of the canning companies. The skins,
used without tanning, make the best of all clothing for the climate of
arctic Alaska, and when tanned make vahmble leather for the use of
the military man, for the glove maker, the bookbinder, or upholsterer.
The hair is in great demand by reason of its wonderful buoyancy in the
construction of various life-saving appliances. The horns and hoofs
make the best glue known to commerce. With Alaska stocked with
this valuable animal, the hardy Eskimo and the enterprising American
would develop in a few years industries in the lines indicated that
would amount to millions of dollars annually, and all this in a region
where such industries are only developed enough to suggest their
great possibilities.

Tenth. With the increase of food supply and the development of

122 INTRODUCTION OF DOMESTIC REINDEER INTO ALASKA.

profitable industries will naturally come increase of population from
the Eskimo and Lapps and the adventurous and strong emigrants
from our own and other lands. The migration from our States will
bring wide business combinations and keep up a constant demand
on the natives and Laplanders for supplies of food and transportation.
In view of these considerations, I respectfully request that each
missionary society already interested in the work of the conversion of
Alaska to Christian civilization instruct its missionaries in charge
of stations where schools are supported wholly or in part by this
Bureau to cooperate with me in the spirit of the above explanations,
and especially to aid the reindeer industry by suggestions of their
own and by cheerful compliance with the regulations issued from this
Bureau.

^'ery i-espectfully,

W. T. Harris, Commissioner,

REPLY OF THE AMERICAN MISSIONARY ASSOCIATION.

New York, May 16, 1896.

Sir: Thank 3''ou for the instructions to our missionary, Mr. Lopp,

who is about to leave for Alaska. We have forwarded them with a

cop3'of 3'our letter to Dr. Ryder (who is absent) and requested him to

carry out your instructions fully, which we are sure he will do.

Yours, very truly,

A. F. Beard,

Corresponding Secretary of

American Missionary Association,

Commissioner W. T. Harris,

B urea ft of Education, IVashington, J). C.

REPLY OF THE MORAVIAN MISSIONARY SOCIETY.

Bethlehem, Pa., May 20, 1896,

Sir: Acknowledging the receipt of your favor of the 14th instant,
covering jour letter addressed to missionary associations in regard to
the matter of the introduction of reindeer in Alaska, I beg to express
to you the full approval of our mission board of the plan proposed in
that paper, according to which missionaries in charge of stations
where Government schools are conducted shall become agents for
introducing reindeer and instructing the natives in the rearing, man-
agement, etc., of the same, as therein set forth.

Our board having very cordially approved of the plan and sugges-
tions of your letter, has resolved to send copies of the same, indorsed

INTRODUCTION OF DOMESTIC REINDEER INTO ALASKA. 123

with its approval, not only to Rev. Mr. Kilbuck, but also to Rev. Mr.
Schoechert, at Carmel, and Weber, at Ougavig. We trust that in due
time our missionaries and teachers may become able assistants in this
most excellent project of the introduction of reindeer into Alaska.
Very respectfully and sincerely,

ROBT. De Schweinitz,
Treasurer and Agent of Moravian Missions,

Hon. W. T. Harris, LL. D.,

Commissioner of Education,, Washington^ D. C.

REPLY OF THE BOARD OF HOME MISSIONS OF THE PRESBYTERIAN

CHURCH IN THE UNITED STATES.

New York, July 30, 1896,
Sm: Your communication of May 14, inclosing the proposition dated
May 11, concerning a plan for the distributing of domesticated rein-
deer in Alaska, was ctmsidered by our board on the 28th instant. The
boanl unanimously acceded to the proposition and instructed me to
affix their approval to the duplicate copy thereof, on the express con-
dition that no financial responsibility shall be incurred by the board,
and that any possible loss of the reindeer by epizootic or other unfore-
seen and uncontrollable misfortune should involve the lyoard in no
obligation to replace the reindeer under the pro\'isions of the fifth
section of your propositi(m.

We approve most highly of the plan as eminently wise and far-
reaching in its lM?noficent provisions for coming Alaska. We shall
be glad to do all in our power for its furtherance.
Respectfully, youi*s,

1). J. McMillan,
C(yr responding Secreta nj.
Hon. W. T. Harris,

Commissioner of Education, Washington,!), C,

CORRLSPONDENCE RELATIVE TO REINDEER IN ALASKA.

Department of State,

Washington, March SI, 1896.
Sir: I have the honor to inclose for the information of Rev. Shel-
don Jackson, of the Bureau of Education, copy of a dispatch on the
subject of reindeer, received from our minister at St. Petersburg.
I have the honor to be, sir, your obedient servant,

Richard Olney.
The Secretary op the Interior.

Legation of the United States,

Si, Petersburg, March 16, 1896,

Sir: In reply to an inquiry made direct by Rev. Sheldon Jackson,
Department of the Interior, Bureau of Education, Alaska division,
concerning reindeer, I have the honor to communicate as follows:

There are said to be no official publications by the Russian Govern-
ment upon the reindeer, and it has been extremely difficult to procure
information of any kind.

The minister of public domains has informed me verbally that he
is now having a document prepared upon the subject, and that he
will supply me with it when issued. No reindeer are kept short of
several hundred miles of this locality.

Regularly, when the winter is severe, a few Laplanders visit St.
Petersburg in their reindeer sleds to barter, etc. ; but the past two
winters have been too mild. My hope of being able to learn some-
thing through an interpreter from this source has not been realized.

Recently, however, I have gathered some information from Capt.
Alexander Ettrolin, formerly governor of the Amoor District, and
familiar with the subject both in Siberia and north of Finland. He
says the only species of value for domestic purposes is what is known
as the ** household" reindeer. This is doubtless the one with which
Mr. Jackson is familiar, and which he has already introduced to some
extent in Alaska. They are some 4^ to 5 feet high, full, round bodies,
small legs, heavil}' coated with fur or hair of moderate length, can
stand almost any degree of cold, have the domestic instinct to a
remarkable degi'ee, and are the only kind used for riding, driving,

124

INTRODUCTION OF DOMESTIC REINDEER INTO ALASKA. 125

and herding. Their food is almost exclusively moss, which in sum-
mer they get in suitable districts without trouble, and in winter they
dig it up out of the snow with their horns. These deer can not carry
very heavy loads upon their backs. In summer they carry in this
way women, children, and household effects, while the men usually
walk. In winter all, of course, are more easily moved by sled. When
any departure from this deer is made, as it must be where moss is
not abundant, reliance for transportation must be placed upon dog
teams or the stocky, heavily-haired pony.

This distinction seems to follow the two, or I may say three,
descriptions of country to be found in the far North. The coast pro-
duces fish, the food of the dogs; certain lands produce hay, the
dependence of the pony, and certain regions yield only moss, which
suffices for the reindeer alone. It may be interesting to note how
those who must depend upon the reindeer for food, clothing, shelter,
and almost everything in life are forced to lead a nomadic life by the
necessity of moving to new localities to keep their herds supplied
with moss.

While, as I understand it, the chief question with Mr. Jackson is
the food supply, and not transportation, for the natives of Alaska,
yet I would suggest that he put himself in communication with Maj.
J. G. Pangborn, of the Field Columbian Transportation Museum, of
Chicago. Major Pangborn has recently crossed Siberia, where he
spent considerable periods with the officials, and he will soon be in
the United States. A letter directed to his Chicago address would
reach htm. Also, as giving considerable general information about
reindeer, I suggest reference to Tent Life in Siberia, by Mr. George
Kennan, Putnam & Sons, publishers, New York. I will forward any
further information I may be able to procure, and will, of course,
gladly assist Mr. Jackson in every waj' within my sphere in carrying
out any duties the Government may impose.

I have the honor to be, etc., your obedient servant,

Clifton R. Breckinridge.

Hon. Richard Olney,

Secretary of State^ Washington., D. C.

APPLICATION TO THE RUSSIAN GOVERNMENT FOR PERMISSION TO
ESTABLISH A TEMPORARY STATION IN SIBERIA FOR THE PUR-
CHASE OF REINDEER.

Department of the Interior, Bureau of Education,

Wanhinyton, D, C, November 7, 1896,
Sir: I have 'the h<mor to state that it will lie necessary to obtain per-
mission from IKs Imperial Majesty the Czar of Russia's Government
to place an agent of this Bureau, accompanied by several herdsmen,
at some point on the north Siberian coast for the purpose of expedit-

126 INTRODUCTION OP DOMESTIC REINDEER INTO ALASKA.

ing the purchase of reindeer. At the request of the Department of
the Interior in 1892, permission to purchase reindeer on that coast was
obtained through his excellency the Russian minister, resident at this
capital. But experience has shown that unless the reindeer are pur-
chased beforehand and collected near ports on the coast the United
States steamer is delayed too long in the process of effecting these pre-
liminaries, and the consequence is that the short season in which the
transportation of reindeer is possible in these northern seas passes
away with slender results. We have averaged a purchase of con-
siderably less than 150 reindeer per annum during the past four years.
It will be easy to double the number annually, provided the tedious
process of purchasing and collecting the deer can be performed by
some party in advance.

I therefore respectfully suggest, that application be made for this
permit through the lionorable the Secretary of State in the usual form.
Very respectfully, your obedient servant,

W. T. Harris, Commissioner.

The Secretary of the Interior.

reindeer needed for food ON THE LOWER YUKON RIVER.

New York City, February i23, 1896.

Sir: In repl}' to j^our request I have the honor to submit to your
consideration the following statement respecting the question pro-
posed in your favor of F'ebruary 14:

Owing to the immense area of Alaska, yo\x will readily observe that
remarks which apply to one portion may be entirely inapplicable in
another. Therefore, as there are a number of heroic and devoted
men throughout the Territory who are most generously sacrificing
themselves for th(^ welfare of the natives, it may happen that some of
these may find the circumstances in their respective districts not such
as I describe them. In order to prevent any erroneous impression, I
^\ish to state as clearly and explicitly as I can that my remarks refer
only to that portion of Alaska in which I have been stationed, namely,
the interfluvial tract extending fnnn the Kuskokwim to the Yukon
(rivers), the delta district of the Yukon, the neighborhood of St.
Michaels, Norton Sound, and finally the Lower Yukon River district,
as far up as Kozyrevski. While I have traversed Alaska quite exten-
sively and am familiar with the greater portion, yet I wish to speak
now only of those areas just designated above.

The question regarding the alarming decrease in the food supply
among the Innuit of this portion of northern Alaska is one of vital
importance to this remote and helpless race.

As it is a subject of loc*iil interc^st only, it can hardly meet with the
attention it deserves on the part of those who are unacquainted vdXh,

INTRODUCTION OF DOMESTIC REINDEER INTO ALASKA. 127

the harsh conditions of arctic life, and who are not familiar with the
details of the domestic economy of the Innuit. Certain preliminary
points should be made very plain, in order to assist those who may
feel interested to obtain a clear understanding of the subject.

Throughout all the portion of northern Alaska which borders on
Bering Sea and the Arctic Ocean the soil yields no food products.
It is true that there are one or two varieties of berries found on the
tundras, but the quantity obtained is too insignificant to be consid-
ered here. There are also two varieties of edible roots; the better
of these are about like marbles in size, and taste somewhat like a
potato. These are stored up b}' the field mice, and whenever an
Innuit comes across one of the tiny mounds filled with these roots,
he robs the mice. Lastly, in the summer there is a species of wild
rhubarb, the tender stalks of which are eaten raw. This completes
the list, and it is needless to state that it is out of the question to
consider these as of any importance in regard to the subject.

Hence it may be asserted that the Innuit derive no support from
the soil, and that their sole resource is the sea. Accordingly", the
Innuit may be classed among the most expert of fishers, and their
villages are all situated upon the water's edge, either along the coast
or on the banks of large rivers. It may be positively stated that
there is no such a thing as an inland Eskimo village, a village situ-
ated away from water. This fact will show, moreover, what an
immense uninhabited waste the interior of all this portion of our
northern empire presents.

As the sea is the source from whence these interesting people
derive their food, clothing, and all necessaries of life, let us enumerate
the chief marine products and note how disastrous to the poor natives
have proved the encroachments of the white men.

First, the whaling industry. The whalers visiting this region pur-
sue the whales far into the Arctic. Generally they allow the carcass
to go to waste after securing the baleen. To the Innuit the whole of
these great animals is of value; the skin being used for boot soles,
the blublK»r for fmxl, oil, light, and warmth. The whales, hunted as
actively as they are now, will soon l)e entirely driven away, and this
foml product may Ik> (»onsi(lered cut oft.

Second, the walrus. This was formerly the great staple food of the
Innuit. Immense herds of these huge animals fretiuented all the
coast. A walrus would weigh a]K)ut 2,0(K) pounds, and every part of
it served some useful purpose. The skin was used to cover the frame
of the large open boat known as an angiak or oomiak; the flesh
served for food; the blubber afforded oil, which was stored up in the
stomach and bladder; from the intestines they made the waterproof
coats and the curtains used over the ventilators of their houses; and
even the lx)nes were of use. Unfortunately for the Innuit, walrus
ivory possessed a certain commercial value; hence they have been so

128 INTRODUCTION OF DOMESTIC REINDEER INTO ALASKA.

ruthlessly slaughtered by the whalers that they are well-nigh exter-
minated. The last walrus that I know of wjw3 killed near our place
at Cape Vancouver in 1893.

An irreparable injury has thus been done to the poor Innuit in
depriving them of so useful an animal. Truly our Government has
hitherto shown but little appreciation of Alaska in thus allowing it to
become in reality a happy hunting ground for selfish corporations to
roam through unrestricted.

Third. The salmon canneries. This industry, which dates from
1883, has grown to an extent which is almost incredible. A reference
to the report of the governor of the Territory for 1894, page 10, will
show the exact figures. The Columbia River was once supposed to
be an inexhaustible source of salmon; yet, notwithstanding all restric-
tions as to the times and manner of fishing, the salmon there have
been so greatly reduced that new locations for this industry have been
sought for in Alaska. What is true of the Columbia River is true
also of the salmon rivers of Alaska, and it is simply a question of
time when this last main food supply will be exhausted.

This subject would seem naturally to come under the supervision
of the Fish Commission. As this branch of the Government is so
highly appreciated by every intelligent, public-spirited citizen, it
would be a worthy act for them to save our Alaskan salmon rivers by
taking prompt, energetic measures before it is too late. Our duty
toward the native inhabitants requires those in authority to shield
these poor, helpless people from the destruction of their last main
food supply.

The Innuit are intelligent, industrious, and good-natured. Con-
trary to the common idea, they are tall and athletic. They possess
many admirable traits; they treat their women well, are devoted to
their children, and show great respect to the aged. During my
sojourn among them I can say to their credit that I have never wit-
nessed any fighting or altercation among them, and, furthermore, I
have never observed the slightest breach of public decorum.

The Innuit of Alaska deserve the warmest sympathy of every char-
itable person; they merit our gratitude on account of the assistance
and kindness they show toward those in distress. Far away in that
dreary frozen northland, over and over again, destitute sailors have
been most kindly cared for by these poor people, and the world has
never known of it. As those who have been succored by them were
usually persons in the humble stations of life, these seldom made their
benefactors known. Humane societies and newspapers know little of
the heroic rescues and noble deeds accomplished by these simple-
hearted, generous people.

Three winters ago three young sailors were found in great misery
below Point Hope ; they were kindly cared for and helped on their way
to our mission. The journey was long, and when they finally arrived

INTBODUCTIOK OF IX)MESTIC REINDEER INTO ALASKA. 129

at a point some ten days' travel from the mission their feet got frozen
and they could no longer stand upright. A runner brought the news
down and one of our fathers went for them with dog sleds. When the
poor fellows arrived it was necessary to amputate several of their toes,
and an ordinary penknife was the only available instrument for this
piece of amateur surgery.

During my stay in Alaska I have noticed that each year there is
more and more privation. Last year, toward the end of the winter,
all through the region mentioned at the opening of this letter, our
people were reduced to a state bordering upon actual starvation.
They were forced to eat their boots, and many had to strip the seal-
skin covering from their canoes and use it for food. We shared our
own small stores of provisions, but we could help only a few of the
most destitute.

Of course the death rate was greatly increased, particularly among
the infants and the most aged. It would take too long to enumerate
all the cases, or to give the names of all the villages in which this sad
state of things existed, and it was not until the arrival of the salmon
that relief was obtained. We who dwell there and know the condi-
tion of the people were despondent over the gloomy prospect of an
annual repetition of famine. It is heartrending to witness misery
borne uncomplainingly by an innocent and injured race.

It is in consequence of this increasing scarcity of food among the
Innuit that the scheme of introducing reindeer into Alaska is hailed
with delight by all who have the interest of the natives at heart. I
foresee only two obstacles to the success of this plan, and these can
be overcome without any very great expenditure.

The first and most important obstacle is presented by the dogs. At
present they are the masters of the situation, and I feel sure that
these brutes will have to be killed oflf before they have a chance to
kill the deer. Some may say that this is a drastic measure, and that
the dogs will gradually become indifferent to the deer. I do not think
so, however, and my opinion is based upon our own experience with
cattle at Holy Cross, on the Yukon. We have there a bull and cow,
and these have to be continually protected against the dogs. The
pack has attacked the bull incessantly, and always succeed in throw-
ing him down before anyone can get to his I'escue. We thought tha*
after some months they would become accustomed to the sight of the
cattle, but we find that it is not the case. The dogs are as eager for
an attack now as they were when the cattle arrived. I judge, there-
fore, that it is as hopeless to expect that they will become accustomed
to the deer as that the deer will endure the presence of the dogs.

The second diflSculty to be overcome is in training the Innuit to
adopt the life of herders. As they are extremely docile and intelli-
gent, I think that when once properly directed they will take readily
enough to this new mode of life. The principal obstacle here is the
S. Doc. 49 9

130 INTRODUCTION OF DOMESTIC REDvDEEB INTO ALASKA.

antagonism which can be aroused against the plan by the influence of
the Tungraliks or sorcerers. If this gentry should see it advan-
tageous to themselves to oppose the plan, they can effectually balk
it, for the i)eople allow themselves to be ruled and guided completely
by these impostore.

It would be a great advantage if the very first shaman who shows
any opposition were taken on board the revenue cutter and carried to
some distant settlement. The news would spread around like wild-
fire, and the rest of the fraternity would take the hint and not venture
upon any opposition. Unless that is done, the chances are that some
of these sorcerers, in their ignorance and stupidity, may be able to
exercise the most powerful influence in thwarting this magnificent
plan for the relief of the Innuit race. It will require the presence of
a few trustworthy oflieers to be in charge of each district into which
herds of deer are introduced. These men should be invested with
authority to arrest any shaman who may give trouble, and to enforce
the most rigid exclusion of dogs from the district under his supervision.

With these precautions, the introduction of reindeer into Alaska
opens up the most cheering prospect of amelioration, and reflects the
greatest honor upon all of those noble-hearted men who have labored
so earnestly for its success.

Asking your indulgence for trespassing so long upon your time, I
remain, with much esteem, very sincerely, your obedient servant in
Christ,

Francis Barnum, S. J.

Hon. W. T. Harris,

Commissioner of Education, Washington, D. C

additional food supply needed IN ARCTIC ALASKA.

Smyrna, Del., March 7, 1896,
Sir: You must pardon me for not replying to your lett-er sooner. I
have been away most of the time since I was in Washington.

I have never visited central and western Alaska, but from what I
have learned from miners and others from that section, I have no doubt
but what the introduction of the domesticated deer will prove of great
advantage to those who are living in that section, especially during
the Avinter months. Dogs are very expensive there. I am told that
far up the Yukon River they would sell for as high as 1^75 each, and
were scarce at that, and that it was not easy to procure food for them,
one man telling me that his company had paid $500 for dog food the
previous winter.

The reindeer are capable of hauling a much heavier load more
swiftly than the dogs, and have the great advantage that they can
subsist on the moss of the country that they are in, while the dogs
have to be fed.

INTBODTJOTION OF DOMESTIC REINDEER INTO ALASKA. 131

In regard to the number of people who have starved to death
recently, I only know of nine; seven out of three families to the
north of Cape Lisburn, and two last winter on the Noatoh River sec-
tion. I had sent relief to the first mentioned, but from the severity
of the winter my messenger could not reach them.

Starvation has undoubtedly claimed many victims in the past, and
it is a condition that is liable to visit any of our northern tribes at any
time.

In speaking of starvation, I refer only to those cases which have
proved fatal. I have known of many where if relief had not arrived
death would have occurred.

The wild game which the natives depend upon for their food sup-
ply is certainly growing less plentiful. The deer which the Eskimos
depend on for their clothing are very greatly diminished in number
in the neighborhood of Point Hope. So it is a common occurrence to
see children improperly clothed attending our mission schools even
in the severest of weather.

WTiales seem to be growing more shy each year, and it is proving
much more difficult for the natives to capture them; the wild ducks
also are not as plentiful as they were my first two summers in the
north.

There is in print a leaflet in which I have spoken in a general way

concerning the reindeer. I will send it to you later on.

Very respectfully, yours,

John B. Drjggs.
Hon. W. T. Harris.

NEED OF DOMESTIC REINDEER IN THE VALLEYS OF THE KUSKO-

KWIM AND NUSHAGAK RIVERS.

liETHEL, KUSKOKWIM RiVER, ALASKA, August 20, 1896.

Sir: We write asking for reindeer for our mission stations on this
river, and for the native villages wherein our stations are located,
with a view to the supplying eventually the whole river basin with
the deer.

The reindeer would be of inestimable value to the missionaries for
driving puriwses and to the natives for food, dress, and for traveling.

The natives now often suffer for foo<l, and moi-e suffering is appar-
ent in the near future, owing to the destruction of the mammalia of
this region for fur-trailing purposes.

The dogs, which we hope to destroy by the introduction of the rein-
deer to our people, require that food Ik; provided for them (the dogs)
during the winter months, just at a time when the native e^n least
afford to share his store of food. The dog is less certain a« a means
of transportation and requires that food be taken along for each trip,

132 INTEODUCTION OP DOMESTIC EEINDEER INTO ALASKA.

while more rapid traveling and no incumbrance by dog food would
be required were we in possession of the deer.

We have splendid pasture for the deer, and the natives, after their
eleven years' of teaching and preaching, are able to appreciate the
value of such an opportunity to provide for themselves both food and
clothing in a superior and more reliable manner than that which they
now have by hunting and fishing.

We accordingly request you to remember us at the earliest possible
date in the reindeer distribution.

The success or failure of our work depends on this opportunity to
give the native a more sure and reliable method of obtaining a living.

We feel the need of a more civilized mode of life for these Eskimo,
and these deer seem our only hope.

Most cordially, Jos. H. Romig, M. D.

Rev. S. H. Rock.

Dr. Sheldon Jackson.

reindeer needed at the gold mines for freighting

purposes.

North American Transportation and Trading Co.,

Chicago, March 21, 1896.

Sir: Our mail from the Yukon reports everything prospering there,
and new mines l)eing discovered all the time. Dogs are selling at
Circle City at from $100 to $200 each.

It would be a great help to that country if we had reindeer trans-
portation. The dogs are expensive, and food has to be carried for
them where the deer would live on the moss of the country', besides
carrying more pounds than the dog can.

It is costing 15 to 25 cents a pound to get food from the Yukon back
into the mines. The nearest mine to the Yukon is more than 30
miles distant.

There is a large number of miners going to the Yukon, as well as
other parts of Alaska, this season.

Yours, very truly, P. B. Weare, Vice-President,

Dr. Sheldon Jackson.

REINDEER NEEDED ON ST. LAWRENCE ISLAND.

St. Lawrence Island, Alaska, August 5, 1896.

Sir: I do not want to intrude on your valuable time, but I do think
I ought to enter a plea for these people hei-e. We expected deer here
year before last and again last year, and thought surely we would
receive them this summer. I don't doubt the wisdom of locating a
central herd at the present place, but I do think reindeer should have
been placed here at the earliest opportunity.

INTEODUCTION OP DOMESTIC REINDEER INTO ALASKA. 133

The people of this island have to depend entirely on the seals for
their winter food. There is nothing on the land. While the winds
are bad they mast suspend hanting. If the winds continue bad, as
they did several years ago, this village will not lose half its people,
but dll^ as they get no walrus till May, and then but few, and seals
are much scarcer than they were then. The natives say strong and
shifting winds and heavy snowfall caused the extinction of three vil-
lages here then, and not, as I have heard it asserted, the importation,
or smuggling, rather, of whisky. About half survived here because
of the more favorable location, allowing hunting from both sides of the
point.

I sincerely hope you will be able to place a herd here next year,
even if it is but a small one.

Very respectfully, V. C. Gambell.

Hon. W. T. Harris, LL. D.,

Washington y D. C.

FAMINE ON THE COAST OF NORTON SOUND.

Unalaklik, Alaska, September 3, 1896.

Sir: It is not a new thing or a need of recent date I am going to
lay before you. It is the most common thing among both the civilized
and uncivilized nations, the heathen's most important question, * * What
shall we eat?" This question, however, is repeated to us every day
and many times a day and seems to be more significant upon the
approach of the long and cold winter. You know. Doctor, that Una-
laklik is quite a large village, and the people here, as in most places
elsewhere in this country, are depending on fish, seal, and meat of
land animals. Among land animals the deer is the most important,
but these are now nearly extinct in this part of the country, and
belong to the time past. Even the seal is not so plentiful as in former
years. After the deer commenced to be scarce, the people hunted
the seal more than before; consequently the seal is getting less numer-
ous, too. Fish is therefore the most reliable food for these people.
Some years the run of the fish is very small, depending much upon the
late remaining of the ice and the heavy winds. In a late season the
natives know they are going to have a hard time. The present year,
or rather the coming winter, will therefore be a very hard time for
these poor natives.

Very few fish have been caught during the whole season which
now is close to its end. It is no wonder, then, that the people
round us anxiously ask, **What shall we eat next winter?" They
are coming to us, thinking that we are able to read this riddle. To
tell them to go and eat and warm themselves, not giving them any-
thing, is not Christianity; but what shall we poor mis8ionarie& do?

134 INTRODUCTION OP DOMESTIC REINDEEE INTO ALASKA.

A dark picture both for them and us to look at, indeed. I've seen
and heard of natives since I came to this country who, being hard up
for food, have cut up their skin boats and old boots and eaten them.
But the time is at hand when not even this kind of food — if I shall
call it so — can be obtained.

I don't claim to understand much, but I understand so much, that
even the natives of Alaska are our neighbors, and that something
both ought to be done and can be done for these people. A step is
doubtless already taken to solve this great problem, by introduction
of the reindeer into this country. But many of the natives will
perish before this life-saving boat reaches them, if it proceds so
slowly.

Very respectfully, yours, Alex. E. Karlsen.

Dr. Sheldon Jackson.

FAMINE on the NORTH BERING SEACOAST.

Golovin Bay, Alaska, August 27, 1896.

Sir: As things look at present, there will undoubtedly be starvation
among the natives this coming winter. As yet they have caught no
fish at all on account of the stormy weather during the season. The
people are very excite, waiting for the suffering which is now facing
them, as they can depend no longer upon the seal, and the rabbits are
gone. It looks dark, indeed. The natives say: "Aka-ka! next win-
ter we plenty hungry; I guess die; no fish." It is hard to hear, but
it will be worse to see.

Doctor, could not the Grovernment do something to prevent some
suffering this coming winter? Three hundred sacks of flour left in
this place would possibly save 100 lives. If the flour could be secured
at St. Michael and the captain of the steamer Bear would steam over
with it, I would distribute it if necessary; if not, it would not be lost.

The people are looking eagerly toward the reindeer. The oldest of
them are often telling me about the time when there was plenty of
deer around here and they had *' plenty caw-caw " (food). You should
see their smiling faces when I explain to them that in a few years
there will be more deer than ever before. At first they had an idea
that the deer would only be for white people. But after they under-
stood that it was not so, I may say they felt happy. In fact, the
I>eople are in distress, a condition which nothing but the reindeer can
help them out of, and in the near future they will learn to esteem
the leaders in this great work.

I am, truly, yours, N. O. HULTBERQ.

Dr. Sheldon Jackson.

INTRODUCTION OP DOMESTIC KEINDEER INTO ALASKA. 135

INTRODUCTION OP DOMESTIC REINDEER ON THE PRIBILOP

ISLANDS.

Treasury Department, Ma/rch 28, 1896.

Sir : Mr. Jos. B. Crowley, special agent of this Department in charge
of the seal islands, desires to procure 40 reindeer for those Islands.
He has informed the Department that Dr. Sheldon Jackson, connected
with the Department of the Interior, will arrange for their transporta-
tion from the reindeer station, provided the revenue cutter, in its annual
trip to the Arctic, can transport the animals.

I have respectfully to request that Dr. Jackson be advised that this
Department will instruct the commanding officer ot the revenue
steamer Bear, on his return trip in the fall, to transport the reindeer
from the station to the seal islands.
Respectfully, yours,

S. WiKB, Acting Secretary.

The Secretary op the Interior.

Treasury Department, Oppicb op the Secretary,

Washington, D. (7., April 17, 1896.

Sm: Referring to Department's letter to you of the 4:th instant,
inclosing for an expression of your views a copy of a protest of the
North American Commercial Company against the proposed intro-
duction of domesticated reindeer upon the Pribilof Islands, and to
your reply thereto, dated the 8th instant, you are instructed to pro-
ceed in carrying out the plans you have formulated, having as an
object the introduction of the reindeer upon the islands. If, however,
after the introduction of the animals, it should be found that their
presence is a disturbing element to the seal life upon the rookeries,
you are instructed to take immediate steps for the removal of the
deer from the islands.

It has been represented that on the Commander Islands native
watchmen are kept constantly on the seal rookeries to guard against
approach of reindeer, which are present there in large numbers. It
is suggested that a similar system of continuous watching of the
rookeries on the seal islands by the natives would be of advantage.
Respectfully, yours,

C. S. Hamlin, Assistant Secretary.

Mr. J. B. Crowley,

Special agent in charge of Seal Islands, Robinson, HL

136 introduction of domestic beindeeb into alaska.

Office of Special Agent Treasury Depabtheent,

8t. Pavl Island^ Alaska^ Jwne f^iy 1896.

Sm: After our personal conference in Washington, I procured an
order from the Secretary of the Treasury Department for the landing
of reindeer on the seal islands.

I also received a personal promise from Capt. 0. F. Shoemaker,
Chief of the Division of Revenue-Cutter Service, that he would issue
an order directing that the Bear transmit the animals firom the rein-
deer station to the islands.

I should like to know whether you have been informed as to this

matter by the Department?

Respectfully, yours, Jos. B. Crowlby,

Special Treaswry Agent
Dr. Sheldon Jackson.

Department of the Interior,
Bureau of Education, Alaska Division,

UndUiskaj Jwne 29 ^ 1896.

Sir: I have been requested by the United States Treasury Depart-
ment to send a few reindeer to the seal islands. I have learned
unofficially that your company fear that they will frighten the seal,
and therefore do not wish the reindeer.

I shall be pleased to learn your wishes in the matter.
Very truly, yours,

Sheldon Jackson,
United States C^eneral Agent of Education in Alaska.
Mr. J. Stanley Brown,

General Agent North American Commercial Company.

North American Commercial Company,

DiUch Ha/rbor, Alaska, June 29^ 1896.

Sir: Repljdng to your note of this date concerning the placing of
reindeer on the Pribilof Islands, I beg to say that last winter, when the
question arose, the North American Commercial Company inquired of
Messrs. Redpath and Webster, both of whom, as you know, have had
twenty years* experience with seals, what they thought would be the
effect on the rookeries of having reindeer at large on the islands.
Both expressed the opinion that the experiment would be a dangerous
one, in that the reindeer, if uncontrolled in their wanderings, would
undoubtedly frighten and annoy the seals. The company earnestly
protested against the proposed step. You will see from the above
that it is the wish of the company that no reindeer be landed on the
islands.

Very truly, yours, J. Stanley-Brown,

Superintendent North American Commercial Company.

Dr. Sheldon Jackson,

United States Oeneral Aaent of EducalUm in Alaska^

introduction of domestic reindeer into alaska. 137

Department of the Interior,
Bureau of Education, Alaska Division,

UnalasTcaj Alaska, Jime SO, 1896.

Sm: Tours of June 24, with regard to placing a few tame reindeer
upon the seal islands, is received.

When I left Washington all our arrangements had been made for
complying with your request. Since reaching here I learn that the
North American Commercial Company has sent to Washington a pro-
test on the subject. Under the circumstances, I can not now say
whether reindeer will be brought down this season or not. It wiU
depend upon instructions received from Washington.
Very respectfully, yours,

Sheldon Jackson,
United States General Agent of Education in Alaska.

Hon. J. B. Crowley,

Special Treasury AgenL

intboduction of domestic reindeer on south semidi

island.

1

Globe Loan and Trust Company,

Omaha, Nebr. , December 7, 1896.

Snt: Tour esteemed favor of the 18th is received.

Since writing you, Mr. Washburn has been here. I talked with him
concerning the matter of putting reindeer on some four islands. I
assume that there is no place where we could handle them to better
advantage. We have one island, South Semidi, where we could
experiment with them to good advantage. The land is right, the soil
produces good feed, and the conditions are most favorable. Washburn
agrees with me and would be glad to undertake the breeding on this
island, and we should have 10 or 12 to start with. You can arrange to
have the revenue cutter bring them to Unalaska, and we will arrange
to have them taken to South Semidi from Unalaska; so there would
be no expense for transportation to you. Now, I know of nothing you
could do to more rapidly and thoroughly demonstrate the feasibility
of the proposition than by putting a few on this island. A number
of people — influential — would at once become interested, and would
do all in their power in furtherance of the object. You can certainly
spare the small number, or increase your purchase in Siberia to this
extent and give them to us next year. " Life is short and time is fleet-
ing," and we would be glad if this can be arranged. I will do all I
can on the lines suggested.

With a view of securing the necessary appropriation to procure the
stock for experimental purposes, we have men on our islands all the
year, and an abundance of food and the very best of care can be given

138 INTRODUCTION OF DOMESTIC REINDEER INTO ALASKA.

the reindeer. Once started and made a success, we could soon get all
the people of southwestern Alaska interested, and in time they would
all be supplied, so that in the course of a few years they (the people)
would be self-sustaining.

Tou know that many of these x>^ople are dependent on sea-otter
hunting for a livelihood, and you know, too, that the sea otter will in a
few years at most be a thing of the past. If we act now we may be
able to provide for these people in another way.

What price do you pay for reindeer in Siberia? I suppose the Gov-
ernment incurs all expense of transportation. Our little fox-farming
enterprise is taking care of a good many people. The reindeer prop-
osition in the vicinity of Eadiak will do a great deal of good in the
same direction, and I trust it may be arranged for, so that we can
land them on South Semidi early next season.

I have read your report with great interest.

Thanking you for your kindly interest, I remain yours, very truly,

W. B. Taylor.
Dr. Sheldon Jackson.

CONDITION OF ARCTIC ESKIMO.

COMMENTS UPON A FEW FACTS AND FIGURES BY A RESIDENT.

There are two evils which rapidly impair, physically and mentally,
the Eskimo and Indian of northern Alaska. These, combined with a
prospective third, will possiblj*^ cause their ultimate extinction.

The Eskimo, naturally bright and good-tempered, becomes the slave
of cards and liquor when the vice is once acquired. Like most abo-
rigines, he blindly gives himself up to his passions. He is dragged
down, and lacks the moral strength to shake off the sx)ell. The chil-
dren's cries for food, which before would nerve and spur this most
tender of parents to the most fatiguing hunting trips in order to sat-
isfy their wants, pass unheeded or are stilled with a curse. He
becomes dull and morose, and even dangerous when under the influ-
ence of liquor. His passing away as part of a race is but a question
of time, if no check be put on the sale of several articles, the baneful
effect of which he does not realize, or if his eyes at last are opened he
is too deeply sunk to resist their power.

The traders of the whaling fleet (or some of them) are chiefly to blame
for the existing conditions. Their lack of conscience and pity and their
greed of gain prompt and tempt them to barter and sell to the natives
cards, liquor, molasses, and sugar, as well as breech-loading arms (to
which reference will be made later on in this article), in almost unlim-
ited quantities for furs, whalebone, etc.

Once begun, there is no end to a game of cards until the participants
are entirely exhausted for want of food and sleep, or, as oft^n hap-
pens, one is in possession of all the goods and chattels of his oppo-
nents — powder, rifle, kayak, clothing, and (will it be believed) even
children and wife. Much valuable time, especially in summer, is
wasted over cards. The hunt and salmon fishing are neglected, and
partial starvation during the winter is the inevitable sequence.

With reference to the liquor traffic, native reports (accuracy doubt-
ful) place the quantity of liquor landed on the Siberian side during
the summer of 1893 approximately at 400 kegs, of which a large part
was brought across the strait after the departure of the revenue

cutter. This figure, large though it seems, is insignificant compared

139

140 INTRODUCTION OF DOMESTIC REINDEER INTO ALASKA.

•

to the amount distilled by the natives on the American side from raw
stuffs bartered from the whalers. The reader may naturally ask why
such a large quantity of liquor is landed across the strait, where pox>-
ulation is scant, instead of landing it directly on the American shore.
It is a pleasure to point at one ray of light in this abyss of darkness.
It is owing to a single man's untiring vigilance, to a single ship's
presence in these waters during part of the summer.

Too high a tribute can not be paid Capt. M. A. Healy, commander
of the revenue cutter BeaVy for the extraordinary zeal which he dis-
plays in his good work of preventing illicit traffic, hampered as he is
by long distances and other natural obstacles, added to deficient
charts, hunting for wrecked whalers, and other objects too numerous
to mention. Smuggling is an easy matter with the Bear a thousand
miles away; yet Captain Healy manages to be in the right place at
the right time, and white as well as native rascals stand in wholesome
awe of the vessel and its commander. When the Bear at last leaves
for a balmier dime, the orgies commence. Every hamlet and almost
every hut has its apparatus for distillation, which consists of a coal-
oil can with a top of wood as the still, an old gun barrel, or, in default
of this, two long pieces of wood hollowed out and lashed together; all
of which is luted with clay or paste. An old pork or beef barrel con-
tains the mash, made from sugar or molasses and flour. Then they
distill and drink, caring for nothing else, till there is no more. Profit-
ing by this craving for drink, the native trader sells from his stock
on hand to the poor Eskimo, who, after some days of drunken 8tuxK>r,
finds himself in a condition similar to the one in which he was left by
the game of cards of the summer.

From Cape Prince of Wales and Port Clarence there fiow, figura-
tively speaking, streams of liquor; southward to the Yukon delta;
northward to Point Hope and as far as whalers go; and inland to all
people, even as far as Colville and Kojrukuk rivers. As rivers of the
desert, they are licked up by a burning desire and end in nothing; but
contrary to those, these spread famine and death, and where they end
plenty and peace begin. Praiseworthy is the effort of the Alaalr^^
Commercial Company's agent at St. Michael, selling sugar and molas-
ses only in small quantities to the native; but the latter, in order to
obtain his end, will save up half pounds of sugar or pints of molasses
until he has the desired quantity. This, being a slow process, possi-
bly accounts for the comparatively rare occurrence of drunkenness
among the natives at that place and the villages around, notwithstand-
ing the fact that whites do not parade as samples of virtue during the
summer gathering. The teachings of the evangelical missionaries on
Norton Sound have served to greatly elevate the moral standard of
the people among whom they work; but how much easier a task it
would be if cards and liquor were not obtainable, only the missioii-
aries know. That the lives of missionaries who preach against cards

INTBODUCTION OF DOMESTIC BEIKDEEB INTO ALASKA. 141

and liquor are in danger is demonstrated by the facts that the murder
of the Rev. Mr. Earlsen was attempted by a drunken native in 1888 at
Quigemon, Norton Sound, and that the Rev. Mr. Thornton was shot
to death in 1893 at Oape Prince of Wales by two incensed youths.

Gambling and drunkenness are established facts. There is yet a
third evil threatening that may prove more disastrous to the Eskimo,
the Indian, and the few hundred white men who eke out a precarious
living in this step district of this step territory of the United States,
namely, the prospective establishment of salmon canneries at the
mouths of the rivers, which furnish the inhabitants weU-nigh half of
their food supply. The history of outfished rivers on the Pacific Coast
goes far to show that this northernmost refuge for the salmon would
prove no exception.

When the fish, for some cause, do not run as usual, starvation ensues,
more or less, from Bering Sea to the McEenzie Range. Here are
10,000 lives, not to count untold suffering, in the balance against a
paltry gain in dollars and cents to individuals and corporations.

Something should be done. One man at least fully comprehends
the situation, and, if successful, his name deserves a place in the
history of this Territory. Even if success should not crown his efforts,
he deserves that and more, trying, as he is, to build up a meat house
for this community of men, " made in the image of God." But may
not Dr. Sheldon Jackson's plan of introducing domestic reindeer, and
his work of supplicating the Oovernment and citizens for aid to
further his plan, prove a case like the old saying: " While the bread
bakes, the child dies?" This plan requires time. Already from 300
to 400 deer are stationed at Port Clarence, where, also, some native
boys have been received to be taught herding and the general care of
the reindeer. The plan upon which the work of introduction is con-
ducted is open to criticism, as flaws can be found in the seemingly
most perfect. Only this : It may be as hard to turn these bom hunters
into the comparatively tame vocation of herding deer as it was to
make a farmer of the Sioux and Apache.

Something more should be done than wasting energy and money in
a vain endeavor to prevent the introduction and sale of breech-loading
firearms. If a census were taken to-day it would not be astonishing
to find that 76 per cent of the natives were armed with Winchester
carbines and other more modem breechloaders of varying caliber
and range. It is the same old story of the North American Indian
rei)eated, with the difference that those could turn to the soil for sup-
port, while these are dependent on the chase exclusively, with the
one exception of fishing. With an inferior weapon the native would
be worse off than he is. Seal, whale, and deer are not plentiful, as
they used to be, yet there are enough for a hunter with a good rifie
to keep hunger from the door. The breechloader has come to stay,
and not aU the efforts of officials, however zealous, can dislodge it.

142 INTBODUCTION OP DOMESTIC REINDEER INTO ALASKA.

Better far to let the regular traders, whose business is based upon an
honest deal, furnish the natives with the arms they need at reason-
able prices than let the same unscrupulous parties who furnish them
with the torch of extinction extort exorbitant prices for them.

With cards and liquor and the material from which to make the
latter pouring in as at present, with prospective canneries on every
bay and river, with prohibition on the sale of good arms, by which
alone the native can procure sufficient game, who and what sort of a
generation will it be that shall be benefited by the introduction of
reindeer?

What can be done?

First. Control the liquor traffic effectively by establishing at Port
Claience or some other central place a station with resident inspector
and assistants. Furnish a small vessel for cruising purposes to places
where whalers go to barter, and confiscate and destroy distilling appa-
ratus wherever found.

Second. Make it a misdemeanor to barter or sell to natives playing
cards, sugar, molasses, or any saccharine matter until judicial order
is established, and control the sale of said articles by the means as
above for liquor.

Third. Enact such legislation as will at once and forever prohibit
the establishment of salmon canneries or salteries on any of the rivers
or bays north of Cooks Inlet, Bering Sea.

Fourth. Annul the prohibition and sale of breech-loading firearms,
which are needed for reasons previously set forth.

Fifth. Bring from Siberia or Lapland a dozen families to settle as
immigrants. Furnish them deer from Port Clarence, thus solving the
question of reindeer introduction quickly and safely, and with less
expense than keeping up a breeding establishment, with superintend-
ent, assistant, hired help, civilized fare, and sundry expensive items.

One who reads the annual reports of the governor of this Territory
will observe that it furnishes hundreds of thousands of dollars annu-
ally to the Federal Treasury, and millions to the pockets of individu-
als and corporations paying taxes in other Territories and States. Is
it unreasonable, then, in the face of such facts, to ask for the natives
up here a fraction of the protection their Indian brethren enjoy in the
United States?

Protection as above indicated will enable our natives to support
themselves by hunting, fishing, and trapping for decades to come;
when a new generation may have thoroughly mastered the handling
of reindeer, adopted the life of the Lapp, Samojede, or Chuckehi, and,
by general progress and evolution of mind, be better fitted to grapple
with arising questions of daily bread. (Yukon Press.)

IlfD EX.

Aleutian Islands, reindeer for. IG.

American Missionary Ass(x;iation, reply of, to circnlar letter , 11&-123.

Antiserlook, Charley, mentioned, 54, 55.

Apprentices, to herders, 50, 51.

Bamnm, Rev. Francis, letter on need of reindeer, 126-180.

Bering Sea coast. North, famine on, 184.

Breckinridge, Clifton R., correspondence concerning reindeer, 124-12Si

Brevig. T. L., daily journal of, 61-90.

Buildings ere(;ted at Teller Reindeer Station, 11.

Cape Nome reindeer herd, 18.

Cape Prince of Wales reindeer herd, 13-18, 99-100.

Colonization of Lapps in Alaska, 115-118.

Dogs, attacking of deer by, 129.

Dora, Eskimo interpreter, 86.

Driggs, John B., on need of reindeer, 180-131.

Epidemic among reindeer, li:i-114.

Episcopal mission. See Fort Adams.

Eskimos, Arctic, condition of, 189-143; dogs, attacking deer, 139; intelligence and

good nature of Innuits, 128; interpreter, 86.
Famine, on coast of Norton Sound, 188-184; North Bering Sea coast, 184.
G^mbell, V. C, on need of reindeer, 183, 188.
GHlder, W. H., mentioned, 16, 17.

Qolovin Bay, driving herd from Port Clarence to, 105-107; herd 18, 100-104,
Hamilton, William, inspection of reindeer station, 61, 68, 64.
Hanna, Thomas, report on reindeer at Cape Prince of Wales, 99, 100.
Harness, reindeer, 53.

Harris, W. T., circular letter to missionary societies, 119-133.
Herd, reindeer, 12-15, 44, 45: distribution of, 14-19; letter of instruction to super-
intendent of , 109-113.
Herders, ability of Lapps as, 18; apprentices, 50, 51; names of, at Teller Reindeer

Station, 48; rations issued to, 40.
Howard, G. T., report on driving reindeer from Port Clarence to Goloviu Bay,

105-107.
Hnltberg. N. O., on famine on North Bering Sea coast, 184; report on reindeer at

Golovin Bay, 101-104.
Innuits, intelligence and g(HNl nature of, 138.
Itinerary, Dr. Sheldon Jackst^n, 19-89.
Jackson, Dr. Sheldim, itinerary, 19-89; letter of instruction to suixrintendent of

reindeer herds, 109-112; report to United States Commissioner of Education,

11-89.
Karlsen, Axel E., on need of reindeer, 188, 184.
Kittilsen, Albert N., appointed assistant sui)erintendent (1896). 12.
Kjellmann. Thorwald. a])iM)iiite<l assistant sui>erintendent (IH*).')). 12.
Kjellmann. William A., letter of instruction to, 109-1 12; on colonization of Lapps

inAbiska. 115-118; reapiM)inted suiieriuteudcnt, 13; resignation of, 13.

143

144 INDEX.

Knskokwim Eiver, need of reindeer in valley of, 181, 133.

Lapps, ability as herders, 18; colonization of, in Alaska, 115-118; Importation of, 18.

Liqnor traffic, 140; suggestions as to suppression, 142.

Lyall, Robert, M. D., report on epidemics among reindeer, 113, 114.

Meteorology, at Teller Reindeer Station, 91-98.

Meyer, W. H., brig, wrecked at Port Clarence, 11, 13.

Mining, at Circle City, 25.

Miners, need of, 15, 16.

Missionary societies, circular letter to, in northern Alaska, 119-13d.

Moravian Missionary Society, reply of, to circular letter, 119-123.

Norton Sound, famine on coast of, 133, 134.

Nushagak River, need of reindeer in valley of, 131, 132.

Port Clarence, driving reindeer herd from, to Gk)lovin Bay, 105-107.

Port Clarence, reindeer station at. See Reindeer Station, Port Clarence.

Rations issued to herders, 49.

Reindeer, correspondence concerning, 124, 125, on seal islands, 135-137, on Semldi
Islands, 137, 138; distribution, 14-19, 33; driving herd of, from Port Clarence
to Gk)lovin Bay, 105-107; epidemic among, 113, 114; for seal and Aleutaaa
islands, 16; freighting purposes, at gold mines, 132; harness, 52; herd, 13-15*
44, 45; letter of instruction to superintendents concerning, 109-112; meat,
17; needed as food, in valleys of Kuskokvnm and Nushagak rivers. 131, 133,
lower Yukon River, 126, 130, north Bering Sea coast, 134, Norton Sound,
133,134, St. Lawrence Island, 132,133; purchase of, in Siberia, 125, 136.

Reindeer station, application to Russian Gk)vemment for permission to establish,
in Siberia, 125, 126; Cape Nome, 13; Cape Prince of Wales, 12-13, 99, 100;
Golovin Bay, 101-104; journal of T. L. Brevig, 61-90; Port Clarence, build-
ings erected at, 11; herd at, 13-15, 44, 45, meteorology at, 9jl/98, names of
herders, 48, personnel, 11, 12, report of superintendent, 43-60, statistics, 57-60.

Revenue-Cutter Service, obligations to, 19.

Rock, S. H., on need of reindeer, 131, 132.

Romig, J. H., on need of reindeer, 131, 132.

Russian Qovemment, application to, for permission to establish reindeer station
in Siberia for purchase of reindeer, 125, 126.

St. Lawrence Island, reindeer needed on, 132, 138.

Schoolhouse erected at Teller Reindeer Station, 11.

Semidi Islands, correspondence concerning placing of reindeer on, 137, 188.

Senate, United States, action of, in regard to transmittal of report, 7.

Siberia, application to Russian Government for permission to establish reindeer
station in, 125, 126.

Station, reindeer. See Reindeer station.

Statistics of Teller Station, 57-60.

Stevenson, L. M., inland trip of, 108.

Swedish mission station. See Gk)lovin Bay.

Teller Reindeer Station. See Reindeer Station, Port Clarence.

Transmittal, letter of, 9.

Presbyterian Church, board of home missions, reply to circular letter, 119-138.

Pribilof Islands, placing of reindeer on, 135-137.

Widstead, J. C, appointed superintendent Teller Reindeer Station, 12; removed,
12; report, 43-60; report on meteorology, 91-98.

Weare, on need of reindeer, 132.

Yukon River, reindeer needed for food on, 126-130.