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NINTH ANMOAL REPORT

OF THE

PENNSYLVANIA

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

WM. STANLEY RAY,
STATE PRINTER OF PENNSYLVANIA,
1904.

OFFICIAL DOCUMENT, Ne. 6.

eee —— — —— = es

PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

OPEICIAL LIST:

—E—EE

N. B. CRITCHFIELD, Secretary,
Stoyestown, Somerset County.

A. L. MARVIN, Dep’y See’y and Director of Farmers’ Institutes,
Enon Valley, Lawrence County.

M. D. LICHLITER, Chief Clerk, »
Allegheny.

KE. C. FIRST, Stenographer,
Harrisburg.

GEORGE F. BARNES, Messenger,
Rossville, York County.

B. H. WARREN, Dairy and ood Commissioner,
West Chester, Chester County.

O. D. SCHOCK, Assistant to Dairy and Food Commissioner,
Hamburg, Berks County.

MAY V. RHONE, Clerk, Dairy and Food Commissioner,
Centre Hall, Centre County.

ROSS R. SEAMAN, Messenger, Dairy and Food Commissioner,
¢ Harrisburg.
H. A. SURFACE, Economic Zoologist,
State College Centre County.

G. G. HUTCHISON, Clerk, Economic Zoologist,
Warrior’s Mark, Huntingdon County.

LEONARD PEARSON, State Veterinarian,
Philadelphia.

(1)
1—6— 1903

ae.

OrFiciAL DocuMENT, No. 6.

NINTH ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE,

Department of Agriculture,
HarrispurG, Pa., January, 1, 1904.
To His Excellency, SAMUEL W. PENNYPACKER, (Governor of
Pennsylvania:
Sir: In compliance with the requirements of the act of Assembly
creating a Department of Agriculture of Pennsylvania, I have the
honor herewith to submit my report of said Department for the year

1903.
CROP VALUES.

The year just closed has been a fairly prosperous vear for the
farmers of the State. The total value of the cereal crops produced
during the vear is estimated to be $65,603,082, the value of the
several distinct grain crops being as follows: Corn, $25,905,153;
wheat, $20,570,371; oats, $12,795,659; rye, $356,846; buckwheat, $2,-
G63,180 and barley, $105,873. Some of the other crops produced
during the year are estimated as follows: Hay, $52,675,083, pota-
toes, $13,775,112, and tobacco $1,642,207, making the total value of
farm crops, exclusive of live stock, dairy products, poultry and other
products of the animal industry of the State, as well as all kinds of
fruit, $133,695,484.

ANIMAL INDUSTRY.

The value of the products of the animal industry of the State is
more difficult to estimate. The remarkable development in recent
vears of the live stock industry in the states west of the Missouri
river has done much to diminish the live stock production of this,

(3)

4 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

as well as other eastern states. The Pennsylvania farmer has
not been able to compete with his western neighbor, whose location
enables him to carry his live stock of all classes through the
entire year without the necessity of providing shelter for them
and with very little feed, other than the dried Buffalo grass, which
they gather for themselves and on which they become almost as
well fitted for market as the grain-fed stock of the east. Al
though the amount of live stock raised in the State is, for the reason
mentioned, not as large as our extent of territory would seem to
indicate that it should be, the industry is still one of importance
and decided progress is being made in the quality of the stock
produced. Horses, cattle, sheep and swine are being more care-
fully bred than formerly. The importance of our dairy industry
has led to the careful breeding of dairy stock, and at the present
time many herds of exceptionally fine cattle of most prominent
dairy breeds may be found in the State. The live stock in the State
at the close of last year was estimated as to numbers and value as
follows:

NOT RES re ot tye 578,247 valued at $147,055,151
THOS a. heres 2s 2 37,035 valued at 3,386,185
Malch-cows; 2.22: 1,044,625 valued at 32,947,472
Other neat cattle, 1,000,000 valued at 14,000,000
SHCED) 4.04... Souons 11,333,437 valued at 3,830,625
winery wel. 2.8 es 1,090,600 valued at — 10,000,000

Making a total valuation of $211,239,483.

A few Pennsylvania farmers have undertaken the raising of An-
gora goats, but as yet the interest in Angoras is not large enough
to attract attention to their production as one of the distinct
animal industries of the State. With the large areas of land in
the mountain regions of the State from which the timber has re-
cently been removed, that is especially adapted to the production
of the kind of browse suited to these animals, there is every reason
to believe that the Angora will, in the near future, occupy a much
more prominent place in Pennsylyania than it does at present.

EVIDENCES OF IMPROVEMENT.

The best way to determine whether the agriculture of our State
is in a more flourishing condition at the preseat time than it was
at any given time in the past, is to compare results. The compari-
son should not be for too short a period. I, therefore, take the
figures given in the Eleventh U. 8. Census Report, showing the
total production of some of the leading farm crops of the State in
the year 1889. Placing these figures by the side of those given in
the Crop Reporter, issued by the U. 8S. Department of Agriculture,

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,

giving the total production of the same crops for the year 1903,
we have a showing which points to a very decided improvement
made during the intervening fourteen years.

The figures given for the two years named showing the produc
tion of some of the principal crops, are as follows:

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2 2 oA

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fal foal s

The only one of the leading cereal crops for which a larger yield
is reported in 1889 than in 1903 is oats, the production being 1,-
091,501 bushels less in 1903 than in 1889.

Another evidence of improvement in the condition of our agricul-
ture, is found in the improved condition of the Pennsylvania farm
home. Our State has always been noted for its fine farm buildings;
but it is only within recent years that a general movement has been
made in the direction of introducing into the farmer’s home the
modern improvements that add so much to the comfort of its in-
mates. Much of this improvement, no doubt, has resulted from
the discussion of questions relating to the home at our Farmers’
Institutes; but while the institute lectsrers have directed attention
to the importance of this subject, the improvements could not have
been made without the necessary amount of surplus cash coming
into the farmers’ hands, with which to make them. In many sec-
tions of the State it has come to be no uncommon thing to find farm
homes supplied with the same heating apparatus that is found in
the larger towns and cities, while the water supply is so arranged as
to provide hot and cold water. for every part of the house where
needed, making the bath-room and inside toilet practical attain-
ments.

I shall not attempt to enlarge upon the evidences of improve-
ment in recent years in the agriculture of our State; but before
leaving this subject, I wish to call attention to one more mark of im-
provement, which is, the advanced high character of the farm litera-
ture of the State. The literature relating to any subject will, to
a very great degree, correspond with the condition of the class,
association or people in whose interests it is published. It must

6 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

necessarily be somewhat in adyance of the class it is intended to
benefit, without which it could not be a leader of thought, but its
advancement will be largely regulated by the progress that is being
made by the people it represents and in whose interest it is pub-
lished. It gives me great pleasure to speak of the superiority of
the agricultural papers published in Pennsylvania, and, believing
the proposition just stated to be correct, the pleasure is greatly
enhanced by the thought that this excellence is at least partially
due to a call that comes as the result of better training and better
covuditions that are to be found upon the farms and in the farm
homes of the State.

WORK OF THE DEPARTMENT.

The Department of Agriculture has a large field to cover and its
ofiicers and agents have been kept busy during the year with the
many duties with which it is entrusted. The regular routine work
carried on under the special direction of the Secretary, consisting
of Special Examinations, Nursery Inspection, Inspection and Analy-
sis of Fertilizers, Concentrated Feeding Stuffs, etc., together with
the publication of bulletins of information, has gone forward in
regular order during the year, each item receiving attention at its
own appropriate time.

The work of collecting samples of various kinds of Concentrated
Commercial Feeding Stuffs found upon the market for analysis was
placed in the hands of Mr. Enos B. Engle, who is one of the regularly
employed agents of the Department. As Mr. Engle is a practical
pomologist, part of his time is devoted to nursery inspection, a
work which has been assigned to the Division of Economic Zoology.
The season during which the inspection of nurseries must be made
in order to be effectual being too short to enable one man to cover
the entire State within the period, the services of Professors Geo.
C. Butz and W. A. Buckhout, both of whom are connected with the
Pennsylvania State College, were secured and they were assigned
to the Division of Economic Zoology to assist in this special work.

The period during which samples of Commercial Fertilizers may
be secured is necessarily limited to the short time immediately pre-
ceding the spring and fall seeding, at which time they may be found
in the warerooms of selling agents and upon the farms where they
are to be used. To accomplish this work in the short time that
could be given to it, the State was divided into twelve sections and
an agent was employed for each section. By this means the entire
State was gone over in about one month, and six hundred more
samples were taken than were ever before taken in a single year.

The acts of Assembly of 1879 and 1901 regulating the manufacture
and sale of commercial fertilizers has proven of inestimable value

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,

to the farmers of the State. The cost of such fertilizers used annu
ally in Pennsylvania reaches several millions of dollars, and without
the means provided by law to detect fraud, the temptation to un
scrupulous men to place upon the market goods of inferior value
would no doubt lead to very. great abuses. It is unfortunate that
a few farmers seem to think that a law requiring a certain fee to
be paid by the manufacturer for the privilege of placing each brand
of goods that he makes upon the market, adds to the cost of the fer-
tilizer the farmer buys, without securing to him any substantial
benefit, and that as a result of this view attempts are sometimes
made to get manufacturers to prepare for them special mixtures,
for which the manufacturer has filed with this Department no
guaranteed analysis and which he has no right under the law to
make or sell. It should be remembered that the license fee paid
by the manufacturer goes for the payment of the expenses of col-
lecting samples and having them analyzed, so that the character
of the goods may be made public and that the prosecution of the
manufacturer, if his attempt to defraud is apparent, may follow.
If the manufacturer sells but one hundred tons ef any given brand,
the fee paid amounts to fifteen cents per ton, and if he sells five
hundred tons the fee amounts to but four cents. Surely, if this
were rightly understood by all, even though the fee were paid by
the farmer directly, no complaint would be offered at having to pay
so small an insurance fee for the amount of protection secured.
Every farmer should interest himself in seeing, so far as he may be
abie, that the manufacturer observes the requirements of the law.

The official connection of the Secretary with the State Live Stock
Sanitary Board has added a considerable amount to the personal
work he has had to perform during the year. The leasing of a farm
upon which to continue on a larger scale the investigations that
have been in progress relating to the immunizing of cattle against
tuberculosis, the stocking of said farm, the repairs of buildings and
adapting them to the special uses to which they have been applied,
together with the purchase ef farm implements, the employment
of labor and directing the same, have all received the attention of
the Secretary, in conjunction with the State Veterinarian. A more
complete account of this work is given in the State Veterinarian’s
report.

In the latter part of the month of April, I received from Mr. A.
1. Loop, of North East, Pa., a section of the State where grape cul-
ture is one of the chief industries, the following letter:

- “North East, Pa., April 21, 1903.
“Hon. N. B. Critchfield, Harrisburg, Pa.:

“Dear Sir: Last fall at a meeting of grape growers of this section, Mr. R.
S. Pierce, of this place, and I, were made a committee to see what could be

8 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

done in the way of getting State aid to carry on experiments and give grape
growers instruction in the way of preventing grape rot and controlling injurious
insects, etc.

“We drew up petition to Legislature and secured names of five hundred
or so people directly interested in the matter. We had bill drawn up and intro-
duced by our Senator, Mr. Sisson, appropriating $8,000.00 for the work. This
passed the Senate without opposition. Mr. Pierce and -made trip to Harrisburg
and appeared before Committee on Appropriations with Senator Sisson and
Dr. F, N. Thorpe (a large grower here), and Prof. Jno. F. Hicks, who has had
charge of this work in Ohio for some years past. The committee * * * gave
a negative recommendation. We are utterly at loss to understand why this
was done, as this is a thing of great importance to thousands of people in this
section.

“T enclose a copy of statistics that we got together to use before committee
and others who might be interested. We can give you our assurance that
every statement made therein is true to our personal knowledge. Cannot you
with your Department do the work for our growers that Ohio does for their
growers? Send an expert here. I have only from 10 to 12 acres. I do not need
any instruction or example as to what to do, neither does Mr. Pierce, although
he has about one hundred and fifty acres in grapes. There are, however, hun-
dreds of others who do need a practical illustration, growers who have 10 to
50 acres each, to whom the loss of two or three crops will mean loss of their
farms, homes and savings of a lifetime. Rot has appeared in every vineyard
in the county the past season and in west end of county it has made total
loss of crops. You of course know if anything is to be done, work must be
begun in three weeks or so.

“T hope your Department is in a position to take it up. Others will probably
write you. Prof. Hicks will, I know, be glad to give you pointers that his
experience with the trouble in Ohio has brought him; his address is Wooster,

“Very respectfully,
“A. I. DOORS

To this letter I responded as follows:

“Harrisburg, Pa., April 28, 1903.
“A. I. Loop, Esq., North East, Penna.:

“Dear Sir: Your letter of the 21st instant is before me. I think I shall be
able to arrange to come to North East in company with Prof. Surface of this
Department, and one or more specialists in the line of Horticulture about
Tuesfay of next week (May 5th), to meet some of your people and see what
can be done to help you. Can you arrange for a place of meeting, and have
as many of your grape growers as convenient meet us? If you can, let me know
at once, and I will wire you about calling meeting.

“Very truly yours,
“N. B.. CRITCHHN LET D
“Secretary of Agriculture.”

fat once wrote to Prof. Geo. C. Butz, botanist of the Pennsyl-
Vania Experiment Station, and to Prof. John F. Hicks, assistant
botanist of the Ohio Experiment Station, to whom Mr. Loop referred
in his letter, asking them to meet me at North East, Pa., on May
oth, at the same time directing that a meeting of grape growers

No, 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 9

he called at that place and date, At this meeting the vineyardists
who were present gave as full a description of the diseases and in-
sects that were the cause of their loss as they were able to give,
from which the specialists [ had with me had no difficulty in’ determ-
ining the nature of the trouble. Pro?. Surface at once undertook
to look after the destructive insects, and an arrangement was subse-
quently made with Dr. H. P. Armsby, Director of the Pennsylvania
Experiment Station, whereby it was agreed that the work of relief
given to the grape growers should be divided between the Experi-
ment Station and this Department, the station taking charge of the
fungous diseases, and the Economic Zoologist of this Department,
the insect pests. Fortunately for this Department the insects did
not appear in such quantities as to make any very serious trouble.

In order to satisfy myself as to the result of the treatment given
the vineyards, I visited them during the season when the grapes
were being gathered and found the treatment to have been most
successful. A very great saving was secured to the vineyardists
for the present year, and at the same time such an object lesson
was given in methods of treatment as will enable them, in the
future, to successfully combat the adversaries with which they
must contend. Following is a letter from Prof. Butz, giving a full
account of the work that was done:

“State College, Pa., November 13, 1903.
“Hon. N. B. Critchfield, Secretary of Agriculture, Harrisburg, Pa.:

“Dear Sir: The spraying operations in the vineyards of Hrie county, which
were the outcome of the conference you arranged for at North East, Pa., on
May 5, 1903, have been concluded with the most satisfactory results. The
“problem of the injurious insects was assigned by you to the Economic Zoologist,
but as the insects did nut appear in threatening numbers this season, nothing
was called for along that line. The spraying operations proposed to protect
graves against the destructive attack of fungous diseases were under my direc-
tion and were carried on in several vineyards. I can now report that the vine-
yardists are well pleased with practical benefits which: may be derived from
the proper use of fungicides upon grapes. In the sprayed vineyards of 25
acres of Mr. Z. Rogers, not a single rotted berry could be found at the time
of harvesting, while in a neighboring vineyard, not sprayed, from 25 per cent.
to 30 per cent. of the crop was ruined. Messrs, Crawford Bros., of North Hast,
Pa., who sprayed their 50 acres of vineyard, as well as other fruits, have
placed the value of their spraying operations of the past season at $5,000.00.
Many vineyardists who had no faith in spraying last May are now making
preparations to spray next season.

“The detailed report of the operations will appear in an early bulletin of the
Experiment Station.

“Very truly,
“GHO.6C, BUDA
DISCOURAGING FEATURES OF THE YEAR.

-Among the discouraging features with which the farmeérs of the

State had to contend during the past year, I may mention, first,

’

10 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

an unusually cold summer, with conditions unfavorable to crop
production. The season was especially unfavorable for corn. Im-
mediately after the planting season there was in most parts of
the State,a long continued period of drouth, that prevented the
prompt germination of the seed. In many places corn did not come
up until this dry period was past, when it was too late to mature
in time to be harvested before the winter set in, and, as a result,
a great deal of corn remained in the field during the first months
of winter, and even now in mid-winter, there is much still stand-
ing out. In some localities the wet weather, which set in later, in-
terfered with the cultivation of corn, thus causing the crop to fall
short of what it otherwise would have been. The continued precipi-
tation during the season for harvesting wheat and making hay was,
in many sections, the cause of great loss, and it is a matter of sur-
prise that with these conditions prevailing, the crop reports are as
favorable as they are.

The second discouraging feature worthy of mention was the
failure in so many localities of orchard fruits. While in some sec-
tions of the State, especially in the southeastern counties, the apple
crop was abundant, in other localities the late spring frosts de-
stroyed the crop entirely, and the peach crop, which, in recent
years, has become quite important, was much below the average
all over the State.

Another source of great discouragement to our fruit growers,
and one that. needs to be met with resolute and persistent treat-
ment is the presence of the San José Scale in almost every locality
of the State. It is unfortunate that this Department does not
have the means to render the fruit growers of the State the aid
they need in combatting this foe. Without united action on the
part of the land owners upon whose premises shrubs or trees
that are infested, or that are hable to be infested, with this de-
structive pest are growing, the fruit producing industry of the
State is destined to be greatly injured. It is gratifying to know
that in some localities farmers and orchardists are organizing for
systematic warfare against this dangerous enemy, and it is to
be hoped that the example of such will be followed by others, until
such organizations may cover the entire State. The Economic
Zoologist of this Department is doing all in his power to assist
in this conflict in localities where the people have taken up the
fight and to lead it in other places where fruit growers have not
been aroused to a sense of the danger to which they are exposed;
but without the assistance that we trust the next General As-
sembly will give us, we cannot hope even to hold our own in the
struggle, and much less may we hope for permanent success.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 11

CORRESPONDENCE.

The correspondence of the Department has grown to very large
proportions, a fact that I think shows that farmers are apprecia-
ting more and more the work that the State is doing, through the
Department, in their behalf. Much of the correspondence goes
direct to the heads of the several Divisions, to which it properly
belongs. Requests for literature published by the Department are
answered by the clerks, and there is still left a large amount which
comes to the Secretary’s desk, much of which has po very direct
relation to agriculture, but contains inquiries that are matters of
interest to farmers in other directions, and that, therefore, are
entitled to receive attention.

AGRICULTURAL ASSOCIATIONS.

The work done during the year by the various agricultural asso-
ciations of the State has been very helpful. At the meetings of
these associations questions relating to the several farm industries
of the State are discussed by practical men. Many excellent papers
are read, upon topics interesting to farmers, whereby the farm
literature of the State is greatly increased. On account of the
value of these papers and discussions to the agriculture of the State,
it is the policy of the Department to render these associations all
the assistance it is able to give, and appropriations have been
made during the year from the limited funds at the disposal of the
Secretary to aid in defraying the expense of such meetings and the
publication of their proceedings. The annual meetings of these as-
sociations are usually held in the first months of the year and the
reports made of the work done are in reality reports for the pre-
ceding year. It has been the custom of this Department to publish
such portions of the proceedings of these meetings as have been
heretofore published with its Annual Report, as a part of the
report for the year in which the meetings were held. This, it seems
to me, is not as it should be. For example: The last Annual Meet-
ing of the Pennsylvania State Board of Agriculture was held on
the 27th and 28th days of January, 1904, but the reports of the
officers, consulting specialists and standing committees were made
for 1903 and related to work done during that year. It is evident,
therefore, that whatever report is published of that meeting should
be made a part of the report of the work done in 1903. To with-
hold it for an entire year and then publish, would be to allow much
of the matter it contains, especially in the way of suggestions for
improvement, to lose its value. With this view, such portions of
the reports of these associations as it is thought proper to embody
in the report of this Department, are included in the present report.

12 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Asa result, it will be seen that in some instances the report of the
proceedings of two annual meetings of the same body or association
appear. *

PUBLICATIONS, ETC.

The regular publication of bulletins of information has been kept
up during the year. In addition to the monthly and quarterly bulle
tins issued from the Dairy and Food Division and the Division of
Economic Zoology, fourteen miscellaneous bulletins have been pub-
lished, as follows

No. 107. Analyses of Concentrated Commercial Feeding Stuffs.

No. 108. The Hessian Fly in Pennsylvania.

No. 109. Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers.

No. 110. Containing Statement of Work of Dairy and Food Divi-
sion from July Ist to December 1st, 1902.

No. 111. Small Fruits, their Crigin, Culture and Marketing.

No. 112. List of ¢ ‘ounty and Local Agricultural Societies

No. 113. Methods of Milking.

No. 114. Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers.

No. 115. Proceedings of Annual Meeting of Farmers’ Institute
Managers and Lecturers.

No. 116. Farmers’ Institutes in Pennsylvania.

No. 117. Potash Fertilizers rees and Methods cf Application.

No. 118. Containing the Law C1 reating the Office of Dairy and Food
Commissioner in Pennsylvania, and also a Digest of the Acts of
Assembly Committed to his Administration.

No. 119. Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers.

No. 120. Fhe Apple-tree Tent Caterpillar.

The demand for agricultural literature is largely on the increase.
Requests for the bulletins, as well.as the Reports of the Depart-
ment, come from every state and territory of the Union, including
our recent annexed provinces. Such requests come also from all
countries in Europe, from Avstralia, China, Japan and from Brazil,
Uruguay and other countries of South America. Requests for lit-
erature of the Department come from all sections of Canada, nearly
every week. To meet this demand, about 60,000 bulletins were
mailed during the year 1903, exclusive of the regular monthly and
quarterly bulletins already referred to.

In response to a call made by the Executive Officer of the Louisi-
ana Purchase Exposition Commission, the Department has under-
taken to prepare for the exposition an exhibit of birds, mammals,
insects, etc., which will show their economic relation to agriculture.
The investigation necessary to be made in order to prepare such
an exhibit, as well as the work to be done in its preparation, were
placed in the hands of the Economic Zoologist, who is, at the time

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 13

of this writing, carrying forward the work as rapidly as is possible
with the many other duties pressing upon him. The collection that
is being made will be returned from the Exposition to be placed
in the contemplated agricultural museum in the new Capitol Build-
ing, if the efforts to establish such museum shall prove successful,
and so will be of permanent value to the State.

The Executive Officer of the Exposition Commission also re-
quested the Secretary to write an article on the Agriculture of
Pennsylvania for a publication authorized by the Commission, enti-
tled “Pennsylvania at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition,” which
book will be distributed gratuitously at the Pennsylvania Building
at the St. Louis Fair. This request was complied with and as the
matter contained in the article is pertinent to this report, it is
here given in full:

AGRICULTURE OF PENNSYLVANIA.

Persons unacquainted with Pennsylvania are liabie to underrate
her position and rank as an agricultural state. The fact that she
stands first among the states of the Union in the production of
iron and coal and second in the value of her manufactured pro-
duets, naturally leads to the conclusion that but little attention
is given to agriculture. Instead of this being true, the thrift of
the Pennsylvania farmer is proverbial, and the extent and variety
of the crops grown in the “Keystone” State give her a very high
rank as an agricultural state.

A number of ridges or mountains cross the State, diagonally,
from the southwest corner to the northeast boundary, which favor-
ably affects the climate of certain sections of the State and renders
a failure, in farm crops, a thing almost entirely unknown. The soil
in the extreme southwest portion of the State is particularly well
adapted to the growth of grass. The pasturage of this section is
almost equal to the famous Bluegrass region of Kentucky, and, as
a result, the farmers of this section turn their attention largely
to raising live stock. Many fine cattle, annually, go from these
southwestern counties into the coal and coke regions of the western
part of the State, where they find an excellent market. Sheep and
wool are also numbered among the staple products of this section.
The wool products of Greene and Washington counties, alone, in
1900, amounted to 3,008,390 pounds, valued at $631,761.90.

14 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

The soil of all the counties, west of the mountain ranges, is of
excellent quality, producing fine crops of grass for pasturage and
hay, as well as large yields of the chief cereal crops grown in this
latitude. Except in sections around Pittsburg, and some of the
other leading manufacturing towns in the western part of the
State, general farming is usually practiced. While this is the rule,
likeall general rules, it has its exceptions, and a number of farmers
in these western counties are beginning to specialize. Prominent
among the specialties receiving attention is the dairy industry.
Many fine herds of dairy cows may be found in these western coun-
ties, yielding a profitable income to their owners. Many cattle,
sheep, hogs and horses are raised in this section that find a ready
market in the manufacturing and coal towns that abound in the
western and southwestern portions of the State. The extreme
northwestern part of the State possesses special advantages as a
fruit-growing section. The influence of the lake upon the climate is
such that the fruit crops grown are rarely injured by the late frosts
of spring or the early frosts of autumn so common in other portions
of the State. The largest vineyards in the State are to be found
here, and the grape-growing industry is a source of great profit to
those who are engaged in it. Many carloads of grapes are shipped
from this section every year. Peaches, plums, apples and other or-
chard and small fruits are produced here in great abundance and are
sold for good prices at the city of Erie and other points near home.
From Erie county eastward along the New York boundary, con-
ditions are much the same that are found in the western part of the
State, except that the country is somewhat more elevated and por-
tions of it quite mountainous. But even upon the mountains in
this part of the State the soil is of good quality and seems to be
especially adapted to the growth of grass. The leading farm indus-
trices in this northern tier of counties are dairying and stock raising.
Large quantities of milk are shipped from these counties in refrig-
erator cars to the cities of New York and Philadelphia, while a
number of creameries and many cheese factories are engaged in
preparing the products of the dairy for market in a more condensed
form. The valleys near the center of this northern boundary are
well adapted to the growth of tobacco, and wherever planted ex-
cellent fields of this valuable crop are produced.

The eastern border counties of the State are not so uniform in
their natural features and soil products as those last named. The
surface of the northeastern counties is somewhat broken and mount-
ainous, while the southeastern counties are comparatively level. In
the northeastern section fine crops of grass, oats and barley are
produced, as well as a considerable quantity of maize or Indian
corn. Except in the valleys of this section Indian corn does not re-

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 15

ceive the same atlention that is given to other cereal crops. The
principal reason for this is to be found in the fact that in the more
elevated sections of the north the season is shorter and the cooler
climate is not so well adapted to corn production, while other crops
erow equally as well and, in some instances, better than in the lower
lands of the south. General farming is practiced in these north-
ern counties of the east boundary with many exceptions in favor
of dairying. ;

The southeast section of the State or southern counties of
the eastern border, possess a climate adapted to the production of
all the crops grown in this latitude with equally favorable soil con-
ditions. The vicinity of these counties to the city of Philadelphia
has much to do in determining the kinds of crops to be grown or
the distinct branch of the farming industry to which their popula-
tion shall turn their attention. The immense milk supply required
to meet the wants of this great city gives the milk dairy a very
prominent place among the farmers of this section, and some of the
most finely equipped dairies to be found anywhere in America are
located here. Truck farming, or market gardening, is also very
profitable in this section, and large areas of farm lands are de-
voted to this industry, while other farmers, with equal success, turn
their attention to fruit growing, making a specialty of small fruits.
The counties along the southern border of the State are also quite
different in their natural features. Going west from the neighbor-
hood of Philadelphia along the boundary, the country for a distance
of about one hundred and twenty miles, presents an unbroken ap-
pearance. The slight elevation of this section and its location im-
mediately east of the Appalachian Mountains, which favorably af-
fects the climate, together with an exceedingly rich limestone soil
make it one of the best farming sections to be found anywhere upon
the American continent. The principal grains grown in this section
are corn and wheat. Tobacco is also one of the staple products and
as the quantity of tobacco grown in other parts of the State is lim-
ited, it is the large amount produced in this section that gives to
Pennsylvania the distinction of being one among the first states
of the Union in tobacco production. The animal industry of this
section is also very important. Cattle, sheep and swine are among
its farm products, while many cattle are shipped into this section
from other points and are fed here for the Philadelphia and New
York markets. From twenty to twenty-five thousand head of cattle
are distributed every year to feeders from the stock yards of Lan-
caster city alone. Here, also, are to be found many finely equipped
dairies, the dairy herds being composed of well-bred and well-se-
lected stock and the dairy barns and other buildings being most com-
plete in all their appointments.

The remaining counties of the southern border are more or less

16 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE < Off. Doc.

broken, but in every one of them are to be found rich valleys where
fine crops of grain, grass and fruit are grown, and where the occa-
pants of the farm homes are prosperous and happy.

The interior counties of the State, in their soil and climatic condi-
tions, are so much like the berder counties as to render a detailed
description, such as bas Oss given of the border counties, unnec-
essary. Everywhere in the State, where proper care has been exer-
cised, the native and cultivated grasses grow luxuriantly. As a
Oak of the ada eonee - the climate and soil to grass production,
hay is a never-failing crop. In 1903 the value of the hay crop
amounted to $52,675,083.00.

The principal grain crop grown in the State is maize, or Indian
corn. While the high altitude of some portions of the State render
the seasons too short for profitable corn growing, the peculiar
adaptation of other sections to its growth causes the State to
average well as a corn-producing state. The rich sections known
as the Cumberland, Lebanon, Lancaster and Chester valleys, in the
east; the Monongahela valley, in the west, and the Penns, Buffalo
and other smaller valleys in the central part of the State are ex-
ceptionally fine corn-growing sections, where large quantities of
this valuable cereal is grown, much of which is fed to live stock
upon the farms where it is produced, thus contributing to keeping
up the fertility of the soil in these naturally rich valleys, and, at
the same time, yielding a fair income to the farmer. The corn
crop aga AP saddened to 45,447,636 bushels, valued at
$25,905,153.00. The average production per acre was 31.2 bushels.

As a wheat-growing state, Pennsylvania possesses several ad-
vantages over some of the other states of the Union. As already
stated, the soil of the valleys is usually of that rich limestone type
that seems to be inexhaustible and, in many sections of the State,
where the Jand has been under cultivation for nearly two centuries,
crops are grown that surpass the crops grown in the virgin soil
of some other sections of the country. On the more elevated lands,
in the mountainous portions of the State, the snow covering af-
forded the growing crop during the winter prevents it from being
winter-killed, and the dry, cool air, incident to the increased alti-
tude, produces a quality of grain harder and richer in its good
flour-making qualities than can be produced under other conditions
The quality of the flour made from the wheat grown upon the table
lands of the State, if properly manufactured, is but little, if any,
inferior to the flour made from the hard spring wheat grown in the
Red River Valley and other sections of the northwest.

The total wheat crop of Pennsylvania in 1903 amounted to 26,-
033,444 bushels, valued at $20,570.371.00. The average yield per acre
was 15.6 bushels, an average equalled by very few states of the

Union.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

The third in value of the cereal crops produced in Pennsylvania
is*the oat crop. As if’ to create a fair average for all sections of
the State, nature seems to have provided that in the portions of the
State possessing the least adaptation to raising corn, oats shall
grow luxuriantly. It is no uncommon thing to see large fields of
oats, in some of the more elevated counties of the State, that yield
from fifty to sixty bushels per acre. The very high value that
oats possess as a feed for dairy stock gives to this grain a special
importance in this State, where the dairy industry is so prominent.
The total production of oats in the state in 1903 was 34,582,863
bushels, valued at $12,796,659.00. The average production per acre
was 28.6 bushels.

Of the grain crops, next to the oat in value and production comes
rye. Large quantities of rye are raised.in the dairy sections of the
State that is cut before ripening and fed as green roughage in the
early part of the summer before other soiling crops are sufficiently
advanced for use. There are certain sections of the State that
yield unusually large crops of this valuable cereal. Notably among
these sections is the eastern slope of the Allegheny Mountains in
the southern part of the State, where a red colored soil is found
that seems especially adapted to the production of rye. The total
number of bushels of rye raised in the State in 1903 was 5,746,535
bushels, valued at $3,562,846.00. The average preduction was 15.4
bushels per acre. .

Another of the valuable grain crops grown in Pennsylvania is
buckwheat. Everywhere upon the uplands of the State, during
the mid-summer months, large fields may be seen covered with the
beautiful white, sweet-scented bloom of growing buckwheat. Under
favorable circumstances from thirty-five to forty-five bushels may
be produced per acre. Until recent years the buckwheat crop was
not counted among the money crops of the Pennsylvania farmer.
What he needed for consumption in his own family was made into
flour and the remainder of the crop was fed to stock. At the
present time, however, the demand for the flour or meal is so great
that with an equally great and yearly increasing demand for buck-
wheat middlings as a dairy food, the farmer whose soil and climatic
conditions are favorable to its production, finds buckwheat to be
a very valuable ready-money crop. The total yield of buckwheat in
the State in 1903 was 4,161,213 bushels, valued at $2,663,180.00.

The last of the grain crops to be mentioned is barley. That so
little barley is grown in Pennsylvania seems very strange to the
writer. Years ago, when the only variety, of which we had any
practical knowledge, was the heavily bearded; and when we had no
means of harvesting except by cutting with grain cradle and binding

2—6—1903

18 ANNUAL REPORT OF THIs Off. Doc.

by hand, there was some excuse for avoiding this crop on account
of its being so unpleasant to handle. But with the excellent varie-
ties of smooth barley, from which we may select our seed, and the
improved harvesting machinery that we have at the present time,
it seems strange that so little of this valuable cereal is grown.
In the northeastern part of the State, where most of the barley
grown in Pennsylvania is produced, the yield is but 35 per cent. less
per acre than the yield of oats, while the price per bushel is 50 per
cent. greater than that of oats. The total yield of barley in the
State in 1903 was 18,959 bushels, valued at $105,873.00.

Another valuable farm crop that is extensively grown in Penn-
sylvania is the potato crop. Everywhere in the State the Irish
potato yields weil, while the quality produced is unsurpassed. In

at $13,775,112.00. The average production was 91 bushels per acre.

During the last twenty-five years the business of producing vege-
tables and flowers in winter time, under glass, has grown to very
large proportions. This business is conducted on small farms close
to large cities. It happens, however, that in some purely agricul-
tural districts, and particularly in the southeastern corner of the
State, there is a large development of the business of producing
vegetables under glass. On farms in this same section mushroom
production is an important interest and quantities of this highly
priced product is shipped daily during the season to the markets
of all of the large eastern cities. The principal flowers that are
produced are roses, carnations and violets. This business is still
erowing at a rapid rate and is becoming an important feature in the
agriculture of Pennsylvania.

An article on agriculture of Pennsylvania would be incomplete
that made no reference to the amount of maple sugar produced.
Although the manufacture of maple sugar is limited to small areas,
there is, nevertheless, a comparatively large amount made in the
State. In recent years great improvement in methods is noticeable.
The old-stvled furnace, with its heavy cast-iron kettles, has disap-
peared and the galvanized iron evaporating pan, with furnace at-
tached, has taken its place. By the improved methods, a better
quality of both sugar and syrup is produced, and while there seems
to be a decline in the annual production, owing to the fact that
many farmers seem to think that greater profits can be realized
by turning their sugar orchards into lumber and devoting the
grounds to other purposes, there will, no doubt, remain for many
years to come, farms on which these delicious luxuries are produced
and from which those who are willing to pay a fair price may receive
at least a limited supply. The total yield of sugar in the State re-
ported for the year 1899, the last year for which we have any report,
was 1,429,540 pounds.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 1g

Several references have already been made to the live stock in-
dustry of the State, but not in the specific manner that its import-
ance demands. I shall, therefore, conclude this Report on the Agri-
culture of Pennsylvania by directing more particular attention to its
live stock.

In the earliest days, Pennsylvania took high tank in horse pro-
duction. While a large number of road horses were bred, the
Quaker and Dutch settlers were more inclined to the production of
horses of the highest utility, and so devoted themselves to breed-
ing and improving animals for draft purposes. It resulted that the
only definite strain of draft horses produced in the United States
was originally and for a long time confined to Pennsylvania. These
were the famous Conestoga horses and were used largely for haul-
ing the heavy freight wagons carrying iron and merchandise be-
tween Philadelphia and Pittsburg. The rich limestone soil of the
farms in the southeastern part of Pennsylvania prove to be admir-
ably adapted to the production of horses with good bone and
stamina. Later, less attention was paid to breeding draft horses,
or, perhaps, it would be more correct to say that the attention of
breeders was divided between draft and road horses, and at present
many farms are devoted largely to raising light horses for racing,
riding and driving. Some of the first Hackney stallions brought
to the United States were brought to Pennsylvania farms, and
these have made a decided impress on the character of the horses
of some of the eastern counties. One of the largest horse import-
ing farms in the United States, until a few years ago, has its head-
quarters in the northwestern part of the State of Pennsylvania,
and through the draft horses and coach horses imported by this
firm the horse stock of western Pennsylvania, and of other states
as well, has been greatly improved.

A number of imported draft horses were brought into the south-
western part of the State about a half century ago, and from that
time to the present the practice of bringing such horses into this
section has been continued, and, as a result, some of the finest draft
horses produced anywhere in America are still bred in the south-
western and southern part of the State, on the farms whose table
lands and rich valleys border upon West Virginia and Maryland.
To enumerate the trotting bred stallions that have been bred or
have been used in Pennsylvania, and the high class harness horses
that have been produced here, would be to catalogue many names
best known to horse breeders.

While many horses are bred in the State it is, nevertheless, true
that at the present time the farmers of Pennsylvania do not pro-
duce nearly so many horses as are needed to carry on the work of
the State, and horses and mules are imported in large num-
bers from the west. There are, however, still sold in all the

20 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

eastern markets, and for exportation a large number of horses,
classed as Pennsylvania draft horses. Many of these horses are
western horses that have been fed and fitted for market on the
farms of Pennsylvania. The feeding and fitting for market of
horses is soinething that is understood to perfection by many farm-
ers of this State. On the first of January, 1903, there were in
Pennsylvania 578,247 horses, valued at $47,055,151.00, and 37,085
mules, valued at $3,386,185.00. Pennsylvania is practically the
largest horse and mule consuming State in the country; that is to
Say, in connection with the vast industrial enterprises, mining, oil
production and commerce of the State, more horses and mules are
employed and used up than in any other state of the Union. It is
interesting to note, in this connection, that, thanks to an efficient
veterinary control, there is less of that baneful disease of horses
and mules, glanders, in Pennsylvania than in any neighboring state
and, so far as known, less than in any other state in the Union.

In the older days beef cattle were produced in Pennsylvania on a
large scale, and some of the earliest importations of cattle of im-
proved breeds were brought to Philadelphia and were used in neigh
boring counties. At present, however, and as a result of the growth
of the larger centers of population, especially in the eastern part of
the State, cattle are kept chiefly for dairy purposes, but the dairy
interest in Pennsylvania is by no means new. As already stated,
most of the land in large parts of the State is splendidly adapted
to grass production and the growth of corn. The farms are well
watered, a large proportion of them being supplied with cool spring
water. This combination of favorable conditions led to early de-
velopment along dairy lines, and for more than a century Pennsyl-
vania butter has led the market, and, indeed, for much of that time,
it has been almost the sole occupant of the highest class of this
commodity. At this time, the dairy interests are developed to such
an extent that Pennsylvania ranks second in milk production among
the states of the Union. There were, in the State, in 1903, 1,044,625
milch cows, valued at $22,947,473.00, and there were also nearly
a million other cattle valued at about fourteen million dollars.
These great possessions in cattle give Pennsylvania a very high
‘ank among the cattle-producing states and amply justify the great
care exercised by the Commonwealth in protecting the health of
members of these herds. In the parts of the State that are not
favorably located for shipping milk to the cities, creameries and
cheese factories are to be found, where the milk from the neighbor-
ing farms are taken and manufactured into a more condensed pro-
duct. I have already alluded to the northern and northwestern
counties of the State as those in which most of the cheese factories
are located, while butter factories are to be found in considerable
numbers in almost all the counties of the Commonwealth.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 21

Sheep are not raised in Pennsylvania in large numbers except in
a limited area in the southwestern part of the State, where they
have been bred from the time of the first settlement of that region.
This section has some of the best flocks of fine wool sheep in the
Union and more recently has introduced flocks of long wool sheep.
A year ago there were in the State 1,133,487 sheep, valued at $3,-
$50,625.00. The production of early spring lambs has been carried
on with great success in some of the eastern counties and for this
purpose many fiocks of sheep of mutton breeds are kept.

As would be expécted in a State where dairying is so extensively
carried on, the production of swine has for a long time been an
important part of animal industry. One of the few original Ameri-
can breeds of swine, namely, the Chester White, was originated in
Pennsylvania and has gone forth to improve the quality of swine in
many distant states. There are, in the State, about a million
hogs, valued at about ten million dollars.

In poultry production, Pennsylvania ranks fifth among the states
of the Union, and with the increased attention to breeding poultry
that has developed in recent years, there can be no doubt that it
is destined to occupy, ere long, ahigher relative position. As it is,
Pennsylvania produces annually, poultry and eggs valued at more
than sixteen million dollars, and this from less than twelve million
fowls, valued at about five million dollars.

Pennsylvania was among the first of the states of the Union to
avail herself of the benefits arising from the land grants provided
by what is known as the “Morrill bill,” which was passed in 1862.
As early as 1855 she had established a school of agriculture in the
center of the State, so that she was ready as soon as the opportunity
came to accept the endowment provided by Congress and to begin
to lay the foundation for one of the best industrial schools in the
land. In this institution the science of agriculture has been taught
for a number of years, and many of her graduates have gone out to
accept positions*in other states, where their knowledge of scientific
agriculture has given them prominence as benefactors of the race.
Under the encouragement of the intelligent farmers of the State,
the General Assembly of the Commonwealth has, year after year,
adopted a policy of increasing liberality towards this institution,
and at the present writing there is in process of erection, as a part
of the Pennsylvania State College, a building which, when com-
pleted, will cost $250,600, in which the science of agriculture shall
continue to be taught and where young men who choose farming as
their life-work, may so acquaint themselves with the laws that
control in Nature’s great laboratory as to enable them to under-
stand not only why certain conditions are necessary to success, but
how such conditions may be secured. Everywhere within the’Com-

22 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Oft. Doc.

monwealth intelligent interest in agriculture is increasing and,
although many of the farms in the State have been under cultiva-
tion for more than two centuries, the future promises much more
for the agriculture of Pennsylvania than has ever been realized in
the past.

CONCLUSION.

In closing this report, I desire to express my appreciation of the
very efficient work that has been done by the heads of the several
Divisions of the Department.

When | took charge of the affairs of the Department, I found
the work well organized, each subject of special importance to the
State having been assigned by my predecessors to the Division to
which it properly belongs. The work of the Department has, in
this way, been greatly simplified and the head of each Division,
knowing what subjects are especially under his care, is able to give
them closer study than they could otherwise receive. The work of
every Division has been characterized by intelligent activity and the
results secured during the year in every line has been very gratify-
ing. Full information in regard to the specific work of each Divi-
sion will be found in the reports of the heads of Divisions which are
herewith submitted.

I have the honor to be,
Very truly yours,
N. B. CRITCHFIELD,
Seerctary of Agriculture.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

t=
Lae)

NINTH ANNUAL REPORT OF FARMERS’ INSTI-
TUTES FOR THE YEARS 1902-3.

Harrisburg, Penna., December 31, 1903.
To the Honorable N. B. Critchfield, Secretary of Agriculture :
Sir: I have the honor to present herewith the Ninth Annual Re-
port of the Director of Farmers’ Institutes.
The year’s work has progressed satisfactorily. I have to report
a greater number of days of institute than has heretofore been held
in any one year within the State

three hundred ard twenty-seven
(827) days. The practice of assigning three instructors te attend
-ach institute has been strictly adhered to. The wisdom of this
course is fully vindicated by results which follow. Such is the de-
mand amongst our progressive farmers for accurate information
relating to the “Soil” which he cultivates; how to increase that
ereat plant-growing quality, Nitrogen, and unlock the scarcely less
important elements, Potash and Phosphoric Acid, and make avail-
able these combined fertilizers in such proportions as to increase
fertility of the land, and at the same time increase the yield per
acre, is one of the problems which agricultural science is analyzing
for the farmer; hence, we assign to all our meetings one man versed
in some line of agricultural science, in order that the farmer may
avail himself of such knowledge and light as the chemist has devel-
oped within the last decade, which is a wonderful advantage to the
farmer, who avails himself of it. Years of experience has fully
taught us the importance of having the practical and experienced
farmer and instructor attend all our institutes, for by continued
years of actual work and experimenting upon the farm, his instruc-
tions are accepted as true, and generally adopted as rules of prac-
tice.
Pennsylvania, having a greater variation of soil, climate and alti-
tude than any other state, her farm operations are more diversified;
hence, no corps of institute lecturers would be complete, unless
equipped with a specialist along some line of agricultural pursuits,
such as dairying, stock breeding, poultry, horticulture, market gard-
ening, swine breeding, sheep husbandry, bee-keeping, tobacco grow-
ing, ete. The specialist farmer is amply qualified to give instruc-
tions along certain lines as above mentioned. His example has
been the means of lifting many a farmer out of the old rut, causing

24 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Orr, Doc:

him to centralize his efforts upon some special line of operation best
suited to his soil, location and market surroundings. Thus we have
these three: The scientist, the practical farmer and the specialist.

Did space permit, it would afford me great pleasure to speak of
the qualifications of the different persons engaged as institute in-
structors. By reference to the appended list, a fair knowledge of
their topics, standing and equipment for the work can be seen.

The following is a complete list of institute instructors, with their
topics; also, brief biography, giving that part of their life devoted
to the preparation for institute work.

GENERAL LIST OF LECTURERS, SPEAKERS AND ESSAY-
ISTS, WITH THEIR SUBJECTS.

1503-1904.

BARBER, SPENCER F., Box 104, Harrishurg, Dauphin Co., Pa.
1. The Soiling System.
2. The Silo; How to Build One, and How and When to Fill It.
3. How to Put Milk on the Market in the Best Condition.
4. Proper Stabling of Cows.
5. Scientific Feeding of Live Stock.
6. Breeding and Feeding Hogs for Market.
ra
Ss. F. BARBER was born in Union county, Pa., in 1855, was educated in the
public schools and worked upon a farm until he was twenty-one. He then
went into the mercantile business; 1877-8 was in the employ of the Buck
Mountain Coal Company, in Luzerne county, as general manager of their
company store, and in 1878-9 was in’ charge of the company store of the Stout
Coal Company. Afterwards traveled in the west, particularly in Colorado,
and then spent one year traveling for a dry goods firm in Philadelphia. In
1881 he settled down to farming, and has been engaged in that business ever
since. His speciaity is dairying, although he raises the general crops usual
upon a Dauphin county farm. "

BASHORE, DR. HARVEY B., West Fairview, Cumberland County,
Pa.
1. Farm Hygiene.
2. Village Sanitation.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 25

DR. HARVEY BASHORE was born at West Fairview, Pa., July 31, 1864; at-
tended Harrisburg Academy; graduated at Yale College 1886; graduated in
medicine at University of Pennsylvania 1889, and spent three years in New
York city studying hygiene and working in the various city hospitals; since
then has been practicing medicine in West Fairview, a suburb of Harris-
burg; was appointed inspector for the State Board of Health, and is the author
of “Outline of Rural Hygiene.”

BEARDSLEE, R. L., Warrenham, Bradford County, Pa.:
1. How to Renovate an Impoverished Farm.
2. How to Establish and Maintain a Dairy.
3. Diversified Farming.
4. Fodder, Corn, Silo and Silage.
5. Producing Grass and Making Hay.
6. Potato Culture.

R. L. BEARDSLEE, of Warrenham, Pa., was born in 1835, received a liberal
academic education, and among the studies pursued, was a course in ‘‘Practi-
cal Agriculture.” He began farming for himself at twenty years of age, asa
dealer in cattle, and followed feeding and dealing in cattle until about 1864.
He then insluded sheep in his stock business, and continued in this until the
western trade reduced the profits, when he began dairying and put in forty
cows. He has received as high as $1,000 for a single load of butter. Hé raises
from 1,600 to 1,800 bushels of grain each year, and sells about 1,000 pounds of

washed wool and 150 lambs annually, besides from 1,000 to 1,200 bushels of
potatoes.

BLACK, W.C., Mercer, Mercer County, Pa.:

1. Comparison of Beef and Dairy Types of Cattle for Beef Pro-
duction.

2. The Beef Breeds of Cattle.

3. Raising the Calf.

4. The Corn Crop and its Uses.

5. Preparation of the Soil for Successful Crop Raising.

WM. C. BLACK was born in Mercer county, Pa., in 1843. He was educated in
common schools, and at Westminster College. A soldier in the war of the
rebellion; a teacher in common schools, and a farmer in his native country,
where he breeds short horn cattle, Shropshire sheep and Berkshire swine. For
fifteen years he exhibited his cattle at the principal fairs in Western Penn-
sylvania, with a good degree of success. Since the organization of the
Pennsylvania Live Stock Breeders’ Association he has been chairman of its
committee on fairs. By appointment he was a member of the Columbian Ex-
position World’s Fair Congress.

BOND, M.8., Danvilie, Montour County, Pa.:
1. History of Discovery and Culture of Potatoes.
2. Benefits Derived from Farmers’ Organizations
3. Growing ana Marketing Vegetables.
4. The lrarmers’ Garden.
5. Feed and Care of Milk Cews.
6. A Country Home; What it is.
3

26 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc

7. Intensity in Farming a Necessity. |

8. My Experience with Commercial Fertilizers and How to Buy.
~ 9, How We Can Keep the Girls on the Farm.
10. Growing Onions and Celery.

M. S. BOND was born on a farm in Montour county, Pa., February 26, 1834;
lived and worked on a farm until eighteen years old, then taught school seven
years, then was employed as freight and passenger conductor for nine years,
and traveled as lost freight and car tracer and purchasing agent for the Dela-
ware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad Company for five years. Has been
for over twenty-five years engaged in farming and market gardening; during a
part of this time, engaged in breeding and raising blooded Jersey cattle and
still keeps some of the best in the State; has made the raising of potatoes by
the thousands of bushels a specialty for twenty-five years; has been and is
now using more fertilizer to the acre than any man in his county, and is
now making gardening a specialty. .

BRODHEAD, ©. W., Montrose, Susquehanna County, Pa.:

1. Horseshoeing and Anatomy of Foot and Leg, with Speci-
mens. (45 minutes.)

2. Care of Horses’ Feet and Teeth, with Specimens. | (40 min-
utes.)

3. Some Things Every One Should Know who Owns. or Handles
a Horse. (380 minutes.)

4. Zoology of the Horse; a Nature Study. (Illustrated with
chart and specimens.) (30 minutes.)

Cc. W. BRODHEAD was born December 20, 1852, near White Haven, Luzerne
county, Pa. He received a common school education; commenced to work
in a horseshoeing and jobbing shop at 16 years of age; worked six years at
the business before he knew anything about a horse’s foot; then began to
study anatomy and to dissect feet and legs, and has been a student of the best
authors and in actual practice ever since; has one of the best libraries on ani-
mals and agriculture that can be had; is a registered specialist as a veterinary
dentist and in animal castrations. He divides his time, in the shop, in the
care of a ten-acre vegetable garden, and reading for general information;
takes great interest in farmers’ organizations, trying to elevate their calling,

BRUBAKER, A. L., Hogestown, Cumberland County, Pa.:
1. Potato Culture. (30 minutes.)
2. The Farmers’ Home. (50 minutes.)
3. The Farmers’ Education. (80 minutes.)
The Farmers’ Account Book. (380 minutes.)
. Other Crops. (A plea to the farmers’ boy or girl.) (80
minutes.)

A. L. BRUBAKER was born on his father’s farm in Lancaster county, Pa.,
in 1863. In 1871 the family removed to a farm near Mechanicsburg, Pa.,-~where
he worked during the summer and attended school in the winter until twenty-
one years of age. He received a good common school education, which
was supplemented by several terms at a select school. He has taught country

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 27
and village schools for fifteen terms, at the same time managing a farm and

working on it in the summer. By close application he has built for himself a
fine home, where he gives his attention chiefly to wheat and potato growing.

BURNS, J. S., Clinton, Allegheny County, Pa.:

—
.

Breeding and Care of Swine.
Da

.
~

Sheep Husbandry.

(

-
_~
.

Training the Colt to Harness.

Farmers as We Find Them.

The Farmer and His Wife.

Tlome Influence.

The Farmer’s Accounts.

Growing and Preserving Pork for Family Use.
Relation of Stock Raising to Farm Fertility.
10. Education for Country Children.

J. S. BURNS was born February 22, 1847, on the farm he now owns, near
Clinton, Pa. His father died when he was seven years old, and from that
time until he was twenty-one he worked upon the farm as hired help, re-
ceiving his board and clothing, and attending the public schools in the winter.
His education received a brief finish in Linnean Academy, at Clinton. He
was married when twenty-one, and soon after bought out the other heirs,
and from the farm made the money that eventually paid for it. He has kept
strict account of every item of income and expense since he was twenty-one
years old, and to this habit of careful accounting he attributes much of his
suceess. He has had large experience in the “breeding and care of all lines
of farm stock; but during recent years has given more special attention to
the breeding of Poland-China swine, and raising mutton lambs, together
with the growing of all the different crops usually raised on a western Penn-
sylvania farm. He has had considerable experience as a correspondent upon
agricultural topics, and for a number of years has taken an active part in
the institute work of this State.

BUTZ, PROF. GEORGE C., State College, Centre County, Pa.:

1. Modern Treatment of Apple Orchards.

2. Peach Culture.

3. Insect Enemies of Farm and Garden.

4. Ornamentation of Home Grounds. ~
5. Botany of the Farm. :

6. Agricultural Education.

7. Small Fruits.

GEORGE C. BUTZ was born in 1863, in New Castle, Pa.; his father was a nur-
seryman and florist. His education consisted of a common, though excel-
lent, public school and later of a course through high school. After this
he was graduated from the Pennsylvania State College, in the class of °83.
This was followed by post-graduate studies, and two years’ experience in the
fruit districts of Southern California. Since 1887 he has had charge of the
Horticultural work at the Pennsylvania State College and the State Experi-
ment Station. For the past four years he has been one of the regular lec-
turers upon the State institute force.

28 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.
CAMPBELL, J. T., Hartstown, Crawford County, Pa.:

1. Construction of Poultry Houses and Fixtures. (25 minutes.)

2. Profitable Egg Production. (20 minutes.)

3. The Louse Problem.

4. Economic Methods of Maintaining the Productivity of the

Soil.

5. Proper Physical Condition of the Soil, and How to Get It.

6. Gumption in and About the Farm Home.

7. The Farmers’ Garden. a

J. T. CAMPBELL was born in Springhill township, Fayette county, Pa., De-

cember 18, 1872; is the son of a prominent farmer; received his early educa-
tion in the public schools of his native district; left the public schools with
a more than average education, and at once took up the study of agriculture
at home, while working on his father’s farm; he studied carefully all leading
books and journals of his day. Married in 1894, and took up gardening and
poultry culture, and was successful from the start. When the Pennsylvania
State College started its Correspondence Course in Agriculture, he took up
the work and has since pursued same with diligence. Owns a large farm
in Crawford county, upon which he has worked out many important agricul-
tural problems; in poultry culture has been especially successful, having made
it a subject of special study, together with soil physics. Keeps in close touch
with the State Experiment Station and National Department of Agricul-
ture; has written some for various agricultural and poultry journals.

CLARK, M. N., Claridge, Westmoreland County, Pa.:

1. The County Fair.

2. Buying and Care of Farm Implements.

3. Why the Farmer Should Belong to the Grange.
4. The Farm Journal for the Farmers’ Home.

5. The Result of Eight Years Growing Swine.

6. How the Farmer Can Get a Practical Education.
7. The Up-to-Date Farmer.

M. N. CLARK was born near Export, Westmoreland county, Pa., July 16, 1848;
received a good common school education, with several years at an academy @
and a full course at Duff’s Commercial College, at Pittsburg; has always
taken much delight in farming; is & close observer, and for many years has
taken an active interest in agricultural affairs of his county; the cause of
education has always found in him an earnest supporter; has been engaged
in general farming from boyhood, except a few years spent in selling imple-
ments; was several seasons in the fruit-growing regions of the South, and
there gained much information in the use of commercial fertilizers and fruit
growing; has been a member of the State Board of Agricuiture for many
years, and at present is looking after the interest of his farm.

CONARD, DR. M. E., Westgrove, Chester County, Pa.:

1. An Inexpensive Up-to-Date Cow Stable.
. How to Produce Pure and Wholesome Milk.
53. How to Grow and Care for Horses’ Feet.

bho

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 29

4. How shall we Replenish Our Dairy Herds.
5. Some Facts About the Care of Farm Teams.
6. Some Neglected Points in the Feeding of Calves.

COOKE, PROF. WELLS W., 1328 Twelfth Street, N. W., Wash-
ington, D. C.:

Economical Feeding of Farm Stock.

The Value of Farm Manure and How to Retain It.

The Effect of Feed on the Quantity and Quality of Milk.
Theory and Practice of Crop Fertilization.

Feeding from the Silo throughout the Year.

Forage Crops as a Substitute for Pasture.

Care and Feeding of Dairy Stock.

Handling Milk and Butter-Making.

Nature Study in the Country School.

Economy in Feeding the Farmer’s Family.

ey Olsen Wee cwelar

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si

2 e

WELLS W. COOKE was born in Massachusetts and educated at- the public
schools, the University of Iowa, Ripon College, Ripon, Wis., where he gradu-
ated in 1879, and the University of Vermont, in which latter institution
he took a post-graduate course in chemistry. Had charge for four years
of industrial farm schools in the west, and in 1886 was appointed professor
of agriculture of the University of Vermont and director of the Vermont
Experiment Station, holding both positions until 1898. During this time,
for six years, had charge of the organizing and conducting of the Farmers’
Institutes of the State. From 1892 to 1900 was professor of agriculture of the
Colerado Agricultural College. The past two years has been connected with
work of the Correspondence Course in Agriculture at the Pennsylvania State
College.

COX, JOHN W., New Wilmington, Lawrence County, Pa.:

- 1. Soil Fertility and the Preparation of the Seed Bed.
Maintaining Soil Moisture and Vegetable Matter in the Soil.
Poultry Raising and Feeding for Profit.

Easiest and Most Profitable Way to Grow Potatoes.

. Commercial Fertilizers.

Se encet

JOHN W. COX was born near New Wilmington, Lawrence county, Pa., De-
cember 27, 1868; received a common school education and a course at Duft’s
Commercial College, Pittsburg; has spent all his life on the farm; is a breeder
of Jersey Cattle on his 200-acre farm, besides Barred Plymouth Rock poultry.
Wheat, oats, corn, hay, and potatoes are his principal crops; is much inter-
ested in the education of the farmers’ children, and is serving his third three-
year term as school director; is pursuing the Correspondence Course of the
Pennsylvania State College.

30 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.
CURE, Z. T., Jermyn, Lackawanna County, Pa.:

1. Production and Care of Orchards.

2. Corn Culture.

3. The Economic Use of Commercial Fertilizers.

4. Potato Culture.

5. Education to the Farmer a Necessity. (25-50 minutes.)

6.“The Handling of Sheep and the Production of Early Spring
Lambs.

7. How the Raising and Early Training of Colts may be a Pro-
fitable Adjunct to General Farming.

8. Tle Proper Handling of Heifer Calves up to, and During the
First Year of Maternity.

Z. T. CURE was born in 1848, and attended the public schools, including the city
high school, until seventeen years of age, after which he taught school for five
years, and has followed farming and stock raising ever since. His school
training has been supplemented by extensive reading courses, Which, by
the aid of free translations, covered the subjects tanght in college courses,
with the exception of higher mathematics. As sources of information on
the topics which he discusses, he depends upon experience and observation,
aided by Prof. L. H. Bailey, of Cornell University, in the domain of horticul-
ture and kindred subjects, and Andrew S. Fuller on the propagation of plants,
etc., and other publications of authority, together with a careful perusal of
the best agricultural periodicals of the day and a studious consultation of the
latest bulletins of the Experiment Stations. He has had considerable experi-
ence in the discussion of literary and scientific subjects before teachers’ insti-
tutes, and has made a careful study of the topics chosen to present at Farmers’
Institutes.

DETRICH, REV. J. D., Flourtown, Montgomery County, Pa.:

1. How to Keep Twenty Head or More of Dairy Animals on
TFifteen Acres. /

2. Kighteen Years’ Experience in Soiling.
>. Sixteen Years’ Experience with Wooden Silo. .

4. Shall We Grow Crops on a Fifteen Acre Farm and no Fer-
tilizer ?

5. Feed, Breed and Care of the Dairy.

6. Breeding and Raising the Dairy Animal.

The Agricultural College and the Farmer.

8S. The Farmer’s Waste Basket.

9.-The Small Farm ys. The Large Farm.

10. Bench, Book and Farm.

REV. J. D. DETRICH’S knowledge of agriculture as a science dates from 1882,
since which time he has been availing himself of all the bulletins, magazines

and books relating to soil, crops, dairying, breeding, feeding and rearing

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. ol

of dairy animals. This, together with information furnished by the Colleges
and Experiment Stations, he has put into practice, and the result has been
a satisfactory and profitable system of intensive farming.

DRAKE, W. M. C., Volant, Lawrence County, Pa.:
1. Preparation of the Seed Bed.
2. Feed and Care of Farm Animals.
3. The Value of Clover and How to Get it to Grow.
4, Fruit Culture.
5. Potato Culture.
6. Market Garden; What to Grow and How to Grow It.

W. M. C. DRAKE was born on a farm near Volant, Lawrence county, Pa.,
August 16, 1860; was educated at public school and a Normal School in New
Castle, Pa.; passed an examination for teaching; was interested in the Farm-
ers’ Alliance movement in Pennsylvania, being president of the county or-
ganization one term; was sent as a representative gf the Pennsylvania State
Alliance to the Labor Conference at St. Louis, February 22, 1892. All his life
has been spent on the farm. For several years past has been in partnership
with a brother conducting a market garden, together with handling fruit of 40
acres of orchard and farming 600 acres.

FOIGHT, JOHN G., Export, Westmoreland County, Pa.:

The Farmer of To-Day.

2. Small Fruits on the Fari.

3. Success in the Dairy.

4. Farm Literature.

5. Why Should Farmers Organize.

6. Our Boys and Girls, the Best Products of our Farms. (15
minutes.)

JOHN G. FOIGHT was born on his father’s farm in Westmoreland county, Pa.,
in 1842; was educated in the public schools and at Laird Institute, Marysville,
Pa.; enlisted in company F, 204th Pa. Vols., August, 1864; discharged at
close of war at Vienna, Va. He began farming for himself in 1868, and has
been actively engaged at it ever since, with average crops about as follows,
each year: 600 bushels wheat, 800 bushels oats, 1,209 bushels corn, 400 bushels
potatoes, 100 tons hay, and ships to the city $1,000 worth of milk per year,
from 12 to 14 fine shorthorn and Ayrshire cows,

FORNEY, DAVID P., Hanover, York County, Pa.:

1. Corn. ,
2. Common Sense in the Dairy.
3. Limitation of Production in Agriculture.
4. Farm Statistics.
5. The Boy and the Farm.
6. The Instructive Changes in Farm Life.
D. P. FORNEY was born in Hanover, York county, Pa., of Pennsylvania
Dutch - parentage. Educated in the common schools of Hanover and at Penn-

32 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

sylvania College, Gettysburg. Began farming forty years ago on a fifty acre
farm, and now farming about two hundred acres and running a dairy of
twenty-five cows and selling their milk on a retail route. Has been sta-
tistical agent for both State and National Department of Agriculture for more
than thirty years and has been president of Farmers’ Agricultural Association
of Adams county, almost all the time since its establishment and is yet.
During this time has spoken before agricultural associations of every sort
almost every year, and has done a good deal of writing for the agricultural
papers.

FUNK, DR. J. H., Boyertown, Berks County, Pa.:

1. Southern Versus Northern Apples for Pennsylvania.

Peach Culture. (80 minutes.)

The Commercial Orchard as a Business. (80 minutes.)

Pruning, Fertilizing and Thinning. (30 minutes.)

Cultivation Versus Mulching for Fruits. (50 minutes.)

Spraying; When, How and What For. (30 minutes.)

Small Fruit Culture. (30 minutes.)

8. Potato Culture. (80 minutes.)

9. The Birds and Insects as Friends and Foes, and How to Dis-
tinguish Them.

10. Soil Fertility; How to Get and Retain It. (80 minutes.)

11. The Family Garden. (80 minutes.)

hoe)
:

} alese

Dr. J. H. FUNK was born March, 1844, and was raised on his father’s large
dairy farm in Montgomery county, Pa. At the age of 19 years he commenced
the study of medicine. Graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in
spring of 1865. After practicing a few years, became interested in fruit grow-
ing, and raising and sale of nursery stock. Planted a large orchard in 1879
but finding New York state varieties not suited to the latitude, visited the
largest orchards in the different states, and in the spring of 1896 planted
another large commercial orchard of several thousand trees, all of southern
origin. He now has one of the finest orchards in the State. In his orchard
an off-year is unknown.

GROFF, PROF. GEO. G., Lewisburg, Union County, Pa.:

1. Farm Hygiene. (1 hour.)

2. Dairy Hygiene. (1 hour.)

3. The Origin and Restoration of Soils. (1 hour.)

4. \Veeds of our Farms. (30 minutes.)

5. Modern Life Built on Chemistry. (80 minutes.)

6. The Teachers Needed in our Rural Schools. (30 minutes.)

GEO. G. GROFF was born on a farm in Chester county, Pa., in 1851; was edu-
cated in the public school, Treemount Seminary and Michigan University.
Taught in public school, West Chester State Normal School, and since 1879
in Bucknell University. Served in the Spanish-American War as Brigade Sur-
geon and under the military government, was Superintendent of Public In-
struction in Porto Rico. Has been a member of the Pennsylvania State Board
of Health almost since its organization. Is engaged in fruit growing and ex-
perimental agriculture. Dr. Groff has done much institute work, both at
Teachers’ and Farmers’ Institutes.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

iN)
~

HALL, HORACE H., Ellisburg, Union County, Pa.:
1. Does the Silo Pay?

2. Two Crops a Year for the Silo.

3. Cement Stable Floors are Economie.

4. Strawberries for the Home and for Market.

). How to Seed for Permanent Pasture.

6. Dynamite; Its Uses on the Farm and How to Handle It.
7. Farmer Telephone Line; How to Build and Maintain One.
8. A Neglected Study in our Schools.

9. How to Keep the Boys on the Farm.

10. Our Greatest Duty as a Citizen.

HORACE H. HALL of the Triplet Oak Farm was born on a farm near Couders-
port, Potter county, Pa., in 1853. He received most of his educatien in the
common schools, though he attended the Emporium graded and the Couders-
port high schools for a limited time. He received his first teachers’ certificate
when twenty and taught in the schools of Potter county for twenty years,
mostly in the district schools, though he served as principal of the Galeton
and Oswayo graded schools. When not engaged in teaching he worked at
farming or in the lumber woods. At forty he turned his whole attention
to farming, having bought 114 acres of bark slashing and woods, which he
stocked with sheep while he was clearing and stumping, and in about ten
years he has logged and stumped fifty acres, built substantial farm build-
ings, changed from a sheepman to a successful dairymen, and is a large pro-
ducer of the finest strawberries.

HANTZ, PROF. J. M., Merrittstown, Fayette County, Pa.:

1. Potato Culture.

2. Money in Poultry.

3. The Dairy Cow.

4. Our Homes.

5. How to Build up a Run-Down Farm.
6. The True Idea of an Education.

7. The Growing of Strawberries, Raspberries and Blackberries.
8. Soil Moisture and Soil Culture.

%. How to Grow a Grass Crop.

PROF. J. M. HANTZ was born in Westmoreland county in 1844; has had the
advantages of a thorough college training, and has been a professor in dif-
ferent academies, colleges and universities for years. Having been reared
on a farm and always feeling an interest in farm life, he has been, for the
last twelve years, actively engaged in farming in an intensive way, follow-
ing a three year rotation. He is interested in dairying and has made the
dairy cow a special study; he has been a member of the State Board of Agri-
culture for many years and takes a deep interest in agriculture. Having
thus had a practical knowledge of farm life since boyhood, he is prepared to
talk to farmers from real and scientific knowledge as well as from actual ex-
perience.

3—6—1903

34 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

HARLAN, HON. A. D., Wenonah, N. J.:
ie Alaska; Our Land of the Midnight Sun. (70 to 90 minutes.)
2. Hawaii and the Hawaiians; The Great Advantage the Islands
are to our Nation. (60-90 minutes.)

ABRAHAM D. HARLAN was born in Chester county, Pa., September 3, 1833;
educated in the public and private schools of the county; spent ten years on
the farm; was a merchant for fourteen years; served in Christian Commis-
sion during the summer of 1862 at Fortress Monroe, Harrison Landing, Wash-
ington and Antietam; served in an independent company of cavalry and was
first lieutenant of the 157th Regiment of P. V.; transcribing clerk of the
House of Representatives, regular and special session of 1864; message clerk
of the same body 1865, 1866 and 1867; assistant clerk of the Constitutional Con-
vention of Pennsylvania, 1872-73; special clerk in the Internal Revenue De-
partment for two years; assistant cashier of customs at the Port of Phila-
delphfa for six and one-half years; represented Chester county in the Senate
for ten years and was Chairman cf Agriculture for eight years; had charge
of the Diplomatic Gallery of the United States Senate four years; was special
agent of the United States Treasury for two years in Alaska.

HARSHBERGER, J. W., Ph. D., Philadelphia, Pa.:

1. Rusts of Agricultural Plants and How to Combat Them.
2. Accumulation of Soil Nitrogen.
3. The Role of Leguminous Plants in a Rotation.

4. The Roots of Plants and What They Teach.

5. Mosquitoes and How to Combat Them.

6. The Life History of a Dozen Weeds.

7. Smuts and Related Fungi.

8. A Historical Review of Our Knowledge of the Potato Rot

Fungus.

9. The Botany of Maize, or Indian Corn.
10. The Story of a Grain of Wheat.

JOHN W. HARSHBERGER, Ph. D., was born in Philadelphia, January 1,
1869. His early education was received in the public schools, terminating in
his graduation from the Central High School of Philadelphia in 1888. He
entered the University of Pennsylvania on a city scholarship, taking his
B. S. there in 1892 and his Ph. D. in 1893, when he was made instructor in
Botany, General Biology and Zoology, a position which he still holds. In
addition Dr. Harshberger has studied At Howard University and at Berlin,
Germany, and has traveled extensively for botanical purposes in Mexico, the
West Indies, California, Maine and Europe, where he carefully inspected the
several noted botanical institutions. Dr. Harshberger has been identified with
the American Society for the Extension of University Teaching, the Pocono
Pines Summer School, the Department of Lectures, University of Pennsyl-
vania. He has been recorder of the Botanical Section of the Academy of
Natural Science, and is a member of the more prominent botanical societies
in America. His published works consist of, Maize: A Botanical and EHeonomic
Study, 1895, pp. 125, translated later in Mexico into Spanish; The Botanists
of Philadelphia, and their Work, 1988, pp. 457, forty plates, and Students’
Herbarium for Descriptive and Geographic Purposes, 1901, pp. 210. He is

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 35

botanical editor of a new American English Dictionary under course of pub-
lication by J. B. Lippincott Company, and is engaged at present in writing,
An Introduction to the Phytogrography of North America, for a firm in
Leipzig, Germany. His printed papers number above ninety, mainly on
Botany and related subjects.

HERR, JOEL A., Cedar Springs, Clinton County, Pa.:

1. Feeding and Care of Cattle.

B Mertility.

3. Fruit Growing.

4. Farmers’ Accounts.

5. Specialties in Farming.

6. Graded Schools.

7. Practical Road-Making.

8. The Bright Side of Farm Life.

9. Selection and Care of Milch Cows.
10. Education Through Organization.

JOEL A. HERR was born in Clinton county, Pa., and educated in the public
schools and at Dickinson Seminary. He served in the Civil War and has been
a student, teacher and farmer all his life. He lives now on a farm and gives
special attention to fruit culture and stock raising. He is a member of the
State Board of Agriculture and a trustee of the Pennsylvania State College.

HILL, W. F., Mont Alto, Franklin County, Pa.:

1. Potato Culture.

2Z. The Farmers’ Chance.

3. Our Education, Our Capital.

4. Soil Conditions for Successful Plant Growth.

5. Saving and Applying Manure.

6. Development of Our Children.

W. F. HILL was born in South Shenango township, Crawford county, Pa.,
March 4, 1867. After attending several different schools he spent three years
at Allegheny College. From college back to the farm, to which he added
another by purchase later. He is an active advocate of organization for
farmers in the township, county, state and nation. After acceptably serving
in subordinate and Pomona Grange offices he was, in 1884, chosen lecturer of
the State Grange, and in 1898 was elected Master of the State Grange organi-

zation. He is also a trustee of the Pennsylvania State College, and a member
of advisory committee of the State Experiment Station.

HOOVER, HON. E. S., Lancaster, Lancaster County, Pa.:

1. Cultivation of the Tobacco Plant; Its Proper Curing.
2. Handling and Preparation for Market.

3. Incentives to Farming.

4. Failure in Farming and the Causes.

5. System on the Farm.

6. Farming the Chief Support of the Nation.

i. Soil Improvement.

36 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

8. Farmers’ Institutes; Their Importance and Benefit.
9. Care of Farm Crops.

10. Proper Use and Care of Farm Machinery.
11. The Horse; His Breeding, Rearing and Training.
12. Beautifying Ilome Grounds.
13. Growing Trees on the Farm.

E. S. HOOVER was born in Lancaster county, Pa., in 1839, was educated in
the public schools, White Hall Academy and the State Normal School at
Millersville, taught school four terms, owns and controls a farm. Is engaged
in general farming, at one time gave special attention to growing and feed-
ing of live stock, especially in raising and training horses, and later devoted
himself to the horticultural branch of agriculture. Acquired knowledge of
agriculture by study, actual experience and experimenting. Is at present
time a member of the board of trustees of Millersville State Normal School;
was a member of Legislature, 1883-1884; for some time and at this time en-
gaged in Farmers’ Institute work.

HULL, GEORGE E., Orangeville, Ohio:

Making Marketable Butter from a Few Cows.
The Farm Creamery.

Construction and Filling of Silos. 3
Construction of a Dairy Barn.

Marketing Farm Products.

The Farm Water Supply.

Feeding Steers for Market.

Pa eA apc eRe ae

GEORGE E. HULL, of Orangeville, Ohio, the subject of this sketch, a num-
ber of years ago moved upon a worn-out farm without buildings in Mercer
county. By industry, perseverance and intelligent effort he has succeeded
in restoring it to the highest state of fertility; has placed thereon substantial
and convenient farm buildings, and educated his children, without other in-
come than that derived from the farm. His silos, stock scales, farm imple-
ments and improved live stock are the admiration of all progressive farmers.

KAHLER, HON. A. J., Hughesville, Lycoming County, Pa.:
1. Soil Fertility.

Corn Culture.

Taxation and How it Effects the Farmer.

Hogs for Profit.

Concentration of Schools in Rural Districts.

My Experience with Lime and Commercial Fertilizer.

Proper Care of Barnyard and Manure.

How Best to Keep the Boys on the Farm.

(

A. J. KAHLER was born in Hughesville, Pa., in 1834; was educated in the
public schools and afterwards taught school in his native county; has always
lived upon a farm; has filled every local office in his township; was a member
of the Legislature in 1891-1892; was president for six years of the County
Agricultural Society; is a member of the State Board of Agriculture and
has been identified with most of the leading farm organizations of the State.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 32

LEDY, J. H., Marion, Franklin County, Pa.:

General Fruit Growing; How to Take Care of Trees.

Peach, Apple and Plum Culture.

Pruning, Cultivating and Fertilizing the Orchard.

The Farmers’ Garden.

Alfalfa; Its Value and How to Grow It.

Small Fruit Culture.

Tomatoes and Cantaloups; How to Grow Them.

Poultry and Profit, and How to Make Hens Lay.

Roads and Road Taxes.

10. Crimson Clover and Soja Beans; Their Value and How to
Grow Them.

ot)

eae

J. H. LEDY was born in Marion, Franklin county, Pa., August 3, 1864, and
received his education in the common school in Guilford township and at the
Chambersburg Academy. After leaving school he engaged in the mercan-
tile business for seven years at Marion and Waynesboro, Pa. In tthe spring
of 1889 he accepted a position with S. Smucker & Co., wholesale grocers of
Philadelphia. He remained with this firm four years, when he was elected
register and recorder of Franklin county, after which he became half owner
and business manager of the People’s Register, of Chambersburg, an inde-
pendent journal of large circulation. He now owns and superintends 151
acres of apple trees, inlaid with peaches and plums. Mr. Ledy is a practical
fruit grower, who loves the work and has turned his whole attention to it.

KERN, D. N., Allentown, Lehigh County, Pa.:

1. Twenty-Eight Years’ Experience with Poultry on the Farm.
2. Sixteen Years’ Experience with*¥ish Culture on the Farm.
3. Twenty Years’ Experience with Bees.

4. Preserving Soil Moisture.

5. Potato Culture.

6. Wheat Culture Illustrated.

8. Feeding and Watering the Cows.
9. Keeping Accounts of the Farm.

D. N. KERN was born in Shimerville, Lehigh county, Pa., June 24, 1849, was
raised on his father’s farm; was educated in publie schools, afterwards
attended a high school near Philadelphia, Pa. When seventeen years old
learned the gunsmith and plow making trades. In 1870 took his father’s farm
and farmed till 1897. Then retired from farming and moved to Allentown, Pa.,
where he used his leisure time in studying agricultural and archaeological
books; also traveled a great deal.

LEHMAN, AMOS B., Fayetteville, Franklin County, Pa.:
1. Breeding, Feeding and Profit of Hogs.
2. Forestry for Farmers.
3. Our Insect Friends and Foes.
4. Comparison of Profits; Dairy vs. Beef Cattle.
5. Legumes for Feed and Fertility.
6. Nature Study in our Public Schools.
7. Corn and Cow Peas for the Silo; A Balanced Ration.

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

MOS. B. LEHMAN was born in Scotland, Pa., on the Lehman homestead,
September 9, 1859, of Pennsylvania-German parentage. He had access to the
public schools until sixteen years of age. This school training has been sup-
plemented by an extensive investigation of the best authorities and personal
experiments upon the subjects of farm theory and practice, i. e., aiming
to produce the greatest amount of product at a minimum cost. He began
farming for himself in 1884, and makes a specialty of corn and legumes, hogs,
beef and dairy cattle. He was for three years State lecturer of the Farmers’
Alliance and Industrial Union, and is at the present time experimenting to
prove that farmers can’t use acid phosphate at a profit, neither can they afford
to pay $20.00 per ton for nitrogenous feeds. Farmers should soon learn to
mix fertilizers and grow protein.

LIGHTY, L. W., East Berlin, Adams County, Pa.:

1. The Farmers’ Cow; Her Care and Feeding.

2. Producing and Marketing Dairy Products.

3. Silo Experience and Practice.

4. Soiling and Soiling Crops.

5. Culture and Feeding of the Corn Crop.

6. Value, Care and Application of Farm Manure.

7. The Making of a Home on the Farm.

8. Education for our Boys and Girls; What and How.

W. LIGHTY was born in York county, Pa., in 1857; attended the public
schools of his neighborhood; afterwards attended a select school in Adams
county and then taught school for seven winters. During this time he at-
tended the York County Academy one term and also attended the State
Normal School at Millersville. He then kept store, but not liking the busi-
ness, he got out of it, and started in the poultry business, keeping both
market and fancy poultry, and engaged in bee-keeping and the culture of
small fruits. In 1893 he purchased the farm upon which he now lives. The
land was worn out and the buildings quite dilapidated. He has improved this
until it is now one of the best farms in his county. He has a large library of
standard books, keeps a selected dairy of cows, and has all the modern im-
provements needed to equip a first class farm,

McDONALD, JOHN T., Delhi, N. Y.:

1. How I have Made Dairy Farming a Success.

2. How I Make Poultry Pay with the Dairy Farm.
3. How it has Paid Me to be a Jack-of-All-Trades.
4. Steaming Food for the Dairy.

5. Value of Skim Milk Fed Back to the Dairy.

JOHN T. McDONALD was born in 1842, near Delhi, N. Y., and lives upon a

farm of about 200 acres, 160 of which is improved. He was educated in the
public schools; began farming in 1875, went heavily into debt for his farm, and
paid for it in twelve years, at the same time improving the buildings and land.
He produces from 20,000 to 25,000 pounds of butter annually, which he sells
for 35 cents per pound. He turned out last year about $10,000 worth of produce.
He keeps ninety cows, and they average a little over 300 pounds of butter
each. He sold, during the year, over $2,000 worth of chickens, eggs and
turkeys.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. a9
McDOWELL, PROF. M. S., State College, Centre County, Pa.:

1. Commercial Fertilizers.

2. Lime and [ts Action. .
3. Soil Moisture.

4. Barnyard Manure.

5. Why Educate.

M. S. McDOWELL was born in Mifflin county, Pa.; attended the public schools,
and Lewistown Academy; entered Pennsylvania State College in 1888, and
was graduated in ’92; after graduation was connected with a fertilizer manu-
facturing establishment in Baltimore, and later came to the chemical depart-
ment of the Experiment Station, with which he has been connected four years.

MeWILLIAMS, D. B., Port Royal, Juniata County, Pa.:

Manure and Fertilizers; Their Value and Application.
. How Plants Feed and How to Feed Them.

. Education Through Organization.

. The Ideal.

. How the Natural Agencies Help the Farmers.

. The Ship that Passed in the Night. (Evening.)

COR Gh

fo)

MENGES, PROF. FRANKLIN, York, York County, Pa.:

. The Advantages of a Knowledge of Chemistry to the Farmer.
. Fixation of Free Nitrogen Explained.
. Nitrification; Conditions Necessary to Produce It.
4. The Maintenance of Soil Moisture.
5. Methods for the Cultivation of Hay and Leguminous Crops.
6. The Functions of the Various Foods Necessary to Plant
Growth.
. The Feeding Powers and Habits of Some Agricultural Plants.
& The Necessity of Education for the Farmer Gompared with
Other Vocations.
9. Value of Our Native Birds to the Farmer.
10. Insect Friends and Foes of the Farmer. (20-30 minutes each.)

oo bo

PROF. FRANKLIN MENGES, Ph.-D., was born forty-four years ago at
Menges’ Mill, York county, Pa.; the first nineteen years of his life were spent
on his father’s farm, with all the ardour that farming meant in those days; he
then began a course of preparation for college at the Baugher Academy, Han-
over, Pa., and entered and graduated from Pennsyivania College, Gettysburg,
with the class of 1886; was immediately tendered and accepted the position of
assistant professor of chemistry in his alma mater, which position he held
until 1896, when he came to York and took the professorship of the sciences in
the York high school, which position he now holds; received the degree of Ph.
D. from his alma mater for special work in chemistry, mineralogy and physics.
He has for years been a student of the “Experiment Station Record,’’ and
has continued an interest in practical agriculture, and has lectured before
Farmers’ Institutes.

40 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

NORTHROP, C. D., Elkland, Tioga County, Pa.:

Feeding and Care of the Dairy Cow.

Making and Marketing Gilt-Edged Butter.

How to Use the Babcock Test in the Dairy. (Hlustrated.)
Corp Crop and Silo.

Potatoes and How to Grow Them.

Farm Fertility; Experience with Run-Down Farms.
Education for Farmers and Their Children.

Making a Liome in the Country.

nthe Wite-a- Partner.

Broad Tires and Good Roads.

11. Farmers’ Mutual Telephone Line.

OU he co te

cM ND

_
=

Cc. D. NORTHROP was born in Brookfield, Tioga county, Pa., in 1854; was
educated in the public schools at Woodhall (N. Y.) Academy. In 1891, he
attended a dairy school at Geneva, N. Y., under the auspices of the New York
Dairymen’s Association. For the past twenty-one years he has made a
specialty of dairying and the making of fine butter. He has been a teacher in
the public schools, and has devoted a good deal of time to lecturing before
alliances, granges, farm clubs, ete.

NORTHUP, HENRY W., Glenburn, Lackawanna County, Pa.:

1. Selection, Care and Management of the Dairy. (30 minutes.)

2. Practical Experience with the Silo. (80 minutes.)

3. Potato Growing. (20 minutes.)

4. The Exhaustion and Restoration of Our Soil. (80 minutes.)

5. Fruit Culture. (20 minutes.)

6. Farm Products and How to Market Them. (20 minutes.)

7. Nature Study for Country Schools. (20 minutes.)

8. Educating the Farmer and Increasing his Usefulness. (26
minutes.)

9. Desirable Country Homes and How to Enjoy Them. (20
minutes.)

HENRY W. NORTHUP was born on a farm in Abington, once considered the
banner agricultural township in Luzerne county; he was educated in the
public schools and at Madison Academy. His chief business is that of farmer
and dairyman; has been greatly benefited in this line of business for the
last ten years by having associated with some of the best and most prac-
tical agriculturists in this and adjoining States in the institute work; has
had some experience in fruit and market gardening and in the dispositon of
these products in the city of Scranton, where an excellent market has been
secured.

ORR, T. E., Beaver, Beaver County, Pa.:

1. Poultry Breeding. (30 minutes.)

2. Poultry Feeding. (80 minutes.)

3. Poultry Houses and Yards. (80 minutes.)

4. Poultry Incubators and Brooders. (80 minutes.)

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 41

5. Poultry as a Side-Line for Farmers. (80 minutes.)

6. The Farmer and the Public School. (80 minutes.)

The Farmer as a Business Man. (80 minutes.)

8. Your Youth and Mine on the Farm. (40 minutes.)

9. The Smallest, but Most Useful Implement. (20 minutes.)
10. Ships +h-+ Poss in the Night. (40 minutes.)

T. E. ORR was born in Brooke county, Va., September 28, 1853. When nineteen
years of age he was on the stock farms of his father and grandfather and
attending country schools. From 1872 to 1876 he taught country school two
winters and attended National Normal School balance of that time, gradu-
ating in 1875. Taught surveying and civil engineering in 1876-7. From 1877
to 1886 was superintendent or principal of public schools as follows: Mt.
Vernon, Ind.; Le Mars, Ia.; Wellsburg, W. Va., and Bridgeport, O., doing
Teachers’ Institute work each summer. Leaving Bridgeport in 1886, and at
a salary of $1,800 per year, he took an interest in the ‘“‘National Stockman and
Farmer,’ being one of its publishers and editors, which position he occupied
until 1901, doing occasional Farmers’ Institute work and acting as expert
judge on pouliry and live stock. Mr. Orr has always been closely identified
With live stock and poultry associations.

PATTON, JAMES Y., New Castle, Lawrence County, Pa.:

1. Breeding and Feeding Poultry.
2. Winter Eggs.
3. How I made Dairying Profitable.
4. Silos and Silage.
5. How to Grow Good Clover.
6. Preserving Soil Moisture.
7. When and How to Apply Barnyard Manure and Why. (15-
20 minutes each.)
J. Y. PATTON was born forty-two years ago, and has been engaged in agricul-
ture all his life; has conducted a dairy for the past fourteen years, and en-
gaged in he poultry business for seven years.

PEACHY, J. H., Belleville, Mifflin County, Pa.:

1. The Farmer’s Boy; His Education.
2. Half Hour in the Corn Field.

3. Hogs for Profit.

4. Soil Improvement.

5. Care of Farm Animals.

6. Nature Study in the Public Schools.
7. The Inside of the Farmer’s Home.

8. The Making of a Farmer.

J»H. PEACHY was born in Mifflin county, Pa., in 1851. His boyhood was spent
upon a farm; was educated in the public schools, and graduated from the
Ohio Normal University in 1881. After completing his ccurse at school he
followed teaching. In 1887 he began farming for himself and gave attention
chiefly to raising hogs, sheep and cattle.

42 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off, Doe:

PHILIPS, HON. THOMAS J., Atglen, Chester County, Pa.:
1. The Silo an Economie.
2. Renewed Fertility; How to Get It.
3. Lime; Do You Need Some?
4. Profit or Loss in the Dairy.
5. Commercial Fertilizers; Their Nature and Use.
6. Intelligent Feeding.
7. The Farmer’s Garden.
8. Higher Education for Farmers’ Children.
9. How Shall We Study and Teach from Nature?
10. The Wife’s Share.

THOMAS J. PHILIPS was born upon a farm in Chester county, Pa., December,
1846; attended public and private schools and graduated from Bucknell Uni-
versity in 1867; spent three years in manufacturing iron, and traveling, and
then settled upon the farm where he still lives, giving special attention to
dairying and raising dairy stock, but devoting much of the 200-acre farm to
the production of mixed crops, suitable to that location and market. That he
has been a success is attested by the fact that he has been a director in a
national bank for many years, a manager in One of the largest fire insurance
companies in the State, and*of a building and lodn association; served two
terms in the State Legislature, as a representative of the farming interests;
he has contributed acceptably from time to time of his experience to the
agricultural press, and in every way has Kept in the front amongst the most
progressive of his locality, believing in higher education, attractive country
homes, and that success is the result of individual effort and judgment.

RIDDLE, W. H. H., Butler, Butler County, Pa.:
1. The Practical Farmer.
2. The Value of Pure-Bred Stock to the Farmer. tf
3. The Value of Humus.
4. The Hiome and Its Surroundings.
5. What is Doing to Advance Agriculture.
6. Hints on Poultry for the Farmer.

W. H. H. RIDDLE was born at Carnegie, Allegheny county, Pa., December
11, 1840; lived and worked on his father’s farm until about 18 years of age;
attended Sunbury Academy, where he received an academic course; after
teaching school seven years, read law and practiced thirty years. During
twenty-five years the subject of this sketch owned and managed a farm; he
also helped organize an agricultural and fair association, and has taken an
active part in its management for the past twenty-two years, being its presi-
dent for ten years; has been a member of the State Board of Agriculture since
1886, and local manager of institutes for Butler county. A love of agricul-
tural pursuits led him to abandon his law office and devote his entire time to
the management of his farm of some 200 acres, upon which special attention
is given to the propagation of plants under glass, ete.

SCHOCK, OLIVER D., Hamburg, Berks County, Pav:

1. Poultry on the Farm.
2. Good Local Government.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 43

3. Making Farmers’ Homes Attractive.

4. Amateur Grape Culture.

5. The Family Garden.

6. Floriculture in the Country.

The Responsibilities of Farmers.

8. Progress in Agriculture.

OLIVER D. SCHOCK was born on a farm near Hamburg, Berks county, alr
in 1858, and has always taken a deep interest in agricultural and horticul-
tural affairs. He was educated in the common and high schools, including
a course in a commercial and scientific academy. At the age of fifteen
he became a newspaper correspondent, and continues to represent leading
daily papers and agricultural journals. For a number of years he served as a
special agent of the Pennsylvania State Board of Agriculture, and later asa
clerk in the office of the Board, assisting Secretary Edge. With the creation
of the Department of Agriculture, in 1895, Governor Hastings promoted Myr.
Schock to the position of Chief Cerk of that Department, which position he
filled until July, 1899. After several years experience in mercantile pursuits,
he was appointed in the spring of 1903, under Governor Pennypacker’s admin-
istration, to the position of assistant to B. H. Warren, Dairy and Food Com-
missioner of Pennsylvania, which position he now holds.

SCHWARZ, HON. R. F., Analomink, Monroe County,, Pa.:

1. Success with Crimson Clover and Vetches. (45 minutes.)

2. Market Gardening and Small Fruit Growing. (Two parts,
30 minutes each.) .

3. The Commercial Orchard. (25 minutes.)

5. A Thorough Understanding of the Fertilizer Question. (35
minutes.)

6. Does Poultry Pay. (20 minutes.)

7. Good Tools; How to Use Them and Their Care. (20 minutes.)

8. The New Road Law and the Farmer’s Duty Under It. (20-40

minutes.)

Vegetables and Fruits for the Farmer’s Table. (25 minutes.)

10. Why Education is as Essential to the Farmers’ Success as to
that of Men in Other Occupations. (45 minutes.)

R. F. SCHWARZ was born near Berlin, Germany, in 1853; educated in Ducal
Gymnasi and Ducal College, at Dessau. He came to New York in 1871, re-
moved to Chicago in 1873, and 1875 bought a farm in Monroe county, in this
State, where he has since followed the business of fruit growing and market
gardening, devoting at the present time about thirty acres to this pursuit.
He was a member of the House of Representatives ‘two terms, 1893 and 1895.

SEEDS, R.S., Birmingham, Huntingdon County, Pa.:

1. Value of Fertility and Cheapest Way to Get It. (80-40
minutes.)

2. What Constitutes a Country Home. (30-40 minutes.)

8. Edueation and the Farmer. (30 minutes.)

4. Benefits Derived from Farmers’ Institutes. (20 minutes.)

44 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

5. What I Know About Roads. (20 minutes.)
6. Soil Improvement, the Keynote of Agriculture. (80 minutes.)
7. Mistakes of Life Exposed. (KE. L.) (60 minutes.)

R. S. SEEDS was born in Huntingdon county, Pa., in 1852; was educated in
the public schools and at the Skade Gap Academy. He was raised upon a
farm and traveled for eighteen years among the farmers, selling agricultural
implements. In 1892 he bought a farm that had been run down, which he has
greatly improved. :

SEXTON, HON. JASON, North Wales, Montgomery County, Pa.:

1. What is Successful Farming. (20 minutes.)

2. The Production of Lambs for Early Market. (20 minutes.)

8. How Farming Can be Made to Pay. (20 minutes.)

4, Our Wasted Resources. (80 minutes.)

5. How to Make the Dairy a Success. (80 minutes.)

6. Why Farmers Should Encourage Road Improvement. (20
minutes.)

7. What the Farmer’s Home and its Surroundings Should Be.
(30 minutes.)

JASON SEXTON was born in Schoharie county, N. Y., in 1884, and was edu-
cated in the public schools of his township. Worked upon his father’s farm,
who always kept a dairy of from twenty-five to thirty-five cows, making both
butter and cheese; enlisted in the Union army in 1862, and served throughout
the war; upon retiring from the army he bought his father’s farm of 200
acres, going in debt for two-thirds of the purchase money, and paying
7 per cent. interest. He continued the dairy, but in 1874 sold the farm, and
in 1876 moved to Montgomery county, Pa., where he now resides. He there
became manager of William M. Singerly’s farms, comprising 825 acres of
land. He had charge of the breeding of several hundred registered Hol-
steins and Jerseys, Southdown sheep and Berkshire pigs, also feeding as many
as 125 steers and from 800 to 1,000 sheep, besides milking a large dairy of
from 5@ to 100 cows,

STOUT, W. H., Pinegrove, Schuylkill-County, Pa.:

jak

Fruit Growing.

Experience in Draining Clay Bottom Land.
Theory vs. Practice.

Commercial Fertilizers and Compounds.
Wasting Manure.

Geological Observations. (80 minutes each.)

ote oo NS

W. H. STOUT was born October 18, 1840, in Lower Nazareth township, North-
ampton county, Pa.; was educated in the common schools and engaged in
various occupations, serving an apprenticeship at coopering and milling; also
as clerk and traveling salesman; has lived on his present farm for the past
twenty-seven years, and is engaged in general farming, trucking, fruit grow-
ing and bee-keeping; has acquired practical and scientific information by ob-
servation and study; speaks English and German.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 45

STUART, R! R., Callensburg, Clarion County, Pa.:
Raising Swine for Profit. (20-30 minutes.)
Dairy Bacteriology. (80-40 minutes.)
Sheep Husbandry. (25 minutes.)
Shall We Educate the Farm Boy. (80 minutes.)
Centralization of Township Schools. (45 minutes.)
The Home and the School. (80 minutes.)
The Advantages of a Scientific Education to the Farmer. (80
minutes.) ;
8. Fruit Culture for Home and for Market. (80-40 minutes.)
9. Stable Manure. (20 minutes.)
10. Life; What is it. (50-60 minutes.)
SURFACE, PROF. H. A., Economic Zoologist, Harrisburg, Pa.:
1. The Economic Value and Protection of Our Native Birds.
(40-50 minutes.) -
General Principles and Methods of Insect Warfare. (Illus-
trated.)
3. The Hessian Fly in Pennsylvania. (Sometimes illustrated
by lanterns.)
4. Nature Study and Agriculture in the Public Schools. (25-
30 minutes.)
5. The Centralization of Schools. (20 minutes.) ;
6. Higher Education for Farmers’ Boys and Girls. (15-20
minutes.)
7. The Elements of Success. {15 minutes.)

moo ho

puter) tel

HARVEY ADAM SURFACE, M. S., Economic Zoologist, was born on a farm in
Warren county, O., in 1867. He worked on the farm and attended and taught
country school. He was educated in the Lebanon (O.) Normal, the Ohio State
University, the University of Illinois, Hopkins (Stanford) California Seaside
Laboratory and Cornell University. He taught in the Ohio State University,
the University of the Pacific, Cornell, the Ithaca schools, teachers’ institutes
and the Pennsylvania State College. He held a fellowship in Cornell and was
also appointed Dykman Research Fellow in Columbia University. He was
field naturalist for the Illinois State Biological Station and University Exten-
sion lecturer in New York. He has also been lecturer in Zoology at the West
Coast Chautauqua Assembly and scientific assistant on the United States
Fish Commission. He has taught in every known grade of school work, and
is noted for his enthusiasm and ability as a teacher, speaker and writer. He
is ornithologist of the Pennsylvania State Board of Agriculture, and is making
investigations of insects for the Pennsylvania State Department of Agricul-
ture and fishes for the Pennsylvania State Fish Commission. Among his
writings are articles on nature study, zoology, mollusks, insects, fishes,
birds, mammals, pedagogy, anatomy, ete. He is nature study editor of the
“Popular Educator,” ornithological editor of “American Gardening,’’ member
of the American Society of Naturalists, American Association for the Ad-
vancement of Science, the American Ornithologists’ Union, the Pennsylvania
State Audubon Society, etc. He makes a specialty of the biologic and economie
features of his subjects. He was appointed Economic Zoologist by Governor
Pennypacker in 1903.

46 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

THAYER, DR. I. A., New Castle, Lawrence County, Pa.:
1. Benefits of Tile Draining.

2. How to Tile Drain.

Soil Moisture.

4. Preparation of the Seed Bed. (40 minutes.)

5. Stable Manure.

6. Commercial Fertilizers.

i. The Clovers as Food.

8S. The Clovers as Fertilizers.

9. Potato Culture.

10. Strawberry Culture.

11. Feeding and Care of Farm Animals.

Co t

12. Bovine Tuberculosis. j
13. Home Hygiene.
14. Nature Studies. (20-30 minutes each.)

DR. I. A. THAYER was born near Warren, O., in November, 1840. He was
reared on a farm of which he was foreman for a number of years under a
scientific and successful farmer; was educated in Hiram College, under the
presidency of Gen. Garfield. He graduated in medicine in 1866, and practiced
that profession several years. Since laying down that practice he has been
engaged in public speaking, having during fifteen years filled important lec-
ture engagements from Boston to St. Louis, under the management of the
leading lyceum bureaus. He has recently finished the course in crop produc-
tion and that in live stock production in our State College. For nine months
in the year his time is given wholly to his farming operations, for years
conducting a veritable experiment station where he has’ worked with a book
in one hand and a hoe in ‘the other; hence, he is equipped with a practical
knowledge that he has the ability to express in the clearest manner.

WALTZ, SAMUEL W. H., Williamsport, Lycoming County, Pa.:
1. The Apiary. ([llustrated.) (20-60 minutes.)
2. Corn Culture. (Ullustrated.) (20-40 minutes.)
>. The Apple Orchard. (Illustrated.) (20-40 minutes.)
“Home, Sweet Home.” (Evening Lecture.) (60 minutes.)
5. Profitable Poultry Keeping. ([llustrated.) 20-40 minutes.)
6. Our Insect Friends and Foes. (Lllustrated.) 20-40 minutes.)
7. The Culture and Value of Clover. (Illustrated.) (20-40
minutes.)
8. The Farmer’s Garden and His Table. (20-40 minutes.)
9. The Ideal Cow—Her Fare; Her Care; Her Ware. (20-40 min-
utes.)
10. Some Common Birds and Their Relation to Agriculture. (I]-
lustrated.)
11. Lost Fertility; the Cheapest Way to Regain It and the Best
Way to Maintain [t. (20-40 minutes.)
12. The Farm Workshop and Library; their Influence on the
Character of the Country Youth. (20-80 minutes.)

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 47

13. Is the Common School Furnishing the Proper Education
Needed by Farmers’ Boys and Girls. (20-40 minutes.)

14. Clover, Cow and Hen; the Winning Money-Making Combina-
tion of the Twentieth Century Farmer. (20-40 minutes.)

SAMUEL W. H. WALTZ was born in Anthony township, Lycoming county,
Pa., January 8, 1869. He was educated in the public schools, Muncy high
school, Lycoming County Normal School and Williamsport Dickinson Semi-
nary. He taught in the public schools for several terms, and was afterwards
elected a member of the school board of his native township. His home
has always been on the farm, and he grew to manhood among scenes and
circumstances that thoroughly imbued him with an intense love for nature
and the intrinsic value of self-reliance. Mr. Waltz is essentially a self-made
man, experience being his best teacher. He began to study agricultural
science in boyhood and ever since has strenuously endeavored to follow those
principles taught him by experience. He regards experience his safest teacher,
but is always ready to entertain, with due consideration, what others may
have acquired and ever anxious to profit by their diligence and reseach,
which stand him in good stead to acquire those elements of knowledge that
go to make up a progressive and up-to-date agriculturist. He is particularly
fond of horticulture, botany, ornithology, apiculture, geology and astronomy,
all of which bring him in close touch with every-day life on the farm.

WALLACE, MRS. MARY A. (“Aunt Patience’), Ellwood City, Law-
rence County, Pa.:

A Country Home; Its Convenience, Sanitation, etc.

Domestic Science.

A Talk with Country Boys and Girls.

The Summer Plague. (80 minutes each.)

oo ko pS

MRS. MARY A. WALLACE is a daughter of the late Chester W. Ballou, Esq.,
one of the most successful and progressive of the pioneer farmers of Lawrence
county, Pa. She was educated in the public schools, and Beaver Seminary,
Beaver, Pa., and previous to her marriage taught school in her home district.
Later, to her household duties, she added newspaper work, and became widely
known in literary and journalistic circles through her pen name, ‘“‘Aunt
Patience.”” Mrs. Wallace was a charter member of the Pittsburg Women’s
Press Club, and was its treasurer for a number of years. She is also promi-
nent in patriotic societies, and this year delivered the Memorial Day ad-
dress at Slippery Rock Presbyterian Church, and at the close was given a
public vote of thanks by the soldiers present. Her home is on a farm near
Ellwood City, Pa.

WATTS, PROF. R. L., Scalp Level, Cambria County, ‘Pa.:

1. How Plants Feed and Grow. (30 minutes.) .
2. Conservation of Soil Moisture. (80 minutes.)

5. Cave and Management of Orchards. (80 minutes.)
4. Apples in Pennsylvania. (30 minutes.)

5. The Cultivation of Small Fruits. (30 minutes.)

6. Market Gardening. (80 minutes.)
Nature Study in the Public Schools. (30 minutes.)
s, Beautifying the Home Grounds. (30 minutes.)

48 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE - Off. Doc.

9. Opportunities and Advantages for Young Men on the Farm.
(30 minutes.)
10. Mental Equipment for Farming. (30 minutes.)

R. L. WATTS was born at Kerrmoor, Pa . June 5, 1869; raised on the farm of his
father, Martin Watts, which farm was largely devoted to fruit culture.
Inntered Pennsylvania State College in 1887; graduated from agricultural
course in June, 1890. He was elected Assistant Instructor in Botany and
Horticulture of the University of Tennessee and Horticulturist of the Agricul-
tural Experiment Station of this institution in September, 1890. Later he
was made Instructor of Horticulture, followed by Assistant Professor of Hor-
ticulture and Secretary of the Experiment Station. Besides the regular duties
as secretary, he had charge of the Farmers’ Institutes of the State, held under
the auspices of the University and Station; he prepared programs, con-
ducted correspondence and participated in the meetings. While at the Station
he conducted various experiments with fruits and vegetables in the greenhouse
and out of doors, the results of which have been published in bulletin form.
He wrote Farmers’ Bulletin No. 39, on “Onions,” for the U. S. Department of
Agriculture. For several years he was editor of the fruit and vegetable de-
partment of the “Southern Florist and Gardener;” he is now engaged in
gardening and fruit culture with a poultry plant to accommodate 500 hens.

WATTS, D. H., Kerrmoor, Clearfield County, Pa.:
1. The Dairy Herd—The Stable; The Feed.
2. The Silo and Why Profitable.
3. Gilt-Edge Butter; How to Make It and How Sell It.
4. The Steam Engine; How Used on Our Farm.
5. Farm Buildings and their Location.
6. The Apple Orchard.
7. Getting Out of the Ruts.
8. Recollections of the Old Farm Home. (30 minutes each.)

D. H. WATTS was born near Kerrmoor, Pa., May 25, 1861, was raised on the
farm of his father, Martin Watts, and educated in the public schools, which
schooling was supplemented by a few months attendance at the Indiana State
Normal School. He has always been interested in farmers organizations and
served two years as president of the Clearficid County Agricultural Society.
He located upon his farm in 1886 and erected thereon modern buildings and
established a dairy plant where fine butter for a special trade is produced.
The growing of fruits is also a specialty. On his farm, known as “Orchard
View Farm” there are 3,000 apple, peach, pear and plum trees, all his own
selection and planting.

WAYCHOFTP, G. B., Jefferson, Greene County, Pa.:

1. Drainage.

2. Lime and Liming.

3. Raising Clover.

4. Clover as a Food.

5. Clover as a Fertilizer.

6. Unlocking Soil Fertility.

Leaks on the Farm.

8%. Berries for the Home.

9. The Farmer’s Opportunity. (20-25 minutes each.)

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 49

B. H. WAYCHOFF was born and raised on a farm; was educated in public
schools, and attended Monongahela College, graduating in the scientific course.
Taught several years in public schools; also taught in Monongahela College,
in Beaver College and in Beaver High School, and has had considerable experi-
ence in public speaking. At the age of 28 he bought a poor and almost aban-
doned farm, and by drainage, liming and raising clover, together with good
tillage, it has been brought up to a good degree of productiveness.

‘There were held, in all, of what may be termed regular scheduled
institutes, 327 days. These meetings were sub-divided into thirty-
one institutes of one day each, and seventy two-day institutes, and
two three-day institutes, or two two-day institutes with sessions con-
tinued for three days. In addition to the regular schedule, there
were held twenty-one special meetings, in which the Division of In-
stitutes joined with the pomona granges, farmers’ unions and clubs
in what may be properly termed special or local institutes.

These 327 days were sub-divided into 831 sessions. The average
attendance upon eaeh of these sessions was 150, or a total of 123,-
oo4. We expended, last year, in the employment of instructors, for
‘hall rents, hotel and traveling expenses and incidentals, in
all, $15,000. We employed, last year, in all, fifty-two State speakers .
er instructors. Associated with these instructors in the different
counties of the State where institutes are held is a vast army of
local institute workers, who read papers on the various lines of
farm work, joined in the discussion of topics, and have thus become
a mighty force in the development of the work within the bounds
of the State. The one new line of work, only partially inaugurated,
is the sending of specialists in the line of the leading agricultural
industries as carried on in the State to give special instructions as
to management of the dairy, handling of milk, ventilation of the
barn, ete.; also, in horticultural lines, mixing of spraying material
and how to use it, demonstrating the difference between insects and
fungous diseases, and how to apply the remedies suited to each.
Special mention should be made of the work accomplished in this
line by Prof. H. A. Surface, Economic Zoologist of this Department,
who has devoted much of his time in attending these meetings and
giving valuable instruction to the farmers on topics above men-
tioned. I am pleased to say that in so far as we have advanced in
this line of instruction, results have been entirely satisfactory.

This report would be incomplete without making mention of our
Annual Meeting of Institute Managers and Lecturers, held at Hunt-
ingdon, Pa., June 2, 3 and 4, which meeting may be fairly regarded
as representing the topics and standard of work embraced in our
general institute plan. The proceedings of this meeting are pub-
lished in bulletin form, three thousand of which have been distrib-
uted throughout the State, and the same will be found inserted in
another part of this volume.

4—6—1603

Off. Doc.

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56 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE ‘ Off. Doc.

AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES.

‘Vabulated reports from the various local agricultural societies

reinforces my recommendations last year, as to the importance of
enccuraging none but expert judges to pass upon the merits of all
competing articles, as more than two-thirds of the societies have
adopted this practice. The attendance last year was not so great
as in previous year, 911,074 being in attendance, as compared with
1,024,250 in 1901. Collection of membership fees, however, shows
a marked increase—$7,872—as compared with $2,297.10 in 1901.
Paid in premiums, $91,261.06, as compared with $113,347.93, in
1901. The falling off in attendance was no doubt a result of
violent wind and rain storms which prevailed in the months of Sep-
tember and October; so furious were these storms in some instances
as to drive the people from the grounds. This was especially true
whilst the fair was in progress at Nazareth, Northampton county,
where the exhibits were in every line large and of special merit.

Too much emphasis cannot be placed upon the importance of the
active farmers of Pennsylvania taking charge of these agricultural
exhibits, and so controlling them as to eliminate therefrom all ex-
hibits and shows of immoral and doubtful propriety, thus by exer-
cising proper attention, care and discretion, these fairs will be-
come real object lessons, living and vital examples showing forth
the best features of agricultural advancement in its various de-
partments. The appended list will show in detail the corporate
name of each society, address of president and secretary, also date
and place where fairs were held during 1903:

‘

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

No. 6.

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No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 63

*CROP REPORTS.

Our crop report has been placed in bulletin form and upwards of
3,000 copies distributed amongst the farmers of the State. Since
1899 there has been, with but few exceptions, a uniform and steady
advance in the price of farm products. Along with this increase in
crop values has come advanced wages for farm labor, as will be
noted by reference to brief table scheduled since 1899, as follows:

T
1899. 1900. 1901. 1902.
|
|
. | |

Wine, cau ROE IS Ee Ae A en | $0 68 $0 73 $0 71 | $0 74
MYO R tN OAC ESTOS | heres aleve is ets cisere ove biale ees 42 | 48 58 | 54
(DEMIS, cen soe Mae ORIY Otc sl ce Serica a eae ec | 26 | 32 41 39
BIIIEAEISOS PEM Sef seco eisrs Sia e clea cle tedsce Proeyscatie cng betes dishes | 42 | 53 75 | 55
TR6y, GIGI Mons Com DMGHeens oo neE eM ona Soapre Seem aGeconEeiad 8 20: | 11 20 10 81 | 10 00
PP CMEED ITO UINY © oletere ointa/ars 1s, clots intoravere. crcl avehereyetatclassintere (e's a1ehevelNerere-0e a 10 69 | 13 85 13 30 12 50
MPMI T RUMOR Coie ahorlals «dt ccolorcis « ertiov cha ciety, ave och wXe's/aletate-alareja occas orentsta!arae 20 22 22 20
TENGE, * GocOR EEO SOF OED OBIE EHETOO HOO OURO SE cS Rann seein ttre 3 72 | 3 60 3 48 3 50
TLiZisal ey Sco Re a RE ee ee a Ee 3 22 | 3 26 3 11 | 276
THORSOS, Goto een Ge ene aoe eee Bee Oates aera ee eo 78 49 | 87 61 98 00 110 00
UTS: odaeliit 1S Beiicio ee RR ee OM CGRP S GIO RRICIEIE See are penal Bo) Len | 33 08 32 60 | 33 00
REGRESS TEC DEF DOUNEs= ce signet cre c.cis 00,000 csegisisiere edie’ | 0s 08 | 08 10
fmelkens, dressed, per pound, .........0...-cs+seccesren a 12 | 12 | 13
Manon per Gay, “without board, <2. .c..csece.ssccecsccersse Les aba bs 1 23 | 1 25
mapor per month, without board,. \.<.... acqnc.oscccs«e | 20 00 20 55 | 2200 ll; » cecrsrcetaeter
BEM ee IMDrOVed. PCL ACC, secs cceesceccredemeececc|eccceescveee 58 00 | 60 00 | 55 00
ELAM ANC, AVErALE, DET ACEC; © ies sssisae.s.oeiees coieiea aa eee |\c aisles icleate ne 38 00 | 38 00 37 60

The Farmers’ Institutes in Pennsylvania have, since their organi-
zation, experienced a steady and uniform growth. The demand on
the part of the farmers of the State for accurate information rela-
tive to every subject associated with his occupation exemplifies
the importance of the work. When we come to consider its im-
portance, the vast interest involved, yet he must realize the fact that
last year we held 327 days of institute at the nominal cost of $37.50
per day. This sum includes all expenses connected with said meet-
ings, both under county and State management. In order that this
great work should be equipped in a manner commensurate with its
importance and the demands of the farmer, the coming Legislature
should, and I trust, will, appropriate the sum of $25,000 annually
fer the carrying on of this great and important work.

Respectfully submitted,
A. L. MARTIN,
Deputy Secretary and Director of Institutes.

*See Appendix for Tabulated Report.

64 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

REPORT OF THE DAIRY AND FOOD COMMIS-
SIONER.

HarrispurG, Pa., December 31, 1903.
Hon. N. B. Critchfield, Secretary of Agriculture:

Dear Sir: I have the honor to present for your consideration the
following report of the operations of this Division of the Depart-
ment of Agriculture, since my appointment to the position of Dairy
and Food Commissioner by his excellency, Governor Samuel W.
Pennypacker.

Having assumed charge of official duties on April 1, 1903, the
report will cover a period of the nine months ending December 31,
1903.

WORK OF THE DIVISION.

The work accomplished and the results attained in the enforce-
ment of the several acts of Assembly placed under my adininistra-
{ion are unprecedented, both in the number of prosecutions insti-
tuted and the fines and license fees collected and paid into the State
Treasury. ‘These figures are respectfully submitted for the informa-
tion of all concerned. The detailed report which follows shows
that the total amount paid into the State Treasury, including fines,
costs of analyses, etc., aggregate $93,458.71. An examination of
the legal records show that about 1,800 prosecutions were ordered
since April 1, and the number of suits instituted and the amount of
fines collected proves conclusively that the pure food laws are being
more rigidly and successfully enforced in Pennsylvania than in any
other state of the Union.

It is also safe to assert that the information imparted to those
who are engaged in the manufacture and sale of food products will
prove a lasting benefit to the trade as well as to the public, gener-
ally, resulting in a deserved regard for the pure food laws by the
former and ability on the part of the latter to secure better and
purer food products than ever before without any increase in cost.
Owing to the more general enforcement of the dairy and food laws
of Pennsylvania, the danger to health through the use of harmful
adulterants and poisonous drugs as preservatives, is now receiving

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 65

almost universal attention, and as a result, many correspondents
from all parts of the State have volunteered information that in
numerous instances has proved helpful in eradicating existing evils.
The plain system of absolute fraud in the sale of inferior articles
deserved condemnation, but when lives were placed in jeopardy, it
was imperative that official action should be rendered as vigorously
and promptly as possible.

TENDENCY TO ADULTERATE.

The prevailing custom to adulterate articles of food and drink is
but one of the many devices that are being resorted to to an alarm-
ing extent for the purpose of gaining wealth speedily. Many years
ago, that brilliant and observant author, Ruskin, referred to the
fact that poisoning people of large estates was employed in the
Middle Ages, in order that such estates might fall into other hands.
Adulteration of the food of people of small estates is a method ex-
tensively employed to-day to accumulate large estates quickly.

Public officials and lawyers have spent many busy hours in deyvis
ing methods whereby these evils might be counteracted, if not en-
tirely controlled, in order that the health and purses of all concerned
may be protected, and the dishonest and unscrupulous manufac-
turer, jobber, wholesaler and retailer deterred from committing of-
fenses against the laws of the Commonwealth. That the fraudu-
lent producer and unscrupulous agent are still in the field is made
self-evident by the exceptionally large number of prosecutions which
were instituted during my short term of office.

NEW METHODS OF DECEPTION.

New methods of deceiving and defrauding the public are con-
stantly being brought to light, and when prosecuted, these trans-
gressors of the laws are equally prolific in presenting unique and
novel defenses. Just how to close such loopholes of escape is one
of the problems that confront the Commissioner and his legal ad-
visors, but it is gratifying to be able to report that in nearly every
instance the remedy to meet the emergency has been found and
that, in the main, the efforts to enforce the laws through numerous
suits, resulted in their successful termination. While our legal
advisors met many obstacles in their part of the work of enforcing
the laws, a continued perseverance and unquestioned honesty of
purpose resulted in winning many critical and important cages and
also resulted in the conviction and punishment of the transgressors.

5—b6—1903

66 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

PURE FOOD LEGISLATION.

The successful work accomplished in this Commonwealth has
mainly resulted from the “Pure Food Act of 1895,” which was re-
garded at the time of its passage as the most perfect pure food law
that had, up to that time, been adopted by any state of the Union.
In a number of instances this act was made by other states a basis
for the enactment of pure food legislation. The results attained
have confirmed its utility and demonstrated its justice.

It is, however, true that my brief incumbency of the office has
shown the need of some additional legislation. While certain
statutes now in force are very good in their character and scope,
there are certain changes to be recommended at a later and more
appropriate period, that could not do otherwise than still better
fortify the Commissioner and his assistants against possible de-
lays and annoyances in the courts, and in securing a more speedy and
proper termination of all suits. It is essential that delays oc-
casioned by minor causes and quibbling shall be avoided, as the best
moral effect is secured when the guilty ones are speedily brought
to justice.

FOOD PRESERVATIVES.

The use and abuse of food preservatives is a subject that has re-
ceived my earnest and serious consideration. The fraudulent prac-
tice of employing injurious preservatives that are tasteless and not
noticeable to the consumer has been on the increase, notwithstand-
ing the existence of laws prohibiting their use and providing severe
penalties in cases where the laws are violated. It is asserted by
eminent medical authorities that few, if any, food preservatives
have been discovered which are entirely nontoxic, and which do
not have a marked influence on digestion, even when taken in small
quantities. The people of Germany decreed wisely when they de-
clared that the use of all preservatives in articles of food and drink
should be prohibited. Manufacturers and dealers usually commit
two wrongs when using such agents: First, they violate the laws of
the State, and, second, they add to the article a substance which, in
many instances, is injurious to health. A number of dealers have
been found selling the same preservative, “mixture” or “compound”
under a variety of names.

Another feature that attracted attention was the fact that the
mysterious (?) “compound” was in some tnstances sold at prices
from double to twenty times its true value. The physiological
studies made and the evidence which has accumulated all condemn
the addition of salicylic acid and certain other preservatives under
all circumstances. Commercial food preservatives that are dele-
terious to health are placed under the ban of the Pennsylvania pure

_-— —— rE

eee eee

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 67

food laws, and, as in the year just concluded, it shall be my purpose
to continue an active warfare against their unwarranted and illegal
use.

ADULTERATED CEREAL PRODUCTS.

The cereals and the numerous preparations made therefrom form
a very important part of human food and constitute a large part
of the trade in food products. These articles, particularly flour,
are susceptible of manipulation to the detriment of the consumer.
In one of the leading flour-producing states the practices of adultera-
tion became so common that it was necessary for the legitimate and
honorable producers to combine, in order that their trade reputation
might not be entirely destroyed by unscrupulous producers and deal-
ers. Asa result, anti-adulteration leagues were organized, and to-
day their former prestige is being gradually restored, and the de-
mand for their products has once more attained a normal and
healthy condition. It is probable that, with your approval, cereal
products will be a subject of special examination at a later period.

CONSIDERATION OF CASES.

The Commissioner respectfully reports that in ‘the preparation
of a case for prosecution, its various phases are carefully consid-
ered and that possibly more pains are taken and more expense in-
curred in securing evidence than has been customary in the past.
It is only when actual fraud and deception have been attempted
or practiced, or when positively harmful or poisonous adulterants,
admixtures, dyes or compounds are employed in the preparation of
goods for sale, that the law is invoked to correct abuses and thus
prevent physical injury to a long-suffering and much-defrauded class
of consumers.

EDUCATING THE PUBLIC.

A yast amount of the work of the office force, as well as that of
the attorneys, special agents and other assistants, connected with
this Division, might very properly be regarded as of an educational
character. The official correspondence has assumed very large pro-
portions, and the concern manifested in the work of securing better
and more wholesome food and drink for the people has aroused
an unparalleled interest in all sections of the Commonwealth.
Wherever actual fraud was shown by correspondents the Commis-
sioner promptly exercised his legal authority to improve conditions,
whether they were either local or general in character. This hearty
co-operation of the public materially added to the zeal and inspira-
tion necessary to successfully enforce the laws.

68 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

EXAMINING MILK SUPPLY.

The nine .oonths of my incumbency of this office has been a period
of intense activity as the facts presented in tabular form will at-
test. Conspicuous amongst the many investigations conducted was
an examination into the milk supplies of numerous cities, towns and
boroughs. This work was inaugurated primarily because the selling
agents of “milk preservatives” were reported as having been un-
usually successful in disposing of their preparations, such as for-
maldehyde, boric acid, benzoic acid, “boron compounds,” ete. Our
investigations, in numerous instances, resulted in the finding of
these materials, together with coloring matter, some of which is
very poisonous in its character. The condition of the milk and
cream sold in some towns was of an alarming nature, the use of
harmful drugs having reached proportions hitherto unknown. In
fact, it is claimed that the use of excessive amounts of such preserv-
atives was directly responsible for the increased mortality amongst
small children in Western Pennsylvania towns, while in other cases
infants were made ill and narrowly escaped death before the cause
was discovered. While preservatives and antiseptics interfere
with digestion, even in the case of the strongest adult, it is very
easy to surmise what disastrous effects must follow when adminis-
tered to a weak and tender babe, whose only food consists of this
poisonous, and death-dealing fluid.

EXCESSIVE DOSES OF POISON.

The analytical results showed conclusively that preservatives
were not only freely used by milk dealers, but that in scores of
instances, the quantity used was far in excess: of that required
to prevent fermentation, thus adding to the great danger connected
with their use. The fact that such fluids and compounds can be
sold at comparatively low prices is a menace to health and life,
because their cheapness induces many unscrupulous and ignorant
producers and venders to drug their milk and cream to a very dan-
gerous extent and to use artificial preservation or “embalming” as
a substitute for cleanliness.

IMPOSING DOUBLE FINES.

It is a remarkable fact that a second investigation following
closely upon a test which had resulted in a number of arrests, con-
victions and payments of fines of $50.00 each, again resulted in cap-
turing some of the same offenders in the drag net of justice. The
penalties for the second offense were doubled, and, so far as we are
able to ascertain, a more healthy condition of affairs exists at the
present writing.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 69

MALT AND VINOUS LIQUORS.

The preliminary examination recently inaugurated of some of
the malt and vinous liquors that are being sold in Pennsylvania
has attracted wide attention. The subject is one of prime import-
ance, and the indications lead to the belief that the legitimate
brewer and distiller will be in most hearty accord with the Com-
missioner in his endeavor to enforce the law. Imitation, drugged
and poisonous liquors are positively harmful and pernicious in their
effects. The harm done when such products are allowed to have
an unrestricted sale is simply incalculable, and the danger to human
life is particularly great when they are sold for medicinal purposes,
when none but the purest and best stimulants are recommended
by physicians. That the imposition practiced was a far-reaching
one cannot be controverted, as the number of prosecutions success-
fully brought against liquor dealers, hotel keepers, druggists, etc.,
will attest. Many thousands of dollars were paid into the State
Treasury in fines imposed for the sale of such adulterated, com-
pounded and chemically preserved liquors, and the work will be
continued until, if possible, the present conditions are removed.

ANALYSES OF BEER.

A preliminary examination of the beer that is being sold in Penn-
sylvania has been commenced and is now in progress as the result
of the alleged use of harmful adulterants. These analytical tests
were made mainly to discover preservatives. A summary of the
chemists’ reports shows that out of a total of 186 samples of beer
analyzed 100 brands did not contain preservatives, while 26 samples
were drugged more or less heavily with salicylic acid or other anti-
septics. Twenty of these prosecutions against brewers, hotel keep-
ers and proprietors of restaurants were settled in the courts upon
the payment of the usual fine and costs. Six cases are still pending
and remain unterminated. In five of these unfinished cases, the
grand juries found true bills, and the cases will be tried in the
several courts, at the earliest possible date.

The following correspondence explains itself:

“603 West End Trust Building,
“Philadelphia, Pa., Dec. 30, 1903.

“My Dear Sir: In August and October, 1903, prosecutions were begun against
Messrs. Carl Lampe, Dennis McGowan, James F. Shannon, William Wallace,
Charles W. Soulas and John F. Betz & Sons, for the alleged sale of beer re-
ported by our chemist to be adulterated. Early in December of this year, true
bills were found against these defendants with the exception of John F. Betz
& Sons, whose case, as I am informed, has not thus far been presented to the
grand jury.

70 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

“Tt is the wish of this Department that these cases should be tried as promptly
as possible. Will you kindly let me know when they will appear on the list,
so We may make our preparations to have the evidence ready and may, if neces-
sary, have attorneys present who can aid you with their knowledge of the
cases and possibly suggestions?

“These cases have, in the past few months, been the cause of several un-
pleasant editorials in certain newspapers. By having them speedily disposed
of by the court, we can avoid a repetition of such unjust criticism,

“Very truly yours,
“(Signed) “B. H. WARREN, M. D.,
“Commissioner.
To. Hon. John C. Bell, District Attorney, Philadelphia.”’

The appended reply fully explains the conditions as they exist in
the courts of the county of Philadelphia:

“District Attorney’s Office,
“Philadelphia, Pa., Jan. 15, 1904.

“Dr. B. H. Warren, Commissioner, Department of Agriculture, Dairy and Food
Division, Harrisburg, Pa.:

“Dear Sir: I have your favor of the 30th ult., requesting a speedy trial of
the cases of the Commonwealth vs. Carl Lampe, Dennis McGowan, James F.
Shannon, William Wallace, Charles W. Soulas and John F. Bétz & Sons, for
the alleged sale of beer reported by your chemist to be adulterated. In these
cases the indictments were only found by the grand jury at the: December term
of court, with the exception of the case against John F. Betz & Sons, which,
though returned by the magistrate, has not yet, I believe, been acted upon by
the grand jury.

“In reply, I beg to say, that I will put these cases upon the list and try them
in due course, as soon as reached. I am obliged to say to you, however, that
unless there is some special and urgent reason requiring an immediate dispo-
sition of these cases, I shall not be likely to be able to try thesame for a con-
siderable lapse of time, perhaps several months.

“Tr spite of my best efforts to expedite the disposition of the criminal business,
there are now over four thousand untried indictments in this county, and I find
it difficult, if not impossible, to keep abreast of the work of the grand jury.

“Your cases, therefore, unless there be exceptional reasons as above noted,
must await their turn. Regretting the necessity for the delay, I am

“Yours truly,
(Signed) “JOHN C. BELL,
“District Attorney.?

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 71

The list of unfinished Philadelphia cases to which District At-
torney Bell alludes is as follows: The Harrisburg case cited is of
but recent origin:

Philadelphia. Bot-
by Wm. Linch,
Philadelphia,

James I. Shannon | 102 S. 13th St., Phil- | Beer, ..| Tannhaeuser, The | Held in $500 bai 10°

(Hoffman House). adelphia. Bergner & Engle eourt. (True Bill.)
Brewing Co. An-
thony Kiser, Phil-

adelphia.
Chas. W. Soulas,...| Betz Bldg., Bsoad | Beer, ..| Old Stock Lager, | Entered ball for
St., Philadelphia. Pale Export. Tie court. (True Bill.)

EF. Betz &¥ Son,
Philadelphia.

dit Te Ryle ee eaosode Grand Hotel, Har- | Beer, ..| F. A. Poth & Son | Waived hearing ana

risburg. | (Tivoli _ Beer), entered bail for
Philadelphia. eourt. (True Bill.)

Standard, Bot-
led “bya. Wins
Linch, Philadel- ®
phia,

IMPROVED LIQUOR SUPPLY.

It is but fair to give the gratifying information to the public that
there is an appreciabie improvement in the liquor now being offered
for sale, as compared with the conditions that prevailed six months
ago. When the investigation was commenced fully 85 per cent.
of the samples of blackberry brandy, cordials, etc., which were sub-
jected to analytical tests were found to contain salicylic acid, coal
tar dyes, as well as other coloring matter, glucose, and a variety of
other objectionable ingredieats, while in scores of instances the
liquor itself was entirely spurious and failed to contain a trace or
particle of the blackberry, grape or fruit after which it had been
wrongly named.

WOOD ALCOHOL AND OTHER HARMFUL DRUGS.

The preliminary examination made into the alleged use of wood
alcohol, a most harmful substitute for grain alcohol, in compounding
and blending whiskey, etc., has just been fairly begun, and while the
research is in its incipiency, the results obtained by chemical analy-
sis, show that the use of wood alcohol is less common than has
been suspected. Some of the higher grades of whiskey were sub-

72 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

jected to the test, as well as the cheaper and inferior brands of
goods, and a general examination will be continued until entirely
reliable and trustworthy conclusions may be reached. Wood alco-
hol was not found in the majority of samples.

Prof. C. B. Cochran, chemist, in a recent report to the Commis-
sioner, declared that so far as his investigations extended, ail
of the whiskey bottled in bond and bearing the Government stamp
was found pure. Other whiskeys are pure when taken out of bond;
some of them are afterward subjected to manipulation, and in such
goods there are occasionally found traces of wood alcohol, glycerine,
red pepper and coloring matter. Eminent authorities declare that
hundreds of the unfortunate classes who inhabit insane hospitals
and asylums for inebriates, were brought to their terrible mental
and physical conditions not alone through the excessive use of
liquor; but that the vile and poisonous adulterants contained in the
liquor were in a large degree responsible for the evil effects pro-
duced. The bad effects of the continued use of alcoholic liquors,
both upon mind and body, are in themselves a sufficient evil, and
when to this is added the destructive influence of such drugs and
poisons as are frequently used in compounding and adulterating
such beverages the limits of toleration are passed. Legislation ade-
quate to stop the nefarious practices of those engaged in the manu-
facture, distribution or sale of adulterated liquors, who recklessly
sacrifice the mental and physical well-being of their confiding cus-
tomers, for the sake of increasing their revenues, cannot be too
speedily adopted.

OLEOMARGARINE AND RENOVATED BUTTER.

The enforcement of the laws enacted to regulate the manufac-
ture and sale of oleomargarine and renovated or “process” butter
in Pennsylvania has received due attention at the hands of the
Commissioner. The financial statement incorporated into this
brief resume of the work performed shows, in a measure, what
has been accomplished in the mterest of these two important acts
of Assembly. The amounts collected from license fees for the
manufacture and sale of oleomargarine and renovated butter show
very clearly that the laws are being enforced, and that the sale of
these substitutes for the genuine product of the American dairy cow
has not decreased.

DAIRYING INTERESTS.

The following quotation from a circular letter issued by this
Division is respectfully submitted, as it gives, although in a con-
densed form, some idea of the importance of the interests to be pro-
tected:

al ed

|
.
|

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 73

“The gradual increase in population, combined with a rapid development of
the transportation facilities, have not been without a beneficial effect upon
the vast dairying interests of Pennsylvania. These facts make it possible for
the dairy representatives and farmers, generally, not only to sell their products
to an increased constituency, but at materially higher prices. The latest
figures obtainable report that the value of dairy products in Pennsylvania are
exceeded by but one State in the Union, aggregating $35,860,110 per annum,
and that, according to the last census, there were 32,600 farms in Pennsylvania
which derived their principal income from the dairy. In 1900 the State had
943,773 dairy cows and these produced 487,033,818 gallons of milk in one year.
The total number of farms in the State, as reported by the last census, is
224,248, and the number reporting dairy products was 200,036, with a total valua-
tion of $35,860,686. The butter made on 159,837 of these farms aggregated
74,221,085 pounds, of which amount 51,309,833 pounds were sold by the pro-
ducers.”’

These figures at once reveal the somewhat startling evolution that
has been effected from a simple and crude beginning, to the high
standard of dairying that prevails to-day throughout this State.
I am especially anxious to foster this industry and to protect con-
sumers against the sale of illegal dairy products. If renovated
butter be sold without a license, or if oleomargarine be sold without
a license or illegally colored, or if a dairyman sell preserved, watered
or otherwise adulterated milk, the offender in each case when de-
tected, will be held to a strict accountability.

The oleomargarine and renovated butter acts legalized the sale
of these commodities, but the Legislature has placed certain condi-
tions in the statutes that must be fully observed by both manufac-
turers and dealers, as well as the proprietors of hotels and boarding
houses, and wherever oleomargarine and renovated butter may be
sold or used outside of the private family.

I would respectfully solicit the cordial co-operation of the agricul-
tural class, including granges and all kindred organizations, as well
as that of the press and citizens generally, in my efforts to abolish
all illegal traffic in substitutes for pure butter and other dairy
products.

OLEOMARGARINE IN CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS.

During the brief term of official life, covered by this report, it was
discovered that oleomargarine was being used to a considerable ex-
tent in certain charitable and penal institutions which received
State aid, and were therefore prohibited by the legislative enact-
ment, from using the same under any conditions. Prosecutions
were instituted against certain officials in different counties for vio-
lations of the law prohibiting the use of imitation or adulterated
dairy products in charitable or penal institutions, and in all such
prosecutions the cases were sustained by the courts, and the defend-

6 ;

74 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

ants subjected to a fine of $100.00 and costs. In order to avoid the
possible plea of ignorance, every superintendent and manager of
such institution within the Commonwealth was advised of the ex-
istence of the law in question, and informed that all violations, when
discovered, would be rigidly dealt with. Although there are nearly
five hundred such institutions in Pennsylvania, including hospitals,
almshouses, county prisons, workhouses, homes and asylums for the
deaf and dumb, blind and insane, ete., all of which are subject to the
supervision of the Pennsylvania Board of Commissioners of Public
Charities, the information and warning imparted was not lacking
in effect. The enforcement of this commendable legislation protects
the unfortunate inmates of such institutions who have no means
for self protection from such imposition.

VALIDITY OF LAW AFFIRMED.

Hon. Hampton L. Carson, Attorney General of the Common-
wealth, rendered an opinion and in discussing the above act of As-
sembly, expressed himself as follows:

“The inmates of such charitable or penal institutions have no option in the
matter, either in the purchase or in the consumption of the article. They are
not clothed with the discretion vested in all other citizens of the Commonwealth
as to whether or not they shall buy or use the article so manufactured and
sold after receiving, through the marking of the packages, full notice of its
contents. They are obliged to take exactly what is furnished to them, and,
inasmuch as it is prescribed by the act of the 23d of May, 1903, as a part of
the management of the charitable institutions, that the inmates shall not be
furnished or compelled to use the substance described in the act of May 21,
1895, I view this as a regulation, not of the manufacture and sale of oleomar-
garine, but as a part of the regulation and discipline of a penal and charitable
institution.”

The best evidence of the fact that the law is being generally ob-
served is the statement made by prominent dealers in oleomargarine
that their trade from such institutions has entirely vanished. As
these unfortunate human beings are obliged to use whatever may
be furnished them, it is deemed proper to avoid, so far as practicable,
all possible imposition upon the inmates of such institutions, as well
as the taxpayers who support them.

COMPOUND LARD.

The field for educational work was also extended so as to reach
those who were selling compound lard for the genuine pure fat of
Swine, contrary to law. The sale of compound lard, under certain
restrictions is not prohibited, and it can be sold without subjecting
the vender to prosecution when the provisions of the law regulating
its sale are complied with. After the proprietors or owners of

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. (6)

a number of stores had been brought into court in various counties
of the Commonwealth, the lard manufacturers, as well as the job-
bers and retailers became thoroughly convinced that the law could
no longer be safely disregarded, and the theory that pure lard
could not be placed upon the market in salable condition during
the hot summer months was abandoned. One marked result of these
compound lard prosecutions is the fact that the same party is seldom
found viclating this law a second time after arrest and conviction.
The tendency to substitute compound lard for pure lard on the part

of provision dealers and others was far too common, and it was only

after heroic treatment of the question that the imposition was
checked, if not practically abolished.

SWINE IN PENNSYLVANIA.

Pennsylvania, with its vast agricultural interests, is entitled to
protection against the illegal sale of “compound lard,’ and the co-
operation of ail concerned is heartily solicited. I shall be glad to
learn of any violations, and where proof is available, prosecutions
will follow. ;

The Census report of 1900 shows that on the 224,248 farms in
Pennsylvania, no less than 1,107,981 head of swine were kept or
raised in that year. It also appears that nearly every farmer had
a surplus quantity of lard for sale, thus proving the importance of
securing a proper observance of the lard laws of the Commonwealth.
Compound lard can be produced at much less expense than the
genuine article, and when sold as pure lard at a reduced price
tends to produce a like reduction in the price of the genuine pro-
duct. The same report shows that there was a decrease in the
number of swine raised in Pennsylvania since 1890 of 13.3 per cent.,
which was probably due to the introduction and increased sale of
“compound tard.”

The love of money, with its kindred tendencies as usual, is respon-
sible for these violations of the law, and the worst feature is the
undeniable fact that the poorer classes, many of whom have large
families to support, are the greatest losers from this fraudulent
practice.

ANALYTICAL WORK.

The analytical work required has been very extensive, and, com-
paratively speaking, considerably in excess of any similar period
in the history of this Division. Results attained were commen-
surate with the expenses incurred, and many of the existiug evils
were speedily corrected when the manufacturers and dealers real-
ized that all food products must be labeled true to name, and that
no fraud of any nature, if discovered, would be tolerated.

76 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

STATE LABORATORY NEEDED.

The results accomplished have demonstrated the absolute need
of increased facilities for analytical work. At the present time,
the thousands of samples of food and drink which are collected by
the special agents of this Division for analysis are submitted to
chemists located in various parts of the Commonwealth, and as
some of these chemists are also doing a large amount of private
work, delays in analyses and in securing reports of results are in-
evitable. It is believed that the State could profitably and with
great advantage to the work, establish a chemical laboratory at
Harrisburg, and I would heartily recommend such a project. Its
utility and economy can hardly be questioned. The establishment
of such a laboratory would also materially assist in more promptly
detecting violations of the law and expediting court trials. This
subject should receive early and careful consideration. If estab-
lished, the laboratory could be made available for other analytical
work of the Department of Agriculture, which is now being per-
formed by special contract by outside parties.

BENEFICIAL FOOD LEGISLATION.

Pennsylvania has, perhaps, done more for the improvement of the
food supply of her citizens than any other state in the Union. This
State will no longer be permitted to become the dumping ground
for bad food. The laws, with a few needed changes, are ample
and will continue to be enforced. The unjust ideas that were preva-
lent at one time have been removed, and the policy carried out and
recommendations made by this Division have driven from our
markets many of the fraudulent products which formerly com-
manded a ready sale. Their projectors at first condemned the law
as being too severe, alleging that it was the only law of its kind
which did not contain a proviso to give it elasticity, as in the case
of the laws of certain other states. Wilful and fraudulent adultera-
tion has been carefully checked, while the legitimate trade has
always been accorded the most careful consideration in order that
possible wrong or injustice might be avoided; and this class of
tradesmen are to-day amongst the staunchest supporters of the
beneficent pure food laws of Pennsylvania.

MEATS DOSED WITH DRUGS AND DYES.

It has been discovered that agents of certain manufacturing and
wholesale concerns are endeavoring to flood the State not only with
illegal preservatives, which are employed to “doctor” milk and
cream, but they are likewise imposing on many butchers and other
dealers in meats by the sale of preservatives which are sold under

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 77

attractive trade names. Certain of these preservatives used to pre-
pare meats, especially Hamburg steak, pork, sausage, “chopped”
meats, fresh roast beef, beef steak, etc., contain a considerable
quantity of sulphites which our chemists and medical experts claim
are most injurious to health when added to articles of food and
drink.

Coal tar or other objectionable coloring agents are also found by
chemists in these chemically prepared meats.

Some of the dealers who have placed these health destroying pre-
servatives in the hands of our well disposed and honest tradesmen,
give, it is said, guarantees of purity, and assert that these products
comply with the laws of Pennsylvania. They attempt to impress
the improper and untruthful claim that these fortifying agents are
“Boron Compounds,” hence are permitted by the act of April 27,
1903.

The meats, poultry, etc., which are treated with these objectiona-
ble drugs and pigments are generally sold at reduced prices, so as
make them more attractive to the poorer classes, hence the wage
earner, who requires a most nourishing and healthful diet, is slowly,
yet surely, undermining his physical powers when he consumes, as @
part of his daily fare, these meats ladened, as they are, with in-
sidious poison.

A number of prosecutions-of preserved, fresh meats have been
started, and our efforts to prevent such outrageous practices will be
continued with unabated vigor until the nefarious business ceases,
and when the General Assembly again convenes, a measure should
be promptly passed which will absolutely prohibit the use of all
preservatives on meats, poultry, etc., which are sold as fresh.

OBJECTIONABLE SULPHITES.

The following paragraphs concerning sulphites are from the pen
of Adolph Koenig, M. D., editor “Pennsylvania Medical Journal,”
Pittsburg, Pa.:

“There are three kinds of sulphites in common use, viz., Sodium Sulphite,
Potassium Sulphite and Magnesium Sulphite, all having practically similar
properties.

“The first of these is the one ordinarily used as a preservative, especially for
chopped meats (Hamburg Steak), and sausage. It is chosen in preference to
other preservatives for the reason that in addition to its germicidal and an-
tiseptic properties, it has the property of freshening the color of meat, and
thereby making it more pleasing to the eye, and, consequently, more salable.

“Sodium Sulphite is described in the United States Pharmacopoeia as ‘color-
less, transparent, monoclinic prisms, odorless, having a cooling, saline, sul-
phurous taste.’

“The sulphites are rather unstable salts: when exposed to the air they are
prone to change into sulphates by the absorption of oxygen.

78 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

“When the sulphites are decomposed in the stomach or in meat the first pro-
duct is sO, or sulphur dioxide gas. This gas pommel combines with a
molecule of water and forms sulphurous acid = SOr EH Ol Core so <a) which
is much more active than the gas and esses the poisonous potion of the

sulphites.

“As sulphites they possess little or no germicidal action. Whatever action they
possess in that line is due to the liberation of sulphurous acid, which is readily
liberated when sulphites come into contact with acids. In fresh meat for in-
stance, there are found acid phosphates, which, when the meat is treated with
sulphites, attacks them and breaks them up with the liberation of free sul-
phurous acid, and it is that substance that acts as the preservative. Given
by the stomach the sulphites are attacked by the hydro-chloric acid naturally
found as a constituent of gastric juice, and here also sulphurous acid is the re-
sult.

“Sulphurous acid is a powerful corresive poison and its action in the stomach
is baneful in several ways. First, it lowers the vitality of the tissues with
which it comes into contact. Second, it interferes with the digestive powers
of the ferments in the gastric juice, and third, it lowers the nutritive value
of the food itself. Absorbed into the blood, Harrington says, it exerts in
large doses, a marked and sometimes fatal poisonous action, and small doses,
long continued, affect seriously the circulation, lungs and kidneys. Indeed, it
cannot but affect seriously owing to its corrosive nature, any living tissue with
which it may come into contact, and should under no circumstances be per-
mitted to be used as a food preservative.”

IMPURE-DRUGS AND MEDICINES.

The correspondence of this office has developed the fact that the
man who buys medicine, as well as he who buys food desires to
know that he is getting what he pays for, and that no imposition
is being imposed or practiced upon him. A preliminary examina-
tion of certain articles revealed a condition that was not entirely
satisfactory. There are but few opponents who would not admit the
wisdom of and actual necessity for making the suggested investi-
gations of drugs, and where the opposition is loudest, selfish per-
sonal interest is often conspicuous.

The drugs sold in Pennsylvania, when sold under or by a name
recognized in the United States Pharmacopoeia should conform to a
certain standard of strength and purity. In the case of so-called
“patent” medicines there seems to be a wide field for investigation
on account of their unlimited scope for doing great harm. The
universal extent to which they are used makes it important that they
should be free from any substance that is injurious to health. If
the assertion that is often made be true, that many of these medicines ~
are made up largely of inferior alcoholic liquors and other constit-
uents, harmful in character, the public have a right to know it, and
if untrue, justice to the proprietors of these medicines could only
be done by determining the disputed question by chemical examina-
tion.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 79

RULINGS AND REGULATIONS.

After a careful consideration of the requirements for an intelli-
gent and conservative interpretation and enforcement of the pure
food law of June 26, 1895, and after consultation with my attorneys
I was satisfied that no fixed “ruling” could be safely or legally
adopted, as no officer or citizen not connected with the judicial
branch of the government has a Jegal right to annul an act of As-
sembly. Hence, the so-called “rulings” which were in force under
previous administrations were revoked. This action was rendered
necessary because of the possibility of such personal views interfer-
ing to a greater or lesser extent with legislative enactments, and
the further fact that certain manufacturers and dealers were in-
clined to interpret such “rulings” more liberally than may have been
originally intended. The attitude of the Commissioner can not be
better or more fully expressed than by the phraseology of the laws
with the enforcement of which he is charged. Where exceptional
cases may appear to work a hardship or cause excessive trouble
and expense, the only remedial agency that can be safely recom-
mended is legislative in its character. The Commissioner can only
enforce the laws in their entirety, and it is not within his province
to pursue any other course.

CRITICISMS OF ARTICLES OF FOOD.

I desire to call attention to the fact that my special agents are
specifically instructed to withhold criticism of any articles of food
or drink that may be found in the markets. It is not within their
provinee to either condemn or recommend and thereby hinder or
aid the sale of any article of food or drink which may come under
their notice, excepting by a special order to that effect from the
proper authority, should the exigencies of the case demand such
extreme aciion. When in the regular routine of their official duties,
samples are purchased, sent to the chemist for analysis, and adulter-
ants or harmful ingredients are found, or where fraud is practiced
the Commissioner orders prosecutions to be instituted, but ever
in such instances a general condemnation of such an article or
the part of agents would not be permissible. Different manufac.
turers employ varying formulas, and it often occurs that the same
manufacturer produces goods under the same label with very ma-
terial changes of ingredients, to meet competition in different lo-
calities.

PUBLICITY IN ENFORCING LAWS.

Publicity is most efficacious in enforcing the pure food laws. This
has been well illustrated in numerous instances. ‘While such treat-

80 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

ment of offenders may appear somewhat drastic, honest manufac-
turers and dealers in food and drink commodities have nothing to
fear. Dealers who have been flooding the markets with inferior and
adulterated goods will soon find that the publicity accorded to
prosecutions by the press and publications of the Dairy and Food
Division will destroy their objectionable and unlawful business.
Another gratifying fact consists in the knowledge that even those
articles which were formerly grossly adulterated are now sold by
the same firms in a pure or unadulterated state. Energetic action
at a critical time has produced a marked change for the better, and
the officiais in authority will continue to perform their several duties
vigorouly, fearlessly and impartially, shielding no one, but simply
obeying the mandates of the law.

DAIRY AND FOOD BULLETIN.

Upon assuming charge of the duties incumbent upon the Dairy
and Food Commissioner, it was at once determined that a monthly
resume of the operations of this branch of the Department of Agri-
culture was exceedingly desirable. After consulting with my legal
advisors and having received your approval, a publication known
as the “Monthly Bulletin” was issued regularly. This publication
relates entirely to the operations of the Dairy and Food Division
of the Department of Agriculture. It is distributed to all who
apply for it that are interested in the work of enforcing the dairy
and food laws of this Commonwealth. Each number gives a brief
resume of the work accomplished by the Commissioner and his force
of assistants during the preceding month, and as it is distributed
gratuitously, and only upon application by those especially inter-
ested, it reaches the desired class of readers, and aids most effectu-
ally in the educational work. By authority of law, nearly twenty-
five thousand copies are distributed monthly. The bulk of this large
edition reaches grocers and general storekeepers, while the miscel-
laneous list includes representative people of this and adjoining
states who are interested in the enforcement of the laws relating
to this Division. The numerous letters received by the Commis-
sioner show most conclusively that a strong public sentiment in
favor of pure and better articles of food and drink has been aroused.
Whether the comparatively small tradesmen who might possibly
complain because of the publicity given to suits brought against
them come under the ban, or whether a business produces millions
for the investor, the same publicity is accorded to all in the columns
of the “Monthly Bulletin.” This medium of publicity has already
accomplished an almost incalculable amount of good, and assisted
very materially in successfully enforcing the various acts of As-
sembly placed under the administration of this Division.

—s Cr ee

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 81

REPORT OF ANALYSES.

The regular publications of the “Monthly Bulletin” and other
printed matter already referred to, containing as they do, a com-
plete statement of analyses made by the chemists, it would be un-
necessary repetition to give such a statement in this report, and it
is therefore omitted.

To reprint the thousands of chemists’ reports, together with a
history of prosecutions ordered and their termination, lists of
articles of food found not adulterated, ete., would alone require
a volume as large as the annual report of the Department of Agri-
culture. The number and variety of samples analyzed during the
past nine months can best be comprehended by an examination of
the files of the “Monthly Bulletin.”

LIST OF LICENSES ISSUED.

Owing to frequent requests, complete lists of the oleomargarine
and renovated butter license certificates issued appear regularly in
each number of the “Monthly Bulletin.” This enables dairymen and
others interested to promptly discover and report violators of the
law. All licenses expire with the close of each year. The follow-
ing financial statement will prove of special interest in connection
with the sale of oleomargarine and renovated butter in Pennsyl-
vania:

REPORT OF RECEIPTS OF THE DAIRY AND FOOD DIVISION FROM
APRIL 1 TO DECEMBER 31, 1903.

In compliance with your request I shall present as part of this
report, the appended financial statement relating to the amounts
received by this Division for oleomargarine and renovated butter
license certificates, and also the amounts received through prosecu
tions brought against the numerous offenders against the dairy and
food laws of Pennsylvania. The period covered by these figures
includes the brief official term, namely, from April 1 to December
31, 1903, inclusive.

All of these license fees and the fines and costs collected were
promptly paid into the State Treasury, in conformity with the pro-
visions of the several acts of Assembly placed under my administra-
tion for enforcement.

But for the fact that unavoidable delays in securing analytical
reports retard prosecutions, and because of the dilatory court pro-
ceedings in some sections of the Commonwealth, the aggregate re-
ceipts, although presenting a most favorable showing, would have
been considerably augmented.

As the present Commissioner assumed charge of the office under

6-—6—1903

ee ; ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Governor Pennypacker’s administration, on April ist, the amounts
collected between January 1 and April 1, 1903, by my predecessor are

stated separately. ‘
The statement for the year 1903 is as follows:

PURE FOOD FINES.

MAME, MeO PA PIU Ge. is cute oe © cus sae oers $1,798 39
Ariel co December sl, a)... (ne. see. 37,953 79
Motal during 1903 so. kere y ect cy ee ee ee ae $39,752

OLEOMARGARINE LICENSHES.

ASE TI TE Wa Ba ae eS 0) ot dd Se sence en te ae S31,617 TO
April ito: December 3 nwt. aes y meee 6,293 48
Rotaliducine VOSS. ged eee aS Aaa 37,911

Total, ........ shape save! <0)'S gy ce at aaa ete tat Spee ea 6,093

OLEOMARGARINE FINES UNDER ACT OF 1899.

MUR ed COCA PIM sy 5 di ccn wenn tee $37 66
Penile to.Wedember oly. 66.0 A. bie ensues 578 54
Mo balun Od GOS As eres Hors sar genes woos es haere 616

OLEOMARGARINE FINES UNDER ACT OF 1901.

LIS UTES yao es ofa a oy i Ca oe i a $2,906 75
Popes to, December 31, .:: 5. «25. . aeons 3,550 53
oval during 903%... ic suse sisi eeam ence tees om 5:907

OLEOMARGARINE FINES UNDER ACT OF 1893.

Apoilul Lor December sh, % os e.54 sae $125 88

RENOVATED BUTTER FINES UNDER ACT OF 1899.

JEU ha ae US woe 0) oa Eg Bn eer gees CMe a oe $17 37

Diotalest Nani) estaba 0! aed ot ae 17

oO
@

No. 6. . DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

RENOVATED BUTTER FINES UNDER ACT OF 1901.

ammairy: det: Api We cole cues ea veo $296 51
irae tO: DECemMbDer Gill, By tet wt Sara’ 1,335 54
PPO cul McMIn nM Oe OD SS Seer 5 1g Alec aigiias EIR sem. 0

VINEGAR FINES UNDER ACT OF 1897.

meaty dy tO April: Te ok. oe see ue Be 0 os pl1i2 18
mpril t to: December 31, ....:.... Sattar 667 16
Mower ims NOS. nike ev. museeeNe leis oie ceeve ets

meprielto December's, 2 .. 2s...3 6.66: $357 00

LEO re FR Roe os Sri 2 beat are a hele eae

RENOVATED BUTTER LICENSES.

Papel ta December 31, yo... soe ese a $266 67
TT aie Sa MS te a Se ee
EGO belle crac teks cfekaitee ait ten ad th oer A oes

1,632

7719

266

$93,458

rai

In order that a proper comparison can be made as to the progress
of this Division of the Department of Agriculture, the following
Statements showing the aggregate receipts for the two preceding

years, 1901 and 1902, are also presented:

1901.

|# TLIN@ itoyea ber ah aes Sea ee ea i ee Pi
Wicomarcarine licenses, 1899, 0. .....5..2 068 sealants s
wicomancarine teenses, 1901, 2.2... we vas ocean oe
in EGS Th 0 et So, 00 a COA PR Ae Ue CRE
Meomarcorine dines, 1899. owe deas os ae ee hess 4
Mieomanre arinesines,.1 901s Jose ver vu vs cine sl e's oe aes
PeovatedamUuler TIMES: 4022 ..2cihas eset meuh seen bie «
2 EAE S STEVI SSE TE ie RO esha ar Ac arg ae
TSO Wd ATTN IKE TSO oO (as Relig iS
EMO VLed/DULLEr: LGENSES, =. neice anerdjs certs eas Se

$4,883
20,516
1,089
225
5,446
2,070
120
105

B®

175

$34,705

84 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

1902.

ULC MOOG eNOS: 0. seria aus chessls o's cre cucge 1S Ae ate ee $8,082 20
Gieomanrearime TCENSESS ys. 4c. ss saw ade A ea rie 23,927 05
Me NES” Secee as a. ta gcd toch a) 55 Sead ney en ee L177 24
Oleoamargarine’ fines, 1S899.%. 0.0. acs. aun eee ee aya ar 3,238 18
Gleomarsarine fines, LOO 2.2. eee ete oer 5,225 75
ienoyaced Duttertines, 1809 0 te. weer ces ny ae 5 90
ihenovated, butter fines, 19010 5 22. se ee eles < oi eee 572 68
BicenOyaced) DUtbensiCENSeS, ay eur a. te te yo eee ce 766 67
PHC CSCHIIIIES 6 ie ne eo yee A So yes oe Oe econ 169 50
Wena T MCS 4 Ath. cea): Gate. ee ciee tee isla ee Geena ee 447 24
BAC MRE SS Pn at an’ 2 Gtate cud mnie rake, can ene ee ete 23 00

MO ae, ks seen See OR ae ret ey ee ree. $43,635 41

AGRICULTURAL ORGANIZATIONS,

Realizing the magnitude of the dairy industry and the importance
of its development, I have endeavored to interest and secure the
more active co-operation of all agricultural organizations in the
enforcement of the law. The help received through the State,
Pomona and Subordinate Granges, Farmers’ Alliances and kindred
agricultural organizations was of especial value, and merits this
grateful acknowledgment. The Pure Butter Protective Association,
through its officers, namely, Thomas W. Sharpless, president; Isaac
W. Davis, secretary, and W. F. Drennan, chairman of the executive
committee, also assisted very materially in the effort to place Penn-
sylvania in the first rank as a dairy state. By the earnest and intel-
ligent co-operation of the above named organizations, at least sev-
eral thousand dollars were collected and paid into the State Treas-
ury on account of fines imposed and license certificates issued as
the result of information received of violations of the oleomargarine
and renovated butter laws.

GROCERS UNITED IN THE WORK.

The Retails Grocers’ Association, of Philadelphia, through its
energetic secretary, William H. Smedley, has also demonstrated
its sympathy with and support of rational pure food legislation.
Representatives of similar associations throughout Pennsylvania
have given their hearty support, although no other class of business
men in the Commonwealth have greater issues at stake. While
separate and independent views might have prevailed at the be-
ginning relative to the utility and propriety of certain legislation,
the opportunities to realize the beneficent effects of such laws,

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 85

when properly enforced, have demonstrated their actual worth, and
whatever doubts may have existed, have been removed so that the
legitimate manufacturer, producer, jobber or retailer has, with rare
exception been converted into a genuine advocate of the pure food
laws of Pennsylvania.

LIVE STOCK SANITARY MATTERS.

The Commissioner begs leave to make grateful acknowledgment
of the valuable assistance rendered by the officials of the Pennsyl-
rania Live Stock Sanitary Board. Many dairymen and others who
desired information relative to the care and improvement of their
live stock and products, received much helpful assistance from
Dr. Leonard Pearson, who holds the responsible position of State
Veterinarian, and to whom many inquiries were referred. ‘The co-
operation of such interests is most desirable, and the consequent
good that follows meets with hearty appreciation on the part of the
agricultural classes, who have occasion to ask for advice or infor-
mation. Having opportunity to know the important objects and
high purposes at which the State Live Stock Sanitary Board aims,
and the good it is accomplishing, this acknowledgment is freely be-
stowed. ‘This is especially true because proper dairy barns, better
sanitary arrangements, absolute cleanliness, proper food and greater
intelligence on all these subjects will insure purer milk, better
cream and butter, and thus the public has received a service of the
highest value.

NEWSPAPER COURTESIES ACKNOWLEDGED.

The influence of the press has been a valuable and potent factor
in the enforcement of the dairy and food laws of Pennsylvania, and
the friendly assistance so freely rendered has at all times proven
an inspiration to renewed efforts to enforce the pure food laws
with still greater zeal. Its sympathy and approval of the difficult
task afforded genuine pleasure and much encouragement to all in-
terested, and thanks are due and hereby freely acknowledged for
the courtesies extended. The meanest kind of stealing is from the
poor by means of adulterating their food supplies, yet instances
have been known where defendants attempted to create or arouse
false or mistaken sympathies, thus endeavoring to poison the pub-
lic mind by newspaper criticism. Happily these cases were in-
significant in number, and the usual wise discernment of the editors
prevailed. No manufacturer, jobber or concern which makes, or
sells an adulterated article can long continue its imposition and live
under the glare of the newspaper publicity that must accompany
every honest prosecution.

86 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

GRATEFUL ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.

For the uniform and valued courtesies received threugh the See-
retary of Agriculture, and his constant willingness to advise and
assist in the solving and adjustment of the many intricate questions
which frequently arise in connection with the work incident to a
careful and conscientious interpretation and enforcement of the
dairy and pure food laws, especial gratitude is hereby acknowledged.
Although his duties are varied and burdensome, his valuable time
was always available whenever his co-operation and friendly help
were needed. It was largely through his hearty approval and
earnest encouragement that the Commissioner was enabled to pro-
duce the present gratifying results, and it is with the assurance of
the continuation of this hearty assistance and co-operation that I
venture the hope that still greater benefits for the masses may be se-
cured during the coming year, if our health and lives are spared.

In numerous instances, the Secretary of Agriculture and Dairy
and Food Commissioner in response to requests received from dairy-
men, patrons of husbandry, business people and others, visited to-
gether various sections of the State to organize systematic investi-
gations into violations of the laws. The co-operation of the State
officials and the public has produced excellent results and estab-
ished public confidence to an unparalleled degree.

In concluding, words of appreciation and gratefulness are also
due to numerous persons, including attorneys, chemists, special
agents, office force, and others who have rendered valuable assist-
ance in their several capacities. The Commissioner entertains for
them a personal and friendly regard, for without loyalty to the
work and a willing and conscientious recognition of duty, our, best
efforts would have proven unavailing. It is our bounden duty and
within our reach to greatly benefit the general public, and the ex-
perience of the nine months just ended justifies the belief that their
support, sympathies and best wishes for continued success are not
lacking. Our duties are only begun. May the future be gracious
and grant a still greater measure of success!

Very faithfully yours,

Dairy and Food Commissioner.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. rere 87

REPORT OF THE STATE VETERINARIAN.

Harrisburg, Pa., December 31, 1903.

Honorable N. B. Critchfield, Secretary of Agriculture, Harrisburg,
aes

Sir: I have the honor to present to you this report on the work of
the State Veterinarian for the year 1903. With the report of the
Veterinary Division of the Department of Agriculture, I have in-
corporated a report of the work of the State Live Stock Sanitary
Board, for the reason that these two lines of work are so intimately
connected that it does not seem possible to disassociate them.
While the State Veterinavian is an officer of the Department of Ag-
riculture, authority for the control of the infectious diseases of
animals is not vested in the Department of Agriculture, but in the
State Live Stock Sanitary Board. This Board is composed of the
Governor of the Commonwealth, the Secretary of Agriculture, the
Dairy and Food Commissioner and the State Veterinarian. It will
be seen that while the State Live Stock Sanitary Board is a separate
organization, all of its members, with the exception of the Governor,
are officers of the Department of Agriculture, and thus it happens
that the Board has come to be looked upon as a part of the Depart-
ment of Agriculture although, strictly speaking, this is not the case.

During the year that has just closed, the work that has fallen to
me as State Veterinarian and as Secretary of the State Live Stock
Sanitary Board, has continued to grow in volume and, I believe,
in importance to the well-being of the animal industries of the
State. It is pleasing to record the fact that, as heretofore, this
work has been carried out in complete harmony and accord with all
of the organized agricultural, live stock and public health interests,
The live stock owners of the State realize that it is chiefly in their
interest that diseases of animals are controlled. It is a great ex-
ception to find a live stock owner who is not willing to co-operate
heartily and effectively in such measures adopted by authority of
the State as may be necessary to repress an outbreak of an infec-
tious disease among animals. While this conditoin is one that, theo-
retically, seems to be entirely natural, if not inevitable, it is, never-
theless, worthy of note for the reason that in many states the most
active opposition similar work has had to meet, has been from the
owners of animals. There can be no difference of opinion among

88 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

owners of live stock as to the desirability of eradicating diseases
that damage or destroy their valuable animals. But opposition
comes when it appears that the measures that have been adopted
are not well planned to effect the purpose in view, or when the
measures of repression are more burdensome and expensive than
the disease that they are intended to repress. Even in the latter
case, in times of serious danger, Hve stock owners will co-operate
if the necessity for the measures that it is proposed to employ, is
made clear to them.

As a result of the friendly co-operation between the State Live
Stock Sanitary Board and the owners of live stock, outbreaks of
infectious disease are in most cases immediately reported to the
Department, with the knowledge that the most effective measures
that are authorized and can be employed, will be used in the interest
of the individual owner, as well as in the interest of live stock
owners in general.

The work that comes under my care increases in importance and
volume from year to year, in proportion to the growth of the live
stock interest of the State, to the extent that domestic animals and
the public, through the products of domestic animals, suffer with
or are threatened with disease, and to the extent that the work
of this office is appreciated and called for. As Pennsylvania grows
in population, there is a constantly increasing need for food pro-
ducts of animal origin—for milk and other dairy products—for
poultry products and for beef, mutton and pork. A large part of
the additionai supplies of food stuffs that are required comes from
other states, but still the demands upon the farms of Pennsylvania
are sufficient to cause a steady increase in importance of those
branches of agriculture that are related to the animal industries.
The greatest growth has been in connection with the dairy industry.

Pennsylvania ranks second among the states of the Union in
milk production, and bids fair soon to occupy the first position. The
business of producing milk appears to develop most rapidly upon
the rather high-priced farms in the most thickly populated sections.
This condition long ago gave rise to the business of bringing cows
from less thickly populated sections, where land is cheaper and
where the cattle can be raised more economically, to those districts
where milk is in greatest demand. At first, dairy cows for this
use were purchased in the interior of the State and were driven to
the neighborhood of Philadelphia, where they were sold to milk
producers. Later, the business developed of shipping such cows
by rail from the central and western parts of Pennsylvania and
from adjoining states. Recently, it has become common to ship
cows long distances. Many of the dairy cows in Eastern Pennsyl-
vania have come from Tennessee, Missouri and the districts tribu-

————

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 89

tary to the great cattle market at Chicago. The number of cows
brought annually to Pennsylvania in this way amounts to from
15,000 to 20,000. There are many sections of Pennsylvania admir-
ably adapted to the production of cows for this use where the in-
dustry is but little cultivated or is ignored.

Whether based upon suflicient reason or not, there is no doubt
that the dairymen who buy all of their cows and who do not raise
their calves, much prefer larger cows that show a preponderance of
Shorthorn blood. Such cows, if in good condition, with well-de-
veloped udders, of good conformation, and giving promise of large
milk yield, generally command the highest prices at sales of dairy
cows. The reason for this is that when their term of usefulness as
dairy cows has passed, they are worth considerable to the butcher,
and when beef is high they are sometimes sold, dry, for as much
as they cost, fresh. It would, appear, therefore, to be well for
those who wish to engage in the business of producing cows for
sale in the milk-shipping districts to use bulls of one of the breeds
of cattle that are large and at the same time are heavy milkers,
such as the dairy Shorthorns or the Red-polls.

On the other hand, farmers who are so situated that they can
themselves raise the cows that they need, appear to derive greatest
profit from the use of some one of the special-purpose dairy breeds
as the Jersey, Guernsey or Holstein-Fresian. It would mean a great
deal to the cattle raisers of the State if the money, amounting to
millions of dollars, paid for cows from other states, were retained
in Pennsylvania. In many districts it would be more profitable to
market cattle than to sell crops from the farm, and it would do
much to conserve and improve the fertility of the soil. In addition
to purchasing dairy cows from other states, Pennsylvania imports
every year a large number (from 25,000 to 30,000) steers for feed-
ing. If an effort were made to supply the cow market by breeding
Shorthorns or Red-polls this would, at the same time, result in the
production of a jarge number of steers valuable for feeding.

For some reason but little attention has been paid in many parts
of Pennsylvania to the production of cattle of a definite type and
of high quality. This is in marked contrast with the condition that
prevails in the cattle-raising districts of most of the central and
western states, where it is the exception to find animals that do
not clearly show the prominent characteristics of one of the im-
ported breeds. No cattle raiser can afford to use a bull that is
not pure-bred and of the best quality obtainable, and after having
started in a definite line of breeding, a change should not be made
lightly; a change should not be made excepting for the strongest
reason. ~The objection that will be raised to this suggestion is that
good bulls are too expensive. A little investigation will show that

90 ANNUAL.REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

this is not really the case. Good bulls of any of the imported breeds
may be bought as calves for low prices and may be shipped in crates,
by express, at comparatively small cost. But even if a high price
is paid for a good bull that is mature and that has shown his worth
for breeding, the increased cost will soon be returned in the extra
value of each of his progeny. By co-operation of several farmers
in a neighborhood, a bull may be purchased for the use of several
herds. Members of farmers’ clubs have found it profitable to join
in the purchase of a good bull or a good stallion.

In many parts of Pennsylvania, nondescript animals are raised of
no definite breeding which can be classed fairly as “scrubs.” ‘Po
properly mature such an animal costs almost as much as to prop-
erly mature a highly bred animal, which, on maturity, will sell
from 25 to 50 per cent. more than its plebian competitor. There
is no room in the animal husbandry system of this State for animals
that are not bred and designed for high utility in some definite di-
rection. There is an improved breed that is adapted to the condi-
tions and possibilities of every section of the State. If the condi-
tions of life are too rugged for the large breeds, and if the condi-
tions in respect to the market for milk are not good enough to
justify keeping the Channel Island cattle, such breeds as the Devon
or Aryshire may do well and work great improvement in the exist-
ing cattle population. The seed for improvement is near at hand,
because there are in this State many of the best herds of cattle
to be found anywhere. It is to be hoped that the need for improve-
ment will become so manifest that our own progressive breeders
will have a better home market for herd improvers. This subject
is one that deserves the serious attention of farmers’ institutes and
local agricultural organizations of all kinds. There are, approxi-
mately, 1,000,000 milch cows in Pennsylvania and about 2,000,000
‘attle of all kinds. By improved breeding the average value of each
of these animals could readily be increased $5, and this would mean
an addition of $10,000,060 to the resources of the State.

The work of, the laboratory of the State Live Stock Sanitary Board
has always been an important part of the activity of the Board.
The laboratory continues to occupy the rooms provided for it free
of charge in the Pepper Clinical Laboratory of the University of
Pennsylvania. It is gratifying to be able to state that authoritative
work has been done by this laboratory in many directions, and that
it is now one of the most productive laboratories of the kind in this
country. All of the tuberculin, mallein and anthrax vaccine used
for the Live Stock Sanitary Board have been made in this laboratory,
and the total value of these products that have been made and used
in the State more than equals the total cost of the running expenses
of the laboratory. The advantage derived from the laboratory in

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. : 91

making its own biological products, lies not only in the financial
saving afforded in this way, but-also in having perfectly fresh and
reliable material available at all times for immediate use.

The use of tuberculin continues to increase as its accuracy as a
diagnostic agent become more widely known. I believe that the
great increase in the use of tuberculin in Pennsylvania is due largely
to the fact that the preparation used is always fresh and reliable
and that misleading results have not been obtained through the
use of faulty material. The mallein test has also increased very
largely the past year. The results from the anthrax vaccinations
that have been made have been wholly satisfactory. The vaccine
material used in the experiments upon cattle against tuberculosis,
has also been prepared in this laboratory.

Dr. 8S. H. Gilliland has made an anti-tuberculin serum with which
he and Dr. C. Y. White are experimenting in the prevention and
cure of tuberculosis. The work that Dr. Gilliland has done in this
direction is original work and will be reported upon separately by
him.

The laboratory is used more and move each year by the veterin-
arians of the State as a place for obtaining an authoritative report
upon the pathological material submitted. It often occurs in the
course of a veterinarian’s practice, as in the course of a physician’s
practice, that diseases are met with that cannot readily be diag-
nosed. To establish a diagnosis requires a careful laboratory ex-
amination of a secretion or tissue or pathological product. The
physician who is confronted by a case of this kind may have access
to any one of a very large number of laboratories at medical colleges
and hospitals throughout the State, but the veterinarian is without
any opportunity for assistance excepting that which is furnished
by the State Live Stock Sanitary Board. To be sure, the large lab-
oratories maintained for the use of physicians, are sometimes called
upon for assistance, but these laboratories are equipped and main-
tained to do such work as physicians require done. They are
not accustomed to examine material from animals. Their direct-
ors are, aS a rule, unfamiliar with the diseases of animals, and,
generally, they do not care for this kind of work. Consequently,
if it were not done by the laboratory of the State Live Stock Sani-
tary Board it would not be done at all, as was the case before this
laboratory was established. Frequently it is of much public im-
portance that a diagnosis of a disease of animals shall be estab-
lished quickly and accurately. In the beginning of an outbreak of
anthrax, for example, it is of vital importance that it shall be
known at the earliest possible moment whether the disease under
observation is anthrax or not. If the diagnosis of anthrax is es-
tablished, it is possible immediately to take such measures as will

92 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

circumscribe and control the outbreak. Exposed animals may be
vaccinated and rendered immune, the carcasses of those that have
died may be disposed of by burning, and the premises may be thor-
oughly disinfected. in this way the outbreak is nipped in the bud,
as it were. On the other hand, if the diagnosis were not promptly
established and there remained a doubt as to whether the disease
were anthrax or something else—and the differential diagnosis is
sometimes quite difficult—effective measures would not be taken
under such conditions. Without a definite diagnosis the carcasses
of animals dead of anthrax would be permitted to lie upon the
ground, their parts to be distributed by dogs and birds as well as
by water and wind, and this may result in the condition that exists
in old infected districts. In such districts the germs of this disease,
having entered the soil, retain their life and their virulence for many
years and are, at all times, available for the infection of animals
that pasture over such regions or that drink the water that has
drained across infected soils, or that feed upon the crops grown
there.

Similarly, in outbreaks of black-quarter or Rinderseuche, it is of
great importance to the animal husbandry and the Commonwealth,
to establish promptly an accurate diagnosis.

In the diagnosis of the above-named diseases and of rabies, gland-
ers and hog cholera, the laboratory has rendered valuable asgsist-
ance, and is called upon for aid by veterinarians, health officers
and live stock owners in all parts of the State.

For several years a good deal of attention has been paid in the
laboratory of this Board, to the bacteriological and miscroscopical
study of milk. This has resulted in the accumulation of a large
amount of data in regard to these important subjects that are just
now attracting so much serious attention. And if, as seems prob-
able, it becomes necessary for the State Live Stock Sanitary Board
to take a more active part in the matter of dairy inspection, the
facts that have been accumulated in the records of the laboratory
in respect to the above items, will be of great practical advantage.
Part of this material has already been published in papers and ad-
dresses by Dr. Ravenel and Dr. Gilliland.

In field research some very important discoveries have been made
in relation to the pathology of forage poisoning of horses. This
work has been reported upon by Dr. D. J. McCarthy and Dr. M. P.
Ravenel. Their report is published as an appendix to this report.
This piece of work is of great importance because it reveals the al-
teration that has occurred in a large number of horses afflicted
with this disease. Under the auspices of the State Live Stock Sani-
tary Board, certain definite causes for forage poisoning of horses
have been revealed and a pathology of the disease has been made

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 93

known. Formerly, both the cause of the disease and its pathology
were shrouded in mystery. Through knowing the cause of forage
poisoning, it has been possible, in a great many cases, to prevent
the disease, and the knowledge of the pathology that has been given
us by Drs. McCarthy and Ravenel must be regarded as the first
effective step toward rational treatment.

The greater part of the energy and resources of the laboratory
have been devoted during the past year, to the study of immuniza-
tion of cattle against tuberculosis. This work was started some
years ago, and has been reported upon in part by Dr. S. H. Gilli-
land and the writer, who have had the entire responsibility for it.
Our work has been amplified and, as will be shown in another part
of this report, it has been placed on such a basis as to be tested
under practical farm conditions.

The legislature of 1903 enacted two laws which are destined to
have an important influence on the work of the State Live Stock
Sanitary Board. These are the acts of Assembly that follow:

No. 60.

AUN A

To encourage the repression of tuberculosis of cattle, and to provide for the
disposition of the carcasses of meat-producing animals that are infested with
tuberculosis to a degree that renders their flesh unfit for use as food.

Section 1. Be it enacted, &c., That whenever it comes to the
knowledge of the secretary of the State Live Stock Sanitary Board,
or an agent of that Board who is authorized to inspect animals,
that a meat-producing animal, killed for food, was found to be in-
fected with tuberculosis, or with a disease resembling tuberculosis,
it shall be the duty of the secretary of the State Live Stock Sani-
tary Board, either himself or by deputy, or of an authorized agent
of the State Live Stock Sanitary Board, to make an inspection of the
said dead animal and its parts, for the purpose of ascertaining
whether it is or was infected with tuberculosis, and, if infected, to
what extent.

Section 2. If it shall be found that the animal, from which the
‘“arcass or meat came, was infected with tuberculosis, or other
infectious disease, and to a degree that renders the flesh unfit for
use as food, the said dead animal, carcass or meat, shall be con-
demned, and shall be disposed of by the use of any method that
is approved by the State Live Stock Sanitary Board. For the guid-
ance of inspectors of animals and meats, and of agents of the State
Live Stock Sanitary Board, rules for the inspection of the carcasses
of meat-producing animals may be promulgated by the State Live
Stock Sanitary Board, or, in the absence of such rules, the rules of

94 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

the United States Bureau of Animal Industry, that cover the in-
spection of animals and carcasses for tuberculosis in abbattoirs
under federal inspection, shall be observed.

Section 3. When it is decided by a meat inspector, approved in
respect to competency and reliability by the secretary of the State
Live Stock Sanitary Board, or by a member or agent of the State
Live Stock Sanitary Board, and certified by him in writing on an
official form that shall be provided for this purpose by the State
Live Stock Sanitary Board, that the flesh of a meat-producing
animal is unfit for use as food, on account of the fact that the animal]
from which it came was infected with tuberculosis to an injurious
degree, the said meat or carcass may be appraised, by agreement be-
tween a member or agent of the State Live Stock Sanitary Board
and the owner or his agent, or, if an agreement cannot be made,
three appraisers shall be appointed, one by the owner or his agent,
one by the State Live Stock Sanitary Board or its authorized agent,
and the third by the two so appointed, who shall, under oath or
affirmation, fairly and impartially appraise the meat or carcass,
taking into consideration its apparent market value at the time of
appraisement: Provided, however, That such appraised valuation
shall not exceed five cents per pound, nor twenty-five dollars for
the entire carcass.

Section 4. The amount of the agreed or appraised valuation shall
be paid by the State Live Stock Sanitary Board, in the same manner
as other expenses of said board are paid, upon the presentation of
satisfactory certificates of condemnation and valuation, and satis-
factory evidence in writing that the condemned animal has been
continuously in the State of Pennsylvania for not less than four
months prior to slaughter, and that the carcass was disposed of in
such a way that had been approved by the State Live Stock Sanitary
Board.

Approved—The 25th day of March, A. D. 1903.

SAML. W. PENNYPACKER.

No. 80.
AN ACT

To prevent the spread of the disease known as rabies, or hydrophobia; and
to authorize the quarantine, restraint, confinement, or muzzling of dogs,
during outbreaks of this disease; and to empower the State Live Stock Sani-
tary Board to enforce the provisions of this act.

No. 6. ' DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 95

liable to be spread by dogs that have been exposed, the said Board
may order the quarantine, restraint, confinement, or muzzling of any
or all] dogs, within the limits of the locality in which the danger of
infection is deemed to exist. The authority hereby conferred is not
to annul or restrict the authority now possessed by cities or bor-
oughs to quarantine, restrain, confine, or muzzle dogs, within the
limits of their respective jurisdictions.

Section 2. A quarantine, or order to restrain, confine or muzzle
dogs, shall be operative when it is approved by a majority of the
members of the State Live Stock Sanitary Board, and when a copy
of it has been left at the usual place of residence of the owner
of the dog that it is believed to have been exposed to rabies, or
hydrophobia; or when the notice or order to quarantine, restrain,
confine or muzzle dogs, has been published in each of two papers in
each of the counties within which the regulation is established, and
when printed notices, giving the text of the regulation or order,
have been posted in public places, in the locality in which the regu-
lation or order applies.

Section 3. Should dogs be permitted to run at large, or to escape
from restraint or confinement, or to go without muzzle, in violation
of the quarantine, or regulation, or order, established by the State
Live Stock Sanitary Board to restrict the spread of rabies, or hydro-
phobia, as provided by this act, such dogs may be secured and con-
fined, or they may be shot or otherwise destroyed, and the owner
or owners thereof shall have no claim against the person so doing.

Section 4. Any person violating the provisions of this act, or of
a quarantine, or of a regulation or order to restrain, confine or
muzzle dogs, duly established by the State Live Stock Sanitary
Board, for the purpose of restricting the spread of rabies, or hydro-
phobia, in the manner provided in the other sections of this act,
shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor; and upon conviction shall
forfeit and pay a fine of not Jess than ten dollars nor more than
one hundred dollars, at the discretion of the court.

Approved—The 27th day of March, A. D. 1903.

SAML. W. PENNYPACKER.

Reference has already been made to the development of the dairy
industry of Pennsylvania. This industry now ranks as the most im-
portant part of the agriculture of the State. The steadily increas-
ing demand for milk denotes that the dairy industry must continue
to grow. It is, however, to be observed that milk consumers are
becoming more particular as to the quality of the milk they con-
sume. This is shown by the increased attention given to milk in-
spection by boards of health and by the State Dairy and Food Com-
missioner, us well as by the growth of milk businesses that are con-

96 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

ducted on a high plane and aim to furnish none but the most whole-
some milk. So many farmers are now dependent upon the milk
market for their income that anything that affects this market
deleteriously, has far-reaching importance.

While the greater part of the market milk that is produced is of
good quality, unadulterated and wholesome, it occurs, every now
and then, as undesirable conditions occur in other businesses, that
milk that is not desirable or safe for use as food, is delivered to
customers. Some of the undesirable qualities of milk accrue in
the household of the consumer, others at the hands of the dealer,
others during transportation, and still others at the seat of produc-
tion.

In order that milk may be good, it is necessary that it shall be
produced under proper conditions, and that it shall be handled prop-
erly at every step on its way to the consumer’s table. It is neces-
sary, first of all, that the cows furnishing the milk shall be in a
condition of health. Milk is harmed not only by the existence of
tuberculosis and all other constitutional or infectious diseases, but
also by local diseases of the udder. Microscopic examination has
shown that a considerable proportion of cows furnish milk contain-
ing pus cells and strepticocci. These elements and organisms show
that the udder is, or has been, the seat of a purulent inflammation.
Sanitarians consider that milk of this description is unwholesome
and should not be used. This means that it is necessary to exclude
from milk production, cows with garget or with other evidence of
inflammation of the udder. Generally, this is done, but through
lack of attention, it is sometimes overlooked with the result that
the milk is contaminated and the consumer is injured. Another
important factor in the production of wholesome milk, and perhaps
the most important factor of all, is cleanliness—cleanliness in rela-
tion to the cows, cleanliness of the stable, cleanliness of the utensils
and of the milker. Some cows are so kept, and some premises are
so constructed and maintained, that the production of clean milk is
quite out of the question. The harm that comes from the use of
dirty milk is believed to be very great, and no one has a right to sell
rt

The importance of a pure water supply on dairy farms is some-
times overlooked and with dangerous results, as was clearly shown
by a recent incident in connection with the milk supply of Philadel-
phia. A large number of people became afflicted with typhoid fever
in two of the wards in the southern part of the city. At that time
there was so little typhoid fever in other parts of these particular
wards, where the water supply was the same, that the attention
of the health authorities was drawn to this unusual distribution
of the disease. Investigation showed that practically all of the

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 97

persons, numbering from fifty to sixty, that were suffering with
typhoid fever, had obtained milk from the same milk man, An
examination into the source of the milk sold by this dealer showed
that it came from three farms in a nearby county. On one of
these farms there were several cases of typhoid fever, and the
conditions were such as to render inevitable the contamination with
the germs of typhoid fever of both the spring house and the well
at the dwelling house. <A review of the history of the occurrence
of the disease upon this farm and among the people using the milk
from this farm, showed that the disease started among the con-
sumers about two weeks after it started on the farm, and not
another case developed after this milk supply was cut off. These
facts and the other attending circumstances were such as to con-
vince the health authorities that the disease had been carried in
milk from this farm to the city. This case is cited here to illus-
trate the necessity for care in milk production.

By far the majority of milk producers wish to furnish milk that
is above reproach. It may cost a little more to produce clean
milk than to produce dirty milk. If it does not cost more money
there is at any rate an additional expense in supervision and care.
It is not fair to those who take the care that is necessary in the pro-
duction of clean milk to allow careless, slovenly individuals to sell
their product under the same conditions in the same market. More-
over, it is unfair to the consumer to have delivered to him milk
that is unwholesome and that may contain the germs of an infec-
tious disease. It appears, therefore, that distinct advantage would
accrue both to the producers of good milk and to consumers, if there
were such an inspection of dairies as would raise the standard of
those who are doing the poorest work and would exclude from the
market milk that is likely to be unwholesome.

There is no question as to the wholesomness of good milk or
as to its importance in the dietary. There is scarcely any other
food that is more nourishing, or that is so easily assimilable, and
few that are as cheap. There is, therefore, every reason why milk
should be consumed in large quantities by the people of towns and
cities. A feature that has served heretofore to restrict the de-
mand for milk has been the suspicious character of some of the
milk that has been sold and lack of confidence in the general supply.

Milk is peculiar in that it may not show evidence of serious de-
vects. The appearance of milk has little and often no relation to
its wholesomeness; therefore, to a greater extent than with any
other food, it is necessary for the consumer to have confidence in
the quality of this product.

The consumption of milk per capita in the various cities of the

7—6—1908

98 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

United States is shown by a report of the Dairy Division of the
United States Department of Agriculture. From this report it ap-
pears that the amount of milk consumed in Philadelphia is much
less than it is in many other cities. In St. Louis and Louisville,
where the milk is admittedly of low grade, and where the-cows are
fed on brewer's grain or brewer’s slops, the quantities consumed
per day per inhabitant are 0.37 and 0.39 pint respectively. In
Philadelphia, the quantity consumed is 0.46 pint; in New York, 0.76
pint; in Rochester, 0.83 pint, atid in Boston more than one pint
per inhabitant per day. There appears to be no sufficient reason
why more milk should be consumed in New York City than in Phila-
delphia. if Philadelphia should consume in proportion as much
milk as is consumed by the inhabitants of New York City, this would
give rise to a demand for an additional supply of at least 150,000
quarts per day. This would necessitate the employment of, say,
25,000 additional cows, which would mean the addition of at least
1,000 additional farms, worth, with their equipments, approximately
$8,000 each, to the business of producing milk for the Philadelphia
market. In other words, additional capital to the extent of $8,-
000,000 would find employment in this industry.

Experiments made at the State Agricultural College in Maine
and elsewhere have shown that where milk enters largely into a
dietary, it is not taken as additional nutriment but is substituted
for nutriment in another form and usually in the place of meat.
This seems to support the belief that if milk were more extensively
used, it would not be at the expense of any local farm product, but
it would be at the cost of meat, the largest part of which, at
present, comes from the west. With these facts in view, I wish to
suggest the desirability of a State inspection of dairy farms to be
carried out for the purpose of correcting faulty conditions that
exist that are a menace to the consumers of milk and that injur-
iously affect the trade. Several of the western states and Massachu.
setts have adopted this system. The results are beneficial. Whether
the plan, if it were introduced here, would prove to be useful or not
would depend, first, upon the character of the supervision, and, sec-
ond, upon the intelligence and industry of the inspectors.

Expenditures.—-For the fiscal year ending May 31, 1903, the State
Live Stock Sanitary Board was allowed $40,000.00 for its general
work in repressing diseases of animals. Expenditures under this
fund may be classified as follows: For tubercular cattle, $24,996.90;
for glandered horses, $941.00; for inspecting tubercular cattle and
herds, $2,964.65; for inspections for the purpose of suppressing dis-
ase other than tuberculosis and for vaccinating cattle against an-
{hrax and blackleg, $3,035.84; for tags, marking cattle, for materials
for vaccine, tuberculin and for shipping, for cremating carcasses,

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 99

serving quarantine notices and enforcing quaramtines, $1,658.68;
for supplies, postage, office help and miscellaneous expenses, $3,-
458.11; expenses for enforcing the law requiring the inspection of
dairy cows and for cattle for breeding purposes brought into Penn-
sylvania from other states, $2,914.82.

Glanders.—The following list shows the distribution among the
counties and the extent of prevalence of glanders during the past
year:

LS GTAE CE 6th ct eee eee oes, eee ee 1
PML OINGL pat assy 5 oes sap NA hafta Gira ara’ bomtl ced tele oh = oka ets 1
EUG ENTER Sa ae Pe a re 9
POEUN Spero here ia 5 G1 racic car hae in We Os raw i
PE retI Nee Mince eta sarah stan ee Gan A aes ieee oa eA i!
(SIN EFS SN ne cet egg ee 3 eee il
[COS EET LUN TT Ste, SR ae SUS ec One eee a ear dl
1 TFE GUE ee ROE ea ey Oe Ne ear 1
1 TEETH el UT Pa gi no ul
VIDACTICTRS. VE Sead ata RSL oi feces eee ne, 4
UNAS AEA eeny ites nee ee Reps NESE ins adh tigp fo RoR I aod ea ys 2
ETP USTRE SE NSAP Re gas | {eae ane eh en Rare eee ar oe see Sm are 9
SUE TON ESS C1085 Ch a eee an ee ae ce eee an oe a 2
LO TTLIEACORE TE Ch a 2 ea eeeec ie ero esr Ee ae Soe aa 3 ~
GS USO] MME MAAN TNA Corsica ci tres Wd ears, © susiwls c-zqaierpeced & IMA eie ores 6
WNANVENC RAT twere bat rites Shee ici hictsie crs Wels « Syngicie Rae ws 1
MA Bee Payee a eet. Cot esis, oly? Ca Few, </etas's 44

It will be seen that the disease was widely distributed, occurring
in many parts of the State, but that its prevalence was not great in
any section. The most extensive outbreaks were found in Butler
and Mercer counties; in one instance, among a load of mules belong-
ing to a horse and mule dealer, and in the other instance among the
horses of a livery stable. The outbreak in Susquehanna county
was next in order, necessitating the destruction of six horses. The.
other cases were scattering, with but one or two in a place. These
statistics show clearly that the disease was in every instance of
recent introduction and, indeed, in almost every case it was possible
to trace the disease to an afflicted animal from another state.
That glanders is frequently brought into the State is well known
and this is not to be wondered at in view of the fact that it is quite
prevalent in several western states and also in parts of New York
State and in parts of New England. In order to prevent the dis-
tribution of this disease, it is necessary not only to deal promptly
with every infected animal, but to investigate every report indicat-
ing the possibility of the existence of glanders. A large number

100 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

of communications are received from veterinarians, health officers
and stock men to the effect that certain horses are or are sus-
pected of being afflicted with glanders. Investigations made in
such cases usually show that the suspicion is not well founded.
In following up reports of this kind it is often sufficient to make
a physicial examination, and in this way ascertain that glanders
does or does not exist. In some instances it is necessary to resort
to a laboratory examination of the discharge from the nose or
from ulcers upon the skin, or to the mallein test. Since the labora-
tory examination requires more time than the mallein test, the
latter method of diagnosis is more frequentiy employed. During
the year, 183 horses and mules were tested with mallein. Nearly
all of the animals that were condemned as glandered were thus
tested. The test has been found by experience covering more than
ten years, to be exceedingly reliable and, indeed, if made under
proper conditions, almost infallible.

Where glanders is found to exist and it is learned that horses
or mules have been in close contact with the infected animal,
through working in the same team or through association in the
stable, it is customary to apply the mallein test to the animals
so exposed. It happens frequently that animals so tested react to
mallein in a characteristic way, both in respect to rise of tempera-
ture and in respect to swelling at the point of injection. Such
reactions are taken to indicate that the animal] is actually in-
fected with glanders. That this is the case is shown by the ex-
cessive rarity of similar reactions among horses not known to
have been exposed. When an animal exposed to glanders, but
showing no external evidence of this disease, is found to react in
this characteristic manner, it is placed in quarantine through serv-
ing upon the owner an order requiring him to keep and care for the
animal in a way that is specified. It is not always required that
the animal shall be closely quarantined and isolated. If it is be-
lieved that the owner can and will observe the precautions that
are necessary, he is permitted to use the horse under certain re-
strictions. It is required, for example, that the horse shall be
stabled nowhere excepting in his own stable and stall, that he
shall not be tied or allowed to stand in a public place where horses
zather, that he shall not be permitted to drink from a public water-
ine trough, that he shall not be driven or worked with another
horse, ete. After a period of from four to six weeks, the horse
is again tested with mallein and retests are made at subsequent
intervals of from four to six weeks, until upon two successive tests
the horse has shown no response to the mallein test whereupon,
if he shows no external signs of glanders, it is considered that the
infection has been overcome and the quarantine is raised. Uusally,

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 101

it has been found that the quarantine can be raised after the fouril
or fifth test. This system has been in operation for several years
and horses that have at one time been under suspicion and have
becn freed from suspicion in the manner stated, have been under
observation since for two, three or four years and have shown
no evidence of glanders and have not propagated glanders among
the horses with which they have worked and have been stabled.
Unfortunately, it has not often been possible to make post mortem
examinations on horses so treated, but through so much of this
work as it has been possible to do here, and through work of this
character that has been done abroad, there appears to be little
eround to doubt that under such conditions the disease may be
actually cured and that such nodules as are found in the lungs
or elsewhere, may be free from living bacilli of glanders. In a
number of cases it has been found that horses that do not cease
reacting to the mallein test, subsequently break down with this dis-
ease. Since, however, such horses are continued in quarantine no
harm has come from permitting them to remain alive until the
disease has reached a stage of development rendering it possible
to diagnose it by means of a physical examination. If such horses
had not been tested with mallein, since they did not at first show
external signs of glanders, they could not have been kept under
eareful observation and under the complete or partial quarantine
that they were kept under, and so they would have had an oppor-
tunity to have distributed infection.

This method of dealing with glanders has the advantage of being
conservative to a very high degree and at the same time of being
effective. In other words, by means of it, it is possible to eradicate
glanders with.a minimum of expense and loss. No horse is de-
stroyed that does not present physical signs of glanders, and no
horse that has once reacted is relieved of suspicion until he has been
under observation for at least three months, during which time he
has shown no evidence of glanders either upon physical examination
or repeated mallein test.

The efficiency of this method is perhaps best shown by the infre-
quency of glanders in Pennsylvania, and the fact that the cases that
do occur, can, in practically all instances, be traced to infection from
without the State.

Whether mallein may actually be classed as a curative agent or
not is a point upon which evidence gathered in this work is insuffi-
cient to base an opinion. It may be, as is held by some, that glan-
ders is a disease from which in its very earliest stages a large pro-
portion of horses recover, and that the disappearance of the mallein
reaction in horses that have been exposed and have once reacted,
is but evidence of the course that the disease naturally follows in

102 "ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

a large percentages of instances. A few experiments have been
made with the view of deciding this question, but the data is still
insufficient. At any rate, there is no reason or excuse for the treat-
ment or for the maintenance of a horse that shows visible signs
of glanders.

Anthrax. Anthrax has occurred during the past year in the fol-
lowing counties: Chester, Crawford, Cumberland, Erie, Franklin,
Jefferson, McKean, Philadelphia, Susquehanna, Warren, Wayne and
Wyoming. Last year anthrax occurred in all these counties ex-
cepting Crawford and Philadelphia, and, in addition, occurred in the
counties of Bradford, Clarion, Lancaster, Lycoming, Perry and
Sullivan. Although it is not safe to draw definite conclusions from
this observation, it appears to indicate that the distribution of
anthrax is being diminished. The outbreaks that were observed
varied in size, but usually were quite small, not more than five or
six animals dying of anthrax in any one outbreak. Inmediately,
in every instance where anthrax was reported, provision was made
for the safe disposition of the carcass of the victims of this disease.

Vaccination has been practiced on all the animals where anthrax
has occurred, and has been applied to all the exposed animals on
farms where the disease appears and also on neighboring farms
whenever it was considered that there was danger of infection.
The vaccination consists in injecting, with a hypodermic syringe, a
small quantity of a culture of anthrax bacilli that has been so re-
duced in virulence as to be incapable of producing disease in cattle.
The second vaccination is applied twelve days after the first. The
The second vaccine material is also a culture of anthrax germs Of
diminished virulence, but they are somewhat more potent than those
used for the first vaccine. It is customary in some places to use
a third vaccine, but this has not been found to be necessary in our
work. Ywo vaccinations have regularly furnished complete pro-
tection. It has been observed, however, that immunity thus con-
ferred may disappear in the course of a year, so that vaccination
every spring is advisable where animals must be exposed. There
are numbers of farms in different parts of the State where the
rearing of cattle is impossible without the protection afforded by
vaccination. Upon such farms it is necessary to vaccinate every
year, and if uninfected cattle are brought to these farms it has been
found repeatedly that they die of anthrax while the vaccinated
animals remain immune.

It is of highest importance that the carcasses of animals dying
of anthrax, shall be cremated or deeply buried and covered with
lime. If the carcass is disposed of in the careless way that is cus-
tomary in so many farming districts, the anthrax germs that it
contains may enter the soil and become distributed over a consid-

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 103

erable area. Anthrax is caused by a bacillus which, after deatu,
is found in the blood and in numerous places in the vascular parts
of the body. This bacillus has the peculiarity of forming a spore
that is excessively resistant to unfavorable conditions of life and
that may retain its vitality and virulence in the soil for many years.
Therefore, when the carcass of an animal that dies of anthrax is
neglected, the soil may become infested with the germs of anthrax
and from this point they may be distributed by wind or water, or
by the feet of passing people or animals, and infect susceptible
animals with which they come in contact. Even forage grown on
soils infected with anthrax, has been known to convey the disease.
All of these evils that are of such a very serious nature and continue
for so many years, may be avoided by disposing of the carcasses of
anthrax victims by cremation or deep burial. If burial is practiced.
the grave should be so arranged that it may not be washed out by
flood and it should be so deep and so protected that it may net be
excavated by dogs or other animals. Moreover, a layer of lime
several inches thick should be spread over the carcass before the
earth is filled in, in order to prevent earth worms from burrowing
in the carcass and subsequently carrying the infectious material
obtained from it to the top of the ground, where it would be availa-
ble to infect large animals. It has been shown that this danger is
a very real one and should be guarded against in the manner recom-
mended.

Of all methods of disposing of carcasses of anthrax victims, the
best is cremation. Even if the carcass is deeply buried and the
grave is protected so that it may not be opened, there is a possi-
bility that surface or subterranean water draining through the
grave may convey the germs of anthrax long distances and bring
them to the surface at a lower level. It has been shown by
actual experiments that the germs of anthrax can be washed
through several feet of earth. The cost of cremation is small, but
it is not much more, if any more, than a proper burial, and when it
has been carried out this serious danger has been removed for all
time.

Instructions for cremating carcasses of animals dead of anthrax,
have been given repeatedly in these annual reports. Advice has
also been furnished upon this point by letter. It appears, however,
that there is still need for instruction upon this procedure, because
wasteful and laborious methods are still occasionally practiced or
cremation is neglected.

To cremate a carcass with a minimum of fuel and labor, it is
mecessary that the carcass shall be placed above the source of heat,
and shall be burned from below. The reason for this is so evident
that it would seem that one would instinctively adopt this plan, but

104 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

every now and then attempts are made to destroy carcasses by piling
wood on top of them and burning this. The result is that the sur-
face of the carcass is seared and charred, but the great bulk of it
is not consumed or even heated through. To properly cremate a
carcass requires from one-half to three-quarters of a cord of wood.
The wood should be piled in such a way as to make a pyre from
six to eight feet square and about two feet high. It is well to have
some large sticks, such as railroad ties, for this purpose. The wood
should be well sprinkled with kerosene in order to help ignition.
The carcass is to be drawn to the top of this pile upon poles used
as skids. After the carcass is in place, the fire is to be lighted and
the skids and everything that is contaminated with blood from the
dead animal should be thrown upon the fire. Detailed instructions
for cremating a carcass with the least possible amount of fuel by
methods successfully used in Germany, are given in the annual
report from this division in the year 1902. This report appears
on pages 154 and 155 of the Department of Agriculture for that year.

It seems to be desirable that this opportunity should be used to
give warning anew in regard to the danger of skinning anthrax
‘arcasses or making post mortem examinations upon them. The
danger from these operations are two fold, and applies first to the
person who does the work and who exposes himself to a grave
infection and, secondly, to animals or persons who may subsequently
became exposed as a result of the infection of the soil where it is
contaminated by blood and other juices from the carcass. <A great
many men who have handled anthrax carcasses, have become in-
fected with anthrax. The infection of the skin with the germs of
anthrax results in the production of an area of suppuration and
necrosis known as a “malignant carbunecle.” This condition can
usually be cured if appropriate treatment is promptly applied, but
if the condition is neglected, it will lead to general infection and
death.

If anthrax is suspected and the diagnosis cannot be made from
the symptoms alone, it is best to treat the carcass as though it
were known that the animal had died of anthrax, and thus be on
the safe side. In order, however, that a positive diagnosis may
be established and, thus, uncertainty for the future be removed,
a specimen from the subject should be submitted for- laboratory
examination. For the diagnosis of anthrax a little blood is*neces-
sary, because it is in the blood that the germs of the disease are
most numerous. It is best that blood for this purpose should be
sent in tLe natural blood vessels, that is to say, in a piece of tissue,
rather than to be drawn into a bottle or receptacle and in this way
exposed to accidental contamination. A convenient method of sub-
mitting a specimen for the laboratory examination has been found

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 195

to be to cut off one of the ears of the animal that has died. iis
small object can be packed in such a way that it is entirely safe to
ship it, and, moreover, the specimen can be obtained without open-
ing the carcass, which would almost inevitably be accompanied by
erave results. The specimen should be placed in a fruit jar which
should be closed and packed in cracked ice in a large bucket. The
bucket should be covered and shipped by express to the laboratory
of the State Live Stock Sanitary Board, 36th and Spruce Streets,
Philadelphia. A tag should be attached to the package giving infor-
mation as to the origin of the specimen, and a letter giving all of the
known facts in regard to the origin, history and nature of the dis-
ease should be sent to the State Vetreinarian.

Black-quarter. Black-quarter has occurred during the past year
in the counties of Erie, Jefferson, Lackawanna, Montgomery, Sus-
quehanna and Warren. The prevalence of this disease has been
considerably less than for several years past. This malady is sim-
ilar to anthrax in that the germ causing it may live for a long time
in the soil, and in that the disease is prevented through a system
of vaccination. Black-quarter is chiefiy a disease of young cattle,
selecting those that are in the best condition. It is most prevalent
in the spring and fall and in some regions occurs so extensively as
to cause very serious losses. Vaccination was applied during the
vear to 720 animals, and no animal that was vaccinated developed
black-quarter, although all of them were on farms or in neighbor-
hoods where the disease had occurred. The vaccine used for this
purpose was obtained from Dr. D. E. Salmon, Chief of the United
States Bureau of Animal Industry.

Rinderseuche, Hemorrhagic Septicaemia or Spotted Fever of Cattle.
In my report for last year a description was given of this disease
and a statement was made that its existence in Pennsylvania had
been positively proven through researches made by Dr. S. H. Gili-
land and myself. The occurrence in Pennsylvania of a disease,
closely related, clinically, and in its pathology, to Rinderseuche, has
long been known. Although efforts have several times been made
to obtain bacteriological evidence as to the nature of this disease,
these efforts were not wholly successful until last year during the
outbreak in Carbon county in the vicinity of Mauch Chunk and
Tamaqua. This disease has been reported during the year from
several parts of the State, but almost always in the mountainous
and less well cultivated districts.

During the past year, however, there have been on well cultivated
farms a few outbreaks of the disease. In these outbreaks all the
principal forms of rinderseuche have been seen. They are those
in which the alterations are most pronounced in the skin, or in the
organs within the chest, or in the digestive tract. In Minnesota,

106 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

chronic cases of rinderseuche or hemorrhagic-septicaemia have been

described by Dr. Reynolds. Chronic cases of this disease have not,
up to this time, been identified in Pennsylvania. In Pennsylvania
it is confined entirely, so far as is known, to cattle. In some out-
breaks in Europe it has been found to extend toe buffalo, horses,
swine and deer. It appears that young cattle are more susceptible
to the disease as it occurs in Pennsylvania than are mature animals.

The cause is an oval bacterium that is found in the blood and
oftentimes in the spleen, liver and in the exudates of the thoracic
and abdominal cavities and the exudates about the throat and be-
neath the skin. The mode of transmission of the disease is not yet
established, although it is thought by some who have given this sub-
ject a great deal of attention, that it is conveyed through the saliva,
the discharge from the nose and by the blood that escapes from the
anus and that leaks through the skin. The organism causing this
disease is somewhat difficult to cultivate and it is one that rather
quickly loses its virulence when grown in the laboratory upon artifi-
cial culfure media. <A large amount of investigation has been car-
ried on in Europe and at the laboratory of the Minnesota State
Board of Health, for the purpose, if possible, to discover a means of
protecting animals against this disease by a process. of preventive
inoculation. Some of this work carried out in Italy encourages the
hope that a successful process of preventive inoculation may be de-
veloped, but as yet none is available.

More cases of the “pectoral” form of rinderseuche have been seen
during the past year than during any of the previous years, and
there has been less of the skim or exanthematic form. The pectoral
variety of this disease usually appears in the form of an acute
pneumo-pleurisy. In these cases there is high fever, depression,
loss of appetite, rapid breathing, dullness in the lower part of the
chest, bloody discharge from the nose, some swelling about the head
and throat and sometimes swelling of the legs. In most cases
death occurs from two to four days after the onset of the disease.
Some of these cases are complicated by diarrhoea and by very

extensive and painful swelling of the legs, especially about the

hocks and knee joints. Upon post mortem examination it is found
that there are numerous hemorrhagic areas from the size of a split
pea to half a dollar in the subcutaneous connective tissue. If there
is swelling about the throat it is found to be caused by an accumu-
lation of serum in the meshes of the connective tissue around the
pharynx and beneath the skin. The chest cavity contains a large
quantity of serum, usually red in color, that rises from three to
Six or eight inches above the sternum. The surface of the pleura
is coated with more or less fibrin. The lungs are infiltrated with
serum, are red in color and sink in water. It has not been pos-

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 107

sible in these cases to obtain cultures or suitable material for
laboratory examination, and so it is not known whether the organ-
ism producing this form of hemorrhagic septicaemia is identical
with that which caused the outbreak in Carbon county that was
studied bacteriologically. An outbreak of hemorrhagic septicaemia
of the exanthematic type which occurred in Luzerne county in July
and August has been studied and reported upon by Drs. Hogg and
Phipps of Wilkes-Barre. In this outbreak ten cattle belonging to
two owners died. The disease pursued in these cases a rapid course,
killing in one, two or three days. The symptoms were depression,
weakness, disinclination to move, loss of appetite, staggering gait,
bloody discharge from the nose, blood evacuation from the bowels,
swelling about the throat and beneath the jaws. In some of them,
leakage of blood through the skin on the side of the chest or abdo-
men was observed. In some, swelling of the legs or beneath the
trunk, and cessation of milk flow was seen. Similar outbreaks have
been described in the adjoining county of Lackawanna and in
Wayne county by Dr. Jacob Helmer, of Scranton.

Whether, as seems probable, the organism of this disease may
live from season to season, has not yet been proved, but in the
absence of positive information on this point, it has seemed wise
to recommend and require the destruction by fire or by deep burial
of the carcass of all animals dying of this disease. Where this
malady has occurred on settled farms and in or about farm build-
ings, disinfection of the most thorough character that could pos-
sibly be employed has been recommended. In some instances the
disease has occurred several years in succession among cattle on
the same farm or on the same mountain cattle range, and has then
disappeared and the cattle have remained exempt. It is, neverthe-
less, true that the disease is very much more prevalent in some
parts of the State than in others. In come districts it seems to be
stationary and occurs in greater or less prevalence every year.

Here is an important and wide and, probably, profitable field for
research work.

Rabies. Rabies is known to have existed in the past year in the
following counties: Allegheny, Beaver, Bedford, Blair, Bucks, Car-
bon, Centre, Chester, Clinton, Clearfield, Columbia, Crawford, Dela-
ware, Erie, Franklin, Lackawanna, Lawrence, Luzerne, Lycoming,
Mcixean, Montgomery, Montour, Northampton, Northumberland,
Philadelphia, Potter, Schuylkill, Somerset, Sullivan, Susquehanna,
Westmoreland, Wyoming and York. Heads of animals from nearly
all of the counties listed above have been sent to the laboratory of
the State Live Stock Sanitary Board for examination and diagnosis,
with the result that it has been proven by microscopic examination,
confirmed in numerous instances by inoculation tests, that rabics

108 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

has existed as stated. Rabies has been proven not only in dogs but
also in cows, calves, sheep, swine and horses. Notwithstanding
the very great prevalence of rabies that has been shown by investi-
gations carried out during the past year, it is believed that the dis-
ease is not actually so prevalent as it was during the previous year;
the greater number of cases reported being due, to a large extent,
to a desire to obtain definite information in regard to diagnosis and
as a result of greater efforts to obtain such reports.

The increased efforts that have been made to obtain reports of
outbreaks of rabies has been due to the passage of a law by the last
Legislature, which was approved by the Governor March 27, 1903.
The text of the law follows:

No. 80.

AN ACT

Section 1. Be it enacted, &c., That whenever the disease known
as rabies, or hydrophobia, shall occur among the dogs or other ani-
mals, in any locality of Pennsylvania, and it is adjudged by the
State Live Stock Sanitary Board that the disease is spreading, or
is liable to be spread by dogs that have been exposed, the said
Board may order the quarantine, restraint, confinement, or muz-
zling of any or all dogs, within the limits of the locality in which
the danger of infection is deemed to exist. The authority hereby
conferred is not to annul or restrict the authority now possessed
by cities or boroughs to quarantine, restrain, confine, or muzzle
dogs, within the limits of their respective jurisdictions.

Section 2. A quarantine, or order to restrain, confine or muzzle
dogs, shall be operative when it is approved by a majority of the
members of the State Live Stock Sanitary Board, and when a copy
of it has been left at the usual place of residence of the owner of
the dog that it is believed to have been exposed to rabies, or hydro-
phobia; or when the notice or order to quarantine, restrain, confine
or muzzle dogs, has been published in each of two papers in each of
the counties within which the regulation is established, and when
printed notices, giving the text of the regulation or order, have been
posted in public places, in the locality in which the regulation or
order applies. °

Section 3. Should dogs be permitted to run at large, or to escape
from restraint or confinement, or to go without muzzles, in violation
of the quarantine, or regulation, or order, established by the State
Live Stock Sanitary Board to restrict the spread of rabies, or hydro-
phobia, as provided by this act, such dogs may be secured and con-
fined, or they may be shot or otherwise destroyed, and the owner
or owners thereof shall have no claim against the person so doing.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 109

Section 4. Any person violating the provisions of this act, or
of a quarantine, or of a regulation or order to restrain, confine or
muzzle dogs, duly established by the State Live Stock Sanitary
Board, for the purpose of restricting the spread of rabies, or hydro-
phobia, in the manner provided in the other sections of this act,
shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor; and upon conviction shall
forfeit and pay a fine of not less than ten dollars nor more than one
hundred dollars, at the discretion of the court.

Approved—tThe 27th day of March, A. D. 1903.

SAML. W. PENNY PACKER.

In view of the existence of this law it has been possible to deal
more effectively with rabies than has been possible in previous years.
The State Live Stock Sanitary Board has frequent requests from
boards of health and from individuals in all parts of the State to
investigate and to assist in the repression of rabies. Interest in
this matter is due not alone to the great losses among domestic
‘animals that are caused by this affliction, but also on account of
the danger to which human beings are exposed when this disease
prevails among the animals of a region.

A few years ago it was the fashion of a number of individuals to
deny the existence of rabies and to ridicule those that claimed to
recognize it. Whenever a report of rabies was placed on record it
was ‘the signal for an outburst of ridicule, protest and denuncia-
tion. There was a propaganda organized and sustained by enthusi-
astic and well meaning, but misguided, people, which had for its
object the dissemination of the view, first, that there is no such
disease as rabies, or, that if there is, it is of such rare occurrence
as to be of little significance, and second, when the first ground
became untenable, of the view that rabies does not occur in man
and that the cases that do occur are really hysteria caused by
fright. In substantiation of the latter view, physicians of long and
extensive experience were quoted as having stated that they did
not believe that rabies occurred in man because they had never
seen cases of this disease. It is strange that such a weak argument
could have had any influence whatever. Thousands of physicians
have never seen the bubonic plague, the yellow fever or leprosy, but
this is not looked upon as a reason for the denial of the existence
of these diseases. One positive observation is worth innumerable
negative observations. Such a case as is reported by Dr. G. Morton
{IIman, and has been confirmed by the most searching examinations
and tests by Dr. D. J. McCarthy and Dr. M. P. Ravenel, an account
of which is published as an appendix to this report, is worth infi-
nitely more than the statement of any individual who claims that
he has for many years been looking for cases of rabies, but does net
recognize the disease when he sees it.

110 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

One of the favorite arguments of those who enjoy denying that
rabies exists-is that certain keepers of dog pounds who come in
contact with and handle large numbers of stray dogs that are gath-
ered up in cities, have been bitten repeatedly but they do not fear
rabies and are not attacked by this disease. Of course it is perfectly
well known that an animal cannot propagate a disease with which
it is not itself infected, and before such a statement as the one above
cited can be considered to be of any service whatever as an argu-
ment in support of the claim that people may not get rabies from
the bite of a mad dog, it must be shown that these pound keepers
have been bitten by rabid dogs, and upon this point evidence must
be conclusive. It is as sensible to take the word of a pound keeper
or a kennel keeper upon the question of a diagnosis of rabies in a
dog as to take the word of a policeman or hotel keeper upon the
question of a diagnosis of a disease of man. As a matter of fact,
many people bitten by rabid dogs develop rabies and die of the
disease, and this occurs when the question of hysteria or of fright
does not enter into the matter. Young children that know nothing.
of rabies or of any special danger attending the bite of an animal,
have died of rabies. This has occurred in Pennsylvania during the
past year. People who are misled by the belief that there is no such
disease as rabies and whe deny its existence, have died of rabies fol-
lowing the bite of a rabid dog, and this has occurred to my knowl-
edge in Pennsylvania in recent years. So long as any one who made
a diagnosis of rabies in an animal or person was, figuratively, hooted
at and held up for ridicule, many known cases of this disease were
kept private. But this tendency need exist no longer now that it
is possible by laboratory means to confirm the diagnosis of rabies
and place such a diagnosis upon as sound and unassailable footing
as a diagnosis of any other disease.

When the history of opinion on rabies is written, it will be most
interesting to follow, step by step, the evidence of conflict of opinion
in regard to the existence and prevalence of this disease. It is most
interesting and peculiar that such radical and conflicting views
should have prevailed on this subject. It is, however, to be noted,
and this point should stand out clearly, that men trained in the la-
boratory and in the experimental study of disease, as well as in
clinical or veterinary medicine, are not among-those who have
denied the existence of the possibility of the ready transmission
of rabies.

Here is a disease in which the virus is present in the saliva; there-
fore, it may be propagated by biting. Nearly all animals afflicted
with rabies have a tendency to bite, but since this tendency is
strongest in the dog, and since the dog, when rabid, has better op-
portunities than other domestic animals to roam around the coun-

‘

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Ti

try and to bite animals and persons, it happens that the chief factor
in the spread of rabies is the bite of rabid dogs. When one sees as,
unfortunately, there have been such frequent opportunities in Penn-
sylvania to see, a large number of animals bitten by a dog that pos-
sessed an apparently uncontrollable desire to bite, whose whole
habit and demeanor had undergone a sudden change, and who died
of a general paralysis within a week of the beginning of the abnor-
mal condition, and when subsequent investigation shows that a
large proportion, sometimes even from 75 per cent. to 100 per cent.
of the animals bitten, develop symptoms and tendencies similar
to those shown by the dog by which they were bitten, it can not be
doubted that there is a very real and a very dangerous disease. It
may be shown by further investigation that it is of wide distribution
and that it causes very great losses in Pennsylvania.

The chief difficulty that has occurred in connection with enforce-
ment of procedures directed against rabies, has come from the lack
of public sympathy and support. It is on this account that it has
everywhere, in foreign countries and in other states as well as in
Pennsylvania, been difficult, event to the point of impossibility, to
_enforce adequate measures of protection against this disease.
When, after rabies had prevailed extensively in Great Britain for
a long series of years, it was proposed that the only effective general
measure that is known, should be placed in operation and that, for
a time, all dogs should be muzzled, the procedure was met by a
storm of protest and opposition that threatened to cause the disor-
ganization of the British Board of Agriculture. But, the measure
was adopted and it was enforced. It was required that all dogs
should be muzzled, that no dogs should be admitted to the coun-
try without a proper certificate of health, and without undergo-
ing a term of quarantine. By these means rabies has been com-
pletely exterminated in England, and for two years not a case of
rabies has occurred in that country. Similar measures have been
used and similar results have been obtained in Scandinavian coun-
tries and in parts of Germany. The countries of continental Europe
are generally unfavorably situated in respect to the eradication of
rabies and as they have not succeeded in arranging to co-operate
in the eradication of this disease, it happens that countries such
as Germany where active repressive measures are in operation and,
generally, are successful, are still infested, from time to time, by
the entrance of rabid animals from across the frontier. Similarly,
one of the American states is not in position to eradicate rabies so
long as it is surrounded by states that do not adopt equally effective
-measures. it

If all the dogs in Pennsylvania were quarantined and muzzled
for six months, and if no dogs were permitted to cross the State

112 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

line, rabies would become extinct in Pennsylvania. It will be evi-
dent, however, that the admission of dogs from other states could
not be prevented and rabies exists and is quite as prevalent, or
more prevalent, in all of the adjoining states as it is here. Hence,
if rabies were completely eradicated here Pennsylvania would be
subject to almost immediate and to frequent reinvasion. Still,
there is satisfaction in the knowledge that rabies does not spread
rapidly across a country.

The range of a rabid dog is rarely more than a few miles. When
a number of dogs within the limits of this range have been bitten
and have developed rabies, the disease is pretty thoroughly estab-
lished in that district, and from these limits may be spread by
developed cases a few miles in all directions. From these limits it
is spread by animals afflicted with the disease of the next generation
into a larger zone, and so on until a whole state, or whole group of
states, has been invaded.

It will be seen by reference to the list of counties in which rabies
has occurred during the past year that a large proportion of these
are border counties or, if not immediately adjoining, are close to,
the State line. There is, however, one important exception to this. -
There is a group of counties extending in a northeasterly direction
from the center of the State and embracing the counties of Centre,
Clinton, Lycoming, Northumberland, Montour, Columbia, Sullivan,
Luzerne, Wyoming and Lackawanna, in which a large number of
cases of rabies have occurred during the past year.

Quarantines have been placed on dogs in all of these counties,
and the prevalence of the disease has been greatly restricted. It
is hoped that the continuation of these measures in localities
where they are especially needed, will result in the elimination of
rabies. There is no doubt that this result could be more quickly
reached by establishing a general quarantine of all dogs in the
State, but so long as neighboring states have no organization to
co-operate effectively in an effort to repress rabies, and so long as
there is no United States law upon this subject, it seems that such
a general quarantine which, after all, could afford but temporary
relief, would not be justifiable. ;

It is clearly evident that the measures that are adopted are of
value, although they are not so immediately or completely effective
as would be more stringent quarantines applied to larger districts.

The plan that is adopted in dealing with rabies is as follows:
Upon the receipt of reports of the existence of rabies in any part
of the State, an investigation is made to determine the distribution
of the disease. Authority is immediately given to a local agent
of the State Live Stock Sanitary Board to quarantine all dogs that
are known to have been exposed or that there is reasonable cause

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 113

to believe may have been exposed to infection. This quarantine is
established by the serving of a notice on the owner, under which the
dog is required to be confined and not to be permitted to go at large
unless muzzled or led. In other words, the dog must be confined,
or if he is permitted to go in public places or to escape from direct
restraint it is required that he shall wear a close and well fitting
muzzle that will effectually prevent biting. Dogs that are known to
have been bitten by a rabid dog are required to be very closely con-
fined until they are destroyed. Destruction of such dogs is provided
_for under the act of Assembly approved April 1, 185

Whenever it is possible to obtain the head of an animal that is
alleged to have died of rabies, this specimen is sent to the laboratory
where it is examined by Dr. M. P. Ravenel or Dr. D. J. McCarthy.
The quick method of diagnosis by histological examination is one
that is usually adopted, for it has been shown by many control
examinations made by the inoculation of rabbits, that the histolog-
ical method is eminently reliable.

When quarantines of individual animals are established in this
way, a good many, often more than one-third of the quarantined
dogs, are destroyed by their owners who do not wish to incur the
risk that would result from the development of rabies in the quar-
antined animal. The others are held in quarantine 100 days from
the time of the possible exposure. When several cases of rabies
have occurred in a given district, and it is evident that many dogs
have been exposed that cannot be identified, a general quarantine
is established by proclamation of the State Live Stock Sanitary
Board of all dogs within a specified area. In order that such a quar-
antine may be enforced, arrangement is made with the constable
or other local officer to destroy dogs found running at large in
violation of the quarantine. This method of enforcing the quaran-
tine is most effective, and results in the destruction of a large num-
ber of stray and homeless dogs that are usually quite worthless
and miserable and are a source of great danger in a district where
rabies prevails. When a quarantine of dogs has been established in
a borough by ordinance of a borough council, it is important to the
efficacy of the quarantine that dogs in the immediately surrounding
territory shall also be kept under restraint. In such cases, upon
request from borough authorities, quarantines are established upon
dogs in the surrounding townships.

A large number of instances are known wherein dogs that have
been quarantined have developed rabies, but as they were at the
time under observation and restraint, they were destroyed before
there was an opportunity for them to propagate disease. In this
way, rabies has been kept'in check and often completely eradicated

8—6—1903

114 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

from entire counties, and much anxiety and loss have been pre-
vented; for wherever the disease exists these are the inevitable con-
comitants.

As a general measure toward the control of rabies, it will be
of high utility to diminish the number of useless and worthless
dogs in almost every part of the State. The system of taxing
dogs, as it is practiced, is not sufficient to accomplish this purpose.
A great many dogs are not assessed. There is no prescribed method
for marking or identifying those upon which tax is paid,-and the

result is there is at large in the State a vast number of dogs that-

are under little, if any, control, that do not furnish any revenue
and that are a constant menace. I have referred to this matter
in previous reports, and am now more than ever convinced that it
is desirable that the Legislature should consider seriously and deal
with this question.

Forage Poisoning of Horses. —The greatest prevalence of forage
poisoning during (ie past year has been in the counties of Alle-
gheny, Berks, Bucks, Chester, Cumberland, Erie, Franklin and Le-
high. This disease is sometimes known as cerebro-spinal menin-
gitis of horses. This name was first suggested by Professor Large,
of Brooklyn, who considered that the symptoms of this disease,
consisting of nervous excitement and later in paralysis, were
similar to those of cerebro-spinal meningitis of children. This
designation is a misnomer, for the reason that the lesions of cere-
bro-spinal meningitis do not exist in this affection. Indeed, in
most cases, no lesions are discernible by the naked eye examination,
and the pathology of forage poisoning was for a long time a matter
of uncertainty. This subject is one to which much attention has
been given at the laboratory of the State Live Stock Sanitary Board,
and it is gratifying to report that a pathology for forage poisoning
has been worked out and is reported upon by Drs. McCarthy and
Ravenel. Their paper is published as an appendix to this report.
The effect of this work is to substantiate the observation that has
heretofore been made to the effect that this disease is actually a
forage poisoning. In a previous report I have called attention to
the definite production of this disease in experimental animals
by feeding them silage that was somewhat damaged. The observa-
tion has been made in numerous instances and by many veterin-
arians that forage poisoning may be produced by silage even when
it appears to be in pretty good condition. As a matter of fact,
there is danger of producing this disease whenever horses are fed
on any damp and easily putrescible food. Brewer’s grains have

been known to produce it in many cases, and it has been caused by

mouldy hay, oats and corn. It is much more likely to affect horses
kept in dark, damp, poorly ventilated stables than those kept in well

————

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 115

lighted, clean and well ventilated stables. The hay seed and chatf
that accumulate beneath or in the bottom of a deep box-manger,
and that has become damp and mouldy may produce forage poison-
ing when it is eaten by a greedy or hungry horse. When the dis-
ease occurs among horses kept in a clean, bright stable, it is
usually due to feeding corn or hay that were damaged before ar-
rival wpon the premises.

Contaminated water, wells subjected to overflow and surface
drainage, or shallow wells in a porous soil contaminated with or-
ganic matter, may give rise to forage poisoning. Since the general
facts in regard to the origin of this disease have been made known
and the cause avoided, forage poisoning has become less prevalent
and is diminishing in prevalence from year to year. The old, unsani-
tary, dark, damp stone basement bank barns that were formerly re-
garded so favorably are now known to be unsanitary and unsafe.
The need for dryness, sunlight, cleanliness and fresh air are becom
ing better understood each year, and there are now few who do not
realize that a place suitable for the winter storage of turnips and
potatoes is not a suitable habitation for farm animals.

No one who can avoid it would think of living in a dark cellar,
where the wall is damp and covered with mould. Light, dryness
and fresh air are just as necessary for domestic animals as for the
families of their owners. It is because these facts are becoming
better appreciated and because more attention is given to the
quality of the food, that forage poisoning is becoming less preva-
lent.

Since this disease does not respond at all readily to treatment,
and is fatal in a high percentage of cases, it is important that it
shall be prevented. Prevention can be accomplished by the ob-
servance of the points referred to above.

Cow-pox.—This is a disease that is most likely to occur in large
herds of dairy cows that are recruited by purchase. Where a large
number of animals are kept together and many additions are made
to the herd or flock, there is greater probability of infection than
in the case of smaller herds, and especially when these herds are
self-sustained. Tuberculosis, contagious garget and abortion occur
more often in large herds to which purchased animals are fre-
quently added than in small breeding herds. In such herds there
is not only greater opportunity for the admission of the disease,
but there is also greater opportunity for its spread after it has
entered.

During the past year, several large dairy herds in the eastern
part of the State have been seriously infested with cow pox. Gen-
erally, cow pox is not in itself a serious disease, but when erup-
tions occur on the udder and teats of milking cows, and these are

116 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe-

disturbed twice a day by the milker, secondary conditions may arise
that cause serious results.

Cow pox is a fever characterized by the occurrence of vesicles
apon the skin of the teats and udder, thighs, abdomen or other parts
of the body. The vesicles occur four or five days after exposure by
contact. The vesicles are transferred in a day or two into postules;
gradually the layer of cells covering them is softened, then it breaks
away, leaving a raw surface which covers with a scab and heals
more or less slowly. The whole course of the disease, from the
appearance of the vesicles to complete healing may not be more
than ten days.

The disease is very mild and without special significance ex-
eept in milking cows. As a result of the manipulation incident
to milking, the vesicles are broken, the raw surface beneath be-
comes inflamed and suppurating sores develop. The surrounding
tissues become inflamed so that the teats and skin of the udder
are swollen, reddish, sensitive and of higher than normal tem-
perature. The inflammation thus engendered may extend into the
cavity of the teat or milk cistern and sometimes leads to an in-
fection of the substance of the udder. This infection is not a cow
pox infection, but is an infection with streptococci, the germs caus-
ing suppuration and present on account of the preparation that
has been made for them by the cox pox infection. The infection
of cow pox and the purulent infection may be carried upon the hands
of the milker from cow to cow until a large proportion of the mem-
bers of the herd are affected.

The passage of this disease through a herd is slow, and it may
require from two to four months for it to disappear, and after it has
disappeared it is likely to have left behind a number of permanently
damaged teats and udders. The damage consists in deformities
of teats due to the contraction of scar tissue, that occurs where
there was much loss of tissue from deep or extensive ulceration;
from stricture of the teats; from rough, dry irritable skin cover-
ing the teats, that is constantly subject to irritation and cracking;
from the growth of callosities; from long continued streptococcus
infection of the udder and from the permanent destruction of quar-
ters of the udder as a result of severe mastitis following such in-
fections.

After cow pox seems to have disappeared from a herd of dairy
cows as an acute disease, it is found that the infection lingers
in the premises or upon the animals for a period of several months.
Consequently, other animals that are introduced into the herd are
exposed and are likely to become infected if they have not previ-
ously suffered with cow pox.

Since cow pox in itself is a mild disease, and since bad conditions
that follow in its wake are the result of secondary infections and

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 117

of rough manipulation, every effort should be used to avoid the
causes of complications. During the acute stage of the eruption,
the udder and teats should be washed at least twice daily with a
warm antiseptic solution, such as lysol 1} per cent., or creolin 24
per cent., or bichloride of mercury 1 to 1,000, or a solution of boracie
acid in water may be used for this purpose. If possible, rain water,
or other soft water or distilled water, should be used for making
this solution, because it leaves the skin less harsh and with a less
tendency to crack. Following the wash, and before milking, the
teats should be annointed with sweet oil or with cosmoline. After
milking, oxide of zinc ointment should be applied. If the scabs are
not softened and the secretion of pus diminished by these appli-
cations, the udder and teats should be well washed, soaked and
softened with warm water and castiie soap before the antiseptic
wash is applied. The operation of milking should be conducted
as gently as possible. The milk should not be used for human food.
If this treatment is observed the course of the disease is likely
to be mild and without permanent bad results. The infected cows
should be kept apart from the herd and not milked until the sound
cows have been milked.

In Europe, where sheep pox is a prevalent disease, it has been
the practice for a great many years to vaccinate all sheep added to
a flock in which there is likely to be infection. In nearly all coun-
tries of Europe it is, indeed, required that all sheep exposed to pox
shall be vaccinated. The method is to apply the virus to a scarified
area on the under surface of the tail or upon the ear by a process
similar to the vaccination of people against small-pox. By this
means sheep are rendered immune. It is well known that young
cattle that are used for the production of vaccine virus become im-
mune to cow pox. From these observations it would appear that
this disease might be prevented among cattle by preventive inocu-
lation, and thus avoid the injurious effects to fresh milking cows
added to dairy herds where cow pox exists, or has recently pre-
vailed. For this purpose, the glycerinated vaccine lymph used
for the vaccination of people could be used. In applying it, the
skin should be shaven over an area of three to four inches in di-
ameter. This surface should be cleansed by washing with soap and
water. The soap should be washed off by rinsing with water, after
which the skin may be dried by the use of clean towels. The skin
Should then be scarified by making several shallow line incisions.
These should go through less than one-half the thickness of the
skin, and shou!d not be deep enough to cause much, if any, bleeding.
The virus may then be applied and rubbed thoroughly into these
incisions with a spatula or case knife. Vaccination could be applied
in this way between the thighs, above the udder. By vaccinating

lids ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Of£. Doc:

a cow when she is not giving milk, practically all danger of injury
to the udder would be avoided. In this case, the vaccination might,
indeed, be applied directly to the skin of the udder. From the large
experience that has been had in the vaccination of cattle for the
production of vaccine virus, it is evident that no serious results
need be anticipated from such vaccination as is here proposed, pro-
vided the work be done in a cleanly and surgical manner.

Hog Cholera. —Hog cholera has occurred in the following coun-
ties: Adams, Bradford, Bucks, Clinton, Columbia, Delaware, Frank-

in, Lancaster, Montgomery, Philadelphia and Somerset. Hog

cholera is not now stationary in any part of Pennsylvania. Out-
breaks, as they occur, are controlled and the disease is usually
eradicated before it has spread much.

The occurrence of hog cholera, in almost every instance, may be
traced directly to the introduction of hogs from other states. Some
of them, no doubt, are diseased when shipped, others contract the
disease in the cars and in the pens and stock yards through which
they pass. There is so much hog cholera in the great swine-
producing states of the Middle West that it is impossible to keep
stock cars and stock yards free from infection from _ this
disease excepting by frequent and thorough cleansing and disin-
fection. Unfortunately, this is not practiced and so.there is great
risk in shipping hogs that are not intended for immediate slaughter.
Hogs that are to be kept and fed should be either purchased in
the neighborhood from farms that are known to be free from
cholera, or, if purchased at a distance, and in a region that is
known to be free from infection, they should be shipped in box cars
that have not been used for the shipment of live stock, and they
should by no means be unloaded at public stock yards or pass
through the chutes or pens that it is customary to use for hogs.

No practical method for immunizing hogs against hog cholera
has yet been devised, although this subject is still receiving careful
attention at the hands of experts employed by the Bureau of Animal
Industry.

When hogs are purchased for addition to established herds, they
should be placed under a system of quarantine and kept entirely
apart from the hogs formerly on the premises until a period of ten
weeks has elapsed. It would also be well to dip purchased hogs:
in an antiseptic solution made with one of the cold tar disinfect-
ants before they are permitted to associate with healthy animals.
The object of dipping is to destroy disease germs that the animal
may carry on the surface of its body, and also to destroy parasites.
Should a purchased hog kept in this way develop cholera, the ex-
tension of the disease to the sound herd could be prevented;
whereas, if the purchased animal were introduced at once into the:

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 118

buildings occupied by the sound hogs, the whole herd would be ex-
posed and much loss might occur.

The need for quarantining for the period recommended depends
not only upon the fact that the hog may have been exposed to
cholera and that subsequently it may develop and thus be able to
propagate this disease, but also in the fact that animals coming
from a herd in which cholera exists, may harbor the germs of cholera
in their intestines for a long time. The quarantine advised is valu-
able in diminishing the danger from both sources.

Mange of Horses.—This is a prevalent disease in several of the
western states, and it is said that it is becoming more prevalent
from year to year. Mange and glanders prevail so extensively
among horses in some of the far western states that horses from
such states are refused admission into some of the states of the
middle west until they have been carefully examined and their free-
dom from infection has been proven. Such inspection at the border

of the State would not be justifiable so far as Pennsylvania is con-

cerned, because, although glanders and mange are from time to
time introduced from other states, it is possible te control them
by measures taken within the State and to require and provide for
inspection would cost more than the sum of the present or prospec-
tive losses from these two diseases.

Mange of horses was practically unknown in Pennsylvania until
about four years ago. During recent years it has prevailed more
extensive! - each year and requires careful attention in order that
its distribution may be kept within bounds and the disease may be
prevented from spreading within the State. Up to this time nearly
all of the horses afflicted with mange were contaminated before
they reached Pennsylvania, although upon some farms and in some
stables the disease has gained considerable distribution among na-
tive horses. This disease has prevailed most extensively in the
counties of Allegheny, Berks, Northumberland, Perry and Phila-
delphia.

Mange is injurious to horses in that it destroys the coat and the
appearance of the animal and by the irritation of the skin that it
causes, the rest of the afflicted horse is disturbed and broken.
From this cause a horse looses strength and is unable to do his ac-
customed work. The disease is not a direct cause of death, al-
though it is stated that on the open ranches of the west, horses
with mange are less able to resist the cold and exposure of winter
than horses without this disease of the skin, and in this way mange
is indirectly a cause of mortality.

Foals and young horses are more likely to be afflicted than ma

ture horses, but in this State the disease has occurred among horses

of all ages. -

120 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Many remedies for mange have been tried, including all of the
usual antiseptic washes, ointments and liniments that are commonly
recommended for this disease. The best remedy that has been tried
and one, indeed, that has shown itself to be thoroughly efficacious,
is a lime and sulphur wash, such as is used for dipping sheep
afflicted with sheep scab. <A satisfactory method of making this
wash, recommended in a report of the United States Bureau of
Animal Industry, is as follows:

Place one-half pound of unslaked lime in a bucket or kettle. To
this add enough water to form a paste. Into this paste sift one
and one-half pounds of flowers of sulphur and stir the mixture
well. Place the surphur-lime-paste in a kettle with about three
gallons of water, and boil. The boiling should be continued until
the sulphur disappears, or almost disappears, from the surface,
which will require from one to three hours. The solution is then of
a chocolate or liver color. Water may be added as necessary.

Pour the mixture and sediment into a bucket and allow two or
three hours for the sediment to settle, then carefully dip off the
clear liquid, taking care not to disturb the sediment. Place this
liquid in a wooden receptacle, or a keg that can be closed tightly
to exclude the air, or in a glass receptacle, such as a large demijohn.
Yo the clear liquid thus dipped off, add enough water to make six
gallons. ‘The sediment should be thrown away. This mixture can
be used freely for washing the horse. As it stains the hands of the
person who uses it (although it does no harm otherw’se, and the
stain does not last long) it may be applied with a spor ze attached
to the end of a stick, or rubber gloves may be worn. About one-
half of the body of the horse may be covered at a time; that is,
on a single day, and the applications should be repeated at inter-
vals of two or three days so long as may be necessary. In the west,
where many horses are to be treated, they are dipped in lime and
sulphur wash in special vats.

This wash should be applied with a sponge to the diseased area
and the surrounding apparently healthy skin. It is well to apply
little but not much friction in order to cause the wash to soak
through the scurf and accumulation and to penetrate into the bur-
rows and fissures of the skin. The wash should be applied at
intervals of two or three days until recovery is complete.

It has been found that the disease can be cured in about three
weeks.

Infectious Abortion of Cows.—Infectious abortion has prevailed
much less extensively in Pennsylvania during this year than at
any time during the past decade. There was a time but a few years
ago when infectious abortion was one of the principal pests of
breeding cattle, and the loss amounted to several hundred thou-

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 121

sand dollars every year. It is now known that the light that has
been thrown upon this disease and the treatments that have been
recommended by Nocard, Bang and others has resulted in enormous
savings to the owners of dairy herds. Until this disease was thor-
oughly studied and it was traced to a definite infection, the owners
of dairy herds were helpless. They could not combat the trouble
because they did-not know what caused it, nor why the cows
aborted. Diverse theories arose as to the cause of abortion, which
was ascribed to ail sorts of dietetic and hygienic errors. As soon
as the bacterial cause of the disease was discovered by Bang and
it was shown how this germ operates and is conveyed from animal
to animal, it was possible to adopt effective preventive measures.

The occurrence of abortion can not wholly be prevented, but there
is now no excuse, excepting ignorance or uncleanliness, for the con-
tinuation and propagation of this disease in a herd of cows.

This subject is one upon which a considerable amount of work of
investigation has been conducted under the auspices of the State
Live Stock Sanitary Board. Not only have bacteriological studies
been made of the membranes and fluids of aborted foetuses and of
the uterine contents of aborting cows, but aborting herds have been
taken in charge and have been treated under the direction of the
State Live Stock Sanitary Board until they were cured. This work
has been carried on in Susquehanna county, with the co-operation
of Dr. E. E. Tower; in Montgomery county, with the co-operation
of Dr. E. Mayhew Michener, and in Bucks county, with the co-opera-
tion of Dr. W. H. Ridge. From the work that has been done by
investigators elsewhere and by the experience obtained by our own
investigations, it has been shown that the plan of treatment recom-
mended in the circular printed as an appendix to this report, is
thoroughly effective.

The great central fact for herdsmen to remember is that in-
fectious abortions may be kept from spreading in a herd by treat-
ing every case as though it were infectious, and thus taking no
chances. It is not expensive to burn the aborted foetus and to dis-
infect the premises occupied by the aborting cows, nor is it expen-
sive to maintain this cow apart from the balance of the herd and to
treat her by intra-uterine and intra-vaginal injections until the
genital passages are well and the parts are restored to their general
condition and are free from discharge.

Parturient Paresis, or Milk? Fever, of Cows.—Tremendous ad-
vances have been made in recent years in the treatment of this
disease, which was formerly one of the most destructive and fatal
diseases of cows. Milk fever, for this is the name by which this
disease is commonly known, was at one time the most dreaded of the
non-contagious diseases of cattle. This disease is one that selects

122 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

and attacks the best milking cows in the herd, those that are in
the prime of life, that are in the best of condition and are most
protitable. Many of the heaviest milkers in nearly all herds of
pure-bred cattle of the dairy breeds have been carried away by
his disease. The significance of this fact from the breeder’s stand-
point is very great, because from this cause the breed is deprived
of the benefit of the product of many of its most costly and improv-
ing members. As an instance: A few years ago the agent of a
wealthy breeder of Guernsey cattle, was commissioned to buy the
best Guernsey cow that could be found anywhere. A cow that had
won a large number of prizes and that was considered the best
that could be obtained on the Island of Guernsey was had. After
she arrived at the owner’s farm in this country it was found that
she had cost about $5,000. This cow died of milk fever after calving
for the first time in this country. The great and far-reaching effect
upon a breed of a calamity of this sort can scarcely be estimated,
but it is evident that it must be very great.

The history of the development of knowledge of this disease is
most interesting. It has been regarded at different times as a
disease of the womb, as a disease of the spinal cord, as a disease of
the brain, as a disease of the blood, and now it is known to be
caused by the development of an abnormal condition in the udder.

Any method of feed or care that has the effect of increasing the
activity of the udder, predisposes a cow to this disease. It has, for
a long time, been known that heavy milking cows in plethoric condi-
tion are more likely to be attacked with parturient paresis than
are similar cows in low condition. This led some observers to the
opinion that plethora is the cause of parturient paresis. This view
is not correct, because parturient paresis does not occur in highly
nourished cows unless such animals are heavy milkers. The cows of
the beef breeds that yield but little milk are not attacked by par-
turient paresis, however fat and well nourished they may be at
time of calving. It is, therefore, evident that high condition is a
cause of parturient paresis only in so far as it tends to stimulate
the udder. Cows that have once suffered with paturient paresis
and have recovered, are predisposed to a second attack and must
be watched with particular care at every calving.

The postmortem examination of cows dead of parturient paresis
is practically negative. There are no lesions that may be said to
be characteristic of the disease, and sometimes when death has
occurred quickly, postmortem examination is wholly negative.
These and other observations gradually led to the opinion that
parturient paresis is an intoxication resulting from the absorption
of poisonous compounds produced in the udder at the beginning
of the period of lactation. It remained for a Danish veterinarian,

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 123

Schmidt-Kolding, to base a successful plan of treatment upon this
theory. Schimdt’s treatment consisted in injecting solutions into
the udder for the double purpose of washing it out and, so far as
possible, of neutralizing the poisons that it contained. For this
purpose it was found that a 1 per cent. solution of iodide of potash
was well adapted and the Schmidt-Kolding or iodide of potash treat-
ment for parturient paresis was used for several years with highly
beneficial results. By means of this treatment the mortality from
the disease was reduced from 40 to 50 per cent. down to from 14
to 18 per cent. Thousands of cows have been saved by using this
treatment. The general introduction of this treatment into Penn-
Sylvania was brought about several years ago by sending to 150 vet-
erinarians full instructions and materials for applying the treat-
ment, with the stipulation that reports upon the animals treated
with it, should be’returned to the office of the State Veterinarian.
Reports upon approximately 200 cases showed 833 per cent. recov-
eries. In 1902, Schmidt published, in a Danish journal, a review of
the work that had been done in the five preceding years in regard
to the development of a plan of treatment for this disease. He
had himself found that it was useful to introduce into the udder
a considerable amount of air with the iodide of potash solution that
he employed. The results from this appeared to be somewhat better
than when the idodide of potash solution was introduced without
air, although many veterinarians not accustomed to administer air
had obtained excellent results (some, indeed, administered idodide
of potash solution intravenously and found the treatment to be
beneficial, although not so good as when it was introduced into the
udder). In the paper referred to above, Schmidt gives statistics
on 914 cases of parturient paresis that were treated more or less
in accordance with his method. Of these,-914 cases, 884, or 96 per
cent., were cured; 12 died of parturient paresis; 6 were killed during
the course of the disease and 6 were killed later on account of com-
plications. The treatment Schmidt recommends is to inject about
one pint of 0.7 to 1 per cent. solution of iodide of potash and follow
this immediately with an injection of air, filtered through cotton,
sufficient to widely distend the udder. Other remedies are used,
in addition, in cases where heart failure threatens. In this way
he had recently treated forty-nine patients, all of which were cured.
A number of veterinarians reported at the time Schmidt’s paper
was presented that they were using injections of air without the
other treatment, and that they were obtaining good results.

In the same year (1902) Knusel reported on the treatment of par-
turient paresis by infusion of pure oxygen into the udder. In treat-
ing eighteen cows in this way he found that the result was most
remarkable. <All of the cows were cured. In many cases improve-

124 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

ment was noted in from thirty to sixty minutes after the infusion
was made. Animals that were entirely comatose and that were
breathing with difficulty and were snoring, whose tongues were
paralyzed and were unable to move were, in some instances, upon
their feet and eating within an hour.

Other veterinarians in various countries have adopted this treat-
ment and have found it to be exceedingly satisfactory. The leader
in this reform in Pennsylvania is Dr. \V. H. Ridge, who has equipped
himself fully for the treatment of cows by this method, and has
succeeded in curing several cases of parturient paresis, all, in fact,
upon which he has. used this new treatment. Several other veter-
inarians have had equally good results.

In carrying out this treatment there are several anpoutenme pre-.
cautions to observe in relation to the sterilization of the imple-
ments and the washing and disinfection of the udder and teats
of the cow and of the hands of the operator. If these well-known
surgical precautions are not observed, infection of the udder may
follow, and although the cow may recover from parturient paresis,
she may be permanently injured as a dairy cow. Therefore, no one
should attempt to carry out this treatment who is not thoroughly in-
formed and accustomed to the proper use of antiseptics and the dis-
infection of the surgical utensils and the skin.

The mode of operation of the various substances that have been
found to act so beneficially, has not been satisfactorily explained and
cannot be explained until there is more definite knowledge as to
the precise nature of the toxin which is supposed to be formed in
the udder and which, when absorbed, produces in cows the com-
plex group of symptoms known as parturient paresis. The disten-
sion of the udder with any fluid or gas that may be injected into it
appears to give a certain amount of relief. It may be that relief
from this cause is due to the compression of the veins of the udder,
due to the distension and pressure upon the tissues outside of them,
and by thus shutting off the current of blood leaving the udder,
the carriage of toxins from the udder is prevented. It may be that
the toxin of this disease is very readily oxydized and destroyed,
and that it is on this account that the oxygen infusion is so bene-
ficial. In this way one could also explain the beneficial results
that follow the infusion of air and of fluid mixed with air. If the
theory of the formation of toxin is correct, the substance that is
injected to neutralize and destroy this toxin, should pass into the
branches of the ducts of the udder as deeply as possible. The
oxygen gas may be forced more directly into the glands than a fluid,
and to this extent, other things being equal, it is likely to be more
beneficial. It may be that there is an infection of the udder with
anaerobic bacteria, and that these are destroyed or rendered harm-
less by oxygen.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 125

From our present knowledge of this subject there appears to be
every reason to believe that the oxygen treatment is the best treat-
ment that has thus far been devised, and if subsequent results with
it are as good as those already reported, we may expect to save
from 90 to 95 per cent. of all cases of parturient paresis, and by the
use of this treatment, the lives of at least 50,000 cows should be
saved every year. These are the best cows used for dairy pur-
poses, and if they have an average value of $50, the total amounts to
$2,500,000. It is believed that this amount represents conserva-
tively the saving to the country that will come from the general
use of the knowledge or the treatment of parturient paresis that
has been developed in the last decade by veterinarians. It is a
striking illustration of the value of veterinary research to animal
-husbandry and national economy.

Tuberculosis of Cattle.—Tuberculosis prevails in practically all
parts of Pennsylvania, but it is much more prevalent in some dis-
tricts than in others. In some of the mountainous counties, no
cases of tuberculosis have been found. In a number of other coun-
ties the disease is exceedingly rare, but in the oldest settled parts
of the State, where the dairy industry has reached its highest de-
velopment, and where the herds are recruited by purchase, there is
found the maximum prevalence of this disease. Attention has been
called in previous reports to the factors that govern the distribution
of tuberculosis. This disease is more prevalent in some places
than in others, because, having been introduced, it has been per-
mitted to spread from animal to animal, and from herd to herd
until, at length, it has attained a very wide distribution. Naturally,
the disease was first introduced into the districts importing the
greatest number of cows. Such districts were constantly more
heavily seeded with tuberculosis through the continued importa-
tion of diseased animals. It is possible to ascertain detinitely that
tuberculosis is comparatively a recent disease in almost all of
even the oldest dairy sections. While reports of other diseases
came down to us from the early days of the republic, there are few
reports of disease of cattle that may be recognized as referring to
tuberculosis. Such reports are rare and show that this disease
was so infrequent as to be of very little importance. As tubercu-
losis was not known to be contagious until after it had spread con
tagion to a tremendous extent, no effective precautions were taken
or could be taken to restrict its progress.

A great many things occurred in the early “boom” days of several
breeds of cattle that helped to establish tuberculosis in many herds
and to scatter it over wide areas. It happened, shortly after the
Civil War, that several breeds of cattle were exploited in a way
that while it was, no doubt, beneficial in some respects, still it had

126 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

an unhealty effect on the cattle industry and prevented it from de-
veloping soundly along proper lines and, incidentally, did much to
scatter tuberculosis. For about two decades cattle were imported
in large numbers; they were boomed by skilful promoters in this
country, who were far more capable as advertisers and as salemen
than as stockmen. Under these conditions, cattle of certain strains
were sold for fabulous prices. The pedigree of an animal was
by many regarded far more critically and carefully than individu-
ality. These statements apply not to one breed of cattle alone, but
to at least four breeds. When a cow belonging to one of these en-
thusiasts, became ill with tuberculosis, the disease was not likely
to be identitied because so little was known of it at that time. If
it were identified, proper steps were not taken to prevent its
spread, because such steps had not been worked out and the need
for them was not known. Therefore, when a cow believed to be
worth several thousand dollars, or even several hundred dollars,
developed tuberculosis, she was continued in the herd. Every effort
was made to cure her; she was treated and pampered and nursed
until she could no longer get about and possibly even then she
was permitted to die a natural death in the hope, to the last minute,
that there might come a turn for the better. During all of this
time the cow was excreting and distributing tubercle bacilli, and
during the latter stage of the disease, the seeds of disease were being
produced and distributed in enormous numbers. As there was no
isolation, it was inevitable that the entire herd should become
tainted and that many of its members should, successively, pass
through the same disease. It is interesting to observe that most
of the herds that were established at such enormous expense during
the boom days here referred to, have passed out of existence, and
most of them because they were so seriously infected with tubercu-
losis. From such herds individual animals were sold to go into
other herds, and disease was carried and introduced by them. In
this way, pure-bred cattle have had a great deal to do with the
wide disseinination of tuberculosis among the herds in the United
States. This has occurred so often and to such a noticeable ex-
tent that there has grown up in the minds of many practical stock-
men an impression that pure-bred animals are not desirable be-
cause they are believed to be tender and predisposed to tubercu-
losis. Such, however, is not the case. This impression, which has
done a great deal to restrict the market for pure-bred animals and
to prevent the improvement of the live stock of the country, is to
be traced to the injudicious methods of some breeders and pro-
moters of cattle.

That pure-bred cattle, even of the Channel Island breeds, are no
more predisposed to tuberculosis than cattle of other breeds, or

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 127

grades, or natives is shown most clearly by the statistics of the
inspections made under the auspices of the State Live Stock Sani-
tary Board. The worst infected herds that have been found in
Pennsylvania were herds of natives. Additional proof is furnished
by the fact that there are a number of well-established herds of
Jersey and Guernsey cattle that are, and always have been, free
from tuberculosis. These herds were formed many years ago,
before tuberculosis became a prevalent disease and it happened
that they were composed of animals free from tuberculosis. Great
care has been exercised in purchasing additions to these herds.
Added animals have been few in number and generally bulls pur-
chased when calves. In this way the introduction of animals suf-
fering with and scattering the seeds of tuberculosis, has been
avoided and the herds have remained wholly exempt.

Through the operation of a similar chain of circumstances some
large districts of the State have remained clear of tuberculosis
of cattle. These districts are usually interior valleys, more or
less isolated, into which cattle may not readily be shipped, and
from which the current of the cattle trade is outward. Since these
districts were stocked with cattle long ago, before tuberculosis was
prevalent, they were stocked with cattle free from this disease and
it has happened that the few animals taken in, have not carried
infection. But, without repressive measures, all of these sections
would, in time, have been reached by tuberculosis precisely as many
others have been reached. In some instances, that have fallen
under my observation, the introduction of tuberculosis and its
spread in a region formerly free from it, have occurred so recently
that it has been possible to trace the process step by step. It has
been possible, in some instances, to ascertain that, for a long series
of years, there has been no disease corresponding to tuberculosis
among any of the cattle on a large group of neighboring farms.
Later, animals decline and die with tuberculosis in herds on several
of these farms and inspection showed the disease to be widely dis-
tributed. Investigations in such cases have sometimes shown that
the disease started in a cow brought from without, possibly from
some famous pure-bred herd The cow seemed to be healthy when
She was purchased and afterwards developed a wasting disease,
the description of which enables one to identify it, with a practical
certainty, as tuberculosis. Subsequently, other cattle in the same
herd developed a similar condition and the bane was carried to
other herds in the neighborhood through the sale of cattle from the
one first infected. In the beginning of the infection of the cattle
of a region, and for a number of years, tuberculosis spreads very
slowly. The disease is propagated chiefiy by contact. Therefore,
as one cow usually comes in contact with but a limited number of

128 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

cattle, the individual tubercular cow is not likely to spread tuber-
culosis rapidly or widely. When several animals have become in-
fected from this individual and are carried to other herds, the
disease will spread as many times faster than at first as there are
more animals spreading it. As the number of animals distributing
disease increases, the ratio of its spread increases until, at length
when one hundred animals have been infected and are distributing
the disease it goes at one hundred times the original rate of pro-
gress.

Notwithstanding the very wide distribution of tuberculosis in
Pennsylvania, which has been so great as to convince many stock-
men that little could be done in the way of repression and that they
had come to look upon tuberculosis as a necessary evil and to figure
the losses caused by it annually as a part of the necessary expenses
of keeping cattle, it has been possible, during the comparatively
short existence of the State Live Stock Sanitary Board, to bring
about a very great diminution in the prevalence of this disease
and in the losses from it. The resulis so far attained encourage
the belief that it is not only possible but entirely probable, that
tuberculosis may be reduced in the course of a series of years and
abolished to a point where it may readily be kept in control and
where it will cease to cause losses of material importance. Tuber-
culosis has already been eradicated from a large number of indi-
vidual herds and from many large groups of herds. In some in-
stances the disease has been practically eradicated from entire,
counties. What can be accomplished, and what has been accom-
plished, in relation to individual herds and groups of herds in large
districts, can be accomplished in relation to other herds and groups
of herds and in relation to the cattle of the entire State. The task,
however, is a large one. The size of Pennsylvania and the great
number of herds in the State render complete inspection of all of
the herds so expensive an undertaking as to make it impossible of
accomplishment under existing conditions. Fortunately, however,
Pennsylvania has a body of veterinarians of unusual intelligence
and skill. The results that have been accomplished by the State
Live Stock Sanitary Board are due largely to the enthusiastic and
efficient co-operation of the veterinarians. Moreover, and the im-
portance of this item cannot be exaggerated, the Live Stock Sani-
tary Board has, at every point, had the most friendly co-operation
of the owners of cattle. These facts have made it possible to ac-
complish a great deal more with the funds at the disposal of the
State Live Stock Sanitary Board than could possibly have been ac-
complished with several times as much money if, as in some states,
the veterinarians and live stock owners were not in sympathy with
and were not working in co-operation with the authorities having
charge of the control of the diseases of animals.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 129

Numerous instances of exceedingly heavy losses arising from the
prevalence of tuberculosis in herds could be cited. Two may be
taken to serve as an illustration of many. <A pure-bred herd that
had been built up with much expense and effort, extending over
twenty years, became infected with tuberculosis. Infection was
shown first by loss of condition of a few of the older cows. These
cows gradually became thin, and coughed more or less. When they
fell into such a condition that they could no longer be used as dairy
animals they were sold for slaughter. Later, some of the younger
animals in the herd became unthrifty; they declined in condition,
consumed a great deal of food but did not profit by it and were
killed or died. This sort of thing was repeated so often that the
owner had his herd examined and this led to the removal of several
cows showing signs of advanced tuberculosis. But the trouble
did not cease, and so a State inspection and State aid were applied
for, with the result that all but one of the herd of about thirty
cows were found to be tubercular. These cows were killed and
the antemortem diagnosis was proven in each case by the post-
mortem examination. The fault here was that the owner of the
herd permitted it to remain infected for so long without taking
effective measures to discover the infected animals and isolate them
from those that were still healthy. If this had been done as soon
as there was reason to believe that there was infection in the herd,
there can be no doubt that a large number of the members of the
herd could have been saved. Many instances have occurred wherein
herds have been inspected immediately after the appearance of the
first evidence of tuberculosis. Uusually, in such cases, it is found
that the distribution of the disease is small. Sometimes, when the
inspection is made immediately after the owner has received his
first intimation of the, existence of tuberculosis among his cattle,
it is found that the disease is even then widespread and involves
a large proportion of the members of the herd. Usually, however,
in such cases, the disease has been present in the herd for a much
longer time than was at first thought by the owner and the earlier
manifestations of its presence were disregarded, through lack of
knowledge of their significance.

A recent instance has been observed that instructively illustrates
a method by which tuberculosis may enter a herd. A large breed-
ing and dairy herd that had been founded for a long time was known,
as a result of its having been tested with tuberculin, to be free from
tuberculosis. Some young cattle purchased for addition to this
herd were tested with tuberculin and found to be sound. After-
wards, they were pastured for the entire season on an outlying
farm, in contact with tubercular cattle belonging to another herd.

9—6—1903

130 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

When these heifers calved and were placed in the milking herd, it
was observed that some of them were unthrifty and a cow in con-
tact with one of them developed a cough, was tested and found to
be tubercular and was killed. After this, the entire herd was tested.
It was found that the disease was confined to the parts of the prem-
ises occupied by the exposed heifers and to animals in stalls imme-
diately adjacent to the heifers that were infected, or in the next
stall. The source of the disease that was brought into this herd was
clear, and the manner in which it was spreading was clearly shown.
In this case, the loss of the herd, or of a large part of it, was pre-
vented by testing the herd with tuberculin before it was too late. If
it had been known, at the time, that the heifers had been exposed to
infection, and if they had been tested and those that were tubercular
had been eliminated before this lot of animals was added to the
general herd, a greater saving would have been effected.

While there is no systematic or periodical inspection of all herds
in the State and, therefore, no figures can be given to show the
exact prevalence of tuberculosis at different times, there are, never-
theless, convincing facts to show that tuberculosis of cattle is
decidedly less prevalent in Pennsylvania than it was a few years
ago. Peopie who are in close touch with the cattle industry of the
State and who are in position to know, in a general way, the extent
to which tuberculosis prevails among the cattle in certain sections
testify, almost unanimously, that there is a marked diminution in
the prevalence of this disease. Perhaps the most striking evidence
on this point is that furnished by the chief meat inspector of Phila-
delphia, Dr. A. F. Schreiber. Dr. Schreiber’s experience in this
office covers a period of about twelve years. He has been familiar
all of this time with the number of tubercular cattle found among
those coming from the eastern part of the State to Philadelphia to
be slaughtered. THis evidence, supported by that of other meat in-
spectors, slaughterers of cattle and commission men, is to the effect
that the prevalence of tuberculosis among dairy cows in Pennsyl-
vania coming to Philadelphia to be slaughtered, has been reduced
at least 50 per cent. It is the experience of veterinarians through-
out nearly all sections of the State that, for several years, losses
from tuberculosis have been steadily diminishing, but still these
losses are very great, and they have not diminished as much in
some parts of the State as in others. The diminution has been
ereatest in those sections where the owners of cattle have taken
the matter firmly in hand and have co-operated intelligently with
the State Live Stock Sanitary Board. Co-operation of this sort is
most active and effective in those districts in which tuberculosis
of cattle is best understood, and where the greatest amount of work
has already been done by the State Live Stock Sanitary Board.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 131

It has come to be pretty generally understood that an animal
that declines in condition without visible cause and while continu-
ing to eat well, should be suspected as being afflicted with tuber-
culosis, and should be isolated from the herd. The suspicion at-
tached to such an animal is intensified if the animal is afflicted
with harsh breathing, chronic cough, enlarged glands or chronic dis-
charge from any of the natural openings of the body. There is
still, howeyer, need, and, in some parts of the State, great need,
for more attention to this fact, because it happens altogether too
often that cows that show symptoms of a chronic disease, as de-
scribed, are permitted to remain in a herd in contact with their
herd mates until great and irretrievable damage has been done.
Every herd owner should have a place for isolating animals that
are in an unthrifty condition, or that may possibly be afflicted with
an infectious disease. The need for isolation applies not only to
tuberculosis, but is also important in relation to the control of con-
tagious abortion, contagious garget, contagious ophthalmia, and
other disease. Every cow showing unthriftiness or evidence of any
constitutional ailment should be taken away from the herd and
kept in isolation until it has been cured or until a positive diagnosis
has been made ‘or, as in the case of tuberculosis, until it has been
finally disposed of.

Formerly payments were not made by authority of the State Live
Stock Sanitary Board for any tubercular cattle unless the entire
herd was submitted for inspection and tuberculin test, for the pur-
pose of entirely eradicating infection and of putting the herd on
as healthy a basis as could be reached. In time, the demands for
herd inspections became so numerous that it was quite impossible
to require the inspection of a herd whenever visible tubercular
cattle were found, and so the system was developed of immediately
disposing of the animals afflicted with advanced or generalized tu-
berculosis, or with tuberculosis of the udder, and of deferring the
herd test until it could be reached in regular order or, as not in-
frequently happens, on account of the increased number of applica-
tions for herd tests, until there is additional reason for the general
inspection. Admittedly, it is unfortunate that every herd in which
tubercular cattle have been found, cannot be tested with tuberculin,
so that the infected cattle may be designated and kept apart from
those that are uninfected. It is, however, quite out of the question
to attempt the tuberculin test of all herds in which the disease has
been recognized without a very large increase of the funds available
for this work. On this account, owners of herds are encouraged
to have tests made at their own expense and tuberculin for this
purpose is furnished free of charge by the State Live Stock Sani-
tary Board. Tests of entire herds are made by this Board on as

132 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

large a scale as the funds will allow, and in the cases that are most
urgent and where the best assurance is given that the results of
the work thus carried out will be permanent. Such tests are made
only upon the receipt of a signed application from the herd owner
as follows:

Request for Inspection and Tuberculin Test of Herd, at the esas
of the State Live Stock Sanitary meee

be) aha Stak atel sue ornare tae eens one sore peas
To the State Live Stock Sanitary Board, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania:

Gentlemen: I have reason to believe that some of my cattle are
afflicted with tuberculosis, and I wish to have my entire herd in-
spected, and tested with tuberculin, if such test is deemed necessary
by your representative, and the diseased animals disposed of accord-
ing to the rules and regulations of the State Live Stock Sanitary
Board.

I understand that this inspection and test are to be made at the
expense of the Commonwealth and, in consideration thereof, I agree
to thoroughly disinfect the premises and correct faulty sanitary con-
ditions and thereafter to observe the precautions and measures and
to employ the means recommended by your Board to prevent the re-
introduction and redevelopment of tuberculosis in my herd. In
particular, I agree to purchase no cows for addition to my herd until
they have been proven by tuberculin test to be free from tubercu-
losis, and if 25 per cent. of my present herd shall be found to be
tubercular, I will have a re-test made under the supervision of your
Board, at my own expense, within eight months from the time of
the State inspection.

I certify that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, none of the
dairy cows or cattle for breeding purposes in my herd have been
brought from another State into Pennsylvania since January 1, 1898,
without having been subjected to inspection and tuberculin test, as
required by law.

Yours respectfully,

When the owner of a herd has had a test made at his own ex-
pense and has found tubercular cattle and wishes to receive indem-
uity from the State, an agreement is required as follows:

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 133

Request for Assistance in Disposing of Tubercular Cattle in Herds
Inspected at Their Owner’s Expense.

To the State Live Stock Sanitary Board, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania:

Gentlemen: I have had my entire herd inspected and tested with
tuberculin and have reason to believe that some of my cattle are
affected with tuberculosis.

I have had this inspection and test made at my own expense and
now wish to dispose of the diseased animals in accordance with the
rules and regulations of the State Live Stock Sanitary Board and to
avail myself of the assistance afforded by the Commonwealth in
such cases. If such assistance is furnished, Il agree to thoroughly
disinfect the premises and correct faulty sanitary condition and
thereafter to observe the precautions and measures and to employ
the means recommended by your Board to prevent the reintroduc-
tion and redevelopment of tuberculosis in my herd. In particular,
I agree to purchase no cows for addition to my herd until they have
been proved by tuberculin test to be free from tuberculosis, and
if twenty-five per cent. of my present herd is found to be tubercular
I will have a re-test made under the supervision of your Board
within eight months from the time of the inspection herein referred
to.

I certify that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, none of the
dairy cows or cattle for breeding purposes in my herd have been
brought from another State into Pennsylvania since January 1,
1898, without having been subjected to inspection and tuberculin
test, as required by law.

Yours respectfully,

SUPE Sas 0 oie oT Siar o orailals County, Pa.

These agreement forms are more stringent than those that have
been used before, inasmuch as they require more of the owner in
the way of improving his premises and in correcting faulty sani-
tary conditions, and in that the owner agrees to have a retest made
at his own expense if 25 per cent. of the animals of his original
herd are tubercular.

More herds and more cattle have been inspected during the past
year with the view of repressing tuberculosis than ever before. All
of this work has been encouraged and in large part supported by
the State Live Stock Sanitary Board. During the year, 1,059 cattle
have been condemned on account of tuberculosis. These came from
44) herds, comprising 6,801 cattle.

134 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

There is at this time practically complete unanimity of opinion,
among those who haye given the subject careful attention, to the
effect that the eradication of tuberculosis from a herd without
the use of the tuberculin test is such a slow, laborious and uncer-
tain process as to be unjustifiable under ordinary conditions; al-
though it is known that the losses from tuberculosis in herds may
be diminished by subjecting herds to repeated and careful physical
examination. By the latter means, the animals that are afflicted
with tuberculosis in the most advanced stages, that are excreting
the greatest number tubercle bacilli and that are most likely to fur-
nish infectious milk may be detected and removed. But the com-
plete eradication of tuberculosis must, for the present, at least,
depend on the use of the tuberculin test. This is so well under-
stood that the demand for the test upon the part of herd owners is
growing from year to year.

After the herd is tested and the animals that are tubercular are
pointed out, the immediate question confronting the herd owner
and his veterinary advisor is, what shall be done with the animals
that have reacted and that are infected with tuberculosis? It is
well known that the tuberculin test does not indicate the extent
of infection, it merely reveals the fact that the animal is infected;
the disease may be extensive or it may be slight. It is frequently
impossible by means of the most careful physicial examination, even
with the knowledge that the animal has reacted to the tuberculin
test, to determine, while the animal is alive, the location or extent
of the lesion. But even in these cases the postmortem examina-
tion not infrequently shows that the disease is of such extensive de-
velopment and is so situated as to permit tubercle bacilli to be
excreted by the animal, thus rendering it capable of spreading in-
fection to its associates. From this it is clear that cattle that have
reacted to the tuberculin test, even though they appear to be per-
fectly healthy at the time, are, in many cases, capable of spreading
the disease, and all such cattle must be treated as though it were
known that they are actually distributing tubercle bacilli. It is
not necessary as a sanitary measure, nor is it required by the laws
of the State or by regulations of the State Live Stock Sanitary
Board, that animals that have reacted to the tuberculin test, and
that do not show evidence of advanced or generalized tuberculosis
or udder tuberculosis, shall be destroyed. It is required, merely.
that such animals shall be so cared for that they may not spread
disease. This means that they shall be kept apart from other eattle,
and that their milk shall not be used without previous sterilization
or pasteurization in a way that will insure the destruction of the
tubercle bacillus. Therefore, if cows that have reacted to the test
can be maintained as a separate herd and their milk pasteurized
before it is used, this is allowed and encouraged.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 135

In Denmark this plan has been in operation for a number of years,
and the prevalence of tuberculosis has been steadily diminished by
means of it. Not only has this system worked well in that it has
resulted in the repression of tuberculosis of cows, but it is evi-
dent that along with this economical advantage, no sanitary dis-
advantage has appeared. This procedure is especially applicable
to Denmark, a butter-making country, because it is the practice
there for all of the creameries to pasteurize the cream and to steril-
ize the skim milk before they are used for the manufacture of butter
or for feeding animals. On this account, the milk of cows that have
reacted to the tuberculin test, is at no market disadvantage. It
may be disposed of as readily and for as good a price as other milk.
In this country, however, it is difficult to dispose of milk that has
to be pasteurized. There is no definite market for this milk. It is
regarded with suspicion and, generally, can be disposed of only at
reduced prices. Practically, therefore, under our market condi-
tions, the use of milk from reacting cows is not profitable excepting
on farms where there are adequate facilities for pasteurizing milk
and where butter is made. The market disadvantage to which
such milk is subject is the result of ignorance and prejudice.
People who are not fully informed upon this subject refuse to use
for butter-making, milk from reacting cows even after this milk
has been pasteurized and made wholesome. On the other hand,
they do not hesitate to buy and use milk from tubercular herds, and
sometimes from very extensively tubercular herds that have not
been inspected. They do this with the knowledge that tuberculosis
is a very prevalent disease of dairy cattle, and they make no effort
to ascertain whether the cows furnishing the milk they use are
tubercular or not. In other words, they will use the milk from
a tubercular herd without hesitation or question until this herd
has been inpected and the animals that are most dangerous have
been removed and the milk from the other members of the herd,
and in the earliest stages of infection, has been rendered perfectly
inocuous and wholesome by pasteurization; when this safeguard
has been established and the milk is infinitely better than it was
before, the former purchaser will refuse to receive it.

This strange situation makes it necessary to adopt special meas-
ures and establish new conditions, if the miik of cows that have
reacted to the tuberculin test is to be used safely and properly.
I have suggested, in a previous report, that arrangements could be
made to permit the concentration, upon farms set aside and
equipped for this purpose, of cows still in good condition that are
known to be tubercular through having reacted to the tuberculin
test. Ifa man could make a business of maintaining a large herd
of this description, he could afford to provide the equipment that

136 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

is necessary for properly handling the milk and making butter. If
such work were officially authorized, under certain prescribed condi-
tions, and were controlled by frequent inspections, it would seem
that it might be carried out in a perfectly safe, unobjectionable
way, with the result that considerable saving could be effected. It
is not likely-that any one would care to use any but selected animals
in this way. There are, however, some cows in the earliest stages
of tuberculosis that are of great value as milk producers and that,
still more important, are of great value for breeding purposes. By
gathering such cows together so that they could be cared for under
such conditions as may be necessary to prevent harm, they could be
used profitably and their progeny could be saved.

It has been shown by the Danish work, covering a series of many
years ,that the calves of cows in the early stages of tuberculosis are
born healthy and may be reared in health if they are removed from
their dams-immediately after birth and are fed milk from healthy
cows or pasteurized milk from tubercular cows. If a plan such as
this could be put into operation, I would suggest that it be done
only under a system providing for the licensing of farms and of
men. The licenses should be granted only when it is clear that
the work could be done in a perfectly safe way so far as it concerns
both the public health and the live stock industry. The licenses
should be subject to withdrawal at any time that it becomes evident
that the established conditions were not fully complied with. | If
a number of farms of this character were licensed in different parts
of the State, the effect would be to make a market for cows in the
early stages of tuberculosis, and this would encourage the testing
of herds and the removal of such cows from contact with healthy
cattle. At present, there is no means of disposing of these animals
excepting by slaughter. As their value is often very much more
than the amount that can be obtained either by turning them into
beef or by disposing of them under appraisal to the State, some
owners hesitate to dispose of them. In consequence, infected cattle
are permitted to keep up the infection in herds.

There appears to be no room for discussion upon the principle
that if an outlet can be provided for such cattle, that is of such
character that owners will be encouraged to dispose of cattle
through it, and which at the same time will be open to no valid
objections, it will be desirable to establish such an arrangement. If
tubercular and tubercle bacilli distributing cows could be gathered
from thousands of herds in which they are now members into a com-
paratively small number of licensed herds, where they could be
kept under such supervision and control as would be necessary, as
could readily be established, it would seem to be desirable from
every standpoint. Of course, these cows might be killed and paid

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 137

for by the State, but to do this would require a much larger expendi-
ture than appears at present to be obtainable.

Much benefit in this direction is expected to come from the opera-
tion of the act of Assembly approved March 25, 1903, entitled “An
act to encourage the repression of tuberculosis of cattle, and to
provide for the disposition of the carcasses of meat-producing ani-
mals that are infested with tuberculosis to a degree that renders
their flesh unfit for use as food,” and to which I have referred be-
fore.

This act of Assembly makes a long and important step in ad-
vance in the matter of disposing of carcasses of animals found, upon
slaughter, to be tubercular. Heretofore, there has been no definite
or official method for disposing of such carcasses. The result was
that the meat of tubercular animals killed surreptitiously on farms
or in small out-of-the-way slaughter houses, was placed upon the
market and was sold for consumption without restriction. There
can be no doubt that as a result of this practice the public has been
exposed to the use of large quantities of unwholesome meat. There
are many men who would not dispose of their cattle in this way;
they were reluctant to lose their cattle that were out of condition
and possibly infected with this disease, and so the evil day was post-
poned from time to time until serious injury to the herd had re-
sulted. By making it possible regulariy and in an officially ap-
proved way to slaughter animals suspected of being tubercular,
under competent inspection, with the understanding that if the
flesh is unwholesome it may be appraised within certain limits
and will be paid for the same as a cow with tuberculosis of the udder
in a milking herd, elimination of such animals is likely to be en-
couraged. To the public health, the greatest advantage will come
from the fact that there will be no inducement to persons who
find, after slaughter, that cattle are tubercular, to place the carcass
of such animals upon the market, because they may be inspected,
appraised and indemnity obtained from the State. Therefore, the
result that is expected to come from the operation of this law
will be advantageous to the consumer of meats and also to the
owners of cattle. It seems to be eminently proper that appraisal -
and payment by the State should be made in these cases, because
the principle of indemnifying owners of animals infected with in-
fectious diseases, that it may be necessary for the benefit of the
public to control, is firmly established in the administrative pro-
cedures of all civilized countries. It has been found by prolonged
trial.and the most careful investigation that payments of this kind
are profitable to the public and that they enable the public to
avoid grave dangers in respect to both health and property, and that
more can be accomplished by payments of this kind than in any
other way. i

138 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

The law printed above, provides that rules for the inspection of
carcasses of meat-producing animals may be promulgated by the
State Live Stock Sanitary Board and that, in absence of such rules,
the rules shall be observed that are established by the United States
Bureau of Animal Industry, to cover the inspection of animals
and carcasses for tuberculosis in abattoirs under federal inspec-
tion. Preliminary to the promulgation of such rules by the State
Live Stock Sanitary Board, it is proposed that a commission of dis-
tinguished sanitarians, bacteriologists and pathologists shall be
appointed to consider this question in all of its bearings and to
recommend to the State Live Stock Sanitary Board such rules as
it may be necessary for the Board to promulgate. Steps have been
taken toward the organization of such a commission. Until the
commission reports and rules are promulgated by the State Live
Stock Sanitary Board, the rules of the federal meat inspection ser-
vice will be observed.

The law governing the inspection of dairy cows and cattle for
breeding purposes brought into Pennsylvania from other states, and
which provides that all such animals shall be tested with tuberculin,
is working smoothly. The number of animals that it is necessary
to condemn is not so great as it was for the first years of the opera-
tion of the law for the reason, apparently, that shippers and deal-
ers exercise more care than formerly in the selection of cattle pur-
chased for shipment to Pennsylvania. It is a great advantage to
purchasers of cows to be able to buy animals which they know have
been recently tested and have proven to be free from tuberculosis.
In the enforcement of this law it has been necessary to employ a
special agent, who has been constantly on duty in various parts of
the State looking up shipments and reports of shipments of cattle
from other states, in order to be sure that they are inspected in
the manner required by law. No serious difficulty in connection
with the enforcement of this law has occurred during the past year.

In connection with the research work that has been conducted
under the auspices of the State Live Stock Sanitary Board, it was
shown, as reported last year, that by using a system of preven-
_ tive inoculation or vaccination the resistance of animals to tuber-
culosis could be materially increased. This process was developed
by experiments made upon young cattle and on a small scale to such
a point that it was possible to show that animals that had been
put through a course of preventive inoculation, or vaccination,
were able to withstand inoculations of a culture of virulent tubercle
bacilli large enough to cause extensive and even fatal disease in
similar animals which had not received this artificial protection.
The great practical advantage of being able to vaccinate cattle
against tuberculosis impressed the officers and members of the

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 139

State Live Stock Sanitary Board so strongly that a request was
made to the last Legislature for an addition to the usual appro-
priation for laboratory and research work, so that a farm might
be rented and a herd of cattle established for experimental pur-
poses, with the view of testing and, if possible, of developing the
principle and practice of vaccination against tuberculosis as ap-
plied to cattle. It was hoped that by this means it might be pos-
sible to develop this mode of protection to a point where it could
be made of practical value to cattle owners. With this object in
view a farm has been rented in Delaware county, within easy reach
of the laboratory of the State Live Stock Sanitary Board, and a
herd of cattle has been established. It has been necessary to pro-
vide some special equipment in the way of laboratory and stable
accommodations.

The experiment consists in vaccinating young cattle with vaccine
of different kinds, with doses of different sizes and at varying inter-
vals. Each mode of vaccination is tried upon a group of from two
to four animals. Along with animals that are vaccinated there
are a number of similar animals that have not been vaccinated
and that are kept as check or control animals. The vaccinated and
unvaccinated animals are exposed to immediate, direct, daily con-
tact with cows aiflicted with tuberculosis. The purpose of this trial,
as will be seen, is to determine whether and, if so, to what extent,
the different modes of vaccination are etfective as compared with
the conditions found in unvaccinated animals equally exposed.
Trial is also being made as to the efficiency of vaccination in
the protection of calves from tubercular cows that are reared
upon the milk of their diseased mothers and are in constant contact
with them.

The principle of immunization of animals against tuberculosis
having been proven, information is now particularly desired upon
two points, first, as to the most effective and economical method
of applying vaccination, with respect chiefly to the number of times
that the process shall be repeated, and, second, as to the duration
of the immunity that is thus conferred. It will be seen that in-
formation of this kind can not be obtained quickly, but it is be-
lieved that the object sought is of importance enough to justify
a continuance of the experiment on an adequate scale. The final
results are not reached and a definite report upon the work cannot
be made until the animals under observation have been killed and
careful postmortem examinations are made. However, so far as
one can judge of the work in its present incomplete state, it is
promising and encourages the belief that vaccination against tu
berculosis may be placed upon a practical footing.

Verminous Bronchitis of Calves. —The common lung worm

140 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Dec.

(strongylus micrusus) has always been known in certain parts of
the State, but this past year it has caused more damage than usual.
It may be that the damp, cold season has some relation to this
unusual prevalence. At any rate, it has been observed that during
dry seasons lung worm disease of calves is less prevalent. The
parts of Pennsylvania that are most seriously afflicted with this dis-
ease are the northern counties, those adjacent to New York state,
and in a few of the valleys in the central part of the State. Re-
cently, lung worm disease has appeared among cattle in the Schuyl-
kill Valley.

In some parts of the districts mentioned above verminous bron-
chitis has proven to be a scourge and through its return from year
to year, it has seriously injured and discouraged breeders. The
cause of this disease is a thin, round, white worm. These worms
reach maturity in the air tubes of young cattle. They are ex-
pelled by coughing and afterwards they may continue to live for
some time in stagnant water or in damp places. It is not known
whether it is necessary for this parasite to pass a part of its exist-
ence in an intermediate host, but there is some reason to believe
that it is necessary that young parasites developing from the eggs
coming from the mature worms that have been coughed out,
must pass into some invertebrate animal in order to obtain develop-
ment. , Cattle are usually infected with this disease in the spring
or early summer through taking up the parasites with water or
with vegetation growing in damp places. It has also been sug-
gested that it is possible that the larvae may be inhaled with dust
and dry matter ‘upon the forage. The parasite requires for its
development from six to eight weeks. During this time it has
migrated to the lungs. Sometimes, the infestation of the lungs
is so great as to lead to the almost complete stoppage of the
larger bronchial tubes and some of their branches, for distances f
several inches. Usually, evidence of disease in the infested calves
does not occur until late summer or autumn. On some farms where
there is much marshy ground the disease occurs regularly each
year about the same time. The effect of the presence of the worms
is to cause a severe irritation in the membrane lining of the bron-
chial tubes, constituting bronchitis. In fatal cases the inflamma-
tion extends beyond the air tubes to the lung tissue proper and
produces solidification of the lung. The symptoms usually begin
with a severe cough that is repeated frequently and which, in
time, becomes very distressing. The animal usually continues to
eat well and does not decline in general condition until the cough
has become harassing and serious changes have occurred in the
lungs; then the appetite diminishes and loss of condition is rapid.
Generally, the course of the disease is slow, covering a period of

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 141

several weeks. The loss of condition, the evidence of the occlusion
of parts of the lungs, and the cough, may readily lead one to believe
that the young cattle are afflicted with tuberculosis of the lungs.
The points of difference are,—the cough is more violent in verminous
bronchitis than in tuberculosis, the progress of the disease is much
more rapid and the fact that a number of the young cattle simul-
taneously develop almost exactly the same condition, is evidence
rather of verminous bronchitis than of tuberculosis. If, as is some-
times the case, one is able to detect long, slender worms in the
coughed out material or in the discharge from the nose, there need
no longer be doubt as to the nature of the trouble. The disease
has a more rapid and serious course in young, weakly animals than
in those that are older and stronger. Upon the examination of the
lungs after death, made by cutting the air tubes open longitudi-
nally, the worms may be found in greater or lesser numbers.

The preventive treatment of this disease consists in keeping sus-
ceptible animals off of the infested pastures until mid-summer.
Cattle kept in the stable and fed soiling crops rarely develop this
disease. Danger to mature animals following exposure to infesta-
tion with lung worms, is not great. Something can be done to
render infested areas less dangerous by draining them and removing
all accumulations of stagnant water. In regard to curative treat-
ment, perhaps the most important item is to see that the animals
are well nourished and to provide them with generous rations of
concentrated food, as bran, ground oats, corn meal or linseed meal,
used singly or in combination. The idea of this is to keep the
animal as strong as possible so that it may successfully pass through
the natural crisis of the disease. When the worms have reached
full development they are expelled by coughing. Therefore, if the
animal can be kept strong until this time, it will naturally tené
to recover. It may safely be said that no medicine is as useful it
this disease as good food and plenty of it. To assist digestion an€
to increase the appetite, a lick should be given of salt containing 2
little Glauber salts and sulphate of iron. The practice of giving
vermifuges by the mouth is not to be recommended because any-
thing given in this way that would be strong enough to influence
worms in the lungs would be certain to upset digestion and so
do much more harm than good. If the necessary facilities are at
hand it may be profitable to cause the infested calves to inhale
medicated vapors. This can be carried out by enclosing the animals
in a tight room and there vaporizing a mixture of oil of turpentine
and tar, one part of the former to two parts of the latter. This can
be done by heating the mixture over a water bath.

The most direct way of bringing remedial agents in contact with
these parasites is by intra-tracheal injection. In order to practice

142 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

this method of treatment it is necessary to have a hypodermic
syringe fitted with an extra strong needle. The needle may be in-
serted between the rings of the windpipe, and in this way medicine
may be injected directly into the air passages. A great variety
of mixtures are recommended for this purpose. One that is said
to be used considerably in Russia, and that is highly recommended
is composed of oil of turpentine and tincture of cloves, of each ten
parts; carbolic acid and olive oil, of each one part. Ten grammes
or, approximately, 24 drachms of this mixture may be injected daily.

General, Other diseases upon which information has been given
and assistance to live stock owners has been furnished are, conta-
gious opthalmia, contagious garget, several parasitic diseases of
sheep, several infectious diseases of poultry, influenza, strangles
and periodic opthalmia of horses, actinomycosis and numerous non-
contagious affections. No special features have come to my notice
in regard to most of these diseases. Interesting conditions that
have been observed in relation to a few of them are still under
consideration and will be referred to in a subsequent report.

In conclusion, I wish to express my profound appreciation for the
helpful co-operation and support that I have constantly received
from you and from the other members of the State Live Stock Sani-
tary Board.

Respectfully submitted,
LEONARD PEARSON,
State Veterinarian.

APPENDEX NO: x.

Directions for the Treatment of an Aborting Herd.

BY LEONARD PEARSON.

1. Burn aborted foetuses and membranes.

This material carries the germs of abortion in abundance
and burning or deep burial furnish the only means of getting
rid of it in a safe way.

2. Isolate discharging cows.

The vaginal discharge from cows that have aborted is very
virulent and may furnish the means of infecting other cows.
Hence, discharging cows should be kept apart from the herd.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 143

3. Disinfect the premises.

This procedure should be executed with the most exacting
care. Partial or inefficient disinfection is practically use-
less. To disinfect, where fumigation with the vapor of for-
maldehyde cannot be employed, the spray pump furnishes
the best means. It should be borne in mind that disinfect-
ants do not destroy germs that they do not come in contact
with. So, all large accumulations of bedding, forage and
manure should be removed and every place that may harbor
a germ should be reached with the disinfectant. Especial
eare should be used to drive it into every crack, knothole,
behind every loose board, on top of every beam and into
every partly concealed hole as well as upon, every exposed
surface.

A 5 per cent. solution of good (not crude) carbolic acid may
be used for this purpose.

Following the disinfection by spraying and the cleaning
of the stable, it may be whitewashed with lime—wash con-
taining one pound of fresh chloride of lime to each 3 gat
lons of water. This may be applied with a brush or, better
with a spray pump.

The barn yard should be well cleaned out, the manure
being spread in some field that the cattle do not have access
to. The bottom of the yard should be well scraped and the
earth stained with leachings from manure should be removed.
Then the surface of the yard may be flushed with a saturated
solution of sulphate of iron or thickly spread with lime.
The outer wall of the barn, facing on the yard, and the ad-
joining fences should be disinfected or whitewashed.

4. Irrigate the genital passages of the cows that have aborted.

The purpose of this procedure is to disinfect the genital
passages. A convenient method is as follows:

Hang a bucket containing the antiseptic solution back of
the cow. To a spigot on the side of this bucket attach a
rubber hose 2 inch in diameter and about 6 feet long. Insert
the hose into the vagina and, if possible, into the uterus of
the cow. Allow from 3 to 4 quarts of the warm solution to
flow into the cow and out. Take a fresh hose and irrigate
the next cow, allowing the first hose to soak in an antiseptic
solution in the meantime.

This treatment should be repeated every second or third
day so long as there is any discharge from the cow. After-
wards it may be used once or twice a week. As appropriate
solutions the following are recommended: Lysol, 1 per cent.;
creolin, 2 per cent.; bichloride of mercury, 1-3000; carbolic

144 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

acid, 14 per cent.; boracic acid, 3 per cent.; permaganate of
potash, 1 per cent.; alum, 1 per cent.; chloride of zinc, 2 per
cent. The last injection, two days before service, should be
bicarbonate of soda, 2 per cent.

5. Irrigate the sheath of the bull.

The purpose of flushing out and disinfecting the sheath and
the outside of the penis of the bull, is to prevent him from
carrying the germs of abortion from one cow to another.
This procedure should be enforced before and after each
service. This is very important. The sheath may be flushed
out by using a small rubber hose and funnel. The end of this
hose is to be inserted into the sheath beside the penis, the
fore-skin is held together with the fingers and the antiseptic
‘is poured into the funnel. A 1 per cent. solution of lysol is
good for this purpose.

6. The long hair at the end of the bull’s sheath should be cut off.
Moreover, it is well to clip the hair from under the belly over
a circle one foot in diameter surrounding the opening of the
sheath. Then, by washing with a sponge this area can
easily be cleaned before each service.

7. Wash off the external genitals of each cow every day.

For this purpose use any of the antiseptics recommended
above. They can be applied with a clean sponge. The parts
washed should comprise the root of the tail, the anus, the
vulva and the surrounding skin for a distance of several
inches, and the corresponding portion of the tail. A sepa-
rate bucket and sponge should be used for the cows that
are pregnant and those that have recently aborted.

8. Do not breed a cow for about ten weeks after she has aborted.
About ten weeks are required for the thorough treatment of
a cow that has aborted and she should not be bred before the
expiration of this period. If she shows any discharge or
other indication of vaginal catarrh she should not be bred for
a longer period, or until the parts are in entirely normal

condition.

9. A solution of carbolic acid may be administered subcutaneously
to each pregnant cow. For this purpose use a 3 per cent.
solution of carbolic acid and of this inject 2 drachms every
ten days. Should this cause swelling in some individuals, for
these use a smaller amount.

10. Remove cows from the herd before they abort, if possible. The
purpose of this is to prevent the re-infection of the premises.
Of course, this cannot always be done and when a cow aborts
in the cow stable thorough disinfection is again required.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. . 145

11. Repeat the disinfection of the stable from time to time and pay
particular attention to the cleansing and disinfecting of the
gutters. [For frequent flushing of the gutters use a satu-
rated solution of sulphate of iron.

12. Treat the cows accordingly to their individual needs. If a
laxative or tonic is needed, give Sal. Car. Eact. of Iron or
Arsenic according to the indications.

13. Whenever possible it is well to use a separate bull for the cows
that have aborted and another for the sound cows. But even
in this case it is important to observe the precautions cited
under heading No. 5, using a separate apparatus for each
bull.

APPENDIX NO. 2.

A PRELIMINARY REPORT UPON FORAGE-POISONING OF
HORSES (SO-CALLED CEREBRO-SPINAL MENINGITIS).

By LEONARD PEARSON, B. S., V. M. D.

The disease or horses commonly known as cerebro-spinal menin-
gitis has long been supposed to result from the ingestion of food
that has undergone fermentation or putrefaction or that has become
mouldy. The evidence in favor of this view has, however, never
been of a direct but only of a circumstantial nature. While the
disease has in many instances occurred on farms and in stables
where horses were fed on mouldy or musty grain or ground feed,
damaged hay or spoiled ensilage, and it has been assumed that such
foods produced the disease, there has always been a lack of proof,
first, that these foods were poisonous, and, second, that some other
influence had not produced the disease. This absence of proof is
due to no lack of efforts to fix the responsibility on suspected food-
stuffs. Experiments have been made in large numbers in which
Suspected materials have been fed to horses in the attempt to pro-
duce the disease called cerebro-spinal meningitis, but all of these
trials have resulted negatively. So far as the literature of this
Subject shows, cerebro-spinal meningitis, so-called, has never been
produced artificially or under experimental conditions.

10—6—1903

146 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Friedberger and Fréhner state (Syecielle Pathologie und Thera-
pie, 1896, fourth edition), in connection with the discussion of
mould-poisoning, that feeding experiments are usually without
result; but, they add, that it is illogical to conclude from this, in
the face of the clinical evidence, that moulds do not have patho-
genetic properties. They do not cite any experiments to show that
mouldy foods are dangerous; all of their evidence appears to be
clinical.

Case. On October 29, 1900, I was asked by Dr. Francis Bridge
to see with him a stable in which five horses had died of cerebro-
spinal meningitis, so-called. The purpose of the consultation was
to determine if possible the origin of the disease.

It was found that the horse stable consisted of a row of seven
stalls across one end of the stone basement of a large barn. One
long side of the basement was against an embankment and had
no windows. The other long side was protected by an overhang.
There were windows under the overhang and in each end of the
barn. In front of the row of horse stalls and running at right
angles to it were two rows of cows with stalls for about forty
animals. There were two silos on the embankment side of the
stable. This silage was thrown down into a dark room, formerly
used as a root-cellar, opening into the stable at about the middle.
The partition between the part of the stable occupied by the cows
and that occupied by the horses consisted of the front of the horses’
mangers. This did not extend above the level of the feed-boxes.

A silo had been opened about one week before the first cases
developed. The silage was somewhat mouldy on top and had a
musty odor. This condition extended down around the sides for
several feet. No silage was known to have been fed to the horses,
although some could get on their hay, which remained for a time,
after it was thrown down from the loft, in the passageway in front
of the cows. It was also possible that some of the milkers may
have fed a little silage to the horses.

The hay fed to the horses was of good quality and in good con-
dition. The concentrated feed was a mixture of oats, corn and
bran, and appeared to be in good condition. It was kept in a cov-
ered feed bin in the passageway between the horse mangers and
the cow stalls.

All of the seven horses in the stable became weak, showed mus-
cular tremors, difficulty in chewing and swallowing, and gradually
progressive paresis, which terminated in death in five instances.
The other two horses were removed to another barn and recovered.
The duration of the disease was from two to four days. No autop-
sies were made.

Suspecting the silage, on account of experience in previous out-

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 147

breaks and on account ef the very mouldy condition of some of it,
I obtained a sample and took it to the Veterinary Hospital of the
University of Pennsylvania for trial. For the trial a ‘nine-year
old-gelding was used that had been in the hospital for two months.
This gelding had been quite stiff from osteoporosis, but had recov-
ered largely from his lameness, was well nourished, vigorous, and
in good general condition.

The feeding experiment started on October 30th and continued
until November 2d. The horse ate altogether approximately one-
half bushel of silage mixed with oats and bran. November 2d he
ate and swallowed slowly and with some difficulty. His tempera-
ture was 100 degrees F. There was no evidence of pain. November
3d there was well-marked paresis of the throat and of the muscles of
mastication. The temperature was 100.5 degrees F. There was
twitching of the muscles of the flank and shoulder, desire to lie down
much of the time, and some difficulty in arising. The inability
to swallow continued, and the general muscular weakness pro-
gressed. In the evening the horse was unable to stand. The brain
was clear. There was no pain. The horse died at 9 A. M., No-
vember 4th. Autopsy negative except for swelling and dark red,
almost black color of mucous membrane of pharynx and glottis.
The mucous membrane of the larynx was congested. The mucous
membrane of the stomach was also much congested and showed
some ecchymotic spots on soft mucosa. The stomach contents
had a putrid odor. <A bolus of partially chewed hay was lodged
between the teeth and cheek, and this had a very putrid odor.
There appeared to be an excess of cerebro-spinal fluid. The brain
and cord and their meninges were normal.

Another horse, a gelding ten years old, with ringbones on both
front pasterns, but otherwise healthy, was given on November 5th
four galions of water that had percolated through a bushel of silage.
November 6th he was given three gallons of water from the same
Silage. November 8th he was given six quarts of silage. Novem-
ber 9th he was offered four quarts of silage, but did not eat more
than half of it. Up to November Sth in the afternoon no abnor-
mal condition was noted. It was then observed that he chewed
and swallowed siowly. In the evening there was a little tremor of
the muscles of the shoulder and partial paralysis of the throat, but
he could drink very slowly. He laid down most of the time and was
weak. Temperature $8.2 degrees F. No pain. November 10th
the horse was found dead in his stall, having died during the night.
Upon autopsy lesions similar to those described above were found,
but all were less well marked. Other investigations in this con-
nection are now being made, and will be reported later.

As to the name that is usually applied to this disease—~. e.,

148 ; ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

eerebro-spinal meningitis—it is evident that the name is inappro-
priate, because there is no evidence of inflammation in the meninges
of the brain or cord. Since this disease closely resembles the
sausage-poisonings and meat-poisonings of man and the carnivora,
and since the observations recorded above show that the as yet
undiscovered infectious or toxic principle resides in the food, I
wish to suggest the name “ forage-poisoning ” as one that would
be descriptive and accurate. (The Journal of Comparative Medi-
cine, and Veterinary Archives, Nov., 1900.)

APPENDIX NO..3.

A PATHOLOGY FOR FORAGE POISONING, OR THE SO-
CALLED EPIZOOTIC CEREBRO-SPINAL MENINGITIS OF
HORSES.*

(A Preliminary Report.)

D. J. MCCARTHY, M.D., AND MAZYCK P. RAVENEL, M.D.

The disease known as infectious epizoétic cerebro-spinal men-
ingitis of horses is but little understood. In all out-breaks there
seems to be a common cause, and there is little or no evidence
that the disease is ever transmitted from one horse to another.
In some cases the origin can clearly be traced to the food, and
Dr. Leonard Pearson has produced the disease by feeding ensilage
taken from a stable in which animals had been attacked. The in-
fluence of food is well illustrated by an outbreak which occurred in
a large stable in Philadelphia. It began in December, 1901, twenty-
seven horses being affected, of which ten died. A fresh supply of
food was obtained, and piled on top of the old. No new cases
occurred under the use of this feed, but in May, 1902, the old food
was again reached, and soon after fifty-nine horses developed the
disease, twenty-four of which died, and six were destroyed. From
his experiments and observations Dr. Pearson has proposed the
name “forage poisoning,’ a name which is more in accordance with
the facts as we know them at present. The term “cerebro-spinal
meningitis” is not justified by the clinical history nor by post-mor-
tem findings.

*From the Laboratory of the State Live Stock Sanitary Board and the William Pepper Clinical
Laboratory,

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 149

While forage is no doubt responsible for many of the outbreaks,
the actual pathogenic agent has not yet been discovered, though
a toxic mold or fungus is supposed to be the cause. All attempts
to find a specific micro-organism in the animals affected have failed
completely, nor has microscopic examination of the tissues revealed
any specific lesion. Gross examination usually shows hyperemia
of the brain and cord, and their meninges, with increase of fluid in
the subarachnoid spaces and ventricles. This fluid is clear, and
we have been unable to discover any micro-organism in it by cul-
tural methods.

Symptoms.—The symptoms are referable to the central nervous
system. In mild attacks there is loss of control over the limbs
and tail, loss of appetite, and difficulty in swallowing. The inability
to swallow is often a marked symptom in more severe cases, and
the name “putrid sore throat” has been applied to the disease.
There is stupor, apathy, extreme muscular weakness, or actual
paralysis. A common symptom is contraction of the muscles of
the neck, back, and loins, with more or less opisthotonos. Par-
oxysms of delirium occur, during which the animal will push against
the wall, or show the disorderly movements due to meningeal irri-
tation. Coma and paralysis come on, and death occures in from
five to forty-eight hours. In most acute cases the animal falls
and dies in convulsions.

It seems probable that several diseases which are characterized
by similar clinical symptoms have been considered as one and the
same by observers.

MacCallum and Buckley have found in the brains of horses dying
of this disease areas of softening “in the frontal region on each
side, anterior to the motor region of the cortex.” This softening
was practically confined to the white matter immediately under the
cortex, the rest of the brain showing no abnormality. In these
areas there was “complete destruction of the brain substance in
which the anatomical elements are disintegrated, and largely re-
placed by a colloid-like material.” The neighboring blood vessels
were actually inflamed, with exudation of leucocytes, and passage
of the red corpuscles into the peri-vascular lymph sheath and adja-
cent tissues. In a second outbreak they failed to find the softened
areas in the brain, but the condition of the blood vessels was such
as to make them believe that they had the earlier stages of the
Same process. They have given the name “Acute Epizoétie Leu-
coencephalitis.” (Bulletin 80 of the Marland Agricultural Experi-
ment Station.)

The disease has engaged our attention at the laboratory of the
State Live Stock Sanitary Board for several years, and examina-
tion by cultural methods have been made whenever possible, but

150 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

always without result. We were led to the present investigation
more than a year ago while making a study of the value of the
rapid diagnosis of rabies after the method of Van Gehuchten and
Nélis, in the course of which several horses and two caives, which
had died of forage poisoning, were used as controls.

-athological Report.—With the exception of the lesions in the
upper gastro-intestinal tract where the infection probably occurs,
the only others discovered were confined to the central nervous
system, and may be grouped for purposes of description as follows:

1. Lesions of the intervertebral and Gasserian ganglia. 2. Le-
sions in the cerebral and cerebellar cortex. 3. Lesions in the cho-
roid plexuses of the lateral cerebral ventricles.. 4. Lesions of the
peripheral nerves supplying the larynx.

Fifteen animals have been studied. In the first six of these the
intervertebral ganglia were not examined. In all the nine cases
in which these structures have been studied the following changes
have been found: In the normal ganglion the ganglion cells are en-
closed in a capsule fitting closely around the cell. This capsule is
made up of a single layer of endothelial cells. The supporting
structure of the ganglion is composed of a loose areola of connect-
ive tissue, through which run the nerve fibers on their way to the
spinal cord. All of these structures are affected.

The ganglion cells were the seat of extensive chromatolysis. The
degenerative changes vary from a simple diffuse chromatolysis—
a fusing together and loss of outline of the fine chromatin points
in the cell protoplasm—to complete destruction of the cell body
and nucleus. At times cells were found apparently normal, except
for the accumulation of large amounts of a yellow pigment, stain-
ing black with osmic acid. In other cells, besides the diffuse chro-
matolysis above referred to, the nucleus was found displaced to the
periphery of the cell. As the degenerative changes advanced, the
cell protoplasm took the stain very strengly and appeared a deep
blue by the Nissl method. Marked vacuolation of the cell proto-
plasm was present in two cases. In four cases some of the gang-
lion cells were completely disintegrated, filaments of protoplasm
remaining among the small mononuclear cells surrounding the cap-
sule.

‘Capsular and pericapsular changes.—In all nine cases in which
the intervertebral ganglia were examined a peri-capsular, smali
round cell accumulation was present. In some of the degenerating
ganglion cells a few nuclei were seen within the capsule in the de
generating cell protoplasm. The accumulation of nuclei around the
cell capsule did not always assume a concentric shape, but was
often eccentric extending irregularly into the stroma. The cells are
all of the small type, the nuclei and the protoplasm being about

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 151

the size of a red blood corpuscle. There is no evidence that these
cells are due to a proliferation of the original layer of capsular
cells. Polynuclear cells, or cells with an irregular nucleus, were
not present in any of the specimens examined. It is probable, inas-
much as these cells stand in no relation to the vessels of the gang-
lia, that they are the result of a proliferation of the stroma cells
of the ganglion.

Cortical lesions.—The cortex of the cerebrum and cerebellum
was markedly congested both to gross and microscopic examination.
The meninges were normal. The ganglion cells were normal to
the Nissl and other cell stains. Numerous capillary hemorrhages
were scattered throughout the entire cortex of the cerebrum and
cerebellum. There were also hemorrhages in the subcortical tis-
sues. The basal ganglia, pons, aud medulla were perfectly normal.
The spinal cord, outside of some congestion of the gray matter,
was normal. The meninges showed no trace of an inflammatory
process.

Lesions of the choroid plexus.—The choroid plexus in three of
the cases was changed from a filmy membrane to a large trian-
gular tumor-like mass. This mass was of a yellowish-red color, of
firm consistency, and measured two and a half centimeters in trans-
verse section. On microscopic examination the increase in size
was found to be the result of a proliferation of the elastic tissue
surrounding the vessels. By the Van Giesen stain the entire sec-
tion was found to consist of whorls of delicate fibers starting from
the neighborhood of the vessel walls and extending to the margin
of the plexus. These fibers were not nucleated, although numerous
nuclei of the supporting tissue of the gland were present between
the whorls. At the suggestion of Dr. Flexner, the Weigert elastic
stain was used and the character of the tissue determined. The
ependymal cells covering the villi were normal.

The peripheral nerves.—An examination of the nerves supplying
the larynx and the neck by the fresh osmic acid method showed a
slight but distinct degeneration. This was present in the nerve
up to the ganglion, but was not present in the posterior roots, or
the root of the fifth nerve. These lesions in the myelin corres-
ponded to the presence of a marked degree of swelling of the axis
cylinder in the substance of the ganglion. Hemorrhagic extrava-
sation into the sheath of the pneumo-gastric nerve was present in
one case.

Summary.—Hemorrhagic inflammation of the upper respiratory
organs; degeneration of the peripheral nerves supplying these areas;
toxic irritation of the intervertebral ganglion as manifested by
intense degeneration of the ganglion cells, pericapsular round cell
infiltration, and swelling up of the axis cylinders; widespread ca-

’

152 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

pillary hemorrhagic extravasation of’ the cortical and sub-cortical
tissues, tumor formation due to proliferation of elastic tissue of
the choroid plexus of the lateral ventricles.

The ganglionar lesions above described closely resemble those
described by Van Gehuchten and Nélis in rabies. In rabies, how-
ever, there is an active proliferation of the capsular cells with a
marked tendency to extension within the capsule, while, as has
already been pointed out, the tendency in this disease is to a peri-
capsular accumulation of cells. In advanced cases of forage pois-
oning the ganglion cells may entirely disappear and an accumulation
of small round cells remain. Under these circumstances the picture
cannot be differentiated from rabies by an examination of the
ganglion alone. The perivascular round cell accumulation in the
pons and medulla, which is rather constant in rabies, is never
present in forage poisoning. There is no degeneration of the peri-
pheral nerves in rabies. The clinical course of the two diseases 4s
entirely different, and there should be no difficulty in separating
the two conditions by the pathological lesions.

Professor Van Gehuchten, of Louvain, to whom we submitted
the specimens from our first case (a calf), confirmed our opinion
that there was a distinctive difference between the ganglionar
changes in forage poisoning and in rabies.

Concerning the specimen sent to him he writes: “It cannot be
denied that there is a sensible proliferation of the cells of the en-
dothelial capsule, but this proliferation does not, however, appear
to me to be as intense as in cases of rabies; so much so, that I
would not make the diagnosis of rabies from the examination of
the sections alone. I do not think that this animal had rabies.
Rabies excluded, there remains a certain amount of proliferation,
the cause of which escapes me; but in my opinion the degree of
proliferation cannot be compared with that which occurs in rabies.”

CONCLUSIONS.

1. The so-called epidemic cerebro-spinal meningitis of horses is
not a true meningitis, and presents neither the gross nor micro-
scopic lesions of true meningitis.

2. The evidence goes to show that all epidemics are caused by
some poisonous substance contained in the forage. This is proven
conclusively in the epidemic mentioned above, and in the experi-
ments of Dr. Pearson.

3. The lesions in the intervertebral ganglia so closely resemble
those described by Van Gehuchten and Nélis in rabies, as to offer
the presumption that the pathological process in the two diseases
is somewhat similar.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 153

4. The differential diagnosis between forage poisoning and rabies
depends upon (a) the absence from the medulla and pons in forage
poisoning of the perivascular and peri-cellular lesions (Rabic tu-
bercles of Babes); (b) in forage poisoning there is predominance
of peri-capsular rather than intra-capsular round cell infiltration
of the ganglion cells. (c) Lesions of the larynx and laryngeal nerves.
The clinical history is always conclusive.

5. Forage poisoning is a much better and more comprehensive
term than “cerebro-spinal meningitis,” or than “leucoencephalitis,”
as proposed by MacCallum and Buckley.

(The Journal of Medical Research, October, 1903, Vol. X., No. 2.)

APPENDIX NO. 4.

A CASE OF HYDROPHOBIA WITH AUTOPSY.*

BY G. MORTON ILLMAN, M.D., of Philadelphia.

I think it is prudent to report this case for discussion, because
of the fact that proper precaution, protectings human life from
one of the most distressingly fatal infections known to mankind,
is overlooked, especially in the large communities of America. In
some instances the very existence of the condition is. questioned
by a few members of the medical profession and by the laity.

The patient was a well-developed male, aged 37, and an electrician by
occupation.

Family History.—His family history was negative, with the exception of the
fact that his mother died of pulmonary tuberculosis.

Previous Medical History. —Investigation as to the previous medical history
Showed that the patient had been a comparatively healthy man with the
exception of a slight persistent cough, with which he had suffered some years
ago, but which had ceased after the patient discontinued the excessive use of
tobacco.

Two years ago the patient met with a severe accident, necessitating the
partial amputation of three fingers of the right hand. This accident was fol-

*Read before the Philadelphia County Medical Society, December 9, 1909. a‘

154 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

lowed during the present year by a severe burn of the right arm and forearm.
The patient was just recovering from the latter condition when, upon attempt-
ing to caress a strange dog, he was bitten in the palm of the left hand, in the
web between the first two fingers. ;

The wound was thus inflicted August 23, 1903. It bled freely at the time and
was cauterized one hour later with a solution of silver nitrate (of questionable
strength), followed by pure carbolic acid, and an antiseptic dressing applied.
The wound healed kindly without any decided complications,

Premonitory Stage.—In the evening of October 1, 1903, just 39 days after
infliction of the wound, the patient’s attention was attracted to his left hand
by a tingling sensation in the tips of the fingers and in the cicatrix. His wife
states that during the. following two days he appeared greatly depressed,
restless at night, had little or no appetite, and complained of a constantly in-
creasing aching sensation in the left hand and arm.

Spasmodic Stage.—Upon arising from bed in the morning of October 4 the
patient complained most decidedly of the left hand, arm and shoulder, and
of a pronounced feeling of debility. He went to breakfast, however, as usual,
and upon attempting to swallow the liquid it was suddenly and involuntarily
expelled from his mouth. He then went upstairs without assistance and lay
upon a couch, complaining at the time of feeling extremely weak.

At 10 o’clock A. M. I was asked to attend the patient, and found him decidedly
restless, and complaining, in addition to the aching arm and shoulder, of
being very chilly. The skin was moist, the muscles relaxed, reflexes normal,
and face flushed. Pressure along the nerve trunks and muscles of the left arm
and shoulder was slightly painful, but did not seem to be productive of any
local or general spasm. Attempts at prolonged conversation, however, seemed
to cause, from time to time, a sudden involuntary laryngeal spasm, after
which the patient would be unable to resume talking immediately because of
a marked dyspnea thus produced. The temperature at this time was 101 degrees
F., the pulse 102; and the respirations were 24.

Upon receiving the history of the patient’s inability to swallow water while
at breakfast, I decided to prescribe an antirheumatic in powder form to be
taken with water during my absence, in order to avoid arousing the patient’s
suspicions regarding my belief in his ability to swallow liquids as usual.

At 3 o’clock in the afternoon I was informed that after a great effort he
had swallowed one p6wder, but that a repetition had been absolutely impos-
sible, and, furthermore, that had refused all liquids and solids at lunch time.
There was now a pain on the left side of the neck which seemed to be most
marked along the posterior borders of the trapezius and sternomastoid muscles,
radiating toward the occipital portion of the skull.

The patient complained of an almost constant smothering sensation in the
larynx, and the slightest efforts to talk would now very readily provoke a
laryngeal contraction, during which time the patient continually held his
hand to his throat in an effort to relieve his dyspnea and was extremely rest-
less. The temperature continued to be 101 degrees F., the pulse was 98, and
respirations 26.

Feeling that future treatment of the patient depended upon an absolute
surety as to the diagnosis, I asked Dr. Samuel Wolfe to see the patient, and
after a very careful examination and consideration of the definite history Dr.
Wolfe came to the conclusion that the case was almost certainly one of true
hydrophobia. The actual state of affairs was at once explained to the family,
and thus all obstacles to future treatment eliminated.

At 6 o’clock the same evening (10 hours after the first appearance of active
symptoms) it became necessary to resort to hypnotics to control the spasms,

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 155

which were now becoming very much longer in duration and more decided in

-severity. Eight mg. (% gr.) of morphin and .4 mg. (1-150 gr.) of atropin were
accordingly given hypodermically with a very beneficial result, enabling the
patient to obtain a much needed rest of 4 or 5 hours’ duration.

It became necessary to repeat this injection 6 hours later, at which time
there was a noticeable hyperesthesia of the left side, especially marked at the
time of puncture with the hypodermic needle. The patient’s general appear-
ance was now that of a decidedly sick man and one whose suffering was any-
thing but of an hysteric nature, his manifest desire to assist with his treatment
and avoid worrying his family being most pronounced,

The second administration of morphin and atropin had only been beneficial
so far as respiration was concerned, the injection being repeated at 5.30 A. M.
(5% hours after the second administration) with better results, especially
the severity of the laryngeal spasms, but with no decided effect upon the fre-
quency of recurrence.

All attempts to have the patient take food of any variety by the mouth
failed, and nutrient enemas (of beef) were resorted to and retained, being
given always after a hypodermic injection of the narcotic.

In the afternoon of the second day of the spasmodic stage, Drs. M. P. Ravenel
and D. J. McCarthy were called in consultation and made a careful examina-
tion of the patient, especially as regarded the nervous symptoms, and stated
that in their opinion the case was undoubtedly one of hydrophobia.

There seemed to be a slight tendency to increased salivation during the past
6 hours, and now, regardless of the atropin that had been given, there was a
moderately abnormal flow of saliva, probably caused, to a certain extent, by
the almost continual movement of the patient’s jaws and tongue.

With the approach of evening the general condition became gradually worse,
and at 8.30 P. M. a series of spasms developed, extending over a period of 30
minutes. During this series of paroxysms there was increased sanivation, in-
tense dyspnea, rolling of the eyes, continual change of position, marked
eructions of gas, and the passage at this time of about 6 ounces of urine,
making 10 ounces passed within 5 hours. Delirious symptoms now became
noticeable, but occurred only at intervals of 2 to 3 hours, and were of very
short duration.

During the course of the next 10 hours but 2 administrations of morphin
were necessary, the patient resting fairly quiet until Tuesday morning (October
6, the third day of the spasmodic stage), at which time control of the patient
became a difficult matter. The excitement became maniacal, and it was feared
the patient would do himself personal injury, although his entire appearance
was at times one of terrible fear, and he would hold his throat with both hands
in a frantic effort to relieve his dyspnea. Attempted inhalations of chloroform
at this time and other times gave no relief, and only seemed to increase the
suffering.

After some effort .6 mg. (1-100 gr.) of hyoscin hydrobromate was given hypo-
dermically with a very gratifying effect. This dose of hyoscin was repeated 3
hours later, and was the last administration of a hypnotic of any kind that
Was necessary during the remaining course of the disease. The temperature
was now 101.6 degrees F., the pulse 124, and respirations 44.

Paralytic Stage.—A few hours later a gentleman who saw the patient pro-
nounced the case one of hysteria of a remarkable type, and was so positive as
to his diagnosis that it was decided to put the patient upon hysteric treatment.
Accordingly, all medicinal administrations, rectal feedings, etc., were discon-
tinued, and no_one except the nurse or a substitute allowed in or near the room,
Twenty minims of sterile water was given hypodermically every 2 or 3 hours,

156 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

and the nurse informed me that there was absolutely no effect as to the fre-
quency of the spasms, but there seemed to be a steady decrease in the severity
regardless of the time at which the injections of water were given. In other
words, it was very apparent that regardless of treatment the patient was
slowly passing into the paralytic stage of hydrophobia.

The patient now began to perspire profusely, and vomited for the first time
about 4 ounces of yellowish, frothy mucus. The profuse sweating continued,
and few hours later both pulse and respiration began to fail rapidly. It be-
came very evident that a return to medicinal treatment was necessary, and
1 mg. (1-50 gr.) of digitalin and .4 mg. (1-150 gr.) of atropin were given hypo-
dermically with much benefit.

The periods of delirium were now of frequent occurrence and of long dura- .
tion. When rational the patient declared that the choking sensation had en-
tirely gone from his throat, and that he was now smothering from oppression
over the epigastrium, and during a spasmodic attack would put both hands to
this region instead of to the larynx as formerly. It was, therefore, decided
to endeavor once again to administer a liquid by way of the mouth. Two ounces
of milk containing a fluidram of whisky was brought to the patient, and with
a little assistance and encouragement the entire contents of the glass were
swallowed without any great effort. On finding himself able to swallow
liquids again the patient asked for a cup of coffee, of which he drank a few
drams. About 30 minutes later both coffee and milk were vomited and all
efforts to repeat the same were forcibly resisted.

In spite of stimulants the pulse and respiration failed steadily and the
patient became permanently unconscious, at which time 20 m. of ether was
given hypodermically and resulted in a sudden general clonic muscular spasm.

External heat had been constantly applied to the trunk and extremities, and
digitalin and atropin given, either together or separately as occasion demanded,
until the patient’s death of respiratory failure at 7 A. M., October 7, 3 days
(71 hours) after the onset of active symptoms, and nearly 6 days after the
onset of prodromal symptoms.

The hyperesthesia was a prominent symptom throughout the
course of the disease, and became gradually more pronounced until
finally both before and after unconsciousness warm applications
could only be placed to the extremities very gradually and retained
in position with difficulty. Hyperesthesia, as a rule, was most
marked on the left side. Very slight stimulations, such as the
sudden entrance of light to the room, the running of water and the
ringing of the doorbell, were many times provocative of a spasm.
The reflexes were increased and the plantar reaction always down-
ward. The pupils became dilated and nonreactive about 8 hours
before death.

Delirium began to manifest itself about 36 hours after the onset
of active symptoms, bécame more prominent during the administra-
tions of hyoscin, but was still present during the period of 9 hours
when the patient was receiving no medicinal treatment, and con-
tinued to the period of unconsciousness.

During the entire course of his illness there was never made in
the presence of the patient any mention of or reference to dogs or
hydrophobia, and he was made to believe, so far as possible, that

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 157

he was suffering from rheumatism of the throat muscles. At no
time during his illness did the patient simulate in any manner the
actions of a dog or other lower animal, although he frequently
referred to the dog-bite as being the cause of his present condition.

The temperature showed a gradual rise until the second day
of the spasmodic stage when it reached 102 degrees F.; after which
it ranged between 101.8 degrees FP. and 100 degrees F. The respira-
tions, when at all regular, varied from 28 to 40, and simulated at
times Cheyne-Stokes’ respiration, especially after a series of laryn-
geal spasms. After unconsciousness, ether dropped on the larynx
and upper portion of the chest brought about a prompt respiratory
reaction.

I had an opportunity to make but one examination of the urine,
the specimen being collected during the second 24 hours, after the
onset of active symptoms. It was high-colored, decidedly acid, and
showed a specific gravity of 1,040; there was no albumin nor sugar
present. No microscopic examination was made.

Prophylavis —Al\\ linens, towels, etc., used around the patient,
especially those contaminated with saliva or vomit, were at once
thrown into scalding water and later boiled. After death, all
needles, thermometers, spoons, etc., were either destroyed or steril-
ized, and the floors, bedding and furniture thoroughly wiped off with
a strong solution of carbolic acid.

Autopsy —The autopsy was made 10 hours after death by Drs.
McCarthy and Ravenel, with the following results:

The lividity of the dorsal surface of the body was very marked, and rigor
mortis of the upper and lower extremities very well developed.

The skull was thin. The brain and membranes were nofmal, both over -the
convexity and base.

The spinal cord and its membranes were of normal appearance, as were the
pancreas, adrenal glands and spleen.

The lungs showed some adhesions in the right pleural sac, a rather marked
emphysema along the anterior border of the right lung, and an area of healed
tuberculosis at the right apex.

The liver showed a slight passive congestion, otherwise normal.

The heart was normal with the exception of a patch of old pericarditis on
the anterior surface. 4

The kidneys appeared to be normal. The inner surface of the larynx was
covered with dirty mucus and there was considerable frothy mucus in the
trachea.

Microscopic Hxamination.—The microscopic examination of the central ner-
vous system shows typical tubercles of Babes in the medulla. The round-cell
infiltration around the blood vessels was very distinct.

Sections of the cerebral cortex and base of the brain show no evidence of
inflammatory change.

Sections of the gasserian ganglion and also of the intervertebral ganglions
show a round-cell infiltration in the stroma, a diffuse chromatolysis of the
ganglion cells, and a vacuolization of some of these cells, with a proliferation of

158 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

the capsular cells, in most areas of only moderate degree, but in some areas
filling up the entire capsule.

The peripheral nerves and the anterior and posterior roots show no change
after careful investigation.

Microscopic study gave perfectly normal appearances in all the viscera with
the exception of the kidney. These sections show some congestive swelling of
the glomeruli and a cloudy swelling going on to marked degeneration of the
cells of the tubules.

In other words, pathologie lesions typical of hydrophobia were found in a
case associated with parenchymatous nephritis. Neither the pericellular nor
perinuclear round-cell accumulation of the central nervous system nor the
lesions of the intervertebral ganglions are seen in cases of nephritis.

Inoculations. — ‘Three rabbits were subsequently inoculated from the medulla
of the patient, with the result that all 3 rabbits died after a period of 17 to 19
days, presenting typical symptoms of rabies, and subsequent sections made
from the nervous systems of these rabbits showed pathologic changes typical
of rabies and corresponding to those found in the nervous system of the
patient.

The Dog.—-The dog was of the small terrier type, showed no signs of rabies,
and is said to have been playing with some children only a short time before
biting the patient. The killing and cremation of the dog prevented a subsequent
autopsy.

(American Medicine, Vol. VII, No. 6, pages 213-214.)

I close this report with the earnest plea that an effort will be
made to have constituted or enforced the proper laws, compelling
the muzzling of and quarantining of dogs at all seasons of the year,
that society may thus be protected from this fatal condition, and
that, if possible, it be thus completely eliminated, as in many foreign
countries, notably Australia.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 159

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIVISION OF
ZOOLOGY.

To the Hon. N. B. Critehfield, Secretary of Agriculture;

Dear Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report of the
Division of Zoology of the Department of Agriculture for the cal-
endar year 1903.

On March 30, 1903, the present Economic Zoologist was appointed
by Governor Pennypacker, and it is our present duty to render a
report of the work of this office for the year now closing. To fully
understand this, one should know the conditions confronting the
incumbent. When he entered the office, the lack of equipment was
especially remarkable. There was no collection of specimens for
study or for comparison, almost no reference literature, very few
of the publications of the United States Department of Agriculture
or of the Bulletins of the various State Experiment Stations of the
United States, no mailing list, no facilities for mailing, no mailing
machine, no collecting material, no spraying apparatus nor facili-
ties for experimentation, no cabinet nor accessories for preserving
insects or other specimens, no room for the proper kind of work, no
office boy, scientific assistant, field assistant, nor stenographer.

By your kind aid, Mr. Secretary, and that of the Governor, and
the Board of Public Grounds and Buildings, most of the minor
deficiencies have been met, and the most urgent needs of the Divi-
sion have been supplied.

I beg to submit the present report under the following sub-heads:

Page.

CE ES GES Smite) CUTS TAGs nem ciere sjonerslons oeialcrecre alelelelefele efoyerel «ici fe) sielellnlatsteielole)siciefsrepsiarcte 160
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(5) BEAUTE OTIS) Wo aje: <rateve cress oxere os rete vate «che cyavara chefouthenstavets eqcvesys)siversis islisisyeye sisje'e Ns «hays 168
(a) The Monthly Bulletin of the Division of Zoology, ................ 168
Cp)irethe Zoolocical Quarterly, Bulle ere cverete <1e1cie.o ciel scree viele) cleleciele elsieie 168
(RBC heATtICleStstOMm MCTIOGICATS sae ayer sere rcleralero/elel aisle] eVelcl a) svels)'s ciceie'eie.c) efellele icteric 169
(CP NGATESSCSH OTs IMC CEUTES mma clot nrelerarerc-susrerersterctolntctetesoatelerevore oreveialerdveraiesessiette ofeiune 169
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CMH RNECAS OL L hem DIVESTOIN.. ie tnsetr sss (aie screlele cities. «! slau loiols. =e sel ajnie/etonpisie isis 171
MLOMMEVECOMMeNGAaLions sto oe cae tee ee ere aero ete ice cote cinnes ee 171

(1) A Review of Economic Zoology in Pennsylvania, ...............0.. 172

160 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

(1) Mollusca, ...... elie cos Sedede teat Mads ne sere Lata alge Eee 172
(2)| Arachnida, er Spiders and Mites, 2... ool cece cc ccc vice cn enicinicieasinin sis 172
(3) Insects, (a) Upon Wheat, (b) Corn, (c) Clover, (d) Potatoes, (e) Cucur-
bitaceous Plants, (f) Asparagus, (g) Cabbage, (h) Celery, (i) Po-
maceous Fruits, (j) Drupaceous Fruits, (k) Grapes, (1) In Granaries,
(m) In the Household,( n) On Out-door Ornamental Plants, (0) Mis-

COIMAMECOUS MINSCCES se ciatereret siolel ate etel store's ott oialolis(olcrel orclatele ts (clelloroloicialsial eletoteiotetetetata 173

(Cy Asi Goooodonaanonobococoug ns ObOU sb dDooouadoUdDodCADDUNOD S06 GoOaKOND CC 176
(Gy WiEneMmeneNE, “So ostondadonccond op buedoado nddonnNOGON ake Fslah evoke toloieioteyeraeetekerneeTs 177
(12) Report of Special Zoological Features During 1903: Insects, Birds, Mam-
TU ELL $3 oetreretatslatetercvefel ete referer evelcistcrotercloictoveierercielslelsieielcisjslevarolefel cleletel ole aaterctaleterctaker<tetsiclle Ketelenets aly(7(
Report of Nursery Inspection in Pennsylvania, ...........e.eeeeeeeees 181

(1.) PRESENT EQUIPMENT:

During the year we found it necessary to move from the one small
room in the Bay Shoe Factory Building to four rooms on the third
floor of the Real Estate Building, corner Court avenue and Lo-
cust street. Our rooms are now equipped with a fine metal cab-
inet for insects and a nucleus of a collection to be placed therein,
all of the available bulletins of all the Experiment Stations
of the United States and the publications of the United
States Department of Agriculture, scientific publications from
other sources, including certain current periodicals pertaining to
our subjects, a few necessary reference books by private pub-
lishers, a rapid mailing machine with 24,500 stencils, a mailing list of
over twenty-four thousand names, some apparatus for making col-
lections, three first-class pieces of spraying apparatus for practical
work and experimentation, a good case for card catalogues and card
indexes, photographic material, a dark room, tools and minor equip-
ment for the essential work of the Division. We have here a main
office room, a library reference room, a mailing room and a room
for preparing and preserving collections, keeping apparatus, ete.

I should report the fact that during the year we have received -
the following donations of valuable apparatus: The L. H. Kline
Company, Pennsburg, Pa., one bucket spray pump and accessories;
The Deming Manufacturing Company, Salem, Ohio, one hand spray
pump and case, complete; The Goulds Manufacturing Company,
Seneca Falls, N. Y., one Barrel Kerowater Sprayer, complete; The
Ripley Hardware Company, Grafton, Ill., one stock feed cooker
for boiling the lime-sulphur-salt wash, and the Animal Trap Com-
pany, Abington, Iil., five dozen traps, assorted kinds. Acknowledg-
ment should also be made to the directors of the various Experi-
ment Stations, the United States Department of Agriculture, the
New York State Museum, etc., and to many publishers who have
freely responded to our calls and have sent their publications for use
in this office. Notwithstanding the present equipment, we sorely
need a few more recent books by private publishers, and named

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURH. 161

specimens of our injurious and beneficial species of insects for com-
parison with the many we are receiving, which are generally not in
the proper state for preservation. We also most seriously need a
regular stenographer and a scientific assistant.* ,

(2.) CORRESPONDENCE

During the year we have written 1,957 copied letters, besides
hundreds of letters that were not copied, and thousands of circular
letters that were sent out calling for information. Many of these
letters are necessarily of unusual length on ac.ount of required
details.

Specimens have been sent to us for identification or preservation
to the number of over 2,000, or an average of about seven per day.
These have all demanded the most careful scrutiny, mostly under
the microscope, and it was essential that accurate reports must be
given to inquirers in order to enable them to save their crops or take
such practical measures as each individual case demands.

Much correspondence has also taken place between ourselves and
observers in various portions of this State in order to obtain definite
knowledge of the various forms of animal life as it exists in the
different counties of this Commonwealth. This knowledge is neces-
sary in order to form a working basis for the Zoologist during the
coming years of his term. Based upon such correspondence, we
shall soon be ready to prepare reports showing the distribution
of certain insects, reptiles, birds and mammals in Pennsylvania.
We have already prepared such maps, showing the distribution of
the San José Scale and Hessian Fly, and have at hand the material
for similarly charting the extent of the Seventeen-year locust, or
Cicada, during the summer of 1902.

Thousands of letters have been received, calling for publications
or for information that could be answered by sending marked copies
of published articles, and these and thousands of others have asked
for the bulletins which we issue. All such communications receive
the personal attention of your Economic Zoologist, and are kept on
file for future reference.

(3.) INVESTIGATIONS AND EXPERIMENTS:

The investigations of this Division are of paramount importance
to our citizens. The annual loss by the destruction of insects in the
State of Pennsylvania is not less than $20,000,000, and the loss by
plant diseases is equal to this, making an annual loss to the cultiva-
tors of at least $40,000,000 per year through the effects of plant
pests. It thus becomes important that something be done to stay
the ravages of such pests and diseases, and save for the husbandman

*We are pleased to add that since the above was en Governor Eennyacker and Secre-
tary Critchfield have devised a means to supply these two additional needs.—H. A. S.

11—6—1903

162 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

this enormous loss. Resting upon me is the responsibility of giving
correct information to all persons who make inquiries of subjects
pertaining to my profession, and if such reports be not accurate, se-
vere injury or loss may ensue for the cultivator. All remedies that
are found to be successful for obnoxious insects in other portions of
the country should be tested in our own State before we can say that
they will be equally successful in our climate, upon our crops and
with our pests. For this reason, although we may have reference
literature upon most of the subjects pertaining to the work of this
office, it becomes important for us to make practical tests and inves-
tigations within our own State. Also, it is very frequent, indeed
that methods are suggested, or even strongly advocated, which,
when tested, are not found to be efficient. An example of this is the
aqueous solution of caustic soda for the San José Seale. This was
advocated in the report of a writer in the far west by a prominent
agricultural publication. Fortunately, we had the equipment, and
immediately tested it, with the result that we are now able to
say with a certainty that it will not prove satisfactory or effective
in our own State. Yet, to-day, there are hundreds of persons ap-
plying this supposed remedy and losing their fruit, crops and trees,
because they do not know that this is not an effective remedy.
Thousands of others in our Commonwealth would be doing like-
wise were it not for the practical test which we gave this sup-
posed remedy, and for our publications, warning our citizens against
relying upon it. We can give several such illustrations for other
insects.

We find it necessary to make investigations of a different nature
in the biological features, habits, haunts, enemies, diseases and
practical measures for the various insects and higher animals
which live within our State. Of the thousands of species of insects
known to attack vegetation in Pennsylvania, there is not one of
which very useful knowledge could not yet be obtained by further in-
vestigation. Of only a comparatively few insects do we know their
complete life history, annual cycles, enemies and simple and effee-
tive practical measures for either suppression or propagation, as
the occasion may demand. This means that we should make prac-
tical investigations when possible, and it is earnestly hoped that
another session of the Legislature will see this office equipped with
a field assistant for aiding in the needed experimentation, investi-
gation and collecting.

We have completed a series of investigations upon the Hessian
Fly in Pennsylvania, which we undertook three years ago at the
direction of Prof. John Hamilton, then Secretary of Agriculture.
The results of these studies are embodied in a bulletin, which has
been so delayed that it has been issued only recently. The results

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 163

of these investigations show that all wheat planted the last of
August and the first week of September is likely to be attacked
with the Hessian Fly. Of the wheat planted during the second
week of September, two-thirds of the fields are liable to be infested,
and of that planted during the third week of the month about one-
third of the fields may be infested, while the fly will not be likely
to be bad in that planted during the last week of September, and
we have never found it occurring in destructive numbers in any
field planted after the first of October.

The San José is by all means the most serious pest to fruit trees
and certain kinds of ornamental shrubbery and hedges in Pennsyl-
vania. This insect has become so destructive and so extensive in
its distribution that we have been giving it special attention during
the entire year. We have now found it in almost every county in
the State of Pennsylvania, and we are confident that its presence
may be suspected in any orchard that has been planted during the
past ten years. We have studied this pest in orchards and in the
library, we have experimented with remedies for it, and have en-
deavored to propagate its enemies. The results of such studies are
given in the monthly bulletins of the Division. In brief, it may be
said that there is only one unfailing remedy that is safe to use upon
all kinds of trees, and which has been fully tested both by the
scientist and the practical operator. This is the lime-sulphur-salt
wash, made by boiling together for two hours a mixture of lime (30
pounds), sulphur (20 pounds), and salt (15 pounds), with enough
water to make it boil well, and finally adding water enough to make
the whole amount to 60 gallons. This should be sprayed on the
plants while warm. Make two applications per year, one just as
the leaves drop in the fall and the other just before they expand
in the spring. It is not injurious to any trees, and is a valuable
fungicide, as well as a very efficient insecticide. We know where
fruit growers in this State have used this wash during the past year
and have gathered excellent crops as a reward for their industry,
while others in the same region, who failed to use it, had no fruit
fit for the market.

In recognition of the very severe injuries of the San José Scale,
the need of prompt action and practical measures for this pest, the
Pennsylvania State Horticultural Association and also The State
Board of Agriculture, during their annual meetings last January,
passed unanimous resolutions agreeing to ask the next session of
Legislature to appropriate $10,000 annually for two years to the
Department of Agriculture for the use of this Division in sup-
pressing this most serious pest of our fruit trees. It is to be hoped
that this action will bear good fruit in behalf of our citizens.

Other investigations have been undertaken. Among these are

164 2 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

studies of the Tent-caterpillar, the Codling Moth, the Fruit-tree
Bark-borers, Grape Pests and other injurious insects, as well as
mice, rabbits, hawks and owls, sparrows, reptiles, toads, etc. These
investigations are not completed, but will be continued, and the
results published in due time. Our office work, however, is so vol-
uminous as to prevent very much personal scientific work of an
original nature. It is to be hoped that this can be remedied by
the appointment of the help we need.

(4.) DEMONSTRATIONS :

We have had a great number of calls, especially from the fruit-
growing regions of this State, for our services in demonstrating
to growers the methods of making and applying insecticides,
which have not previously been used. This .is especially
true for the application of the lime-sulphur-salt wash for the
San José Scale. Our office work has been so urgent, however
that we could not well undertake such important demonstrations
upon an extensive scale, but we have gone to several places.
and have met the orchardists in field sessions, and have endeavored
to show them how to make and apply the most approved modern
remedies. At the numerous public meetings where we have spoken,
we have generally exhibited some kind of spraying apparatus for
the purpose of showing in a practical manner the difference between
Spraying and sprinkling, and the necessity for the former rather
than the latter.

There is no better means of serving our citizens than to teach
them the best methods in this practical work. They hesitate te
apply the methods which we have found best, because these rem-
edies are new to them, and they fear that they will make mistakes
and be unsuccessful in making such applications. One demonstra-
tion in each township in the State would give our agriculturists and
horticulturists practical aid to the value of hundreds of thousands
of dollars. It is to be hoped that arrangements can be made to
enlarge the work of this office, and equip us with a field assistant
for such useful services, or with a permanent competent office as-
sistant, that will enable your Zoologist to go into the field to do
the work.

(5.) COLLECTIONS :

As has been said above, there were no specimens in this office
when we entered it, and we are receiving hundreds every month,
with the request that we identify them and tell the inquirers what
practical measures should be taken in connection with them. A
professional naturalist is unwilling to risk his reputation by basing
his communications upon conjecture, or by being forced to do im-

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 165

perfect work without a collection of typical named specimens. It
is impossible for anyone to name all this great mass of miscellaneous
material readily and accurately without types for comparison, since
we receive so many kinds. For this reason, and for the proper aid
to our citizens, a good, reliable collection of the fauna of this State
is essential for the proper kind of work in this office. We have
undertaken such a collection, but it necessarily requires great time
and care. We now have thousands of specimens in the office, but
most of them have been sent in such condition, that they are not
fit to be preserved as permanent typical specimens. We should col-
lect our Own material expressly for this purpose, and have it
preserved in the best possible manner in order to obtain the col-
lection needed for comparison. ‘This is especially true of insects,
as we need specimens showing the different stages in the life history
of each species in order to facilitate the study of life histories,
and also, to give us other practical information. We hope to have
time to do this important work when a scientific assistant is ap-
pointed.

While our practical work for the agriculturist deals mostly
with the enemies and diseases of plants, we must not forget that
the broad work of the Zoologist must necessarily extend to the
higher animals, including the reptiles, birds and mammals. For
this reason we are inaking studies, notes and observations, as well
as collections, of the Vertebrates, and preparing the bases for
future publications upon such subjects, especially upon the reptiles
in their relation to agriculture. However, such publications can
not be completed until we obtain and study many specimens from
all parts of the State. For this purpose we are inviting readers
and correspondents to make a special effort to send us all possible
specimens of Pennsylvania animals of the lower kinds as well as
of the higher.

THE COLLECTION FOR THE ST. LOUIS EXPOSITION.

Under this head it is our pleasure to report to you that the Collec-
tion of Pennsylvania Animals in Relation to Agriculture prepared
in this office for the St. Louis Exposition has been completed in a
manner which, under the circumstances, should be quite gratifying
to all persons concerned. This interesting exhibit was made pos-
sible only through the appreciation and timely aid of Governor
Pennypacker, yourself, Col. James A. Lambert, of Philadelphia, and
Col. John A. Woodward, of Howard, Pa. The collection was not au-
thorized until December, 1903, and not a specimen was received until
the middle of January, 1904. During the subsequent two months
all the material for this large and interesting collection was brought
together by us, mounted and arranged in cases and shipped te St.
Louis. ;

166 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

The chief purpose of the collection was to show, as far as pos-
sible, within our limits of time and moderate expenses, the economic
features of the more common native animals of Pennsylvania. It
was not our purpose to represent the complete fauna of the State,
nor to show the rare animals, but rather to exhibit the reptiles,
birds and mammals in their relation to agricuiture. We should
have been glad to have added the insects to this collection had
it not been that the time was so short and the collection was made
at such time of year as to prohibit the gathering and preparation
of the invertebrates.

This collection is prepared and exhibited in thirty-six cases, each
eighteen inches in depth, four feet long and three feet high. The
animals are mounted in natural attitudes as far as is possible, and
the chief element of the food of each, and other important habits,
enemies, etc., are shown, as completely as was found practicable.
Among the important birds are the fish-eating birds, the ducks,
hawks, owls, crows, quail, shore birds, the Order of the cuckoos
and kingfishers, the Order of the nighthawks, swifts and humming-
birds, and the families of the great order of Passeres, or perching
birds, among which are the flycatchers, crows, blackbirds, meadow-
lark, orioles, sparrows, warblers, thrashers, nuthatches, chicka-
dees and thrushes—the last-named group including the robin and
bluebird.

Among the chief kinds of mammals shown are the following:
The Didelphidz or opossums, Leporide or rabbits, Muridz or rats
and mice, Sciuride or squirrels, Hystricide or porcupines, Soricidz
or shrews, Talpidee or moles, Urisde or bears, Procyonide or rac-
coon, Mustelidz or weasels, minks and skunks, Canidw, represented
by the foxes, and Felide or cats, represented by the wild cat, ete.

This will undoubtedly be one of the most attractive and interest-
ing exhibits at St. Louis, and it is our desire to see it returned to
Harrisburg and become the nucieus of a State collection, showing
our complete natural resources and possessions. It will be a great
credit to our State, and I wish to express my very high appreciation
of the fact that it was made possible only through the intelligent
directions and assistance of yourself and our good Governor. Our
thanks are also due to Mr. D. K. McMillan, who, from the start,
took great interest in the work, and spared neither time nor effort
to make the undertaking a success. Mention should also be made
of the work of Mr. Boyd P. Rothrock, expert taxidermist, of Wil-
liamsport, Pa., who mounted many specimens and later came to our
office and spent six weeks in finishing this collection, and putting
it into the best shape for shipment and exhibition. His experience
as an expert taxidermist, and his great interest in seeing the col-
lection properly prepared to express our ideas of the economic

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 167

features of these animals, have made it possible for us to get
this collection into its present form. First-class work in taxidermy
has also been done by Mr. Geo. P. Friant, of Scranton, Pa., who
mounted many specimens for us. Hundreds of persons contributed
to the success of this undertaking by loaning or donating material,
or by collecting for us at our direction, and we should gladly give
them credit in this report, but we have not now space or time,
since this is to be done in another publication.

SUMMER COLLECTING AND INVESTIGATING.

Due to your appreciation of the needs of the office and your kind
assistance, | was able to employ an agricultural student of the State
College, at a very slight expense, during three months of the
summer to collect insects, and make investigations and notes in
the fields and orchards for the use of this Division. We now have
these specimens preserved in mass as collected, and are ready to
perform the detailed work of pinning and identifying them as soon
as we have time and the essential accessories. It is through the
fact that we have this collection upon which to draw, that it was
possible for us to undertake the St. Louis Exposition collection for
this Division. This small collection of insects gave us that material
which we needed to use in illustrating the food of the insectivorous
mammals, birds and reptiles. Otherwise this interesting feature
could not have been shown. The collector was Mr. W. R. Gorham,
of Coudersport, Pa., and he is to be commended for his zeal and
faithfulness in the performance of the work, and for the amount
of material and useful notes which have been thus placed at our
disposal. It appears proper that I should here make mention of
at least some of his investigations* of the Codlin Moth, which,
with the exception of the San José Scale, is the worst insect of our
pomaceous fruits. In time we shall publish upon other investiga-
tions, which were made at the same time, but the subject of the
Codlin moth being of prime importance is here introduced:

Experiments were undertaken with a view of determining whether
the larve of the Codlin Moth crawls up the trunk of the tree to the
scales of bark under which it spins its cocoon and becomes a
chrysalis, or whether it descends the trunk in order to reach this
place. To determine this a band of sticky fly paper was fastened
tightly around the trunk of the tree, and a gunny sack tied loosely
around the tree below the sticky band and another tied above it.
It was found that 70 per cent. of the larve descended the tree
to find a place to pupate, instead of falling with the apples and
crawling up, as is supposed to be the general method. This shows
that the method of destroying the fallen fruit in order to avoid
the subsequent broods of the Codling Moth can not be wholly

168 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

effective or satisfactory. It was found also in opening and exam-
ining recently fallen fruit that the majority of the larve of the
Codling Moth leave the apples before the fruit drops from the
tree, even though it should fall when quite green, as in the middle
of the summer. A study of the weight of the green fallen apples
which were infested, compared with the weight of those not in-
fested, but also fallen, showed that the latter weighed 12 per cent.
more than the former. Another very interesting point is the proof
that the abundance of the Codling Moth in the fallen fruit gradu-
ally increased from the first of July, when the work was under-
taken, until the twenty-fifth of that month, when it gradually de-
creased until the latter part of August, when no more dropped
fruit was found infected with this insect, although the apples
continued to drop from various causes. These facts emphasize the
value of other measures, such as spraying with arsenites, when the
blossoms drop, in order to destroy the Codling Moth, rather than
depending upon the destruction of fallen fruits or the banding of
trees.*

(6.) PUBLICATIONS:

(a) The Monthly Bulletin of the Division of Zoology—Among
the publications of this office there has been a monthly bulletin
of thirty-two pages devoted to the practical measures that should
be followed during each respective month of issue in order to
preserve crops against the effects of diseases, the depredations of
insects and higher animals, and also to preserve our fish, game and
insectivorous birds, beneficial raptorial birds and other beneficial
creatures.

The demand for this bulletin has been so great that our mailing
list is now over twenty-four thousand, or within less than one thou-
sand of the maximum limit, which the law permits printed. In
order to serve all of our citizens who are calling for this practical
publication, it will be necessary for the next session of the Legisla-
ture to provide for the publication of a larger issue. Its distribu-
tion has been confined to those who have requested it, and thus I
can assure you that it is not scattered broadcast over the State
to be lost, but is placed only in the hands of persons who desire to
read and use the information therein contained. .

The calls for these Bulletins have been from persons engaged in
every pursuit in life. They have not by any means been confined
to farmers and fruit growers, and a list of the professions or pur-
suits indicated by the letter-heads of our correspondents will em-
phasize this point. I have been pleased to send the Bulletins to
persons EO oan any qualifying ee whatever, not

*Sinece the above was written a Report upon these Studies of the Codling Moth has been sub-
mitted to Secretary Critchfield, and he has ordered it printed as a Pata Bulletin by the De-
partment of Agriculture. This will consequently be issued soon.—H. A. S.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 169

only in our own State, butalso from almost every State in the Union
and also from foreign countries.

(b.) Zhe Zoological Quarterly.—tThis is a bulletin devoted pri-
marily to the exploitation of the economic features of our native
Vertebrates. In it I have commenced a discussion of the value of
our native birds, and the methods of preserving those that are bene-
ficial, and avoiding loss by those that may at times be destructive.
This discussion will be continued according to the scientific sequence
of the orders and families of our native fauna until we have dis-
cussed in a systematic manner all of the birds. We hope to issue
similar publications upon the mammals, the reptiles and other
Vertebrates. This Quarterly Bulletin has been sent to all of those
persons who have received the monthly bulletins, and its circulation
has, consequently, been the same, or over 24,000 per quarter. We
have been fortunate in being able to issue these publications practi-
cally upon time. This is due to the aid of Mr. W. S. Ray, State
Printer, who has done his part toward serving our citizens promptly.

ic.) Brief Articles for Periodicals.—We have written many short
articles for publication upon the subjects pertaining to this office,
and the newspapers throughout the State have given a very great
amount of space to reviews of our bulletins and the publication of
extracts from the same. In fact I wish to pay a tribute to the
many intelligent editors of our State by saying that the work of
this office could never have reached its present proportions and
usefulness without the cordial co-operation and support which we
have received from them.

(7.) ADDRESSES OR LECTURES :

A great portion of the work of this office has been to deliver
public addresses upon topics pertaining to entomology, ornithol-
ogy and general zoolagy, as well as on spraying, plant diseases,
etc. Most of the meetings which we have attended have been
Farmers’ Institutes, in co-operation with Hon. A. L. Martin.
Deputy Secretary and Director of Institutes, but we have also
spoken at the meetings of farmers’ clubs, granges; alliances,
teachers’ meetings, meetings of the boards of school directors, scien-
tific clubs, schools and other educational and agricultural assem-
blies, as well as before the Pennsylvania State Horticultural Asso-
ciation, the State Board of Agriculture, the Annual Meeting of the
Farmers’ Institute Managers and Lecturers and Teachers’ Insti-
tutes. We have averaged about two lectures per week during the
entire year. This has been an efficient means of explaining the sub-
jects pertaining to our profession, and the citizens have uniformly
appeared gratified with the kind of services that have thus been
rendered them by the Division of Zoology of the Department of
Agriculture.

170 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Recently the preparation of bulletins, correspondence and other
duties within the office have been so great as to preclude the pos-
sibility of public addresses, and we are forced to deny ourselves
the pleasure and benefits of going into the various counties, and
meeting the citizens personally. I would call attention to that fact
that it is very important, if we are going to give the proper services
to the residents of the different portions of this State, that I be given
an opportunity to become personally acquainted with the condi-
tions surrounding them in the differentlocalities. There is nothing
that will give me this knowledge better than te go into the various
regions of the State, and see these conditions for myself. Before
one can tell how to combat the pests in any one locality, he must
understand every particular feature of his subject, as well as the
methods of farming, kinds of crops, rotation of crops, methods and
time of planting and cultivating, etc., as is practiced in the various
portions of our Commonwealth. A competent office assistant
would help me greatly in this regard by making it possible for me
to get away from the routine duties of the desk.

(8.) ACKNOWLEDGMENTS:

(a.) For Material or Apparatus Donated:

(1.) To many citizens of Pennsylvania we acknowledge our in-
debtedness for the specimens contributed—either donated or loaned
—for the St. Louis Exposition Collection.

2.) The Deming Manufacturing Company, Salem, Ohio, one spray
pump.

(3.) The Ripley Hardware Company, Grafton, Ill., one feed-cooker
for boiling the lime-sulphur-salt wash.

(4.) Mr. L. H. Kline, manufacturer, Pennsburg, Pa., one Eagle
Spray pump, complete.

(5.) The Goulds Manufacturing Company, Seneca Falls, N. Y., one
barrel sprayer, complete.

(6.) The Animal Trap Company, Abbingdon, Ill., several stop-
thief traps, and other traps for collecting purposes.

(b.) For Publications:

(1.) Books and Bulletins.—We have received bulletins or books
from the following sources: U. 8S. Department of Agriculture—
Division of Entomology, Division of Biological Survey, Bureau of
Forestry, Bureau of Animal Industry, The Weather Bureau, Bureau
of Plant Industry, Bureau of Chemistry and Office of Experiment
Stations; bulletins from all of the experiment stations of the
United States and from Canada and England. Reports from the
various State Boards of Agriculture, bulletins and reports from the
New York State Museum, the Il/inois State Museum of Natural
History, the different State Nursery Inspectors, the British Museum
(Natural History), ete.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 171

(2.) Periodicals: The Western Fruit Grower, St. Joseph, Mo.;
The American Boy, Detroit, Mich.; The American Sportsman, New
York City; The Farmers’ Friend and Grange Trade Bulletin, Me-
chanicsburg, Pa.; The National Stockman and Farmer, Pittsburg,
Pa.; The American Agriculturist, New York City; The Rural New
Yorker, New York City; The Entomological News, Philadelphia,
?a.; The National Sportsman, Boston, Mass.; Public Health, Phila-
delphia, Pa.; The Ohio Naturalist, Columbus, Ohio; The Pennsyl-
mania Chautauquan, Lebanon, Pa.; The Centre Reporter, Centre
Hall, Pa.; The State College Times, State College, Pa.; The Key-
stone Weekly Gazette, Bellefonte, Pa., and The Clinton County
Times, Lock Haven, Pa.; the Bryn Mawr Record, Lancaster, Era,
Be:

(9.) NEEDS OF THE DIVISION:

The great needs of the Division have been indicated in the fore-
going report, and can be summarized in one phrase: Reorganiza-
tion of this office upon a broader basis for more extended services.
This means office and field assistants, stenographers, curators, room
and equipment. We believe that the citizens of Pennsylvania are
anxious to see such a reorganization made, and we, therefore, urge
the consideration of this subject. It is undoubtedly true that
under the present conditions we can not maintain this double pace
of excessive duties both indoors and outside.

(10.) RECOMMENDATIONS :

We have, throughout the foregoing report, shown our reasons
for making the following recommendations: (a.) Those that are
immediately necessary: The first recommendation for extending
the usefulness of this office, and reaching our citizens by corres:
pondence and otherwise, is the appointment of a regular and
permanent stenographer, and the second is the appointment of a
scientific assistant, an office boy or some other kind of help for
either the office or outdoor work. With these met, as urgent
and immediate needs, we shall be able to successfully continue the
work until the next session of the Legislature can make further
provisions.

(b.) Recommendations for more effective services, which should
be considered by the next session of the Legislature:

(1.) Library facilities and card indexes to our references.

(2.) A complete collection of specimens, not only of insects, but
of all other invertebrates and also higher animals, including rep-
tiles, birds and mammals.

(3.) Field assistants for making proper investigations and experi-
ments.

172 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

(4.) Provisions for orchard inspection and the suppression of the
San José Scale and other pests.

(5.) Room for the proper prosecution of this important work.

(6.) A contingent fund in order that we may be able to meet
various conditions as they arise.

(7.) An Insectary or room similar to a green-house for rearing and
studying living insects and their enemies.

We have asked only for that which is needed in order to put this
work upon a proper footing and to give our citizens the services
that are greatly needed, and we earnestly hope that there will in
time be a means of supplying these desiderata.

Cl.) A REVIEW OF ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY IN PENNSYLVANIA FOR
THE YEAR:

It is fitting that we should report upon the chief features of
Economic Zoology to which our attention has been called during
the past year. This shows the line of investigation and publication
that is needed in this State, and also gives a historical record for the
future reference of workers on these subjects.

C1.) MOLLUSCA:

Some complaints have reached us of the destruction by slugs
or shelless snails, especially in beds of young plants, such as to-
bacco, and in some hot-beds and green houses. These reports
have come mostly from the southeastern portion of the State, and
from regions where the soil and atmosphere were damp. Upon
garden crops we have found the slugs very abundant and destruc-
tive, especially upon peas and cabbage, as well as on other plants
growing close together in such a way as to form shade and keep the
ground damp. These pests feed during the night or upon damp
days, when the air is moist, and conceal themselves under rubbish
or in the soil or under boards during the day time, or when the air
is dry. If it become very dry, they go into soil for estivation.
When they are to be found, they may be killed by dusting them
with freshly-powdered lime. One should hunt them in tobacco beds
and other beds of plants, remove them, and then surround the
beds or plants to be protected by a row of ashes, or of air-slaked
lime. As long as this is kept dry the slugs will not cross it.

(2.) ARACHNIDA, OR SPIDERS AND MITES:

There has been much complaint of red spiders or red mites, espe-
cially upon plants in houses or in green houses. Also, the peach-
leaf mite upon peaches in nurseries has caused hundreds of dollars’
worth of loss. Sulphur is the chief material to use against these
either as a dry dust (using the flowers of sulphur), or in water asa

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 173

spray, or fumigate with it. Upon young peach trees nothing will
be found better than the lime-sulphur-salt wash as made and applied
for the San José Seale.

(3.) INSECTS. (a.) Upon Wheat:

The chief pest of the wheat crop has been the Hessian Fly,
although this was not bad during 1903. The false army worm, or
wheat-headed worm, was present in some places, but birds and para-
sites aided in holding it in check. To avoid the Hessian Fly one
- should not plant before the last week of September.

(b.) Upon Corn.—In fields that were planted with corn upon sod
ground the cut-worms and grub worms were very bad. These can
be destroyed by poisoning them with sweetened bran and paris
ereen or arsenic, or sliced potatoes and paris green, or with bunches
of damp clover poisoned with arsenites. This is to be put on the
ground along the rows just before or after planting, and applied
in the evening. The better plan is to plow the ground in the fall,
and cultivate it well and deeply in order to kill the larve.

The corn-ear worm, or boll worm, has done some damage, es-
pecially in the southern and southeastern portions of the State,
and is particularly bad upon sweet corn. This is the best combatted
by planting an early variety of sweet corn, and then gathering the
ears of corn while in the soft condition, and destroying the larve
which hatch from the eggs laid by the moths which they thus entice.

(c.) On Clover——A minute hymenopterous or wasp-like insect,
known as the Clover-seed Midge, has been very destructive in the
heads of clover, preventing the perfection of the flowers and seed.
This destroys the clover seed to such an extent that many fields
can not be made to produce enough seed to pay for the cutting for
seed purposes. The best method is to mow the first crop of clover
early, or as soon as the blossoms commence to appear. This will
destroy the first brood of the pest, and will insure seed from the
second crop.

(d.) On Potatoes.—The Colorado potato bug, or beetle, has not
been so abundant as usual in most portions of this State, yet in
some of the eastern counties it has been unusually destructive.
In the latter region an article was circulated in the press stating
that ammonia or hartshorn, in water, would kill this insect. We
tried this, and found it to be entirely ineffective. The best remedy
is paris green or other arsenites.

The Blister beetles, or “old-fashioned” potato beetles or bugs,
both the black and brown, have been very destructive in some
places. They are not readily killed by arsenites, but may be effec-
tively driven out by whipping with bundles of switches and burning

174 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

with a small row of straw strewn between the potato rows, and
setting on fire after the Blister beetles have been driven into it.

(e.) Cucurbitaceous, or Vining Vegetables.—In vines of squash
and pumpkin the squash borer has been very destructive, and it re-
quires a combination of methods to combat this, such as are given
in our Special Bulletin, No. 91, upon the insects destructive to these
plants. The Stinking Squash bug was not destructive in our State
last year, although three years ago it was so abundant in most
of the Eastern States that even the regular pickle growers could
not produce pickles for their canneries. Its absence is due to para-
sites which destroy it. The Striped Cucumber Beetles or Bugs
were very injurious in the early spring, as usual, and the best truck
growers kept them out by using air-slaked lime and turpentine
dusted over and around the hills of plants. Some secured absolute
immunity by covering their plants with mosquito netting in addi-
tion to the lime and turpentine. The larva of this beetle feeds upon
the roots of the plants which the adult infests, and these are to
be prevented by the use of powdered tobacco in the hill.

(f.) Asparagus.—The Asparagus beetle is become more destruc-
tive every year, and its range is extending. It is not yet found in all
of the counties of our State, and asparagus growers should meet
it with prompt measures. Air-slaked lime should be dusted upon
the worms or Jarvee where they occur, and a few plants may be
left at one side to treat with a spray of some arsenite. The adults
can be driven from one portion of the patch or field to another by
sowing over them air-slaked lime to which a little turpentine has
been added.

(g.) On Cabbage.—The Green Cabbage worm, or larva of the
Cabbage butterfly, has not been more destructive than usual, be-
cause gardeners are learning to combat it by using paris green
before the heads are half-grown, and by wood-ashes, pyrethrum or
hellebore, later. %

(h.) On Celery.—The Celery Caterpillar, which is the larva of a
large black and yellow butterfly, has been found doing some dam-
age, and reported to us. This is so large and conspicuous that it
can readily be found and removed by hand.

(i.) Upon Pomaceous Fruits: Apple, Pear and Quince.—The chief
pest of the year was the San José Scale, which has also infested
other fruit trees. This is treated in detail in the various issues
of our monthly bulletin. The pest has increased to such an ex-
tent that it is now found in almost every county in the State, and
is killing many thousands of trees. It is important that the Legis-
lature provide us with funds for combatting this worst pest of the
fruit interests of our country.

The Codling Moth was not destructive in those orchards that
were properly treated, but it was conspicuous in those orchards

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 175

not sprayed. An insect that is so easily combatted as this should
not be permitted to become so abundant as it was in our State last
year. A spray with paris green—one pound in one hundred and
fifty gallons of water, just after the petals fall, and again in ten
days—will be sufficient to insure against the Codling Moth.

Upon these and other fruit trees the Oyster-shell scale and the
Scurfy scale have been reported to us by hundreds of persons. The
remedies for these are similar to those which we have published
for the San José Scale. .

(j.) Dupraceous Fruits: Peach, Plum and Cherry.—The San José
Scale has also been the chief enemy of these fruits, but in addition
to this the plum curculio has been very abundant and destructive.
The chief remedy still to be advocated for this is the old method
of jarring the tree, and catching the beetles in a cloth or a curculio
trap arranged for the purpose. Some practical growers have
claimed excellent results by using Paris green and Bordeaux mix-
ture, applied as a spray. The Peach-tree borer has been very de-
structive, causing serious loss in our State, but we discovered one
grower using a simple and effective remedy. This is one pound of
concentrated lye in twenty gallons of hot water, and one quart ap-
plied while hot to the base of each tree after the mass of gum and
rubbish had been cleared away.

(k.) On Grapes.—As far as our investigations and the reports to
us show, the insects on grapes have been unusually few during the
past year. We went to Erie county several times for the express
purpose of investigating the insects injurious to grapes, but at no
time could we find them in sufficient abundance to justify extended
experimentation. One person sent us word that there were im-
mense numbers of eggs of the Grape Leaf-hopper upon his vines,
and by examination we found them to be globules of natural ma-
terial or exuded sap upon the growing parts.

(l.) In Granaries.—The Weevils (two species), the Angoumois
grain moth and the Mediterranean flour moth have been reported to
us in stored grain and in warehouses. We have advocated fumiga-
tion with hydrocanic acid gas or sulphur. The Flour worm was
reported from some of the warehouses of the large railroads, and
we advised the cleaning up of all flour and meal left in corners and
in cracks of floors, and the filling of cracks with some material
that would prevent the flour from settling there, and becoming
the food for these worms or beetle larvee. This prevents their mul-
tiplication, and appears to have been a successful method.

(m.) In the Household.—A few reports of cockroaches have
reached us, and we have advocated rat poison or the use of powdered
borax, or powdered sugar and a very little Paris green or white ar-
senic. A mixture of powdered sugar and plaster of paris in equal

176 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

proportions is also said to be effective. For carpet moths, which
have been injurious, the carpet should be removed and well beaten in
the open air, then sprayed with water containing corrosive subli-
mate, dissolved in alcohol or warm water, around the edges and
where furniture will rest permanently upon it. Clothes moths have
been destructive, and should be prevented by putting clothes into
tight boxes, sealed with strips of paper, before these pests lay their
eggs. Tightly-closed paper sacks will also keep them out. When
infested, the clothing may be fumigated or well aired and shaken
in the sunshine and open air, and brushed.

There have been a few reports of fleas, such pests have been
trapped by sticky fiy paper beneath beds and tables and eradicated
by thorough cleaning up of the sleeping places of cats and dogs,
and by using insect power liberally in the infested rooms. Bed
bugs are likely to occur from various causes, and may be killed by
applications of benzine or gasoline, and kept out by a liberal use
of corrosive sublimate dissolved in alcohol, and put into the cracks
of beds or other places that they are most likely to inhabit.

On plants in the house, insects may be found and should be re-
moved by hand picking, or killed by fumigation or by spraying with
strong soap suds, tobacco decoction or other remedies in accord-
ance with the species of the pest.

(n.) On Out-door Ornamental Plants.—The Rose slug has been
very injurious, and can be destroyed by dusting with air-slaked lime,
as for the Pear slug. The Rose scale is often sent to us, and the
remedies for this are the same as for the Scurfy and Oyster Shell
scales. Osage orange, Japan quince and certain other plants are
infested with the San José Scaic, and much injury by this pest has
been reported to us on shrubbery and hedges, especially along the
railroads.

(o.) Miscellaneous Insects.—Much complaint has been made of in-
sects which are general in their attacks, such as June bugs, both
adult and larval, and also, the Wire worms. It is difficult to apply
effective remedies for the former, but the latter may be met by
thorough drainage, good and frequent cultivation and the rotation
of crops. :

(4.) BIRDS:

The bird concerning which the chief complaints have reached
us is the English sparrow. We have advocated poisoning with
sugar-coated grain and shooting. One peculiar observation which
is worthy of record is the American crossbill (Lowa curvi-
rostra minor) cutting apples to pieces in the fall in order to obtain
and eat the seeds. Our chief records of birds have been commenda-
tory, rather than condemning. While there has been some com-

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 177

plaint of robins, catbirds and others destroying fruit, this has been
caused by the failure of the fruit growers to provide natural food
for these birds. Loss from_this source can be avoided, if this
be done, and the birds can thus be retained. The way to meet this
loss is by planting, along the roadside or fences, a few of such
trees as service or shad-berry, mulberry, elder, wild cherry, sweet
cherry, hawthorn, etc. We have published in our Quarterly and
Monthly Bulletins upon this subject. There has been considerable
slaughter of the raptorial birds, or hawks and owls, with the re-
sult that injurious rodents are increasing, and the consequent loss
to farmers and orchardists is becoming greater. The next State
Legislature should make provisions for the stringent protection of
sparrow hawks and all owls excepting the great horned owl.

The winter has been one of most extreme severity upon quail,
and these beneficial game birds have been exterminated throughout
entire counties in our State by the prolonged snow and severe
weather. It is possible to preserve them by taking proper pre-
cautions, and this is better than to attempt to import them in
numbers from other States. The methods of saving them have been
published in the Builetins of this Division.

(5.) MAMMALS;

During the year there has been unusual complaint of destruc-
tion to farm crops and fruit trees by rodents. In some parts
of the State, especially in the Susquehanna valley, rabbits have
been particularly destructive to cabbage, while during the winter
they have gnawed the bark from many fruit trees, and have thus
wrought much damage.

The Meadow Vole, or Pennsylvania meadow mouse (Mcrotus
pennsylvanicus), has destroyed thousands of fruit trees in this State
by completely girdling them beneath the snow, and other species of
mice have also had a part in this destruction. Trees that were
banded with tar, thinned with linseed oil, were not attacked until
the middle of January and then the pangs of hunger became so
great that these were also injured. We know of one orchard where
all the trees were killed late in the winter, although the above
treatment had been given. These injurious animals should be
poisoned by arsenic, paris green or strychnine. If the snow be
kept packed around the trees, the mice will not come out on top of
it to eat. The preservation of the hawks and owls is the only
means of effectually suppressing such pests.

While there has been some destruction to the young and eggs
of game birds by the skunk, it has undoubtedly done much more
good than harm in the agricultural regions by destroying injurious
insects. In the game preservations the skunks, wild cats, minks

12—6—1903

178 ANNUAL-REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

and foxes have been unusually abundant and destructive, and as a
result game birds and game mammals have been reduced in num-
bers. The foxes and wild cats are also valuable in agricultural
regions in destroying mice. We can learn of but few raids upon
poultry by predaceous birds or mammals, and we are convinced
that the result of the extermination of such birds and mammals
has been detrimental to the interests of the husbandman.

(12.) REPORT OF SPECIAL ZOOLOGICAL FEATURES DURING 1903.

It is important that an annual record should be made of the
striking zoological features within our State for each year. This
will, in the course of time, proye of value, not only to the students
of zoology, but also to the husbandmen. In accordance with this
idea we here offer the following brief report upon the zoology
of our State during the year of 1204 and the winter of 1903-4,
which may not be of an economic nature, but of such scientific im-
portance as to be worthy of record in our Annual Report.

Insects. The Praying mantis (Mantis religiosa), which is a very
beneficial predaceous insect in Europe, has been accidentally intro-
duced into certain portions of America, especially in the vicinity of
Rochester, N. Y., and during the year we received reports of the
occurrence of this ‘desirabie insect in two of the counties of our
State. These were Luzerne and Northampton. It is to be hoped
that this insect will continue to thrive and multiply in Pennsyl-
Vania, as it is especially desirable as a destroyer of obnoxious
species of insects. The Japanese Mantis (Zenodera sinensis) has
also become established near Philadelphia, and will prove valuable
as a predaceous insect.

The Wheat Saw-ily borer (Cephus pygmeus) has been found de-
structive to the wheat in Elk county, although 1 have not yet been
able to learn definitely of its occurrence in other portions of the
State. It is with regret that we have heard of the appearance of
this pest within our borders.

Birds. During the summer the turkey buzzards or turkey vul-
tures ( Cathartes aura) were unusual in their northern flight. These
have been seen as far north as Williamsport, and a few at State
College, Centre county, Pa. Although this beneficial scavenger
is sO common as to occasionally nest in the southern portion of
our State, its occurrence in the northern part is very rare.

During the fall a cardinal, or red bird ( Cardinalis cardinalis) was
seen by us in Centre county, which is, as far as we can learn at
present, the only record of this beneficial bird at that latitude and
altitude.

The American crossbill (Lovia curvirostra minor) was abundant

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 179

in the northern portion of our State, and we received a report from
Tioga county of this bird cutting apples to pieces in order to
obtain and eat their seeds. A specimen sent to us at our request
made it possible to be accurate in the determination of the species.
I have evidences that this crossbill nests in the central part of
Pennsylvania, in the fact that during the middle of the summer of
1902 a pair of old birds accompanied by four of their young were
seen for two days upon the State College campus, in Centre county,
feeding upon the combs or mites of the cock’s-comb elm gall.

During the winter, which was unsusually long and severe, there

yas a decided immigration of northern birds into our State. Es-
pecially remarkable among these were the pine grosbeak ( Pinicola
enucleator), tie crossbills (both species of the genus Lowa), the
snow flake (/Vectrophenax nivalis), and the pine siskin or pine finch
(Spinus pinus. )

The severity of the winter resulted in killing most of the quail
(Colinus virginianus) of our State, many of the wild turkeys and
some of the ruffed grouse. This spring many persons will attempt
to procure and introduce quaiis from other States. We know a few
individuals who feed and shelter the quails on their premises, ac-
cording to the directions given in the Monthly Bulletin, and thus
save these birds, which are of such great value to farmers and
interest to sportsmen.

During the early portion of this spring (1904) there has been an
unusual flight of the aquatic birds. In the vicinity of Harrisburg
gunners have shot several species of wild ducks, holebeell’s, grebe,
several specimens of the whistling swan (Olor columbianus) and
one specimen of the trumpeter swan (Olor buccinator). We have
been fortunate in scuring specimens of these very rare birds in this
State, and hope to receive funds for having them permanently pre-
served in a State Museum. There was also an unusual flight of
gulls along the Susquehanna river after the breaking up of the
ice, and this was doubtless due to the masses of ice filling the bays
and covering their feeding grounds near the mouth of the river.

Notwithstanding the severity of the winter, we have recorded
two reports worthy of note, the robin having remained in Monroe
county, and the bluebird in the southern portion of the State.

Mammals: One occurrence worthy of record is a panther (Felix
concolor) in the vicinity of Altoona, Pa., November, 1903; another
is the fisher, or pekan (J/ustela pennantz) trapped in Monroe county,
and sent to this office, where the skin is preserved. This animal
is now almost entirely extinct in our State, and this specimen shows
its occurrence in a different region from that indicated in Warren’s
“Poultry Book,’ in 1897, in which he says “At the present time
about the only counties where these animals are to be found are
Clearfield, Potter and Sullivan.”

180 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

One of the rareties of the year is a specimen of the Alleghenian
least weasel (Putorvus allegheniensis) sent to us for the collection
of Pennsylvania mammals for the St. Louis Exposition by a friend
of West Springfield, Erie county, Pa. Another unusual occurrence
is the common weasel (Putorius noveboracensis) killed and sent to
us in February, which had not changed in color from the brown of
summer to white of winter, as is common with this species. This
is also preserved in our collection.

It should be recorded that a Canadian beaver dam, with live
Canadian beavers (Castor canadensis) is at present to be found
in its natural condition and in a site selected by these valuable
rodents, which are supopsed to be extinct in our State, near Strouds-
burg, Monroe county, Pa. These are upon land owned by Judge Et-
tinger, of Stroudsburg, who has fortunately succeeded in having a
special law passed by our Legislature for the purpose of protecting
this colony. .

There has been unusual destruction in the forest preservations,
particularly to game birds and game mammals, by foxes, weasels,
minks and wild cats. Sunks have also been reported as devouring
the eggs and young of ground-nesting species of birds, although
upon cultivated ground they are valuable insect-eaters.

The destruction to forest trees by porcupines has been unusual,
and there is evidence that in certain portions of our State from
Wyoming to Warren counties, the Canadian porcupine (H7rethizon
dorsatus) is increasing. It is interesting to know that we have
actual evidence that their natural enemies are the wild cats and
foxes. In preparing specimens of the two species last named, the
Spines of porcupines were found embedded in the skin and flesh of
their heads. The porcupine has been unusually destructive to
forest trees, and there has also been an unusual abundance of red
foxes (Vulpes pennsylvanicus) gray foxes ( Urocyon cinereoargen-
teus) and wild cats (Lynx rufus) in our State during the past
year. We also received from Wayne county a specimen of “Cross
Fox,” which is preserved in our St. Louis Exhibition Collection.

Ne. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 181

REPORT ON NURSERY INSPECTION

During the year the work of the inspection of nurseries of this
State has passed through this office, as in previous years. The
inspection has been made by the State Nursery Inspector, Mr. Enos
B. Engle, assisted during the month of August by Prof. W. A. Buck-
hout and Prof. Geo. C. Butz, both of the Pennsylvania State Col-
lege. For this inspection the State was divided into three sections,
Prof. Butz taking the eastern section, Prof. Buckhout the central
and southern section and Mr. Engle the western and northern sec-
tion. The total number of nurseries inspected was 167.

The law requires that when the San José Scale is found in a
nursery the trees containing that pest must be destroyed, and all
other nursery stock upon those premises must be fumigated, ac-
cording to methods approved by this Department, before the stock
can be sold. Ali nursery stock grown in the State of Pennsylvania
must bear our certificate of inspection, which becomes a license
permitting the growers to sell their trees. This certificate is neces-
sary in order to have the trees carried by the transportation com-
panies in our own State, and it is also necessary in order that they
may be shipped into other states. Some states further require
not only the certificate of inspection, but a certificate showing
that the stock has been fumigated, whether the scale had been
originally found upon it or not. When nursery stock is not found
infested a certificate is granted directly without further require-
ments, but if it be found infested, then the owners are required not
only to destroy all visibly infested stock, but also to construct
a fumigating house, that must be inspected and approved by the
State Nursery Inspector. They must further make affidavit before
selling that they will fumigate all the stock, which is subject to in-
festation by the San José Scale, and which is grown upon their
premises. This fumigation must be done with hydrocyanic acid gas,
and the formula that we require is as follows: For every 100 cubic
feet of space use one ounce of cyanide of potassium (98 per cent.
pure, by weight), two ounces of sulphuric acid (1.83 specific gravity,
by measure), and 4 ounces of water. The plants must be subjected
to these fumes for not less than forty minutes in an air-tight room
or box.

Fumigation can be made successful, and it is safe to plant in-
fested trees that have been fumigated, if the work be properly done,

182 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

but it is not always successful owing to the various conditions,
which were discussed in the Monthly Bulletins of this Division for
January, 1904, in the appended article, entitled “Nursery Inspection
in Pennsylvania.”

During the year 167 nurseries were inspected of which 56 were
found infested. Sixteen nurseries were inspected twice in order
to see that the suggestions were carried out, as recommended by
the inspector; while it was found necessary to inspect 5 three times,
in order to secure satisfactory evidence of proper treatment. Seven
nurseries have not yet acted upon the recommendations of this
Department, although they were found infested, and we are not
assured that they are not going to sell stock, and 2 nurseries upon
whose premises stock was found to be infested preferred to go out
of business, and leave their trees unsold, rather than go to the
expense of constructing fumigating houses, and giving their trees
proper treatment. P

Nursery stock is inspected not only for the San José Scale, but
also for wooly aphis, crown borer and root aphis of strawberries,
crown gall, black knot, peach vellows, leaf blight of strawberries,
cane blight of blackberries and raspberries, anthracnose, etc.

As a rule the nurserymen of this State have been gratified with
the work of the Department in this direction, because they realize
that clean stock must beget increased sales. Our inspectors have,
with few exceptions, met with every courtesy that the nurserymen
could give them. However, a few nurserymen have adopted the
short-sighted policy of opposing the work of nursery inspection, not
realizing that at the same time they are opposing their own inter-
ests. It should be said, however, that these instances are becoming
more rare etch year, and it is earnestly to be hoped that the slovenly
nurseryman, with the shiftless farmer, soon will have become a
thing of the past in our State. The conscientious nurserymen of
our State have complained of the injustice done to them in requiring
them to destroy their infested stock, and fumigate their salable
stock each year, while the San José Scale is permitted to multiply
unchecked upon the private premises of adjoining neighbors. Often
a seriously infested hedge or orchard is seen growing upon the
private grounds of some owner close beside a nursery. It needs but
the flight of a bird or a strong wind to carry the pest from these
infested plants on the private premises to the nursery stock. It
appears that their complaint is justly founded, and that our State
is justified in taking steps to ameliorate this condition.

Copies of blanks and circulars are used in connection with the
nursery inspection in this State will be sent free upon application
to this office or to the Department of Agriculture.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 183

NURSERY INSPECTION IN PENNSYLVANIA.

The law of this State requires that all nurseries from which trees
or shrubs are to be sold shall be inspected annually, by an expert, in
order to protect obnoxious insects and diseases, if present, and to
prevent their spread throughout the State and to other states and
countries by the shipment of the young trees upon which they might
otherwise be disseminated. When trees are found infected with
such diseases as Crown Gall and Peach Yellows they must be de-
stroyed, and when infested with such a serious pest as the San José
Scale they must be either destroyed or fumigated with hydrocyanic
acid gas before any shipment will be permitted from the nursery in
which the infested trees were found. This fumigation must be done
in a fumigating house that has been inspected and approved by the
authorized representative of this Department, and the law further
prescribes the exact amount of the potassium cyanide (1 ounce per
100 cubic feet of space) that must be used in generating the gas, as
well as the length of time (at least forty minutes) that the infested
trees must be subjected to the poisonous fumes in order to destroy
the pests.

Other states have similar laws and methods, and no trees of spe-
cies likely to be infested with San José Scale can be shipped into this
State from another without the certificate of inspection from the
latter; neither can any trees grown in this State be shipped to an-
other without our certificate of inspection. This is a fairly effective
means of checking the dissemination of the most destructive pest
that has ever attacked the horticultural interests of America, yet it
is not wholly satisfactory in its practical results. Theoretically,
fumigation is the very best and perhaps the only certain method of
treating the San José Scale, but in practice the destruction is not
always effected on account of some of the following conditions or
their combinations: (1) A leaky or improperly constructed fumigat-
ing house. (2) The use of a cheap grade of cyanide of potassium,
which may contain so little of the poison as to fail to generate gas
strong enough to complete the desired work of destruction within
the allotted time of exposure. (3) Fumigation for too short time or
in gas too weak. (4) Fumigating the trees while they are wet, as
the gas does not act as effectively on the scale when a film of water
covers the bark as it does when the tree is dry. (5) Over-packing
the fumigating house, to the extent that the gas does not permeate
all the spaces and reach all infested twigs. For these reasons any
purchaser of trees is justified in rejecting any bunch of trees which
he may receive and upon which he may find the San José Scale, even
though they may have been fumigated. To do this he should have

184 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

such a proviso in his purchasing contract. He can not tell whether
the scale be dead or alive until the trees start to grow and the pests
have time te shrivel or develop.

It is not the purpose of this office to persecute the nurserymen,
but rather to aid them. There are not one-half as many fruit trees
planted annually in this State as there should be, and throughout
the southeastern portion of this State, where the San José Scale is
rampant, there will not be one-tenth as many trees bought and
planted this year as there would have been had the scale proven
less destructive during recent years. When it is possible to assure
prospective purchasers that the pest will not be carried to their
premises on infested stock, and that it can be held in check by
simple and effective means in growing orchards, then the sales of
fruit trees will increase, and this very important industry will
commence to assume something near the important rank it should
in this great Commonwealth.

Since the first of August last 167 nurseries have been inspected in
this State by the State Nursery Inspector, Enos B. Engle, assisted
by Professors Wm. A. Buckhout and Geo. C. Butz, of the Pennsylva-
nia State College. Many of them were visited twice and some
thrice.. All this important work has gone through this office, and a
record of every detail is kept here.

The following is a list of the nurserymen of Pennsylvania whose
trees have been inspected and who have complied with the require-
ments of the law, holding certificates entitling them to sell and ship
stock:

Adams County.

Name. Place. Acres.
Wis JD) IsBHAp ENO KoaoncoGdodKcanKnncoouG eM yciivoheshalll (seam aio. gio avian Gobi 2 4
WATT AN SEAR INCI on. fei cin sreysi bio e Pevorersievalctevonevs ATENOUS Valles, cic cmieuemecten eee ye
PACED) PON AVILOT 5 Acs co axeierater a ates esiglsatersveovevers ATONGUSVALLES to icier icles: eee 4
EVV COOKS ay aictaie.s fore oo ciate oiecs.o thes raja se USP CESe ly aeicvain. ont he Che eee 2
EERE PHI UG CT eos, are siete ouea ler tetas a eletoreiere ASPCTSs. hl dathos coke Gees 2
13k, 1d, DOIG ENN, AoooqgquapopgoDodadooO INGE, oSouodubondabodonucducct 1
VV SES Hee A CLELINI SS cer eteire ioreices « colelic lene wile is ialestas(eyeie ve? eve Bendersville. (02-052. 6
FORM. POLOULTCIN: Vie jeseic-0-4 satel oe vetetela ts lei avetalens vole Bendersville.®.-- so eee 34
DONN PE PPlLOMAM Teas ei crise aie. « cove lveielgieys Bendersville. 240. seo eee y%
R. E. Garrettson, ........ Bee AS See tee ~Bendersville® ...c.. 9c. esaeaeee %
COMP EPRELLOUSCS 2 vrscciccia eters + eis¥etele aie eteieke eter eten Bendersvilles! ox ceaes aac cence 7
Eee GUL OA Brcrsrerstavers ote.s «otieie iss ausleretesiatete Bendersville* ce. scene eee 1%
VU AIT ay IVEVOTSS Sr ratees sci ctovenere ovsteroleieitresctis micrerert Bendersvilletecnc.ceee een eee il
ele aM OUCH! Mire crate uid oie ethacatiere ste eneteie are Bendersville; 2 fi... eee 3
FPO SHE ORUCL, fe) 0 che cere Sots icon roletctere ee ee nias Bendersville vis. eor en eee 3
Mrs. Angelina Sheeley, ..............+. Bendersvilles 22st nese see 2
PROM INVTLE ULL Vic cu o1a0.s\: » wie sidtcieaseteteeretaleceters Bendersvilley iin siehecpesttooect ee 6

—

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 185

Adams County—Continued.

Name. Place. Acres.

WE TOTOMEST OS.) 2 vteyers cveicie esis ie a 0 evevsiep eis are.e IBENGErSVALTOsS icle.e sisys vere ore: <arse.0'e 4
Ei CAPNECUSOM.. ae cictsis'e ol cles fevelerelelereisie'e-e.s BiZTOr Ville. Satta cketsraveveteisiens opens ete 2
SHARIES MV TISON . c/ors cic cs, eis. e.0ccie se lexereellele BTELOMV TESS iaihrosleeve ob es teicrne Cees ts

TRUER TRC AUTM a?) ycisie cas oe weve) olere's sie Wale oneve ce CaAshtowiny oy sretererek telchece clete sieves 4
OMPACMENAT ETAT, ceeiatcveic s,0/err 0 pie-e/sis orelexsvewe ACASIICO WIS Dee Tac snctotoct a are keene

SIPIRTAS COVICIE si hoyle ore, siciel 6 shaletelauere acreveiareievs CashtOwy yd sissies eros oreo. nates 4
SUPMPVIMMBET EUROS 395%. ciclo itic.creis.ofosnd onus sis.s eeree s'ece WAIN Cl Wes Sete suet etus aisceticve tere lores 4
ACR ICOM ZS COPE. Konia sock oe ws ee re were HIOrAd ales Mec alata cree cle 20
PEP VVIDLSOM!. 525 ote Save cienasiciereitvar eure sie eis ec Hllonadalew va aciacetts cao e cmleveretet 1
GORE CMH AO WWIGLE INES cae oxave cise e's. ace give 60 fore Hilorad ale; We ters oisve soles: ssercieval here's 1
uo Che @aGuIM ean © cs cie ccc exe) cclere cic Getty S DUT hee oricrecie oretsroreracierae 1
ING VIE SET ORTGT S20 .ie oo ave cseysiev ese ersieie 0 eiesle ste GeLbVSDUDE. Weasrarerhecs cis) cre cuore ehlore
IOMPACOC Ue His, SLOMEL, 2%. cs esis cs «eclestaevs GettySburgis tar Biren stele cen 13
(WOGMOMUS ME EWICEST: o/s ove 0. 6 cies 0 «010 0 evelere cum awl Ce age ations. ctiehev a avo cte nate oe eer

FAMVIR OOW CLS: eine cs Siiccls eveie wlelevee cere muave TEAGIIMOTC, uve silos oy ecerevevew oie eeeeye 1%
(WHATS S TIA WIS OM. ores e ease, oa wierd ole aceveres eves MitgIMIMVAS DUNS es ereceeste ote cccenetere ete 4
ian Gremio WVICAVER 6 ol ies cece ache ww ereeiee ING WaOxtondia sce seme ecco incre 1
VV yeas Ce OWVIC.. Toray oi, <voin.c-s were ors (0 ape. eceeus ele 0 ore MOTE S DiS eee creer 13
PIC UDIN RECURS LZ ueroi ct < /elie el aleiie,’s. Srsvlols) ois Sasave sola eue.e WOd eS NONNES Soh ooboosnoddnoae 2

Allegheny County.

ese UndOGH! & (COs, feces. cn. ecw ce oe PTtUSD UES yeneicnseerete cer creretie oiekotens 10
PN ValiciMSOM HNNITOtt. Sf. 3004). oc ae we ates er SPTIMES GAS! Raa cee «ane onset neuer 30
CGrmmm EIN Oltsmronevege) ss yore <6) s, suelienere e:avevelerm steve INVIES EVAL ClWore steers ejerstetel ros oveie ae tetas i

Beaver County.

VIG MTG O'S oa tea creele-cuc: eras 6 00 siereeie @ 8 (6 IBCAVETY Tre eiirao ces orckerercts) scission 32
PRIME SOME n crete: cia a succes cle xiye cost -onchat ove elisiese Beaver Pails) 6 sacs screrevees cee 6
Nee COO WAN oc cic ciencs cio cleeeciom ewes s PM CUSUtRIES S ca.rerre-svsie aie creevere che sarete 10

Bedford County.

ANTS. VARIES 0 Rs leet ie eee eee ATU Ban Kt sevaicre c niece eo aeons 2
PETE MS AMIN ANC tc cloets cievaeiere wien «oes. e.8 81 Wed ORG: Lees .ca crc ores cee ee oe 3

Berks County.

MMVI SCOUT, asic ciseis oie wilcrateve Sievers isjeic CSNUTE MORE ere ie wie oiereie cloetoe ens 1

Butler County.

MaMESTCOMIS TOSI ce)sisisis e's rs sais o's ieee ce aie the SUIS N A crvataicina cise eee cote 10

Blair County.
DENEREGEOMD: <Ss note eee ee ee erceo tasers WaASGeHTeGCd OMe seric. coc eeiee a

186 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.
Bucks County.
Name. Place Acres.
eee GOVICLES Gree cucre crue cictsielers oe cremhetaueuer ets BEYMILTe } cv excevesd eis euseenorerra ee eine 10
Somerton (Nurseries) 125 —S) (bth! St... SOMertOns eerie. cies el oeieiee 20
Phila., A. U. Bannard, Mgr.
Fen Tyee Palmer rice oc coe etsiciets, eons sistency pan ehornie; “s).:..cmistsrscieres eitls tte 4
FIONACE TAMMCY 2) ca.v.1: sir hers ertsererare enayterele ING WEOWIIS Seiccccuc cael stare o's meteneie 7
Deeinandnrethys) SONS ce ciecstinchyaace acts BYIStOls Gore sca caus eho ee eer 10
Cm Vee ik eMO OMe CO weraacis oilers crete sz Morrisvalllenc. co. accu oe eet 225
SE (OR INC ye Seen Bierce cere ner oe ae een Morrisville@ e+ coe eee 50
Chester County.
GeEOGZewAGIElIiS eee cteieiaccsfevercis sce e onev ents Wiest: sGhester .itvaecinc oc ae 200
mheiConarndie Ones CO... ec setecies WVIESESTOMEL) fe) aiete ic <ietoiere toxarel eetenstorie 4
The Dingee & Conard Co:, 22. 4.0.2.6e- WieStenovies -. tus womens sleet teers 4
RQKCStLAWE Gon EXViLC) cscs =< cis snore sertierehars Kennett Square, so. 0 scr seer 150
PAM EVODETUS erin uct a cuairer ere rd end crores MalVierl) = timate sence ee as ene 16
Hoopes Bros, & Thomas, .cs....c00s< WestiGhester 222-5 anaes 600
AUEW ES ECCLES Fe cosa tes shofosisieccvolele| cc cuaherolelevoneie iets SPrin Se Citysi aces ercmcc eer 2
Clearfield County.

WV Ae sem WATTS ING secrete citessenctaracicia cicheve siete Gleartieldy. secrete cuss econ %
Ga a yer race fe ccicvs criaushoters’ Sree eaten alto oe DUBOIS. oes eo ee ee eee uy
Crawford County.

Prudential sOrcehardl Comin. acece seme cer Sherman svilllen se acres eee 30
Cumberland County.

JonnBe eters 61 CO. wacan one cio emma cscs. Mt. Holly “Springs. js... -26enoee 50
SA CRED Ds (coves hie Gs sretes lacsasven Sere ecuarehe erecs Shiremanstown, sonic. sees %
Dauphin County.

(OL 12S. Sielnoye) ll) Dennomes an onbe oom occos o Bisherviller nm. ssn aecescie ee 4
Gilbertelbnoutman --mcrceives - ee aoe MOND SSeS ODDS GSogucapaoncasbtoce %
RP SIVA CL Yee, siecle eae. ccecuens chafon sicihe tees Proeressic. osc oe eee 5
EVIE ee OL TCI Mes (a1. 0, iat svers esa ietesavete «tt sietetele Royalton, < 2. ....0e toe ee 1
Delaware County.

OMalkeiNurseryvaGOs waco scve ove cussepoicis Sere ioe Collinge dale: 2232 «cic eee 12
OaksNUrseryaGOw misc occ oetotonteea Concondvilliewses eee 5
ANS CV OD re oh Sueeie Marois te Siclen ard oiheneeeie oes Concord villeve ene eee 3
Hem HOlSOMPPNULSCL Ys ~ a «sel cles creuiete Collinge dalecis 2. cise one 3
WiLalts Jeeta he aes aaa a Somos oro” Concordvilles 2. eo 1
SAMUMCE DONNSOM A ie cescrseeieic tein oereietenele Collingdaletrs.-.. eee 1
Wire mEVCRITONLOT, O...scio0%.c's0's coe sarbaeenns Gan SdOWMOr mccain ee 1
Conrad Pea mms jcc ketene scone cess eee LansdOwne: 25.4.6. ae oer eee 2
WE. Cauny (Lessee) ,.¢...:2.c1o.. co Sateins « Haverford ytan,> amie gechortnnas Ae 4

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
Fulton County.
Name. Place
EVR OWallltic es. ., voreisre eral. sities siele ous ovatersy Siers. WOlWallitetucscicis « pierserecote sorcraeian
{rie County.
LEERY OUTE SY 7. os. ofc cbs, ow cine icin teusie oe ose 20 North Mast. 25 2ic.c-sclo set sore esheets
ROPTEOTIPESTOSON ws coccieus o o.che dio a, 0s wYevelautteveveueneis Northy hasty) coeweeecw ace cts:
PCC IMYGOUNIV ESS cians Siecle role go be Sicle wls Calais INNOTGUD UMASS ficient as cehee
Dee Bostwick & SOM, ic. 6sc ace ssw nes ECT eye Nae Mics, orsticencicters sserem rake fos
BAT ONUDALG,, Ss dessa nics wee bo ayers wee Girard gece acess Oo ae oetene
Fayette County.
MESO SON, Src caw c sveg deisrs nicnsceiese MaSOntOiwal oe toe hoe oe eee
Franklin County.
iBwat IBnOSs Souesepoocogacangspaneeouds Chambersburg and Waynesboro,
MMMWREELCTICHNS Er, oc ccc cece cede neste Green Villages tice reece
MPRUVRIEZOOK or. Screens eve tine sfeoelera are ects Chambersburg weraemoceieee cee oe
Juniata County.
iBiienere Gye 425 11) eee oe Creeps ak rece Rowe) ob 1 Ke Ke ue Senin mera. eat eo Sictaketc Of
HUANG Sess VWAISTICT, Gres clores sissies sw deisics MecCulliough’s Mills? .. 5.2.2.2

Lancaster County.

Boylaram Gres HAV 21 Coos aici cos.o sessile icvevseye 42 ols 0's IMATLOLUARS go any citticc Sei e eens
o\. THL IBA 0 Gibco caeeoseicdben cucernonoecd NEW SS Spe heecs cacyce ches stars atoveeyore hele tees
Ji, TEL (Grint oS epee or oeeoenn cad Oeoino orn New: Providence, 5.2.2 oh...
VIMEO Ie: Go SOM (5 lsc .c ee cise ie MMiaTCttan Stes ci cuctonon arcktes cope
MAPIICCHOSEIMtOM, | = cs eters enclelieisvs ser oe ci Christiana ssn. aati nye
DyepieBOlUOM, @..0-.- 2... a OPO BON Vid GiWee does csc ese oe
‘D. ID, IsIOn ie Reoinoce aero cic etoiector THAT CAS UCT ata aetocaacir aoe
PMR AN TIS). . cis0 0 oo sciciseieters «cesses ERUUD GI each aeniers ices ake! eeeererere ere
MELISS CSOT, ores ci crclen ove soe os es: cnsalece IPR ratane sects sack cee y ee cus aee
BRAMMER CACY; 0c schic. owls sete asic sane ope ee VUE SRN povteten cone ete orca near eet eevee
URS CMTE CACY), 2.2 5 0.0/0 ole cuore) «0s 0s e sists GE OV Merete re dates dive ene ee
RE ORUTIME OOD CT: cc. < cis eiacy + cress ss ele sve se sie lenirGiblalekNaah “sa oo oqcnseeoasboc
iC. WW, HUGS CY) een eee Bird-in hand yess sess
DVURMEVOOL GC BIOs, jcc. nds cate cle «sees RasteP eversbunmam mame acioe ae.

W. B. K. Johnson,

Hayes,

cere

Lehigh County.

Meteor ete hoteles cn en towne

Lawrence County.

5 AE ERAS GORE oe ee IBESSEMEM Siri esis ns oes
BAT aR a cpt tc, Sreencgeuete tate New Castle,

187

Acres.

9
v

te ee oD

188 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Luzerne County.

PR SUGLOMS sc scrote alsssvecelocsic shore, severe ele sicreseie.¢ FIXCLET, caiesieicvevelse eles ciorereieeevehetuere 3

Lycoming County.

EVEN GeN BOS. Yo cis viscose cove ol eicioverelsoieteleieis WAlITAMSPOTE, Ricks ciscic'c wie e erect 1

Montgomery County.

Rev B pelainesre: (CO: sccecies oc thawte oe es Cheltenham s.iics sosiele re sleretee 6
CRREIGAVVALSOME ee wes ote ete no cis ie Sususroge GlaGWYNE; <cc.scis os Sac cherersystolole ie 3
Sem ETCCKIOR. Bo yirayeeis ac eve isiaisiela a afavevevsiteioee anSdaler We ie icine- a5.0s:sreaierere eee 4
Wavy SHAR EWANEXS Nb Gol coacuoucaoGOoG0u0D ans dalew ns ccc Hane fee 3
eV ENONTASHGr SON Saas sic ecieiele aettersrerae Kine of Prussiasw..cc. sete 65
JerewsonGeSon, sccce.socees sce cece Cheltemham,) 2c cscre oomseciensien cere 12
CRSEVASTIMIGS sSONS) Were ciclechcverhe)e exeote croverone MGIGInI ey... seis aeustew ts ce aetieeere IW
FEMMNE RY ACES Os (COL, cc 5,0:cc'e setens aie taeerere wr sicher North Wales). occswiscare omen 100
da lah Wiens, Saooon eis iid) eta sns th se eee leet Hatiield) | ot ae nt eaieas cece 5
NCOP DPMS Soyer rciete cierereieievere 6 cle se siele FTO YiGs © xisis, cisitrass, Siegeie sus ons oor 6
Ae Vieehan&.SONSic.0 omeucietnape oes wroers Dreshertown) "..-.000. esos seo 200
Mercer County.
Ce PUMA SS Te ttevss ocote ene sreisieicleyeisrereneretetors ETAM STON! «Foi coeis ete creme eterna YY
(05, 1G; LORE Oy tania ae neo mom Gane coe mono: CIESS ie occ tre: sieceione che tperayerorarsteten re 2%
ee wELOODIET Was ONG ccieiele darelerereiie cele CHESS: Ghiscc ce dec toe eee 6
Northampton County.
VCOGONOMROtNS, spire ccc cicise leis srecketeenns Nazareth. #stienictsccicienven one 2
Perry County.
*
GeosrAe” WiASNEr oN cic cco S ctetasveeueresa-owrers INNINGS. “oe hea esndisloe ake erate oe renee 30
Philadelphia County.
Wis VViATIN OT TETATG DCIS cvcie ieretoielereeicie erelstere Chestnut Relies erie meee 300
MHOS Meehan (SOM) © 5 ses /es)e0 aloe elsie «re Germantown res cc. ctelsseire mein 65
\We lel isthngkoinn Godocnancocasbacdouncs Philadelphiat ey... essere 4
MEINE SV atesings (COL sa ot Metisrcsicis, svete © eierere Germantown we cei cetera 4
ROD TC TALS SONS cies cis p ereitiie cieie oeiere iPhiladelphias 2+ acre ae
Christ-wKMoehnler. 2525... Aero seems BoxsCbhases scciacocese pane 1
Snyder County.
PENNS OVOLS clan iwinyeteiels suis aye nee ts eueveleceints Miz Pleasant Millis ice orice {l
AVep Av ti Gc DUINN Sarat. va or icevel os oie tov eve vie oy euotevonctepetoretelore HMTeGbDuUrg, a. sine sictiees oe aa %
Vath, (Ge Kons Ors Geert cl GORE IOS CaGwe arc area tec MTECDULS. von: sass cee cleo eee 2%
ee GampAT DOL ASE, faycscreitc-sfehe sone cco enseferelenr ae PreeDures) Hib oc atys. cle aes 1%
Somerset County.
Willaee Nurseries; 2.5... -as2. seen Harnedsivallllere sac.cmsee seine 35
LE DATIGIS. cteie's (cis sinnoho nape eae et ete Harnedsvilllen sn. cc ect eiere tee 4

Hen ONsbpLetiter s&s Bros. sic seme etc Gl@dGeNS sy aeitiesasieh cinneaeee 2

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 189

Susquehanna County.

Name. Place. Acres.
HRPM OIL, 'a:5 okssare ere © avoleysi elevators retain aitte ELCAT GUO Ae ercrecstercicleyalieleisnstehchavene 7
MEET OUT OUCS eo sitere ic wlohe sieloieis sine elec ws acteves IMONULLOSC S. oerecutettae ites arsrtieleaiele 9
SOMES LOU Gs. clove erocinis sie cisieles avcisiels sfereiele IMTOMEROSON ereceiel ovacey cle: steis ehoreiel sreverers 2
PAM ELTEIGSS, (ovcyc's:sisvs 10.8 e's coe one coe eta toig sale IMOMETOSOs crac cide relevon sivicuore chews) erexe 2

Venango County.
PIPES OULCONG GC ISODS caccc oc vewicce ese te ADKIIN, (e).isjseiss 0140.0 0/ele aleln else 6

Westmoreland County.
BCH VI CAC ANG 5: s.c.c.o1e© sree ue cieteiecaietelns IMME eas amit ee verareisieiatonsc) diesaremal ove 8

York County.

Piper een A LCESON | ©. (c:0:siateis aysnsleeler cisterna sieve SbEwWariestOwIs sia ciyersieele ae eters oie 15
BESO O MPLS MS LODTIN 5 tate io :erers octal eres ielcsevors seis avers MAStHETOSDECU ro cicietereieleleieicierelenstct 5
DWE SSRINGWCOMED, ..0csc.scescese veces GUeNTOC Kara. ceistarsteviselsieleroeierevers 3
MPEG ME ALLEYSOD S| Sieici/2 Se )«o)0,5 6 die ace sieves StewartstOwm,, (2 cic cise ore sro ciekere 40

Four other nurseries in this State have been inspected, found in-
fested, and condemned; but as the owners have not filed the affidavit
to fumigate, as required by law, they hold no certificate and can not
legally sell any kind of nursery stock.

It must not be inferred that the San José Scale was found in all or
even most of the nurseries belonging to the persons named above,
for it was not. In justice to our nurserymen, it must be said that in
general we have found them most anxious to learn what pests may
be present upon their premises in order that they may take all pos-
sible measures to suppress them and seil only clean stock.—From
the Monthly Bulletin of the Division of Zoology.

CALL FOR THE ORGANIZATION OF A NURSERYMEN’S ASSO-
CIATION OF PENNSYLVANIA.

We have been asked by some of the prominent nurserymen of this
State to aid them in the preliminary work of establishing a Nursery-
men’s Association. We are requested to issue a call for a prelim-
inary meeting of all persons directly or indirectly interested in this
important profession, and consequently take pleasure in hereby sug-
gesting that the best time and place for this is during the Annual
Meeting of the State Horticultural Association, at Lancaster, during
the 19th and 20th of this month.

It is therefore requested that all persons who desire to receive the
benefits of such a society meet at the Court House at Lancaster at
4.30 P. M., on Tuesday, January 19, for discussing plans and organiz-

190 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

ing if found advisable. This will give an opportunity for those in at-
tendance to hear the important papers presented at the meeting of
the State Horticultural Association and also to take part in the dis-
cussions, some of which will be of unusual value to nurserymen.
We especially need your help in discussing that most perplexing and
inmportant problem of our day: The San José Seale.

Unless we have the co-operation of our citizens, and particularly
the aid of our nurserymen, in controlling important pests this office
can not hope to obtain the desired results in this direction. For this
reason we give the plan our most cordial endorsement, and shall be
present to aid in any manner pessible. The proposed association
should be*of great importance in many ways for both the nursery-
men and orchardists, besides along the needed line of pest control.
It is hoped that every person whose name appears in the preceding
pages will attend and discuss the proposed project. Special railroad
rates may be obtained by writing at once to the Secretary of the
Pennsylvania Horticultural Association, E. B. Engle, Harrisburg,
Pa., who will send, upon request, orders for reduced railroad rates
upon the Pennsylvania and Reading lines. The fare will be one and
one-third for the round trip, good during the entire week.—From
the Monthly Bulletin of the Division of Zoology.

THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE NURSERYMEN’S ASSOCIATION.

Pursuant to the above call the nurserymen met in Lancaster
on January 21, 1904, and formed an association with the following
officers: President, W. H. Moon, Morrisville; Vice President, Thos.
B. Meehan, Philadelphia; Treasurer, Thomas Rakestraw, Kennett
Square; Secretary, Earl Peters, Mount Holly Springs, Pa.

Persons interested in this organization should correspond with
the secretary.

Recommendations: I should here indicate the present deficiencies
of our present Nursery Inspection Laws, which I earnestly recom-
mend for the consideration of our next Legislature.

I. Under the present law our jurisdiction of the nurserymen ends
when the owner makes affidavit that he will fumigate. While most
of the nurserymen of our State are honest, and would not take ad-
vantage of this, it is possible for a dishonest owner to avoid con-
siderable expense and trouble by not fulfilling his obligations. We
have no authority to determine whether plants have been fumi-
gated, and no means of knowing whether this work be properly
done. It should be remembered that improper methods in this

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 191

process are worthless, as shown in the above article on “Nursery
inspection.” 1 would therefore recommend that fumigation be
made under the direct supervision of an expert or State ofiicer, and
would also recommend re-inspection after the fumigation to make
sure of the death of the pests. Such precautions are absolutely
necessary in order to protect the growing interests of the orchard-
ists of our great State, which annually produces one-seventh of the
entire apple crop of America. .

Il. The nurserymen are justified in their present demands for
protection from the serious sources of infestation by the San José
Scale upon the premises adjoining those in which their nursery
stock is growing. For the protection of the orchardists stringent
requirements are made of nurserymen, but unless we take the
most radical means to prevent the infestment of their stock, strin-
gent laws, regarding the subsequent treatment of this stock, and
even the most careful efforts of our conscientious nurserymen, can
not be entirely effective in avoiding the dissemination of the worst

of all fruit pests, the San José Scale, which has been called the
-small-pox of horticulture.

The same kind of condition prevails concerning the infestment of
private premises. A man who takes care of his trees is likely to
have pests brought to them from the trees that are neglected. ‘This
discourages a thrifty and enterprising person, and it means that
we are justified in making provisions for the inspection of private
premises for the presence of the San José Scale, and arranging to
haye them properly treated, especially when infested plants are
growing near nurseries or other orchards.

III. Another source of great evil in our State is the seedling trees,
and the old and neglected trees that are often seen along fences and
in the remnants of old orchards. These are the greatest means of
breeding, continuing and disseminating serious pests, and we ear-
nestly recommend that the Legislature provide laws for their de-
struction, or the treatment of such trees that are likely to maintain
pests injurious to nurseries or orchards.

In conclusion, I desire to commend the efiiciency and industry of
our State Nursery Inspector, Mr. Enos B. Engle, and also, of the
two assistants, Prof. Buckhout and Prof. Butz, who aided him during
the summer.

Respectfully submitted,
H. A. SURFACE,
Economic Zoologist.

( 192 )

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

TWENTY-SIXTH ANNUAL MEETING

OF THE

Pennsylvania State Board of Agriculture

HELD IN THE

BOARD OF TRADE ROOMS, HARRISBURG, PA.,

JANUARY 28 AND 29, 1903.

(198 )
13—6—1903

MEMBERS

OF THE

PENNSYLVANIA STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE,

FOR THE YEAR 1903.

MEMBERS EX-OFFICIO.

HON. SAMUEL W. PENNYPACKER, Governor.

MAJ. I. B. BROWN, Secretary of Internal Affairs.

DR. N. C. SCHAEFFER, Superintendent of Public Instruction.
DR, G. W. ATHERTON, President of The State College.

HON. E. B. HARDENBERGH, Auditor General.

HON. N. B. CRITCHFIELD, Secretary of Agriculture.

APPOINTED BY THE GOVERNOR.

Col. R. H. Thomas, Mechanicsburg, Cumberland county, ....Term expires 1903
R. I. Young, Middletown, Dauphin County, .....................-Term expires 1906
Gen James! A. Beaver, Centre County, .....:......+..0s2.++s0--eherm expires 1906

APPOINTED BY THE STATE POULTRY ASSOCIATION.

MOnnISHCG Memple. —OCOPSON, Pas, secs clenco eds soeceiesceces vies METI EXPITES 1906
se

ELECTED BY COUNTY AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES.

Term expires.

AGI) 5. (SRBC Cee: AY DeaWieiGNers ori. -ct-neie PANACEA, GoasopooudancobGooncor 1906
PINES NEN, scceecccs dip ish isha So onompebode (Olliaitapih mec ood Got aocdAe cose anor 1906
AGIMSETONE, 2.60300 Sé Sh JBI NONCleIc SopecodbXxiloybbds doocoosbooooonemsuooodKc 1905
PE DVIETI silecs seiee ers: AQ MGI DENG siemens INN iavessa(loS SapecooeacsecougcG0cs 1905
PEGUROLG, cies cies se 00 See LOMIIE rarcle sei aeictevciereie IS COLORGE she gavsesctees oisieicisierssrs sieicietealare LOO
LESS) eee He. Gs McGowan, sc-e. Geers Mails. Ox ars evctt mo fersiovesetelatere 1904
LIGHIE.” “5 Soca eG nero Her iaekel ay. aaerocade aac OMIM ay SUNS eel cterleleiel sel ereteioreters 1904
SACK OTG = .cine o.0.0't 00 1W, LEMON, Go cooancop sade IWWgViS ONAN Vovecetotegers) orsisicieliaGrsciePeiererele 1904
SINS HASHIM rca pais Sie isos; 0 Wie. DAVIS toate ser SMa INL we te rctetone tana croveveorerssavcichorelala eusloyerene 1906
aCe selene acecs VV. EL. EE Riddle, baa. FS TCL CT Mae ity eens ooh ceiver cciae Sis cate et LUG
MOTO TL 5: cee sie coe esse Higa deer en ach Gre merc NT CK COMW:MNGE tncielsnslevereietsleless overs eterele efererele 1906
BAIMIET ON. << 05.00 Wise 1S. Talonyennol.” Gonecoc Dremoxatbhols Shes opcccan oagoucsonG Our 1906
Carbon,

PencLonMrra conn, Ae Woodward. <ElOWaArGs <nraca. cesses ce 0s 2 oe sc LI06
(195 )

196

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

Term expires.

CGhestery coe scicccissies Is DU, (Cropotbde le Ceneanocc WiESTSTOVES (.5 cece wee ierercleye efeitos pan lhits
OITA Se Ganéodoodnce Sos) McClellan cc. ce. HSNO slaileveslatare Ve wot elerore or eieveraroyclereteiste .» 1904
WTS eS ais. c:c\ciesclese. aie ssete/s: eleneis vale: ull e/o vere evovateuersl.ctsh erevlara-s, cvatohotavafeyciate.etalels aC eiseetaeleredelersiareeterenete 1903
(OUhid Ks sosonqooonae Jip AIL OTT Sate eteicicieofelcieier oe CedaATES PVINAS yereicterele elelohclerstoletey tetetels 1905
@olumibias, 7s. sc cieieisie ETS Vs WIDLEE, hots cictereretessis BIOOMSDULE:, (s srisyes cic ais aisve ersten 1906
CrawLOrd, “<.ceele« ac MES We @OMiviers csetestertelss\s Conneautville, ....... Ss b.lsre, 1m ohoreretocene 1904
Cumberland, ...... Chasse Miller sis eracie Mt ELolly Sprinesiy ‘ites cciecielre etoile 1906
MENU POINT 5 ooo rerorco,elefcelevsibicie ioral evo tele aici ateve/exe:wtareVere sce isisice ereseevaletetoters aivithere etal eistoiniel oe rerneicton ecient 1903
DMeClAWATCs sx.scrsttere Je VEC ONPIEUItZ cece oe Teanerch), = vistas o's stévsersa oe ajaterstornorneraters 1904
BET eres osc levchoyaiele i<isialloveilove: sa Toisveyestevs\'eloie/s avesove'e:e) oYols'e,evstoin: (erarGialavaleke wire, iovelotere ie.6 eicleretetefotercistetsteltetetaenets 1903
IHG CR yarato crerciels lor cisisreisie ee SEN, (Whatiees cisjcreieee Lowville, -1904
Fayette, sfacareravl chetel’ese'vehevslselereZa\av chs aijevevetesaers sValayave jateneheliocsadtel ole fave tarsi cho uate ciate ce terer eee CERRO eaetS 1903
ROPES Ae. ccieleteeie siecle CapA Reamdialll a ayeresielerstete THONESEAL,* av ours sledioweislerets eo oareeteemete 1904
IMehonidbha, sacduoooos (OPlehed mUcl={con nO meno OOD NH 8 oho PRA CRSA CRAO ROO OG OIOTICOG 00.G00-¢ 1905
SAUTE OTE Metis, cire ele sreta tele RM. Kendall, ..%.-..- MeConnellsburgey i)..0 a1 csjeiee sieeteteite 1904
GTEENEs, as seis as'0i518 66 Boh, Herring toms) ca Wit VOeCSDUTS. a .cciccies siete 1904
Huntingdon, ...... Geo. GG: Hutchison, ~....Wiarriors? Marks ic. c sc crloierciincsiee 1906
IbAGhEhNEL, GoogGonnooL Sh Wie MIGISIGIIAY, Goooads TNGLAMA, iis osheeie.sieierw sisiereere-cercelerereeiere 1904
JETLCLSONY ©. sce cicie sieis Chas. G. McLain, ..... Anh ay 24240) Ke eee ARTO OOGIIO SOO 4005 1905
Juniata, Jos ATEN EW: FROGS CTS, vscjeMICKICOs m aielcie civic oinicleloiciecierctelaouereiensenatens 1906
backawanna, .....t:enry W. Northup, ...Glemburmni, y eocs. «isc ce eicielccisnietcicnt 1906
MGANCASUCI Weievcisiee'se.e WEL. Brosills;, sqeer. sADTUMOLC, Giese <icte cclewiniepe cclete cloisterehetee 1904
Lawrence, ......e.. Same MMicCrearyin waiter Neshannock Halls) 1.)-c0ciecllseieciiere 1906
WGCDAN ON “eiecieciciele/s Ee Caisnevielivariesectsec TIC DANON),. co sv case ave oiete oloeiecle eteioteetote 1904
Wehigh): cs dec cc iscnes Po S. Menstemacher, Ta narkes 2. ccicisreve cles «ci ccictercleneeveleers 1906
IDL ATA. Gone odo. 0000 SaGNO Boden OT OD COME GUOGOUOS One on d6Ubod ADUOOOOAOUEO DO S0INd OD Co bo OaC¢
TEViC OMIM. sjeisieneverelete AW a mECAUING I tersereserciaie PRUBHESVINTS) (i. ociciore clo rsrors ave lotetetreetete 1906
IVICHKCAMI A a aiciejeieleneiovele So Bs Coleordy ...cscn Port Allesamya) sercicleo cae clerclelelltetnee 1906
VET. C ON ya crore areyoves ekevotolebe si evelleterei<s\e tara ersis aveYers’ el elm elereveelaevehersisizrerererelisteyclere{olato’ otekslesveyolsieteneter siete tenaiatas
VET ATA; vie cle avere: c/eleeiore DHF INOtESEING weiiercielsi- TS WASETO WAN, <Sisrcr0 <0 cyeioseie crete ojeheloteverenetere 1904
IMIOMIT ORG Gre sielsteleeierere.« EV ES CHIWiALZs) coleisss siete h DLALOMIIUM KG. ciepaie: siclerelsteyoleiolensiencleerentens 1905
Montgomery, prelsred) OO RCONG cele eeiercivee ole INORtR Wales) (eicsc cere cleveictoretercietetetete 1905
Montour, SEEN e eee eee eee ene tenet en ee teen teen ee ee ee ee seen se ee eeeeeeee sent aeenes
Northampton, soieaVVin tu SOCK vm eiscteistes stale NAZareths os osiecle cicecw srciterncieeettete 1906
Northumberland, ..J. A. Eschbach, ....... MEITEOT os be. cisiersie cisverevereveyatel are ocofelenortets 1905
12GB Ay, Basoogoganedo. AS i ELolmamns, secs/ete 16 IN'GRO GE) his: ctein's coielor sisi oloteversretctoneneconetntctete 1904
Philadelphia, .:....—. Lonsdale, .......0.. WEY GIMOOLRS aenescveen seiecietelaieeeee 1904
MUN Caneloheloteleioiefora‘s elesoretsercieseve ratellosisiere eie'ei'sieie(ole(alaiers ouie: siete) ovaj ersiorei eieveies olovel s(erelelicvslensiekejefonetetarenereteteetetens
LOCC CY iets eveielsfosove!afaleleselsiajerelleielcterelaleleks(oveis’ era oie areiatevelou Youelolele eieeiel sieve wielctaleveieielevelelsteleleyteisiciket Tete terete
Soronabisttl, Gacoagouc W. H. Stout, oe TMCETOVE) «cic iciers(oierelotercletelel steer sisheetereene 1906
SIMYGOTA Ns acleieeie esis « Sep H ES OVET, Naiste orereleeiolia’s Mount Pleasant Mills, ............ 1906
SOMeCrSeE, Ge cereisje sore Jacob S. Miller, ....... I Shy ai (eo U=5 0): PREIS IOR OGIO TOO nUG.CO ¢ 1904
Si Vieaney aersereisietele sie ES RESITG yyrneietesyeesiersvereie IMTIVAG Wi, | Ss.:essievayera wie cisieters cre lonttteroene 1906
Susquehanna, .....C. W. Brodhead, ...... MLONETOSE) « -é:aiejeieiefe cre aclersielemnaterclasoree 1904
AMON; Goode cooosoKE 1M, LAMAN cs oooonsdo0t SWopasiaydiss Goqogodneoo0odGabeLeco00 1905
WML OM Boo veces sisters cre J. Newton Glover, <@ MICKSDUTES, cated atorore(reiorshorctereelctteeteene 1905
WVIETIANEZO! Gcicideciecce August Morek,. 2. .0.<<. (ODI Oil a See GOR SAU OOUCOOOUROOA OS OOF 1904
AVVIEUETLON ES =ctaele aicic'eie oie Ever pe VVCIOE aciiecieicers SUBATETOWE), << stewesieis tuereveicsoleeleretaertene 1904
Washington, ...... De MERPry. a seiteteecoine BULEELISEOWA, sar ce cic.ccisclsereileneieite 1905
IWWIAVDE. 2, ccieisiesie:elete wWiarren’ B, Perham: oo SNia ear ase) craic avsiessiclcie elore cvelsjoleieinieiatets 1904
Westmoreland, ....M. Ne Clark, ..c.c.sca6e ClavTiGLes A oyercisciciecislsicisroeve ten veteetor re 1904
AWVaidanasdbal=o5) GoconoddE D. A. Knuppenburge ny. uae Carey: y re. se + sores iojoin ieee) otelatenere 1904
EYOTA the ro, stetsycfel clots eisha/exe Be Re acollerie concise SHTEWSDUNY:,, sere ccsiie clelelelefereicepeeters 1904

No. 6.

OFFICERS.

PRESIDENT.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Hon. Samuel W. Pennypacker, Governor, ............ Harrisburg.

VICE PRESIDENTS.

MOTELS ACM ES CAVCT Un cclefclavelelstefeiasiclen = cinic:e)cisie/e sie\sielels]ateiey< Bellefonte.
SMUVAMESTOGNGAG.) fictere ais sistenere «ste ctelcie.ala,s t/eveieliewe) eye 0) 8) ev'sievpieie eles Montrose.
SUEDE PAM ET CDTi fcie salcicte save cisveusicls Gicieveresc\cle: slo isiefeleleteinieleteiierere's Cedar Springs.
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.
Eta Samuel We ICMNNYDACKED, cocci cierec ice eicicle ciele « 4cyeis eis Harrisburg.
MV Timm NOR OL EDT: Hate ays, cvs ieeielstal ala avers feisievaya'eys/sje: sio«: <iotate: slersieleveie, e's exeleveis Claridge.
ETO GOOME SIT AIVICLY ul acts clojersievesieieye-sio oidls over alleles a(eie on oe iape eis wiay sie Lebanon.
PEGG WatOG ECTS) oc a4 cccissie sso .0.0 sissies eile selves sells 610.05 Mexico.
BUCHENEPACHRV VY OOGIWELLG 5; che sie cleleiero,sisvene/0/s) sey clove rctevaretsisiet stereos) olsveiais Howard.
Mmm DP MBESTIC) NYT ER TA S08 create iarata\cjs ie ollsscy eters Wotetis/eusiere vars e/atevere veyoleie ateieceyereiele Nekoda.
SVE ere Tien TERT CLC Gi a coe rors reins wievorgieloloreioe's sielciaisieiel s'sie'e (6/eueie' eysve.sere Butler.
MRC eMIGOTYN DD Cop vcvotsrevster'elercisansiexeieie.8.e08ie's ase wleisie wierereieiete/eie sijateie eee Pocopson.
FF Tem Tem CUMVU/ELT07/ (ieee (exe aiolers Xe, sis) e?s\eteljevel oie eieicileele(e’ ete ieieve:evokels),o(ei sve Analomink.
Ne See LCMMEL S€CTCLOTIY™ \\xe\ove's eis¥e/e sisie'-1= cree ei cle|e'e sieis\sivieis Harrisburg.

ADVISORY COMMITTEE. °

NEES TIE CHTE]O:) SECTELOTY: ore 'la.e's/c = iolele losis siela\s + s/siele cls sila) le Harrisburg.

MTom NUE CO LTC , .focraic is efter ejcie leis; siojeie tn ereteGlere eie.olelersiotesoactvs, aejeteletens Claridge.

PN Ca Nom EUG) TY DTV ie cic ferciois\ 5: oracles te o'e wie ioe er olorel aiuene #! /eele" cielo lee Nekoda.

RA emmy Lm Eee ECT CLL GS cx) ore, xiai/ecsvacareyieca (o/s, 67 chars ares olor arele e)iaie-sve lave aneishers Butler.
CONSULTING SPECIALISTS.

PES CAIEAITINSS Comet a\a Tajo) cieis, laiele. 5 sis (e lateyaious:s Prof. W. A. Buckhout, .... State College.

HAGMMOLOSISL, © spose sleis ejs\sisiee) « eleisie.0 Cy TUSMTINM OX 5 sisters sores sles nc Reading.

BORLPESTANTS Grek tcrofnietoiers crotei= ele eieicicieicielsisie Dr Walliam Prear, .2 1... State College.

DIGS UTSCON, cc ciess ce occece wee Dr. Leonard Pearson, ..... Philadelphia.

MTU ATI sf ase elaicrext wissis o's a cinve iene IDs, Aeeraubeneaibes Ibe) Oa oonod Philadelphia.

Microscopists and Hygienists, Dr. H. Leffman, .......... Philadelphia.

SProOtee yuk © OCMTAT sure cers

ENTEOMMOIOLIStS, ss ccs0s cece cine Prot. ReiC. Scheidt... lancaster,
IDG, Jel, siichaaven, sacypaccecoe Philadelphia.
OEMTUNOIOSISt, 2.00.0 se ce cecccce Prof. Hi. A. Surface, ...... Harrisburg.
IMTEHEOTOIOLISTS, <2 fice. cee. cosee IDagmlaty IDXtankuhols (G5 GeonaG0cdG Harrisburg.
is tee EVCRCOCI oeseiicetesis ice Quakertown.
WRIT LOCUS E) eisierlc sso s0eeesee Col. H. C. Demming, ...... Harrisburg.
JNTONGNE CI Caso On DOO BEERS OR ICHOOIaG feanots, (Cro (On ISNA, Saoonde State College.
OL IAC eM ocre scales oasis esaisis oe’ Dr. M. E. Wadsworth, .... State College.

. West Chester.

197

198 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

STANDING COMMITTEES.

4
LEGISLATION.
TaASONESextonee Chairman aere-cecc cnc cies oe enne North Wales.
EANtrmeD me ETNIES eareteratsscletercvels:s ore ches eve. Gvere eislareialeve’ fee eXoheveisieverehorscs Hughesville.
Cre Gre EA UE CHNTS OME, 5. <tercistins sicucre 10! ev creele: ole) of 06) 0 wieiale aoyereveievalacwerere Warriors’ Mark,
AV Vem eL mel 7: SUS tee tar ctiata 3 sera javever ciev orahciteratoveysieuersvevershtlelerersteretavetere oie Drumore.
WVViet Eye SC Clase Aehate, vicaile evecore dia uete oro cesta eas eehaienseuecietatere isleistorste INNA ZaATethe
CEREALS AND CEREAL CROPS.
CP Bale re” CMa raya, weak scke-c cic,els eieackorshasetoneysvciexevelsieisperciaters Marion.
ROADS AND ROAD LAWS.
S. Wie Wiley, (leiewisookhis sehno gous doo odeud aoauoroooE Indiana.
BRULE AND DRUL_CULIURE,
ETO Sis peer Pa CaO Na IND Ae eyevetevaseralesollelerci=1 f-¥o creyeral cterexelenelerete Waynesboro.
DAIRY AND DAIRY PRODUCTS.
jals \We IN(eperttaydhop KOlavshiaaotzy ily igo. oueooooanOe Goo doen uuS toc Glenburn.
FERTILIZERS.
He Gee VMcGonwwane. Chairman: a 4 teases ease Greleerrs Malice
WOOL AND TEXTILE FIBRES.

SamuUuclvmcGrearyes Chairman sen qatetoctcrecen ccc een. Yeshannock Falls.

LIVE STOCK.

Vir mane OLIMGI » Ala. aia scidveriutttvaninckion aide ake ee OOnneamitvilie!

POULTRY.

NOrmSsGaNemples ‘Chairman, sv... --1 ee dsaceieadcee cee. OCODSON:

FORESTS AND FORESTRY,

Dred we reothrock, (Chairman, 2.0. -1..0040: 262 seein eee LLarris pune:

UEHIEAS ENG.

JanvWVereNelson., Chaitimidn 2s. o6- ack sce at ieee Sar wilLe:

FLORICULTURE.

Hawini Lonsdale, Chairman), 5..2s.00..8 see -asre ae oe ViynamMoon

eG: DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 199

TWENTY-SIXTH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE

STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

HELD IN THE BOARD OF TRADE ROOMS, HARRISBURG, PA., JANUARY

Call

28 AND 29, 1903.

PROGRAM.
Wednesday Morning, Jan. 28, 1903.

to order at 9.30.

. Roll Call of Members.

. Reading of Minutes.

. Appointment of Committee on Credentials.

. Reception of Credentials of Members-elect and Delegates.
. Report of Committee on Credentials.

Election of Officers for 1903.

. Reports of Standing Committees.

. Appointment of Standing Committees for 1903.
. Unfinished Business.

. New Business.

. Miscellaneous Business.

2. Adjournment.

Wednesday Afternoon, Jan. 28, 1903.
to order at 1.30.

PAPERS AND DISCUSSIONS.

. REPORTS OF OFFICERS AND STANDING COMMITTEES, Continued.

“MARKET GARDENING AND THE MARKETING OF PRODUCE,”
By Hon. R. F. Schwarz, Analomink, Pa.

. “A BIRDS-EYE VIEW OF THE WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA FARMS,”

By M. N. Clark, Esq., Claridge, Pa.

Me lOUMUmRY HOR PROPEL,”

By Norris G. Temple, Esq., Pocopson, Pa.

“HOW TO MAKE REASONABLY SURE OF A SUCCESSFUL CROP OF
POTATOES ON HEAVY LIMESTONE SOIL,”
By. Hon. W. F. Beck, Nazareth, Pa.

200 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Wednesday Evening, Jan. 28, 1903.
Call to order at 7.165.

tT LA, ( COMNHE ANDICOCOA,:”
By Prof. C. B. Cochran, West Chester, Pa.

2. “THE RESPONSIBILITIES AND DUTIES OF STATE BOARDS AND
TEACHERS OF AGRICULTURE,”
By Prof. I. P. Roberts, Professor of Agricul-
ture in The Cornell University, Ithaca,
ING Ys

3. “THE TUBERCULOSIS PROBLEM,”
By Dr. Mazyck P. Ravenel, Bacteriologist,
to the State Live Stock Sanitary Board,
Philadelphia, Pa.

Thursday Morning, Jan. 29, 1903.
Call to order at 9.

1. “THE IMMUNIZING OF CATTLE AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS,”
By Dr. Leonard Pearson, Veterinarian of the
Department of Agriculture,

2. “SCIENTIFIC HORSESHOEINE,”’
By Dr. John W. Adams, of the University
of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa.

3. “THE SOUTHERN COW PEA AND ITS PROBABLE PLACE IN THE
AGRICULTURE OF THE MIDDLE STATES,”
By Prof. W. F. Massey, Raleigh, N. C.

DISCUSSION.

ADJOURNMENT.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 201

MINUTES OF THE ANNUAL MEETING OF THE
STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE, HELD AT
HARRISBURG, PA., JANUARY 28 AND 29, 1903.

Wednesday Morning, January 28, 1903.

The Board met in the rooms of the Board of Trade, January 28,
and was called to order at 9.30 A. M., Vice President White in the
chair. The roll was called, and the following persons answered to
their names:

Members ex-officio: Hon. 8. W. Pennypacker, Governor; Dr. N.
C. Schaeffer, Superintendent of Public Instruction; Prof. John Ham-
ilton, Secretary of Agriculture.

Appointed by the Governor: R. I. Young, Gen. James A. Beaver.

Appointed by the State Poultry Association: Norris G. Temple.

Eelected by County Agricultural Societies: Messrs. McGowan,
Jaekel, Piollet, McClellan, Herr, Hege, Hutchison, McHenry, Bro-
sius, Snavely, Colcord, Notestine, Schwarz, Sexton, Murray, Beck,
Holman, Lonsdale, Stout, Critchfield, Bird, Brodhead, Glover, Per-
ham, Clark and Knuppenburg.

The minutes of the Gettysburg meeting were then read and ap-
proved.

The following persons were appointed a committee on creden-
tials: Messrs. Herr, Clark, MeClellan, Notestine and Snavely.

On motion of the Secretary, a committee, consisting of Messrs.
Kahler, Hutchison and Temple were appointed to wait upon the
Governor and invite him to attend the meeting of the Board.

The order of business was then taken up and reports of Standing
Committees were called for.

The report of Committee on Cereals and Cereal Crops was pre-
sented by the chairman, A. I. Weidner, which was, on motion, re-
ceived and ordered on file.

The Committee on Fruit and Fruit Culture reported, through its
chairman, Enos B. Engle. The report was read, and, on motion,
was received and ordered on file. :

The report of the Committee on Fertilizers was called for and
the chairman stated that he had not expected to be re-elected and
so had not prepared a report.

The next report called for was on Wool and Textile Fibres. The

202 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

chairman, Mr. McCreary, stated that his term as a member of the
Board had expired, that he did not expect to be re-elected and,
consequently, he had not prepared a report.

The report of the Botanist, Prof. W. A. Buckhout, was read by
the Secretary, whereupon the paper was, on motion, received and
ordered on file

Dr. Pearson, Veterinary Surgeon of the Board, reported verbally

upon foot and mouth disease recently discovered in New England.
He also called attention to the spread of garget, and also to the
outbreak of glanders among mules in the anthracite coal region.
- The attention of the Board was called to the presence of Prof.
I. P. Roberts, of the Cornell University. On motion, Prof. Roberts
was accorded the privilege of the floor. He acknowledged the cour-
tesy and spoke for a few minutes in discussion of the report of the
Veterinarian. The discussion was continued by Messrs. Hutchi-
son, Jaekel, Conard, Nelson, Brodhead, Sexton, Beardslee and
Glover.

The report of the Committee on Credentials was then read, and
the credentials of the following persons were presented and found
in proper form:

Names. Address. County. Term Expires.
AU VED er SEOULLS uerelarele cl cleleiz’etsielelelele PINOLE OVC se tcnine ccc ce c\eisie’ere Syostrasiienile Aesasercossaodos January. 1996
George G. Hutchison, ....... Warriors: Marks Secchi FMtine Gone "x/aecaece en January, 1906
PPV MLEETI Ea ESCCHE © Siercrcnsatciereina ia INEUZATCUG eisai siercateiro niente Northumberland. ........ January, 1506
iS, 13h (eiWosrel cedcssanasndcodce IP Ort ALTE Sam yn fe atetere «toislore McKie ants sec cietosisistsistarscters January, 1906
\uis TBE 18% Rave SSaqnocuoune rahe SosonhodossAacednNOO Is{bhelesae Oauanoodnoeonoocodee January, 1906
MS VROAEETES. occ ccicieatic decisions MEXICO, ianie seu sostese nee TUNICA, - . 22.000 e ee oreons January, 1906
P: Si Fenstemacher, ......... TAM AT ION —y.caeentaeseeincoe SchuyTRUb seeiteowcseicisteleteie January, 1906.
Fy VemaWinite. secins cc epicaiste = IBlOOMSHULE. |e eeiseesieses (Oiibbec|ssR “Goonecnospoaoous January, 1906
Watson T. Davis, ........... Lv yan 22 ee Pecoesiiacasetes Bucks, ....2-2..--.-02eeee January, 1905
Samuel S. Diehl, ............ REGLOrGs een ass ahinscecciscs lstc(hiordsl, Sedoedoobadoorancc January, 1906
Henry W. Northup, <2...¢.... MLO TUTTE ic nelersprersistetei sears Walckarw aren aewe ceetisrerstetere January, 1906
Wol, John ALS Wood Ward, se.0 GHOWALTG, cles ce -alecins cues nicie Center. | sb: Av sicgresssis(detercieerie January, 1906
Henry J. mrumenacher, 2.56 INTGKCOWD,. ote ccaccse cece Camibriag Winco sccm cere January, 1906
Samuel McCreary, .......... IWeshannock Falls, ...... IPE AdISA5” Gaonceoondageno January, 1906
IN AS, ASR eae Soongcon noon ERIS ESWALIC Ls: ncleleiciselecia sis ELV COMMM Soaks attemyrietarsets January, 1906
dis (SS 18 bbmi ER, GoeoconoceorsooGdd (Gallet os Ms ye on poananobOOdOoG Allee henye gimitirctecleteteateers January, 1906
WaT MEL OW ATO D itcicfelcic.cs cicielsse' Jdash ojos @hobealy “Asso qoqddoenboon Cambria; (access wack aie aes January, 1906
Dr. M. E. (Cfersthsh “Annocoasdde IWIESTE LOVE, siccar sc cicicinieiee (GX te Posnoranoucdsddednve January, 1906
Norris G. Temple, ..-........ Pocopson (Poultry Ass), Chester: <2 222... c.ccnces rc January, 1906
AY I. Weidner, -. 2.220. ..ccceces FATCNIGESVINIE® “fects ctecisraiinne GEMS site osiislerel tees epee January, 1906

On motion, the gentlemen above named were duly admitted to
membership of the Board.

The following persons, representing agricultural organizations,
were, on motion, given the privilege of the floor:

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 203

Name. Representing
J. G. Reist, Mt. Joy, Lancaster Co., .........00. ]
J. L. Rife, West Fairview, Cumberland Co.,... |

W. P. Bolton, Liberty Square, Lancaster Co.,.. ‘ State Horticultural Society.

Chas. M. Lesher, Northumberland Co.,, ....-..... |

Daniel D. Herr, Lancaster CO., .....e.sseeeeeeees }

DETTE Nc a) SESE RIVED 8 yaveinve \cleielejeie/e\ssie(eoiuyn.cle wiein'eisiei=sleia )

J. Scott McLaughlin, 2.0... 2... ccc ccc cece ese seceene Juniata Co. Agricultural Society.

Jeli, {AG EI Cr ee SRM SOUR OCOC DOC COLCETMO UT OOCOOnOG

Hon, W. EF. Rutherford, ........ccsccescccscvcscnce

RIPEN MOINISSIEY,,.ovicicipie sis .cicions)e oiermsleie’e viele wieiviniele.cieisigieveiele sais State Agricultural Society.

Hfon. Hiram Young, ....c.cecccccssssseecceaccvcvses

Cyrus T. FOX, ...ccccec cece sec cc cere rece scececncececs ‘ Representing Berks Co. Agricultural Society.
POs MO CIATICY,,, viele cfercterarcjeisieie viele sie ne ielelv)eielejaleieisisie'e

Chas. H. Deckerd, .....-.--..ccccccssccecccscceceee - Perry Co. Agricultural Society.

SPAINIGS OH ISLEDHENS) sic. cence rcce sc cles viscsieesccisice j

UMPC TOUT COLELS vclciale- ais x.cjaiein vlelelein piste.cis's(n/ein, Sie s/stelesia'slels [ Venango Co. Farmers’ Institute.

Bue. Kahler, Mins ova vatavaielalalelataicte (oie sis alerera’siove erersla(elarsvarne see ) Lycoming Co. Muncy Valley Farmers’ Club.

Next order of business was the election of officers.

On motion, Hon. Samuel W. Pennypacker, Governor of the Com-
monwealth, was elected president of the Board. -

The following gentlemen were nominated for Vice Presidents:
General James A. Beaver, C. W. Brodhead and J. A. Herr. On mo-
tion, nominations were closed, and the Secretary was instructed to
cast the ballot of the members for the gentlemen named.

Gen. Beaver was then called to the chair and addressed the
Board upon the representative character of the State Board of
Agriculture. On motion, John Hamilton, was selected Secretary
for the ensuing year.

The following persons were nominated for Executive Committee:
Messrs. Woodward, Clark, Hoiman, Riddle, Temple, Snavely,
Rodgers, McHenry and Schwarz.

The Chair appointed Messrs. White and Herr as tellers to collect
and count the votes.

the tellers reported that the following persons had received the
majority of the votes cast and the Chair accordingly declared them
elected: Messrs. Woodward, Clark, Holman, Riddle, Temple,
Snavely and Mathew Rodgers.

On motion, Mr. Nelson, of Clearfield, whose term expired with
this meeting, was invited to sit as an advisory member.

The hearing of reports of Standing Committees was resumed.

Dr. J. T. Rothrock, chairman of the Committee on Forests and
Forestry, presented his report. Discussion followed, participated
in by the chairman and Messrs. Nelson, Rothrock, Schwarz, Jaekel
and Bird. On motion, the report was read and ordered on file.

The chairman of the Committee on Roads and Road Laws stated
that he had no report.

The chairman on Dairying and Dairy Products also stated that
he had not prepared a report.

204 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Dr. M. E. Conard, chairman of the Live Stock Committee, pre-
sented his report, which was received and ordered on file.

The committee appointed to wait on the Governor, reported that
they had performed that duty and that he would be present at
the meeting at 2 o’clock this afternoon.

Adjourned to meet at 1.30 P. M.

Wednesday Afternoon, January 28, 1903.

The Board met at 1.30 P. M., Vice President Beaver in the Chair.

The committee on credentials asked permission to make a supple-
mentary report. The committee presented the names of W. P.
Bolton, of Bonview, representing the State Horticultural Associa-
tion, and that of J. Blair Garretson, representing the Adams County
Agricultural Society. On motion, these gentlemen were accorded
the privilege of the floor. ;

The report of the Committee on Floriculture was then read by
the chairman, Mr. Lonsdale. Discussion followed by Messrs. Pear-
son, Lonsdale, Patrick, Rogers and Prof. Roberts.

The Governor of the Commonwealth was then announced. He
was invited to the Chair, and made a brief address to the Board.

The discussion of the report on Floriculture was resumed, par-
ticipated in by Messrs. Lonsdale, Governor Pennypacker, Prof.
Roberts and Prof. Massey, of North Carolina. On motion, the re-
port was received and ordered on file.

The chairman of the Legislative Committee, Hon. Jason Sexton,
presented his report, which, on motion, was received and ordered on
file.

Mr. McHenry moved the following: “That we emphatically en-
dorse the recommendations set forth in the report of our Legisla-
tive Committee, and instruct our Legislative Committee to use all
honorable means to have the same enacted into law.” Carried.

The regular program of papers and discussions was then taken
up. The first paper was on “Market Gardening and the Marketing
of Produce,” by Hon. R. F. Schwarz.

The Secretary announced that the meeting of the Executive
Committee of the Allied Agricultural Organizations of Pennsyl-
vania, will be held in this hall at 7 P. M. this evening.

Dr. Lee, Secretary of the State Board of Health and Sanitarian
of the Board, then presented his report. Discussion followed by
Messrs. Brodhead, Dr. Lee and Judge Beaver. On motion, the re-
port was received and placed on file.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 205

The Pomologist of the Board, Cyrus T. Fox, presented his re-
port, which, on motion, was received and placed on file.

On motion of the Secretary, Mr. W. F. Hill, of the Pennsylvania
State Grange, and Prof. W. F. Massey, of North Carolina, were in-
vited to sit as advisory members.

The Committee on Credentials reported the name of Mr. E. S.
Hoover, of Lancaster county, as representing the Lancaster County
Agricultural and Horticultural Societies. On motion, Mr. Hoover
was invited to sit as an advisory member.

The report of the Executive Committee nominating the Standing
Committees of the Board for the year 1903 was presented and, on
motion, the recommendations were adopted, and the report is as
follows:

206 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off.

STANDING COMMITTEKS.

LEGISLATION.

RPAUS OMS OREO, |. ojsicte crecs lors cists scale e.cie. ous: scorer steviarev atoll siosfoneiors tesastere North Wales.-~

iNo» dg ARN CIKS A) Toco PSE eeeoee canio tp oierkion detror orion Satanic D Hughesville,

CCC ETD TUE CHL S OUD Bikers fare cw tonesalopaveta nieve ncveveLehelePerereasieleelewests/oxckstsberone Warriors’ Mark.

Vem ET mE TSO SUUILS etcrerctariclate cial olcietoletevace ler eleledsiousisl sinks, Saisieterstey tine ekeret = Drumore.

SUV fee ts CCS a os Vc ie soos 255 do: ayo: ake’ oieitatter vets sefocetey ete Oke) oVolsicterers-sveiereie Nazareth.
CEREALS AND CEREAL CROPS.

GmBsS Heses (Chairman, 06 oro sess oresiausie 0:0 (o.s.e uisictersisveistedos oye Marion.

ROADS AND ROAD LAWS.

See VicHienry:,; ChaiGnivam, asec. si. cieele's sicletels ois) efele clelseiere Indiana.
ERO AND HRULEICULEURE:

Enosss auricles (Chair anin castes ccrairersle clvelseie ateioterentclorsreiere Waynesboro.
DAIRY AND DAIRY PRODUCTS.

enya Wie INOrthup, Chairman cocci: cicitee ocis ccictercse Glenburn.

FERTILIZERS.

Howard G. McGowan, Chairman, 3..:.3.............:.G@eiger’s Mills.

WOOL AND TEXTILE FIBRES.

Samuel McCreary, Chairman, ......................... Neshannock Falls.

LIVE, STOCK.

MERWVEE Olivieri hain ane 1c racers ociae eae ete elena Conneautville.

POULTRY.

Norris G. Temple, Chairman, aieefeleteletesticresrteiteenr ry LOCOPSON:

FORESTS AND FORESTRY.

Dre l Rothrock, Ghainmans ee scenes tee eee Harrisburg.

ATE TARY:
Je ee Elson @hainmantwes ceca eens. eee ....--. Shawville.
FLORICULTURE.

Edwin Lonsdale, Chairman, ACN OG GON Gdooo SoamOn oboe o ae MAnaNohantuyone.

Doc.

INO: 6: DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 207

OFFICERS.

PRESIDENT,

Hon. Samuel W. Pennypacker, Governor, ........... Harrisburg,

VICE PRESIDENTS.
EVRA EP UV Y ELT O\ csrcscicots cxeve)(o/oueisjapeleiors, ore elere)s/m\sialeveisie slersapinle/eeie 0 © Bloomsburg.
RUM ES CC, ere aiar csc ccscicicratave aitiSelere © ciel ait wicisieis ews wisleieiaicle Sleeve Nazareth.
PU ty eA Came eM TT ates creas alle, rayerareh ool caa VakeroXe egaveievaves shor eere ous euniesyenevoicis Cedar Springs.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.

OTM SAnIUel, Wie Penny Packers Voices ceils we cleletmic=« oes Harrisburg.
PASM VIO OGIWAT O's, \aic ste cicre lore ole ere eieais: sreVereaiele 56 aceverels s°s/ eee ere Howard.

IV TRMBEV OC OTS rere (cre cicvstetiole ioloscoystel ore oie) svoler fs lave tal xo} ere) e/Sts er esote alisrel oe Mexico.

FEETme GSES TN AV.CiY oe as) ciiesei <¥'s,0'arstievel o:s.9) ole, sielaisie’ s aisietaleielelace, age (eiareie ays. Lebanon
PCa mE TOU ITNEATN © rays sravcrecctara pero oo alevelejaraceieya wisiciislaaisile ole w.oererslece Nekoda.
VV melee DER TCL GI Git sctcicicies letters shesinvcle so eiawle cilecelos ne elensiase es Butler.

IN age Crepe LTV NT) Os frac ste tacoley ctislove ©. 01 sroi'oje, sionetes sre a cl@liensie) sisi sereve!ene slaves Pocopson.
VT Nes © gr Kee ois Sahl ravajio: 6 afe: chore cults a evele (erste Cavarsielo wie 8 wieleleiersitieveye Claridge.
SOME reM OW = COCCHI. cycle cicts testers eva oolovsra lerencilels, sie Harrisburg.

ADVISORY COMMITTEE.

~UOiiine ISkhaihichada yl i Me otenncassoaocono seein come amos Harrisburg.
HVA Nan OT LT aa are cawas chor och) aroterai o eresh,chaswlicuctet shay cte oferaceieva sores isateisisreis Claridge.
PAC ET OLIMUATAS: ois sreiates exe's s:ssovels =) ersilelelo-e1eigis\ eters cievei vie, stoleve) ova teal Nekoda.

W. H. H. Riddle,

CONSULTING SPECIALISTS.

SOLAN SCS Sererctelnie sic wise ose ares 4inveyo Prof. W. A. Buckhout, .... State College,
IPOMOLOSISt HS aa nelcieisace ee coniee CY TUISMEA HORS: sajee ne nerelee a2 Reading.
CTS Ee a taaisiecssieivvisielele oles. cies sie. siove Dr. William Frear, ........ State College.
WiC TEP SUT COM, acess av we cronais ea elore Dr. Leonard Pearson, ..... Philadelphia.
SMC TL AN sal | oc Sieseis caress cel setes Dre Bentamin Wee, jcc «c Philadelphia.
Microscopists and Hygienists, Dr. H. Leffman, .......... Philadelphia.
leyeopi, (Op, 13h, (Ckorabezwaty As noon West Chester.
HINGCOMOLOLISES, | fes.os.0)- cree ove svete Profs Ra. Scheidtre acces Lancaster.
Dr: Ey SKINMeENr. weevac-sics ss Philadelphia.
Ornithologists nace «6 sesoss estos Profs Hea. SUrhace yy cn arc. State College.
INIGECOPOLOSISES, secs csc sce orci HIS Re) Cvs wes ceieeioacies Harrisburg.
Gp 1p ISIERICO ERs consobanavac Quakertown.
Mineralogist, ....+............- Col. H. G. Demming, ...... Harrisburg.
PACT UATSE Sbr dl arareincle ernie sn oi8 © Gis ates loin g Prof. Geow@ Butz. sce ss: State College.
REL ONO SUSE ae irr sciarncte zi oicainte asrare ¢ Dr. M. E. Wadsworth, .... State College.

*John Hamilton having resigned as Secretary of Agriculture, N. B. Critchfield, his successor,
by virtue of his office, became the Secretary of the Committee.

208 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

The order of business on the program for the afternoon session
was then resumed.

Mr. M. N. Clark presented a paper on “A Bird’s-eye View of the
Western Pennsylvania Farms.”

The next paper was by Mr. Norris G. Temple, on “Poultry for
Profit.”

Adjourned until 7.15 this evening.

Wednesday Evening, January 28, 1903.

The Board was called to order at 7.15 P. M., Vice President Brod-
head in the Chair.

The first paper of the evening was by Hon. W. F. Beck on “How
to Make Reasonably Sure of a Successful Crop of Potatoes on
Heavy Limestone Soil.” =

The next paper was by Prof. C. B. Cochran, on “Tea, Coffee and
Cocoa.”

Mr. Sexton offered the following resolution:

‘Whereas, The material prosperity of the community, State and Nation rest
upon agriculture as its foundation, and

“Whereas, The liberal and practical education of the farmer is essential to
his success under the sharp competition of recent years, and

“Whereas, The public provision for agricultural education in Pennsylvania
is far below that in any other state and entirely inadequate to supply the
demand, and

“Whereas, A combined effort is being made by the agricultural organizations
of the State to secure adequate and necessary means and equipment for educa-
tion in agriculture and forestry at The Pennsylvania State College; therefore,

“Resolved, That the Pennsylvania State Board of Agriculture, as a member of
the Allied Agricultural Organizations, pledges its hearty support to that effect
and recommends to its members that they use all proper means to secure from
the present Legislature a liberal appropriation for the erection and mainte-
nance of a suitable agricultural building and the support of instruction in agri-
culture and forestry at The Pennsylvania State College.

“Resolved, That the Board hereby expresses appreciation of the favorable
action of the Legislature of 1901, in making an appropriation for a Dairy Build-
ing, and regrets that that appropriation failed to receive the approval of the
Governor.

“Resolved, That a special committee of three (3) be appointed to co-operate
with the Legislative Committee of the Allied Agricultural Organizations, and
that the chairman of said committee be the representative of the Board upon
the Executive Committee of the Allied Agricultural Organizations.” Adopted.

The next paper was by Prof. I. P. Roberts, of Cornell University,
on “The Responsibilties and Duties of State Boards and Teachers of
Agriculture.” Discussion followed, participated in by Messrs. Ham-

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 209

ilton, Martin, Prof. Massey, Prof. Cochran, Dr. Schaeffer, Prof.
Roberts, Piollet, Dr. Rothrock, Prof. Surface, Herr, Clark and
Fenstemacher.

On motion, the Board adjourned until to-morrow morning at 9
A. M.

Thursday Morning, January 29, 1903.

The Board met at 9 A. M., Vice President Brodhead in the chair.

The chairman appointed on the committee to carry into effect
Mr. Sexton’s resolution, R. J. Weld, Jason Sexton and W. F. Beck.

The Board, on motion, selected State College as the place for its
next meeting, and the time to be fixed by the Executive Committee.

The Secretary addressed the meeting on Legislation for the Board
and the future of the Department of Agriculture. He also called
attention to the commodious rooms of the Department as planned
in the new Capitol Building.

On motion, the regular order of business was changed and the
paper of Prof. Massey, on “The Southern Cow Pea and its Probable
Place in the Agriculture of the Middle States” was made the first
order of the day.

Discussion followed by Messrs. Stout, Massey, Baker and Sexton.

Dr. John W. Adams then made an address on “Scientific Horse-
shoeing.” Discussion followed by Messrs. Critchfield, Brodhead and
Hamilton.

Dr. Pearson made a statement with regard to the use of vaccina-
tion in “The Immunizing of Cattle against Tuberculosis,” where-
upon the following resolution was offered and, upon motion,
adopted:

“Whereas, We are convinced of the great value of a successful method of
protecting cattle against tuberculosis by vaccination, and

“Whereas, Some results cf experiments in this direction that have been made
by the State Live Stock Sanitary Board appear to show that such a method
may be developed, be it

“Resolved, That we, the State Board of Agriculture, in annual meeting as-
sembled, hereby recommend that an appropriation be made by the Legislature
to the Live Stock Sanitary Board for the purpose of supporting further investi-
gations upon the immunization of cattle against tuberculosis to the end that
the method may be tested and developed as soon as possible.”

Adjourned to meet at 1.50 P. M.
The Board met at 1.30 P. M., Vice President Brodhead in the

chair.

14—6— 1905

210 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

= rin

hursday Afternoon, January 29, 1903.
The first order of business was the report of the Ornithologist
_ Prof. Surface.

Moved by Mr. McHenry, that the State Board of Agriculture _
hereby declares itself as opposed to the passage of the bill now
pending in the Legislature, which provides for the destruction of
owls. Carried.

On motion of Mr. McHenry, the following resolution was adopted:

“In view of the large increase of perfectly worthless dogs, the danger to
life by hydrophobia and the immense loss to farmers in this Commonwealth,
by the loss oi sheep killed by the useless curs, and other depredations on a
farm caused by them; therefore, be it

“Resolved, That the legisiative body now in session be requested to enact a
law, declaring dogs personal property, that it shall be the duty of the assessors
to assess said dogs at a value placed upon them by the owners (that the taxes
for said dog or dogs be ten per centum of their value per annum, but in no case
shall such taxes be less than one dollar per dog). That the taxes shall be col-
lectible as other taxes are. That after the dog or dogs are so assesséd the
constable of thé district shali furnish to each owner of dogs a metal tag on
which the number of the dog corresponding to that of the register of the as-
sessed dog made out by the assessor, for which the constable shall receive
a compensation of a sum not exceeding twenty-five cents per tag, and it shall
be the duty of the constable to kill any and all dogs found in his bailiwick with-
out such tag attached to its collar, for which service he shall receive a com-
pensation of fifty cents per dog killed.

“And said constables make their return under oath to the court of quarter
sessions every three months at the reguiar term, that no dog without a tag can
be found in his district,

“And the owner or owners of dogs so assessed shall be liable for all damages
caused by them to sheep or other property.”

The report of the Geologist, Dr. Wadsworth, was then read and,
on motion, was received and ordered on file.

The report of the Mineralogist, Col. H. C. Demming, was pre-
sented and, on motion, was received and ordered on file.

On motion, a vote of thanks was tendered to Profs. Massey, and
Dr. Adains for their instructive addresses.

On motion, the Board adjourned sine de.

JOHN HAMILTON,
Secretary.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 211

mePORT OF SPECIALISTS OF THH STATE
BOARD OF AGRICULTURE, PRESENTED AT
THE ANNUAL MEETING HELD AT HARRIS-
BORG PA. JANUARY 28 AND 29, 1903.

REPORT OF SANITARIAN.

By BENJAMIN LEE, M.D., Philadelphia.

By command of the Secretary of Agriculture I again appear
before you to offer a few words of friendly advice on that most im-
portant topic, the preservation of health, or, to attack the subject
on its negative side, the prevention of disease. I was instructed to
prepare a report, but; as the occupant of the important position of
Sanitarian to this Board has no duties assigned him, he, with great
diligence performs no duties and has, therefore, nothing to report
upon. I, therefore,:venture to style my paper an address rather
than a report.

The question may be pertinently asked, whether I have had the
advantage of an agricultural training which would fit me to advise
a body of practical farmers on matters pertaining to farm and
homestead life. IL am reluctantly compelled to answer this ques-
tion in the negative. But I flatter myself that I possess by inherit-
ance certain traits which may command your confidence. My grand-
father ran away to sea when a boy, and the surmise is that he cul-
tivated oats of the wild variety with considerable success. For
many years, as a sea captain, he ploughed the ocean and his keel
drew broad furrows across many seas. His log-books bear witness
to the fact that he often passed through harrowing experiences.
He invariably called a spade a spade and was in the habit of using
such expressions at ‘“Ho(e), there!” or “Hay, you!” when addressing
his mariners. I do not think he was a horse breeder, as he never—
well—hardly ever—said “dam,” although as a naval officer, he was
quite familiar with the management of the horse marines, and in
navigating the southern seas had many opportunities of studying

212 ANNUAL REPORT OF, THE Off. Doc.

the habits of sea cows. If his commands were not instantly com-
plied with, he well understood the value of threshing in enforcing
them. He was always able to recognize old Father Neptune by
his pitchfork. If, therefore, there is anything in the doctrine of
heredity, and I presume all cattle breeders are satisfied that there
is, have 1 not made good my claim to an inherited aptitude for agri-
cultural pursuits? Without further prelude, let me call your at-
tention for a few moments to the subject of

PREVENTIVE MEDICINE.

Preventive medicine is unquestionably the medicine of the
future. The physician of the future will no longer feel that he
has done his full duty when his patient has recovered from typhoid
fever, or the surgeon when he has cut off a leg. He will be some-
thing more and higher than a mere prescriber of pills and po-
tions. The oldest nation on the face of the earth is the wisest in
its initial thought on this subject, although its arrested develop-
ment has not permitted it to work out the idea satisfactorily in
detail. The duty of the Chinese physician is rather to keep his
patrons well than to cure them when sick. It has even been as-
serted that his salary ceases, if, indeed, his head is not cut off, when
his patron becomes a patient. The whole trend of modern medicine
is towards the discovery of the causes of diseases and their avoid-
ance, elimination or destruction. The ounce of prevention is easily
the winning horse in its race with the pound of cure. The subject
naturally divides itself into two sub-divisions—preventive medicine
as related to the individual, which is called personal hygiene, and
preventive medicine as related to the people at large, to which are
applied the titles of public hygiene, public health or state medicine.
It is to the latter that we will, with your permission, devote a few
minutes’ consideration.

PUBLIC HYGIENE AND STATE MEDICINE.

No sooner do individuals begin to group themselves into com-
munities than the most dominant principal of human nature, selfish-
ness, asserts itself in the effort of each to throw upon his neighbor
the duty of maintaining healthful conditions in all property which
is held in common; while, at the same time, the proximity of dwell-
ings renders it vastly more necessary to strictly observe domestic
sanitary precautions. Each man waits for his neighbor to clean
out an offensive gutter or ditch, or remove a putrefying carcass
from an open lot. “What is everybody’s business is nobody’s busi-
ness.” No man is willing to go to more expense or trouble than his
neighbor in keeping his own premises in a clean, healthful condi-
tion. Every man maintaining an industry disposes of its waste
products, however offensive, in such manner as shall involve the

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 213

least labor and expenditure to himself. Under such conditions, it
does not require a yery long period to produce so poisonous a con-
dition of the soil, water and air that disease is recognized as the
result of these uncivilized methods. The North American Indians
had a very simple plan for meeting an emergency of this kind.
Their medicine-man held a pow-wow and declared that the Great
Spirit had cursed the ground on which they were encamped, and
ordered them to abandon it. This they did with little ado. Strap-
ping their wigwams on the backs of their ponies, and their house-
hold effects on the backs of their wives, the braves marched off in
search of a site for a new village. In so-called civilized communi-
ties, however, habitations and commercial buildings are not so
easily transported and possess too great a money value to permit
them to be lightly abandoned. The alternative is the establish-
ment of local self-government of the form known as municipal,
and the appointment of a special authority to which this most im-
portant “nobody’s business” shall be assigned. Such authorities
discharge their duties with more or less efficiency, usually, unfor
tunately, it must be admitted, less, inasmuch as, first, selfishness
and self-interest cannot be entirely eradicated by an act of incor-
poration; and, secondly, as communities are invariably unwilling
to provide their health authorities with sufficient money to prop-
erly carry out the measures necessary for the prevention of dis-
ease. Moreover, in small communities, the underpaid officials do
not possess the knowledge or training necessary to enable them to
recognize and efficiently combat the causes of disease. Hence, as
individual families, when crowded into a small space, become the
cause of injury or “nuisance,” as it is technically called, to one
another, so villages and towns, as they multiply, become nuisances
to neighboring towns.

The necessity for a central health authority which shall, first,
instruct local boards in their duties, secondly, ensure greater effici-
ency in their administration, and, thirdly, aid the Legislature of the
State in framing proper laws for the better protection of the public
health and the prevention of disease, uniform in their action through-
out the entire body politic, therefore, becomes apparent. Singu-
larly enough, this conclusion was not arrived at until the latter
half of the last century. The phrase “State Medicine” is compara-
tively a new one. It is used to describe a combination of the study
of the causes of diseases and of the means for their prevention
with that of the appropriate methods of official administration
for the enforcement of those means. In different countries the
official administration assumes different forms. In England, the
central authority is the local government board, to which all local
health boards must report and to whose rulings they are amenable.

214 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

In the Republic of Mexico, it is the Superior Board of Health which
sustains a like relation to the Boards of Health of the several
states, while they, in turn, exercise supervision over the municipal
boards. In the Dominion of Canada, we find Provincial Boards.
In the United States, very few of the states and territories are
without a State Board of Health. In some of the states they
possess executive powers more or less absolute. In others they
are simply advisory. In many they have the supervision of the
registration of vital statistics, a very important branch of state
administration, and without which it is impossible to achieve the
best results for the health of every portion of the state. In the
majority of the states, the State Board is in direct relation with the
municipal boards, both of cities and of townships. In a few there
are county boards of health or county health officers, which form
an intermediary body between the two.

This would seem to be the ideal plan; but in every state the genius
of the people, and their traditional forms of government, often
widely diverse, must be considered if the ready acquiescence of the
people is to be obtained. In some states the township seems to
be the natural unit of political organization; in others, the county.
At one time there also existed in the United States a National
Board of Health, whose chief function was the investigation of the
cause of disease, and between which and the various state boards
a loose relationship existed, principally of an advisory and consult-
ing nature. This board fell to pieces through the influence of state
jeaiousies, mismanagement and the lack of natural cohesiveness.
The necessity of some such central body to co-ordinate the different
siate boards, harmonize conflicting interest, diminish the incon-
veniences and annoyances of inter-state quarantine, and render
scaboard quarantines uniform in their methods of administration,
in addition to investigating the great problems of the causation
of disease on a scale which the national treasury alone could pro-
vide for, has, however, been thoroughly comprehended both by the
medical profession at large and by practical sanitarians, who have
been untiring in their efforts to secure legislation from Congress
to that end. Such an act has at length been passed, and became
a law, by receiving the signature of the President of the United
States, on the first day of July, 1902. Its title is “An act to im
crease the Efficiency and change the Name of the United States
Marine Hospital Service.” The name of that service is changed
to “Public Health and Marine Hospital Servite of the United
States.” The title of the “Supervising Surgeon-General” is changed
to “Surgeon-General” and his salary is increased to $5,000.00 per
annum. Provision is made for the appointment of a permanent
advisory board for the hygienic laboratory already in existence,

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 215

to be detailed, one member each, from the army, the navy, and the
Bureau of Animal Industry, to which five civilians appointed by the
Surgeon-General are added for the purpose of taking part in an
annual conference for a period of not longer than ten days in any
one year.

An annual conference of the health authorities of all the states
and territories and the district of Columbia, each to be entitled
to one delegate is made compulsory. The Surgeon-General may
also, at his discretion, invite a conference with health and quaran-
tine authorities from such states and territories as he deems desir-
able, aS occasion may require; and, on the application of not less
than five state or territorial boards of health, quarantine authori-
ties or state health officers, it becomes his duty to call a conference
of delegates from such states and territories. Provision is also
made for the national “registration of mortality, morbidity and
vital statistics.” The system of health organization in this country
may now, therefore, be said to be complete and symmetrical, com-
prising a central Public Health Bureau at the National Capital, a
board of health in each state and territory, and local boards in every
municipality.

THE POWERS AND DUTIES OF HHALTH AUTHORITIES.

Having then the necessary machinery established, what are the
powers and duties of health authorities with reference, first, to the
causes of disease, and, second, to their avoidance, elimination or
destruction?

The powers of boards of health in their relation to the individual
citizen, ought to be and in most cases are, autocratic and absolute.
The Czar of Russia, himself, scarcely possesses more unlimited au-
thority. This is necessary from the very nature of the case. The
matters with which they are concerned are those of life and death,
and the utmost promptness of action is often demanded in order
that life may be saved and grave disaster prevented. Under com-
mon law, the courts are the recourse for those whose lives or health
are threatened in any way whatever. To such the courts have
always been open. But the law’s delays are proverbial, and, since
during such delays many lives may be lost and great calamities
may result, all legislators recognize the necessity for an authority
in this most important domain which may act promptly, independ-
ently, and autocratically within the limits of its jurisdiction.
Neither person nor property are exempt from its pains and penal-
ties. It may restrain the liberty of the one and destroy the other
on the simple ground that in its judgment, such action is necessary
for the protection of the public health. ‘“‘Salus populi suprema
‘est lex.’ “The health of the people is, indeed, the supreme law.”

216 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

The highest dignitary of the land is as amenable to its rule as the
beggar in the street. Local health authorities often fail to recog-
nize the full extent of their powers and are too timid in their
exercise. The law which creates them carefully defines their duties
and the limitations of their powers, and within these lines, no-one
can interfere with them.

The first duty of a board of health is to discover the causes of
disease within the territory under its jurisdiction. This it accom-
plishes in two ways: First, and most important, by insisting on
prompt and accurate returns of births, deaths and communicable
diseases, from all persons in any way connected with such occur-
rences, such as physicians, midwives, undertakers and heads of
families. In this manner alone can it determine what diseases are
prevalent and in what parts of their territory they are most preva-
lent, and thus arrive at a conclusion as to their causes. Important
as is their duty for the abatement of nuisances, this does not com-
pare in beneficent and far-reaching results with that for the en-
forcement of the registration of vital statistics. And yet this is
usually the last which boards of heaith in small towns are inclined
to take up, and that for which municipal legislators are willing to
appropriate the least money. The intelligence of a community,
or even of a Commonwealth, may be gauged with accuracy by the
attention which it devotes to this matter. It is the basis of all
intelligent sanitary adminstration. Secondly, by inspections. These
must be made by officers trained to the work, frequently and sys-
tematically, especial attention being, of course, devoted to those
quarters, villages or districts which the returns indicate as being
the foci of disease or centres of infection. Blanks should be pro-
vided on which every possible condition liable to affect the health
of a street, alley, yard, dwelling, place of business or manufacture
should have its appropriate place. At certain seasons, and during
epidemics, house-to-house inspections should be made. Systematic
inspection of schools is essential.

Having determined the causes of diseases and their haunts, how
shall health authorities proceed to their elimination and destruc-
tion.

First, by adopting and rigidly enforcing regulations for protect-
ing the purity of food products, especially of meat and milk. These
latter articles should be kept under supervision from the pasture
and the stable to the slaughter house, the market and the delivery
wagon.

Second, by using every means in their power to obtain copious
supplies of pure water for their communities. The frequent exam-
ination of water supplies, both public and private, and the publica-
tion of the results is an important means to this end. Avarice

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 217

and official chicanery will oppose them at every step, but they
eannot neglect this duty if they possess honesty and self-respect.

Third, by compelling landlords and employers to provide means
of ventilation and sufficient air space in all sleeping apartments
and work rooms.

Fourth, by compelling private individuais and corporations to
maintain their dwellings, places of business and premises in a
state of cleanliness and freedom from all nuisances prejudicial to
health.

Fifth, by calling the attention of the municipal government to
all offensive accumulations on streets, alleys, roads or commons,
and to the importance of provision for effective drainage.

Sixth, by strictly isolating all cases of contagious disease, which,
in their judgment, demand such treatment for the protection of the
public.

Seventh, by instructing those in whose homes contagious disease
exists as to the precautions necessary for their own protection
and that of their neighbors.

Eighth, by thoroughly disinfecting all apartments, houses, public
vehicles, clothing and personal effects which have been exposed
to infection.

Ninth, by insisting on the establishment by the municipal authori-
ties of a hospital for contagious diseases, and by removing persons
suffering from such diseases to said hospital in every case in which
such action is practicable, in an ambulance reserved for that pur-
pose alone.

Tenth, by making provision for the gratuitous vaccination of the
poor and furnishing diphtheria antitoxin for the poor on the appli-
cation of a reputable physician.

Eleventh, by keeping the people informed of the condition of the
public health, and especially of the prevalence of any communicable
disease, and by distributing, from time to time, circulars instructing
the people how to avoid such diseases. Concealment of such dis-
eases is a crime, by whomsoever committed, whether householder,
physician or board of health.

Twelfth, while the microscope has failed to demonstrate the ex-
istence of bacteria as the cause of some of the infectious diseases
with which we are most familiar, such as measles, chicken-pox and
small-pox, it has succeeded in the case of so many others, that we
are fully justified, reasoning by analogy, in the conclusion that all
communicable diseases are dependent on a like cause.

The discovery of these causes, the devising of methods for their
prompt recognition, and of means for their elimination and de-
struction are among the most important duties assigned to national
and state boards of health. Such researches call for the expendi-

15 cee

218 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

ture of large amounts of money and are, therefore, not so readily
prosecuted by local boards, but the furnishing of opportunities
for the prompt diagnosis of such of the communicable diseases as
can be thus distinguished is now recognized as the duty of the
boards of health of all cities.

Wherever in this summary of the duties of boards of health I
have made use of the words municipalities or municipal authorities,
I desire to be understood as including those quasi-municipalities
known as townships, the importance of which the State Legislature
is just beginning to recognize as essential factors in State adminis-
tration by conferring upon them for the first time in the history
of the State, powers of self-government. Two comparatively recent
acts make them self-governing as regards the enforcement of sani-
tary laws and regulations. These enactments have come none too
soon. The country districts are sadly in need of sanitary super-
vision. In the words of another, a practising physician living in
the country, “the experience of every country physician will bear
us out when we say that such diseases as typhoid fever, diphtheria,
scarlet fever and measles have quite as many victims in the country
as in the city. There is many a household with a vacant chair
by the hearth in every neighborhood in our broad land, which can
also testify to this terrible truth.” Today he might have added
to his list, small-pox, which is going up and down through our rural
districts, not like a roaring lion, but rather like a sneaking wild
cat, seeking whom it may devour, maim or disfigure. Some years
since, I requested a distinguished physician to read a paper before
a sanitary convention on “Typhoid Fever and its Prevention.”
When he came to the platform, he announced that he had taken
the liberty of changing the title to “Typhoid Fever, a Disease of
the Village and Farm.” His essay amply justified the title. “Sub-
urban and rural districts,” he maintained, “possess a special lia-
bility to this disease, which lies chiefly in the contamination of
their water supply.; These conditions are easily understood and
are usually due to direct communication between cesspools and
wells. The fluids percolating the soil from a cesspool near a well,
or overflowing in time of rains carry the disease with ten-fold more
certainty than the much dreaded sewers of the city. Just so long
as townships are without regularly constituted, efficient and intelli-
gent health authorities, just so long will the farmers of our State
sow abundant crops of little white headstones in their God’s acres
as well as of wheat and corn in their broad fields.

In conclusion, it may be asked whether State medicine has
achieved results which justify its existence? The answer is not
far to seek and is most gratifying and conclusive. In the Cen-
sus Bulletin of the Twelfth Census of the United States, published

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 2719

August 20, 1901, Mr. W. A. King, Chief Statistician for Vital Sta-
tistics, in a communication transmitting the preliminary statistics
of deaths to the Director of the Census, says: “The most import-
ant feature of the results presented is found in the decrease in
the general death rate in the registration area of 1.8 per 1,000
of population, a decrease of nearly LO per cent., and the decrease
in the rates from the particular diseases to which the general de-
crease is due. The effect of the advances made in medical science
and sanitation, and in the preventive and restrictive measures en-
forcd by health authorities is still more strikingly shown in the
comparative rate for the registration cities of the country taken
together.” In 1890, the death rate was 21 per 1,000, and in 1900
only 18.6 per 1,000, a reduction of 2.4 per 1,000. “The average age
at death in 1890 was 31.1 years; in 1800 it was 35.2.” The addition
of four years to the average of human life in cities within a de-
cade seems almost incredible, but the writer has recently inquired
of Mr. King whether, on carefully going over the returns in the
meantime, he had seen any reason to modify his conclusions? The
reply was, that, on the contrary, they were fully sustained.

More astonishing, if possible, however, are the results achieved
by American sanitary officers in the cities of Cuba and in Manila.
The annual death rate in Havana has been, in the short space of
two years, reduced from 67 per 1,000 to 25 per 1,000, while that
terrible scourge, yellow fever, which used to carry off more than
one hundred of her people every month, has entirely disappeared.
In Santiago de Cuba, similar brilliant results have been obtained.
In the city of Manila, the results have been not less striking and
gratifying. The death rate for the month of October, 1899, the
first month for which we have reports, was 61.39 per 1,000. The
death rate for ten months of 1900 was 41.99, as compared with a
‘ate of 33.4 for the same ten months of 1901, figures for the other
two months not being available. The present cholera epidemic has,
of course, raised the rate, but in the main, the figures go to show
that, during the period of American occupation, the death rate in
Manila has been lowered nearly fifty per cent. It is true that this
wonderful transformation was accomplished under military rule,
but this simply means intelligent, honest, fearless performance of
duty, backed by an adequate appropriation.

When such results reported by trained and thoroughly reliable
observers can be adduced, it is no longer possible for the most in-
credulous to doubt the immense benefits which sanitary science,
applied by sanitary officers, is conferring on the world.

“220 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

REPORT OF THE BOTANIST.

By PROF. W. A. BUCKHOUT, State College, Pa.

During the year 1902 the Botanist has answered inquiries upon
various matters connected with plants and plant life. The most
frequent and important were as follows:

1. Specimens of weeds were sent for naming and for directions
how best to eradicate them. The range of kinds was not large,
nor did it include any which were really new to farmers and gard-
eners generally, although in many cases new to the senders. Re-
plies to these letters have been necessarily of the same general
character, inasmuch as it is doubtful whether there are any specific
methods of weed destruction which are practicable on a large scale.
Rotation of crops, clean cultivation and fertile soil will ordinarily
suffice to crowd out or prevent the entrance of weeds. Indeed, the
presence of troublesome weeds means that one or more of these
factors is lacking. The process of weed eradication may require
some years of patient labor, owing to the difficulty of getting some
soils into the fertile condition and in establishing a rotation of
crops, but no other methods are satisfactory.

All who are interested in this matter should send to the Depart-
ment of Agriculture, Washington, D. C., for Farmer’s Bulletin,
“Weeds and How to Kill Them.” This gives the gist of the whole
weed question. If the farmers in a given community would unite
in a war against weeds, including cutting those upon highways and
uncultivated lands so as to prevent seeding, two years would show
a marked reduction in weed injury with cleaner fields and better
food crops.

One correspondent, intending to make some changes in his yard,
raises the query what effect, if any, will be caused by filling in
earth about his fruit and ornamental trees. This inquiry is perti-
nent, since experience plainly shows that any change of grade or
level about trees is a check and injury to them. To remove surface
earth, thus bringing roots nearer to the air, is generally*understood
to be an injury, but many persons seem not to have learned that
filling in earth about a tree, thus removing its roots to deeper level,
is fully as injurious. Sometimes it is sought to minimize the injury
by making the filling largely of stone or gravel and by building up
a wall about the trunk of the tree, The result is seldom satisfac-

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 221

tory. While there is a difference in trees and in soil this is largely
theoretical;-it is never safe to fill in about a tree more than a
foot and the danger rapidly increases with the depth of the filling.
The injury-may not be marked for several years. ‘That it is not
more frequently caused is chiefly due to the fact that, owing to the
spread of roots and the inclination of the surface, some parts are
left unchanged or so slightly changed that root action is not ma-
terially affected. ‘There is much barbarous treatment of trees be-
sides cutting off their roots and surfacing about them with asphalt
and pavement blocks, where everything must be sacrificed to the
rigid level of the engineer. In case material changes in grade and
level are necessary, it will be, in the long run, more satisfactory to
remove old trees entirely and reset them, or, if they are too large,
to destroy them and start anew with young trees.

3. Many of the inquiries are, naturally, respecting fungi and
fungus diseases of cultivated plants. They range over the whole
field of that voluminous subject. Some of them are simple and
easy, so far as determination of the fungus and the disease are
concerned, such as wheat rust, for instance; one soon learns to dis-
tinguish this at sight. A patch of rusted wheat, particularly in
the fall, is apt to suggest the Work of the Hessian fly, and, indeed,
they are frequently associated, but not probably as to cause and
effect; they are, presumably, independent. Remedy for such dis-
eases is quite a different aud a much more difficult matter, chiefly
because of the practical difficulties connected with their applica-
tion. The expense incurred in the direct application of fungicides
is frequently prohibitive. Preventive measures are to be sought
for, and these take a wide range and often call for a nicety of knowl-
edge and a closeness of observation not appreciated by farmers who
are generally slow to change old practices. The conditions sur-
rounding growing plants should be the best which can be made for
producing a rapid, continuous and vigorous growth. Such healthy,
active plants have a measure of resistance to fungus attack which
is not possessed by weaklings.

One must sometimes choose between a variety of vigorous growth
and productiveness, though of somewhat inferior quality, and one
which is of weaker growth and less productive, though of superior
quality, the former being not subject to fungus injury while the
latter suffers seriously. Coupled with this must be proper atten-
tion to crop rotation, since fungus germs tend to accumulate in a
soil or its plant refuse under continuous cultivation of one crop,
and can be removed only by periodically introducing some new
kind of crop. Burning or removing refuse is a great aid in securing
immunity from injurious fungi. The particular case which called
out these recommendations was one in which the celery blight was

222 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

the fungus concerned. Celery blight consists in an early wither-
ing of the leaves of the celery plant and their consequent growth
of small, poor and pithy leaf stalks, useless for food. The insignifi-
cant little fungus which thus biights the leaves may be reduced in
destructiveness by the process of spraying with Bordeaux mixture
and other fungicides. But if this remedy is tried at all it should
be as early in the growth of the plants as possible or the stalks
will be unfit for food. Since the blight is apt to continue into the
‘arly fall it is evidence that spraying is of doubtful value. The
choice of resistant varieties, clean culture and crop rotation are
the most feasible means of relief from this particular pest.

Still more obscure and unsatisfactory with which to deal are
certain mould-like fungi which live in the organic debris of the soil,
and when conditions are favorable may attack living plants which
have been weakened by frost or other means. These soil fungi are
not uncommon, but it is comparatively seldom that the conditions
are so favorable as to make them effective parasites upon useful
plants. Generally, should they attack them at all, they cause but
a temporary check and are soon outgrown. It is probable that the
use of lime is the most satisfactory remedy for such disorders. At
times and places where young grain has been visibly checked in
growth and examination has shown these soil fungi as the probable
cause it has been noticed that well-limed fields are exempt.

One of the most interesting of recent specific inquiries was that
concerning a curious discase of ornamental white birches, which
is accompanied by an exudation of red or brown slime, offensive to
the sight and smell. These slime fluxes have long been known in
Europe upon a variety of common trees, but are yet very imperfectly
understood. They appear to be the result of some mechanical in-
jury, or following frost cracks and checks. But they often occur
when it seems improbable that there could have been any such
causes. Whatever the initial cause may be, the sap of such trees
seems to undergo fermentation and to become filled with various
kinds of yeast and moulds which cause it to become slimy and
frothy to an extraordinary degree.

The writer has never seen this disease, nor is he aware that it
has been made the subject of study in this country. Without the
lack of more definite information, he does not feel warranted in
making any recommendations for treatment.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 223

REPORT OF THE GEOLOGIST.

BY DR. M. EK. WADSWORTH, State College,

At the time of my appointment to the office 1 now hold under
the direction of your honorable Board, it was stated to you that
my first duty would have-to be to the students under my charge,
at The Pennsyivania State College, but that 1 was willing to give
such time as I could find to the duties of Geologist. Since my es-
tablishment in my present position, my time has been almost ex-
clusively given to reorganizing the Depariment, and rearranging
and enlarging the collections. The result has been most gratifying
in the increased interest taken by the students, and in the further
fact that the attendance las been doubled within a year.

The chief interest to your honorable Board lies in this: That
part of the above instruction is given to the students of the State
College of agriculture. At the outset, the students in the agricul-
tural course had instruction under me, only, for one semester for
three hours a week, in geology. Such an arrangement as this was
unsatisfactory, as these students had to be united in one class
with others who had had a preparation more or less satisfactory
in the preliminary study of minerals and rocks. After calling
the attention of the faculty of the School of Agriculture to the
difficulty, | was kindly allowed two hours during the first half, and
three hours during the second half of the second semester of the
freshman year, and one hour during the first semester of the sopho-
more year, for the preparatory studies. While an improvement, the
time granted is insufficient and too fragmentary for satisfactory
work. i
The position of Geologist for your Board has brought to me also
numerous samples of rocks and minerals, to be determined for
members of our rural communities, scattered all over the State.
These determinations relate principally to clays, ores of iron, man-
ganese and copper, and supposed cobalt, silver, gold, coal, etc. The
amount of ignorance displayed in these matters, and the stubborn
unwillingness, on the part of the inquirers, to accept the truth,
all point to the preceding moral, that tzme, more time, ought to be
given in all of our agricultural courses, to practical instruction in
mineralogy, petrography and general and economic geology.

224 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Why need millions of dollars be wasted by our farmers in vainly
trying to obtain native gold, when all he has is some of the yellow
sulphides of iron, or of iron and copper, or of shining mica scales,
weathered yellow. If they know the simple fact that native gold
is soft and will cut without falling to pieces, while all other yellow
minerals, mistaken for gold, are harder, and when cut are brittle,
no such costly mistakes need exist, even when in minute quanti-
ties, the properties of gold can be shown by scratching the supposed
gold with a knife blade or a needle point. If it be gold, the metal
will ridge up and lay over without breaking, as will a damp soil
with a stout sward under the plow. If the mineral is not gold, it
will ridge up and crumble on both sides of the furrow, like dry, bare
soil under a double mould-board plow. Or, again, if a bit of the
mineral is struck by a hammer, it will flatten and spread out, if
gold; but crumble, if some other yellow mineral.

Simple practical facts like these, can easily be taught students,
if they are given sufficient time for the laboratory practice. The
student of agriculture in Pennsylvania, working in any rocky dis-
trict, ought to have a practical acquaintance with the commoner
minerals and rocks; to know how to distinguish the useful from the
useless; to have some familiarity with building stones, road-making
materials, the modes of occurrence of coal, petroleum, gas, salt,
clay, limes, mortars, cement, slate, ochres and mineral paints, fer-
tilizers and waters and ores of iron, manganese, gold, silver, lead,
zinc, etc. It is not to be expected that so much work can be intro-
duced into the already crowded curriculums of the various schools
of agriculture, but it would be comparatively easy to insert it in
the form of options or electives, so arranged that the geological
subjects need be taken only by those who have an aptitude for
them, or who expect to put them into practical use on their own
land. This knowledge is as necessary for the agriculturist to
protect himself from being swindled into the belief that he has
minerals of value on his land as to prevent his being cheated out of
valuable mineral property which he has.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 225

REPORT OF THE MINERALOGIST.

By COL. HENRY C. DEMMING, Harrisburg, Pa.

The work of the Mineralogist of your Board during the year 1902
was varied and interesting. Much of the time was taken up in
other states and territories, but part of this was for the purpose
of helping our own Commonwealth in the very important matter
of water filtration.

There are three subjects of importance to be reported upon at
this time. Some of you may remember the report last year upon
soil analysis of every field of a 550-acre farm near Harrisburg.
Acting on that report, the owner put a special plot of thirty-five
acres in wheat, first adding two of the five constituents recom-
mended. The result was an increase in the crop of seventeen
bushels of wheat to the acre, and the largest and solidest heads of
wheat ever seen in this part of the State. The cost of the two
constituents was equal to about five bushels of wheat to the acre,
leaving a net gain of: twelve bushels, or a tctal net gain of 420
bushels to the thirty-five acres.

Many fires take place in the country and in towns due to “defective
flues.” A careful investigation during the year convinces me that
the flues and chimneys were not apparently defective when the
dwellings were built, but became so by reason of the inferior sand
or lime used in the mortar. Of all the states of the Union, Penn-
sylvania produces the best sand and lime for building purposes, and
it has become almost criminal that such inferior stuff is allowed
to take their place. An analysis of sand used in one of Pennsyl-
vania’s chief cities gave nearly 20 per cent. organic matter, such
as decayed vegetation, animal fats, etc., and some lime proved to
be over one-fourth foreign matter. To test the properties of such
materials, we had quantities of mortar and plastering made up in
my laboratory, and placed between bricks and on walls. We found
that fire would find its way through such mortar in the course of
a few hours, and that the plastered walls were not only damp in
damp weather, but sometimes fairly soggy; that, furthermore, they
were porous and unhealthy—in some instances containing infectious
germs. The only remedy is the using of best qualities of silica
sand and limestone running highest in carbonate of lime.

15—6-—1903

226 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Pure water has been having its share of attention. We now
know that on every farm, as well as in every town home, there is
danger of water pollution. Happily, there is a very cheap and
effective remedy. The most primitive, as well as effective, is by
boiling. But as few resort to this method for cattle, it has been
ascertained that if water is allowed to pass through comparatively
clean gravel, and then through coarse and fine sand—the whole
mass about three feet thick—the upper part to be scraped off
to the depth of only half an inch every two months—the animals
drinking the water thus purified will be in better condition in every
way, and bring a higher price than when allowed to drink the im-
_ pure water of most of our farms. Many of our good, old-fashioned
farmer friends may not see the importance of this, but the time is
not far off when the miry barnyard and the impure water of the
barn and many of the fields will have to go.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 227

REPORT OF Lot ORNITHOLOGIST.

By PROF. H. A. SURFACE, State College, Pa.

It appears to us that this report should be based upon two general
features, one dealing with the personal work of the committee, and
the other treating, at least briefly, of the general progress of Orni-
thology during the past year. This shall, therefore, be the method
of treatment. ‘

First, Personal Work of the Committee —This has necessarily
been either in disseminating knowledge or obtaining it. The meth-
ods of the former have been by (a) private correspondence, (b) by
writing articles for publication, and (ce) by speaking or delivering
public lectures. We ask to be permitted to discuss each in turn.

(a.) Private Correspondence.—During the past year our corres-
pondence upon subjects in ornithology has not been nearly as vol-
uminous as in certain other scientific subjects—especially ento-
mology, but it has been enough to indicate a general “hungering and
thirsting” after this knowledge on the part of our citizens, especially
teachers. It is one of the encouraging “signs of the times” that
teachers in public schools—from the country, the graded and the
high schools—are commencing to take such an interest in Nature
Studies that they realize the deficiency of their own knowledge
(which is the first essential in obtaining more), and are appealing
to those persons who should be considered as experts in their
several fields for the treasures of truth that may be obtained from
the larger storehouses. Since the appointment of this committee
a year ago, it has been called upon to answer eleven letters, or
about one per month, upon subjects pertaining to ornithology.

(b.) Writing for Publication—We have written several general
articles on birds, mostly of an economic value; but our most fruitful
method of reaching the public has been by a series of press circu-
lars sent to every newspaper and other periodical publication in this
State, and to some of the agricultural publications issued in adjoin-
ing states. These have been widely reprinted and circulated, and we
trust that they have proven useful. We should say that they were
made possible, financially, by the co-operation of the authorities
of The Pennsylvania State College. In the second of these press

_circulars we discussed “The Economic Value and Protection of Our

228 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Native Birds,” in a manner similar to that outlined by us in our
address before this appreciative assemblage one year ago. Also,
we published the following method of poisoning such obnoxious
birds as the English sparrow:

A. “Poisoned Wheat for Seed-eating Mammals and Birds: It is
often desired to poison certain destructive seed-eating animals, such
as rats, mice, muskrats, gophers and woodchucks, as well as English
sparrows. The difficulty of poisoning these mammals and birds is
well known to those who have tried it, as the poison renders the
food distasteful to such an extent that it is not generally eaten in
sufficient quantity to cause death. This difficulty can be overcome
and success can be obtained by first poisoning grains of wheat,
then sugar-coating them. To do this dissolve about one-fourth of
an ounce (or eight grams) of strychnine in one-fourth of a pint of
boiling vinegar, then add water enough to make one pint. Pour
this over three or four pounds of wheat and let it soak one day (24
hours), stirring occasionally. Next, spread the wheat in the sun
or by a fire and let it dry. When dry, add one pound of coarse
sugar to one pint of hot water and boil it down to one-half pint.
Stir well and add about ten drops or one-fourth teaspoonful of anise
oil. Stir and pour the hot mixture over the dry wheat, stirring
thoroughly until cold and all wheat is covered. This is now dan-
gerously poisoned sugar-coated wheat, which has its legitimate
uses, but will kill anything that eats it, whether given by intent or
accident. For this reason it should at once be labelled and always
handled with care. To use it for rodents, bury a small quantity—
from a few grains to one-half teaspoonful—just beneath the surface
of the soil near the burrow of the animal. Having been buried,
it will not be found by fowls or seed-eating birds, but the rodents
will readily smell the anise oil and dig it up. In using this bait to
kill English sparrows, place it in vessels on roofs and at other places
where domestic fowls can not find it.”

In the third of these press circulars we discussed “The Birds of
the Winter Time,” making the following statements that are ap-
propriate just at this season and intended to direct attention
toward the efficient services rendered by these faithful but too often
neglected allies:

B. “The Birds of the Winter Time.

“Certain small birds that remain with us during the winter time
are of very great value, although their economic effects are not
generally known. Those birds are very beneficial for their destruc-
tion of both weed seeds and insects. Some, like the sparrows and
horned larks, feed during the winter upon seeds alone, most of
which are the seeds of weeds that are more or less obnoxious;

No. 6. DEPARTMENT. OF AGRICULTURE. 229

others, like the quail, feed upon both seeds and insects and some
feed upon insects alone, even during the winter, when it is popularly
thought that no insects are to be found. lt is to these and the
necessity of preserving them that we wish to cali especial attention
at this time.

“Two very important smail birds that remain with us all winter
and feed entirely upon insecis, especially in orchards, are the downy
and hairy woodpeckers. Members of this family can be known
by their dipping ftiight, their short, sharp notes, tieir sharp, rigid
tail feathers pressed against the tree for support, two toes in
front and two behind, insuring a firmer grasp, their hard pecking
against wood, their modest white and biack colors, and the patch
of red on the head of the male. ‘hey are found mostly on the
trunks and larger limbs of the trees, head upward, searching for
grubs, chrysalids, etc. hey are erroneously called “sapsuckers,”
and are killed through ignorance of their own value. ‘hey do not
suck sap, and do not injure the trees. Protect the small wood-
peckers of the winter time and thus protect your fruit crops.

“Two other valuable winter birds are the two species of nut-
hatches. These can be known by their drab and grayish colors,
no red, the call of which is a nasal “pank,” and their alighting on the
trunks and larger branches of trees, mostly head downward. They
do not peck into wood, as do the woodpeckers, but they pry into
every crack and crevice aud under every possible scale of bark in
search of insects of any and ail kinds and stages, and will freely
eat eggs, such as those of the pear tree psylla, apple aphids, etc.,
larval such as hibernate beneath loose bark, pupze or chrysalids of
all kinds of insects that are to be found in cracks and under bark,
and adults or mature insects that are hibernating. For the extrac-
tion of such pests these nuthatches have bills that are especially
long, slender, straight and pointed.

“Mr. Mann, a well-known pear grower near Rochester, N. Y., told
the writer that one year the pear tree psylla had destroyed his
entire pear crop, amounting to thousands of dollars in value, and
the eggs of the insects were so numerous in the fall that he thought
there were no prospects of a crop the following year, but the nut-
hatches, both species, worked in fiocks in his orchard all winter,
and in the spring he could scarcely find an insect left. The birds
of this one species had saved him thousands of dollars in one winter.
These birds are also often mistaken for the so-called sapsucker and
ignorantly killed. Is it any wonder that we advise all fruit growers
and others to preserve their birds?

“Another remarkably valuable bird of the winter time is the
common chickadee. It can be known by its small size, black cap
on its head, bluish-gray back and lighter under side, and especially

230 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

by the fact that it generally alights on the twigs of trees and swings
head downward and every way, while clinging with its feet, like a
veritable acrobat. It lives altogether upon insects, and eats an
immense number of them, its chief food consisting of the eggs of
plant lice, small chrysalids, ete. A study of its stomach contents
has proven beyond a doubt that it is one of the most valuable
birds known to the farmer and fruit grower.

“The brown creeper also often occurs in our orchards during the
winter. It is a small bird, slightly larger than the chickadee, with
a very long, slender, curved bill, with which it extracts insects of
all kinds and in ail stages from their winter hiding places where
none but an expert entomologist would think to find them. It is
one of the few kinds of birds with stiff and pointed tail feathers
upon which it rests at times, as upon a third leg. A1Il of these birds
can be aided by putting fat meat, suet, or trimming from butcher-
ings, in trees for them. Place bands of tin around the trees and
cats and squirrels will not get the food put up for the birds, which
are our most useful allies.

“For quails, it is necessary, while there is prolonged snow, to
feed them by setting sheaves of unthreshed grain of any kind in
brush piles and scattering straws with grain in the head or brush
so the falling snow will not cover it. If this is not done most of
the quails in this State are likely to die of starvation soon.”

In addition to these we have written a few articles on “Making
Bird Boxes in Manual raining Schools,” which have proven useful,
and also gave directions for bird study in the public schools.

In a text-book on General Biology, prepared by us during the
year, we gave due prominence to the scientific and economic features
of ornithology, and we have advised and put into successful opera-
tion certain new laboratory methods of studying birds, by which the
knowledge of the student is derived directly from specimens and
living creatures instead of relying entirely upon the indirect and
second-hand method of text-book teaching.

In the work of disseminating knowledge of birds by public speak-
ing, we have delivered twenty-eight lectures, chiefly at Farmers’
Institutes, both summer and winter, upon the subject of the “Eco-
nomic Value and Protection of Our Native Birds,” reaching over
ten thousand persons, and calling attention to the alarming de-
crease of many kinds of our native birds, the consequently attend-
ing increase of insects, and the necessity and methods of our help-
ing our feathered friends.

Our personal work in obtaining new knowledge has been by experi-
mentation, investigation and observation. Having had such a mul-
titude. of other primary obligations at the State College, there has

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 231

been no opportunity for extended investigations in this line; yet
a few simple experiments were undertaken. For example, in erect-
ing boxes or houses for nests, | found that the interesting little
house wrens would readily nest in the old skull of a beef or horse,
or in a large cigar box with a hole one inch in diameter. This
size hole admits the wrens, but excludes the English sparrows.
Bluebirds nested in a box 8 in. x 8 in. x 12 in., with a hole.one and
one-half inches in diameter cut above the middle of one side. From
this box, erected on our front porch, two broods of bluebirds came
forth last summer. Upon the same porch were the nests of the
bluebirds, the wrens, and the song sparrows. This shows how we
may practically aid in establishing colonies of birds.

A related experiment was in driving away the English sparrows.
The morning the bluebirds were tirst seen around the box the Eng-
glish sparrows were driven away by us, but of course these per-
sistent intruders returned and entered into combat with the de-
sired tenants. A few missiles convinced the British that over-
whelming forces were allied against them, and they retired until
toward evening. <A skirmish ensued, again ending in favor of the
allied forces. For a few days these occasional attacks continued,
with the same assistance and resuits, until the forergners learned
that they were attempting a campaign of hopeless aggression on
the land of irresistible enemies, and the native forces gained confi-
dence in their own power and in the faithfulness of their newly-
formed allies. Thus were established a happy home and, we hope,
mutual pleasures until the sounding of the farewell whistle from
a clear sky one autumn evening, and we hope may be renewed with
the joyous twitter indicating the welcome return on a fair spring
morning ere long.

This shows how, in ornithological affairs, to answer such vexing
questions as often perplex human beings regarding the erection of
suitable tenement houses und securing desirable tenants.

Another experiment has been in feeding birds. We have found
that they will come regularly to food and water placed on a board
near a window, where they may be watched and much pleasure
derived by watching them. The insectivorous birds of the winter
time will enjoy bits of fat meat and crumbs, and nearly all species
will eat the parings and cores of apples and other fresh fruits.
Also, we have had opportunity to definitely observe the satisfactory
results of planting mulberry trees near gardens and berry patches
to feed the birds and relieve them from the necessity of their slight
attacks on the desirable fruits. This we have had verified by re-
ports from careful observers from other counties—especially Law-
rence.

We have made some scientific observations along this line that

232 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE® Off. Doc.

naturalists have considered worthy of record. Among these are
such records as the occurrence for a few days in the latter part of
July of a family of American crossbills (Lowa curvirostra) on the
campus of the Pennsylvania State College feeding, not on the cus-
tomary pine seeds, but upon the “cock’s-comb” galls of the elm tree
and upon the mites that cause these peculiar excrescences. This
family consisted of six birds—an adult male, an adult female, and
four young of the year. We thus have proof of their nesting in
Central Pennsylvania. It is but just to add that they did not fall
victims to the insatiable gun of the ambitious collector.

Another record worthy of note because unparalleled, as far as
we can learn, is that of the occurrence of the cardinal, or red-bird
(Cardinalis cardinalis) in Centre county in November. We can
not learn of this conspicuous bird having been previously recorded
in Centre county. Other observations have been made upon the
migrations and peculiar feeding habits of the red-headed wood-
peckers.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 233

REPORT On Lik. POMOLOGIST.

By Cyrus T. Fox, Reading, Pa.

As the Pomologist of your honorable body, it becomes incumbent
upon me to give the result of observations in regard to the fruit
crop of 1902 in Pennsylvania, with some thoughts on the general
subject of fruit culture.

APPLES.

First, as to the apple crop. Of all fruits the apple is the most im-
portant, and that this is so is evidenced by the fact that the acreage
devoted to apples in this State is greater than that of all other
fruits combined. Pennsylvania ranks as the third apple-producing
state of the Union, being only excelled by New York and Ohio.
Missouri is credited with having the largest number of trees, but
stands sixth in the matter of production. The apple crop of Penn-
sylvania in 1902 amounted to 55,000,000 bushels, worth more than
$25,000,000.

These figures are somewhat less than those of the previous year,
when the crop amounted to 38,000,000 bushels, while in 1900, when
the yield was exceptionally large, there were 4,000,000 bushels. Es-
timating the yield in this State last vear at three and one-half bush-
els per tree, there are 10,000,000 apple bearing trees in Pennsylvania.
New York is credited with having 15,000,000 trees, and Missouri
with having no less than 20,000,000.

That the apple is a northern fruit, requiring a cold climate, is
apparent by the larger yield of the orchards of New York and
Canada. New York, having three-fourths as many trees as Mis-
souri, had as large a crop last year as the states of Missouri, Kan-
sas, Dlinois and Arkansas combined. The Province of Ontario,
Canada, having about one-half as many trees as New York, had a
crop of 50,000,000 bushels of apples in 1902, as against New York’s
52,000,000. The average per tree in Ontario was seven bushels.
These figures are given for purposes of comparison. If as much at-
tention would be given in Pennsylvania to the apple crop as is given
in Western New York, where five counties produced one-fourth of
the crop grown in the Empire State, it would easily stand at the
head of the apple-producing states of the Union.

No other state furnishes apples of finer quality; and yet there are
belts stretching across the State particularly adapted to this crop,
having the requisite soil and exposure, where but little interest

234 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

is manifested in the subject. If these localities were properly
designated, and then devoted to apple culture, Pennsylvania would,
in the course of a few years, become a large shipper of apples, in-
stead of consuming the crop at home, as well as thousands of barrels
from New York, Ohio, Michigan and other states.

While in the aggregate there was a falling off of several million
bushels in the yield of apples in this State last year, there were
some sections where the crop was uncommonly large. This state-
ment is true in regard to a number of counties, and yet it was not
unusual to find a well-bearing orchard in a district in which other
orchards bore poorly. This was due probably to a difference in time
of blossoming, and to protection from frost in the blooming period,
owing to different exposure. In visits which we paid to a number
of counties, orchards were seen so heavily ladened with fruit that
the trees were breaking down. Photographs were taken of some of
the fullest trees. One orchard of ten acres in the Shamokin Valley,
in the southern portion of Northumberland county, having 400
trees in prime bearing condition, averaged fifteen bushels to the
tree. An orchard on the line of Berks and Lancaster counties
yielded nearly 10,000 bushels, and the owner has at this time over
6,000 bushels in storage which he is selling in the markets of the
city of Reading at an average of $1.20 per bushel. In this orchard
much attention is paid to fertilization, and there is a good crop
every year.

PEARS.

The pear crop was an abundant one in most sections of the State.
The fruit was choice and of excellent flavor. The Bartlett, which
is undoubtedly the most popular variety in the entire list, and cer-
tainly one of the very best for the table, yielded largely. Unfor-
tunately, it is an early fall pear and cannot be kept any length of
time. Such winter varieties as the Duchess, Kieffer and Vicar,
while large and showy, are not equal to either the Bartlett or Seckel
in point of flavor. The Kieffer, of more recent introduction than
any of those mentioned, is grown in Pennsylvania to a greater ex-
tent than any other pear. This is because of its wonderful produc-
tiveness, and its high color around the holiday season, when the
fruit has been fully ripened. It is also a variety that is almost
storm-proof, the fruit sticking to the branches no matter how much
the limbs may be swayed by the wind. It is, however, one of the
least desirable of all for eating, being of poor flavor and rongh
quality; but for cooking and canning purposes it is one of the
very best. In the latter respect it has well been termed “the ideal
family pear.”

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 235

PEACHES.

There was a partial crop of peaches, but the season was short, the
early and medium varieties ripening almost at one time. For a
week or so there was a glut and prices were low. Later in the
season, when the demand was greatest, such fruit as was offered
commanded good prices. In some parts of Southeastern Pennsyl-
rania, and along the Pennsylvania and Maryland line, the*yield was
good. Some new varieties, such as lron Mountain and Gold Medal,
did exceedingly well. One Schuyikill county grower, having mostly
Iron Mountain trees, reported having realized $1.50 per basket all
around, some having been disposed of at wholesale, while those sold
at retail brought $1.50 to $2 per basket. The fine condition of his
fruit was due to the fact that he had severely thinned his crop.
Had all the fruit which set been allowed to mature the result would
have been inferior specimens, which perhaps would not have
brought more than fifty cents per basket. The sane grower be-
eves in thorough cultivation.

PLUMS.

As to plums, there is not that attention paid in Pennsylvania to
this fruit which its importance deserves. For years the plum crop
was more liable to attack by insects and fungus diseases than any
other. Fruit growers, discouraged by the ravages of the curculio
and black knot, for a time discontinued planting. Then came the
discoveries in regard to spraying with the Bordeaux and other mix-
tures. Next came the introduction of the hardy Japanese varie-
ties, such as the Abundance, Burbank, Chabot and Satsuma, which,
while free from black knot, are inclined to rot. Nevertheless, they
are productive and early bearers, and our markets are now well sup-
plied with plums of these varieties. There was a good yield of
plums last year in most counties of the State. The very wet
weather experienced in July resulted in considerable rotting.

QUINCES.

Quinces, a rather neglected but not to be despised fruit, did fully
well. More attention is being devoted to this fruit because of the
good prices which it commands. Fifty cents a dozen is not an
unusual price, and in a favorable year an acre in quince trees will
readily net $120.

Although the trees suffer from blight, this can be overcome by
spraying them. The borer is one of the worst enemies of the quince.
It has been found that the application of a strong solution of whale
oil soap, two or three times during the season, is a sure extermin-
ator of the borer. Unlike the apple and pear the quince has no
“off-year.” A crop may always be expected, although the yield is
larger in some seasons than in others. As to soil, strong clay loams

236 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

are the best for quinces; but the trees also thrive well on damp,
gravelly drifts, although they do not stock up so well.

CHERRIES.

The cherry crop was excellent throughout the State. The early
varieties, such as the Richmond, did particularly well. The late
varieties were damaged by excessive moisture. The greatest de-
mand is for sour cherries, and these are being the most extensively
grown. ‘They are less subject to rot than the sweet kind. Cherry
trees were in healthy foliage all summer, there having been less
leaf rust than usual. While the Early Richmond is regarded as
the most profitable cherry, some growers lay ,great store by the
Montmorency, which is larger and better than the Early Richmond,
although a little later than the latter variety. Other favorite kinds
are the Governor Wood, Napoleon Bigarreau, May Duke, Yellow
Spanish and Black Tartarian.

GRAPES.

The season as a whole was favorable for the grape crop. Al-
though July was rather wet, there were plenty of hot days in August
and September to properly develop the fruit, and fine bunches were
plenty, especially such as had been bagged. In fact, spraying and
bagging was essential to assure success in grape growing. The
finest display of grapes in Pennsylvania last year was, beyond doubt,
that which was made at the Lehigh County Fair, held in Allen-
town in September. One grower had 147 piates of grapes on exhi-
bition, and in one collection had 82 varieties. In this collection
there was not an imperfect bunch, and every variety was true to its
name. Every bunch had been bagged, and perfection was thus
obtained. It was a hard matter for some persons to believe that
these grapes had not been raised under glass. Other grapes on
exhibition, of the same varieties, were decidedly inferior, because
proper attention and care had not been given them. Here were
fittingly exemplified the correct and incorrect methods of growing
grapes.

It is scarcely necessary to refer to varieties, inasmuch, as of the
many in the list, there are only a few that succeed everywhere, and
they are well known. ‘The Concord, for instance, is nearly every-
body’s first choice, on account of its size, productiveness and hardi-
ness. Not choicest in flavor, nevertheless, it has that natural
piquancy inherited from the wild fox grape, from which it origin-
ated, that is liked by most people. The sweetest grapes, such as
the Delaware, have not the same bouquet. With the Concord may
be classed Moore’s Early and Worden as among the best black
grapes. Of the white varieties, the four best are possibly the Ni-

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 237

agara, Moore’s Diamond, Green Mountain and Pocklington. No
one, however, should think of growing the Niagara without bagging
it, owing to its delicate skin. As to red grapes, the Delaware,
Salem, Woodruff and perhaps Brighton (which is an imperfect
bloomer) are among the best and most easily cultivated. The Clin-
ton and Ives’ Seedling are the wine grapes of Pennsylvania, pro-
ducing a quality of wine, when the grapes are mixed in proper
proportion, equal to the imported claret.

SMALL FRUITS.

Small fruits, with the exception of raspberries and blackberries,
never did better. Strawberries were late in ripening, owing to the
cool weather experienced in May. However, the crop was large.
Currants and gooseberries yielded well. Raspberries and black-
berries were cut short by the rainy weather in July, there having
been only five perfectly clear days. While strawberries were
plenty, the supply did not exceed the demand and good prices were
obtained. Although the list of varieties is constantly growing,
there are no kinds more salable than the Sharpless and Bubach
‘No. 5. The former, however, is a shy bearer, when compared with
the Brandywine, Crescent, Cumberland, Gandy, Greenville, Haver-
land, Parker, Earle and Warfield. Size and color are the strong
points of the Bubach. A new variety of great promise, which orig-
inated on the farm of D. M. Seyler, in Berks county, a chance seed-
ling, was brought to our attention last year. It is a medium early,
a conical berry, of large size and very productive. It has been given
the name of the originator’s wife—Rebecca.

The Cuthbert raspberry still holds the first place in the reds and
the Gregg in the blacks. Other favorite kinds are the Marlboro’,
Golden Queen, Ohio, Palmer and Souhegan. In blackberries, the
Erie and Snyder are among the best, although the former does not
succeed everywhere. The latter is well adapted for a cold climate.
The Kittatinny, Minnewaski, Taylor and Wilson, Jr., are also recom-
mended. Of course, in regard to varieties of small fruits, it must
be remembered, that while certain kinds are well adapted to some
sections of the State they do not do so well in other places.

NUT CULTURE.

Nut culture is recognized as a branch of pomology and should
have a brief reference here. Under this head it may be said that
it has been mainly confined to the raising of the improved varieties
of chestnuts. The Numbo and Paragon varieties have been grafted
on native trees with great success, the grafts bearing fruit in three
years, the nuts being more than twice as large as the common kind
command double the price at which the latter sell. The Japan

238 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Giant is one of the new importations and is reported to do well
on American chestnut trees. Some walnut groves have been set
out in Pennsylvania, the idea being to raise the trees, not alone for
the nuts, but for wood for commercial purposes. Several Japan
varieties are being tried. The English walnut (or Dutch nut) does
well in protected situations and is profitable.

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.

There is cause for congratulation that greater attention is being
devoted in Pennsylvania to fruit culture. The promulgation of in-
formation by the Department of Agriculture and State Horticul-
tural Association in regard to the best modes of combatting insect
enemies and fungi has done much to dispel the clouds of discour-
agement. It is now possible to raise perfect fruit in favorable
seasons. And yet, with all the pains taken to disseminate facts
concerning insecticides and fungicides, it is surprising that there
should be so much defective fruit in our markets. There is no
excuse for it. Farmers permit their orchards to go unsprayed be-
cause of other pressing work. The fruit grower, however, who
is in the business for the money that is in it, realizes that without
spraying it is impossible to produce good fruit and, therefore, he
gives the matter his earnest consideration. It has been well said
that the discovery of the various formulas for fungicides and insecti-
cides has been worth millions of dollars to the fruit growers of the
United States. The formulas originally used have undergone some
changes, it having been found that weaker solutions are just as
efficacious as those first promulgated.

NURSERY INSPECTION.

The system of nursery inspection inaugurated by the Department
of Agriculture has also been a great boon to the fruit growers of
the State. It has prevented the sending out of trees affected with
crown gall, the San José Seale or other diseases and destructive
pests. The fact that last year ten nurseries were discovered in
Pennsylvania in such bad condition with diseased and infected trees
that licenses to sell could not be issued to them by the Department
was positive proof of the importance of careful investigation.
About one-tenth of the acreage devoted to nursery culture came
under condemnation. The most formidable of all enemies of agri-
culture and horticulture are insect pests and fungus diseases, which
result in an annual loss in this country of $300,000,000. Therefore,
there cannot be too great vigilance in fighting these destructive
agents.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 239

Upon the appearance of a contagious disease in any fruit region
of the State an investigation should be made under the direction
of the Agricultural Experiment Station of The Pennsylvania State
College, by and with the advice of the Department of Agriculture,
and for this purpose there should be an appropriation by the Legis-
lature of $10,000 per annum.

PEACH YELLOWS AND SCALE.

The passage by the Legislature of 1899 of an act to prevent the
dissemination of such contagious diseases as yellows, black knot,
peach rosette and pear blight, as well as the spreading of the San
José Scale, was a step in the right direction. A grower need but
call his neighbor’s attention to the existence of the law in ordér
to secure the removal of an infected tree. As to peach yellows, the
origin and nature of this disease is still a subject of dispute, but it
has been definitely determined that it is an atmospheric disease, .
communicable by inoculation, and that the eradication and destruc-
tion of an infected tree is the only safeguard to prevent the ruin
of all peach orchards or trees in the neighborhood in which the
disease has appeared.

The San José Scale no longer has its terrors. Several sprayings
with the whale oil soap solution when the scale is dormant will
get rid of the pest. A later discovery, is fumigation by means
of hydrocyanic acid, but this is difficult, dangerous and expensive.
As to scurfy scales, oyster-shell bark lice and wooly aphis, the ap-
plication to the bark of a 10 per cent. kerosene emulsion in June
will kill 90 per cent. of the voung insects. Another excellent wash
for winter or early spring is made by taking fifteen pounds of live
lime and slaking it with water, in which two pounds of copper sul-
phate have been dissolved; then add about fifty pounds of fine hard-
wood ashes. This mixture, diluted by the addition of fifty gallons
of water, should be sprayed on trunks and branches, using a coarse
sprayer. This treatment clears off old bark. destroys insect eggs
and fungus spores and has a tendency to remove many of the hard
scale insects. The effect on the bark is very pronounced. The old-
fashioned system of whitewashing the trunks of trees is also recom-
mended. It will go a great ways towards destroying the winter
quarters of various forms of insects.

NOMENCLATURE.

The subject of nomenclature is one of much importance. In visits
paid to a number of county fairs last fall we found much fruit mis-
named. Some well-known varieties of apples, for instance, were

240 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

exhibited under the names of the owners of the farms on which they
were grown. The Niagara grape was exhibited under a half dozen
names. So with the Duchesse, Lawrence and other pears. Some
fruits are known by various names and prominent varieties are
given local appellations. The Golden Pippin, it may be remarked,
has thirteen, the Canada Reinette ten and the Twenty-ounce apple
eight names. There are also different types of the same fruit, as,
for example, the Baldwin apple, of which at least three types are
known. It would be well to have colored plates or lithographs
of leading varieties displayed at all exhibitions for purposes of
comparison.

FRUITS OF PENNSYLVANIA,

The native fruits of Pennsylvania are many, and some of them
are of great excellence, superior in productiveness and hardiness
to varieties brought from elsewhere. Northern varieties of apples
mature earlier in Pennsylvania than where they originated, and
such as the Baldwin and Northern Spy, which, in New York, are
winter apples, become fall varieties here. The varieties most pro-
ductive in Pennsylvania are native to the State, and the work of
collating such varieties and ascertaining the history of each should
be undertaken. There is no showier nor more salable apple than
the York Imperial, which had its origin in York county. It is also
one of the best keepers. Lancaster county is the home of the
Smokehouse, one of the most desirable of all apples, coming early
into use and having a long season. Other natives of Lancaster
county are the Agnes, Barbour, Belmont, Breneman, Harnish, Hess,
Klaproth, Paradise, Reist and Lancaster Greening.

The Fallawater, or Pound, known also locally as the Tulpehocken,
is of disputed origin, both Berks and Montgomery counties claiming
it, but the fact that it has been long known as the Tulpehocken
(after the stream of that name in Berks county), rather gives Berks
the right to it. This apple is such a reliable bearer in Eastern
Pennsylvania that no orchardist in that section of the State would
think of doing without it, and one enthusiastic admirer of it stated
at a fruit growers’ meeting that if he was to set out an orchard
of 100 trees, every tree would be a Fallawater. The most profitable
apples of Berks county are the Baer (spelled also Bare), Keim and
Krauser, because of bearing large crops every year. They origin-
ated in the county, as did also the Berks Mammoth, Doctor, Evening
Party, Gewiss Good, Haas, Hain, Hepler, Host, Hughes, Kelsey,
Kuser, Long Stem, Marks, Meister, Neversink, Schwarzbach, Stahle,
Staudt, Sweet Rambo, White Doctor, Yost and a number of others.

In the adjoining county of Lehigh the Kocher and Lehigh Green-
ing are the favorite locals. Chester county has given us such ex-

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 241

cellent varieties as the Dickinson, Jeffries, Melt-in-the-Mouth, Not-
tingham, Brown and Pennock. Montgomery county is the home of
the Jenkins, Rambo, Ridge Pippin and Yacht. Bucks has produced
the Bucks County Pippin, Cornell’s Fancy, Jackson, Old House and
Smith’s Cider; Centre county, the Boalsburg and Townsend; Frank-
lin county, the Mentzer; Allegheny county, the Pittsburg Pippin;
Lebanon county, the Focht and Winter Sweet; Lycoming county,
the Republican Pippin; Clinton county, the Mann; Cumberland
county, the Herman and Pink Sweeting; Mifflin county, the Mifflin
King; Lackawanna county, the Clark; Northumberland county, the
Major and Priestly; Union county, the Adams, and Washington
county, the Traders’ Fancy. These are but a few of the native
apples of Pennsylvania, almost every county in the State having
several, and we have only mentioned some of the more meritorious.

OTHER NATIVE FRUITS.

As to pears, the Seckel, Kieffer, Brandywine, Chancellor, King-
sessing, Moyamensing, Maynard, Mather, Ott, Petre, Reading,
Rutter, Tyson, Uwchlan, Wiest and Watermelon are native of Penn-
sylvania. In grapes, we have such varieties as the Creveling, Mar-
tha, Maxatawny, Merceron, Seltzer, Taylor and Telegraph. In
peaches, Pennsylvania can claim two of the largest and finest—the
Globe and Susquehanna; also the Red Rareripe, Morris White and
other excellent sorts. There are a number of choice native varieties
of cherries, such as the Conestoga, Ida*and Lancaster Red. The
Johnson quince is a native of Lehigh county. As to small fruits,
the Sharpless, which stands at the head of the list of strawberries
in this State, originated in Columbia county. Other good natives
are the Brandywine, of Chester county, and the Jacunda, or Knox’s
No. 700, of Alleghény.

SOIL LOCATION AND CULTURE.

As soil, location and culture are among the most important con-
siderations in fruit-growing, it is pleasing intelligence, imparted
to us by the Secretary of Agriculture in his Annual Report for the
year 1902, just published, that a bulletin will shortly be issued by
the department, giving much valuable information on these points,
and specifying the places in the State where each variety of fruit
has shown the best results. It is believed that this bulletin will
be of valuable assistance in locating orchards, and in selecting the
particular varieties of fruit which are adapted to given localities.

While Pennsylvania can boast of some large orchards, it is cast
completely in the shade by the extraordinary operations in some
other states. The biggest apple orchard in the United States is in

16—6—1903

242 ANNUAL RHBPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

the Ozark mountains of Southern Missouri, consisting of 2,300 acres.
Another company has just been formed which has purchased 5,000
acres near Lebanon, Mo., every acre of which will be planted with
apple trees. When the trees are all bearing it will be the largest
orchard in the world. Missouri has come to the fore as a fruit pro-
ducer. ‘The Ben Davis is the popular apple in that State, and the
5,000-acre orchard alluded to will be planted with but two varie-
ties—the Ben Davis and Jonathan—fifty trees to the acre. This is
because these are reliable bearers in Missouri, adapted to the soil
and climate, and, therefore, very productive. On account of bright-
ness of color they are also most ready of sale. This matter of color
is a very influential factor. In the markets of the large cities any
apple will sell “so it’s red.” A white, yellow or green apple, no
matter how much superior in quality, will not sell as readily as a
Ben Davis, Winesap or other red fruit. So, likewise, in regard to
pears, the Kieffer, on account of its rich color, is the most salable
fruit during the holiday season, although of all the winter varieties
it is the most tasteless. Consumers of fruit in the cities, however,
are being educated in the matter of varieties, and the time is near
when the Ben Davis apple and the Kieifer pear will be relegated to
the rear. Both have undoubtedly done more to demoralize and
degrade the fruit trade in the cities than anything else.

THE MATTER OF FERTILIZATION.

An acquaintance of mine purchased several adjoining tracts of
land, containing nearly 400 acres, on which he established a fruit
farm. ‘The land had the proper exposure but the soil was thin.
He spent as much as $10,000 a year for fertilizers, intense cultiva-
tion was observed, and to-day the farm is one of the most pro-
ductive in the United States, yielding every year thousands of
bushels of apples, pears and peaches—the fruits principally grown.
Although ten miles from the nearest market, the business has
proved highly remunerative, the receipts in one year having been
as much as $20,000. And this brings us to the very weighty matter
of fertilization. Had not the owner spent large sums for manure
the tract would at this time, perhaps, be worth but little more than
$10 per acre. The lack of fertility of the soil is often the cause of
the failure of the fruit crop, and even certain diseases, such as
the peach yellows and blight, have been ascribed to this cause. How
many farmers think of fertilizing their orchards? Yet they will
haul out barnyard manure and spend, besides, large sums for artifi-
cial fertilizers for their grain crops, while neglecting their apple
orchards, which can be made to bring them more money than any
other crops that can be raised. Fruit trees require plant food, and
unless properly fed cannot be expected to go on producing.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 243

PENNSYLVANIA FRUIT AT EXPOSITION.

A resolution having been introduced in the State Legislature,
which has already passed the Senate, appropriating $300,000 to the
St. Louis Exposition, and providing for a Commission to take charge
of the Pennsylvania exhibits, steps should be taken at an early day
to have the fruit interests of the State properly represented. A1-
though fifteen mouths will elapse before the Exposition opens, the
arrangements for a fruit display should be made this year. Casts
and models in wax and plaster can be made of fruits produced in
1903, and space in cold storage houses should be secured in which
to keep specimens of next year’s fruits: Some winter fruits can be
kept in storage for. the Exposition. There should be an exhibit of
nuts of this year’s production. Commencing with strawberries,
the display of fruit could be continued until the close of the Expo-
sition. The best native fruits of Pennsylvania, especially, should
be shown. Missouri will endeavor to surpass all other states. She
made a very creditable display at the Pan-American Exposition in
Buffalo in 1901.

Pennsylvania was not represented in the fruit display at the
World’s Fair in Chicago because of lack of funds. After prepara-
tions had been commenced, the promise of exhibits by the leading
fruit growers of the State obtained, arrangements for cold storage
made and designs for platforms and shelving secured, the State
Commission called a halt, as their total appropriation was running
low, and it was feared that the expense could not be met. It had
been intended to allot $2,000 for the fruit display, although at least
$3,000 should have been set apart for the purpose. Other depart-
ments, however, pressed for more money, notably mines and mining,
and it became evident that unless the Legislature would grant
the Pennsylvania Commission $60,000 in addition to the $300,000
already voted there would have to be a curtailment of expenses.
A. bill was introduced with that end in view, but it failed to carry.
Finally the fruit display was abandoned, although later on it was
thought that some money could be set apart for pomology. This
was in August, and there was no certainty as to the amount of
money that would be appropriated or whether, in fact, any could
be spared. It was then too late to do anything in the way of get-
ting up a creditable display, and, by the advice ef leading horticul-
turists of the State, your humble servant, who had charge of the
arrangements, deemed it prudent to avoid incurring any further
liability. It is to be hoped that there will be no such balk in regard
to the St. Louis Exposition, and that the fruit interests of our
grand old Commonwealth will receive better consideration at the
hands of the Commission to be appointed.

244 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

REPORTS OF COMMITTEES PRESENTED AT
THE ANNUAL MEETING OF THE STATE
BOARD OF AGRICULTURE, HELD AT HARRIS-
BURG; AS TANTARY. 237 ANDE 29,1903:

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON FORESTRY. -

By Dr. J. T. ROTHROCK, Chairman.

Your chairman of the Committee on Forestry is again glad to
report progress for the past year. In the nature of the case,
progress is all he can report, for the work never will be ended so
long as men use timber, or so long as general prosperity is based
upon abundance of raw material. From the cradle to the grave,
there is not an hour in which he can dispense with wood. Remove
it from our grasp, and civilization would disappear from the earth.

The year elapsing since we last met has been one of marked ac-
tivity in forest work. The State is now in actual possession of at
least 360,000 acres, with about 200,000 acres more in process of
acquisition. The average price paid per acre for all this land has
been about $1.90. The quality of the land and the quantity of the
timber have not been the only factors in determining the price
paid. For the same character of land and the same quality of
timber a higher price would, should and must be paid when the
purchase is made near a region with large interests at stake, and
requiring protection, than when the adjacent territory is barren.

We may cite the case of the Mont Alto Reservation, in Franklin
and Adams counties. This occupies the larger part of the South
Mountain range, and lies in the fertile region between Chambers-
burg and Gettysburg. Vast agricultural and manufacturing inter-
ests are concentrated there. Timber is needed for fencing, for
building and for fuel. Abundant water is needed for farming and
for power. That mountain range is the one available spot to satisfy
the demands of Cumberland, Franklin and Adams counties, from
which the timber and water flow must come. The streams there,

{
No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 245

though they drain mostly into the Potomac, nevertheless, water
an area of approximately a thousand square miles, or 640,000 acres
of farm land. This would allow for 4,266 farms of 150 acres each,
less what was occupied by several thriving towns. If you estimate
the average value of each farm of 150 acres at $50 an acre, it would
mean that the agricultural value of the land was, per farm, $7,500,
and of the 4,266 farms, $31,995,000. Of couse, the value of the
land occupied by towns would be greater. There is no portion of
all this wealthy and populous region which is not directly or indi-
rectly influenced for good by the presence of forests upon these
mountain regions. It is noteworthy, too, that the good produced
by these forests can be produced to the same extent by no other
agency of which we have control. Let us suppose that, in round
numbers, $100,000 were paid for this land. It would be but about
one-three hundred and twentieth of the value of the farm land. It
would be paid once for all, and be a perpetual benefit to the whole
region. True, the county would lose the taxes on the mountain
land, but it would have $25.00 a mile annually on the roads running
though the reservations; it would have increase of work for its
laborers, and a perpetual supply of cheap timber within easy reach.

Evidently the question to ask is, not whether such a reservation
should be created, but what is the least cost for which it can
be obtained, because it would appear to be an essential to the
continued prosperity of the country. It is nothing to the purpose
to say that the same area of land could be obtained cheaper at
some distant point. The statement would be true, but it would be
misleading, because the Cumberland Valley region in question would
receive no direct benefits therefrom.

There is another point to be taken up. Criticism is sometimes
made because rough mountain tops have been purchased by the
State. It is true, such have been purchased. But would the
owner of any extensive tract sell the mountain sides or flats with-
out selling the top as well? Suppose, however, that we left the
rough parts still in his hands and purchased only the better por-
tion. The State could never have a continuous area. It would be
obliged to endure vexatious litigation, increased cost of adminis-
tration of its lands, and seldom, if ever, be able to obtain the great-
est return from its own holdings.

I have taken much of your time to place this subject plainly be-
fore you, because I find that those who are not called to deal
with such questions, often fail to obtain a proper view of
them, and it is important that so vital a question should be fully
understood. Everything thus far done in forestry has been founda-
tion work. Now that the State owns land, it should care for it in
order to bring about the largest results.

246 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Dec.

Forestry is for two purposes: First, for protection to the many
interests dependent upon timber growth, and, second, for revenue.
The first of these has been so often dwelt upon that it requires no
further elucidation here. The second, for revenue, demands a fuller
statement now. New York State possesses considerably over a
million of acres in her reservation system. Recognizing an impend-
ing danger to the water flow of the state if the woodlands of the
Adirondack and Catskill regions were further denuded of timber,
New York took prompt measures to obtain possession of the ground.
This was done, in the first instance, mainly by purchase of lands sold
for taxes. The land acquired was often purchased, it seems, with-
out the extreme care as to title which our purchases have received.
The consequence is that New York has had endless litigation to hold
its lands. This Pennsylvania will, in great part, avoid. Timber
speculators have endeavored to obtain possession of New York’s
timber, until driven almost to desperation, the legislation, and the
people, by constitutional enactment, have absolutely prohibited all
cutting of timber for lumbering purposes on the State reservations.
Even the cutting which was necessary for demonstration purposes
on the land placed under control of the State Forestry School
aroused the most positive denunciation. Now, as a matter of fact.
all scientific forestry begins with the axe. Trees which are ma-
ture and marketable should be removed. Trees which never can
have any value should be cut out. Nothing should be allowed to
grow, and use the strength of, or occupy the soil, unless it is the
best possible product. It would not be good business methods to
tolerate their presence. Besides, except in the case of white pine
and hemlock, where these covered the ground densely to the ex-
clusion of everything else, our natural forests have never been the
most productive which the soil was capable of sustaining.

Fortunately, Pennsylvania is hampered by no such unwise re-
strictions as New York. The Forestry Commission not only can,
but is expected, to produce revenue from its woodlands as soon as
possible, where this can be done without public injury. Taking all
of our receipts of this year we have already turned into the State
Treasury, directly or indirectly, $19,000. There is no reason why,
within a year, we should not be able to show a revenue several times
as great, if we are able to go systematically to work to reap the
timber harvest which can be removed without injury to the State
forests. Such harvesting will be a positive benefit to the remain-
ing timber. For example, there are places where the virgin white
pine trees were cut thirty years ago. At that time only the butt
cut, or perhaps two logs, were taken, and the remainder of the
tree was allowed to lie on the ground. In spite of the vears elaps-
ing, the heart of those logs is still sound. Hundreds of thousands

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 247

of good white pine shingles could be made from such timber, which
is now well seasoned and for the most part practically free from
knot. To utilize this material, while it is still valuable, contracts
should be made with reliable men to make it into shingles as fast
as possible and pay a royalty per thousand to the State for the
product. There are thousands of cords of good paper wood on
the reservations which should be thinned out to give the remaining
timber a chance to grow rapidly. We have, likewise, a vast quantity
of good young oak and chestnut suitable for producing tanning
extract, which might be removed with advantage to the remaining
timber.

Another source of revenue, not, however, to the State but to the
agricultural community, should be considered; I mean pasturage
of cattle on State lands. It is a cardinal doctrine of scientific for-
estry that this should not be allowed. Iam not, however, prepared
to take, off-hand, so ultra a view of the case. There are many in-
stances where, in my judgment, no harm is done by the cattle. If
trees are mature and the stand of timber dense enough, or if the
growth is so large that the lower limbs have commenced to fall
off, but little injury is done. Under such conditions, I am of the
opinion that it is wiser to cultivate amicable relations with the
farming community, and allow the pasturage of a limited number
of cattle upon State land, providing the owners of these cattle
will lend their immediate and hearty co-operation in extinguishing
forest fires when these occur. I am glad to say that such a co-
operation has been most happily established in portions of Clinton
and Centre counties. On the other hand, I believe no one living
near enough to State land to pasture his cattle upon it has any right
to expect such a privilege unless he returns an equivalent to the
State in the way of help, when his services are so urgently needed.
In my judgment, this matter should be systematically entered upon
by the contracting parties. On the other hand, no cattle should
be allowed to range over ground where seedlings or young sprouts
are coming forward.

Forestry is a new movement in this country. There are govern-
ments where, by long experience, a definite, permanent forest policy
has been established and from which policy an ample revenue has
constantly been derived. Take, for example, Germany. I find that
the annual receipts from her forests are, according to Fernow,
$100,000,000, or $3.00 gross and probably $1.75 net per acre, from
soils that are mostly not fit for any other use, and which by being
so used contribute to other favorable cultural coriditions. This
net income, figured at 8 per cent., would make the capital value of
soil and growing stock nearly $60 per acre, and the value of the
entire forest resources of Germany two thousand million dollars.

248 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

In a country where forestry is so well established as in Germany,
it is noteworthy that the State of Bavaria distributed during the
period from 1393 to 1899 not less than 127,000,000 tree plants. This
is an example which I think Pennsylvania might safely follow. The
cost of production of white pine seedlings is exceedingly small.
In the state nurseries we can raise them by the million, and I think
it would be wise to do so and distribute them among those who
have vacant land which could be planted and who would agree to
care for them until started in growth.

We have now a well-established nursery of about five acres at
Mont Alto. Thus far it is devoted mainly to white pine seedlings.
Last autumn we collected and obtained seed from sixty-four bushels
of cones. ‘This will be planted as soon as the snow leaves the
ground. March is none too early if the ground is in favorable con-
dition. We shall probably soon commence with the red, or Norway
pine, and with the various so-called hardwoods.

The most important work which is now pressing is to have the
exterior lines of the reservations surveyed and so plainly marked
that no one could commit a trespass upon State land without know-
ing it. This line should be cut out at least six feet wide. Our
rangers should ride around the entire tract at least twice a week,
and follow any trails running toward State land to ascertain where
they lead and for what purposes they are made.

Again, I must call your attention to the following act of Legisla-
ture. No matter what your county commissioners may say, this
has never been declared unconstitutional, so far as I am informed.
It is a just and useful act and you can compel its recognition if you
are determined to do so. It is as follows:

AN ACT

To encvurage the preservation of forests by providing for a rebate of certain
taxes levied thereon.

Section 1. Be it enacted, &c., That in consideration of the public
benefit to be derived from the retention of forest or timber trees,
the owner or owners of land in this Commonwealth, having on it
forest or timber trees averaging not less than fifty trees to the
acre, each of said trees to measure at least eight inches in diameter
at a height of six feet above the surface of the ground, with no
portion of the said land absolutely cleared of the said trees, shall,
upon filing with the county treasurer of their respective counties
and with the tax collectors of their respective townships or dis-
tricts an affidavit made by said owner or owners, or by some
one in his, her or their behalf, setting forth the number of acres
of timber land within the requirements of this act, be entitled
to receive, annually, during the period that the said trees are

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 249

maintained in good condition upon the said land, a rebate equal to
80 per centum of all taxes, local and county, annually assessed
and paid upon said land, or so much of the 80 per centum as
shall not exceed in all the sum of forty-five cents per acre, the
said rebate to be deducted froin said taxes, pro rata, and receipted
for by the respective tax collectors or county treasurer: Provided,
however, ‘That no one property owner shall be entitled to receive
said rebate on more than fifty acres.

Section 2. All acts or parts of acts inconsistent herewith are
hereby repealed.

Approved—The 11th day of April, A. D. 1901.

WILLIAM A. STONE.

There is one point to which | should make allusion here. In my
trips through the State I find the farm buildings unprotected
against the blasts of winter to an extent which is somewhat sur-
prising, when the value of protection against the cold is so well
understood. That it should have been so originally I can well see.
The farm was hewn out of the forest, where trees bounded the fields
on all sides. The trees were an encumbrance. The cleared area
Was So Small in comparison with the uncleared that a violent sweep
of the cold north wind was almost impossible. Now, however,
the cleared areas predominate. The protécting forest area is cor-
respondingly reduced, and our buildings need protection. In ar-
ranging for this, two methods are open. One is by planting trees
which will eventually grow into lumber of a marketable size and
the other is by planting such as are intended simply as a hedge.
If you can adopt the former, there is a wide range of trees from
which to select. Of course, if you plant evergreens, which retain
their foliage during the winter, the protecting belt of timber need
not be so wide. Densely planted, white pines would soon clear their
trunks of lower limbs and to that extent open the barrier to the
passage of winds. In other words, they would act, sooner or later,
the same as the deciduous leaved trees. According to the character
of the soil the oaks, hickories, chestnuts, western catalpa and locust
would be the most valuable trees for your belt of protecting wood-
land. Among the oaks, owing to its dense mass of downward bend-
ing limbs, there is no species so valuable for purposes of protection
against storms as the pin oak. It has, however, no value for
lumber. If you should decide upon planting merely a hedge, I
would by all means advise one of two of our native trees—either
the arbor vitae or the hemlock. Both grow rapidly and both can
be allowed to become twenty-five feet high and either one can
be trimmed and kept strictly within hedge size—being at the same
time very dense and very oruamental.

250 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Bec.

Forestry is here to stay. It is a profession. Only the wide-
awake agriculturist can hope to succeed in his calling. To this end
the State provides a college for instruction in agriculture. This
is all right. The only fault I lave to find is that the State does
not provide for it as liberally as other states do for theirs. So
it is with instruction in forestry. The State College is anxious to
give thorough instruction in this. -There is no class of citizens
whose interests are more wrapped up in the water supply for the
soil than you are, and there is no other known agency under our
control than forests by which it can be influenced.

We desire to take lads on the Mont Alto forest reservation and
give them a chance to do a good work for the State and earn for
themselves a living and an education at the same time. ‘Phere, in the
woods, is the place to learn practical forestry. From among those
lads the best will aspire to a higher education in the science of
forestry at the State College.

I am not a political economist. The complications of financial
relations puzzle and confuse me; but there is one fact which is
so plain that even I can recognize it—to wit: The farmer produees
the food of the nation. The keen business man handles it on the
markets of the world and sells wheat which he never saw, by the
thousands of bushels. The farmer’s profit, if there is any, is a
mere margin. The financiers’ profit mounts up into a fortune. The
farmer ends his days usually on a mere living, the latter ends his,
as a rule, in affiuence. It appears hardly fair that the one who
produces that upon which we live, and out of which fortunes grow
should receive less substantial benefits than the one who merely
sells it. There are but two things which can change this and
equalize the returns, namely, education and organization. You will
understand, then, why I am so earnest and persistent in my appeal
to you to demand for your sons an education which will fit them to
compete successfully in the world’s work. I can recognize no
eternal fitness, or reason, which relegates the farmer or the for-
ester to a position inferior to that of his commercial brother.
There is another point to which allusion should be made here in
connection with the State Forestry Reservation. It is this. The
tendency of the age appears to be irresistibly toward those com-
binations of capital, called trusts. -I am not of the number who
consider these wholly undesirable. ‘hey undoubtedly do possess
great power for good and for bad. In my judgment, President
Roosevelt has taken, as he usually does, the sensible position that
we should allow them to render all the public service they can,
but curb them when by any abuse of power their tendency comes
to be evil.

The large bodies of unutilized land in this and in other states

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 251

offered them a tempting field. In the natural course of events the
time would have come when it would have paid them to invest
in such lands at low prices and hold it against the time when dis-
covery of minerals would have made their development profitable,
or the increasing searcity of land, due to increase of population,
would have enabled them to reap large financial returns by entering
into grazing or lumbering. In either case it would have passed
beyond the power of the people. State acquisition of this land
secures it to the people. It would be a most unfortunate thing
for our citizens if there should ever come a time when the people
at large would cease to have ground which was wholly theirs and
upon which they could go for the rest and the recreation which
-are made so necessary by the accumulating demands of our busy
civilization.

These reservations now belong to the people, and may the owner-
ship never be changed.

if)
or
to

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON FRUIT AND
Reo Cur PURE.

Enos B. ENGLE, Chairman.

It may be sately said that Pennsyivania is not realizing the full
measure of its opportunity as a fruit-growing state. With a variety
of soil and climate adapted to almost every kind of fruit that
can be grown in the temperate zone, we find our fruit industries of
third-rate importance, and, except in a few localities, where move-
ments have recently been made towards commercial planting, no
well-directed effort is being made to take advantage of the oppor-
tunities at our command.

True, we have some individual planters, especially of peaches,
who, for years, have made a specialty of this fruit, and have real-
ized handsome profits, but the so-called “peach belts” have had
their rise and fall, and it is a question whether we have to-day as
many large peach orchards in the State as we had ten years ago.
Yellows, that fatal disease of the peach, has done and is still
doing its work, and now, in addition, we have San José Scale and
a number of minor pests and diseases which combine to make the
business more discouraging than ever.

Possibly the most important of the neglected fruit industries
of Pennsylvania is that of apple culture. It has been shown by
experience and observation that we have a variety of soil, climate
and altitude in this State that will produce not only the standard
and well-known winter apples of New York and the New England
States, but, in addition, many well-known local varieties, native
to our own State and equal in quality to the best grown anywhere.
In fact, it has been admitted by experts and the best judges of fruit,
that Pennsylvania apples grown to perfection are superior in quality
and appearance to those grown in the great apple-producing dis-
tricts of the United States.

Notwithstanding the fact that we are not yet awakened to the
full importance of our State as a producer of first-class apples,
it has been stated recently in public print that in 1902 we stood
third in the aggregate yield of apples for the year, New York and
Ohio being first and second respectively.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 253

In recent years the commercial idea in the cultivation of apples
in Pennsylvania has made some progress. We have learned by
practical experience that certain localities are specially adapted
to their profitable culture, and that while some varieties will
succeed admirably almost anywhere, others have local preferences
of soil and altitude.

We are encouraged, therefore, in the hope that the large plant-
ings in recent years in the counties of Bedford, Adams, York, Frank-
lin, Cumberland, Mifflin, Juniata, Monroe and elsewhere are but
the forerunners of a movement that will eventually make this one
of the greatest of apple-producing and exporting states. Year by
year the laws governing the principles of fruit culture are being
better understood and more intelligently applied, and while there
are many local conditions of soil and methods of culture that must
be studied and practiced we are progressing slowly, but surely.

To succeed, we must study more closely the adaptation of varie-
ties to localities; and above all, in the case of commercial orchards,
confine ourselves to as few varieties as is consistent with a proper
succession of crop and proper fertilization, while in the blossoming
season. It is far better, for market purposes, to have five varie-
ties of winter apples than have twenty, or even ten.

In fruit culture, as in agriculture, we must feed our crops that
they may feed us in return. Unless we sow we cannot reap. The
same intelligent care and attention given an orchard as is given a
business or mercantile pursuit, or a crop of potatoes, corn or hay,
will usually bring more profitable returns. But the growing of
fruit is not the alpha and omega of this calling. Gathering, stor-
ing, packing, shipping and selling are equally important problems,
requiring, not only intelligent judgment, but some business tact.
Just here let an earnest plea be made for fair and honest packing.
The market for first class fruit of all kinds is practically unlimited,
and if we would establish and maintain a permanent demand for our
products it must be along the line of a superior grade of fruit,
honestly and tastily placed before buyers. If we would wrest from
the Pacific coast fruit growers any of the prestige they have es-
tablished for fine fruit, it must be done by imitating their methods
in reaching the great markets.

But our possibilities as a fruit-growing state are not confined
solely to apples and peaches. The same soils and conditions that
will insure profit and success in those fruits will do the same with
pears, plums, cherries and quinces and the entire line of small fruits.
In a state teeming with cities, towns and villages, the inhabitants
of which are chiefiy consumers and seldom producers, there is an
ever-growing demand for all these fruits at remunerative prices.

This report would be incomplete without reference to a bulletin

254 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

(No. 106) recently issued by the Department of Agriculture of this
State, which is the beginning of a work that will greatly aid the
seeker of intelligent information in regard to varieties and their
adaptation to soils and localities. It has been prepared by one of
our most intelligent and practical fruit growers and is the result of
a most systematic and extensive correspondence with practical
horticulturists in every section of the State.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 255

REPORT OF THE COMMITTHE ON LEGISLATION.

By HON. JASON SEXTON, Chairman.

Again your Legislative Committee presents its annual report for
your consideration. In so doing we find that we shall, in some
instances, make recommendations of measures that have been con-
sidered by you, and met your approval at former meetings of the
Board, and up to the present time have failed to become laws—
some by reason of failing to receive the constitutional majority
on final passage, while others failed to receive executive approval
after having passed finally. So, undaunted by failure, we shall
again, with your approval, appear, by petition at least, before our
lawmakers as the humble suppliants of their favor, trusting we
shall be heard, and that some good may come to the agricultural
classes through our efforts in this direction.

We fully appreciate the good work done by the Legislature of
1901, not only for the public generally, but more especially for
the agricultural classes, when they passed, among other bills, the
amended oleomargarine bill, the amended pure food law, the
amended vinegar law, the amended renovated butter law and the
new law regulating the manufacture and sale of commercial fer-
tilizers and some others of more or less importance to the farmers
of the State. Among the first of these bills that failed to pass,
and that we consider of the utmost importance, is the amended act
of 1897 (known as the “Hamilton Road Bill”) by providing for and
making an appropriation for the building and improvement of our
roads that would place the law in active operation, which is now,
as it stands, wholly inoperative.

Your committee, as well as yourselves, knowing the many ob-
stacies in the Way of securing annual appropriations which would
be absolutely necessary when this law once becomes operative,
would recommend and urge that a public road fund be created,
by asking the Legislature to place an addition tax of one mill, to
be collected under existing laws, on all corporate and personal prop-

256 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE TOT Does

erty, thus creating an annual permanent road fund, to be paid over
by the State Treasurer to the county treasurers in proportion to
the number of miles of road in each county, and by them to be
paid over to the supervisors of each township in proportion to the
number of miles in each township—no township to receive a sum
larger than the amount raised and expended on the public roads
of that township annually. Up to the present time the great
burden of constructing and maintaining the public roads has been
and is now borne by the farmers and land owners of the State, and,
as a result, their acres are taxed almost beyond endurance. Hence,
arises the opposition and indifference that is manifest among a large
class of our farmers when any public road improvement is advo-
cated that means an additional tax to their already overtaxed acres,
and, as the public roads are for the use and benefit of all the people,
it is unfair to expect the farmer and land owner to assume to bear
the increased burdens of public road improvement that the new
and present conditions demand, and we consider it only fair and
just that all classes of property and industries, some of which are
paying a great deal less than their share of taxes, should contribute
their just and equitable proportion toward their construction.
This plan, which seems so just and right, and which passed the
House as the amended road bill in the session of 1901, would create
a permanent annual road fund of nearly or quite two millions of
dollars, and would place the plan of “State aid” on a firm and
strong basis, and beyond the necessity of the Legislature to make
annual appropriations for the public roads, as well as beyond the
corrupting influences that eminate from securing such appropria-
tions. Weare, therefore, unalterably opposed to any plan that does
not tax all kinds of property for road purposes—are decidedly op-
posed to the placing of our public highways under the control of a
centralized State commission.

We regret that the act passed by the Legislature of 1901 appro-
priating fifty thousand dollars for the erection of an agricultural
building at the State College failed to become a law because of the
veto of the Governor, and we most respectfully urge the members
of the Board to renew their efforts to secure the passage of a like
appropriation for the erection of a building at the State College,
so much needed, where agriculture, including dairying and forestry,
can be taught in all of their branches; and we also urge that an
additional appropriation of $10,000 be secured, if possible, for the
publication and distribution of bulletins and leaflets to the schools
and farmers of the State for which there is so great a demand. We
also desire to state, as we have done in the past, that we deem it
of the utmost importance that our State College be better—far
better—provided for, both in buildings and equipments, for the

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 257

teaching of agriculture to our farmers’ boys in all of its branches,
and instead of asking for the paltry sum of $50,000, $100,000 would
be nearer the mark and should be demanded, and the present pros-
perous condition of our State’s finances would and will warrant such
expenditure if our lawmakers could only see it, and the necessity
for it. We deplore the fact that our agricultural college and
school should have been permitted to lag in the rear because of the
lack of necessary appropriations to push forward the work. Let
us hope that a more liberal policy will be adopted and such appro-
priations made as will place our agricultural college where it ought
to be, in the front rank among the agricultural schools of our
sister states. We also recommend that the Board do what it can
to assist the Secretary of Agriculture in trying to secure an addi-
tional appropriation of $10,000 for the Farmers’ Institute work in
spreading agricultural knowledge among the farmers of the State;
and, also, to repeal the law and extend the authority of the Secre-
tary of Agriculture to publish farmers’ bulletins, not exceeding
25,000 copies of any one bulletin; also, to provide that the Depart-
ment of Agriculture be provided with 8,000 copies of the Annual
teports of the Department for its use. Again, we urge the Board
to ask for an appropriation of $3,000, or so much of it as may be
necessary, to reimburse them for money expended for their neces-
sary expenses in attending the annual meetings of the Board.

In consideration of the fact that our country roads leading to and
from the great cities and towns are being covered with a network
of electric trolley lines, which, to 90 per cent. of our people, are a
great convenience, we are satisfied they would be of much greater
use to the farming community were they allowed to carry freight
as well as passengers—it would be of untold advantage to the
farmer if he could load his produce on a trolley car at his door
and deliver it at his stall in the market or direct to the consumer,
and that at a much less rate than he could haul it with his own
team. Any service this Board can render to bring about these con-
ditions will be of untold value to the general public and a God-send
to the farmer.

17—6—1903

258 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Of: Doe.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON LIVE STOCK.

By Dr. M. E. CONARD, Chairman.

In reporting upon the live stock of Pennsylvania at this time,
we feel very much handicapped for want of more definite knowledge
of changes that have occurred and are constantly going on affecting
values and numbers since the last census. That the values have
radically advanced we are very sure, but whether the brute popula-
tion has decreased in proportion we are very doubtful. In fact, we
do not think it has. We believe that a census taken at this time
would show a marked increase in money values, but for want of this
knowledge a correct sum total cannot be reached. The past two
years have presented a remarkable combination of conditions di-
rectly affecting the live stock industry of the Eastern States. Con-
ditions that require careful study and intelligent manipulation to
accomplish the best results and avoid hardship and loss to the
dairy and stock man. The shortage of the corn crops of 1901,
followed by the excessively high prices demanded for all kinds of
mill feed and the present short crop of hay without a corresponding
increase in the prices of milk and butter has cast a shadow over
the dairy business, which even though it may be and probably is
temporary, has had the effect to induce every keeper of cows to
take advantage, more or less, of the inflated beef market to thin
out his dairy, and in some cases to dispose of the entire breed and
substitute beef cattle. And now that the beef is approaching its
original price this move has not proven a judicious one in many
cases; but it has had the effect of reducing the number of dairy
cows in the country so that the price demanded for them has ad-
vanced at least $10 per head in the past two years, making it very
oppressive to the man who depends upon the purchasing of cows
to replenish his herd.

The sympathetic high price of veal has done much to embarrass
the rearing of graded and common stock calves, reducing to a
measure the supply of home-raised stock for the dairy. We believe
that dairy cattle are demanding a price at the present time, in Penn-
sylvania, never before surpassed, if it was ever equalled. The con-

tn
i)
o

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

stantly improving railroad facilities for the shipment of dairy pro-
ducts from remote districts makes it necessary for the eastern dairy-
man to compete with his western neighbor at present prices, with
little or no hope of relief resulting from advanced retail prices of
milk or butter. Hence, it is plainly necessary for us to apply the
same business principle as do our mercantile brethren—“Reduce
the cost of production.”

With the price of dairy products, the prices of feed and labor are
more or less arbitrarily governed by conditions over which we do
not have control; the only factor left is acquirement of the cow and
her productivity, and we believe that under existing conditions
this is the most flexible factor in the problem, because it is, in a
great measure, possible for the majority of dairymen (not all), by
intelligent breeding, feeding and care to raise cows for less money
than drove cows cost, and of better quality. Is there not a lack
of real business methods applied in the replenishing of a dairy herd
and farm stock generally? Are we not too easily influenced by local
and temporary conditions?

The recent demand for beef has stimulated the demand for the
dual purpose cow, such as the Shorthorn and Holstein grades,
rather than the smaller and richer breeds, quantity and fair quality
being the acme of perfection.

In endeavoring to procure the dual purpose cows, we wish to en-
courage radical crosses, as the Jersey and Holstein or Shorthorn,
for a less per cent. of such crosses prove to be failures. It is much
safer, in selecting dual purpose cows, to obtain animals from the
larger breeds possessing this dairy type and by careful mating
and feeding develop in them the desirable characteristics for the
dairy. Where calves of desirable grades can be had and a portion
of the skimmed milk can be retained on the farm for feeding pur-
poses, there can be no doubt that the rearing of such cows can be
made a profitable feature of the farming operations.

The reaction following the glut in the horse market is fully upon
us, as can be seen by a visit to our city horse market. It is safe to
say that horses have advanced in prices 40 per cent. within the past
two years. The average horse known in trade as the “general pur-
pose horse,” or the “delivery chunk,” which is a well-built animal
with good legs and feet, making no pretense at style or action, was
seeking a market two years ago at about $75, while now he is sought
after at from $125 to $150 in the same market. Animals of higher
grades are very scarce and demand prices only limited by the ability
of the customer to pay. The necessity for us to raise our own
is so evident to all that we will not take the time of this meeting
to discuss it.

260 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

The scarcity of western horses to consume the present satisfac-
tory corn crop has operated favorably to the eastern farmer who
was fortunate enough to have a stock on hand for fall and early
winter feeding. Prices ranged from $7.50 to $9.50 per cwt., with
corn at 50 cents per bushel offered a very favorable opportunity
to feed pork at a profit. We believe Pennsylvania was better pro-
vided with a stock of feeders than many of the Western states and
fared well in taking advantage of the favorable market conditions.

the sheep industry of Pennsyivania does not enjoy the record of
progress that belongs to almost all other kinds of live stock, but
shows a decrease at the last census of over 40 per cent. since 1890,
a condition that is rather a surprise.

Since it is an acknowledged fact that the live stock is the base
of agricultural operations, the manufacturer of farm products into
marketable commodities, is it not necessary that we should more
thoroughly understand the fundamental pyinciples of breeding,
feeding and caring for our brutes. The growing and feeding of un-
profitable animals is one of the greatest leaks on the farm, and
how many farmers are trying to prevent this leak? What is the
cause? It is not because we do not have suitable pastures, feeds
and climates. It is not because we do not have within easy reach
suitable animals of all the breeds for breeding purposes. It is not
hecause we cannot find a fair market for a good animal of any breed
ov kind, or for her product.

Then, is it not because we do not give sufficient time and careful
study to the underlying principles of breeding, feeding and growing
animals so as to develop the best possible individual. The better
an animal is bred and grown to maturity the better it will pay for
its cost, be that what it may.

Now, Mr. Chairman, we do realize that much credit is due to the
Director of Farmers’ Institutes for his untiring efforts in enlighten-
ing the dairy farmer and stock raiser. But we do wish to impress
upon the Director of Farmers’ Institutes the growing importance
of employing on the institute force an increased number of men
who are well prepared to discuss with the farmers of this State
“Animal Husbandry” in its various phases, and by their enlighten-
ment, dispel from their minds the prevalent impression that breed-
ing is a lottery, and assist them in proving to themselves by actual
experience that reasonable, definite result will follow intelligent
breeding, feeding and care.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 261

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON CEREALS AND
CHREAL CROPS.

A. I. WEIDNER, Chgirman.

The season of 1902 has varied in different parts of the State and
bas had its iniluence on the different cereals and cereal crops ac-
cordingly.

Wheat that was sown early in the fall of 1901 has been good
and yielded a fair crop; the average that has been reported to the
chairman of the committee is about twenty bushels per acre of
the early sown wheat. That which was sown late has not done so
well, which will bring the general average lower. Many of the farm-
ers in the fall of 1901 deferred seeding until late to avoid the
ravages of the Hessian fly, but, unfortunately, the rainfall was
light and the ground dry. Wheat that was sown late did not make
a good growth and was not in good condition to winter well. The
winter, being open, had its effects upon it, especially the late sown
wheat and rye that did not have a strong growth of plant, and
much of it was injured and winter-killed and many of the fields
did not yield near the normal crop.

The quality also was poor in many cases, the fly having got in
its work where the wheat plant was not well established and strong.
Wet weather, in many instances, had its effect also on the quality;
some of the wheat was rushed in before it was dry enough and
was mow-burned and did not come out in good condition; others
was injured in the field by the rains that came frequently and wet
and bleached it, and some sprouted; therefore, the general results
in some parts of the State was not satisfactory.

Oats were a good crop, with average above normal; quality also
reported good. Some counties report straw unusually good, as long
as wheat straw, and well harvested and will furnish much rough
feed for stock this winter.

Of rye, the average acreage was very low, below normal and not
much grown. In some of the eastern counties it was grown more
for straw than for the grain. When put up in nice bundles, straw
brings one dollar per hundred pounds in some of the eastern
markets.

262 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

The cori crop was good, especially in the eastern part of the
State. Some of the couities ave reported to have had as fine fields
of corn as ever grown; other sections of the State, the reports
came not so favorable. Some of the corn was frozen down and
could not be cultivated properly on account of wet and cold weather
in the early part of the season, and the corn did not mature properly
and much of the iate corn was poor and did not get solid. Some
of the counties reported yield above the average; others below.
So the general average for the State was about normal.

Buckwheat was not much grown. Some reports indicate about
one-half crop. ; Vy

Grass was a very light crop the past season. In the spring the
stand was unusually good, but dry weather set in about the time
grass should have made its growth and continued until time for
cutting, consequently the crop was very light, with a good propor-
tion of weeds when haying time arrived. So the average for the
hay crop is much below the normal.

‘The winter wheat is in good condition at this time. The fall was
favorable, even that which was sown late, having made a fine growth
and covered the ground well and the general outlook for a wheat
crop is good for season of 1903.

Prospects for grass crop are not so good for coming season. The
drought before and about harvest time last summer was very in-
jurious and burned out the young set grass in wheat stubbles in
many parts of the State. Some fields do not have any grass on
them and will be plowed up for corn and other crops.

—<

eve a eo

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 263

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON FLORICUL-
TURE.

By EDWIN LONSDALE. Chairman.

It gives me pleasure to be able to say that tloriculture is in a
most thriving condition, as to the demand—this includes cut flow-
ers—as orchids. roses, carnations, violets, lily of the valley and
many other cut flowers. Callas (22ichardia wethiopica) are being
grown in greater quantity now than in the recent past and find
ready sale, so also the same may be said of the brilliant red bracts
of the poinsettia pulcherrima. Neither of the two last-named
flowers are new, as both were popular twenty or thirty years ago;
they later became “old-fashioned” and were considered out of date.
Now, old-fashioned flowers are attracting attention again.

The calla and poinsettia are, however, so easily multiplied and
grown that the supply is very likely to quite soon exceed the de-
mand. The calla, sometimes called “calla-lily,’ but botanically it
belongs to the Arum family, and is not a lily at all—is grown almost
altogether as cut flowers, its peculiar white spathe appealing in-
tensely to the esthetic. The brilliant scarlet bracts (leaves) which
surround the insignificant inflorescence of the poinsettia are very
popular for Christmas and New Year’s Day decorations; everything
of a bright-colored nature being move in demand at that season of
the year, both as pot plants and cut flowers with long stems. When
used as pot plants the poinsettia gives greatest satisfaction, propa-
gating late, say in July and August, and a number of the small
plants are placed together in a pan nicely arranged as to size, the
larger being planted in the center and smaller ones graded down
to the sides.

The diference between a pan and a pot is: The flower-pot in gen.
eral use is about as deep as it is broad at the top, whereas, the
pan is much more broad and shallow in comparison. Pans are be-

- coming more popular each year, as they conform so readily as an

ornament, when fiiled with living plants, to the dinner table.
One of Philadelphia’s more prominent retail florists grew 6,000
poinsettia plants for his own boliday trade in Philadelphia at his

264 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

greenhouse establishment in Delaware county, this State. Callas
are being more generally grown, though not in such large quantity
in any one place.

The tendency in the building of greenhouses is towards a greater
permanency in the use of galvanized iron and steel entering into
the structures wherever practicable, and the greenhouses are being
built much larger now than formerly; especially does this apply
to the width and the height of the houses; especially is this the
case in which to grow roses. Several advantages are claimed for
these wider houses, one of which is the more uniform diffusion of
light. This latter point applies more especially when the house
is to be used in which to grow the American Beauty rose for cut
flowers. In the greenhouses built formerly the maximum width
was twenty-six fect, and after the plants have a luxurious growth
of five or six feet high, densely clothed with its dark green foliage,
it is then the house appears dark and it is dark from a growing
viewpoint.

A wholesale flower market was organized in Philadelphia, No-
vember 1, 1902, capitalized at $20,000, where it is expected the grow-
ers’ product will be distributed among the retail florists of that and
other cities, the object being to centralize this part of the business
as far as possible.

Floriculture in its various branches is attracting outside capital,
as it is found that a large establishment is much more economically
and profitably operated than a small place, costing less for heating
and labor--two of the most important items in running greenhouses.
These growing establishments are best located outside of the larger
cities, where the air is more pure and where the shipping facilities
are ample and adequate for rush orders. The ideal place, generally
speaking, would be on a hillside, facing the south or a little east
of south, and convenient to a railroad station, so that the hauling”
of coal, manure and other freight would be convenient, but far
enough removed so that the smoke from the locomotives would not
darken the glass. It is better that pot plants should be grown
within city limits or easy of access, as they are more bulky and are
best delivered by the growers’ own teams and teamsters.

There is no falling off in the demand for palms, ferns, azaleas,
etc., for decorative purposes and home adornment, and the florifer-
ous French Begonia Gloire de Lorraine as a pot plant has been found
to be a great help at Christmas time, when the supply of the better
class of cut flowers is not equal to the demand, as it gives more
general satisfaction than the same amount of cash spent on cut
flowers alone would do.

As a note of warning, allow your committee to say that if there
were enough flowers for all demands at Christmas time there would

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 265

be a glut at other times, excepting possibly at the other floral fes-
tivals of the year, as New Year’s day, Easter and Thanksgiving day.

In conclusion, the coal strike has atfected the profits of floricul-
ture very materially during the present year, more, perhaps, than
any other industry. But if it should bring about the use, in some
way, of the millions of tons of culm now apparently going to waste
in the coal regions it will prove a blessing in disguise.

266 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

-PAPERS READ AT THE ANNUAL MEETING OF
THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE, HEE
AT HARRISBURG, PA., JANUARY 28 ANDO
1903.

THE RESPONSIBILITIES AND DUTIES OF STATE BOARDS
AND TEACHERS OF AGRICULTURE.

By Prog. I. P. ROBERTS, of Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.

Upon whose shoulders rests the responsibility of promoting agri-
cultural knowledge throughout this great Commonwealth? This
question is both fair and pertinent at this time. Fair, because the
leaders in agricultural thought and the officers or members of your
various distinctively agricultural organizations and teachers are
largely responsible for the conditions of the rural population and
the productivity of your arable lands. A few score men have been
chosen as leaders. The muititude will not—cannot—be expected
to go faster nor farther than those who have been placed at the
head.

The question is pertinent because I address a large body of gentle-
men who have been selected because of their fitness to manaye the
various agricultural associations, with the sole view of teaching
the people, trusting thereby to promote and improve the agriculture
of the State. You are to originate, plan, and, so far as possible,
see to it that your plans are carried out. You hold the power,
since you are organized, hence the private individual is not likely
to originate or push any new scheme however worthy. If you do
not act promptly and energetically you simply block the way.

What is the character and extent of the work the State has
handed over to this and siinilar organizations and the teachers at
your agricultural colleges? Jt may assist us in our efforts to under-
stand the responsibilities, if the number and value of the farms and
the chief agricultural products ef your State be set forth in figures.

According to the last census there were, in your Commonwealth,
224,248 cultivated farms. Premising that there are as many fami-
lies as farms and that an average family consists of five persons,

—

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 267

there are 1,121,240 persons living on farms. It is safe to estiniate
that four-fifths of these are old enough to receive instruction. In
round numbers, there are one million persons on farms capable of
receiving instruction relating to their calling. In addition, at least,
ten per cent. of the urban population is greatly interested in the
growing of plants and animals. In 1900 there were produced in
this State 117,810,192 bushels of cereals. You owned 871,505 horses
and mules, more than a million and a half (1,541,135) sheep, over a
million (1,265,327) swine and nearly two millions (1,997,192) of neat
cattle, one-half of which (1,022,074) were dairy cows. The value
of the principal crops exceeded one hundred and twenty millions
of dollars. The value of the hay and forage crop alone exceeded
thirty-seven millions of dollars ($37,514,779). The vegetables were
worth nearly sixteen million dollars ($15,832,904), and the value of
animals sold and slaughtered was more than twenty-seven million
dollars. Is agriculture worth the lberai attention of your Legisla-
ture?

But the census report does not set forth many of the incidental
products of the farms. Tor instance, if there were 224,248 farms,
it may be presumed that there were an equal number of gardens
planted when the census was taken. Who would take less than
$10 for his planted garden in June? Then, each year, there are
$2,242,480 worth of property in the farm gardens of the Keystone
State.

In 1896 there were mined in the State 40,600,000 tons of anthracite
and 36,000,000 tons of bituminous coal. In 1900 there were mined
of both soft and hard coal] 79,318,362 short tons. What the average
price was of this coal f. 0. b. at the mines I am unable to discover.
However, this matters little, since it will be but a comparatively
short time when the value of mined coal in your State will be nill.
A conservative estimate places the unmined coal at eight billions
tons and the end of this great industry of your State at 100 to 150
years hence. The agriculture of your State will then be in its
infancy. If the soil be kindly treated and intelligently tilled for
a long time to come its productivity will steadily increase and the
products of your farms, at no distant day, will be more than
doubled. If you are wise, by the time the coal beds are exhausted
the seamed mountains should be covered by umbrageous forests and
the black, bleak, bare hills be clothed in sylvan beauty. Life will
then have become normal and man will be found worshipping in
God’s first temples not made with hands.

Who is to set the legislative wheels in motion that the reclothing
of the mountains and hills be begun and in time completed? If
this distinguished body of men does not undertake the work no
one will. Must we wait until much of the most valuable land in

268 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

the valleys is washed to the mouths of the rivers, where it fills the
estuaries, before anything is attempted? Must floods and torna-
does devastate the State again and again, and yet again before
remedial action is taken? Does the responsibility for prompt action
rest with this great organization?

Professor Fernow, of Cornell University, the highest authority
on forestry in this country, says: “The supply of timber will not
last another thirty years, and even immediate adoption of proper
methods of management could not insure long continuance of the
supply at the present rate of consumption, which is 25,000,000,000
cubic feet a year. While it is now too late to avert wholly the
calamities which follow forest destruction, there is yet time to
modify them. What is left of the virgin forests should be protected
and cared for and wanton destruction prevented. Few people
realize what the consequences of destruction would be. It means
that fertile valleys will become wind-swept, torrent-scarred deserts,
and vast areas, now productive, will become incapable of supporting
human life.

The coming generation will realize all this and wonder that its
predecessors were so foolhardy.”

Pennsylvania embraces 28,937,600 acres. It is said that one-
fourth of this area is covered with the mountains of the Appalachian
system, in round numbers 7,000,000 acres. These seven million
acres should be covered and kept covered with forest growth.

It will cost something to reclothe the hills, but there is always
money enough in a great state like Pennsylvania to carry on and
carry out all vital undertakings. What is too often lacking is self-
sacrificing, courageous, intelligent leaders. The tree which will bear
abundant and precious fruit must be planted by. some one. We
cannot gather grapes from thorns nor figs from thistles. The rising
generation must have ample opportunity for securing advanced
and technical training. It cannot set the educational machinery
at work. Our children are benefited by the work begun by their
ancestors. Where, in all your broad State, can a student go and
receive such instruction as will fit him for the management, care
and economic development of forests? How many students in your
agricultural college are fitted to make an agricultural or soil survey
of the State? How many can intelligently advise the farmers as
to the best location for orchards, or the best varieties of fruits for
any given locality? How many teachers are there capable of teach-
ing the farmers’ boys how to keep accounts? Is there a single
farmer in the State who can tell from his accounts, accurately kept,
whether it is most profitable to rear swine or sheep-or produce
milk? If not, why not? Because adequate provision has not been
made for giving instruction in the principles and practice of account-

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 269

ing. Can you imagine any complicated manufacturing industry that
could go on for more than a single year without finding out which of
the particular branches of the undertaking was carried on at a profit
and which at a loss? An establishment may manufacture iron,
wire, nails and screws. If, like the farmer, only one single entry
book or no books at all were kept and they never took stock or
an inventory, the windows of the factory would soon be covered
with boards kept in place with their own screws.

The activities on most farms are as many and far more compli-
cated than are those carried on in an ordinary manufacturing es-
tablishment, yet on the farm guess-work is substituted for facts.
The farmer begins in the spring by guessing it might be well to
plow up the old meadow or plant the back lot to potatoes and the
front lot to cabbage. In a week he begins to guess that he will
not plow the meadow nor plant cabbage. He has no well-matured
plan for the year nor for the years to come. Why? Because he
is like the small child, ignorant for want of intellectual training.
Like the child, he is usually helpless because of his ignorance due
to lack of opportunity and inspiration. Again, like the child, he
is selfish. Selfishness is the legitimate fruit of ignorance or a lack
of training, hence farmers cannot be induced to co-operate. Each
wants his own corn harvester when one would do quite well for a
half dozen corn raisers. ;

Who is to blame? Why, the leaders and directors of your educa-
tional system. We have been attempting, metaphorically, to train
a few boys so perfectly that if by any chance they should fall into
the water it is hoped they could swim. Would it not be better to
put them into the water and teach them how to swim? They
would certainly get the same technical training and more certainly
acquire the art of swimming. Why will we persist in educating
one boy’s head and another boy’s hands and produce, too often, two
monstrosities. The former will despise the latter, and the latter
will hate the former. Mistakes of the past rest with the leaders
in education; the mistakes of the future will rest with you.

In a similar manner, what is transpiring in the forest domain
which I have tried to describe, is taking place on most of your
farms. True, here and there, a farm is being conducted more ra-
tionally and more profitably than formerly, but for one acre so
managed there are many that are steadily growing less productive.
Who is to arrest this depletion of the soil if the leaders are timid
and hestitating? What did vour distinguished and able Governor
say a few days since? “Whatever tends to bring about an improve-
ment in the condition of the masses of mankind and assists in their
cultivation and elevation is an advantage to the State and should
be encouraged.” And, again, he says, “I suggest that the Legisla-

270 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

ture consider the propriety of imposing a slight tax on some of the
products of the State, the proceeds to be applied to the betterment
of her roads.”

These are wise words, but if it is not presumptuous I would sug-
gest that a tax of one-tenth of a mill be levied on all taxable prop-
erty of the State, the proceeds to be expended for the promotion of
agricultural knowledge. We sometimes complain because the pro-
ducts of the west glut our markets and not infrequently we at-
tempt to disparage this section by calling it “the wild and wooly
west.” Iowa levied a tax of five mills on all taxable property for
the maintenace of one institution—her state agricultural and me-
chanical college. Would that the East might get a little “wild” and
grow even a short crop of “wool,’ which would be better than
none at all.

Have the rural citizens of the East lost their pride? Do they pro-
pose to stand aside and let the Western states, born when you were
an old Commonwealth, outstrip you?

These words apply to New York as well as to the State which
keys the arch. The assessable property of this State is $3,528,585,-
ors. A tenth of a mill tax would yield $552,858.00, and would mean
that upon each thousand assessed valuation a tax of ten cents would
be levied.

Is such a fund necessary and could it be put to a good use? If
ihe great masses interested in rural pursuits are to be taught
many teachers will be required. But a teacher cannot teach ac-
ceptably unless he has been taught. Then, somewhere, there should
be a central college or university devoted, among other things, to
training teachers. In this democratic county there is no good
reason why a college may not offer instruction in primary subjects
related to agriculture, thereby giving opportunity for the girls to
secure a better knowledge of cooking and of the English language,
and for the boys to study those subjects related to the art of hus-
bandry and English, and for other boys and other girls to take such
advanced courses as will make them equal in training and in a
knowledge of the sciences and languages to the graduates of the
so-called literary colleges. The leaders in agricultural affairs will
never be equal to the Jeaders in other professions until they are
equal. And to be equal, they must receive instruction, training,
discipline and development corresponding in quantity and difficulty,
though not exactly in kind, to that received in our great univer-
sities, training equal to that required for entrance upon other
difficult pursuits and professions of life.

Tt all amounts to this—there must be wisdom shown in outlining
and planning equal to the vastness, intricacies and far-reaching
character of the work to be undertaken. When the work is planned

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 271

then ample funds must be provided for carrying on the work.
“There is that scattereth and yet increaseth and there is that with-
holdeth more than that is meet, but it tendeth to poverty.” Write
in large characters over the doors of every building devoted to the
training of farmers—Millions for improving the farms and the
farmers but not one unjust cent for the millionaires.

This is fair, for from time immemorial, except for the last few
decades, almost nothing has been done for the greatest industry
the world has ever known.

“That art on which a thousand million of men are dependent for
their sustenance, and two hundred millions of men expend their
daily toils must be the most important of all, the parent and pre-
cursor of all other arts. In every county, then, and at every period.
the investigation of the principles on which the rational practice
of this art is founded ought to have commanded the principal atten-
tion of the greatest minds.” No matter how large provision may
be made for investigation and instruction in agriculture it will take
a hundred years before the rural population receives full educational
justice.

Naturally, your people have paid most attention to the iron and
coal industries. From now on agriculture should receive most at-
tention. In three generations your coal will be nearly or quite
exhausted. That means that the iron and many other industries
will languish. It means that new fields will be sought where fuel
is abundant. It means that there will be twice as many railways
as can find profitable employment, unless they can be employed in
carrying agricultural and forest products to the sea-board for ex-
portation. But will there be any timber forest, or will your forest
furnish only a meager supply for fire-wood?

If you practice farm mining, as too many are now doing, the land
like the mine will be measurably exhausted in a century. But if re-
ciprocal farming be practiced then the soil will remain in its place

and be productive for untold centuries. But you will say that agti-

culture is not as profitable as many of the other industries. I think
that this is true in many cases and this because farming is not ra-
tionally carried on. As I write these lines I find on my table two
letters from which I make brief extracts:

“We have had about fifty one-half blood winter lambs. Have
been shipping some time. The price is so good I wish I had a few
hundred more. I purchased the farm just across the road at $140
per acre; have been offered $160 for it. I picked 1,640 barrels of
apples from the orchard on the farm purchased and 1,360 barrels
from the home orchard. I sold these 3,000 barrels for $6,000. I
am not anxious to sell my farms at any price.” Another man on
the extreme end of Long Island one hundred miles from market

272 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

raises on a modest size farm $20,000 worth of garden products, at a
cost exclusive of land rental of $10,000. These are only two cases
out of many which might be cited to show that trained effort
applied to agricultural pursuits brings abundant reward.

Finally, let me say, prompt action should be taken this winter,
here, and now to preserve and improve your forests, to furnish
facilities for a better and fuller training and education of the rural
population, especially the youthful part of it, that citizenship may
be elevated and that the arable land may be increased in produc-
tivity. This means that a fuller and more comprehensive education
must be offered the farmers’ children. In my own State the forces
are already gathered at Albany. Some of our lawmakers talk not
in thousands but in millions. Schemes are on foot for securing
appropriations for a multitude of objects, some good, some bad.
I presume conditions are much the same in your own State. The
best organized forces push the hardest and get the most. Are your
various organizations united as to the total and separate wants of
the people you represent, or is each organization skirmishing for
itself; if so, the three other leading industries are likely to secure
the lion’s share.

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No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

THE SOUTHERN COW PEA AND ITS PROBABLE PLACE IN
THE AGRICULTURE OF THE MIDDLE STATES.

By PrRoF. W. fF. MASSEY, Horticulturist of the North Carolina Experiment Station and Editor of the
Practical Farmer of Philadelphia, Pa.

The great problem that has for years engaged the attention of
thoughtful farmers on all the older cultivated lands in the country,
is how to restore and retain the humus which long cultivation has
taken from the soil, and the loss of which has resulted in a more
difficult mechanical condition and a greater tendency to suffer
from droughts. This is particularly an important matter in the
South, for in the southern uplands the original supply of humus
has always been smaller in the North, and the continuous cul-
tivation of the soil in the cleanest culture practiced, that of the
cotton crop, has deprived the soil of what it had. In the open wood-
lands of the southern hills the wind in winter blows the leaves
off into the bottom, while in the north the snow falls and packs
them in place to decay there, so that when first cleared the southern
uplands have a thinner coating of vegetable matter than those of
the north. But in all of our older cultivated lands the great defi-
ciency is humus. Not that humus, per se, makes the soil fertile,
but that it enables the plants more readily to reach the food at
hand through the better mechanical condition of the soil which
it causes, and especially is it valuable as a retainer of moisture for
the solution of plant food in the soil, and enabling the crops to
better tide over the droughts that are becoming more and more
common as the forests are cleared away and, finally, as a form to
retain nitrogen still more available. An ardent advocate for com-
mercial fertilizers some time since advised writers on agricultural
matters to “give humus a rest,” and insisted that a lavish use of
commercial fertilizers was all that is necessary for the profitable
production of crops. The statement showed simply how little the
man knew of the conditions for the successful use of the commercial
fertilizers. These fertilizers do not furnish any humus-making
material as a stable manure does, and if we had an abundance of
the home-made manures there would be little deficiency in well-
manured soil in this respect. But, unfortunately, few farmers, if

18—6—1903

274 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

any, are so well situated that they can keep up the humus supply
in their soil through the use of barnyard manure alone. They can-
not get enough of it.

Farmers, in the practical working of their farms, have often dis-
covered facts and left the explanation to the scientists. Long years
ago they found that a clover sod plowed under did, in some way,
not only supply the soil with humus, but that it actually increased
its productivity through the accumulation of organic nitrogen.
How the clover did this was for many years a subject for discus-
sion, many farmers imagining that the piants absorbed ammonia
from the air. In fact, it is not yet proved that plants cannot or
can get the use of the ammoniacal gas in the air. Dr. Gray used
to say that he could not see why they could not, but admitted that
it had never been proved that they did. It was not until the
students of pure science took up the matter that it was discovered
that not clover alone, but many other plants of the same botanical
order did gct the free nitrogen from the air and locate it in the
soil in the form of organic matter capable of nitrification. It was
found that this work is being done through certain micro-organisms
which live parasilically on the roots of some legumes, for it was
found that unless these were present the legume had no power to
get the free nitrogen. It is still a matter of speculation as to
what the exact process is through which these microscopic plants
get the nitrogen. But for ali the purposes of the farmer it is suf-
ficient to know that they do, and under what conditions they do get
the nitrogen. The wonderful adaptation of the processes of Nature
to the needs of humanity is well known here. It is well known that
green plants, as a rule, take nitrogen through their roots only
when it is presented in the form of a nitrate of some base in the
soil. It is also known that when the nitrogen has gotten into this
form it readily escapes from the soil in the drainage waters. Hence,
the importance of the way in which the legumes get and keep the
nitrogen. It is not simply an oxydation and formation of nitric acid
and, hence, a nitrate left in the soil, but an absorption of the nitro-
gen and its location in the organism of the plants, where it must
subsequently go through the process of decay and be acted upon
by the micro-organisms of nitrification before the nitrogen becomes
available to plants. This is evidently a provision of Infinite Wis-
dom, so that the crops of the succeeding year can get the use of the
nitrogen fixed in the soil by the growth of the previous season.
Were it simply a nitrate left in the soil, there would be little of
it for the next year’s crops.

Learning, through the labors of the men in the laboratory, the
uses of these micro-organisms which live on the roots of legume
crops, the farmer has at hand the greatest of means for restoring

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 275

the humus to his soil and at the same time supplying the needed
nitrogen while growing crops to feed his stock with the most expen-
sive part of the ration, the protein, and at the same time give him
supplies of the richest manure.

The great forage and fertilizing crop of the Middle and Northern
states is, and probably always will be, red clover. It is a plant well
adapted to the climatic conditions in these states, and fits into the
usual rotation of crops better than anything that could be adopted
in his place. In the South the case is very different. From Virginia
southward clover succeeds only in the mountains and Upper Pied-
mont sections and on a clay soil. In the warm, sandy soils, common
in the cotton belt, it is universally a failure. What I have to say,
therefore, in regard to the southern pea does not mean that it ever
should be adopted in the Middle states as a substitute for clover
where clover can be grown well. My first experience with the cow
pea was in a beautiful limestone valley in Northern Maryland but
a few miles south of the Pennsylvania line. Its luxuriant growth
there, and the large amount of forage of the finest kind made
from it, caused me to believe that in certain conditions the plant
would become valuable far north of where it had generally been
grown. Going then to the improvement of a large farm in upper
Virginia right at the foot of the Blue Ridge, I again tried the cow
pea with the most gratifying success. One spring, having lost my
clover over a large field of wheat through an untimely frost when
it was germinating, [ determined not to resow the clover so late
in the season, but to use the cow pea after the wheat had been
harvested. This was done, and the result was the heaviest crop of
peas i had ever seen. I then began the study of the curing of the
crop as hay, and I soon found that a modification of the method I
had been using in the curing of clover hay was equally good for the
pea vines, and that the only difference was that the peas needed to
remain outside longer than the clover. And it is one great ad-
vantage which the pea has over clover that it is very little injured
by rain on it while curing. I found that my pea vine hay was a
very superior article for my cows, and in fact was better than
elover hay, for I found that through its aid I could dispense with the
purchased bran that I had been using largely. Since that time
a number of the Experiment Stations have taken up the same in-
vestigation, and have all arrived at the same conclusion I reached
over fifteen years ago, that with the cow pea we can grow the
needed protein for the cattle ration while growing a plant that helps
the soil on which it is grown.

When I moved further south, I was surprised to see how little
attention was being paid to the cow pea as a forage crop and soil

276 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

improver in the very section where it reaches its greatest value.
I at once determined to wage a fight for the cow pea in the South.
What I said and wrote on the subject attracted great attention
also in the north, and fariners began to experiment with the cow
pea far north of where I ever thought it could possibly succeed.
What I was endeavoring to do was not so much to extend the cul-
ture of the pea northward as to get the southern farmers to realize
its value and to understand what could be done through its aid
in the improvement and restoration of their worn lands, and thus
to get them into a more systematic method of farming for cotton
or tobacco. But here and there, all over the north, men claimed
to be succeeding with the pea and considering it of great value
to them. In Southern Illinois, where clover has gotten to be very
uncertain, the cow pea is now a staple forage crop with the farm-
ers. Two years ago a farmer up in Wisconsin wrote to me that he
had ripened 100 bushels of the peas and last spring he wrote that
he had made contracts with seedsmen to grow 1,650 bushels the past
summer, as they assumed that peas grown that far north would be
better for northern conditions. A dairyman in Southern Vermont
wrote that he had found the pea indispensable, and that with it he
was able to do without buying bran. And yet, in the high mountain
plateaus of North Carolina west of the Blue Ridge, where the farms
lie 3,000 to 4,000 feet above the sea, the cow pea does not thrive
to any profitable extent. The nights are too cool and the soil too
heavy for the peas. It is noticeable, so far as I have been able to
observe, that in any place north of the fortieth parallel if the
pea is a success it is on a warm, sandy soil and at a slight elevation
above the sea level. Under other conditions it may make a fair
growth in the warmest part of the season, and may pay as a summer
pasture when grass is dry, but as a forage and hay crop I hardly
think it can be a success north of that line on a heavy, clay soil
and in a mountain section where the summer nights are cool.
When I first began to advocate the use of the cow pea, the editor
of a paper published in the Cumberland Valley tried to ridicule
what I had written, and said that the cow pea had been tried in
Southern Pennsylvania and had proved a failure. Now, where that
editor lived there has been great success with this pea. A few
years ago, when I was temporarily visiting a town in Eastern North
Carolina the first of July, I found a farmer gathering ripe peas and
preparing to plant a second crop from the seed. I begged him to
plant all that he could, for I felt sure that a pea that would ripen
in sixty days from the planting of the seed was the pea that I
had been looking for for northern planting. He did as I asked,
and I got a Philadelphia seedsman to introduce the pea under the
name of Warren’s Extra Early, and it is this pea that is being

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 277

ripened in Wisconsin and Michigan. There is no doubt that the
cow pea, like Indian corn, has a great capacity for gradually ac-
climatizing as it is brought slowly north. Years ago we sent to
the Delaware Station a great many varieties of peas. Among them
was one known in the south as the “Unknown” and “Quadroon,”
and recently renamed the “Wonderful.” ‘This is one of our latest
peas, and when brought to Delaware it ripened very few peas, but
since then Dr. Neal has told me that it regularly ripens a full crop.
Several years ago I had a letter from a farmer in Iowa. He said
that he moved there from Southern Missouri, where he had been
accustomed to the Black Kye pea as a table vegetable, and thought
he would try them in Iowa. He got some seed from Missouri and
planted a row in the warmest part of his garden. Of the whole
row but one plant matured three pods. These he saved and the
next summer planted in the garden and every plant ripened a crop,
showing that it was getting acclimated. The following summer he
planted three rows along side his corn field. That summer there
was a severe drought and the hot winds nearly destroyed the corn
crop. A neighboring stockman came over to his house one day
to condole over the loss of the corn crop, and he showed him the
rows of peas growing rankly and of a dark green color. His neigh-
bor begged him to save every seed, for, said he, “that plant will be
the salvation of this country in a drought.” Im Kansas, further
south, the crop is being grown with great success and is highly es-
teemed. These localities, though north of Pennsylvania, with the
exception of Kansas, have different soil and climatic conditions. In
the eastern part of the Middle states the mountain sections come
in with a climate very different from the lower country, and condi-
tions less favorable to plants that need hot summer nights. But
it is evident that in such locations in the Middle states, where the
soi] is light and warm, and the nights are hot enough to give corn
its best condition, the southern pea can be grown with success as
a forage crop. The investigations of scientists have shown that
the nitrogen-fixing power of the legumes is in direct proportion
to the amount of available nitrogen in a combined state in the soil,
and that where the soil has a large store of available nitrogen these
plants will not go through the more difficult method of getting
it from the air. In other words, it would seem that the nitrogen-
fixing is better done in a soil very poor in nitrogen. But in such a
soil it is difficult to get clover to grow at all. And here comes in
an advantage of the cow pea in the fact that it will grow in a soil
far poorer than clover will. From various sections we hear that it
is increasingly difficult to get a stand of clover as they once did.
In such cases the cow pea stands ready to help. It has been shown
that acidity in the soil is detrimental to the growth of clover be-

278 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

cause the microbes will not thrive in an acid soil. But the cow pea
delights in an acid soil, and is damaged by a direct application of
lime. Of course, in most instances, where the soil does not lack
fertility, an application of lime will restore the conditions which
clover needs, but in other cases it may be an advantage to use
the pea in building up the soil, for the growth of clover for the
organic matter it furnishes will make the application of lime for
the clover more effectual. The south does not need clover, since
the southern farmer can, with the pea, accomplish all in a few short
weeks that the northern farmer takes two years to do with clover.
Asa quickly grown source of forage of the finest kind, and of nitro-
gen for the soil, there are few plants that can equal the cow pea
where it attains its best development.

Now, as to its place in the agriculture of Pennsylvania and other
states in this Jatitude. There are large sections of the State of
Pennsylvania in which [ would never advise the farmers to waste
time and money in experimenting with the cow pea as a forage and
hay-making plant. The elevated mountain country, with the heavy
clay soil will present conditions that will always result in a small
growth and an unsatisfactory crop. But all along the southern
tier of counties south of the fortieth parallel, from the mountains to
the Delaware and in the lower Susquehanna Valley, there are thou-
sands of farms where the cow pea can be used as a forage crop to
great advantage. Not, as I have said, that it can ever, or ought
ever, to supersede clover, but to come in as a supplemental crop
to save a legume growth when clover fails, as it often does. Then,
too, there are other sections of the State where the pea can be
used aS a summer pasture to enable the farmer to tide over a
drought and save his grass from utter destruction. If pastured
before blooming, the pea can be eaten down several times during
the summer, and there is no pasture that_will give more or better
milk. I once pastured down a piece of peas in the Virginia moun-
tains three times during one summer. If an early sixty-day pea
is used, there is nothing that will make a finer hog pasture in the
fall, when the peas are ripe, and the hogs will need little corn to
finish them off after being taken from the pea field. Where the
conditions of soil and climate are favorable-to a strong growing
vining variety, like the large Black or the Clay, they will make the
finest of hay. The large Black and the Clay from North Carolina
seed ripened seed at Cornell some years ago, while seed of the
same varieties from the far south failed to ripen, showing the
adaptation of the pea to climatic conditions. There is no one point
in regard to the cow pea about which there is such a diversity of
opinions as the making of the hay. The general opinion in the
south is that it is very hard.to cure, and one sees all over the south

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 279

all sorts of contrivances for this purpose. Some stick up bushes
all over the field to hang the vines on to cure. Some make scaffolds
of several stories of fence rails and put a thin layer of hay on each
shelf. The result of all these contrivances is that they finally get
a lot of dried stems and lose the leaves, the best part of the
whole, and what they get is of an inferior quality. I long ago
came to the conclusion that unless we could cure the hay in a
more business-like manner and in a more economical way, we could
not afford to make it at all. i began experimenting with it many
years ago, and soon found that the same method I had been using
with clover was equally well adapted to the pea hay, provided some
allowance is made for the ranker growth and heavier stems. | For
thirty years I have had no difficulty in making the finest of hay
from the cow pea as easily as from clover. But, to show the diffi-
culty of getting men to properly apply a method of practice of any
kind, I have gotten numerous letters saying that the writers had
tried my method and that the hay had moulded. The only answer
I could make to these men was “come and look at the hay in my
barn, which was cured as I advise, and is not mouldy but sweet and
green in color.” ‘Telling farmers how to cure legume hay is some-
what like telling men who have had no experience how to grow
mushrooms. I can grow mushrooms easily and with certainty, but
I never knew a man to take directions for growing mushrooms and
make a good crop with the first effort. The trouble in making
legume hay of any kind comes from the fact that no two crops are
in precisely the same condition, and there are variations in the
weather, so that the farmer needs to know how to handle the crop
under various conditions. I told one farmer this season that my
pea vine hay was put in the barn the third day after cutting it.
He wrote to me afterwards that he left some of his out six
days and then it moulded in the barn. He had doubtless let
it lie and heat in the cocks, which I never allow. I cut my peas
as soon as the first pods turn yellow. The tedder follows the
mower, and keeps the vines tossed during the day. Cutting in
the morning only, I rake the vines into winrows in the evening.
These are turned and dried the next day and cocked. The follow-
ing day, if I find that I can take a handful of the hay, and, with a
hard twist, can see no sap run to the twist, the hay goes in the barn
that afternoon. But if not yet ready to stand this test I turn
every cock and remake them, and never haul in till the hay stands
the twist and is free from any external moisture. Once in the barn
I let it alone. It will heat some in the mow, and if then stirred it
will be sure to mould, but let alone it will cure perfectly whether
the barn is shut or open. With a little commonsense and judg-
ment a farmer can soon learn the conditions on which success de-

280 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

pends. In fact, I have gotten so used to making good pea vine
- hay that it seems to me about the easiest hay made. And yet, nine
men out of ten all over the South will tell you that the great draw-
back to the pea hay making is the great difficulty in curing it. Last
summer we had a series of institutes in the western Piedmont
country of North Carolina. I invited the farmers when they came
to attend the State Fair at Raleigh to step across the field adjoin-
ing the fair ground and look at the hay made as I advised. Our
Commissioner of Agriculture, who was with the party, said that
I was taking a heavy risk, as the hay was yet to be made. I told
him not to fear, and when the fair came on I had the pleasure
of showing the hay to more than one doubter. I enter into these
details because there are a great many locations in this State
where the hay can be profitably made and used. But the greatest
use here for the cow pea, and the great use it will be in the greater
part of the Middle states is as a fertilizing crop direct. No matter
if the season is too short for the peas to ripen, the dead vines will
bring more humus-making material on the soil at a slight cost
than you could haul there for years in manure, and it will be gotten
there in a very short time. In sections where the hay can be se-
cured I do not consider it good farm economy to use so valuable a
food crop simply as manure, but where it cannot be matured for
hay it is well worth growing as a fertilizing and humus-making crop.
Another fact in regard to the cow pea is worth relating. A farmer
in [Illinois wrote to me that he had a field of peas caught by frost
and killed before maturing. He turned a bunch of cattle on dead
pea vines,and they got fat on them before the snow came. Where
the vines do not mature for hay they can be profitably fed off after
they are killed.

For the farmer in the Middle states then, the cow pea comes in
as a catch crop to take place which a failure of clover has left
vacant; as a means for providing a summer pasture to tide over a
drought that makes the grass short and worthless, for it will
flourish under droughty conditions when most other plants fail;
as a plant to put in the hog lots and make cheap pork, and finally
as a plant to gather nitrogen from the air and restore humus to
the soil even where it fails to ripen seed. Then, too, as a pasture
where it has failed to mature and dead vines are still valuable food
on the ground.

While the cow pea can never attain in the Middle states the im-
portance it does in the “Sunny South,” where it more than takes the
place of clover, there are still many ways in which the Middle states’
farmer can use the pea at times to great advantage, though it must
always be regarded as supplementary to clover, and by no means
as a crop that can supplement the hardy perennial legumes like

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 281

clover and alfaifa. The oft-repeated talk about clover sickness
is usually the neglect of the conditions that are necessary to make
clover a success. I once took charge of a field that was reputed
clover sick. It was a fertile limestone soil, and tests showed that
it was acid. I gave it a liberal dressing of lime and got as fine a
growth of clover as I ever saw. Therefore, while I have for the
last forty years been an earnest advocate of the cow pea I have
never lost sight of the fact that with the conditions in the north
clover is the most natural and best recuperative crop. But even
in the Middle states there are extensive areas of thin, sandy soil,
where clover is always a scanty growth till the soil is improved to
a condition to become favorable to it. On such soils the cow pea
is a boon. It will make a fair growth on the poorest of soils, but
if supplied on these soils with a liberal allowance of phosphoric
acid and potash it will make a luxuriant growth and furnish the
means for getting the soil into condition for the growing of clover.
On the sandy soils of Middle and Southern New Jersey the pea
flourishes almost as well as it does in its southern home, and gives
the farmers and gardeners there means to improve their soil,
which they cannot so well nor so easily or quickly get through
clover. On the fertile soils of Southeastern Pennsylvania the pea
makes an enormous growth, and is more difficult to cure into hay.
But when cut with corn into the silo it will make of the silage a
fairly balanced ration and a most valuable food for dairy cows, and
can be made, as experiment has shown, to take the place of pur-
chased protein for the dairy. When dairymen come to fully realize
that they can grow their protein by the use of crops that improve
the soil on which they are grown, the days of exorbitant prices for
mill feed will be over, and those who are still compelled to buy
protein will get it at a more reasonable price because of the grow-
ing of it by those having land suited to the purpose. These facts
have been demonstrated by carefully conducted feeding experiments
at several stations. The farmers in the mountain country of Penn-
sylvania may possibly get some pasture from the pea in dry weather,
but in clay soil and a region much elevated above the sea with
a clay soil it will usually be a waste of effort to attempt its use.

It may be said that I have said nothing about varieties. These,
in the South, are almost innumerable. The plant has broken into
a great number of varieties differing in the size and color of the
seeds and blossoms and in the habit of the plant. Some make long
vines running flat on the ground, and, hence, difficult to use as
hay. Others are of the habit of the ordinary bush bean and make
a smaller amount of forage, though generally a heavy crop of seed.
Some ripen in 60 days from planting, others in 70 days and others

run nearly to 100 days in maturing. The original species has been
19

ade ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

bandied about from one genus to another till it is really hard to
say what the original species is. A few years ago f made an effort
to find out what the original Spe cies is. I got from Australia
Dolichos catiang, from Ceylon Vigna catiang, from Japan Vigna
sinensis’ and from China Vigna catiang. Each and every one of
these was what we know in the South as the Black Eye pea. I
assume, then, that the Black Eye is the original species and that
Vigna sinensis is probably the correct name. But i: is well known
in the south that there is no pea that varies less than the Black
Eye, for it almost invariably comes true to type in plant and seed.
It is, therefore, hard te account for the great number of varieties
that have appeared unless there has been some crossing with other
species, and this has probably been the case. But whatever the
cause there are certainly widely variant classes of the cow pea.
There is a group of peas, all having seed of a jet-black color, but
in speaking of the Black pea it is well to distinguish between
black peas, some being bush-like in habit and others twining freely.
What is grown in Virginia and North Carolina as the Large Black
is the best type of this class. It is a free climbing variety and
makes a large mass of tangled forage which is hard to harvest. It
requires fully eighty days of hot weather to mature it. One of the
most popular varieties in Ulinois and other parts of the Central
West is the Whippoorwill. This has red speckled seed, is more dwarf
in habit than the Blacks, makes a smaller crop of vincs, but a large
crop of seed. It ripens in about seventy days from sowing, and
hence is adapted to a wider range than the Black. The Clay pea
is of about the same character and season as the large Black
The most popular variety in the south is the one long grown there
under the name of the Unknown and also as the Quadreon. This
bas, of late, been renamed the Wonderful. It is the most erect
)) a grown in its early growth, though it runs freely later and
‘.akes an immense crop of vines. But the erect habit of the lower
growth makes it easier to harvest than the Black or Clay. It is
entirely too late to mature in the north, though it has been aceli-
mated to Northern Delaware, but as a pasture plant it is probably
the best that can be used. I mowed it twice the past season,
the second growth from the stubble giving a fair crop about the
first of November. Recently there have been developed several
varieties which mature in sixty days, none of them heavy vine
makers. I have mentioned the Warren Extra Early, which is a
good type of the class. A few years ago I received from Arkansas
in early July some large Black Eye peas, which the sender said had
been grown that season. I planted them on the 18th of July and
gathered them ripe on the 13th of September, showing that the
claim as a sixty-day pea was well founded. The New Era is an-

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 283

other newly introduced sixty-day pea, which is highly praised by
those who have grown it, but I have not tried it. The Stewart, or
Calico pea, is similar in habit and season to the Black and Clay.
Its seeds are mottled white and pink. ‘There are a host of other
varieties in the south differing mainly in the size and color of the
seeds and the colors of the flowers, some being orange and some
purple. In all the lower tier of counties in Pennsylvania south of
the fortieth parallel I believe that the large Black pea will succeed,
at least east of the mountains. The Whippoorwill will succeed
there and in warm soils further north. For hog lots for feeding
down when the peas are ripe, the Whippoorwill, Warren; New Era
and the Eariy Black Eye will be the best, and they can be used on
warm soils far north of where the running varieties would succeed.
For pasturage [ would use the Wonderful as giving more feed,
but hardly maturing seed in any part of the State. For hay-making
in the warmer locations the Black and Clay are the ones to use.
Perhaps in the extreme southeastern part of the State the Delaware
seed of the Wonderful may succeed, and where it does there is no
hay-making variety equal to it. It must always be remembered
that the cow pea is a hot weather plant and should not be sown till
the ground is well warmed. I have often been asked if cow peas
and oats could be sown together, like the Canada peas and_ oats
are sown. The question shows how little some realize of the
nature of these plants, for cow peas sown when oats should be would
perish, and oats sown when cow peas should be would not amount
to much. June Ist is as early as any cow pea should be sown. I
trust that I have made my purpose plain. It is to warn against ill-
judged sowing of a plant not suited to the conditions of soil and
climate, and to suggest ways in which a valuable food can be added
to the agriculture of the Middle states.

2S4 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Boc.

MARKET GARDENING AND THE MARKETING OF PRODUCE.

By HON. R. F. SCHWARZ, Analomink, Pa.

Three conditions must primarily be considered by him who in-
tends to enter the business of market gardening and small fruit
growing. They are: First, “Soil,” second “A suitable market,” and,
third, “Physical as well as mental energy of the man behind the
gun, or, in other words, the man who carries on the business.”

As to soil, while all land used for the market garden and the
strawberry bed ought to be smooth enough and sufficiently clear
of stones to permit the use of the most improved labor-saving tools
and implements, both horse and hand, the market must, to a great
extent, influence the selection of soil. If the market requires the
production of early vegetables, it is evident that a cold clay soil
would be unsuitable, but that a light, sandy loam would be needed;
while, again, if the market can most profitably be supplied with
later varieties in their most perfect development, a good, strong
soil, clay or heavy loam, would be best. That gardener who, with
a steady market, can combine these two soils in his land purchased
for his garden would naturally have the best equipment.

Soil alone does not, however, make a garden nor must it be sup-
posed that a heavy application of manure and fertilizer will make
a garden out of an ordinary farm field in one year. It takes some
years of heavy applications of both manure and fertilizer, and
constant working and deepening of the soil to produce the ideal
condition of soil suitable for the production of ideal and, therefore,
most profitable crops. Quantity alone is never an indication of
success. Quality, and the best quality at that, must be, or ought
always to be, the star toward which the wise business gardener
travels.

Few except those long in the business realize the enormous
quantities of manure and high-grade fertilizers needed in the suc-
cessful pursuit of market gardening. Almost all failures of novices
in the business, and I have seen the financial death throes of scores
of men who entered it with hearts full of hope but with an exag-

No. 6. DHPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 285

gerated idea of its financial results and with no realization of the
amount of capital needed, have been caused by the spreading of
their store of manure and fertilizer over broad acres, when by
applying them to more restricted areas they could have been suc-
cessful. What success has come to me in my adopted calling I as-
cribe to the fact that by reason of poor health my start was on a
small scale. This was twenty-eight years ago, and I had but one-
fourth of an acre in cultivation. On that I learned that the capital
needed for the purchase of an acre of ordinary farm land ought to
be duplicated and quadrupled for the land’s final successful prepa-
ration for a market garden, and if I have to-day something over
forty acres in cultivation, the increase has come only by slow annual
growth and gradual addition to my domain. My advice to all be-
ginners, whether already owning farms or whether ready to invest
in land purchase has been and is to start on a small scale. They
will then gradually realize the requirements of plant food by the
various crops, and learn that fine, juicy, tender, crisp and palatable
vegetables can be grown only where the plant finds a never stinted
supply of food and is never checked in its growth by hunger or
by want of cultivation. Just try it on a beet to convince yourself.
Grow a beet under the conditions I specified and grow one on a
poor piece of land; you will find the one tender and sweet, the other
tough and stringy. The more rapidly vegetables grow, the more
‘high quality they will possess and the greater will be the demand
for them where their quality is known.

I have not named “thorough cultivation” as one of the conditions
first given, because I believe that to be covered in the subject of
“soil.” While on land newly devoted to market gardening the
owner may, because of the shallowness of the top soil, not be able
to plow deeper than six or seven inches, he ought in a very few
years, by turning up an additional half inch or inch of the sub-soil
per year, or even both in spring and fall, be able to set his plow
at ten or twelve inches. Few farmers seem to realize the differ-
ence in drought resistance between deeply and shallowly plowed soil.

The plowing should be thorough and the harrowing still more so.
Do not think that harrowing the land just once to make the surface
level is the kind of harrowing needed to prepare the soil for the
hairlike rootlets of the sprouting seed as well as of the growing
plant. Pulverize! Pulverize!! Pulverize!!! using, if possible, sev-
eral varieties of harrow so as to get the soil worked over and over
and made fine enough to go through a sieve. Clods have no place in
the soil economy of the garden, and where they exist a perfect
seed bed does not exist.

No man can afford to invest in quantities of fertilizing material
and, after applying this to his land, counteract its beneficial effect
by want of judgment or energy in cultivation. From the time the

286 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

sprout bursts through the earth till it is by reason of advanced
growth impossible to further go through the rows, beginning with
the wheel-hoe of lightest construction and, where possible, ending
with the market gardeners’ horseshoe, with its various suitable at-
tachments, the soil should never, unless it be too wet for beneficial
work because of a rainy spell, be allowed to be without a layer
of protecting mulch of fine soil. Those who presevere in this and
insist on it will be surprised to find how little need there is for
the hand hoe, a tool which, under present conditions of the labor
market, is the most expensive implement used in gardening. The
development of tools specially fitted for the work at hand has been
great, but the necessity for them by reason of labor scarcity and
cost is still greater, and no man can afford to be without them in
the market garden. As when speaking of harrowing the soil, I
would say: Cultivate! Cultivate!! Cultivate!!! Don’t wait till
the weeds get ahead, and weeds of luxuriant growth will appear
where conditions are right for the best growth of vegetables, but
kill your weeds by constant cultivation before they get above
ground.

Where, then, so much expense is involved in the feeding, prepara-
tion and working of the soil it must be the business and the garden-
er’s special endeavor to make his soil produce more than one crop
during the season. Where early peas are grown, cabbage, cauli-
flower or celery ought to follow; the early cabbage patch ought to
produce a crop of horseradish, and the second and third early cab-
bage patches, if not planted in horseradish, should be made to give
crops of spinach or turnips. Two years ago I realized $200 clear
from one and one-quarter acres of spinach following cabbage. Early
beans may be followed by a second crop of beans or by sweet corn
or tomatoes for late use or by celery or late cabbage.

The strawberry acres are my early sweet corn field, the same
work which keeps the corn in trim also making the clean bed for
the strawberry runners. The next spring, as soon as picking is
done, the bed is plowed under and used for cabbage or celery,
thus virtually making the strawberries a catch crop in between.
This has proved particularly profitable and successful.

Where plantations of asparagus or raspberries are made they
should, for the first two years, be interplanted with cabbage, beans,
peas, potatoes or sweet corn, or in fact with any crop in single or
double rows which may be salable. The early celery, after handling,
is interplanted with later celery and so on. I have not the space
in this paper to enter into the details of these plantings, but simply
want to impress on the gardener’s mind the idea that while, so to
speak, he must gorge the soil’s stomach, he must also insist that
the soil shall gorge his baskets, crates, barrels and wagons with the
largest possible amount of choice produce.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 287

There is where the physical and mental energy of the man behind
the gun should make itself felt. The moment one crop is harvested
no time should be Jost, the weather being all right, in getting in
the next crop. If my last picking of peas is done by noon I make
the effort, not always successful it is true, to have that piece of
land plowed, harrowed, fertilized, furrowed and planted in cabbage,
cauliflower or celery before night. Plants set in fresh-plowed soil,
even in an ordinarily dry time, will be apt to take root quickly.
All this work should, of course, be planned ahead and unless sudden
weather changes compel an alteration of your plans, every laborer,
when he comes to work in the morning, should have his day’s work
laid out for him. f employ fifteen hands, but even if I go out in
the wagon at three or four in the morning, my foreman can, from
my work paper, prepared the evening previous, place every man
at the post intended for him. Systena is necessary as much in a
market garden as in a large business house.

As to the marketing of produce, I can give but little advice,
because conditions are so yastly different in various localities.
Few gardeners can make a profit if they are obliged to ship all
their products to commission men, and yet some do make money
in this way because of the name they have established for the
quality of their produce. They are the people who thoroughly
understand that it pays to use nice clean packages, containing the
same quality or size of produce all through the package. No top-
ping off with high quality goods to hide the scrubs in the lower
layers! Pack cleanly, neatly and honestly and you will find a
market. But—and here is why I claim that the gardener must
also, or in fact first, be a business man—you can in almost any
neighborhood or along the line of any transportation company es-
tablish a market for your produce without the aid of commission
men.

Where you can reach your market by wagon the question is easily
solved, the gardener’s main care being the choice of men or kind
of men he puts in charge of his wagon or wagons. Running four
wagons throughout the summer season, I know this difficulty and
the constant watch and care necessary. The only safe way is to
4o with each of your men once in every week or two and you will
soon know from your customers whether a man is a good or bad
investment for you. It is, however, only in exceptional cases
that you can get the right kind of man without paying the right
kind of wages.

Where wagons are run, a system of checking, not always used,
but always available, ought to prevail, so that none of the men
know just what trip may be checked off. To do this in my business
we prepare pads on which is a complete list of all the fruits and

288 5 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

vegetables carried on our wagons at the time. Right after this
list come four columns for the various routes, headed, 1, 2, 3, 4.
The man running each route puts down the day before the quantity
of each article of produce he thinks he can sell, so that looking down
his column you can at a glance tell of what his load consisted. After
the day’s gathering is done one man then divides the loads as
nearly as possible in accordance with the list, sometimes adding
and sometimes deducting from the given quantity, according to the
supply on hand, but always marking the change on the original list,
so that this list shows every article on the wagons. The men are
required, in their wagon books, to specify sales, and it is then
easy, after the wagon’s contents, if any, are checked off on its re-
turn from the route, to compare the sales in cash and account book
with the origina] list and find out just how much of each article
has been sold, and how much is unaccounted for and chargeable to
expenses, to carelessness or even to dishonesty. Even this leaves
some loopheles, but they are not of great seriousness.

Where shipment by rail is necessary to find the market the gard-
ener should take example of larger business concerns who send out
traveling salemen, and should himself go once a year to his pos-
sible shipping points and endeavor to get what might be called the
store trade. By doing this I have succeeded in establishing a trade
from the smallest village to the largest cities in my reach, which
keeps me busy filling orders at fair prices and is worth some thou-
sunds of dollars annually in my total sales. Of course such trade
will not stand overcharging nor the shipment of inferior produce.

Railroad facilities, of course, contro! this trade but then no
business man ought to establish a business in a locality where there
is no demand for his goods. In my case I can ship by freight peas
picked before 11 A. M. and have them in the grocery stores for next
morning’s trade. Or I can pick strawberries by noon and have my
customers receive them by express by 4 P. M. in time for supper
trade, or ship at 7 P. M. for next morning. Yet I do not consider
my railroad and express facilities ideal. Some gardeners may have
better chances and a good many worse.

In conclusion, I lave tried in this short paper not only to warn
the novice by pointing out the laborious and arduous task before
himu, for his work will require, so far as he is personally concerned,
not a nine or ten-hour day, but during the season, an eighteen or
twenty-hour day, but I have tried to give him some idea of the
capital required, and J hope that I have also been able to incorpor-
ate some suggestions of value to the older brothers of the fraternity
of market gardeners and small fruit growers.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 289

POULTRY FOR PROFIT.

By N. G. TEMPLE, ESQ., Pocopson, Pu.
2 1

With the new year comes new plans for the future. Air castles
they may be, yet, nevertheless, they are important inasmuch as
they are periods of inspiration, the times that urge us forward to
better endeavors. How many there are among us planning this
year, either to better the home surroundings or build an entirely
new home, and how many thousands are arranging to leave the
crowded cities and find a home in the suburbs, or perhaps build
a country home, with its business connected therewith, for the time
has come that the farm is no longer run on the slip-shod principles
of the past, but now with better understanding as to its require-
ments a larger profit is obtained therefrom. Can anything be more
ideal than such a home when conditions are right? True, it savors
of labor, but in what is there more pleasure than in honest labor
that we take a daily interest in. Here is the secret of successful
poultry raising, for the successful poultryman is the man who
loves his business. It needs the spirit of enthusiasm to make the
self-made man a successful man of to-day, I care not what his
pursuit.

There is nothing that will contribute more to the comforts of a
family occupying such a home as I have suggested than its flock of
poultry. Village, town and city folks have no business to keep
poultry unless they are willing to give them the decent and neces-
Sary attention consequent upon keeping poultry in limited areas.
As I pass through sections of the country it gives me great
pleasure to note the improvement being made everywhere in the
matter of thoroughbred poultry. The good work goes on and those
who have been giving their fowls the care and attention they merit
are beginning to reap the rich reward of time well spent and labor
well done. It is an impossibility for any one to get a corner on
the chicken market or have an over-production as the result. The
breeders who start with good foundation stock, well and carefully
mated, properly looked after and cared for are the ones who make

19—6—1903

290 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

a success in the business. The man who makes his poultry raising
a side issue never sees the importance of the careful attention and
many little things that are so very necessary to observe to secure
success. The regular poultry raiser who looks after the comforts
of his flock doesn’t sidetrack his hens, for he knows success hinges
on little details, and there are scores of them that combine to form
the cog-wheel of success.

One man will keep a large flock in health, and they will be very
productive though they are kept in a small space. The owner of
the flock is continuous with his attention; he provided conditions
that the restricted quarters rendered necessary. He is keen in his
observations, in fact gives the occupation intelligent study. If
he increases his flocks, he knows he must increase their accommo-
dations. Another man goes in on the trust-to-luck plan. His sur-
roundings may be very favorable for a small flock of thirty or forty
hens. They do comparatively well. He is pleased. He increases
his flock to double the number, making no change in their accommo-
dations, and soon he is crying “There is nothing in raising poultry.”
His hens are neglected, so that the larger flock soon becomes un-
sightly. It can well be seen, therefore, that if a man is not success-
ful in poultry raising the hens should not be blamed.

Select the breed best adapted to your object and. market; and
here is a wide range. Many advise that each person breed and rear
whatever variety they like best, and while we believe every person
possesses the inalienable right to do so, yet we also know the sale of
fowls is restricted unless one breéds a variety that somebody else
wants. Few, if any, continue in a business that is not attended by
commercial success, and in order to make a financial success, one
certainly must be able to make their income exceed their outgo,
therefore, when one is depending upon the purchasing public to
aid in their success they must of necessity produce an article or
product that is desired by others as well as that to which they in-
cline.

We shall not attempt, except in a general way, to tell how
the various foods, appliances, etc., are made. They are generally
prepared and for sale by those who have made an exhaustive and
sometimes expensive study of that particular phase of the business,
and in purchasing from the manufacturer or dealer one is not only
saved a great deal of trouble and waste but receives the benefit of
years of perhaps costly experiment and the advantage of large
capital in the production and preparation, for it must be understood
in the very beginning that to produce eggs in winter certain prepara-
tion and arrangement is absolutely necessary, that certain foods,
aids to digestion, material for the formation of the shell and its
contents, as well as the support of the general system must be

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 291

provided on the same general principle and for the same reason that
the winter gardener provides certain surroundings and artificialities

in imitation of the proper seasons, plant foods, ete., with this differ-
ence, however, that the preparation to keep hens for winter-laying
should not entail anything like the expense incident to winter gard-
ening. The latter requires artificial temperature and light, a con-
stant expense; but heating of this kind is not necessary with winter-
layers—in fact, is rather to be rigidly avoided. Many, very many,
utter failures in the general poultry business can be laid directly
to the use of artificial heat and glass. No greater mistake was ever
made as to general principles.

The building of the houses is one > of the most important things
in the poultry business to make poultry profitable. In my travels
among the poultrymen I have seen houses of every shape and kind.
I have seen those that cost $5 for each fifty birds and those that
cost $500 for the same number, homes that were almost palaces
and those that were hovels. There are extremes in everything.
We have found, in the inspection of these houses of different make,
that the low house, with little head room, is where we find the
healthiest and best plumaged birds. We have also found in the
inspection of different houses where the most were hooded, the birds
have come through the winter of the north in best condition. A
very safe and practical house for general purposes, is one 20 feet
long and 10 feet wide and 34 feet at back and 7 feet in front, the
ends and back being of single ploughed and grooved pine boards,
with a hemlock board roof covered with tarred paper. In the front
is a board one foot wide on top and bottom, and the balance of the
front being frame covered with heavy ducking, and the frame, or
door is hinged at the top so as te be opened up on the inside. The
nests are at the back of the house and are hooded with heavy
ducking, and this hood should be dropped down every night. Do
not sell your foundation stock when once you gained a victory and
your stock is good; it is unwise to sell or dispose of the seat of suc-
cess. Do not sell your winning birds unless you are sure you
have a better one to take the place.

FERTILE EGGS AND INCUBATORS.

Eggs are seeds; seeds are eggs. Both are propagators of their
kind, producing an offspring identical to the parent; for the greater
is included in the less. If the parent be strong and healthy the off-
Spring will have the same qualities, provided, in the case of the
artificially produced chick, that the conditions are proper for its
development. This much is generally known and recognized. But
most people fail to recognize the fact that weak, unhealthy parental
stock produces weak, unhealthy offspring, regardless of the incu-
bator, should it succeed in hatching, but generally it has not

292 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

sufficient inherent strength to develop, and ekes out its supply
about hatching time or about the eighteenth day. “Weak stock
produces weak eggs.” Button-hole that. Some stock produces
weak offspring because they were from weak parents themselves;
other stock produces weak offspring through improper food, shelter
and care, while it is caused in others by disease. In-breeding, when
recklessly done, is a sure cause of degeneracy, with its disease and
impotency, but when carried on with a point in view it is a good
thing. In-breeding simply intensifies characteristics, be they either
good or bad. One of the best possible rations for a chick, whether
reared under hen or in brooder, is what we call dry ration. It is
the nearest approach to the natural diet of a fowl] possible to at-
tain. This method calls for all dry food, such as rolled wheat and
oats, small broken corn, rice or grain of any kind, small seeds and
beef scraps mixed; to this should be added small grit of some kind.
The beef scrap should be of good quality, that has been properly
prepared and nicely ground. This kind of food can be greatly im-
proved by the addition of some well-broken peas and beans, and a
little properly prepared clover. The peas, beans and clover furnish
the vegetable and green food, the rest the grain seed and animal
portion of their diet, giving them a most perfectly balanced ration.
Should it be preferred to add to this a mixed food, it should be
thoroughly scalded; if cooked or baked, so much the better, for this
takes away the unnaturalness of the food. But little trouble from
feeding is experienced when this method is followed. Those who
follow this system have but little trouble when care is given to the
proper mixing of the food, but when carelessly done and too much
of one kind is fed at one time, its good results are lost. Nothing
can be more injurious to a chick than too much millet seed; while
a little is excellent for them, too much is almost sure destruction;
the proper amount of prepared beef is beneficial, too much quite
the opposite. All these facts show the necessity of care in feed-
ing. Another fault is in giving sour feed. Some may mix up a
lot of raw meal or other ground grain and leave part of it until
next meal. The result may be bowel trouble. Don’t do it. If you
must feed raw stuff, be sure to mix it up fresh every time. Only
mix up just enough and not too much. If you leave meal wet it
sours very quickly, in the course of a couple of hours. Never feed
any meal that is musty or decayed. Any kind of grain or feed
not in good condition should never be fed to fowls or chicks.
Musty grain or meal has likely lost some .or perhaps most of its
valuable qualities. Any food not in first-class condition is liable
to cause some derangement in the chick’s life and bring on disease.
The best is none too good. The best alone will favor rapid growth
and good development. A good way is to bake the ground feed.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 293

Take a mixture of meal, bran, ground oats, etc., mix it with milk and
bake. <A very little salt and some soda may be used. The result is
something that may be kept a couple of days and does not need to
be mixed every time you feed.

Wheat, cracked corn, millet, etc., are good feeds after the chick
is older. Begin to feed these after the chick is a week old. The
quantity may be gradually increased as the other feed is left out.
Never feed too much. A little and often is a good rule to follow
when the chicks are young. Feed five times a day when beginning.
After three weeks they may be fed only three times a day. ’

A hen will turn grass into greenbacks if she has the right kind
of backing on the part of her owner. She will turn corn into gold
if too much is not expected of her, and she is not given too much
corn to convert into the yellow metal. This is a growing industry
and people are going into and out of it as the years go by. Men
and women are seeking their level, and they find it sooner or later.
Some have to quit the business to find this level, but in the mean-
time others will double the capacity of the business. No costly
machinery is needed in carrying on the poultry business, and there
are no Shares of stock that need watering. The hen is the machine,
and she needs but little water, and that should be fresh. Trusts
that have endeavored to control her output have gone a-glimmering,
and she has developed such powers of mixing animal and vegetable
matter that she has set even her owner to thinking along this line.
The one thing that stands most in the way of profitable poultry
production is the failure to fully understand the needs of the hen.
We are coming to it slowly, and each year a few more are added
to the ranks. The use of clover hay as part of the ration for hens
has become quite general. Almost everyone who pays attention
to a winter egg yield feeds more or less clover. Ground clover is
used as a part of the mixture for the mash. In some cases too
much is given in this way, in other instances not enough. When
the amount thus made use of is out of proportion it makes a mash
that is not enjoyed by the hens, and for this reason it is best to
limit the use of ground clover or clover meal to that amount
that seems most attractive to the hens. Have the mixture in the
mash so that the hens will enjoy it and eat it up readily, and, in
addition to this, give them cut clover hay to pick and scratch
amongst so they will eat all the clover leaves they need. The
hay should be cut quite sinall in a cutting-box and thrown amongst
the straw for them to help themselves. Clover is admitted to be
most useful as an egg-producing food; at the same time it is only
a portion of a desirable ration. It is quite possible to give too
much of it, but not probable; more frequently they have too little
of such food, and for this reason we urge a plentiful supply of cut
clover hay as above stated.

294 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

To keep hens healthy and laying well they must have exercise;
and this is best induced by scattering straw or chaif four or five
inches deep over the floor of the poultry house, and then throw
the whole corn into the straw and let the hens work to get it.
This straw should be changed at least once a week or often enough
to keep it clean. Feed in the morning a warm mash of one part
ground oats and corn and two parts wheat bran. Twice a week
add one part buckwheat bran, and once a week add a little oil cake
meal and powdered charcoal. At noon feed whole wheat, oats and
buckwheat. In the evening give whole corn, about all they will eat.
Be sure the fowls have plenty of clean water to drink. If the
weather is very cold, warm the water and empty all drinking vessels
at night so as not to allow water to freeze in them. Supply plenty
of grit and crushed oyster shelis, and a dust bath in some sandy
corner of your poultry house.

Always feed your hens as regularly as possible. Save the table
scraps, mixing these with the morning mash. <A little raw beef
twice a week should also be fed. For green feed, nothing is better
than cut clover, steamed and fed in the morning. When the ground
is not covered with snow allow the fowls the run of the yards.

The one great stumbling block that stands in the way of success
with poultry, as in everything else, isa lack of application. There
is not a season but what some new experience is met with and new
ideas are constantly presenting themselves. Hence, only the closest
of application will enable one to master the details of his own work
and make it that success and to bring those results that we are all
searching for. And so it is from mating to the fitting of a good
bird for the show room. Hard work and plenty of it, and constant
work is necessary to get good results.

No one can jump into success without proper training and school-
ing. You have got to go through the same experience that others
have gone through. You have got to learn the same lessons that
they have learned, and must bump up against the same mistakes
and difficulties that have taught them what to avoid and what is
invariable and must be done. Brilliancy cuts no figure. Hard
work and close application on the part of a veritable “chump” will
attain a degree of success that inactive brilliancy can never hope
for. Look around and note the successful business men in your
community. They are the constant workers. There are others in
the same line that are more brilliant and had better opportunities,
but the persistent and aggressive “hustler” is the man that gets
there every time. It may have taken him longer to learn than
it would the more brilliant man with the same application, but
when the brilliant man stopped to fuss with something outside his
business, the “hustler” was making headway and he never stopped,

6. | « DEPARTMENT OF: AGRICULTURE. 25

but kept gaining ground and to-day he stands in the front in your
community as a successful and prosperous man. So it is with the
poultry business. If you wish to succeed, go to work with both
hands and do not stop or relinquish your effort until you can enjoy
the distinction of being at the front. The time to commence is now,
“and the time to stop is never, for this whole world is progression

and there is no jimit and no saat
hg

296 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

HOW TO MAKE REASONABLY SURE OF A SUCCESSFUL
CROP OF POTATOES ON A HEAVY LIMESTONE SOIL.

By Hon. W. F. BECK, Nazareth, Pa.

When I speak of raising a successful crop of potatoes on a heavy
limestone soil, it is because I never had an opportunity to° grow a
crop of any kind on a different soil. I was born and reared in a
section of country which is limestone land altogether for miles
around, and ever since I had the pleasure of managing a farm had
to contend with such. As many of us know, it is naturally rich
in plant food, but easily compacted, being underlaid with a clayey
and sometimes gravelly or sandy sub-soil. It becomes very hard
when dry, frequently forming large cracks when an insufficient
supply of moisture is present to keep it from shrinking. All intelli-
gent farmers who have made a special study of potato growing,
and who have had experience in this line, are very familiar with the
fact that such is not an ideal soil for growing potatoes, and that
looseness and richness of soil and a plentiful supply of soil moisture,
continuously during the growing season, are absolutely required
to insure success. Hence, it is that an abundance of humus or
humus-forming material, such as decaying organic matter, becomes
such an exceedingly valuable adjunct in the formation of an ideal
soil for this purpose.

It has the property of making the soil mellow, porous and per-
meable to air and water, which aids decomposition of the mineral
matters, thus making plant food soluble; it fixes ammonia that
would otherwise be carried away by heavy rains, and increases the
water-absorbing and moisture-conserving capacity of the soil, all
of which are features that will prove to be of the utmost import-
ance when trying to make reasonably sure of a successful crop of
potatoes on a heavy limestone soil. With considerable experience
of almost twenty years, 1 am fully convinced that the potato crop
should have its place in a rotation where it will immediately follow
a crop of clover, or clover and timothy mixed, if you please, cut
once for hay.

This should be cut rather high, however, thus leaving much more
vitality to the plants, which, under such conditions, will not only

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 287

start new growth much quicker, but will become much more luxuri-
aut than if cut too close, in which event, in case of a prolonged
drought immediately following, new growth would naturally be
very feeble and come along very tardily, or perhaps the plants would
perish altogether for want of energy. This second crop should be
left to grow uninterruptedly, or if absolutely necessary to be pas-
tured, to be done cautiously and very sparingly, so as to have it
grow as rank and form as much top growth as possible, before
the end of the growing season. During the early or late fall
this amount of vegetable matter should be supplemented by a heavy
coating of manure, thus forming a massy cover which will pro-
tect the soil from all danger of losing fertility during an open and
severe winter. Such a covering will also largely contribute towards
still further improving the physical condition of the soil; thus, in-
stead of diminishing, will increase its fertility, not only from this
source, but through the plant food contained in the manure as
well, and when finally turned under, will, in connection with the
myriads of strong and fibrous clover roots already in the soil,
produce such a vast amount of humus-forming material that the
potato crop following, with proper treatment, can not help but
thrive and yield to the highest degree. I have always found it ad-
vantageous to plow such sod as early in spring as the proper con-
dition of the soil would permit. This will prevent the stores of
soil moisture, which are always present in early spring, from be-
coming dissipated by evaporation, thus being retained for the future
use of the growing plants. Then, again, turning sod and burying
vegetable matter when it is still in a dormant condition, causes
it to break up, decompose and become available as plant food
much more rapidly than if left to green and toughen before being
buried, which is another great advantage when a quick-maturing
crop is at stake. Potatoes, being deep-rooted plants, and the tubers
having to form and develop within the soil itself, special care should
be exercised to have the plow run as deep as possible without bring-
ing up too much of the sub-soil, and have it cut as narrow a furrow
slice as it is capable or inverting properly.

This will break up and disintegrate the furrow slice to the great-
est possible degree. The jointer is a valuable adjunct, and should
be brought into service by adjusting it so as to run deep enough to
completely bury all trash and vegetable matter and still further
improve upon the disintegration of the furrow slice. This will
admit of proper surface tillage without disturbing the sod, or being
hindered by the buried surface matter, and will require much less
work to secure a perfect seed bed. As soon as the plowed land
is sufficiently surface-dried to prevent it from packing, the roller
should be run over it to level it down, thus closing up crevices

298 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

and cavities underneath, which otherwise would tend to cut off the

10isture from working up into the surface soil. Such an operation
will also make it comparatively easier for the implements of surface
tillage to do perfect work, and will increase the water-holding
power of the soil. The spring-tooth harrow is a good implement
to be used after the roller, and should not be spared until the
soil is thoroughly pulverized to almost the depth plowed, and
until it has attained the proper tilth and texture necessary for
a growing crop of potatoes to do its best. For common field
culture, medium early potatoes planted not later than the 25th
of April always gave best results for me. A variety that is natu-
rally inclined to grow vigorous, heavy stalks, with such an abund-
ance of leaf surface, when full grown, as to cover and shade the
ground between the rows to the greatest possible extent, is the
most desirable and will generally produce the heaviest yield. The
ground being thus shaded, the hot rays of the sun and ‘the drying
winds will be more or less excluded, and prevented from licking
up the soil moisture so requisite to transform organic matter into
available plant food, and convey the same into the living plants,
not to mention the effect it will have in smothering the young weeds
that would otherwise be tempted to grow up and rot the potato
plants, both of moisture and of plant food.

However, to still further promote my chances of securing a crop
attended with such characieristics, I usually apply a complete com-
mercial fertilizer, especially rich in potash and nitrogen, with a
fair proportion of available phosphoric acid.

I want to emphasize the fact that you can hardly furnish your
potato crop with too large an amount of plant food, providing it
consists of the three principal ingredients, balanced in conformity
with the requirements of the crop.

For the last five or six years I always had my fertilizer mixed
at the factory, according to a formula of my own, furnishing a
guaranteed analysis of 4 per cent. nitrogen, 74 per cent. available
phosphoric acid and 10 per cent. actual potash. The nitrogen is
equally derived from nitrate of soda and high grade dried blood;
the phosphoric acid from dissolved South Carolina rock, and the
potash from high grade sulphate. The nitrogen will furnish an
ample supply of immediately available plant food to push the
growth of the young plants onward until the more slowly acting
organic nitrogen, in the form of dried blood, becomes available,
and will carry their thrifty growth to the end of the growing
season. Sulphate is preferable to muriate of potash, inasmuch
that a large percentage of chlorine or common salt is combined with
the latter, which exerts a very deleterious effect on potatoes, by
impairing quality and uniformity of size.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 299

An application of 400 pounds to the acre is about the minimum
quantity that will produce good results, while about 800 pounds
will possibly be the most profitable on land prepared as already
described. Because of having had a number of miserable failures
by the use of small potatoes for seed, 1 have, for the last ten or
twelve years, used nothing but well-formed, large and medium-sized
tubers for this purpose, and since then have had not one crop that
could be termed a failure. Seed should be cut down to contain not
less than two or three eyes, exercising care to divide the seed
ends, as far as practicable, without having too little flesh remaining
to the seed pieces. They should average not less than an inch
in diameter either way, when cut, and a little larger still would,
in the majority of cases, prove to be an advantage, as it largely
conduces to the vitality and vigor of the starting young plants
before the formation of a perfect root system to sustain them by
seeking nourishment elsewhere. We should make absolutely sure
to keep seed from sprouting before planted, as that will tend to
materially weaken its vitality, and if a proper storage room is want-
ing, where the temperature can be kept down to af least 387 or 38
degrees, the better plan is to shovel them from one place to another
with a wire shovel at least once a week trom the time they show
any signs of starting to grow until taken to the field and planted.
Not only have I found by experience that you can restrain them
from sprouting by such a treatment, but that the latter will have
a quickening influence upon the growth of the potatoes, making
them equaily as vigorous after being deposited in the soil as would
be the case if previously kept in a temperature sufficiently cool to
retard growth without the shoveling process. My custom has al-
ways been to change seed about every third or fourth year, even if
JT wanted to use the same variety, as there is no other farm pro-
duct that will sooner deteriorate or respond more favorably to a
change of seed than that of the potato. No matter what precau-
tions have been taken, they will deteriorate in spite of everything.
When I change I generally procure my seed from a more northern
locality, where the climate is colder and the soil different. Plant-
ing single pieces of potatoes, properly cut, about four inches deep
and thirteen inches apart in rows thirty-four inches apart, in soil
made ideal as per instructions already given, after much experi-
menting, has proved the most profitable for me, the object being
to have just enough between the rows to admit of proper inter-till-
age and yet have the rows close enough together to make it possible
for the foliage of the growing plants to cover and shade the
ground completely, for reasons already stated. When a large acre-
age of potatoes is to be planted, the planter of the present age
can be used with advantage. I have been using it continually for

300 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Oft. Doe.

almost two decades, giving universal satisfaction. It deposits the
seed at a uniform depth and in a perfectly straight line in the row,
thus admitting of closer cultivation to the young plants and does
away with the costly labor of dropping and covering by hand. My
planter has two sets of coverers, and the plow, through which the
seed is to drop to the bottom of the furrow, is so constructed as
to open the upper half of the furrow sufficiently wide to admit
of the coverers to run inside, thus utilizing the moist, pulverized
soil to the lower half of the furrow for the covering. The front
coverers are so adjusted as to cover up the seed with about an
inch of this soil, on top of which the fertilizer is evenly distributed
through a fertilizer attachment. The rear coverers following add
another inch, thus covering up the seed, with only about two inches
of this moist, pulverized soil all told, still leaving a depression of
several inches in the row when finished. This light covering of
the seed admits of air and light putting in their effective work,
by forcing the eyes of the seed to send forth strong, stubby sprouts,
a feature which means much to the potato crop in its later stage of
growth. My method of proceeding after this is to wait until those
young shoots have nearly all appeared above ground and are plainly
visible through the row, but not of sufficient height to bend over
under the pressure of another covering, which generally requires
about eighteen or twenty days after planting. The soil that was
pushed aside in opening the furrow will then be drawn back and
the depression filled in again, thus giving the seed another covering
of about two and a half inches, forming slight, broad ridges. If
you don’t like to do this, I would advise you to do it anyhow, simply
shutting your eyes while doing it, then leave the field and never
return until seven or eight days have elapsed and you will be
surprised at the headway the young plants will have made. They
will practically all have again appeared above ground, stalky, strong
and thrifty, finely tucked up in a fresh, mellow, finely pulverized
soil, entirely freed from the millions of young weed plants which
had germinated and surrounded them before their second burial,
and of which hardly any will ever reappear to rob them of nourish-
ment and soil moisture thereafter. Another great advantage de-
rived from this second covering is that it lifts the soil in stirring,
and after the operation leaves it as clean and mellow as possible in
the rows, where the tubers are to form, whereas harrowing, so fre-
quently resorted to by many potato growers, to level down ridges
and destroy young weed plants, will continually pack the soil, and
should positively be avoided on heavy limestone land. The only
thing that remains to do to provide for the comfort of the young
growing plants and their ability to spread their fibrous roots and
assimilate plant food, as they become in need of it, is to operate

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 361

a narrow-tooth cultivator before their tiny roots have spread much
—--for root pruning is dangerous—break up and pulverize the soil
between the rows, as well as in the rows, in a practically perfect
coudition for the young plants to thrive, only an occasional shallow
slirring with a weeder or light single cultivator being required
thereafter to prevent some straggling weeds from growing and to
keep the earth mulch perfect, so as to check the evaporation of
soil moisture. This process of cultivation should be continued
until it will be utterly impossible to get through without grievously
breaking the vines, which is hardly worth considering until the
ground between the rows is nearly covered. Level culture may be
profitable on a gravelly or sandy loam, where the lower half of the
surface soil is not inclined to pack and solidify, but on a heavy soil,
such as limestone, slightly ridging is absolutely necessary to main-
tain its proper texture favorable for the formation and the develop-
ment of the growing tubers.

If I should happen to fall back and resort to hand planting, I
would certainly strive to follow the same system and have all con-
ditions similar to what they are when using the planter. There
would be only one danger, which does not exist when using the
planter, of which I would have to be mindful; that is, that no cut
seed be left uncovered in the row and exposed to the hot rays of
the sun for any length of time, as such will impair its vitality if
not destroy it altogether. Early and late blight can be kept under
control fairly well by applying Bordeaux mixture liberally and fre-
quently. Yet, after having taken under consideration the value
of labor involved, wear and tear of the machine, and cost of ma-
terial, compared with the general increase in crop due to such treat-
ment, I have nearly always found it attended with very little profit,
and consequently abandoned its use altogether. Now, for a number
of vears, I have always made it a point to push my potato crop to
its utmost capacity, by practicing what I have already fully ex-
plained, in order to induce early maturity and get ahead of the
blight as far as possible, in which I have succeeded, I am happy to
say, to a considerable extent. My potato crop is generally so far
advanced by the time early blight puts in an appearance that its
ravages need not be very much dreaded any more thereafter. This
usually means a heavier crop with less expense.

Some varieties of potatoes have the power of resisting blight
to a greater extent than others, and should have the preference,
providing their other qualities are desirable. If potato scab is
present on seed, that can be successfully treated by the use of a
solution of corrosive sublimate, but can likewise be almost wholly

avoided by using a variety that is not subject to the disease, of
which there are many.

302 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

The potato bugs, which are one of the worst of the enemies of
the potato at the present time, should be closely watched and
desperately fought, before they are able to put in their pernicious
work, as it is of the utmost importance that the foliage of the
young growing plants should be unmolested, to enable it to carry
on the good work assigned to it. The partial annibilation or punc-
turing of the leaves by the beetles will often induce blight, and
when the young plants are thus affected in their early stage of
growth, they will never fully revive, but will die prematurely,
without result, often curtailing the crop very materially. For this
purpose Paris ereen is very effective, but should always be used in
connection with limewater, which must be well strained, to have
it free from sediment and allow its passing through nozzles without
clogging them, if sprayer is used. The limewater should always
be produced from freshly burnt lime, of equal weight with that of
the Paris green with which it is to be united. The lime has the
property of neutralizing the caustic power of the Paris green, and
thus the mixture has a similar effect upon the foliage of the plants
as Bordeaux mixture. It will tend to freshen up, instead of burn-
ing andNinjuring the plants. To keep on the side of safety and make
sure of success, I would certainly not venture to apply Paris green
without the addition of lime.

To lessen labor and expenses, when growing potatoes, a good
potato digger, sorter and light, strong bushel boxes are almost in-
dispensable. When it is necessary to store potatoes in bulk of
hundreds or perhaps thousand of bushels, necessitating them to
be placed in bins or large heaps of from four to five feet in thick-
ness, they should positively be allowed to remain in the soil at least
from ten to fifteen days after the vines are entirely dead before
being dug, in order to become fully seasoned and have the skin
become hardened, to admit of their handling without bruising and
rupturing the same, which would make them subject to decay.
Also, the seasoning process in the soil, naturally destroys, to some
extent, their power of generating heat when stored, which, if in
excess, would likewise induce rot and cause an endless lot of trouble.

For good results, I*- have found it best to have them stored in
a dark, cool and slightly moist place, with conditions somewhat
similar to those of the soil itself, from which they were taken. As
a money crop, the potato possibly ranks first among the many other
common farm crops of the present age and should, for this simple
reason if for no other, be, at least to some extent, included in our
rotation. With this same purpose in view the very best care and
attention should be given it and every means should be employed to
make as reasonably sure of a successful crop as possible, even if
a heavy limestone soil must necessarily be employed on which to
raise it.

PROCEEDINGS |
FIFTH ANNUAL MEETING

Farmers Institute a havers and Lecturers,

COURT HOUSE, HUNTINGDON, PA.,

JUNE 2,3 AND 4, 1908.

FARMERS’ INSTITUTES.

LIST.OF COUNTY CHAIRMEN.

‘

SEASON OF 1902-1903.

County. Name. Plage.
/NTIDITOSSE™ Comb GoGncCaOCoOuCOdG?: A. I, Weidner, .............Arendtsville.
PRIICSTENITY, Giese = ols 00 0 siaclelete AAS, Jeiihence oa eeocmoeacicompr Clinton,
PSRTIS ETON EL) sc, cicieieie: vic inieleree ols S. 8S. Blyholder, .-LLeechburg.
SESEUVICII vayelrcise «io/siele1a\c1s) sie) .0ce'e! 0! AQ ds MGIKDDENE scjciesc06 New Sheffield.
SERCO) TC retcifeleralalere erole evelai ole = Moin Olav a atte oot cletelc cielaisite’s Bedford.
IBSTRS)|. pee peanponoepooUno H. G. McGowan, .......... Geiger’s Mills.
LEIP 969 Gog ROO EnG CeO noIOne Ee PEVAT VEY mec rtsiclelter islets Kipple.
IETAEKONROSOL, | Boo pg ono poGBOOOONE IPS BEiollees pooobe odon ob onOC Wysox.
UNC KSB = ots si claic cveleeeibcovsreitias w¥e Watsons. Davis. ac. eces~ Ivyland.
PS OU ELC Toor evalareic) oie) cyolsiai elo alsci ele creie W. H. H. Riddle, .- Butler.
ROPANITOT eet isiete se leucis w eldicievelovsco H. J. Krumenacker, ......1 Jicktown.
RO raNN TION aie apsiat cist cisvsre,cusieielelle¥s e Wie daly Jalon eNgl> cpoaonacoad Emporium.
CHENG. “Saad sebebonodnocod UAV VVIC TINTS: eictseeveaieleloroasieis Weatherly.
(ChaTGN COS” ipoigo OOO ROEnOSOCOOD John A. Woodward, ........ Howard.
ROME SCOT aetereleveseiescvcneisie'e(sle eee -Dr. M. EH. Conard, .........Westgrove.
MOVEVT TON eyate ucts: oo cieieveivieyeis 0 6ieiee Stex= McClellan tenses sie Knox.
ROACH TEEUC) Cyst tess chee: siolere's lois wicie\ere Tews INICISONG cielcrcreciecieiee oe Shawville,
MOEAE OWNS sters.cisiene. sis oeve's ese 001s, Joel, Ageclerr eee Cedar springs:
MOCVULIEYA DI @ sie, ciesavs's cc ers 8 ieje.ais H. V. White, -.Bloomsburg.
WA WEORGS ccs vectors saeiee's Wer Wea Oliviera coca ccroerrceic Conneautville.
UMMM STIAMGs fs cclsesccc cee RGVse a die NCES USOM cecisie cr Hogestown.
GuMbperland, 2. ces ssw cs oe lay Jak MMevops Sodonacecood Mechanicsburg.
Dauphin, De ae eae OER EDAD DOT ya. stisre acclorrs elsterele Harrisburg.
WDOMAMV ALES « Uisicccr basinciasecna A aMiiihieha, Ubbhe A, A oenceceeonE Llanerch.
IDURD Bee ee a eee John B. Werner, ..ot. Marys.
LSITIGS Gh gn Botan eee Archie Billinies= Miso ss ce. s- Edinboro.
VEE LOS | vac saicriaines reece eee Va WIESE: RONd AS Goons soo BODo Merrittstown.
MOS bck sicisvers coe csiiereiove bi sisietets Chas. A. Randall, .........Tionesta.
PRVINITAM, | Mea cis,<cecic.ovcle sie ereieisis Cop Be ICES smite res slarrete nate Marion.
EURO Mee ayers. isles nvose:s 2% 2\qnineie» R. M. Kendall, ..McConnellsburg.
REGIE] Crm tooo) ccs a ove ee Nravslicielaveioiawiats J. Ewing Bailey, <°........«. Carmichaels,
PUUMEINE AON 25 css. ce es + esis G. G. Hutchison, .......... Warriors’ Mark.
IDG HENNE he eee Oa eee COREG tee SaMe McHenry. 2.6... ndianar
RUSHES OM) MN crorcfeic/oisisioisrs, wis. ereieisre Chas! Ga MeClainy, aoc. Brookville.
SUANITCN CAME se 6) cusccievrays Sad ois elerere Matthew Rodgers, ........ Mexico.
TECK A WANNA, (000 c00c oo aes 18 AWG IN tareabhon Gapacocouer Glenburn.
MBANICASTETs, .vccicec cscs oe aces We EL. Srosius, 22 alee ruumore:
Lawrence, sea DAMUC! MGCreALYa) cece Neshannock Falls.

( 305 )
20—6—1903

206 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

County. Name. Place.
TEQD ARON F dis-cclrstn ccc ica ice ae Ini (Gy SME hy5 Goon bacosooce Lebanon.
HBG SD rrckeelercecfalectew's ag eersie Be SCHTCUDCT rectors tere Hosensack,
MEAIZELMC, ra tics foc ate docete jee EWlidebrant —esseseeee Lehman.
NE MGOMUM SE: Hose icis vive eis Seles ot Arie EMANTOT ay: Fe ercrercemicresiers Hughesville.
VICE CARI he chistes sveieie a tereahonte wie Le Wie ELOWGEM), cometh. sels Coryville.
TCR COT aso eee pe Saari Sh cate MUNRO. Soeqc5c0one5 Volant, 4 R. D.
MEELIS eis wots eyeteva s sie. arers'ae ceils DF Hy. INO TESULMC eieclertaie siete ls Lewistown.
NiO Grete che cicte cte sire creme ae Randall Sts pine meer cle KE. Stroudsburg.
WOME OMT (rate sce sie fe « ee Jason Sexton; <..........-.. North Wales:
VEOTAL OUI He rato tarei cia: sieicvs ar sio\ee nieve Aes bbs ican on acoKooG Pottsgrove.
Northampton, oo.60.2 <6 ses SAW ViINN. SMES CCK, srctsiercia scissors ote Nazareth.
Northumberland, ......... Ue te ISolalloeel, Sobaceqod0s Milton.
1 BISA (28 eS RCESORIG ORE GC ToT IM UME Aaloheatanoy | GoqgodaaaG0c Nekoda.
Philadelphia, “hc. scccnse te Edwin Lonsdale, .......... Wyndmoor.
OAC ert eiciok ey eici slo cverole Siare sisuerate J EE Viana tteraiy casters Milford.
ZOU TO el seen sreye elisa es oe see ete Horace El, Efall, ..-.....2... Hllisburg.
Sloluhaltailll,, Aaa aodon ooececse Wi EE. StOut, yenic.. oo. nel Heine eToOVe:
SMG ST Mercere cneci, ste efeie Se ares 1D, Ue ICNOvelos Gs aoucanocoaeac Selinsgrove.
SOMOS O Lemriytelsclesinisieiets cere cA CODH Os MUI Gibarreversvevetet onetstay<re Friedens.
SIUM a” ae gaa don sooeoennee JepkewBirdsy s-ecacsccs eee Millview. ’
Susquehanna. Si. ces. ceces Cr We Brodineady saricciec vee Montrose.
ATRTCOS eaeamet ater peter stesetee)s:e si ois Groueie vers BS Bye BYel GS kocsis sisiessisite sere Wellsboro.
NONE OM sa depen Steistavcietnie saree weelsic Jn Ne Glover eesosehoricens Vicksburg.
N/GINEROFOny toctaaoteanenodnees Win Aa ©raiwLoOrdicncacer sisiciss/s Cooperstown,
RVC ao es eressi cia eters crete Weretersis Gs Dis, WWICT GE scereretalsrctarei sere starcts Sugargrove.
WV SSINTINSEON), Ses acicteicies creiere DD) PANE TV Ay retoisis iereuere et seasiegcinter 6 Burgettstown.
VIVES: oterad Gm eine iapad Gainers Warren EH. Perham, .......Niagara.
Wiestmorelamd sip. csc. sr WE INE) Clarks cise ccscrseciheerns Claridge.
SVVANGOMDULTNES Pe cois wre tistics aievelee. D. A. Knuppenburg, ...... Lake Carey.

BVO ai We lreiay ere a cielele srveiisie! Sree Be Ee ollenin cece diciceimist Shrewsbury.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 307

LIST OF STATE SPEAKERS ENGAGED IN FARMERS’ INSTI-
TUTE WORK IN PENNSYLVANIA.

DURING SEASON OF 1902-1903.

Dr. H. P. Armsby, State College.

S. F. Barber, Harrisburg.

Dr. Harvey B. Bashore, West Fairview.

R. L. Beardslee, “Warrenham.

M. S. Bond, Danville.

C. W. Brodhead, Montrose.

Dr. C. A. Browne, Jr., State College.

A. L. Brubaker, Hogestown.

Prof. W. A. Buckhout, State College.

J. S. Burns, Clinton,

Prof. G. C. Butz, State College.

George Campbell, Green’s Landing.

J. T. Campbell, Hartstown.

M. N. Clark, Claridge.

Dr. M. E. Conard, Westgrove.

Prof. Wells W. Cooke, Washington,
DC:

John W. Cox, New Wilmington.

Z. T. Cure, Jermyn.

Rev. J. D. Detrich, Flourtown.

F,. EK. Field, Wellsboro.

John G. Foight, Export.

Dr. William Frear, State College.

J. A. Fries, State College.

D. C. Gillespie, New Castle.

- Prof, J. M. Hanitz, Merrittstown.

Joel A. Herr, Cedar Springs.
Hon. E. S. Hoover, Lancaster.
George E. Hull, Orangeville, O.
G. G. Hutchison, Warriors’ Mark.

W. A. Hutchison, Jeannette.
Hon, A. J. Kahler, Hughesville.
Hon. J. H. Landis, Millersville.
J. H. Ledy, Marion.

Amos B. Lehman, Fayetteville.
L. W. Lighty, East Berlin.

John T. McDonald, Delhi, N. Y.
M. S. McDowell, State College.
Prof. Franklin Menges, York.

C. D. Northrop, Elkland.

Henry W. Northup, Glenburn.
M. W. Oliver, Conneautville.

T. E, Orr, Beaver.

James Y. Patton, New Castle.

J. H. Peachy, Belleville.

Hon. Thomas J. Philips, Atglen.
W. H. H. Riddle, Builer.

Oliver D. Schock, Hamburg,
Hon. R. F. Schwarz, Analomink.
R. S. Seeds, Birmingham.

Hon. Jason Sexton, North Wales.
W. H. Stout, Pinegrove.

Dr. I. A. Thayer, New Castle.

F. J. Wagner, Harrison City.
Samuel W. H. Waltz, Williamsport.
Prof. Geo. C. Watson, State College.
Prof. R. L. Watts, Scalp Level.
R. J. Weld, Sugargrove.

Hon. H. V. White, Bloomsburg.
Col. John A. Woodward, Howard.

DEPARTMENT LECTURERS.

HON. N. B. CRITCHFIELD, Secretary of Agriculture.
HON. A. L. MARTIN, Deputy Secretary and Director of Institutes.

DR. B. H. WARREN, Dairy and Food

Commissioner.

PROF. H. A. SURFACE, Economic Zoologist.
DR. LEONARD PEARSON, State Veterinarian.

308 ANNUAL RBEPORT OF THB off. Dec.

ANNUAL MEETING OF INSTITUTE MANAGERS AND LEC-
TURERS, HELD AT HUNTINGDON, PA., JUNE 2, 3 AND 4,
1903.

PROGRAM.
Tuesday Evening, June 2, 1903.

Call to order at 7.30.
G. G. HUTCHISON, Warriors’ Mark, Pa., Chairman.

Introductory Address by Hon. N. B. Critchfield, Secretary of Agriculture.
Reading Minutes of Last Annual Meeting.

A Word of Greeting by Hon. A. L. Martin, Director of Institutes.

PREPARED PAPERS.

1. “GLOVER AS FOOD AND FERTILIZER,”
Dr. I. A. Thayer, New Castle, Pa.

. “HOW PLANTS FEED AND GROW,”
Prof. R. L. Watts, Scalp Level, Pa.

iv)

. “FEEDING POWERS AND HABITS OF SOME AGRICULTURAL
PLANTS,”
Prof. Franklin Menges, York, Pa.

4. “THR MAKING OF A FARMER,”
J. H. Peachy, Belleville, Pa.

GENERAL DISCUSSION.

Wednesday Morning, June 3, 1903.
Call to order at 9.
SAMUEL McCREARY, Neshannock Falls, Pa., Chairman.

1. “SOIL MOISTURE,”’
M. S. McDowell, State College, Pa.

- “COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS, THEIR NATURE AND USE,”
Hon. T. J. Philips, Atglen, Pa.

3. “THE VALUE OF FARM MANURE AND HOW TO RETAIN IT,”
Prof. Wells W. Cooke, Washington, D. €.

4. “THE PRACTICAL SIDE OF MARKET GARDENING,”
Hon. R, F. Schwarz, Analomink, Pa.

|
|

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 309

6. “GROWING FRUITS AND VEGETABLES FOR CANNING PACTORIMS,”’
Prof. G. €. Butz, State College, Pa.

GENERAL DISCUSSION.

Wednesday Afternoon, June 35, 1903.
Call to order at 1.30.
W. A. CRAWFORD, Cooperstown, Pa., Chairman.

1. “BREEDING AND FEEDING POULTRY,”
J. Y. Patton, New Castle, Pa,

2. “POULTRY HOUSES,”
T. E. Orr, Beaver, Pa.

3. “SHEEP HUSBANDRY,”
J. S. Burns, Clinton, Pa.

4. “HASIEST AND MOST PROFITABLE WAY TO GROW POTATOES,”
John W. Cox, New Wilmington, Pa.

GENERAL DISCUSSION.

Wednesday Evening, June 3, 1903.

Call to order at 7.30.

€

C. B. HEGE, Marion, Pa., Chairman.

1. “PRACTICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL HORSESHOBING,”’
C. W. Brodhead, Montrose, Pa.

2, “HYGIENE OF THE FARM,”
Dr. Harvey B. Bashore, West Fairview, Pa.

3. “WHAT CONSTITUTES A COUNTRY HOME,”
R. S. Seeds, Birmingham, Pa.

4, “WHAT CONSTITUTES A PRACTICAL EDUCATION FOR THE
FARMER,”

T. D. Harman, of National Stockman and
* Farmer, Pittsburg, Pa,

GENERAL DISCUSSION.

Thursday Morning, June 4, 1903.
Cali to order at 9.
Dr. M. E. CONARD, Westgrove, Pa., Chairman.

1. “THE RELATION OF BACTERIOLOGY TO DAIRYING,”
Dr. M. P. Ravenel, Swarthmore, Pa.

310 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc:

2. “MAKING AND SELLING FINE DAIRY BUTTER,”
L. W. Lighty, East Berlin, Pa,

3. “FEED, BREED AND CARE OF THE DAIRY ANIMAL,”
Rev. J. D. Detrich, Flourtown, Pa.

4. “GENERAL FRUIT GROWING—HOW TO TAKE CARE OF TREES,”
J. H. Ledy, Marion, Pa.

baw AP Pin, ORCHARD,
Samuel W. H. Waltz, Williamsport, Pa.

GENERAL DISCUSSION.

Thursday Afternoon, June 4, 1903.
Call to order at 1.30.
COL. JOHN A. WOODWARD, Howard, Pa., Chairman.

Session devoted to general discussion of topics relating to Institute work.

QUESTIONS.
1. “IS IT DESIRABLE FOR THE STATE TO SUPPLY MORE THAN TWO

SPEAKERS AT AN INSTITUTE?”
Opened by J. A. Eschbach, Milton, Pa.

GENERAL DISCUSSION.

2. ‘SHOULD THE INSTITUTE LECTURER USE TFHE BLACKBOARD TO
ILLUSTRATE POINTS IN HIS LECTURE?”
Opened by S. F. Barber, Harrisburg, Pa.

GENERAL DISCUSSION.

3. “WHAT IS THE BEST WAY TO QUIET A SPEAKER WHO IS USING
THE TIME UNPROFITABLY ?”
Opened by W. H. H. Riddle, Butler, Pa.

GENERAL DISCUSSION.

4, “HOW MAY A FARMER OBTAIN COMPENSATION FOR TUBERCULAR
CAT Be -
Opened by Dr. Leonard Pearson, State Vet-
erinarian,
GENERAL DISCUSSION,

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 31)

Pe
S
>

PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTH ANNUAL MEETING OF
FARMERS INSTITUTE MANAGERS AND LECTURERS,
HELD IN THE COURT HOUSE, HUNTINGDON, PA., JUNE 2,
3d AND 4, 1908.

Tuesday, June 2, 1903, 7.30 P. M.

HON. A. L. MARTIN, Deputy Secretary of Agriculture and Direc-
tor of Institutes, called the meeting to order promptly at the time
designated and announced the Chairman for the evening, Mr. George
G. Hutchison, of Warriors’ Mark, Pa.

ADDRESS OF CHAIRMAN.

My friends, it is a pleasure to welcome you here this evening to
Huntingdon county. We are delighted to have you meet with us.
It was somewhat uncertain at the last meeting whether we would be
favored with your presence, but by solicitation on our part we se-
cured the sanction of the State Eollege to have the meeting in our
county. Ve have been desirous for some years of having you meet
with us, but other places seemed to demand the meetings and, as we
are modest in this county, we yielded to their desires; but after cor-
responding with the State College they kindly granted or agreed to
withdraw their grant of the meeting at that place and allow us to
have it here. You have received a cordial welcome to-day from the
Mayor and he has assured you that the best that this town can
afford is yours; but in behalf of the farmers and agricuiturists of
the county, I would say, we are delighted to have you with us.

In going through the county on the main line of the Pennsylvania
Railroad, you are not very much impressed with the agricultural
interests of cur county, as the railroad leads along the river, and
the bluffs and hills are not the best presentation of the section, so
far as agriculture is concerned; but I assure you that lying out from
the river we have some of the finest agricultural sections in Penn-
Sylvania. That may seem a little egotistic to our friends from
Chester, Lancaster, York, Lebanon and other eastern counties; but
when I tell you that we have the finest limestone belt in the north-
ern and. western end of this county than anywhere in Pennsylvania;
that from this county, Blair and Centre, more limestone is taken

312 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

than from all the rest of Pennsylvania combined, I do not think I am
exaggerating in the least. Lying on top of that limestone is a fine,
productive soil, and we are proud of the agricultural interests of
this county. One day, as I was riding through the county on a train
and we had passed into the section where myself and Mr. Seeds
reside, a lady said to a gentleman sitting by her: “My! I believe half
the people of this county commit suicide.” And the gentleman said:
“Why?” She said: “Look at those hills and bluffs; there is nothing
to live on.” Up on those hills there is as fine land as there is any-
where in Pennsylvania, and I have yét to know of any one commit-
ting suicide there.

This county has been devoted to agriculture for one hundred
and thirty-five to one hundred and forty years. Our forefathers
came here from the eastern sections and settled, and have been
following the pursuits of agriculture for that length of time. The
farm that I have the pleasure of owning and living on has been cul-
tivated for one hundred and thirty years, and others in this section
have been for nearly the same time. We have, besides the agricul-
tural, other interests. We have a county that has produced a
number of great men. We have contributed to the welfare and the
building up of this Commonwealth. We have had the honor of hay-
ing a Governor, Potter; a Secretary of Internal Affairs, J. Simpson
Africa; an Auditor General, General Gregg; two United States Sen-
ators, John Scott and William A. Wallace, two of the levelest
headed men of this Commonwealth and a number of Congressmen.
Among others, I might mention R. Milton Spear, whom I consider
one of the brightest men Pennsylvania has produced, H. J. Fisher
and a host of others.

We have a number of interests here that I would like you to visit,
among which are the J. C. Blair Manufacturing Company, the Key-
stone Manufacturing Company and many others. We have Situ-
ated in this county the Silica Brick Works at Mt. Union; the coal
Gperations at East Broad Top and other industries. We have
also located at the end of town a State Normal School, known
as the Juniata College, of which our friend, Prof. M. G. Brumbaugh,
is president; and on the outskirts of the town is located the Hunt-
ing¢don Reformatory, one of the finest institutions of its kind in the
State. <All of these extend to you a cordial welcome. I know that
your coming amongst us will do our agricultural interests good and
I hope your stay will be a pleasant one.

We are now ready to proceed with the program of the evening.

HON. A. L. MARTIN: Before starting upon the program proper,
it might be well that we have a committee elected or appointed to
take charge of what is known as the “question box,” to collect ques-

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 313

tious that may come into the mind of any auditor during the reading
or discussion of papers on this program, and also a committee on
resolutions.

The CHALRMAN: What is your pleasure in regard to a Question
Box?

DR. M. E. CONARD: Mr. Chairman, I move that a Committee on
Queries be selected to be composed of as follows: S. 8S. Blyholder,
Chairman: A. B. Lehman, J. K. Bird and W. H. H. Riddle.

The motion was agreed to and the Chairman announced as a
Cemmittece on Queries the gentlemen named.

MK. ROBERT SEEDS: Mr. Chairman, I move that a Committee
on Resolutions be selected to be composed of as follows: J. M.
Hantz, Chairman; H. W. Northup, A. J. Kahler, Jason Sexton and
George E. Hull.

The motion was agreed to and the Chairman announced as a Com-
mittee on Resolutions the gentlemen named.

HON. N. B. CRITCHFIELD, Secretary of Agriculture: Mr. Chair-
man, | do not know whether Mr. Martin has in his mind any time
when this Committee will be called upon to make its report. Pos-
sibly the beginning of the morning session would be as good a time

MR. MARTIN: Mi. Chairman, we believe in an audience of this
character having this matter largely in its own hands. Proba-
bly at the morning session would be a very suitable time to present
these questions. However, circumstances ought to direct that
watter.

I just want to supplement the remark made by the Secretary; that
if at auy time during the reading of a paper or in the discussion after
it is finished, any lady or gentleman should feel disposed to ask a
question relative to that paper or discussion, should feel free to
rise in their place and ask the question. We believe in free speech
at these meetings, Otherwise, write the question and have it sent:
in through the Query Committee. We suggest that the Query Com-
mittee take these blank papers and at once distribute them through
the audience so that they may have paper to write upon.

The CHAIRMAN: The next on the program is an “Introduc-
tory Address,” by Hon. N. B. Critchfield, Secretary of Agriculture.

T now have the honor and pleasure of introducing to you the
Secretary of Agriculture, Hon. N. B. Critchfield.

ADDRESS OF HON. N. B. CRITCHFIELD.

Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen of the Convention: Tam sorry that
our good Brother Martin has seen fit to dignify what I may have to
D1

314 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE _ Off. Doe.

say on this occasion by calling it an address. He said to me when he
was preparing the program that he would like to have me say some-
thing at the opening of the session, and I said “All right,” but I
expected to say but a very few words.

I am glad that the Chairman for the evening has had as much
to say as he had at the beginning, because I do not feel like talking
so soon after supper. You all know how hard it is talk when
you are too full for utterance.

The Chairman spoke in glowing terms of the agricultural and .
industrial features of Huntingdon county, casually mentioning
Chester, Delaware and Lancaster counties and the northwestern
part of the State as possible places where conditions might be
especially good, but he did not say a word about the west, as though
we were not in it at all. JI guess he was never out in our section
of the country.

I hardly feel that it would be just for me to take up very much
of your time. I see you have a very full program for this even-
and, therefore, I shall take but little time. I am glad, however,
to have this opportunity of looking you in the face, of renewing my
acquaintance with those of you with whom I used to travel up
and down this Commonwealth, engaged in Institute work, and to
make the acquaintance of others whom I have never met before. I
am glad to be here and I am glad to be reckoned as a member of
this meeting and still, in some measure, a participant in the Insti-
tute work. I do not know that we have any more important work
than this, and I think the idea that was suggested or acted upon
first of all by the first Director of Institutes, and that has been fol-
lpwed out by Brother Martin, is certainly a good one, that of having
this “Round-up Meeting.” It is a good thing for the men engaged
in this work to come together at a time like this and to compare
notes, to talk over disputes in which they have been engaged,
and their failures likewise, if any. I have no doubt but that you will
be able to carry into your work the succeeding year some of the
enthusiasm gathered here. You will be better prepared in conse-
quence of having had this meeting. I take it that any work that has
for its end in view, the improvement of our agriculture and the
betterment of the condition of those who have taken up farming
as their chosen calling, is an important work, and I do not think
that there is, as I have said, any more fruitful source of accomplish-
ing these things, helping the farmer, improving agriculture and bet-
tering the condition of the agriculturists of the State than the
Farmers’ Institute work. I was pleased, at the supper table this
evening, to hear some gentlemen telling of what had been achieved
in their communities in the counties from which they came. Every-
where over this Commonwealth we can see the improvement made

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 316

since the Farmers’ Institute work was begun in the State of Penn.
sylvania. We have better agriculture, better homes. Our farm
people are paying more attention, as evidenced in the discussions
that took plece at the supper table this evening, to the education
of their sons and daughters, and very much of this has been brought
about through the agency and the instrumentality and the labors
of these men who are engaged in this work.

And now, as I said at the outset, | am glad to be here and bid
you Godspeed. I am not likely to be able to remain with you until
the end of the session, but I want to say, while I have the floor, that
I will be glad to have you come to see us at Harrisburg whenever
you can. The Department of Agriculture will be doing business
with open doors and with te Jatch-string on the outside. We want
your counsel and help. The UVepartment of Agriculture is a great,
big Department, and there is very much to do, as Brother Hamilton
said to me as lhe was about turning the keys over to me, and I have
found it so, and I cannot hope to succeed in the administration of
the affairs of the Department, as well as I would wish to succeed,
and as well as you wish it to succeed, without your help; and so,
my ears will always be open to take any counsel or advice you will
give. I shall be glad to have your assistance.

I do not know that it is necessary that I should detain you any
longer. You have a large program for this evening, and when you
get through with it I am sure we will all feel that it is time to ad-
journ. I thank you for your attention.

The CHAIRMAN: The next business in order is the reading of
the minutes of the last annual meeting.

A. L. MARTIN, Director of Institutes, read the minutes of the
last annual meeting of the Farmers’ Institute Managers and Lee-
turers, held at Gettysburg, Pa., May 28 and 29, 1902.

There being no corrections the minutes were approved.

The CHAIRMAN: The Secretary will now call the roll of County
Institute Managers.

The Director of Institutes called the roll of County Ghaumen
season of 1902-1903, with the following result:

County. “Name. Place.
IDS, |S CRB BR a eCane Coc tOCe. Aci. Weidner; ..)..........: Arendtsville:
PATE SNOT); «i. se ccc crc ce ces JeeeSo CES ULOPID Setraceh ctebeieraye eveienctercters Clinton.
BENASUT ONS fis ise + ove sicie e's s. ©. Blyholder, ...........-.ueechburg.
SERGE, yteteheie: cuSieia's <eieleis.o0 6 IWiheaClay, Enthz: (a0.caceeees ce Bedford.
LNTHP.. SOS S0d pe See oro caro ISIS LS Jahan ee aoe ooin rics Ge Kipple.
(SUICIRE. gh Roger eee eee Watson D2 Davis. Ges cis ete. Ivyland.
SRT REMEST AMEE er jc vel 2 sisic)ciaie,efe.« eisre\e Wiehe boss Rddlew-. tee Butler.
PRAMAS sie aielsreneisie sicie ss H. J. Krumenacker, ......Nicktown.
BRERIETO ME Riot cece nicrs e sicisie oes John A. Woodward, .......Howard,

316 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. sDoE:
County Name. Place.

(OUTS oo Sa aan toon aeeaaeerdc ID Ig Wi, ISR (Clore hel, Bo stoo nec Westgrove.

CIAnIONG iirc cixeceertis hele since SS). Mic@lellamy eens. er Knox

Gleartieldies <. .eeisec ee wos stews Ja Wis, INGISOMN ca. .tseretae site are Shawville.

CJINEOMS Crave. 2 tee Ae wislereievee re Joel A. Herr, ..Cedar Springs.

IDFybholabhilen G6 Sonos qomaoda0nSS 3 HY SBarber ys a7 ccheusteler bea Harrisburg.

JOUR eS sa aies Geo SoBe eeinor BoceTn Ajalnar Vey AWYisieaeigs Bosaccande St. Marys.

MBO eee faisrcre craee nei te aires are ee Arehie VBillimge ss We. i. cele. Edinboro.

PUNY SEL ate cele cre wlelensereeiace sis se Re os NAY ASS Horn noes Coos Merrittstown.

MVD) Seucicisvete «cere sore sites CPB MHICEES cos, saiecuecnenenete Marion.

IAN UDI EO T Gots osi2.cre. stare ee siete sus susione eM Sen dallas sevice es -McConnellsburg.

Huntingdon, ye iG. (G. Eoutehison: .. Warriors’ Mark.

eI EVER yay core rer oe reacssunte, cree ltege's Matthew Rodgers, .. Mexico.

TAKA Wala ns aici 0 cle cieients H. W. Northup, ..Glenburn.

GANT CASTCT ses, - Nstevere state coialers W. H. Brosius, ..Drumore.

MGAWEETICE iste 'pe ss sreapaleysis oeiai Samuel McCreary, ........ Neshannock Falls,

MEM BN saad center etceceL. so. menstemachers <.)2.. Hosensack.

MEUIZCTINCY fee o alai so ata’s isteteve ersueveuers dig IDR debiloliomenaue, Se dasnooc Lehman.

MEV HS OTIMUIV SE cerca rete oveinial ev atevexerel oie A. J. Kahler, ...---.- Hughesville.

IVECT. GOT ae cae siueisienelse es ote siecle SH cle \Wallllbizhoass 2 ops co unoddn Volant, 4 R. D.

IVETETDIN Fes psvevioisterseles cs, overs tleie ee Ds bh INOLESTIMG. ss 1. ticuneiciec Lewistown.

IMIOMES OMMETIA 2 cickeicte icteere rie AEISKonaisyesqrondy, Bs oosoneoGoos North Wales.

INGORE UOMS: Gey eieis is oislsns VV MES, IS 6 GIS 8 ti.cctss are steerer Nazareth.

Northumberland, ......... JecA= FNSCh ACh, shar czcrcart Milton.

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wWiestmoreland, .....0...00 ME ON-R Clark: | siidcicc oeeremenee Claridge.

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The roll of State Lecturers was then called by Secretary Martin
and absentees noted. The following were present:
Dr. H. P. Armsby, State College.
S. FE. Barber, Harrisburg. 1DY (Ct
Dr. Harvey B. Bashore, West Fairview. John W. Cox, New Wilmington.
R. L. Beardslee, Warrenham. Zines
M. 8S. Bond, Danville. John G. Foight, Export.
C. W. Brodhead, Montrose. Dr, Wm. Frear, State College.
A. L. Brubaker, Hogestown. Prof. J. M. Hantz, Merrittstown.
J. S. Burns, Clinton. Joel A. Herr, Cedar Springs.
Prof. Geo. C. Butz, State College. Hon. E. S. Hoover, Lancaster.
George Campbell, Green’s Landing. George E. Hull, Orangeville, O.

Prof. Wells W. Cooke, Washington,

Jermyn.

J. T. Campbell, Hartstown. G. G. Hutchison, Warriors’ Mark.
M. N,. Clark, Claridge. W. A, Hutchison, Jeannette.
Dr. M. E. Conard, Westgrove. Hon. A. J. Kahler, Hughesville.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT

J. H. Ledy, Marion.

Amos B. Lehman, Fayetteville.
L. W. Lighty, East Berlin.
John T. McDonald, Delhi, N. Y.
M. 8S. McDowell, State College.
Prof. Franklin Menges, York.
Cc. D. Northrop, Elkland.
Henry W. Northup, Glenburn.
T. HE. Orr, Beaver.

James Y. Patton, New Castle.

OF AGRICULTURE. 31

-1

Oliver D. Schock, Hamburg.

R. S. Seeds, Birmingham.

Fon. Jason Sexton, North Wales.
W. H. Stout, Pinegrove.

Prof. H, A. Surface, State College.
Dr. I. A. Thayer, New Castle.

Er. J. Wagner, Harrison City.
Samuel W. H. Waltz, Williamsport.
Prof. Geo. C. Watson, State College.
Prof. R, L. Watts, Scalp Level.

J. H. Peachy, Belleville.
Hon. Thomas J, Philips, Atglen.
We. H. Riddle, Butler.

R. J. Weld, Sugargrove.
Col. John A. Woodward, Howard.

The CHAIRMAN: The next business on the program is “A Word
of Greeting,” by Hon. A. L. Martin, Director of Institutes.

Gentlemen, it is with great pleasure that I introduce to you this
evening, Hon. A. L. Martin, Deputy Secretary of Agriculture and
Director of Institutes, who has taken such an active interest in our
Institute work.

ADDRESS OF HON. A. L. MARTIN.

Mr. Chairman and #riends: I would be false to my feelings
should I fail, in a few words, to express some of the motives which
has prompted me to address you for a moment or two this evening.
[ have a very vivid recollection of the first Annual “Round-up Meet-
ing” of the Farmers’ Institute workers, which was held at Blooms-
burg. <A pretty green looking farmer from Western Pennsylvania
was there and he formed the acquaintance of a large number of
men who then, as well as now, had local charge of Farmers’ Insti-
tutes in Pennsylvania. I remember that meeting more especially
because of the events which have followed it; realizing as I then did,
and I now do, to some degree, the importance of the work in hand;
and realizing the warm erip of the hand which you men gave me
' there and the few words which passed between us that day.

To-day we have the Fifth Annual Meeting of the Institute Mana-
gers and Lecturers, and as we look back over the four years past,
it is certainly with some degree of satisfaction that we can meet
face to face to discuss the great problems with which we have to
do. We may look back and learn from the lessons of the past some
things by which we inay improve in the future. But whatever this
may be, my friends, f assure you that had it not been for the wise,
considerate and manly counsel which you men gave me from time
to time regarding the work, not only in your own county, but
throughout the State, many more mistakes would have been made.

Tn the outset of my remarks I want to say this to you as County
Chairmen of Institutes: The success and the advancement that
will attend these Farmers’ Institutes in Pennsylvania if our lives are

318 . ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

spared for four years, largely depends upon the ways and means
that are devised by the County Chairman of Institutes in the differ-
ent counties. [ say that to you after four year’s experience along
that line with all the manliness that [ am able to bring to bear, I
want you at all times to give me your best and candid advice,
whether it might make me feel good or not, I want to knowit. By
the uniting together of the best thought and the best practice in the
different counties and bringing it together at a meeting of this kind,
comparing notes in all the greatness and vastness of this work, we
can expect to succeed to the greatest extent. This is not my work.
I am simply the agency for the time being to join with you in the
different counties in carrying on this great work which belongs to
the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.

Now, my friends, a good Providence has very kindly dealt with
the farmers of Pennsylvania and this organization during the
past four years, when we come to remember that out of this body of
men, in the sixty-seven counties of the State, as County Mana-
gers, so far as I can recall at this time, there has just occurred five
deaths. Shall I recount them? Hon. Gerard F. Brown, of York
county, who met with us at Bloomsburg. You remember him. You
remember the kindly counsel which he always gave us and the manly
man that he was. And then, after him, the Hon. George E. Hep:
burn, of Delaware county. He, too, was very suddenly taken away.
It was my pleasure to serve with him two sessions in the House of
Representatives, had a very intimate acquaintance with him, and I
bear testimony to his sterlmg worth. And then, Mr. C. F. Barrett,
of McKean county, within the last year. My acquaintance with him
was not so intimate, but through years of correspondence I had
learned his value as an Institute Manager. Another one was Mr. D.
Hf. Pershing, of Fayette county. Many of you remember him and the
great interest he manifested in agricultural matters. He was one
of our leading Grange and Farmers’ Institute lecturers. ,He was a
man who kept himself weil informed and, having always lived a
righteous life, filled many positions of trust among his neighbors.
And then the other loss I shall name, so far as I can recall, is that
of J. L. Schreiber, of Lehigh county, now succeeded by the gentleman
on my right. You remember this manly man and his plain counsel
and advice. He often came to my office and gave me counsel, when
others knew not of it, of the kind that was intended to cement the
friendship of man to man and broaden my love for that true man-
hood which ennobles. These five have been called to join the Great
Majority beyond. ‘Their work is finished here, but the fruits of
that work, I believe, will continue many years. Now, my friends,
[ simply recall this thought, bringing to our minds that Providence
has been good and kind to us.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 319

During these four years we have noticed, and you have noticed,
marked advancement in the manner and the mode of carrying on
farm operations in Pennsylvania, in the line of animal industry, in
the management of the dairy, in horticultural lines, in the prepara-
tion of the soil and the seed bed and in the growing of the legumin-
ous plants intended to draw down fertility from the air and plant
it in the soil we cultivate; in all these questions, my friends, what
a marked improvement is stamped in every line; and we are egotisti-
cal enough to believe that a large portion of that at least was
stimulated and brought about by the persistent teaching of those
engaged in Farmers’ Institute work.

{ want to say just a word to the Lecturers. Most of my remarks
have been to the County Managers of Institutes. I want to say to
you, my friends, Lecturers at Farmers’ Institutes, that we have
come toa time in the history of this work in Pennsylvania in which a
man to succeed and do his best must be no novice. He must be a
man or woman equipped for this work, capable of imparting the
knowledge and the practice which he possesses to the audience
which he is to address. It is no child’s play. We have come to a
time in the history of agriculture in Pennsylvania, my friends, in
which the man who undertakes to address an audience must know
whereof he speaks and be of a teachable spirit on all occasions.
The reason for this is largely due to the fact that the farmers of
Pennsylvania are to-day an educated people. They read and think,

‘and year by year they bring to bear upon their farm operations a

better cultivated brain and more accurate knowledge of the princi-
ples which underlie the line of farming in which they are engaged,
and the Farmers’ Institute Lecturer who succeeds now in Pennsyl-
vania must be, not only abreast of the times, but he must be a
little in advance. He must know of the things whereof he speaks;
know all these things and know nature. Why, my friends, there are
only two ways a successful teacher at the Farmers’ Institute may
know. He may have studied agriculture, chemistry or botany and
all lines of scientific knowledge; and that is right. He cannot teach
them properly unless he has spent time in the study of them. But
that is not all. After they have been studied theoretically and
learned and pounded into these brains and minds of ours, there is
something else. After this is completely studied mentally, when the
man has worked it out somewhere in the soil, or the shrub, or the
tree, or the plant, or the roots of them, he is the better equipped to
impart that knowledge to his neighbor. That is what I mean by
this, my fellow lecturers. We come to that time in which, in my
judgment, the very best qualifications must be demanded and noth-
ing short of that accepted. So it is for you to decide at these meet-
ings,

320 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Of Doe

The Legislature of the State has dealt with us, also, very kindly.
It has increased our fund--not to a great extent—after the first
two years. Then we had an increase of $5,000 added, and during
the past year the Legislature gave us an increase of $5,000 ad-
ditional, so that our institutes are equipped with $35,000 for two
years or $17,500 per annum. Now we come to the problem. Sha)
we have more institutes or shall we equip them and make them
better? That is a question for you to decide. We want your
opinion about that. My judgment is that we ought to make them
more effective if we could.

Now, my friends, I shall not inflict any longer talk upon you. It
isa pleasure to meet you. It has always been and I hope it will con-
tinue so, and I can only say to you what I said four years ago: “Iam
here to join with you in the various counties for the uplifting of the
farmers aud the Farmers’ Institutes.”

COL. JOHN A. WOODWARD: Mr. Chairman, it is customary
in our field work in Farmers’ institutes to have the serious and
regular work of the institutes interspersed with entertainment of
some kind in order that we may keep the interest alive, and for
that purpose we frequently introduce music. It may not be known
that among our County Institute Managers we have a musical
genius who happens to be present to-night, and LI propose that we
now listen to a song by Mr. Horace H. Hall, the Institute Manager
of Potter county, before we proceed to the work of the evening.

Mr. Hall came forward and entertained the audience with a song
entitled “Two Kinds of People.” .

The CHAIRMAN: There is a sentiment in that song that some
people who lecture at Farmers’ Institutes could get a good lesson
from.

We now come to the prepared papers. The first number on the
program is “Clover as Food and Fertilizer,” by Dr. I. A. Thayer,
of New Castle, Pa.

DR. I. A. THAYER presented his paper as follows:

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 321

CLOVER AS FOOD AND FERTILIZER.

By Dr, I. A. THAYER, New Castle. Pu.

We will estimate the value of the clovers as food according to
our purpose in feeding. If we feed primarily for milk, muscle, wool
or eggs we will place one estimate; if for fat, heat and energy, our
estimate will be different, since in the first we seek a narrow ration,
or a nutritive ratio of about one to six; in the second, a wider one,
era ratio of one to ten or twelve.

The place occupied by the clovers as food may be quickly seen in

the following statement:
FEEDING STUFFS.

Digestible Pounds in a Ton.

| |
| g)- alae
~ ~
| ces plas
| | S | 2
ro) : | te
| oF | € | a=
| ~ ! Q | h
| is} | & | =
| iy 5 | =
| am Oo | Zz
Grn, SYS oa ee | 40 695 | 1 to 17.3
Tiira@liing? ThORHA mR A mere Se eer nee rete op ene eee ry aE 58 937 | 1 to 16.2
“DT Ter ol: ARIS as aise sue Se Sop somr mart Sor. tertdep cao boanon 96 903 lto 9.4
iRsaGl GIOKSD s Sadedeotadsopatos puene ErloucROner Honore ta toon aacne | 128 770 1lto 6.
BONUS LNA memes cts fof ste eve rriers eesaraioiahale ste sicker, osha die; sratcvatere\aiasleniscem(sisve.svers 208 | 859 1to 4.1
2 3.8

BOVEY EU CMM ED TATU PE erate rey atale-at els face loi altadieya. ays ana olojore, cus stata tateuatereta ateretaratele 240 | 908 1to

Here it is seen that as a muscle or milk maker Red clover has
more than two and a half times the value of timothy hay, and more
than three times the value of corn stover; while for these purposes
alfalfa is worth nearly as much per ton as wheat bran. Red clover
would itself constitute a well balanced ration for muscle or milk
making, but for the bulk necessary to consume. Alfalfa would con-
stitute too narrow a ration and should be fed with corn stover,
silage or corn meal.

While the clovers as protein food are seen to be far richer than
timothy hay, why do they not command a higher price in market?
Horsemen object to clover hay because it usually contains more
dust and hard, indigestible fibre. And this is the fact in the case of

21—6—1905

322 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

the common red clover usually offered on the market, because im-
properly made. When grown with timothy, ripening as it does two
weeks earlier than does the latter, it is too ripe when harvested.
When timothy is at its best, the clover blossom has browned and
its stem becomes woody and largely indigestible. Red clover should
be cut before many heads are brown, though not all are yet in bloom.
If clover and timothy are to be grown together, the variety should
be the Mammoth; but the manner of curing clover hay has much
_to do in producing the objectionable features complained of. It
should never be sun-dried, but cured in a mow practically air-tight,
or what is more practicable, in a shock. Thus cured, the leaves
containing the Jarger per cent. of the plant protein, retain their
bright green color, and the blossoms, their red. Dark brown clover
hay, sun-dried, is unfit for horse feed and has lost half its value for
the dairy cow.

At the present prices of concentrated protein foods, the Pennsyl-
vania farmer must seek to produce his own protein, or abandon his
hopes of large profits from his dairy. In the clovers we have the
most available source of protein. With clover and shredded corn
stover or silage for roughage, and corn meal and wheat bran as con-
centrates, we readily compound a balanced ration for the herd or
team; a ration the most healthful that can be produced, and the
greater part of which is produced on the farm. Or with alfalfa,
corn silage and corn meal with a much smaller proportion of wheat
bran, an equally valuable ration may be compounded at a trifling
eash outlay.

But so much attention is now being given to rations of the dairy
cow especially, that IT shall not enter the subject farther, my only
purpose having been to point out the important place occupied by
the clovers in a well-balanced and healthful ration.

It will be noted that I couple “well-balanced” with “healthful,”
as modifying rations, for healthfulness must go before the standard
ratio. From one point of view the cow is a machine for the manu-
facture of the raw material into the finished product—milk; but
she is far more than a machine; she is a living, sentiment being
whose nerves go before her lacteal glands, and whose health and
comfort condition her profitable performances. In the selection of
her food, therefore, not only the chemist but the physiologist must
be consulted. Clover has been proven to possess not only a high per
cent. of digestible protein, but other properties that are greatly
relished by the flocks, herds and teams, and that contribute to the
health of the animal. Physicians prescribe a clover hay infusion for
the nervous spasm peculiar to whooping-cough. They also classify
it under that vague name “alterative,’ and administer it success-
fuliv in scrofulous affections of the glands and skin.

— ss ee, UU

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 323

Dismissing the food feature, we must now give attention to a far
more difficult and important phase of the subject; I mean the resto.
ration and maintenance of soil fertility with the use of clovers.

It is beyond question that the supreme need in the soils of our
State, as well as in all the older states in the East, is humus rich
in the forms of nitrogen. The present superiority of our western
empires arises chiefly from the vast stores of humus with which
the prairies are covered. When this accumulation of decayed vege-
table matter is passed, their soil is found inferior to our own. It
has not the mineral element of fertility that ours possesses. Our
soil contains large quantities of these mineral elements, unavailable
for the most part, but present and needing only such agents as will
disintegrate them to become available to our growing crops. Such
agents are supplied by decaying vegetable matter in the soil. The
acids set free in such decomposition attack the insoluble mineral
compounds and reduce them to soluble forms. This action, with
the improved mechanical condition of the soil which it produces, is
common to all decaying vegetation. The clovers render this ser-
vice and go much farther; they gather large quantities of nitrogen
from the air and add it to the soil as a net gain above the benefits
derived from the decay of the non-leguminous plants.

Some years ago the Cornell Experiment Station conducted the
following experiment: There were sown three plots, side by side,
one to Crimson clover, one to Red clover and one to Mammoth
clover. In three months and four days a chemical examination
was made, which showed that the Crimson clover roots and tops had
gathered at the rate of 155 pounds of nitrogen per acre; the Mam-
moth, 145 pounds and the Red, 103 pounds. The amount of nitrogen
contained in the acre of Crimson clover, after it had been growing
but three months and four days, was equal to that contained in
18 tons of average stable manure.

Several years ago I began the production of Crimson clover as a
fertilizer by seeding one acre of early potato ground, on the 15th
of August. There was a fine stand and a rank growth, the clover
averaging thirty inches in height. On the 25th of the following May
this was turned under, and in July the ground was set to late cab-
bage. On the next April this land, with two adjoining acres of the
same kind and condition, except the clover, were planted to early
potatoes. From the beginning the difference between the two soils
was marked. The clover acre remaining spongy and moist through-
out the dry summer, while the adjoining ground became very dry and
dusty. On digging the tubers, the difference was still more marked,
for from the clover acre were picked up 202 bushels of merchantable
tubers, the first week in July, that wholesaled at 70 cents per
bushel, while from the two adjoining acres were secured but 1124

‘

324 ‘ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

bushels per acre. It is true that this difference was not whoily due
to the additional elements of fertility derived from the clover, but
ina large ieasure to the mechanical condition of the soil resulting
froin the addition of this large amount of humus.

Beyond the elements of fertility that the clover gives to the soil,
and their value as humus, they aid in soil improvement by perfor-
ating the sub-soil with their long roots, thus opening it to the action
of the air and pumping up the soluble plant food that had leached
beyond plow depth.

The importance of the clovers as fertilizers is being appreciated,
but many are discouraged by the difficulty of securing a crop. To
this we must vow give attention.

I believe that when we understand the demands of the clover
plant as well as we understand the demands of our common farm
plants, such as corn, oats and potatoes, we will be able to raise as
good a crop of cloyer as we do that of the others. Our poor soil ily
worked will raise nothing well. Certain unforeseen conditions of
weather may militate against any crop, but no more against clover
than against others. Any other crop treated as unwisely as we
often treat the clover plant would result in as great a failure as we
often experience with this. The fact is that clover is no baby;
it is one of our hardiest plants. It takes hold on earth and air
and sun, and what it cannot secure from one it draws from the
other. Frost and flood and drouth do not affect it as readily as
they do most other farm plants. It asks no special favors. It only
asks what we concede to other plants; an open field and a fair
fight. And this reasonable demand is precisely what we have
usually ignored. Who would think of growing a crop of corn and
of oats, or of rye and of buckwheat,.or of potatoes and of timothy
on the same ground at the same time? And yet in the production of
clover we have tried to raise three full crops on the same ground at
the same time, and we have generally failed. We give the use of
a field a year to corn, oats or wheat; but to the clover crop, worth
more hard cash than either of the others, we give the chance to
steal an existence the best it may in the shadow of the others. We
have thought it should have a “nurse crop” to shade it, as though
the sunlight were not one of the supreme conditions of its growth.
A nurse that consumes the moisture, fertility and sun-light needed
by the young plant is not a profitable one. Prof. Thorne, of the
Ohio Experiment Station, at Wooster, in a letter to me in which he
recited the observations of the Station, concluded by saying: “It
is our firm conviction that the so-called ‘nurse crop’ is the robber
crop.” True, now and then we may secure a stand of clover in the
wheat or rye crop, but it is usually uneven, strong where the grain
is weak, and weak where the grain is strong; but a good, even stand
is the exception and not the rule.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 825

If the field cannot be given exclusively to the clover, and a fine
seed-bed prepared and sown in April, a wheat or rye stubble field
may be prepared by burning off the stubble, if necessary, and thor-
oughly harrowing it, with the chances that not only a better stand
will be obtained, but a better root system will be developed than in
the feeble plants that have struggled among the grain for a foot-
hold and then been suddenly thrown into the scorching sun and
drouth of mid-summer at harvest time.

Crimson ciover, that queen of fertilizers, being an annual, may be
sown as an atter-crop and turned under near the latter part of
May, when in full bloom, for corn or potatoes. It will have acted as
a cover-crop of great importance, and will furnish a vast amount of
humus and nitrogen. It is better to sow it after early potatoes or
on stubble ground prepared as already indicated. lt may be sown
in corn ahead of the last working, never later than the first of
August, if the corn is a small variety and rowed wide apart, with
the rows running north and south, so that sunlight will be freely
admitted. Home-grown seed should always be used, not less than
fifteen pounds to the acre, and it should be well cultivated in.
Unless well covered, the dry, hot weather usual in August and Sep-
tember, will probably destroy most of it. Early seeding and thor-
ough covering is necessary also to secure a root development suffi-
cient to prevent heaving during the winter, though freezing the
plant does no harm. My experience shows that under like condi-
tions Crimson clover is as hardy as Red clover.

Scores of unsuccessful attempts to secure a clover stand have
been detailed to me during Institute work, and I have usually found
that in such cases the chief causes of failure, named in the order of
their importance, were the following: Lack of humus and frequently
the presence of acid; the ever-present “nurse crop;” imperfect seed-
bed and seeding, and imperfect drainage.

I condense the statement of the conditions of clover production
into five sentences: Clear the soil interstices of stagnant water;
fill the soil with humus by plowing wider stable manure or rye and
vetch; apply caustic lime, 500 to 1,000 pounds per acre; prepare a
deep, fine seed-bed and thoroughly cover the seed; give the field
wholly to the clover as early in the season as practicable.

The growth of the clover will be greatly promoted with a top-
dressing of well-rotted stable manure. It is a mistake to suppose
that, because clover derives much of its nitrogen from the air, it
needs no nitrogenous fertilizer to start its growth. But if the soil is
dark with humus, a commercial fertilizer containing about eight per
cent. of potash and twelve per cent. of phosphoric acid, if on a clay
soil; or twelve per cent. of potash and eight per cent. of phosphoric
acid, if on sandy ground, drilled at the rate of 150 to 250 pounds per

326 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

acre, will be profitable. The addition of lime, which will neutralize
the acid and thus favor the work of the soil bacteria, will render the
mineral elements of fertility more available, render the soil more
friable and feed the plant direct. In many soils lime will be in-
dispensable; in all it will be highly profitable.

The production of alfalfa has greatly interested dairymen since
learning its value as a protein food, and the tonnage that can be
produced on a given area. So much has recently been written on the
subject that I give it the briefest mention. Alfalfa requires a gar-
den soil. The surface must be rich and fine and the subsoil porous,
easily permeable by the roots of the plant. The soil need not be
sandy nor the subsoil an open gravel. <A rich, clay loam, without a
dense hard-pan will bring good results. The water level should be
at least seven or eight feet below the surface. The seed should be
sown as early in the spring as the soil can be put into first class
condition. Sow by itself twenty-five pounds to the acre and cover
with a light harrow or a weeder worked both ways. If the soil is
sandy or quite dry it should be rolled after seeding, following the
roller with a weeder. These conditions may all be furnished and a
perfect stand secured, and yet a failure result if the subsequent
treatment be neglected. In about six weks from the time of seed-
ing, the young plants will begin to show a blue blossom here and
there. Now the mower must be run over it and the plants clipped.
In another six weeks the operation must be repeated, and again the
third clipping at the end of the same period, and the clippings al-
lowed to remain on the stubble as a mulch. If the young plants are
allowed to run up and mature seed the crop will be ruined. The
clipping is wecessary to prevent this, to give stronger root develop-
ment, and to check the growth of weeds that are especially destruc-
tive of the alfalfa during the first year. The subsequent cuttings
of the plant for hay should occur at about the same periods.

Though necessarily too brief to be of the greatest value, 1 am
glad to make this slight contribution to the study of a subject that
I find is greatly interesting the farmers of the State; an interest
that is full of promise, since it is growing more and more important
that, in largely increased quantities, we produce our own protein
feed and our nitrogenous fertilizers.

The CHAIRMAN: These papers will all be subjects for discussion
after we get through with the numbers on the program, so any
questions you may have to ask, just hold them until after the
program for the evening is finished.

The next number on the program is “How Plants Feed and Grow,”
by Prof. R. L. Watts, of Scalp Level, Cambria county, Pa.

Prof. Watts then presented his paper as follows:

—.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 327

HOW PLANTS FEED AND GROW.

By PROF. R. L. WATTS, Scalp Level, Pa.

= x

A thorough knowledge of how plants feed and grow, coupled
with industry and good management, will insure success for every
tiller of the soil. Satisfactory crop production is purely a question
of knowledge and its application. Plants must grow and yield
bountifully when they receive the proper treatment. As to the
right treatment, under existing conditions, each farmer must de-
cide for himself. Books, bulletins and lecturers may instruct and
guide, but only experience will settle the perplexing problems that
come to the thinking farmer. He must study, ebserve and experi-
ment to gain that knowledge which will lead to the greatest success.

It is not within the province of this brief paper to discuss techni-
calities relating to the nutrition and growth of plants. But an at-
tempt will simply be made to bring out some of the more important
facts regarding conditions most favorable to the development of
plants. :

PHYSICAL CONDITION OF SOILS.

In recent years probably too much attention has been given to
the use of commercial fertilizers and not enough to the improvement
of the mechanical condition of soils. There are thousands of acres
of land in Pennsylvania where crop production would be only
slightly increased by the most liberal application of commercial fer-
tilizers. It is not our purpose to condemn the use of fertilizers, but
we do not hesitate to say that, with most soils, a change in the physi-
cal properties is of much greater importance than the application of
fertilizers. We have found in our own operations that even the ex-
iravagant use of fertilizers fails to give satisfactory results when
the texture of the soil is unfavorable. One small plot, distinctly
clayey, has been heavily manured and treated with a high grade,
home-mixed fertilizer for four successive years, and yet the soil
fails to respond in a satisfactory manner because it is not a suitable
medium for root development. The soil needs lime to make it loose
and friable; and neither manure nor commercial fertilizers will have _

328 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

the desired effect until there is a liberal application of lime. Liming
should be recommended more for its value in improving the physi-
cal condition of very heavy soils than for its action in liberating
plant food. Whenever the soil is rendered flocculent by lime and
the addition of vegetable matter, then commercial fertilizers will be
more effective and the important work of the bacteria of the soil
will be greatly augmented.

Again, the physical properties of very sandy or gravelly soils are
not conducive to the growth of large crops, and the tiller should
consider how he might economically increase the supply of organic
matter instead of simply the amount of the various elements of
plant food.

HUMUS.

The great problem before the American farmer is, how to main-
tain and increase the supply of humus in cultivated soils. Were
ii simply a matter of preserving the supply of available food ele-
ments, the question would be greatly simplified. We would then
purchase in available forms the food elements needed. We would
not need to concern ourselves about manure, clover, cow peas and
green crops as means of increasing the fertility of the soil.

The value of humus as a factor of soil fertility is not disputed.
Soils rich in decaying vegetable matter are, as a rule, highly pro-
ductive. It was the enormous supply of humus in the western
prairie lands that induced farmers to seek those soiis. It is the
large store of organic matter still found there that makes it possi-
ble to produce such large crops of cereals, and this accounts for the
very limited use of commercial fertilizers on western farms.

it is difficult to comprehend the full value of humus in the feeding
of plants. All the factors of soil fertility are more or less influenced
by the supply of decaying vegetable matter. Soils rich in humus
are dark in color, and this means a warm soil, as dark colors ab-
sorb more heat than light ones. Chemical changes and bacterial
life are more active in warm soils, hence, plants in such soils grow
rapidly on account of the available supply of plant food. This fact
is especially recognized by market gardeners whose profits are
largely determined by the early maturity of their crops. Humus,
when added in sufficient quantrty, unproves the tilth of the soil,
making it lighter and more friable, thus decreasing the labor nec-
essary for tillage. Humus renders the particles of stiff soils less
resistant to root growth. Humus absorbs and holds water to,a
greater extent than any other soil ingredient. Humus binds to-
gether the loose particles of sandy and gravelly soils, rendering
them more retentive of moisture and plant food. Humus aids in
the decomposition of the mineral matters of the soil by whic

eA hrete

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICU LTU RE, 329

available plant food is converted into available. Lumus, because of
its retentive power, decreases the loss of nitrates by leaching.
HLumus fixes and holds ammonia in the soil until it is converted into
nitrate nitrogen, a form which can be used by the growing plants.
{fumus ordinarily contains from 5 to 12 per cent. of nitrogen, making
it of inestimable value as a source of this element. Humus also
contains potash, lime, phosphoric acid and other essential elements
of plant food. Humus is necessary for the life and work of micro-
organisms which must be present in large numbers to insure a pro-
ductive soil. So great and varied are the good influences of humus
that its importance as a factor of soil fertility cannot be emphasized
too highly. When any soil is cropped with grain or plants requir-
ing clean tillage, without manuring or plowing under of green crops,
the supply of decaying vegetable matter rapidly decreases and the
fertility of the soil diminishes in proportion to the decrease of
organic matter. Every possible means should, therefore, be em-
ployed to maintain the supply of humus. This may be done by the
liberal use of farm manures, green manuring and a proper rotation
of crops.

BACTERIA OF THE SOIL.

In this age of advanced agricultural science, we hear much of the
great work bacteria are doing for the farmer. Even the institute
soloists are beginning to sing about microbes in the air, and
microbes everywhere. The Experiment Stations and State Depart-
ments of Agriculture have taken up a detailed study of the bacteria
of the soil, and the literature on the subject is profuse. Our own
State Department of Agriculture should be commended for its quite
recent bulletin on “Soil Bacteria in their Relation to Agriculture.”
This treatise should be carefully studied by every farmer of our
Commonwealth, for no cultivator can work intelligently without a
knowledge of the micro-organisms of the soil.

Not many years ago the soil was regarded as simply dead, inert
matter, entirely devoid of life, except the root of the crops which
were being produced thereon. But scientific study and research
show that the soil is permeated with living beings; that the soil isa
veritable workshop or laboratory where myriads of micro-organisms
are constantly engaged, when the conditions are favorable, in con-
verting the hard, insoluble, unavailable particles into forms that
the plant can use. There is a most intimate relationship existing
between the lower and the higher forms of plant life. The lower
forms digest the food for the higher so that it can be assimilated and
utilized.

The action of bacteria in the formation of nitrates is especially
important to growing plants. Plants derive most of their nitro-

330 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

geu from nitrates, aud the process of converting various organic
ferms into nitrates is known as nitrification.

As the growth of plants is so largely dependent upon the activity
of soil ferments, it is important for the farmer to know the condi-
tions most favorable for their work. <A certain amount of humus
is necessary, but excessive quantities are unfavorable, as this re-
sults in an acid condition which retards the work of the soil fer-
ments. Here we note another reason for the use of lime. The
activity of nitrifying organisms is increased by an alkaline environ-
ment secured by liming, and it is not improbable that, on many
soils, this is the ost important use of lime. The ferments flourish
best near the surface of the soil, where there is an abundance of at-

laospheric oxygen. Prof. Frederick D. Chester, of the Delaware

Agricultural Experiment Station, found at four inches from the
surface, 1,652,000 bacteria per gram. At six inches from the surface,
1,623,000 bacteria per gram. At twelve inches, 73,000 per gram. At
eighteen inches 21,000 per gram. At twenty-four inches only 4,000
per gram. We find in these figures an argument against the deep
plowing of very heavy, compact soils. For the turning up of soil
so deficient in nitrifying organisms we cannot expect the plants to
be liberally fed.

The number of bacteria of the soil is largely dependent upon
the extent of aeration. It is often necessary to expose to the air
for a season or two certain lands, especially pasture fields of long
standing, before they will respond satisfactory to tillage. This
necessity arises from the fact that the number of ferments in some
soils is too limited to digest the supply of food needed to make a
large crop. Last summer the writer thought he would prepare an
ideal plot of ground for late cabbage by plowing a small area
heavily covered by a blue-grass sod, which had been pastured for
a long series of years. After plowing, harrowing and dragging, the
soi] was loose and friable, and the workmen and the writer were
unanimous in their opinion that the yield would be large. But
the crop there was a failure. The nitrifying ferments were not
present in sufficient number to feed the cabbage and commercial fer-
tilizers alone could-not do the work.

As aeration is necessary for the activity of the nitrifying organ-
isms, the advantages of thorough tillage are apparent. From the
figures given by Prof. Chester and other investigators regarding the
number of bacteria in the soil found at different depths, we learn
that good plowing and good harrowing do not consist in the pulveri-
zation of only a few inches of surface soil, but we must conclude
that thorough tillage to the depth of at least seven or eight inches is
necessary to secure the best results. Previous to this time the
frequent tillage of cultivated crops has been agitated chiefly be-

et lal a i

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 331

cause it conserves soil moisture, and very few have attached suffi-
cient importance to tillage as a means to augment chemical ac-
tivites by favoring the work of various bacteria. If thorough aera-
tion is so essential to the work of nitrifying ferments, is it not
highly probable that farmers would find it profitable to cultivate
hoed crops even more frequently than is deemed necessary to simply
conserve soil moisture. In this connection the fact should be made
prominent, that a reasonable amount of moisture is essential to the
ereatest activity of bacteria, so that in cultivating, a double pur-
pose is accomplished in conserving the moisture needed by the
ferments, and also by the growing crops. When the soil becomes
very dry, bacteria cease ta increase in number and many of them
die.

Barnyard manure, when properly cared for, contains large num-
bers of nitrifying organisms, and this is one of the reasons why
barnyard manure is so valuable asa fertilizer. It not only supplies
food elements and improves the mechanical condition of the soil,
but it also inoculates the soil with bacteria, which liberate food
from unavailable forms.

NITRATE OF SODA.

It is not disputed, that of the three elements,of fertility fre-
quently deficient in the soil, and hence necessary to be applied
in an artificial way, nitrogen is the most important, so far as ac-
tual plant growth is concerned. Therefore, in the feeding of
plants, we must gonsider nitrogen as the most important element,
just as corn is the most important factor in the production of beef
or pork. It is, also, an indisputable fact that the quantities avail-
able as plant food in most soils are very limited and that nitrogen is
usually the first element to become exhausted. As sodium nitrate
is available as plant food without the intervention of nitrifying
organisms, which few soils contain in sufficient number, the high
value of this fertilizer is readily seen; but there is no doubt that
the great mass of cultivators of the soil do not appreciate its full
value.

If we are seeking the production of fruits or cereals, there must
be a vigorous growth of leaf and wood to insure a satisfactory
yield, and, if we are working for distinctively a leaf product, such as
lettuce or cabbage, the plants will use, economically, enormous sup-
plies of nitrogen in the form of nitrates. As nitrate of soda is a
very powerful and quickly acting fertilizer, it must be used with
care, and its properties fully understood. If applied at the usual
time of the ripening of any crop the effect will be to stimulate new
growth and to retard maturity. Applications should, therefore,
be made when the crop is in an active, growing condition, and when

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Co
oo

the roots are well distributed throughout the soil, to prevent loss by
leaching. With a garden crop, such as tomatoes, about three appli-
cations should be made early in the season before the fruit begins
to ripen. With oats, wheat, barley and other cereals it should
never be used after the plants reach the blooming stage. Both the
small and large fruits should receive the applications early in the
season when the growth is most active. Leaf crops, such as let-
tuce and cabbage, are benefited by the use of nitrates during the en-
lire period of growth. The Experiment Stations and private inves-
tigators have shown how profits may be materially increased by
the use of nitrate of soda. We have found its use highly profitable
in our own operations, and to our fellow farmers who have not used
this concentrated plant food we would say, try it on a limited seale,
and if judiciously used, we are convinced that they will ever after
include it in their list of fertilizers.

The CHAIRMAN: As suggested by Col. Woodward, we will in-
tersperse our exercises with something outside of the program.
I now call on Mr. McWilliams, of Juniata county, for a song.

Mr. McWilliams came forward and entertained the audience with

a song, entitled “The Old Yellow Pumpkin.”

The CHAIRMAN: The next paper on the program for the even-
ing is “Feeding Powers and Habits of Some Agricultural Plants,”
by Prof. Franklin Menges, of York, Pa.

Is the Professor present? He appears not to be here.

The fourth and last paper for the evening is “Qhe Making of a
Farmer,” by J. H. Peachy, of Belleville, Pa. ’

Mr. Peachy presented his paper as follows:

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 333

THE MAKING OF A FARMER.

By J. H. PEACHY, Belleville, Pu.

Jacob Riis, in his inimitable and characteristic manner most beau-
tifully portrays “The Making of an American.” It is the simple
story of a European boy, transplanted to American soil, struggling
mantully to secure the blessings and privileges accorded to Ameri-
can citizenship. During the various stages of advancement, en-
couraged by the smile of prosperity, strengthened by the stern
realities of active life, there appears that steady under-current of
concentration so necessary for the promulgation of thought, or the
development of an idea.

Though his idea of “The Making of an American” may differ some-
what from “The Making of a Farmer,” the voices of history bear
testimony to the thought that the American farmer has ever been
the best American. Best, because he pursues the highest calling
within the category of man’s usefulness, the first and only one
given directly by the Creator; best, because of his natural environ-
ments, coming in close and daily contact with Nature and nature’s
laws; best, because his business is productive, not merely distribu-
tive, and the basis of all other industries; best, because of the
natural life he lives, blest by the energizing sunshine and invigor-
ating air, there comes from the rural home that indomitable spirit,
that pure manhood and womanhood, that noble character, that tire-
less energy, that bundle of possibilities, that has adorned and ele-
vated every profession in life, and without which the great arterial
system of the commercial world would soon clog for want of pure
blood.

‘Tis said that poets are born; not made. And yet poetry is the
product of labor. The thought that shall endure the test of time
has only been obtained by persistent effort.

irey’s Elegy embraces years of patient toil. Hawthorne’s Scar.
let Letter, that great American romance, was not written in a day.
Daniel Webster, the great constitutional lawyer, after that un-
answerable reply to Senator Hayne, was asked how long it took him
io prepare that speech, said “thirty vears.”

334 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Horace Greeley, when asked how he would make a great journal.
ist, replied: “Feed him on printer’s ink,” meaning by that to start
the boy picking type, thereby learning the first principals of the “art
preservative of all arts.”

When Princeton and West Point were lined up for that cultured
and refined American game of football, the referee said: “Princeton
are you ready?” The captain answered, “Yep.” “West Point,
are you ready?” “We are ready, sir,” came the well-rounded reply.
Notice the difference of the two answers. It means more than ean
be told in a word or grasped in an idea. It involved a principle of
education. West Point had learned to do things right, a very de-
sirable factor in the problem of human life.

But what has this to do with “The Making of a Farmer.” Does
the successful operation of his business require a vast expenditure
of thought and labor? Does he need to do anything more than
sow the seed and reap the harvest, and sell the crop, and spend the
money? Does he even need to think for himself, or can he continue
to allow the other fellow to do the thinking for him? Does he nec-
essarily need to look carefully after the details of his farming opera-
tions in order to be successful? Can he afford to spend time in
preparation for his life work, or gain the experience of others?
Will it pay him to do things right? Can he afford to waste money
on a lead pencil and learn to use it intelligently?

On looking back to those geod old times before the rattle of the
mowing machine was heard in the land, we see those steady mowers
Swinging the mow-hook so gracefully. All day long they follow
their intrepid leader, generally the best mower, who sets the pace
for his followers. By virtue of his position, the first in the proces-
sion, he must necessarily have the best scythe. At the rear end
of ihe line we see the boy with an old mow-hook, unskilled in the
art of whetting the seythe, striving honestly and manfully to keep
his place. He is laboring at a disadvantage, from the fact of some
one else having used and abused the implement he now employs.
It is a “hand-me-down,” but sufficiently good for a boy. He might
injure a new one, and for all that, he is only learning to mow.

Well do I remember seeing a band of these “jolly haymakers”
bending to their work. I also heard, but did not understand “that
there is no time lost in whetting.” That labor performed in sharp-
eping the steel was economizing strength and rendering more effi-
cient service. That time expended in preparation was the surest
means of accomplishing a purpose. That in the economy of labor,
thought must devise the means of securing the best results.

The young man enters the service of a railroad company by going
into the office and gaining a practical knowledge of the business.
The future lawyer spends years of close application in order to be

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 336

successful in legal practice, and know what his services are really
worth to his client. The physician must likewise gather the ac-
cumulated experience of the past in his efforts to keep the human
family from going to that “bourne from whence no traveler returns.”
The minister, also, with an eye single for the good things of this
earth, must be prepared to tell the old, old story in a manner pleas-
ing and effective, if he would have the world to stop, keep awake and
listen to his message. A college education seems almost necessary
in order to become eminently successful in these three professions.

But what of the man that feeds them all. Does he need any
special preparation for his life-work? Is he confronted by the intri-
eate problems shared by those engaged in other vocations? If so,
then, as in other lines of business, the man is the most important
factor.. Success in any line of agriculture is measured largely by
the accumulated experience of the farmer. Agricultural science com-
pared with that of other lines, is yet very meagre and incomplete.
Scientific investigations are solving some of the problems that
trouble the agriculturist, but the conditions are so different in the
various localities, that every farm must needs be an experiment
station. -In other words, every farmer must put thought enough
into his business to understand his conditions, and adapt himself to
the circumstances, carefully choosing a special line of farm opera-
tions naturally adapted to his taste and environment. By-so doing
he gets more enjoyment out of his earthly span, larger profits for his
labor, and helps dignify and ennoble the greatest productive in-
dustry in the world.

Occasionally we hear uncomplimentary remarks concerning the
business of agriculture. A low estimate is put upon the farmer’s
vocation, because it does not afford advantages for improvement.
that it lacks in affording means for the development of thought;
that studying agriculture and burying a talent are synonymous.

Strange, indeed, that such a mistaken idea should find momentary
existence. Such characters are better prepared to dream with Rip
Van Winkle than to sleep the sleep of the just. Many instances
prove the contrary. The development of that wonderful machine,
the dairy cow, should satisfy the most critical, to say nothing of
that massive product, the beef animal. That spirited thorough-
bred and ponderous draft horse are also products of care and selec-
tion. The history of the pumpkin seed, beginning with a very insig-
nificant specimen, no larger than an ordinary cucumber, and ending
with the old “Yellow Pumpkin,” and its relative, exhibited at the
fair, produces evidence of thought and labor.

Modern husbandry requires the hardest kind of thinking. From
one common cenire, the soil, radiates many different lines, each in
itself diffienlt enough for the brightest mind. To restore the former

336 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

productivity of that hand-me-down farm, without having to sell,
is a question only partially solved. ‘Uncle Sam” says to the mili-
tary powers of the world, “hands off,’ and off they go, but the in-
numerable hosts of insect foes march grandly on through field, farm,
orchard and garden. Greek roots are a source of trouble to the
student, but how to grow clover roots continuously is more per-
plexing to the farmer. During a period of extreme drouth, we
consult our most reliable almanac, watch the barometer, com-
pare the never-failing signs with those of the lesser prophets,
watching and waiting for the dews of Heaven to descend upon the
parched earth, while the lumberman’s axe continues to lay waste
our beautiful forests, and, in a measure, at least, change the cli-
matic conditions of the country. Under such circumstances we
think of the conservation of soil moisture. These are some of the
questions that have to do with the making of a farmer. Upon him
devolves the task of answering them.

“There are but three resources of wealth—brains, muscle and raw
material.” Happily the farmer possesses all three. What he
needs is a better knowledge of their application. How can this be
secured? First, in the farmers’ home, made as goed and comfort-
able as the possessor’s circumstances will aliow, where the child can
form habits of industry, learn the value of a dollar, be taught that
labor is* dignified and honorable, build up a strong physique in
observance of the laws of sanitation, and can be taught to learn to
love the beautiful and good in Nature, and beyond that, the God
who created all things. Second, in the public schools, centralized,
graded, supplemented with a practical course in nature study, sup-
plied with some needed apparatus, and equipped with an able corps
of teachers, the best one being in the primary department. Third,
in the Agricultural College and at the Experiment Station, applying
the scientific principles of specialists in the various lines, making
them levers of thought, by which the great agricultural interests
of the country must ultimately be moved.

3ut some one says this is impractical. For his benefit allow me
to say that not every farmer can secure a college education; but
practical and scientific literature is easily obtained, and it is crim-
inal neglect upon the part of parents at this time to allow their
children to grow into citizenship without learning to read intelli-
gently. Not from books alone must come that knowledge so nec-
essary for the making of a farmer, but it is the cheapest means of
getting the other fellow’s experience. Our own experience may
make a deeper impression upon the memory, and yet not be so valu-
able. Thought, and not after-thought, must direct the labor and
energy upon the farm.

A good housewife haying in her employ a Chinese cook, in whom

No. 6. “DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

oo
ew

she was well pleased, visited the kitchen one evening and was
amazed to find this cleanly fellow washing his feet in the dish-pan.
Having filed her objections to such proceedings, John indignantly
replied: “Me feetee-welley clean. Me washee, washee, evely night.”
In this simple illustration we notice two visible view-points. The
same question viewed from two different positions aroused the same
feelings in the mind. While we have only touched the fringe on
the garment of our subject, the principle remains true, that no one
in any calling can do better than he knows.

Thought, then, must precede action. The farmer’s movements,
to be successful, must be directed by intelligence. As steel shar-
peneth steel, so mind sharpeneth mind. If the mind is the man,
then the making of a farmer depends upon the cultivation of the,
mind. With increased knowledge will come higher ideals and in-
creasingly responsibilities. By the elevation of the individual a
clearer realization of the importance of agriculture will be secured,
and the modern husbandman will command the respect which his
business so justly merits.

The CHAIRMAN: That we might not go home tired we will
have a little entertainment by my friend Seeds, from Warrior’s
Mark township, who has kept very quiet and been very, very good,
and [ think he is now ready to perform his little part.

Mr. Seeds came forward and gave a humorous, witty and enter-
taining talk, illustrating the force and effect of saying the right
thing at the right time and place.

MR. MARTIN: Mr. Chairman, we are favored at this meeting
with the presence of our former Secretary of Agriculture, Pro-
fessor John Hamilton, who is now Institute Specialist in the
United States Department of Agriculture. I desire to inquire of
Professor Hamilton if he will be with us during to-morrow’s session.
If not, we desire very much to have some remarks from him.

PROF. HAMILTON: Mr. Chairman, I hoped when I came here
to have been with your Institute during the entire time of your
session, including the three days, but I find it will be necessary for
me to go away: on the morning of Thursday, so I expect to be here
all day to-morrow.

MR. SEEDS: If you please, coming down on the train I knew the
ex-Secretary would be here, and knowing the people of Huntingdon
county and everyone present would be glad to hear from him, I
want to give my time to-morrow night to Prof. Hamilton, and let
him have the time that I have on the program.

PROF. HAMILTON: ‘That is contrary to one of the rules of our

22—6— 19038

3238 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Institute work. Every man is published and expected to take the
time assigned him, and so there ought not to be anything to inter-
fere with that. If, however, there is a little odd time that is unoe-
cupied I will be glad to say a word.

_ The CHAIRMAN: We will be glad at some time to-morrow to
hear from Professor Hamilton. For years he was Director of In-
stitutes, afterwards for four years Secretary of Agriculture, and is
now connected with the United States Department of Agriculture
as Institute Specialist, and I Know you will be glad to hear from
him.

SECRETARY MARTIN: Before adjourning, I desire to call the
attention of the audience to our program for to-morrow morning

“at 90’ clock, and for to-morrow afternoon and evening. Write out
any question that you may want to have taken up and discussed.

The CHAIRMAN: ‘The Committee on Resolutions will meet to-
morrow morning at 8 o’clock. Are there any other announcements
to make for to-morrow?

MR. 8S. 8S. BLYHOLDER, Chairman of the Committee on Queries:
| would tea that any who have questions to hand in to raise your
hands and we will take them up now.

The CHAIRMAN: The Superintendent of the Huntingdon Re-
formatory desires me to extend to you an invitation to inspect that
institution. Promptly at 1 o’clock to-morrow afternoon conyey-
ances will be here at the court house to take you to the Reforma-
tory, and after a tour through the institution will bring you back
quickly to the court house.

MR. MARTIN: Just a word. Those who are entitled to re-
muneration for transportation and hotel expenses'I trust will
call on me for vouchers. J have them here now. It is important
that we have final settlement for this year’s expenses made very
promptly, and that is the reason why I make this request of each
one entitled.

On motion, the meeting adjourned at 10 o’clock P. M., to meet to-
morrow (Wednesday) morning, June 3, 1908, at 9. 7

Wednesday Morning, June 3, 1903.

A. L. MARTIN, Deputy Secretary of Agriculture and Director of
Institutes, called the meeting to order at the time designated
and announced that the Chairman for the morning would be Mr.
Samuel McCreary, of Neshannock Falls, Pa., who thereupon took
charge of the meeting.

vr eee

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 339

‘The CHAIRMAN: We will proceed at once to take up the pro-
vvam as published. The first thing is “Soil Moisture,” by Mr. M.
S. McDowell, of State College, Pa.

MR. McDOWELL: In view of the exceedingly dvy weather that

we have been experiencing in nearly every part of the State, and
in view of the damage which has resulted, it would seem pre-
-posterous for us to say that it would be possible to get along with-
out some rain. The majority of us must have some rain, and yet
to illustrate what may be done under the most favorable conditions,
we meet those here who claim to be getting along with a small
amount of it. Mr. Detrich considers summer rains somewhat in
the nature of a nuisance, and Professor Watts has been solving
the question so that he can get along fairly well with a small amount
of rain. These facts go to illustrate what can be done under the
most favorable conditions, and that it is possible by study and
mastering the principles which underlie them to solve them to a fair
degree at least.

Mr. McDowell then presented his paper as follows:
\

340 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

SOIL MOISTURE.

By M. S. MCDOWELL, State College.

Soil moisture, too little and in some cases too much of it, is one
of the most oft recurring and perplexing problems which present
themselves to the farmer for solution. It is more often than any
other the potent factor which influences success or failure in farm
operations. In the brief time allotted, it will be our endeavor to
cuuimerate a few of the more saiient points which bear directly
upon the moisture-content of the soil, and, in addition, to develop
a few observations relative to a phase of the moisture question
not usually touched upon in considering this subject. Wé#@ are
familiar with the discussions on our farms and in the cities and
towns of our State concerning a pure and sufficient water supply
for use in the home, and it is a matter which in many quarters re-
quires continual agitation. Pure water in large quantities is a
necessity to the human race. Water is just as important a factor
in plant life, and is capable of receiving as careful consideration.
Notwithstanding the fact that the amount of water required by
growing plants has been frequently emphasized, we often fail to
realize how large this quantity is under ordinary circumstances.
The plant is composed largely of water. From 65 to 95 per cent.
or from 65 to 95 pounds, and in some cases as high as 98 pounds,
in every 100 pounds is made up of water. When clover hay or
grass is first cut, it contains on an average about 71 pounds of
water to every 100 pounds of grass; when corn is cut for silage it
contains about 79 pounds of water to every 100 pounds of corn;
when a bushel of apples is picked, water represents 80 to 85 per
cent. of the weight of those apples. So we night go on enumerating
the various agricultural plants and indicating the amount of water
contained in each. These few incidents, however, will suffice to
emphasize the large proportion of water demanded by plants as a
necessary part of their structure. And yet this large quantity
represents but a fractional part of the total amount of moisture
consumed in their development. We eat the food which is placed
before us without reference to its solid or liquid condition. The
infant, on the other hand, must be supplied with liquid food. It can
not handle solid food. So it is with the plant. The material it

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 34)

takes from the soil must be in solution, and, of necessity, in very
dilute solution. Large quantities of water are required to act as a
solvent and carrier of food. It is really a breathing process. The
root-hairs take up the water, ladened with the plant food elements,
from the soil. It is carried upward into the plant, the dissolved
material being absorbed and the excess of water being evaporated
from the leaves.

Experiments have been conducted which show that for every ton
of dry matter of corn produced 3810 tons of water are required; for
every ton of dry matter of oats 522 tons; and for every ton of dry
matter of potatoes 422 tons of water are consumed. In addition
to the actual needs of the plant, the presence of water is necessary
to accomplish those changes in the soil which render plant food
available and which bring about the improvement of the physical
properties of the soil.

The source of supply of all this water is, of course, the rainfall.
The average rainfall for several years past has been in the neigh-
borhood of 42 inches. An inch of rainfall means that if the water
falling during a certain time were evenly and uniformly distributed
over the surface of the ground in such a way that if it could not
escape it would collect to a dept of one inch. To state it in a
more concise way, an inch of rainfall is equivalent to 118 tons of
water to the acre, so that in the course of a year every acre receives
about 4,500 tons of water. This would be sufficient to supply
any crop with an abundance of water were it all available. Much
of this water, however, never sinks into the soil, but runs off the
surface and is not only lost, so far as its use by the plant is con-
cerned, in many cases carries with it much more soluble plant food.
The difficulty arises from the uneven distribution of the rainfall
and not from its limited amount. As it is the water which falls
during the late fall and early spring and sinks in to the ground,
coming to the surface again during a dry season, upon which the
plants must chiefly rely for its drink, it is apparent that the first
problem to solye is one involving the securing of that soil condi-
tion which will permit of a maximum absorption of water. Then
if subsequent unnecessary loss of this water by evaporation can be
prevented, we will be approeching a solution of the difficulty.

Those years in which natural moisture conditions are most favor-
able give usually the most abundant harvest. Now if in an unfavor-
able season these conditions can be controlled within certain limits
through artificial means, the individual exhibiting the greatest
skill in this direction will reap the greatest reward.

before procecding to a discussion of a few of the factors which
influence the retentiveness of soils for moisture, it may be desirable
to refer, briefly to the way in which water is found in the soil.

342 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Free water is that which moves under the influence of gravity and
is the source of supply of our wells and springs. It is not directly
useful to plants and its presence too near the surface is injurious
to vegetable life. It, however, forms a reserve supply from which
capillary water is continually drawn. Capillary water is that which
filis the openings between the particles of soil and is the direct
source of supply for plants. If a towel be suspended in water the
former will gradually become wet a considerable distance above
the level of the water. The water rises in the soil in the same
manner and this phenomena is what is termed capillary action.
This capillary action does not necessarily take place from deep in
the soil toward the surface, but rather from the more moist to
the dryer portion of the soil. Asa rule, of course, the dryer soil is
to be found at the surface. Here is where water is being constantly
evaporated and the movement is from underneath upward to supply
this loss. In a dry time this force is sufficient to raise the water
through several feet of earth. So-called hygroscopic water is that
held firmly by the soil and freed only when exposed to a temperature
equal to that-of boiling water. As far as its practical bearing is
concerned it may be eliminated from the discussion.

The physical character of the soil fixes in large measure its power
to absorb and retain moisture. In general, the finer the soil grains
the more water the soil will hold, and when once absorbed the
more readily the moisture will respond to the capillary action, and
the more tenaciously such a soil will cling to its moisture. Where
a clay soil, which is composed of fine particles, under ordinary field
conditions contains 34 per cent. of moisture, a sandy soil, under
the same conditions, contains only a little over 17$ per cent. On
the other hand, the smaller the size of the spaces through which
the water must flow passing downward under the influence of grav-
ity, the slower will be the rate at which it w i] move. That soil,’
therefore, which will hold the largest volume vf water, whose par-
ticles are fine clay, is least impervious to water and much loss may
occur through surface drainage. In cases of soils -having a loose,
open texture, as sandy soils, water percolates readily, and may be
lost by passing downward beyond the reach of root action.

In the conservation of soil moisture, effort should first be directed
toward ameliorating these conditions. The greatest factor in
bringing about this improvement is the presence of humus or de-
cayed vegetable matter. It is the humus which imparts a sponge-
Jike condition to the soil. In case of heavy clay soils the small par-
ticles of which they are composed will be floceulated, thus tending
to open up the pores and admit of the more ready peneiration of
both water and air. On the other hand, it will affect the ioose, open
soil by binding the particles more closely together, bringing about
in both cases an intermediate condition.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 343

Application of lime for the purpose of bringing about the im-
provement of these physical conditions have been found in some
cases to give excellent results, especially on heavy clay soils. The
binding action of lime is well known. Lime will cement the small
particles of a clay soil at the surface, forming larger pores, thus
rendering such a soil more pervious to water, and in many cases
prevent washing.

Again, underdrainage is often an important factor in increasing
the ability of the soil to absorb and retain moisture. The fact has
already been noted that the presence of free water, within a certain
distance of the surface, is injurious to plant life. Underdrainage

lowers the level of this free water, where it exists, and prevents the

baking and cracking of the surface which occurs when a water-
logged soil dries out; it renders the soil above more friable and
loose, therefore, more adaptable as a home for plants. The soil
that can better absorb water, capillary action can go on more readily
and water can reach the rootlets with more ease.

Concerning the losses of moisture, which occur subsequently to its
absorption by the soil, evaporation is chiefiy responsible. It has
already been noted how the particles of soil form capillary tubes
through which water is lifted from underneath to the surface. At
Syracuse, New York, a test was made by the Government in con-
nection with the salt works in that city to ascertain the rate of
evaporation as compared with the amount of rainfall. The evapo-
ration from a water surface in a year was 50.2 inches, while during
the same period the rainfall amounted to 41.47 inches. From this
it can be readily seen how rapidly, under favorable conditions,
evaporation may occur from the soil where there is a much larger
surface exposed. To prevent evaporation from a vessel contain-
ing water, it is necessary to cover it, and on the same principle to
prevent unnecessary evaporation from the soil, it is necessary to
place a check at the surface of the ground. Our homes may be
supplied with water from a mountain spring or from reservoirs.
The water is conveyed by means of pipes into our houses. The sup-
ply, however, is controlled by valves. The water is at our very
hand; all we have to do is to turn the vaive. This prevents the
great waste which would occur did the water run continuously.
The same principle applies to the feeding of plants with water in
the soil. We have the supply or reservoir deep in the soil. Through
capillary action it is brought within reach of the rootlets and even
to the surface where it escapes by evaporation. Now to prevent
this waste it is desirable to put a valve at the surface; to have the
moisture come so far and then prevent, so far as possible, its es-
cape. Surface cultivation accomplishes this, breaking the capil-
lary tubes and forming a mulch which arrests evaporation. Now,

344 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

as the valves in our water lines become worn they will begin to
leak and if not properly packed the size of the leak will increase
until the waste will be as large as if no valve were there. So it is in
ihe soil. As the mulch has been formed by cultivation gradually
settles, capillarity will again be established and the loss will con-
tinue. Frequent cultivation is required to keep the connection at
the surface continually broken; to keep the valves at the surface
of the soil well packed.

The plough, the harrow, the roller, the cultivator, all serve as
conservers of moisture. The plough by breaking up the heavy soil,
making it loose, more pervious to water and by developing an open.
crumbly condition which checks the rise of capillary water. The
harrow and cultivator by breaking the connections and forming the
mulch already noted. The relation of the roller to the moisture in
the soil is opposite to that of the cultivator. There are certain
classes of soils whose particles are not in close proximity to one
another, as gravelly soils, and capillary action can not take place
so readily. The effect of the roller is to compact these particles,
completing the connections between the reservoir and the surface.
When the roller is used it should be borne in mind that the soil is
then in the best condition possible to part with its moisture, and if
the object sought is the fining of the soil and not the bringing of
water to the surface to assist in the germination of the seed, a mulch
should be placed at the surface by following immediately with the
barrow. In general, then, good drainage, humus and thorough cul-
tivation are the great factors which materially influence the ability
of soils to retain moisture.

In this connection, it is fitting to refer to the belief entertained
in some quarters, that common salt and some fertilizers tend to
make soils more moist. This belief is not altogether without war-
rant. The rate at which capillarity is able to raise water in the
soil is influenced by substances dissolved in the soil water. The
presence of common salt or land plaster in the soil-water tends to
decrease the rate at which water will rise to the surface and hence
to decrease the amount of water evaporating from the surface.

Having referred briefiy to a few well known principles relative to
the conservation of soil moisture, it may be interesting and in-
structive to trace the relation existing between this question of
moisture and that of soil temperature. There are limits beyond
which ijife cannot exist. In the case of our bodies, these limits
are quite narrow. <A variation of a few degrees means serious
consequences. Ninety-eight (98) degrees is the norma! temperature
of the human body, and should this temperature rise 8 or ten degrees
it usually means death; or, on the other hand, the results would be
equally fatal should there be a drop in temperature. This prin-

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 345

ciple applies to all animal life. As there are limits beyond which
animal life can not exist, so there are limits of temperature beyond
which vegetable life will wither and die; and as there is a so-called
normal temperature, which is the best temperature for the par-
ticular kind of animal, so there is a temperature at which plant
development will take place to the best advantage. The limits in
case of the latter are, however, much further apart. Many of the
changes which occur in the plant and animal, human or otherwise,
are chemical changes. When wood burns or when a lamp is lighted,
a chemical change takes place; the oxygen of the air is uniting
with it. Before this change can begin to take place, however, the
wood must first be ignited; that is, its temperature must be raised
to a certain point and when this is once done, other conditions
being favorable, the material continues to burn. There is sufficient
heat produced by the change taking place to maintain the action.

The germination of a seed partakes of the same nature. It must
unite with the oxygen of the air in order that its vital principles
may become manifest. It is, therefore, necessary that the tem-
perature of the soil be raised as nearly as possible to the point at
which this action will proceed to the best advantage. The mini-
mum temperature at which most seeds will begin growth is about 45
degrees Fahrenheit, but the best results are brought about by a
temperature of 68 to 70 degrees. This best temperature will, of
course, vary with the particular kind of seed. It has been found
by experiment that oats will germinate in three days at a tempera-
ture of slightly over 65 degrees, while with the temperature as low
as 41 degrees, seven days are required for germination. In the
same way, corn which will germinate in three days at 65 degrees,
requires eleven days if the temperature is down to 51 degrees. The
desirability of having the soil warmed early in the spring is there-
fore apparent.

While in the animal body, danger is usually to be apprehended
from too high a temperature, in the vegetable world the reverse is
true. It may seem to many that if a temperature of 65 to 70
degrees is best suited for the germination of seeds that this tem-
perature would not be difficult of attainment and that the soil
would easily become this warm. Observation of soil temperature,
conducted at the Experiment Station show that the average tem-
perature of the soil at the surface and a depth of one and three
inches, and extending through several vears was as follows:

346 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

}
i}
iH
|
|
|
|
|
|

| a
jai } 3
laaete : 5
- 9 | E
| & & a
= @ iP
~ =I =
< ie) a
Deg DEE | Deg
inva ea Ins Ble oe Saar teria craic clays ee aeRER ee crac BACs: ela 33.3 Epil | 33.2
EMAC TSE Ds osytaseca:ectesla?aravnvetofeispatereini ein alareiatare Hye siarsistele secsiatelnie\s ee cPare 46.7 45.7 | 44.3
PFD VT Ys) re, 5 tctavelajovecsiece eic(e ate roin\ea’aloqats w aserateranvajevelsiotere ayeimiar@esoraare aye 59.9 54.2 59.5
Te! SD ULIAG srdere, «ste rovetos case ccie-are ores “ole bisyenrein sale cred Maus (oitvs) otoiclevaiarsieeisisieyolstee e's 69.5 68.6 | 68.6
BTYAMRI CLL Vs evereraleiateisieictaehets eer velaisraisveraverewmveveretcl ote arcteiasotere sisters sion 72.2 71.6 | 72.2
FLT CTR ERLLSC- Ry ayers fe pierre a ah ravsiny eae co) ehetcdavone afels Ai ole Rene crake eto aioe 70.1 | 70.5. | 71.6
MMOS CDUCINDEE so anteyerojeis cis ie Wiclels'e wieleicmitis elsinreitn.e wierereisiclele slips ate 4.0 64.1 | 65.3

It will be seen from these figures that even in July and August
the soil temperature is but little above that which is found to give
best results.

Aside from the direct effect which a higher temperature has on
the ability of seeds to germinate, it greatly influences other pro-
cesses in the soil. We know that warm water will dissolve more
sugar or sait than will cold water. Now, as the plant food taken
from the soil must be in solution, and since much of this material
is not easily soluble at best, the advange of a higher temperature
is obvious.

Again, bacteriology teaches us that there is an optimum, as well
as a maximum and minimum, temperature at which germ life will
thrive. The higher the soil temperature, therefore, and the earlier
it can be increased, the sooner nitrification and other changes will
go forward, or in other words, the sooner plant food will become
available.

There are yet other actions which will be intensified by an in-
creased temperature. Plants absorb their dissolved food through
the rootlets by osmosts. As the temperature is increased this goes
on more readily, the dissolved material is removed more quickly,
and, as a result, the process of working over plant food is facilitated.
The circulation of the air in the soil is also increased as the tempera-
ture rises. When a good fire is desired the draught is turned on,
in order that there may be a continual supply of oxygen to unite
with the wood or coal. It is just as necessary to have good draught
in the soil in order that there may always be oxygen present to take
the place of that used up by the plant in the soil.

Now, as to the manner in which this question of temperature and
moisture are related to each other. Evaporation is a cooling pro-
cess. Upon this fact is based a physiological process which is
made use of by our bodies continuously. When our temperature
tends to become too high, perspiration comes to our rescue. Evap-
oration begins to take place and the cooling effect of this evapora-

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 347

tion holds down the temperature of the body. A sandy soil will
become warm much.more quickly than a heavy, stiff clay. The latter
holds water more tenaciously and evaporation continues to take
place, holding the temperature down.

Time will not permit nor is it necessary to discuss the way in
which control of soil moisture may affect the soil temperature, fur-
ther than to say, that the thorough preparation of the seed-bed,
upon which all good farmers insist, materially aids in preventing the
continual escape of water by evaporation and hence in bringing
about those conditions of temperature which are found most favor-
able. The formation of a mulch by cultivation as early in the
spring as possible will arrest evaporation and avoid the unnecessary
cooling of the soil which accompanies that operation. At the same
time, the warmth of the sun instead of being used up in evaporating
the water will be absorbed by the soil. It is not necessary to at-
tempt to bring these conditions about to any great depth but merely
sufficient to permit of the early warming of a few inches of the
surface soil.

The CHAIRMAN: We will deviate a little from the program, as
I presume the Committee on Queries have some questions they want
answered, and we will have them presented now.

MR. S. S. BLYHOLDER, Chairman of the Committee on Queries:
The first question is addressed to Dr. Thayer:

“Ts it practical to grow corn year after year, depending on crimson
clover as a catch crop to maintain humus in the soil?”

DR. THAYER: As far as the humus is concerned, it is pos:
sible; but it is not concerning other elements of fertility, and a ro-
tation is better on that account. Now, it is not possible to raise
crimson clover in dense corn fields, where the corn is high and with
heavy blades and the ground shaded. You cannot depend upon it
as humus for you cannot raise it. There would be humus enough
there for the ground if you could get it, but by and by the phos-
phoric acid would become scarce.

MR. BLYHOLDER: The next question is addressed to Professor
Wells W. Cooke:

“How does oats and pea hay compare in feeding value with the
ordinary mixed clover and timothy hay?”

PROF. COOKE: As far as the feeding value is concerned there
would not be much difference; but, of course, the proportions would
be, that is, the pea hay will have the largest proportion of diges-
tibility; the clover will come next, while the oat hay, if cut when
the oats are in blossom, would have about the same percentage of
digestibility as the ordinary mixed clover and timothy hay we have
on oar farms.

348 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

MR. BLYHOLDER: The next question is:
“Will Dr. Thayer describe his method of curing clover hay in
air-tight mows?”

DR. THAYER: Very easily done. If you have an air-tight mow
put your hay in and shut it up and I don’t care how green it is
when you put it in. An ordinary mow will not do. I have put it in
a mow where I could close it up and I have put it in so wet that
my helper said it would be manure in a short time, but I never had
better hay. But it must be practically air-tight. This hay was
cut in the evening from four to six o’clock and put into the mow the
next morning, and not ten pounds of it ever mildewed.

A Member: Might we ask what the result would be if put in a
mow that was not air-tight?

DR. THAYER: The result would be that it generates intense
heat, and as the cold air comes in contact with it you would get
mildewed hay. When you put your hay in, go away and stay away.
Ouce after three or four days I turned back a board and stuck my
head into the mow, and I might just as well stuck it into a bake
oven and I shut it down on the hay. There was just one little place
where the air had gotten through, perhaps a yard square, and there
the hay was mildewed. But aside from that there was not a mil-
dewed spot.

A Member: I would iike to ask the Doctor if that hay would not
have been better if he had waited until the dew was off it and then
put it away?

DR. THAYER: I do not think it would.
A Member: I think it would. There might have been a little
fungus on it. I tried it.

DR. THAYER: That is correct.

MR. BLYHOLDER: The next question is addressed to no one
particularly:

“How to feed alfalfa so that cattle do not become hoven?”

The CHAIRMAN: Mr. Lighty, will you answer that?

MR. L. W. LIGHTY: I never had any experience in feeding al-
falfa. In feeding clover I never had any trouble. The only thing
to be watched is to keep the cattle’s digestive apparatus in proper
condition and you will not have hoven cattle. I presume it would
be the same with alfalfa.

A Member: Perhaps Professor Cooke has had more experience in
feeding alfalfa and could give us some information on this question.

PROF. COOKE: I feed alfalfa and never found anybody yet who
pretended to feed it without producing hoven cattle. It is always

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 349

experienced, and you do not necessarily lose animals. I have lost
only one in all my feeding, and that was a cow fed on first class, dry
alfalfa hay; fed in the barn, went down to the spring and drank and
was dead in ten minutes. But there is no such thing as preparing
alfalfa in such a way that it is not dangerous to feed, whether to
sheep or cattle, and the only thing is to keep watch, and if they do
bloat give something to bring it down. We finally settled on am-
monia as producing the best results for reducing the bloat. Keepa
little bottle of ammonia in the stable and on any signs of bloat we
give it at once, and in that way we feed year after year, and have
lost no cattle. But I want to insist on the fact that there is no
way of feeding, or cutting it, no way of curing it, which will put
it in such condition that it is not liable at any time and with any
stock to produce hoven.

A Member: Feed the cows all they will eat until 4 or 5 o’clock
at night. Cut it sometime before you are going to feed it, and give
it in a wilted condition, and it will not be so apt to bloat.

A Member: I would like Professor Cooke to tell us the amount
of ammonia to give an animal.

PROF. COOKE: The ordinary household ammonia reduced to
about one-fourth the strength, and then give about half a pint of
that; giving it in a bottle, forcing it down the cow’s mouth.

A. Member: I put in that question for the reason that I was in-
formed it was a dangerous food in that respect. I put out some al-
falfa, and if this is the case we want to go slow in its use.

PROF. COOKE: It is first rate for hogs. Either sheep or cattle
can be fed safely and the feeding of green alfalfa in the barn is
almost as dangerous as to pasture, although the chances are that
you can feed right along without danger; but always keep in mind
that you are dealing with a risky material.

MR. BLYHOLDER: The next question is:
‘When and how to sow the clover on grain stubble so as to keep
up the usual rotation?”

DR. THAYER: I possibly don’t quite grasp what is meant by
the usual rotation, but I suppose to follow wheat with corn, and
in that case crimson clover can be sown on the stubble during the
last of May or from that on and corn planted the next year. The
natural time for crimson clover is right after harvest, and it don’t
interfere with any rotation if followed by corn or potatoes. Of
course we would not foliow with oats or wheat.

A Member: When would he plant his corn if he sows the crimson
clover in May?

350 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

DR. THAYER: | said turn it under in May. There is one thing
we should be careful about. \Vhen you are turning under such a
mass of matter soon after the middle of May, you want to roll that
ground very thoroughly. There has been a great deal of fear that
that would sour the soil. ‘There is not any ground for fear on that
score. It is more dangerous to turn under a half developed crop
than a crop pretty well matured and up to blossoming. But roll
and compact your ground thoroughly, and I will guarantee there
will be no acid there to do damage.

MR. BLYHOLDER: The next question is directed to Dr. Leonard
Pearson, State Veterinarian. It is:

“What is the cause and the remedy for white scours or cholera in
newly dropped calves?”

MR. GEORGE CAMPBELL: ‘This disease is really known as
a blood poison of a rapid form that results from the affection
of the calf through the navel at the time it is born. One of the
symptoms of the disease is known as white scours. The prevention
of the disease depends upon the prevention of the infection. Now,
if a calf is born at a place where the organisms of disease do not
exist, the calf is not affected, and so we notice that calves born in
summer time are usually exempt from this disease. It is chiefly a
disease of the winter season when calves are born in infected
stables. Last winter I was consulted in reference to this matter in
a case where there had been considerable trouble from this cause.
There the successful treatment that was followed was to build a
separate calving stable, an outside building, to which the cows were
moved two or three weeks before calving, and were kept perfectly
clean and disinfected frequently and the calves remained exempt
from this disease. In parts of Ireland this disease has been a
scourge. It has almost ruined the farmers of some large dairying
districts because they lost all their calves, and they found they
could prevent it by being very careful about the surroundings and
by disinfecting the navel of the calf by washing it off with a solu-
tion of carbolic acid or a like disinfectant solution, and after that
the navel is painted with iodine and covered with collodium in order
to protect it from germs, and in that way the disease is avoided.

A Member: In our place we make it a point to raise all the calves
we can and we have had trouble with the white scours, and it is
conceded that they are caused as has just been stated. We turn
our cows into a box stall a week previous to their calving and
change a liberal bed every day. If our calves show any dispo-
sition to white scours we doctor them at once. We have tried a
half dozen remedies. We have lost a good many calves, and I be-
lieve the loss of calves in the United States by white scours is

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 351

about $4,000,000 per annum. So we made an object of raising calves
and wanted to find the best remedy for this disease, and we kept try-
ing until we found this one to be good, and in about three out of four
cases it is successful. As soon as it is observed that the calf
has the scours, which will be soon after it is born, give it twenty
drops of laudanum; in six hours give it twenty drops more, and if
no relief is manifest at the end of twelve hours more give it forty
drops, and in ten hours more you will have a dead calf or a live one,
and in three cases out of four the calf revives. This has been my
experience for five years. We raise twenty calves per season.

MR. CAMPBELL: We have been troubled in bradford county
with these white scours in calves for some years back. In making
a study of that thing I found out that we have not got the right
hold of it yet. As near as I could study it down on our farms
I found out that it was a distinct fungus poison that takes place
in the cow. When the cow is dry they take any old musty corn
stalks or any old grass, or any indifferent feed and think it ‘is
good enough for her, as she is not producing an immediate return.
If you feed your cows good, pure food you will have healthy cows.
If a cow wants good feed at anytime, it is the time when she is dry,
and has double demands made upon her. And if you feed a cow
poison that works out through her, the calf will be poisoned with-
out a doubt. So the prevention, in a great measure, is to feed
good food to her when she is dry. If you feed a poor food when she
is milking, that poison is carried off in the milk. So, you will have
no trouble if you feed good feed when the cow is dry.

MR. BLYHOLDER: The next question is addressed to Professor
Watts, and is:

“How do you apply sodium nitrate to growing cabbage, tomatoes,
ete. ?”

PROF. R. L. WATTS: Apply it before we put out the plants, and
then immediately about the plants a top-dressing is used. With
cabbage we make three applications and apply about a teaspoon
full at each application. This can be done at a small cost.

MR. R. 8S. SEEDS: Last Friday a week ago, on the 22d of May, I
went out and sowed nitrate of soda over a poor spot and now as
far as the eye will carry, or as far as you can go, you can see that
spot with the nitrate of soda over it.

MR. M.S. BOND: [ could not afford in my market gardening to
go to the trouble in applying this application of nitrate of soda by
hand. We have a machine to apply it with. We go right through
the patch as far as a man can walk and throw the nitrate or any
other fertilizer we wish to apply right to the side on each side of

o02 ANNUAL REHPORT OF THE OLE Doe

the plants in the row. {t is a little waste between. the hills, but
the waste is not near as much as the cost of labor. You can get a
little hand machine to do this, and you can apply it that way just
as far aS a man can walk through the patch. I can apply nitrate
of soda or potash practically with this machine.

MR. BLYHOLDER: The next question is:

“Is it profitable to feed ensilage to beef cattle?”

DR. H. P. ARMSBY: Mr. Chairman, I am not able to answer that
question from experience, having never tried the experiment. I see
no reason, however, why ensilage would not be a good, cheap food
for fattening cattle unless, perhaps, in the finishing stage. I be-
lieve it has the reputation of making the cattle, as we term it,
soft, and they think it desirable to finish them upon dry feed. So
far, around here, it is comparatively a new feed, and as an actual
fact I do not know. It is a question which I think needs thorough
investigation, but I see no reason why ensilage should not be an ex-
cellent food in the early stage of fattening.

PROF. HAMILTON: I happened to see a report made by the Di-
rector of the Tennessee Experiment Station on this question.
They tried the feeding of cattle upon ensilage, in connection with
some dry food to balance the ration. Their ensilage consisted of
cow peas and sorghum. The results were to me startling. The
several months of feeding averaged between two and two and a half
pounds a day gain, I have forgotten the exact figures, but between
two and two and a half pounds per day during the period of feeding.
And now they are comparing that with pasture and have put in
another district with blue-grass pasture, with a view to discover
whether the pasture will increase the weight more rapidly than en-
silage or whether there will be a falling off. When the experiment
is completed I think it will be one of the most interesting to cattle
feeders in the country, because I think we must come back to this
manner of feeding. I give you this statement as the result of a
careful experiment. The animals weighed about 800 pounds apiece,
and when all the expenses were figured up it was found much cheaper
than animals fed on dry feed or in any other way. The ensilage
was carried on in connection with the ordinary way of feeding by
dry feed, and the ensilage was not only the cheapest, but the in-
crease the greatest of anything used. You can get the bulletin on
this by writing to Dr. Soule, of the Tennessee Experimental Sta-
tion.

MR. JASON SEXYON: Mr. Chairman, { am much interested in
this experiment. I[ have practical experience on that line, and want
to corroborate what Prof. Hamilton has said in the feeding of ensi-

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 353

lage for fattening steers or cattle. It is an interesting question, for
we of the East must compete more or less with the cattle feeding of
the West, and my experience teaches me that there is nothing that
the farmers of the East can feed their fattening cattle upon much
better than upon good ensilage, now that we have learned how to
make it. The question was, how to make ensilage properly and have
it in its best possible condition. We have solved that now since
away back in 1880, down to the present time. I want to say that a
few years ago we started with 100 steers, all in one stable, and fed
them upon ensilage for over four months. Those steers were fat-
tened mostly upon ensilage, and the balance ration was the wheat
bran and corn meal fed with it. We have never had a stable of
cattle do better, and they were sold to Martin & Co., and shipped to
Liverpool. We never had animals gain as rapidly as they did upon
the ensilage fed them. The corn was nearly glazed as we put it in
the silo. It was grown not very thickly. It was a good, strong
feed.

Now then, there are many farmers near Philadelphia, in my
county, that are attending the markets weekly, that feed and
butcher their own cattle, and these cattle now are mostly fed upon
their corn crop, grown as you grow your corn crop, and put in the
silo with the full ears on, and these steers are butchered and sold
in the markets of Philadelphia and fattened mostly upon ensilage
for the reason that it is the cheapest food by far we can secure. In
this way we think we can compete, in a small measure, with the
feeding of cattle in the West.

MR. S. F. BARBER: I have been observing the benefits of feeding
ensilage for a good many years and never in this time have I been
able to find anything that will put on flesh so rapidly. I have not
been feeding beef cattle on a large scale, but I find it the strongest
feed I can get. I remember some gentlemen came to my place from
the city of Baltimore, who were large feeders, and the question in
their minds was whether to build a silo for feeding beef cattle. I
told them that my best experience convinced me that they could get
nothing that would prove more profitable. Out of the four, one
gentleman said: “Mr. Barber, I have made up my mind that I will
build a silo.” And then I asked him to give me a report of the
result when he sold the cattle. Sometime afterward, the gentle-
man wrote me that in selecting the same cattle out of the same
pen that his neighbors had he had been able to put on 150 pounds
per head more weight than by any other method.

I notice by the Breeders’ Gazette lately that the gentlemen of
the West, Lowa and Nebraska, are coming to see the value of silos.
One man reported that his cattle had made a gain of three and a half

28—6—1908

354 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

pounds a day. I am convinced that the day has arrived when the
farmer must haye a silo to feed beef cows. I am glad to see the in-
terest taken in this because I am satisfied it is only a question of a
few years until every farmer in this country must have a silo. He
eannot do without it.

A Member: I want to ask Professor Hamilton whether the gen-
tlemen in the eastern sections will have to feed beef cattle in prefer-
ence to dairying.

PROF. HAMILTON: I believe’ that. the feeding of beef cattle
is going to be general all over the East, and while dairying will
be maintained and be a great industry, yet in the districts remote
from the railroad the feeding of beef cattle will be the industry. As
soon as we can do it, as has been suggested, feed in competition with
the western grower, then we will come back to this industry that has
departed from our midst in recent years. I feel very strongly that
the dairying practiced in the eastern part of Pennsylvania has been
a disadvantage to that section; that the selling of the milk crop
in the cities has positively been a disadvantage to the farmers of
the East, and if we come back to the feeding of beef cattle we will
keep on our farms everything of value. I believe the time is at
hand when we will be able to do that and this ensilage question is
the one that will solve that problem.

A Member: I have never had any experience of my own on this
subject, but I watched a neighbor this winter feeding ensilage to
beef cattle. He kept a dairy, using the silo, and he thought that
there was too much that went off the farm in the milk. He put
up about twenty steers and fed them ensilage. I feed a great many
cattle, but not with ensilage. I have his report for it, and T never
saw steers do better than those steers did. He is so converted to
the idea that he is now building another silo. He finished them off
at the close of the winter. They took on flesh as good as in pasture.
We know that if cattle are fed in pasture they grow right along,
and this they did on ensilage, and I want to agree with what has
been said, that if we use the silo to fatten beef cattle it will be
more advantageous to our farm than selling off the milk.

PROF. HAMILTON: I want to call attention particularly to the
fact that Professor Waters, of Missouri, who used to be here, is
preparing a bulletin for the Department of our State on this very
subject of the feeding of beef cattle in Pennsylvania. You want
to look out for that when it is published. You know Professor
Waters is one of the leading agriculturists in the United States.
It will be published by the Department. It was several months ago
that the arrangement was made for it. I think the members of
this Board and our lecturers will want to study it carefully. It will

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 355

be a demonstration of the best method-of raising beef eattle in
Pennsylvania and of its superiority over any other. It will be a
good thing for the majority of our farmers.

DR. ARMSBY: I want to suggest that there are two phases of
the subject which, I think, will help us in this matter of returning
more or less to the fattening of beef cattle. One is the question
under discussion of the more extensive use of ensilage for food; the
_ utilization of the corn crop. The State College for the past three
years has been following up a line of investigation in this direction
which was suggested by Professor Hamilton, and one thing under
consideration is the matter of diminishing the labor cost by feeding
in bunches instead of putting up the cattle as has been the practice,
and the result of three years’ experiment has been that the cattle
did just as well, after being dehorned; and in addition to that, there
was a considerable saving in the manure over the ordinary method
of handling—considerable less loss of the fertilizing material—and
that means a considerable economy in production.

During the last winter we have been feeding one lot of cattle in
the barn and another lot in an open shed, but otherwise exposed to
the weather. We did not succeed in making the conditions quite
ideal, but the cattle outdoors did very nearly as well as those in
the barn, and gave them a little dryer quarters, and I am convinced
from the results of numerous experiments that they would have
done equaliy well. This contradicts the idea about the necessity
for shelter, but it seems to be thoroughly established now by trying
experiments that the fattening steer is producing more heat than
he needs, and that he will be more comfortable and do better if he
is exposed to moderately cold weather. So that there is another
question, that is to say, we can approximate to the conditions that
have maintained in the West, where practically from necessity and
carelessness they make the conditions very simple, not much more
than enclosing their cattle and giving them lots to eat, making the
whole handling very simple. So that, in feeding operations, we
are progressing, and our results and those obtained in other states
will do a great deal towards rendering the beef cattle in Pennsyl-
vania and the Eastern states generally a more profitable and de-
sirable branch of animal husbandry than it has been heretofore.

MR. BLYHOLDER: The next two questions in my hands are re-
lated, and can be discussed at the same time, and I will, therefore,
read them both now. The first is:

“Ts not timothy cut green for hay not underestimated ?”

The other is:

‘What is the best substitute for hay when the hay crop is short?”

356 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

PROF. COOKE: My experience with early cut timothy was in
the State of Vermont, and I think one of the hottest fights I have
ever had in an agricultural institute was when I undertook to de
fend the cutting of timothy, at the usual stage of cutting, before
a serious public and an audience of dairymen. From chemical
analysis, timothy has the largest percentage of digestible material
just when it is in full blossom, and judging from the chemical side,
I advocated to that audience that that was the proper time to cut
their timothy; and they jumped on me with both feet. The Ver-
monter has found out by experience that just so many days as he
cuts his timothy earlier, just so much more milk and butter is he
voing to get out of his cows in winter time. If you go up there you
will find them depending largely on timothy hay, but cutting it
early. They say the stage for cutting is as soon as you can see the
first sign of any purple coloring, which really is before the plant be-
gins to blossom. And using that as their hay they are able to get a
good flow of milk in the winter time. The time to cut clover is
about the time to begin haying; the first Monday after the Fourth of
July. Their idea is to begin earlier and celebrate their Fourth of
July after.

Chemical analysis shows that the timothy cut in that stage has a
much higher digestibility and practically is very much richer in
albuminoids. The objection is that by this early cutting you de-
crease the weight of the crop, and yet you get a much larger in-
crease in the aftermath, and that also has a high digestibility and a
high nitrogen content. So, in cutting early, you are getting a
first class material for the dairy cow. Iam not talking now about
selling or feeding any but dairy cows.

One word more with reference to the last question under discus-
sion. I have had some little experience in the line of feeding ensi-
lage to steers, and I agree to everything that has been said about
feeding steers in the early stage. Ihave found, taking steers out of
the same bunch, and gradually breaking them off the ensilage the
last few weeks, that they kept their condition better than those that
had not been rounded off with dry feed, so that I would certainly
advise, if the steers are to be shipped from the farm, that the fat-
tening be finished on some dry food.

MR. R. J. WELD: We had some timothy along our line fence and
our dairy cows were bothering us by reaching through after this
timothy and breaking the fence. I suggested that we cut it as it
was and obviate this nuisance. This was just after the heads came
in sight, about the middle of June. We cut this and put it in the
mow and along in the winter when we came to it I never fed any
kind of hay that the cows seemed to relish as much or came as near

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 357

their liking of clover hay as that green timothy hay, and from the
cows’ actions or responses I am satisfied that the majority of the
farmers in our State wait at least two or three weeks too long be-
fore cutting their timothy hay.

MR. E. S. HOOVER: On this matter of cutting timothy hay, I
find by experience, as already stated, that the better time to cut
it for milch cows is before it gets into bloom or blossom; for horses
or market I think the better time and most profitable is to cut it
just before the blossom is off. The objection I have to cutting it
when the blossom is on is that it makes the hay dusty. I, therefore,
do not cut timothy while in blossom, in order to avoid the dust; I
cut before or after, whether for milch cows or horses and market.

MR. BLYHOLDER: You have heard all the questions sent in be-
fore this morning’s sessions. Those just sent in and any others
you may have during the morning we will hold over for our next ses-
sion.

The CHAIRMAN: The next paper on the program is “Commer-
cial Fertilizers, their Nature and Use,” by Hon. T. J. Philips, of
Atglen, Pa.

MR. PHILIPS: Those who are as familiar with this subject as
I am will realize that it is a broad subject, and it is not possible
to treat it very fully in the time assigned me, and [ propose to
limit myself to that time.

I think it is proper to you to say that this paper has not been pre-
pared practically for your information, because I presume that most
of the men before me are just as familiar with this question as I am,
and I have prepared it more particularly to meet the difficulties
and queries that I hear in Farmers’ Institute work, and to try and
help some of the thousands of men who will read it after you and
I have forgotten it.

The paper is as follows:

358 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS, THEIR NATURE AND USK.

By Hon. TIT. J. PHILIPS, Atglen, Pa.

The last quarter of the nineteenth century has done more to
utilize the waste than all time gone before. Minerals were lying in
the earth around and among us, only waiting for organized capital
to mine and prepare them for the use of mankind. Products that
always had been considered waste were husbanded and made useful
to man.

The time, energy and capital spent in disseminating knowledge
of and a market for these products, has been only a little less than
that consumed in their preparation for our use. When human labor
alone was depended upon to prepare the soil, plant and reap the
crops, intensive farming was practicable only upon limited areas.

The Civil War drained the country of one-sixth of its able-bodied
men, but the ingenious mechanic supplied the deficiency by building
machines to do their work. With the return of peace, business in
every line received an impetus before undreamed of. Cities grew as
by magic. Mills, factories and shops poured great clouds of smoke
skyward. These busy thousands must be fed. The cultivated
farms under the most severe and exhaustive cropping showed evi-
dence of failure. The available plant food had been shipped to the
towns; its waste was in the river bottom or beyond the sea, and
could not be returned to the soil.

Artificial methods were tried to repair the loss. The islands of
the sea were denuded of their nitrogen in guano. Ashes from mill
and tannery furnished phosphoric acid and potash, but these sources
proved inadequate. ‘The rainless desert, deep mines, etc., were re-
quired to give up their treasures.

To-day more than five million dollars is expended annually in
Pennsylvania alone for these clements, necessary to plant growth.
And when we realize that possibly one-fourth of this great sum is
wasted because unwisely expended, this question of commercial fer-
tilizers becomes worthy of the attention of any one interested
in the growth of plant life. Our lawmakers and executive officers
have wisely assumed to regulate the business, and I confidently be-
lieve that the sum annually appropriated to the Farmers’ Institutes
is returned four-fold, in teaching the people who are not chemists,

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 359

the nature and use of what are commonly called “fertilizers” alone.
And this is only one of several helps that are forcefully illustrated
at every one of the more than three hundred institutes held in the
State annually. Vive weeks ago I visited a locality in which one of
those institutes was held last winter, and was told that the informa-
tion then obtained had saved them eighty dollars ($80) on a single
car-load. The narrator himself had profited eight dollars ($8) by
listening understandingly to one lecture.

Of the fourteen elements that combine to make a plant, ten are
abundant everywhere. And we need concern ourselves with only
one, two, three or possibly four. Each of these has a peculiar fune-
tion, and cannot be substituted.

The perfect plant has roots, stalk and seed, and each member re-
quires food for its development. If all are abundant and available,
the plant is vigorous and healthy, but if any one is absent, or avail-
able only in insufficient quantity, failure is the result. Our crops
differ as to their requirements. A crop of wheat, for instance, re-
quires precisely the same food that makes a paying yield of pota-
toes or of fruit, but the proportions of nitrogen, phosphoric acid
and of potash differ widely, so that profitable culture demands a
knowledge of the constituents of each. It may be helpful to some
who may read this paper long after you and | have forgotten it, to
know that in a general way, nitrogen makes leaf and twig growth,
phosphoric acid is indispensable in grains and seeds, while potash
predominates in roots and fruits.

An acre of good corn will require twice as many pounds of nitro-
ven as will a full crop of potatoes, because of the great stalk devel-
opment, but the potatoes will require double the quantity of potash.
The nitrogen of our commercial fertilizers is derived from many
sources, but principally from the nitrate of soda, a crude product
found in the rainless districts of Western South America. Also
from blood and tankage from the slaughter-houses and from bones.
he phosphoric acid is the most abundant in the fossil remains of
auimals and fish found in South Carolina, Florida, Tennessee, Cuba
and elsewhere. Bones are also rich in this element. The potash
comcs almost entirely from very deep mines in Germany. Plants
ein take their food only in a liquid form, and any material used
to build up the structure of a plant is held in solution. The water
absorbed by plants is not pure, containing probably two to four
pounds of soluble matter from which plants derive their entire
supply of solid material, in each ton. If a plant is burned we find
in the ashes all the elements derived from the soil, except the nitro
zey. These solids will scarcely amount to more than two or three
per cent. of the original weight of what was supposed to be dry
matter. The great remainder is air and water which passes off

360 : ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

as vapor or gas while burning. ‘The solid matter found in the ashes,
is present in all soils, in practically unlimited quantities, except
phosphoric acid, potash and sometimes, lime; and the farmer has
po need to concern himself about any others, except nitrogen,
which it not found in ashes, but is very necessary to plant growth.
It too, is taken from the soil, and is the one element most easily de-
pleted, and is at all times the most expensive.

Then we reduce plant growth to the elements. Potassium salts,
phosphorus and nitrogen, all combined, forming a very small part
of the plant. Yet if any one of them be absent the plant cannot
exist. These elements in their crude state are not soluble, and not
avilable to the growing crop. ‘They become available only by the ~
slow process of decay, or by breaking down, which makes them
soluble. All soil is a combination of broken-down mineral matter,
pulverized rock and vegetable matter; but if the cropping has been
severe or continuous, nature cannot supply the soluble material
necessary to make plants fast enough, they suffer for food, are
hungry and cannot thrive. But the use of commercial fertilizers
here affords a way out. In these we can secure the nitrogen, phos-
phoric acid and potash, in exactly the form nature would have sup-
plied it, if time enough were allowed, and under favorable soil con-
dition we can secure perfectly developed plants.

Then, too, these fertilizing elements can be applied wherever and
whenever plants are hungry. The conditions of soil may be per-
fect as to moisture, heat, fineness, etc., but if any one of these three
elements are not present in sufficient quantities the plant suffers.
As a chain is not stronger than its weakest link, so a plant is vig-
orous or otherwise only in proportion to the needed element that is
present in most limited quantity and availability. A particular
soil might contain enough phosphoric acid and potash to make a
crop of wheat, but if nitrogen was lacking, there could be no growth.
Again there might be present enough nitrogen and phosphoric acid
to produce 200 bushels of potatoes; but if potash was not available,
there could be no tubers, and so on through the whole range of
plants, from the tiny grasses to the giant tree. It is scarcely neces-
sary for me to argue further that by the continuous use of only one
or two of these elements, plant growth must suffer. At first there
was enough of the third or other one, but stimulated growth more
quickly exhausted it, and growth and profitable cultivation halted.
There are soils that seem to contain an abundance of potash, and
others lime, for all practical purposes, and upon these to add more
would be wasteful. On a feldspar soil, ground bone containing
only nitrogen and phosphoric acid gives excellent results, but if that
soil was broken-down mica schist it would beg for potash. Often
we hear the remark that commercial fertilizers now fail to produce

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 361

results when formerly they were very satisfactory. Doubtless this
it due to the fact that one-sided mixtures have been used, and
one of the essential elements is not present in sufficient quantity.
In such cases the crop grows smaller and less abundant each year;
failure results, and the fertilizer is charged with having ruined the
soil. The application of fertilizers can never be injurious, but they
may be so used that no return is obtained. They are simply more or
less number of pounds of material that the plants hunger for, mixed
through a much larger quantity of material that has no particular
value. In the higher grades of goods, no adulterant has been used,
but the materials entering into their composition were impure.
And to purify or concentrate would be more expensive than to grind,
mix, bag and freight the whole. Nitrate of soda contains only
atout 15 per cent. of nitrogen, and prepared fossil rock 14 to 16
perv cent. of phosphoric acid. Hard wood ashes, unleached, carry 5
or 6 pounds of potash, and about half as much phosphoric acid to
the hundred, the balance is moisture, lime and several other materi-
als which have no especial value; but it would cost more to ex-
tract the two ingredients we want than to freight and apply the
whole. I cannot urge too strongly, that a plant’s growth is in pro-
portion to the abundance of the smallest ingredient, not to the one
in greatest supply.

Before I dismiss this phase of the question, allow me to insist that
no farmer has a right to waste the manures of his farm and depend
upon the commercial fertilizer, because the elements above dwelt
upon, important as they are, be they ever so abundant in the soil,
will be of no avail unless humus, decayed vegetable matter, is also
present. And I shall insist that barnyard manure, field manurial
crops and every such adjunct possible shali first be religiously hus-
banded and applied.

The most successful and economic use of commercial fertilizer
is In conjunction with barnyard manure. Such manures are usually
one-sided, being richer in nitrogen than in the other elements de-
sired. Wisdom suggests that we should spread thinner and add a
reasonable quantity of the mineral elements to balance up. If such
manures are not available, plowing under clover, sod or some other
organic matter may supplv the necessary nitrogen.

I have taken an interest in classifying the goods put upon the
market as commercial fertilizers and find that during the year 1901,
1,066 brands were licensed and sold in Pennsylvania. There were
1,066 different names given, but they represented only 177 different
combinations of the three ingredients allowed credit under our law.
Fifty-seven different manufacturers put exactly the same goods
upon the market, but under many different names, another, 30,
another, 23, and so on down to the special compounds of which

362 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE. Off. Doe.
there were found 8L samples, without duplicates in quality. We
found a most popular brand of 10 or 12 selling for $8.50 f. 0. b. in
Chester county, but $17.50 was paid for the same goods in another
part of the State, not including freight. One very peculiar in-
stance came under my notice this spring; a dealer had among others
two brands by the same manufacturer, guaranteeing precisely the
same grade of goods. One was offered for sale in the ordinary 100
ib. bag, and was quoted to me at $21.50, the other was in white
muslin bags under another name, but $35.00 per ton was asked for
it. These illustrations prove the necessity of the farmers studying
the question and familiarizing themselves with the quality of goods
they buy. If it is only fairly profitable to pay $8.00 for a certain
brand, and that is its commercial value, the party who paid $20.00
for it, parted with his cash, and very likely pronounced commercial
fertilizers a humbug. Almost invariably the most progressive and
prosperous agricultural communities use the most fertilizers.

Those who make a business of selling them, avoid the less pro-
gressive sections. For special crops, where the quantity applied is
generous, possibly the farmer can buy the ingredients separately
and mix them himself; but for general use, when only two or three
hundred pounds per acre are used, and possibly 16 Ibs. of nitrogen
is expected to fertilize six or seven acres, only the most thorough
and complete mixing can be of much use; and this can scarcely be
done with a shovel on the barn tloor. Last year there were 43 brands
of complete goods offered for sale that carried that many pounds
or less, and these possibly represented over one-half of the total
sales. I am not favorable to the so-called unit system of figuring
the value of any given brand, but prefer to reduce all to pounds
and cents. To illustrate: 2-10-4 means 40 Ibs. of ammonia; 200 Ibs.
of phosphoric acid and 380 Ibs. of potash per ton, and can be bought
for $19.00 cash f. o. b. car lots, which represents 18 cents for am-
monia, £ cents for phosphoric acid and 5 cents for potash; and
these same prices will fit any brand that came under my notice the
past year. These prices cover the cost of raw material, grinding,
mixing, bagging and manufacturers’ profit. And yet, three-fourths
of all the goods sold in this State cost the consumer from 50 to 100
per cent. more, freight not included. And we hear the wail “fertili-
zers are not good, and farming don’t pay.” <A little more knowledge
would save great expenditure and vexation.

The CHAIRMAN: The next paper will be “The Value of Farm
Manure and How to Retain it,” by Prof. Wells W. Cooke, of Wash-
ington, D. C.

Prof. Cooke presented his paper as follows:

nih ine ei ees

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 363

THE VALUE OF FARM MANURE AND HOW TO RETAIN IT.

BY PROF. WELLS W. COOKE, Washington, D. CU.

Farmers have for years recognized the fact that farm manures
have a value as a fertilizer for the plant food they contain, but it
is only within a comparatively short time that these same manures
have become valued for another quality, which, in many cases, is
fully as important as the fertilizing value. The first value is chem-
ical and depends on the chemical elements of plant food, the nitro-
gen, phosphoric acid and potash that are present; the second is
mechanical, and is due to the action of the manure on the soil.

It is true that planis must have food to grow, but they must also
have a proper condition of the soil or they cannot use the plant food
in that soil. Farm manure is one of the best agents for putting the
soil in this correct condition. It loosens and lghtens the soil,
making it porous, and letting in air and sunlight; farm manures are
great absorbers of water, one pound of dry matter holding from
four to seven pounds of water, and thus helping to tide the crop over
a drouth. When the manure decays, much of it remains in the soil
as the black humus, and this has water-holding power in the highest
degree. As the stable manure decays it gives off carbonic acid,

though one of the weakest of acids, yet is strong enough to act

on the insoluble plant food of the soil and set some of it free for the
use of the plant.

If soils contained no humus or vegetable matter they would be-
come so compacted that the roots of the plants could not penetrate
through them, and the crops would be failures. The air and sun-
light are continually acting on the vegetable matter, burning it up
and hence it is necessary to renew the supply, or the soil becomes
in a bad mechanical condition. The roots of plants, the stubble of
the grain, the sod of the meadow, all serve to add vegetable matter
to the soil. The plowing in of a green crop is the common method
in the South for increasing the supply of vegetable matter, but in
the North this is usually too expensive, and farm manures are
relied upon to furnish the bulk of the humus needed by the crops.

The heavier a soil is, i. e. the more clay it contains, the greater the
need of the lightening and loosening effects of farm manures, and

364 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE : Off. Doc.

on such soil the mechanical value of the manure is often greater
than its fertilizing value. On sandy soils, the good results are
equally apparent, the resulting humus helping to bind the loose
particles together and to retain moisture. The high value of farm
manure for the vegetable matter it contains has a direct bearing on
the inethods of handling the manure at the barn and will be treated
at greater length later in this paper.

Farm manure is usually thought of as a source of plant food, and
its value in this direction depends on the amount of nitrogen, phos-
phoric acid and potash it contains.

AVERAGE COMPOSITION OF FARM MANURES.

Pounds per 1,060.

: |
oO
a
S)
= ae
Fe So 4 a
Z 2 Bl. (nee
= = Flameless
e | Z a Pasa
Wreshemanure from cattle, “SOMGs, so. <oc:-mecsiececssteiciee ae Hens ceiagemt oye cnet 2.9 Hey 1.0
Wreshemamiire: LrOny Cattle, Luis, re.crc cress <ic.c clots chsieineyn is Hatecopetaiscepeyeeatsts 5.8 0.9 4.9
Rreshomanmiure from MOTSES/SSOlIG, | oeas..s:ccersatinys ee 1= sate e8lcimeiseicle renin sis 4.4 aA; 3.5
Wresh. manure from horses, liquid, ..¢...........c-s+00+ | Ee atarshtofeyere etl 15.5 0.0 15.0
Fresh manure from sheep, solid, seen eee et ee cece cece eeee lessee es eeeee| 5.5 au 1.5
Fresh manure from sheep, liquid, ...............2..0-6- | Ba See | 19.5 0.1 | 22.6
Mreshemamire LrOM SWiNle; SOLIS... seis ensinte nese oe srotee Nonnecop noes 6.0 4.1 1.3
Fresh manure from swine, liquid, ...................56. loop selene ie hee 4.3 0.7 8.3
MEd! Maire sELOM oe CALEIOS Oc. Mave cc tine cteje die cmselere nieieaie.eate 775 3.4 1.6 4.0
MExede nianiure ETOH TOLSCS.) oi dee cc nen > sels cie codes so ese 713 | 5.8 2.8 5.3
Mixedeinanure trom SHCCD.. i. acest ceclsine ne chee siciicieis = 646 | S537] 2.3 6.7
MMe dinmlamure LEO) SWAT C is ere ere tere le tnfere el ele lascteleletelescinrs)eie!sieie/« 72 | 4.5 1.9 6.0
Ondinaryetarur AMAMUTEy LCSW or miter ciais/afere salesec/s cinieintapeiels | 750 | 3.9 1.8 4.5
Ordinary farm manure, partly rotted, .................. | 750 5.0 | 2.6 6.3
Ordinary farm manure, well rotted, .................. 790 | 5.8 | 3.0 5.0
Liquid drainings from manure pile, .................+5. | 982 1.5 | 0.1 4.9
}
MANURE PRODUCED PER ANIMAL PER YEAR.
= = | a
a
a = :
Q | n
= " a
A =
| a xg —
z zZ :
Nn 4 a
(SOM) 4 ganccpedtes sna poModT CSO ODDNGD doOrdAADDraoDAmooBatasGenc | 20.000 8, 000 28,000
EV OLE Ma cteferstcss(otar (cl sisi: = aa(0/n(ai afefere7aisvejoj teller ejatersistahe(etetelsvetor=fote/ristote atahers | 12,000 3, 000 15,000
SIRE, onconganoponocospond copneeodesposELsccGr sods GusccoseeKc 760 380 1,140
TE ee a rs os ova c Sacaro Satara) Ses bvotzra zie recat mn ets aon setae 1,800 1, 200 3,000
|

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 365

PLANT FOOD PER ANIMAL PER YEAR.

‘lbs.

| os

ui 3

= z Z

g 5 2

bo ro rca a

2 2 o i)

P=] G S Ss

a at fy -
NEOs peavecoiectysictererelelajete'eisic (cere ele, e(ic oietaa brosa/e <evasevevosaleisrareteretowwsefere arersiaiate.s 170 26 108 $32 00
PEHOMS OMarereynssievsyeloveicicleratctateleicialeisleJercie etoveteie wistee veto neie¥ere/ernia, die evsjmjersvs ave 125 48 42 24 00
OGG © CoOU ne CHDOCa OC Cor SOR ORE Cr REE DRO tronic aniceercneraae 8 6 14 2 00

The preceding figures are, of course, averages and different sam-
ples of farm manure may vary quite widely, depending first, on the
kind and amount of food consumed, second, on the kind of animal,
and last, but not least, on the care of the manure.

Since all of the fertilizing value of the manure is derived from
the food, and since the various cattle foods differ widely in the
amounts of plant food they contain, the resulting manure is quite
variabie. Straw and poor hay are among the materials lowest in
plant food, often containing hardly a dollar’s worth per ton, while
the grains are much richer, and some of the by-products, as cotton-
seed, linseed and gluten meals, contain very large quantities of
fertilizing material, often almost equal in value to their selling
price. The nitrogen varies most widely, being almost lacking in
ripe straw and rising in cottonseed meal to more than six per cent.;
the grasses and corn are poor in nitrogen, while all legumes, such as
clover, pea, bean, etc., are rich in this element.

The value of the manure also depends on the kind of animal that
produces it. A full-grown ox at rest in the stall returns in the
manure pile all of the nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash con-
tained in the food, i. e. the fertilizing values of the food and of the
manure are equal. A steer in the last stage of fattening passes on
to the manure pile nearly all of the fertilizing value of his food,
for he has built up the frame work of his body, and is merely filling
out the structure with fat. Fat contains no nitrogen, phosphoric
acid or potash, and consequently no matter how much fat he puts
on his body, he is not rebbing the manure of its plant food.

On the other hand the young, growing animal is building up the
bones of the body that are formed from the phosphoric acid of the
food, while much nitrogen is needed for the formation of muscle,
tendons, skin, hair, horn, hoof, blood, and all the organs and fluids
of the body. The cow also abstracts much fertilizing value from
her food to produce the casein and albumen of the milk, both of
which are rich in nitrogen and phosphoric acid.

366 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

The poorer the ration the more completely is its plant food re-
moved, so that, for instance, young stock wintered on straw, would
produce manure almost lacking in plant food, while full-grown
steers, fattened on linseed meal, furnish the richest of stable
manure. Farm animals return to the manure pile from 60 to 75
per cent. of the fertilizing value of their food. The average of all
farm animals is about 80 per cent.

The above figures represent the amount of plant food produced by
the animal. How much of this the farmer will actually supply to
his crops depends largely on how he takes care of the manure.
Some loss is unavoidable and the farmer’s problem is how to re-
duce this loss toa minimum. The largest part of the loss will be in
the liquid part of the manure, and the fact cannot be too often or
too strongly urged that this loss is one of the worst wastes of the
farm. The liquid manure has a high fertilizing value. The figures
just given show that a pound of liquid is worth fully two pounds
of solid, but as the solid manure produced in a year weighs about
twice as much as the liquid, it follows that the yearly value of the
two is about equal, and he who allows the liquid part of the manure
to run to waste is losing half of the plant food produced on his
farm.

Special attention needs to be called to the comparative composi-
tion of the liquid and solid parts of the manure. The total nitrogen
of the food leaves the body about half in the liquid and half in the
solid; the phosphoric acid is found almost entirely in the solid, and
the potash as completely in the liquid. These facts have had a
profound influence on Pennsylvania agriculture. Nearly all the
soils of this State are poorly supplied with phosphoric acid, and if
this ingredient was easily lost from the manure, the settled, older
portions of the State would years ago have become dependent on
the fertilizer bag for their supply of phosphoric acid. But fortu-
nately nearly all the phosphoric acid of the food leaves the body
in a form not soluble in water, and is saved in the manure and re-
turned to the Jand. Nevertheless, these same long cultivated areas
have been so robbed of their phosphoric acid by the selling from the
farm of wheat, hay, milk and cheese, that there are few farms in
the State to-day that are not seriously in need of phosphates.

The fact that the potash of the food leaves the body in the liquid
part of the manure has been the most potent factor in producing the
present condition of fertility in Pennsylvania farms. Nature
was good to the farmer of Pennsylvania. She filled his soil
with plant food, and when he cleared off the forest he found a
soil of wonderful productiveness. Clover grew luxuriantly and
eyery Pennsylvania farmer knows that when he has a fine growth
of clover in the rotation, the suecess of the other crops is assured.

———

ee ee oe ee ee ae

rer Lvs

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 367

And what did the original settlers do with these crops? Many of
them were sold off the farm, carrying away large quantities of plant
food; the rest were fed to stock, and no care whatever was taken
to save the liquid part of the manure. Indeed, in many cases special
pains were taken to make holes and cracks in the floor to let the
supposed worthless material escape. But all this liquid manure
was carrying off with it the potash of the food. In other words,
the farmer was drawing the potash from the soil and allowing it
to run to waste into the streams. Not many years of such a proce-
dure would be required to affect the growth of the clover, for this
plant requires a large amount of available potash at its command
in order to be a success. At the same time that the clover was
being robbed of its potash it was also being injured in another di-
rection. On the removal of the forest the soil was left full of vege-
table matter, and consequently light, springy and porous. These
are the necessary conditions for a good crop of clover, since the
clover plant requires air at its roots, equally as well as at iis
leaves, to grow vigorously. The system practiced of removing
much and returning little soon decreased the vegetable matter or
humus of the soil, leaving it more and more compact, increasing the
difficulty of securing a stand of clover, decreasing the size of the
crop, and adding largely to the chances of the clover freezing and
heaving out in the winter or drowning out in the spring. It is
scant wonder that we are told in meeting after meeting that the
farmers of the vicinity can no longer grow red clover.

To obtain again good crops of clover, it is necessary to restore
the original conditions, that is, to fill the soil once more with avail-
able potash, and with vegetable matter. The best and cheapest
way of doing this is by feeding stock, saving all the manure and re-
turning it to the soil. It is best not to attempt to save the liquid
by itself in cisterns, or to apply it to the land in the liquid form.
The liquid and the solid portions separately sre each a one-sided or
unbalanced fertilizer; the solid contains nitrogen and phosphoric
acid without potash, while the liquid is well supplied with nitrogen
and potash, but lacks phosphoric acid. The best plan is to use some
absorbent for taking up the liquid portion, mixing this with the
solid and applying both together to the land as a complete fertilizer.

What is used as an absorbent makes but little difference; straw,
chaff, sawdust, leaves, muck, all are excellent. One of the best
absorbents for the cow stable is the bedding and manure from the
horse stable. Horse manure is dry, heating and injuring easily;
but put in the gutters behind the cows, it acts as an absorbent and
all the manure is thereby improved. A liberal sprinkling of land
plaster or finely ground phosphate rock is excellent for the absorp-
tion of odors and the decrease in the loss of the nitrogen of the
manure.

368 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off; Doe:

Stable manure loses its value in two ways, by heating and by
leaching. In heating, the nitrogen and the vegetable matter are
lost. The phosphoric acid and potash are unaffected even if the
heating is carried out to complete combustion.

In leaching, the nitrogen and the potash are the principal in-
gredients lost. The problem of the preservation of the value of the
manure is simply the problem of regulating the amount of moisture
in the manure, keeping it wet enough to prevent heating and not
so wet that any surplus water will leach away.

The most perfect method of keeping manure is in a water-tight
basement manure cellar. Unfortunately many barns will not per-
mit the construction of a basement manure cellar, and owing to the
liability of odors, it is hardly advisable to employ a basement man-
ure cellar, even though it is the perfect way of saving all the value of
the manure. Next in value comes the covered barnyard with water-
tight floor.

One of the common methods and the worst of all, is throwing the
manure out by the side of the barn under the eaves. This is the
easiest way of cleaning the stable and is used for this reason, and
yet this method becomes among the best, if the ground is first hol-
lowed slightly and made water-tight, and then a shed roof is built
above to keep off the rain and carry off the water from the eaves.
If it becomes necessary to pile the manure in a yard the pile should
be rather small with straight sides and a somewhat dishing top to
catch and hold all the rain. Manure should never be spread out in
a barnyard and mixed with straw in the expectation that the straw
will absorb the rain and prevent leaching. Too much moisture falls
in Pennsylvania to make such a method advisable. A small barn-
yard a hundred feet on a side contains about a quarter of an acre,
and on such a yard, a thousand tons of water, in rain and snow, fall
each year.

On most farms the best way of handling the manure is to haul it
to the field as soon as convenient after it is produced and spread it
at once broadcast over the land. Most of the manure is produced
during the winter season and an excellent method is to begin haul-
ing as soon as the ground freezes in the fall, so that a large load
can be hauled without cutting into the soil. Continue hauling all
winter long, without regard to snow, since it is perfectly safe to
scatter manure on top of deep snow without fear that plant food
will be lost.

Attention has been called to the double value of stable manure,
i. e., its value as a fertilizer and also its value as an improver of the
mechanical condition of the soil. Both these values should be kept
in mind in determining the proper treatment of the manure. When-
ever the manure pile heats or leaches, some plant food is lost;

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 309

When cither of these happens or when the pile simply softens and
rots, their is an enormous loss of vegetable matter and conse-
quently of the value of the manure as a soil improver. Half rotted
manure bas usually lost at least a third of its vegetable matter.
Carrying directly to the field is the method that saves the largest
part of the vegetable matter. During the cool weather of the winter
season, when the manure is at or below the freezing point, there
is little loss of either plant food or of vegetable matter. When the
temperature in spring rises to and above forty-five degrees, the
process of decomposition becomes more and more active. No loss
of phosphoric acid or potash can occur from the mere action of
decay, and if the manure is spread broadcast over the field, the loss
of nitrogen will be slight, but the loss of vegetable matter can
easily amount to a full half. If, therefore, the soil of the farm isa
heavy clay that needs the lightening action of the stable manure,
the most perfect way of preserving all the value of the manure is to
haul out in the winter, spread broadcast and plow in early in the
spring.

If, on the other iiand, the manure is wanted for the plant food it
contains, then the general rule should be to keep it as near the sur-
face of the soil as possible. Im Pennsylvania the amount of rain-
fall exceeds the amount of evaporation, therefore, the tendency of
the ground water is downward, and this carries with it more or less
soluble plant food to depths below the reach of most of our common
crops. Especially is this true of the grasses, and probably there is
no better way of utilizing part of the manure of the farm, than by
using it as a top-dressing on the mowing fields. For this purpose
the least coarse of the manure should be selected; it should be
applied either in the late summer on the stubble immediately after
haying or in the eariy winter, as soon as the ground freezes. The
best time in the rotation is on the clover stubble, for the crop of
the next year is to be timothy and the roots of timothy more than
of any other crop are near the surface and need both the food from
the manure and especially its mulching effect to protect the roots
in summer from the scorching rays of the sun.

To sum up then, we may say that not enough attention is paid to
the value of the vegetable matter in the manure, and to obtaining
its full value as a humus-former for the bettering of the mechanical
condition of the soil. All] rotting or leaching decreases the value of
ihe manure for this purpose. Hence the aim of the farmer should
be, first, by the plentiful use of absorbents to catch and retain all
of the liquid portions; second, by the use of some sort of covering,
to prevent the washing and leaching of the manure, while by tramp-
ing or moistening he prevents its heating; third, to get the manure

24—6—1903 .

370 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

to the field as soon as convenient and at once spread it broadcast;
fourth, plow in the coarse manure on the heaviest soil to improve
the mechanical condition, while the finer portions are used as a top-
dressing for the mowing fields.

The CHAIRMAN: The next paper on the program is “The Prac-
tical Side of Market Gardening,” by Hon. R. F. Schwarz, of Analo-
mink, Pa.

MR. MARTIN: I would just say to the audience that I am in re-
ceipt of a letter from Mr. Schwarz, stating that owing to the sick-
ness of Mrs. Schwarz he is prevented from attending this meeting;
consequently we will not have the pleasure of listening to his paper
at this time.

We have now about ten minutes less than an hour until 12 o’clock,
and with us here to-day are a number of visitors froma distance. A
gentleman from New Jersey, Mr. McCoy, is with us, and the Master
of the State Grange, Mr. W. F. Hill, is present, as is also our former
Secretary of Agriculture, Prof. John Hamiiton, who is now Insti-
tute Specialist in the United States Department of Agriculture,
from whom we expect to hear something in regard to his work.
Now, let us devote a few minutes before adjourning to hear from
these gentlemen. We have a paper by Prof. G. C. Butz yet which
we will have first, and then spend half an hour with some of these
gentlemen on whatever topics they may choose to present.

The CHAIRMAN: The last paper on the program for this morn-
ing’s session is “Growing Fruits and Vegetables for Canning Fac-
tories,” by Prof. G. C. Butz, of State College, Pa.

Prof. Butz presented his paper as follows:

eee —

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 371

GROWING FRUITS AND VEGETABLES FOR CANNING FAC-
TORIES.

By PROF. G. C, BuTZ, State College, Pu.

The business of canning food products is of very modern develop-
ment. It is true, that in an experimental way, corn was canned in
Portland, Me., in 1840; that the first pack of fruit in hermetically
sealed tin cans was made in California in 1861; but it is also true
that in 1865 the entire pack of all kinds of canned goods in the State
of Maryland did not exceed 8,000 cases. In 1880 the total value for
vegetables and fruits put up in cans was $17,599,576; in 1890, $29,-
862,416; in 1900, $56,668,513.

For pickles, preserves and sauces, the value in 1880 was $2,407,-
342; in 1890, $9,790,855; in 1900, $21,507,046.

Fruits and vegetables share about alike in this new industry, and
the list of canned articles includes nearly every kind of fruit and
most kinds of vegetables.

Peaches, pears, plums, apricots, apples, pineapples, grapes, cher-
ries and all the different kinds of berries are all canned by tons.

Tomatoes, corn, peas, beans, asparagus, beets, cabbage, sweet
potatoes, pumpkins, squashes, spinach and okra, are all put up in
great quantities. The growing of these crops for the canning fac-
tories is not conducted by the market gardener and fruit grower
as we have generally regarded them, but by farmers who have been
induced by the prospects of larger profits to devote their best farm
land to the extensive culture of a vegetable or fruit crop. In some
sections of the country the new order of things has taken such a com-
plete possession of a community that nearly every farmer in a whole
county has become a horticultural specialist in the culture of toma-
toes, peas, sweet corn or some other canned crop.

It is not an easy matter for farmers, particularly here in the East,
to modify their time-honored practices on their farms to the extent
indicated, for they are wedded to the customs of their fathers, and
regard with suspicion and misgivings all propositions to abolish an
old practice to make way for something they have not tried before.

The western farmer has been more ready to adopt new sugges-
tions and grow new crops to conform to modern demands, and has

372 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

surprised the staid eastern farmer by his progressiveness. The
great centre of the canning business has been in Maryland, New
Jersey, New York and Maine; but it is rapidly passing to Illinois,
Towa, Indiana and neighboring states.

The comparison between the East and the West is neatly drawn
by the wife of a Kansas farmer, and I quote her words:

“{ never before realized how rapidly the western pioneer adapts
himself to conditions as he finds them, and the comparative ease
with which he achieves success with material at hand, until I visited
New England not long ago.

“After less than three days’ travel, what a wonderful change. I
had known no home but one on the broad prairies of Kansas, with
great fields of wheat, corn, alfalfa, and open ranges. To alight on
a ‘down east’ farm, with its little checker-board fields on hillsides
and in hollows, gave an impression J shall never forget. It does not
seem possible that those miniature fields represents hard labor; but
there is a 100-acre farm which stands for four generations of toil.
One day the owner and I walked to the edge of a wooded hill back
of the meadow. He was lamenting that his boys had left the old
farm for the village. ‘The boys,’ he said, ‘got so many new-fangled
notions into their heads while they were at school that I couldn’t
run the farm to suit them. They wanted me to plant berries where
I always had the buckwheat; wanted to change the buckwheat field
from where it’s always been. They wanted everything changed
around. They wouldn’t even call it farming. They talked to me
about agriculture, and thought they know more than their old
father. Why, they had three or four long names for just plain mud,
and talked about rotating crops. I told them there wasn’t going
to be any rotating while I owned that buckwheat field. So they
just rotated off to the village.’

“We walked on, and presently came to a piece of waste swamp
land at the foot of a hill, which could easily be tiled and drained.
‘What are you going to do with this black muck? I asked. ‘Do with
it? Why, nothing, but just keep out of it, he replied. ‘But,’ said I,
‘it is the richest land on the farm. Can’t you grow something on
it? ‘Never tried, he retorted. ‘Your grandpa never did anything
with it, only to watch and see that none of the cows broke out of
the hill pasture and got stuck in the mire.’ ‘Uncle Timothy,’ said I,
‘this is ideal celery ground. Make a tile drain through the meadow
to the creek. You can soon drain this bog. Then prepare it for a
celery field, and you will just be an up-to-date farmer.’ I was really
enthused, for the black muck seemed to hold such wonderful possi-
bilities. But Uncle Timothy turned and looked me over for a full
minute before he found his speech, and then said: ‘I swan, Betsy,
you surprise me. Them’s some of your Kansas notions. I don’t

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 3

farm out of books; your grandpa never farmed out of books; | won't
have no trick farming on this place. Your grandpa raised fourteen
children. He always planted his buckwheat up there by the hollow,
and he didn’t get stuck in the swamp with any fool notions that he
could raise celery.’ It occurred to me that I saw where the boys
were right in ‘rotating’ to the village.”

Although the centre of the canning business is moving west-
ward, as I have said, it does not follow that there is less of it in
the East now than formerly. On the contrary there has been a
constant increase of business, but the expansion in the West has
been so very rapid that the pack of corn especially is in excess of
that in the Eastern states.

The great quantity of fruits and vegetables consumed by 20,000
or more canning factories are grown under contract by the farmer
in the vicinity of the factories. By such an agreement the farmer is
guaranteed a market for his entire crop, and the price at which he
sells his merchantable product. He may know, therefore, before he
plants his seed, in the case of vegetables, whether it will be profita-
ble to do so. The contract also guarantees to the canner the raw
material for his factory and the cost at which he may purchase.

This arrangement is mutually satisfactory and helpful, except in
Seasons when, because of drouth, blight or some other unexpected
disaster, the crop is very light, and the market price of the article
is much higher than that named in the contract. A Delaware
writer reviewing this matter in a recent number of the American
Agriculturist says:

“In 1899 we had an exceptional yield, and the pack was, on account
of it, abnormal; the contract price with growers for that year ranged
from $4.50 to $6.00 per ton delivered at the factory. Those not con-
tracted for were taken, when packers could use them, at $1.50 to
$3.00 per ton. In 1900 contracts were placed at from $4.00 to $6.00
per ton. Owing to the fearful ravages of blight and drouth, the
crop for that year was below normal. The non-contract tomatoes
found ready sale at $6.00 to $9.00 per ton.”

In 1901 the crop was again unusually low both East and West, and
the price of tomatoes went as high as $24.00 per ton. This condition
of things induced many farmers to jump their contracts, and in con-
sequence the canners suffered great losses by not being able to fill
their contracts. This breaking of faith created trouble for future
dealings. It is certain that for the present year, the farmers who
jumped their contracts will have some difficulty in restoring amica-
ble relations with their canners, and the reliable farmers will de-
mand a higher price for tomatoes than has been contracted for in
recent years. In sections where farmers have access to more than
one factory, they would not be troubled over the failure to contract

374 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

their crop, knowing from past experience that all the tomatoes they
can grow will be wanted in the open market. It is probable that in
the future, farmers will not seck to contract for their crop, pre-
ferring to depend upon the open market for better returns and
fairer treatment than they even secured under a contract.

Many farmers experience a measure of independence in the fact
that they can speedily provide themselves with facilities for can-
ning their own crop on the farm. They have witnessed enough of
the work in the factory to make a success of packing tomatoes, and
at a good profit too. This practice, however, cannot be commended.
Many losses have been sustained where farmers have canned their
own crops, particularly if a limited acreage is available for the ex-
periment. Jt is a good business to grow crops for the canner; it is
another good business to properly and economically pack these
crops, and each business is distinct from the other.

The growing of crops for the factory has enough uncertainty
about it to give it the zest of speculation. This has been made man-
ifest in the recent experience with tomatoes. The chances of
drouth, early autumn frosts, blight and similar adversities greatly
affect the yield of fruit per acre. The yield is also influenced largely
by the richness and adaptability of the soil to the tomatoes. There-
fore, owing to conditions which may and those which may not be
controlled by the farmer, the income per acre has varied from $10.00
to $250.00. This makes it possible to lose heavily or make hand-
somely in growing tomatoes.

The methods employed in growing crops for the canning factory
are essentially the same as those practiced by the market gardener
and the fruit grower. The preparation of the land must be thor-
ough, the application of fertilizers should be heavy and the con-
stant tilling of the soil with cultivators and hoes, during the growing
season, is never to be neglected by the man who labors to reap
a good return. This is not a time nor place to discuss the prac-
tices of tomate culture, strawberry culture or any special crop,
but we may state the fact that the canning industry has greatly
modified the gardeners method of growing peas. When peas were
first grown extensively for canning purposes, the picking of the
pods was an exceedingly expensive task. Anyone who has ever
tried to fill a bushel basket with pods from the vines will fully
realize the nature of the work and understand why a regular army
of men and women was needed to pick the peas. Another force of
laborers was needed to carefully remove the tender peas from the
pods. Since the invention of some remarkable machines, all this
tedious and expensive labor is performed by a most marvelous
device—the Chisholm-Scott pea-viner. This machine is placed at
the factory, and the pea vines are mowed in the field and hauled to

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 375

the factory upon hay ladders. Here they are delivered to the pea
viner which picks the pods and shells out the peas, discharging the
latter to the proper receptacle and casting the vines to the side.
Instead of sowing the seed with drills wide enough to permit cultiva-
tion, the peas are planted with a regular wheat seed drill. The vines
stand close and hold each other almost erect. No cultivation is
possible after the seed is in the ground.

It is probable that there will be no more attempts by farmers to
do a canning business by co-operation. It is an enticing proposi-
tion to conduct the business in such a way that stockholders may
share both the profits of cultivation and the profits of canning; but
all the experience of the past 30 years demonstrate clearly, that
in practice the profits of co-operative canneries are exceedingly
small, if indeed they are not entirely overcome by losses. To prop:
erly conduct a canning business requires not only great skill but
also a goodly share of business tact and executive ability. The
farmer is, therefore, wise if he is content to receive the profits of his
crops and will devote his best energies to the improvement of his soil
conditions, to perfect the methods of cultivation and prepare to
meet the fungous diseases and insect foes of his crops with the
proper remedies, and thus swell his profits by increasing the yield
of the fruits or vegetables upon his farm.

MR. MARTIN. We have just now one-half hour until 12 o’clock
and if Mr. McCoy of New Jersey, is here we will be pleased to hear
a word from him. :

Mr. McCoy addressed the meeting in reference to Farmers’ Insti-
tute work in Pennsylvania and New Jersey.

The CHAIRMAN: We would like to hear now from Hon. W. F.
Hill, Master of the Pennsylvania State Grange.

Mr. Hill came forward and addressed the meeting on Farmers’
Institute Work and the relation of the Grange organization there-
to, and what they were doing for the farmer.

The CHAIRMAN: We are now ready to hear from Prof. John
Hamilton, ex-Secretary of Agriculture.
Prof. Hamilton then addressed the meeting as follows:

ADDRESS OF PROF. JOHN HAMILTON.

Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen: It is not necessary to say that it

‘is a great pleasure to me to meet with the old State Board of Agri-

culture of Pennsylvania, and with the Institute Lecturers, who are
the leaders in agricultural thought in this great State. I can truth-
fully say that I appreciate the work of the State Board of Agricul-
ture, and of the lecturers that are associated with the Department

376 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

of Agriculture, as much as any man in Pennsylvania. I know, per-
sonally, the men who are here, have known them for many years,
and have the advantage of understanding what they have been
thinking about and doing in the last 25 years, and I am ready to say
that a more devoted band of men in the interest of agriculture, for
the uplifting of the agriculture of this State, does not exist any-
where in the United States, than we have here in our good old State
of Pennsylvania.

You doubtless want to know what is going on down at the head-
quarters of the agriculture in this country. And when I speak of
the headquarters, you ought to understand without my designating
it, that it means the Department of Agriculture of the United
States. Dr. Atherton in his address yesterday spoke of the wonder-
ful event that took place about 40 years ago in connection with the
establishment of the Agricultural Colleges of this country. I do
not know whether you have taken the trouble to look into the his-
tory of agriculture, so as to really appreciate how much has been
done for its development in the last 40 or 50 years. The fact is that
agriculture has come to be what it has within this period. I have
an inventory of a farmer’s property that was sold 50 years ago in
Pennsylvania in one of our most fertile valleys on a farm that had
200 acres of land, and that had been cultivated since the time of the
Revolutionary War. The implements on that farm at a public sale
brought $73.50, and it was a well-kept farm for its day. And now
implements on the same farm, or a farm of similar character, will
cost anywhere from $800 to $2,500. I do not know of any gauge
that shows the progress of an industry with greater accuracy than
the implements of that industry. Take your manufacturing estab-
lishments and compare them to-day, in their machinery and methods
of manufacture with the machinery and methods which they used
50 years ago, and you can rate their progress in other respects from
the single item of improvement in the machinery that they use.
This is also tre in agriculture. The agricultural implement busi-
ness has increased in the last 50 years about 402 per cent. Our
population has increased in that same time about 229 per cent., and
thus you can see, that the implements of our trade have increased
at a rate more than double that of the population of the country.

Mr. Chairman, 50 vears ago there was not a man living that knew
about many of the things that we talk about in our Institute work
in the most familiar way. For instance: Who knew about fertili-
zers and their uses as we do now, 50 years ago? Who knew about the
action of nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash 50 vears ago, and who
even knew that there was such a thing as a balanced ration? Who
knew anything about agricultural bacteriology 50 year ago? It is
only about ten years since we have really come to understand what

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 377
bacteria are, and what they are doing in agriculture and in the other
affairs of life. I could continue and say: Who understood what it is
to have a Babcock milk test 50 years ago? Who understood what
it is to separate milk and cream mechanically, and who knew 50
years ago about cutting, threshing and cleaning grain at a single
operation out in the field as is done in many parts of our country
to-day? Fifty years ago the stroke of the flail was heard through
the valleys of Pennsylvania all winter, and the sound of the whet-
stone sharpening the scythe was heard in every harvest field in the
land. It would have been utterly impossible 40 years ago to have
held such a meeting as this which we now hold, with such discus-
sions as we have, and will have, here to-day. You see that we have
made this progress within so few years, and have lived through the
centuries before up to 1850 with such a record as a $73.00 implement
outfit fora 200-acre farm. Our progress has come through means
that are as natural, and that work as certainly as any of the forces
that are in operation in other affairs. It is clear that it did not come
through the efforts of the so-called practical men, who were engaged
in practical agriculture. Practical men as good as we are had been
living in the world, and been engaged in agriculture for thousands
of years, and yet it has only been within the last 50, 40 and 30 years,
that progress worthy of the name has occurred. If our progress
then did not come through the efforts of so-called practical men,
how did it come?

Dr. Atherton spoke of an act of Congress that went into opera-
tion on the 2d day of. July, 1862. I, too, want to call your attention
to that same month of July in 1862. It marks an epoch in the
history of agriculture of the world.

On the ist day of July, 1862, there was an institution organized
that has had a wonderful influence upon the agriculture of this
country and its development since. I refer to the Department of
Agriculture that is now organized at Washington, the extent and
value of which many even of our most thoughtful and intelligent
farmers do not clearly understand. In December, 1861, the Depart-
ment of Agriculture at Washington had just nine members in its
working force. It then was a small and unimportant Division in
the Department of the Interior. To-day the last report shows that
the Department of Agriculture has a working force of 3,789 men,
_all engaged in forwarding the interests of farming people in this
country. Of these 3,789 men, over 2,000 are trained scientists, scien-
tific investigators, or assistants in scientific investigations, giving
their entire attention to scientific work for the development of agri-
culture both in this and other lands. There is no such university
for scientific research of like extent in any other country, and it is
officered by men, many of whom, have no superiors in their-several

378 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

specialties anywhere in the world. The best scientists that this
country possesses are engaged in that Department in scientific work
along agricultural lines, and the work that they do is respected and
quoted as authority by scientific men everywhere throughout the
world. That Department in the last 40 years has, as I have stated,
developed from nine men to almost 4,000; from an expenditures of
$60,000 a year to an expenditure of $5,223,000 a year. The Depart-
ment has its experts out all over this country, and in foreign lands,
searching for plants, animals and methods that will be of use to us
in our agriculture here at home. Reports of what they are finding
and doing are being published from time to time in bulletins, and
these are mailed free of charge to all who are sufficiently interested
to send their names, postoffice addresses and make a definite
request.

Along with this work that is being done by the National Depart-
ment of Agriculture, is that of the Agricultural Colleges in this
country, which have sent out in this same period about 50,000 grad-
uates, and that of the Experiment Stations that now have over 700
scientific men engaged constantly in endeavoring to solve the mys-
teries of agriculture, and who are publishing the results of their dis-
coveries for our use.

These are the forces that have raised agriculture from a common
calling, into the most scientific and difficult of any that the world
has to-day. These are the institutions that have brought us where
we are.

The men who made speeches here this morning and yesterday,
could not have presented the truths they did if they had not had the
facts furnished them by these laborers in these scientific institutions
which have been established within the past 50 years. We are in-
debted to science for what we are, and the great progress of agricul-
ture in these recent years, which is the marvel of the world, has
come through the work of scientific men who have directed their at-
tention, not to the professions, but to the development of agricul-
ture, and the effect is that we are becoming informed in regard to
the important truths that for so long have been hidden from our
view. We are becoming men instead of machines.

It was well said here yesterday “that a man cannot rise above
what he knows.” We cannot rise above our ideals, and if we do not
know, and will not learn, we will remain exactly on that level all our,
lives. If we do know or have aspirations for knowing more we can
at least pursue our ideals and often realize greater success than at
the outset we had ever hoped. There are being held up before us
to-day in the scientific world great truths which we are endeavoring
to understand and to apply, and scientific men are reaching out to us
their hands to lift us out of the difficulties that surround us into a

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 379

more prosperous and interesting life. By means of these scientific
helps we are making progress such as the world has never seen in all
the centuries that have preceded us, and the development of science
applied to agricultural pursuits, accounts for what we have accom-
plished in the last 50 years.

And now, if we are to continue to progress in the future, what
must we do? The same principle that has controlled in all the past,
is going to control in all the future. Our advancement is going to be
just in proportion as we ourselves know more of the needs with
which we deal. We will be depending in the future, as we have been
in the past, upon the development of scientific knowledge for pro-
gress in our art. It follows, therefore, that we as teachers of agri
culture, as leaders in agricultural progress, must be informed.

This brings me to the particular thought that I want to present to
the lecturers, to the directors of the local institutes, to the State
Board and to all of us to-day. We must be students of science.
We must be familiar with the sciences that relate to our calling
or else we are unfit, and shall be unfit for the position that we
occupy as teachers of others, and the moment we cease to be
students of the science of agriculture, we had better resign our posi-
tions and leave our places to those who are willing to study and
inform themselves as to what is needed in the agricultural world.
And so fT am thankful to have the opportunity to-day of speaking
to the teachers of agriculture, and to the leaders of agricultura!
thought in Pennsylvania, for it is upon these leaders that the
burden of the future must come, and it is to the leaders that the
great- public must look for suggestion and help. If agriculture is
to progress, it will be because you progress, and because in an un-
selfish and devoted way you are willing to bestow the results of
your labors, along scientific lines, for the benefit of your fellow-
men.

Whilst in some states the Farmers’ Institute work has scarcely
started, in some not at all, nevertheless, the movement has assumed
great proportions. Last year over 2,700 Institutes were held, and
over 800,000 people assembled in institute halls in the United States.
In this work have been engaged some of the most capable men the
country has. Indeed it has come to this, as you well know in Penn-
Sylvania, that no common lecturer can stand before an audience,
acceptably, in this State. He must have studied the subject that he
professes to teach, and must be able to present it in a forceful, in-
teresting and applicable way.

And now, you want to know what the Department of Agriculture
at Washington proposes to do for the assistance of those who are
engaged in institute work. Ina general way, I can say that the De
partment proposes “to keep school.” It has recognized in the

380 i ANNUAL REPORT OF THE ‘Off. Doc.

Farmers’ Institute a means for educating agricultural people, pos-
sessed of greater possibilities than any other educational movement
of modern times. It furnishes a channel of communication between
science and practice through which agricultural knowledge, that has
hitherto been stored up in metaphorical reservoirs of learning, ca
be distributed freely among the thousands who need the aid of
science. The plan is to place scientific truth in the hands of capable
men, and send them out to present it to every needy citizen. The
office for conducting this work has just been established. The office
itself has no name, but the officer in charge is officially known as
Farmers’ Institute Specialist.

This is the beginning, or foundation, of what is destined to be the
greatest school of agriculture that has ever been established. A
University for American farmers, into whose faculty of teachers
is to be brought the best talent that the country contains. The
farmer must be elevated in his calling. To secure this, he must be
educated. Books and pamphlets do not reach those who most need
the information which they contain. The working farmer is too old
and too occupied to go away from home to school, and has lost the
habit of study and disposition to gather information from the
printed page.

The Department recognizes these conditions and limitations, and
is going to send out teachers to meet these workers face to face,
men who have made a study of the needs of agriculture, and are
able to give information as to how these needs may best be met.

The first thing that we want to do through the Institute Special-
ist, is to assist the State Directors. This can be done by collecting
and publishing the laws relating to institutes in the several states,
and by placing them in the hands of Directors; so that they can com-
pare their systems with those in other states, and adopt such items
as seem best adapted to their conditions. We can also assist by
collecting the names of all of our Institute Lecturers in the United
States, by entering into direct communication with every instructor
in the country, and by endeavoring to place these instructors in
touch with each other and with the Agricultural College and Exper-
iment Station workers in their own and other states. We can
bring these lecturers in contact with latest and best literature upon
agricultural subjects and with the leading specialists in their lines
of work throughout the country. We hope, in short, to unify the
work, and become a reliable bureau of information for the assistance
and development of the institute workers of the United States, to
assist in placing our agricultural people where, by reason of the im-
portance of this industry, they ought to be, at the head in National
affairs, in State affairs, in educational affairs, in all of our affairs,

he it ea ee ee “a

ee eee

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 381

-
and so render our people prosperous and happy, and secure to the
country the perpetuity of our free institutions for all time to come.

MR. MARTIN: Before adjourning for this morning I wish to
remind you that owing to our visit to the Huntingdon Reforma-
tory immediately after dinner, our afternoon session will not begin
until 3 o’clock; but promptly at that time, whether there be a dozen,
two dozen or three dozen present, we will proceed with our after-
noon’s program, and I desire especially that those who have papers
on program and the chairman for the afternoon be on hand at that
time and be ready to proceed.

Upon motion the meeting adjourned to meet at 3.00 this P. M.

Wednesday Afternoon, June 3, 1903.

HON. A. L. MARTIN, called the meeting to order promptly at the
time designated and announced that the Chairman for the afternoon
would be W. A. Crawford, of Cooperstown, Pa., who, thereupon, took
the chair.

The CHAIRMAN: The first thing on the program for this after-
noon’s meeting is “Breeding and Feeding Poultry,” by Mr. J. Y.
Patton, of New Castle, Pa.

The paper read by Mr. Patton, is as follows:

BREEDING AND FEEDING POULTRY.

By J. Y. PATTON, New Castle, Pa.

Poultry breeding has become one of the great occupations of our
day. It has kept pace with, if indeed it has not gone in advance of,
all lines of live stock breeding. When we look back half a century
and see what the poultry of that time was, and then look at the
poultry of to-day, we can readily see what careful and thoughtful
breeding has done. From the scrubs and dunghills of the past
have been bred our grand, practical and fancy birds of to-day. |
will only endeavor to drop a few practical thoughts along the line
of poultry breeding and feeding, and not attempt to tell you all
about it for two reasons: First, because time will not permit; and,
second, because I do not know it all.

Volume after volume has been written upon the subject, and the

gs2 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

half has not been told. I will consider the subject under two heads:
First, fancy breeding, and second, practical breeding. There are
many different plans for the breeding of fancy poultry which
have been followed out by different breeders, all of which have
been very successful. Some practice single matings, others double
matings and line breeding. I think I see the poultry fancier with
his flock of birds before him about to pick out his breeders for
the next year’s crop. He stands scratching his head, realizing the
task he has before him. He selects his best male bird, and studies
his merits and defects. From past experience he knows that he
must select his females so as to “nick” (as it is called), with the
male bird, and by this means overcome, so far as possible, the weak
pointe of one by the strong points of the other, and makes his selee-
tion accordingly.

Several instances have come under my observation where breed-
ers, in trying to overcome some defect in their birds, would get some-
thing else as bad, if not worse. I have come to believe that the
best way to get a strain of birds that will produce a large per cent.
of good birds, is in line breeding. But I also think that a breeder
must thoroughly understand his business in order to be successful
in line breeding, and would caution the amateur breeders to be care-
ful along that line, or he will lose the vitality of his birds.

In regard to the practical side of poultry breeding, we find we have
a much larger class to deal with. While traveling in the Institute
work, in conversation with practical poultry breeders, f found that
one of the greatest mistakes they are making is in the selection of
their breeders: A large number do not use select birds at all, but
Simply gather eggs from the whole flock at the time when they
wish to set. This is a very important point which I wish to impress
upon our Institute lecturers, that we should show the general poul-
try raiser the importance of breeding only from the best males
(as they are half the flock), and then using_only the number of the
best females that will give the desired number of eggs. We should
select only the early developing birds of standard weight, good,
healthy, active vigorous birds, of good form, with well developed
comb and wattles, a bright, keen eye, short, stout beak, good,
square head and short, stout legs, and to produce the best layers
the trap-nest should be used in the selection of our breeder. Use
only the best layers for breeding, as like begets like. By this means
we may greatly improve our flock from year to year. In this way
I succeeded in getting a pen of twelve Silver Wyandotte pullets to
lay an average of twenty-one eggs in the month of January and an
average of two hundred and thirty-seven for the year.

In the selection of breeders, watch them from the time they are
hatched. Give careful attention to their movements, their develop-

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 383

ment in feathering, and also in growth and form. The successful
breeder must know his birds as individuals. The best birds for
breeders are the hustlers; those which are vigorous, active and
bright, and good feeders.

The hen is simply a machine, and the better the machine, the
larger and better the product will be. In both fancy and practical
breeding I believe in keeping the male birds by themselves until
ten days or two weeks before wishing to save eggs for hatching, and
then as soon as the breeding season is over, separate them again.
Good male birds will do well for several years if handled in this way.

FEEDING.

In the feeding of poultry, as in the breeding, wonderful devel-
opments and discoveries have been made. Successful poultry feed-
ing is certainly a science in itself, and but few of the would-be
poultry breeders are, to my mind, successful feeders. If we do
not give the proper amount of food, if we do not feed enough, if we
feed too much, and if we do not feed in the right manner, there is
loss. We begin to feed the chick when we are feeding the hen to
produce the egg from which the chick is to be hatched, and we know
that successful feeding is te develop the chick to a mature bird as
rapidly as possible, keeping it in a strong, healthy condition, at as
low a cost as possible. The chick should have nothing to eat for
twenty-four hours after it is hatched, as it takes from twenty-four
to thirty-six hours for the chick to absorb or use up the yolk of
the egg which nature has provided to care for it during that time.

In my opinion more than fifty per cent. of the mortality in chicks
is caused by injudicious feeding. We now have the chick thirty-six
hours old to care for and feed. The first thing the chick should
have to eat is fine grit composed of mica crystal grit, oyster shells
and granulated charcoal. This should be kept before them at all
times. Chicks should be fed five times a day for two weeks with
a variety of foods. They should be fed lightly, just what they
will eat up clean in a few minutes, and none should be left lying
around.

The most profitable feeding I ever did was to have Wyandotte
cockerels weigh three and one-half pounds at twelve weeks old, and
pullets laying at five months old. Those birds were fed five times
a day for two weeks and three times daily from that time on. The
first three days I fed nothing but baked pone, composed of corn
meal, brown middlings, buckwheat middlings, coarse bran, gluten
meal and meat meal, with a little pulverized charcoal added. This
was mixed with sour milk and soda and a little salt, and baked in a
hot oven the same as we would bake ordinary corn bread. After
being well baked, it was crummed through a fine sieve and fed in

384 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

granular form. After three days I fed cracked wheat in the morn-
ing, pone at ten o’clock, chick feed at noon, cracked corn at three
o'clock and all the pone they would eat at night. After two weeks
I fed cracked corn and wheat on alternate mornings, chick feed at
noon and mash at night until they were three months old, and from
that time I fed wheat in the morning, cracked corn at noon and
mash in the evening until yarded for the winter.

Up to this time all birds should have free range where they can
get plenty of clover and green food and exercise. Of course it is
understood that they must have good, clean, pure water in abund-
ance always before them. When my birds are yarded or housed for
winter, I feed three times a day; in the morning grain—one quart
to ten or twelve birds—scattering it over the straw and chaff upon
the fioor, which should be five or six inches deep, the grain being
well forked into the litter. It is best to use a variety of grains
alternately, such as wheat, oats, barley, buckwheat and cracked
corn.

At noon I feed cut clover and vegetbles, such as mangels, tur-
nips, potatoes, cabbage, etc., and at night all the mash they will eat.
This mash is composed of finely cut clover, corn meal, coarse bran,
brown middlings, buckwheat middlings, gluten meal and meat meal.
These are all thoroughly mixed together, dry, and then made into a
mash with boiling water, with a little salt dissolved in it. The old
theory was, to feed mash in the morning and grain at noon and night.

Realizing the need of an abundance of exercise for the birds in the
winter time, I saw that by changing the program I could get my
birds to do better, and could feed heavier without danger from over-
feeding. Feeding the warm mash‘on a cold morning, the birds
would fill up their crops, get up on their perch and sit and shiver,
while in feeding the small grain in the morning, they get off the
perch, go right to scratching, and hustling for their breakfast, warm
up their blood, start circulation and keep themselves strong and

healthy. This theory I found would work out all right in practice, |

as my birds did not get too fat and lazy, as they were apt to do by
feeding in the old way. I feed the grain and vegetables to keep the
bird, and then at night give them all the mash they can be induced to
eat, of foods high in protein, that is easily digested while they are at
rest, and it has never failed to produce a good, heavy yield of eggs.
I find in this manner of feeding I can force my birds to heavy egg
production without overfeeding.

The birds must be watched and care taken that the grain be all
cleaned out of the litter each day, and if they do not clean up their
usual heavy feed of mash in the evening, cut down on the grain
ration next morning so as to have them always hungry for the even-
ing mash.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 385

Be sure that they have some kind of good, sharp grit, such as
mica crystals, oyster shells, etc., and good, fresh water always be-
fore them in abundance. I believe that much of the poultry on the
farms do not lay in the winter because of the lack of good, fresh,
warm water. Many of the farmers never stop to think that their
poultry needs any water; but when they are led to think and to real-
ize that an egg is two-thirds water, they will soon see that hens can-
not lay eggs without water.

By careful experiment it has been found that animal matter is a
necessity for poultry. It is well known that when they are allowed
to range at will they will eat considerable quantities of animal
matter in the form of insects, worms, etc.

How necessary this animal matter is to the health of fowls, and
especially ducks, was strikingly brought out by recent experiments
at the New York State Experiment Station. Two lots each of
chickens and ducks, as nearly alike as possible, were used in the
experiment. One lot in each case was fed a ration of mixed grains
and skimmed milk or curd, containing no animal matter. The other
a ration of mixed grains with animal meal and fresh bones or dried
blood. The two rations were about equally balanced. In one ra-
tion, two-fifths to one-half the protein, came from animal sources,
while in the other it all came from vegetable sources. Two trials
were made with chickens. In each trial more food was eaten by
the lot receiving animal protein, the gain in weight was more
rapid, maturity was reached earlier, less food was required for each
pound of gain, and the cost of gain was less. During the first
twelve weeks of the first trial, starting with chicks four days old,
the chicks on animal meal gained 56 per cent. more than those on the
vegetable diet, although they ate only 36 per cent. more. They re-
quired half a pound less of dry matter to gain one pound, and each
pound of gain cost only 44 cents as compared with 5 1-5 cents per
pound for the grain-fed birds. During the next eight weeks the
cost of gain was 74 cents and 11 1-3 cents respectively. The animal
meal chicks reached two pounds in weight more than five weeks
before the others. They reached three pounds more than eight
weeks sooner, and three pullefs of the lot began laying four weeks
earlier than any of the grain-fed birds. With the second lot of
chicks the results were much the same, showing a quick healthy
growth and early maturity with the birds fed on animal matter.
The results with the ducklings was strikingly the same.

In conclusion, then, it may be said that rations in which from 40
to 50 per cent. of the protein was supplied by animal food, gave the
best results. By careful management and by following the plan

25—6— 1903

386 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

of feeding prescribed in this article, | have succeeded in producing
over 27,000 eggs in one year from an average of 200 pullets.

The CHAIRMAN: Owing to the fact that several of those who
have papers on this afternoon’s program not having yet returned
from their visit to the Huntingdon Reformatory, we will now take
up the fourth topic on our program, “Easiest and Most Profitable
Way to Grow Potatoes,” by Mr. John W. Cox, of New Wilmington,
Pa.

Mr. Cox presented his paper as follows:

EASIEST AND MOST PROFITABLE WAY TO GROW PO-
TATOES.

By JOHN W. Cox, New Wilmington, Pa.

The easiest way to produce a crop is not always the most profit-
able, but usually economy in labor, by using the proper machinery,
and by doing the work at the proper time, will increase the profits.

Vith the present scarcity of farm hands and the high wages which
a farmer is obliged to pay in order to secure them, any crop can be
made more profitable by reducing the cost of production by using
the best farm machinery.

In order to make potato growing profitable, it is necessary to
have a soil that will produce a good yield of marketable potatoes.
It is also essential to be located near a good market. With the
present high rate of freight it costs too much to place the product
on the market if it is necessary to ship a long distance.

The potato crop is one of the most profitable as well as one of the
most discouraging crops raised by the general farmer. Amongst
the discouraging features can be named the extremes in moisture.
It is often either too wet or too dry. A late frost will often
seriously injure early planted potatoes. Some years the potato
bugs will destroy the crop, unless considerable time and expense
is devoted to their destruction, an@the blight often strikes them
before the tubers are half-grown. Some of these conditions the
farmer has under his control, others he has not. He can conserve
moisture to a certain extent, by having the soil well filled with
humus and by properly preparing the seed-bed before planting, but
if it proves to be an excessively wet season he has no way to dis-
pose of the surplus moisture.

The kind of soil in which potatoes are grown has an influence on
the quality. On a muck soil they are generally of a poor quality,
and usually on moist black soils. A potato of poor quality often

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 387

makes a very good eating potato when grown in a different quality
of soil. It is important that the soi) be well-stocked with decaying
organic matter, and that it be rather in an acid than an alkaline con-
dition, as it has been found that the fungus which causes the scabby
appearance on the outside of the potato, and thus decreases its mar-
ketable value, will not thrive in acid conditions.

The applying of lime to potato ground may increase the yield, but
as it counteracts the acid in the soil, it has a tendency to promote
the scab disease. A well manured heavy clover sod usually makes
a good potato soil. The manure should be applied in the fall or
during the early winter to allow it to become assimilated with the
soil, as the plant cannot feed upon it in a coarse condition.

If the soil is deficient in vegetable matter, a good plan is to plow
under the sod in the fall and sow the ground with rye. Apply
manure when the ground is frozen in the winter and plow the rye
under in the spring when it is about twenty inches high. If allowed
to stand until it gets much higher, the weather is usually warm, and
it has a tendency to sour the ground. It also prevents the moisture
from rising from the subsoil too near the surface, where it can be
used by the plant. It is remarkable how much finer the soil is
when treated in this way.

The potato crop is best adapted to a moist, cool climate, but will
do well in a warm climate, if all conditions are favorable. The
vitality of a potato can be retained longer in a cool than in a warm
climate. If the seed is purchased from one of our Northern states,
it usually has more vitality than our home-grown seed, and a better
crop is usually produced. For best results, seed should be renewed
at least every two or three years. If large potatoes are planted
every year, the vitality will not deteriorate as rapidly as if small
potatoes are planted. A good crop can often be secured by planting
small potatoes, but this practice cannot be depended upon to follow
indefinitely. We are always advised to select the best corn, the
best oats and the best wheat for seed and I think that the same
rule will apply equally as well to potatoes. It is very essential that
the seed be properly cared for. It should not be allowed to sprout
until a short time before planting. If the sprout is permitted to
start growth and is broken off, the second growth will have less
vitality than the first.

The growing can be retarded by keeping the potatoes covered
through the winter with straw and dirt. Cover deep enough, with a
liberal quantity of straw and dirt, to keep them from freezing dur-
ing the severe cold weather. During February or March, while the
ground is frozen, the piles should be covered with manure or straw
to keep it frozen until near planting time. This will prevent the

388 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

sprout from starting to grow. A short time before planting, the
potatoes should be removed to a building and spread out to give
them an opportunity to start a good, vigorous sprout before plant-
ing. If not properly covered while they are buried, there is danger
of the eye being frozen enough to reduce the vitality without freez-
ing the potato.

The scab fungus will remain in the ground from one year to
another, and if the ground is infested with the scab, or the seed is
affected, the seed should be treated with some preventive to insure
a crop of clean potatoes. Corrosive sublimate will answer this
purpose. It is not expensive and requires very little labor to use
it. Dissolve one ounce in eight gallons of water and soak the seed
ninety minutes. This should be done before cutting. The seed
should be cut with one or two eyes to the piece, depending upon
the size of the potato and the number of eyes. I prefer to plant
large and medium sized potatoes, and one-eye pieces from the stem
end of large potatoes will make large pieces in most varieties.
Nearer the seed end the pieces will be smaller and have more eyes.

Where small potatoes are used for seed, either plant whole or cut
the pieces a respectable size regardless of the number of eyes.
Potatoes should be planted as soon after cutting as possible. It is
not safe to cut a large quantity and pile them up, as they may heat
and the seed be injured, so that it will not produce a profitable crop.
If small quantities are cut a few days before planting, put in bushel
crates, set in a cool place and covered from the wind and sun, no
damage will result. Medium sized potatoes can be planted whole
if desired, and some prefer that way, but it requires more seed to
the acre. A large yield can be secured from a very small amount
of seed, by separating the eyes into two or three parts and planting
in well prepared fertile soil; but this method will not produce as
many potatoes to the space of ground occupied as where whole eyes
are planted.

To grow potatoes easily the grower should be supplied with all
necessary machinery. In addition to the plow, a spring-tooth har-
row, roller and two-horse cultivator, with which almost every farmer
is supplied should be used; it is also essential to have a planter,
digger, weeder, smoothing harrow, low wagon with platform and a
number of bushel crates. <A four-row barrel sprayer is very useful
for spraying potatoes, to prevent blight and to kill bugs, but can be
dispensed with, and the work done with cheaper machinery.

The ground should not be plowed until dry in the spring on most
soils, and in most latitudes. Wire worms and grubs can be de-
stroyed by fall plowing, but that leaves the ground exposed during
the winter allowing more or less fertility to leach away. The
ground should be plowed deeper for potatoes than for corn, and if it

————

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 389

has never been plowed deep it should be plowed a little deeper each
time until the desired depth is reached. If it is deepened too much
at one time, the chances for a good crop are lessened, as too much,
subsoil would be brought to the surface at one time. The best depth
to plow depends upon the depth and condition of the soil. Some
soils can be plowed ten or more inches, while it is not best to plow
others more than six.

It is usually best to use a drag to pulverize the clods, as a roller
has a tendency to pack the ground too much, especially in a-wet
season, and a loose, mellow soil is desired for best results. <A cut-a-
way or spring-tooth harrow should be used to loosen up the soil.
Three horses should be used on a spring-tooth harrow, as it can be
set deeper and more effective work done, without injury to the
horses, than where only two are used. The ground should be har-
rowed at least once a week from the time that it is plowed until it
is planted, in order to pulverize the clods and prevent the escape
of moisture. It should be stirred as soon as dry enough, after
every rain, not allowing a crust to form. The harrow and roller or
drag should be kept going until the ground is thoroughly pulverized
and a good seed bed prepared. If the ground is prepared and culti-
vated properly the crop will not suffer so much during a protracted
dry spell, as it will if the work is carelessly done. The ground is
not fully prepared for a crop of potatoes until all surface stones,
that will in any way interfere with the planting, cultivating or
digging of the crop, have been removed.

A good two-horse planter can be operated by one man. It will
open the furrow, drop the seed and cover it the desired depth. I!
desired, commercial! fertilizer can be applied with the planter. With
the Aspinwall planter, which we use, the seed is dropped in the bot-
tom of the furrow and covered with a small amount of dirt before
the fertilizer is distributed, thus preventing the fertilizer coming
in direct contact with the seed. The seed should be planted deep
enough to prevent the harrow from raking it out, as the ground
should be harrowed with a smoothing harrow several times before
the potatoes come up. After they appear above the surface they
should be harrowed occasionally until they are large enough to work
with a two-horse cultivator. The cultivator should be run close
and deep at the first cultivation. Follow the cultivator each time
with the weeder until the tops are six or eight inches high. The
weeder will level off the surface and rake the loose dirt around the
atalks and prevent the weeds from starting to grow. If the weeds
¢an be kept from starting to grow, until the tops are six or eight
inches high, it is not difficult to keep them under subjection. Some
weeders might be too severe on the tops, when they are eight or
ten inches high, but we use a Z. Breed weeder with curved teeth, and
if the tops are pulled over they will soon straighten up.

390 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Perhaps the best known insect which attacks the potatoes is the
Colorado beetle. They do not make their appearance every year,
but when they do come in large numbers they must be kept under
subjection or serious loss will result. If hand picking is depended
upon it is very essential that all the old bugs be caught, as it has
been estimated that one female may lay as many as 1,000 eggs in
its lifetime, and 1,000 eggs, if not destroyed, usually means 1,000
young bugs. These bugs are most easily killed with poison while
young.

There are a number of spraying devices for applying insecticides
in a liquid form. For small fields the knapsack sprayer is very con-
venient, but is not practicable for an extensive acreage. The
sprayer which covers four rows at a time, while speedy, does not do
as thorough work, on account of not having the spray as well di-
rected as the barrel pump, with two hose, under the direction of
two men. The grower of potatoes on a small scale can apply the
poison very effectively in a dry form which is preferred by many to
the liquid.

Paris green is considered to be the best poison and should be
mixed with something that will form a paste when dampened with
the first dew; it will then adhere to the vines. If it does not adhere
to the vines until all are hatched a second application should be
made. Lime or gypsum is often used when applying arsenites in
a dry form, but wheat flour is more effective as it adheres to the
vines better. One pound of Paris green to fifteen or twenty pounds
of flour, is estimated by some to be sufficient for one acre, or more,
depending upon the size of the vines, while others advocate using
one pound of Paris green to 150 pounds of land plaster. It can be
applied by attaching a handle to a can, with a perforated bottom,
and jarring the can with a stick, being careful to have the buds of
the plant covered, as the young bugs usually feed upon them after
leaving the leaf upon which they were hatched.

One of the most serious fungus diseases of the potato is the blight.
It often makes its attack when the tubers are not more than half
grown, considerably reducing the yield. ‘%VYhen seriously attacked
the tops die and the tubers stop growing. Some varieties are more
subject to blight than others, and for the practical grower the
safest plan is to select the varieties that are the most resistant of
disease. Strong, vigorous plants have more power to resist the dis-
ease than delicate plants have.

A. bulletin published by the Ohio Experiment Station says, that
growers often confuse the bacterial blight with the early blight,
and hence the difference of opinion as to the efficacy of spraying
with Bordeaux mixture. The bacterial blight causes the branches,
that are attacked to die, quickly turning black, and it is claimed that

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 391

no spraying will prevent it. The early blight is a premature spot-
ting and dyeing of the leaves, and spraying with Bordeaux mixture is
recommended as a preventive. If the potatoes are sprayed with
Paris green to kill bugs, it is advisable to mix it with the Bordeaux.
mixture, as the one spraying will serve both to kill the bugs and
prevent the blight. If the weeds have been permitted to grow, they
should be cut and hauled off before digging is commenced, as no
digger will work successfully in a weedy field.

Every grower should be supplied with a number of bushel crates,
as they save considerable labor in handling. They should be dis
tributed over the part of the field to be dug first. The potatoes can
be picked into the crates or picked into buckets and poured into the
crates. When the crates are filled, the low platform wagon can be
driven along and the crates loaded on from both sides, and hauled to
the place of storing, with a small amount of labor. When an early
or medium early variety of potatoes are grown they can be dug in
time to sow the ground in wheat. If the weeds have been kept
under subjection, a good seed-bed can be prepared by harrowing:
with a spring-tooth harrow.

The CHAIRMAN: The next subject on the program is:
“Poultry Houses,” by Mr. T. E. Orr, of Beaver, Pa.
The paper is as follows:

POULTRY HOUSES.

By T. EH. ORR, Beaver, Pa.

The three essentials of poultry management are cleanliness, com-
fort and convenience. As I can hardly imagine that any of my
hearers will start a flock in an old and filthy house, I shall start
with the second of these requirements, comfort. An uncomfortable
hen does not sing; an uncomfortable hen does not lay eggs. You
must have the.songs of joy and comfort before you need carry your
egg basket out to gather the eggs. Start the singing; raise the tune
by giving warm quarters and an abundant and varied diet.

“Biddy” is not a growler. She does not complain if she is uncom-
fortable; she simply stops doing business. If she has lost a toe, a
comb or wattle she does not utter a murmur, but her system sets

392 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

about “restoring the waste places,” and she cannot digest a suflicient
surplus for egg production until all sores are healed and she is again
comfortable.

The guise of ventilation covers a multitude of sins. “I like plenty
of ventilation,” says the fellow who is too lazy and shiftless to bat-
ten the cracks in his horse stable. “I don’t want pampered stock.
I want mine to be hardy,” says the alleged dairyman whose cow
stable is so open that the snow and frost are on the backs of his
cows in the morning; and then, rather than water them properly,
he turns them out in cold weather to go to the creek and drink ice
water, if indeed he takes the trouble to cut away the ice. This is
the man who thinks “any old thing is good enough for the hens.”
He gets no eggs from Thanksgiving till Easter. Look at his hen-
house and you will see the reason. I need not describe this building.
You have all seen it. Ventilation? Bah!

A hen is not an exacting tenant. She does not demand hardwood
floors, mahogany furniture nor Brussels carpets, but she must have
quarters free from draughts. She can endure some cold if her quar-
ters are dry, but she must not have cold draughts down her back.
The house need not be expensive, but it must be tight. For these
reasons we have built our last four houses on the plan here indi-
cated. One of these houses is passing through its third winter. We
have never lost a comb or wattle in it. Our next four houses (and
we are increasing capacity every year) are likely to be on the same
plan. These houses are all 12 feet wide and in length one is 36, an-
other 60, and two others each 120 feet long, all being divided into
compartments 12x12 feet, so the four houses give us a total of 28
pens each 12 feet square. -

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dls

72)

Our sills are 3x6; all other framing stuff is 2x4 hemlock. The
rafters are three feet apart, so that every fourth pair are supported
by two upright pieces 63 feet long. These help to make a stiff,
strong roof, and to these our partition doors are hinged. The front
of each house, 54 feet high, is covered with finished weatherboarding
and painted; so are the ends. The rear, 44 feet high, likewise the
roof, is sheeted with hemlock boards, the smooth sidg in. These are
covered with three-ply tarred paper of the best quality obtainable,
and immediately treated to a coat of tar. If this tarring is repeated

— oS TS

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 393

in six months and once each year thereafter this is a roof that will
last a dozen years or longer. It is absolutely impervious to either
water or air.

The dropping boards of the best tongued and grooved flooring
should fit snugly into the siding at the back of the house so that no
air can circulate between them. They are thirty inches from the
floor, leaving abundant scratching room beneath. The perches, 2x4
scantling, smoothed and flat side up, are 8 inches above the dropping
boards, and are easily removable for cleaning and painting with
liquid lice killer occasionally.

On the two perches, each 12 feet long, there is abundant room for
30 hens, but we never allow more than 25 in one flock. If we were
keeping 7,000 hens instead of 700 we should simply multiply these
four houses tenfold. A house 96 feet long, containing 8 of these
12x12 apartments, is the best sized house we can imagine. The
strong feature of this house is its low roof. The hens do not need
to heat a large volume of air with their bodies. Their perches being
close to the roof, with both roof and dropping board tight, and well
removed from the ventilation in front, they can always be comfort-
able at night. ©

Allow me to insist that you do not make the house higher. I
would prefer to have it one foot lower but for the inconvenience in
cleaning it. The short man who will have a care not to bump his
head against the rafters may profitably make the rear-posts 54 feet
high, the front ones 44 feet, and the tie beam that connects the
rafters at each partition 54 feet, and will gain more in eggs every
month than he will save in lumber.

Why is this? I do not know. I can only guess at it. The hen’s
body is small and she does not need to give off so much heat to warm
her house if it is small. The hen ought to have a floor space 2x3
feet in order to get exercise; but this space need be only one foot
high, thus giving her a total of 6 cubic feet of air space to place her
on equal terms with the 1,000 Ib. horse or cow that occupies a box
stall 10x14 and 7 feet high. Now in our little sawed-off house that
I have suggested, 25 hens have more than five times the cubic air
space they really need. So it is only to give them room to scratch
and to give the attendant room to get into it that we make the house
more than one foot high.

Now, the business hen does not suffer with the cold much in day-
time, even in so large a house. Scratching for a living makes her
blood circulate rapidly. At night is the trying time, and we find
that wise breeders of Leghorns, particularly, are overcoming the
difficulty by dropping a muslin curtain from the roof to the front
edge of the dropping board at night. This gives them a chance to
warm up a smaller volume of air with their bodies even when inae-

394 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

tive; it cuts off all draughts of air and they rest comfortably during
the night. In fact, many Leghorn breeders throughout New York
are shortening the length of the perches so that the hens must roost
more compactly together than I have indicated, and thus retain still
more heat. Of course in moderate weather these curtains or boards
are not dropped. We have never used them on Rocks or Wyan-
dottes and with a house built just as I have indicated they are not
needed.

THE FLOOR SPACE.

Let it be remembered that each compartment for 25 hens is 12 feet
square. This floor space must not be interfered with in any way,
but must all be held sacred as a scratching space. With such a
house we do not need any separate scratching shed. The hens may
be kept there in a healthy condition from November until April.
Remember that the dropping board, 30 to 34 inches wide, is 30 inches
above the floor, so the hens can work clear under it. Not a nest
box, dust box, feed trough, grit box or water crock is to be on the
floor. All these must be attached to the walls so the hens can work
under them, except the troughs for soft feed and these are to be
hung up to the ceiling as soon as they are empty. The litter may be
oat, wheat or buckwheat straw. We prefer the last named because,
it does not become impacted, but the grain settles down through,
compeiling “biddy” to work hard to get it. It should be forked over
frequently and renewed before it becomes too foul or broken.

LIGHT AND VENTILATION.

Our windows are in the middle of the front of each house, 24 feet
wide, 34 feet high, on hinges opening inward. They come down with-
in one foot of the floor and one can step out into the wards through
them. In April these glass windows come off and wire screens on
hinges take their place until November. About our only ventila-
tion is the exits into the yards, 9x14 inches. These are seldom
closed, except in extremely cold weather.

Morris Davenport, of New York, has invented, and Dr. Santee, of
the same state, has given much publicity to muslin windows. ‘The
claim is that they give the right amount of light and ventilation,
and that they prevent the accumulation of moisture about glass win-
dows and on the under side of the roof in very cold weather. Last
month we investigated a number of these houses in northern New
York, where Leghorns were kept in safety. ‘We are so nearly con-
verted to their merits that we shall try them very carefully in the
next houses we build.

We do not advise you to build any house out of new lumber in the

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 395

winter time. Colds, roup and all sorts of trouble are quite sure to
follow. The right time to build a new house is in June or July.
Finish the frame-work, roofing and flooring thoroughly, then put on
the three-ply tarred paper and then give it a thorough coating of
tar and let it stand and season during July, August and September.
Begin to occupy it with your pullets in October. Give it another
coat of tar then; an additional coat of tar each year, and the house
will last indefinitely. The bath is just as essential to the hen as to
the man. She does not need hers in water. Dust is what she wants.
If you did not save some fine road dust last summer you can probably
secure some fine coal ashes now. Sift them through a fine sieve so
that all cinders are taken out. Place at least a bushel of these in
a box about 24 feet square and one foot deep, throw in a little grain
to get them started. Stir the ashes up from the bottom every few
days and the hens will soon learn that these ashes are there for
them to use, and they will make everything in that house dusty.
The box should be so placed that the sun can shine into it and warm
the ashes. Wood ashes are not good. The alkali irritates the skin
and discolors the shanks. A little sulphur mixed through the ashes
is good. Some are mixing acidulated South Carolina rock-phosphate
with the ashes with good effect and some use this exclusively for a
dust bath. I have not tried it, but I fear it is too heavy.

No one thing has discouraged so many people as lice. There are
a half dozen varieties on our domestic fowls. I have seen three
kinds on the same bird at one time. The dust bath will enable
“biddy” to rid herself of many of them, but there are enough lazy
hens that will not dust themselves to keep up the supply of lice in
the house. Besides, some of the most vexatious varieties of lice are
not on them in daytime, but at night only. For these the dust bath
has no terrors. There are various powders for dusting hens, but
except for setting hens the powder business is too slow and too
laborious. I formerly made lice powders for myself and my neigh-
bors, but it is no small task to dust a hundred hens thoroughly, even
though you have a whirligig machine to help do the work. There
are several good liquid lice killers, the fumes of which are death to
all insect life, and these can be applied so rapidly and effectually as
to make them cheap, even though they cost twice as much as they
do. Don’t be deluded with the kerosene theory. Lice may not enjoy
or thrive on a diet of kerosene, but there are many varieties of lice
that will wade through kerosene to do business.

If you are building a new house you can do much in the way of
prevention. Spray the cracks and corners with the liquid there, a
terror to new lice and of the detestable mites uninhabitable. Paint
your dropping boards thoroughly with the liquid when you put them
in and you will have the disinfecting ordor of the liquid there, a ter-

396 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

ror to new lice and a death to the old ones. Once in two weeks we
want our 2x4 perches lifted from their sockets and painted with
the liquid. Im winter this has the appearance of a frost on the
perches. The hen seats herself on the flat side of the perch and
the heat of her body will send enough of the fumes through her
feathers to kill the lice. A house treated in this way occasionally
will never be troubled with lice of any kind, and it is only hens that
are free from lice that can be profitable. Don’t spray the straw
of the nests with liquid lice killer. It will taint the eggs. The
nest boxes should be taken out occasionally and all litter removed.
Then if sprayed and ventilated before the fresh straw is put in
there will be no tainting and no lice.

A Member: Mr. Chairman, I would like to ask the gentleman a few
questions. If you are to keep 100 chickens would you keep them
all in the same house?

MR. ORR: That would be a house four times ten feet long. I
would not myself. I am not ready to say that it is wrong, but I
have found that whenever you put more than 24 or 30 hens together
they don’t do so well. I am going to conduct an experiment this
year by starting and putting 200 hens together. The trouble is
that they will get together at the end of the house or on one perch.
But for my own work I found we had better results if we did not
keep more than two dozen together.

A Member: How do you break up hens that persist in hatching?

MR. ORR: I will tell you how we do it. We have an extra pen
away from our houses and we put our hens in there. In the sum-
mer time we have a litile park built outside the house and turn
them out on that right on the grass. We do not scold or tie a
string to her leg, but we give them all the feed they will eat, and
good feed that will stimulate them up to egg laying.

A Member: Mr. Orr, if you had 100 hens running around the farm
how are you going to separate them?

MR. ORR: The hen is a creature of habit. If you put 25 hens in
a house this fall and keep them there a little while, when you let
them out they will come back to the same pen; you can train them
to come back to the same pens in which you have been feeding them.
You can hardly drive them away. On the farm if you can get the
hen in the habit of coming back to one place for three or four times
you can hardly drive her away from it.

A Member: Mr. Orr, on the average farm don’t you think it
would be more profitable to keep the hens penned up than running
around the farm?

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 397

MR. ORR: Yes; sir; if they have average care it is better for the
hens to be confined. ‘

A Member: Would it not be better to have the hen-house you
described off the ground six or eight inches on locust posts and have
a floor in and ventilation thus furnished and so no vermin could
get in, and shut up that place with a screen of close wire netting,
and so that there would be a draught through in warm weather and
that it could be closed up tight in winter?

-MR. ORR: If you are going to put a floor in at ail I prefer to raise
it up. We have one house with a floor in it and another on sloping
ground without a floor with perches from one to two feet off the
eround. We have it so that they can get under the house and
in this warm weather they Jike that.

A Member: It is only on account of vermin that I would have the
floor.

MR. ORR: So would I if the ground about the house had proper
drainage. But don’t be too sure on the vermin question. I would
have said once I would give you a dollar for every red mite you could
find on the place. I was going through one of our houses, which I
thought was free from vermin, with a gentleman, but the very first
perch we turned up we found a bunch of these red mites. We got
out our sprayers and went over every compartment. He was in-
terested in that lice question and he was as glad as I was embar-
rassed to find that we had lice. So don’t be too certain, as I was,
that you hav’nt any lice.

A Member: What is the remedy for these lice?

MR. ORR: There are half a dozen of these liquid lice killers that
will do the work.

A Member: Crude oil will do it.

MR. ORR: Crude oil is a good thing, but it will not kill all lice;
but there are liquid lice killers that will do it; crude carbolic acid
will do it. But I want to say this, that I don’t care how good your
remedy is, if you don’t use it it is not going to kill them. Remember
that.

The CHAIRMAN: The next speaker will be Prof. H. A. Surface,
Economic Zoologist.

Prof. Surface addressed the assemblage as follows:

Ladies and Gentlemen: It is not necessary for me to say that
it is a pleasure for me to be here and meet the gentlemen whom I
know well, and with whom I! have been corresponding for some
time. It seems that when I come before you or meet with you
to-day for the first time in my official capacity as Economie Zoolo-

398 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

gist, I should discuss the fundamental principles of the greatest
subject with which I have to deal, and that will take us directly, of
course, to the subject of Economic Entomology, or the application
of insect remedies. ?

As you know, we are issuing from the Agricultural Department,
bulletins discussing the insects of each respective month and the
remedies known for them, because that is the important subject in
agriculture and horticulture to-day. We have also issued another
circular, entitled “The Birds Around the Farm.” These are entirely
free of charge and will be sent to persons who write for them or re-
turn these postal cards. (Holding up cards). Uf the June number
did not reach their destination it is because we are changing our
mailing list now; but after this it will be sent regularly the first
of every month to the persons whose names we have. We are not
spreading them broadcast, however. They will be put into the
hands of only those persons who signify their desire to receive them.
This is an undertaking on my part, with the permission of Secretary
Critchfield, that means much work, but we are gratified with the
hearty responses we are already receiving from the people.

I can do little more to-day than to speak to vou of the things of
which I have already written, for we cannot be successful until we
understand the underlying principles of insect warfare. I have sent
for a spraying apparatus in order that I could illustrate in a prac-
tical manner some of these things. There is just a word of explana-
tion concerning this: If I should show you an apparatus, it is not
that I am advertising this machine, at all. This is the apparatus
that will best suit my purposes and the company gratuitously sent it
to me upon the condition that I place their catalogues in this room,
and that I have already done. That is all the advertising I am going
to give.

In the first place, we know that the insects that attack our crops
are divided into two classes: First, the suctorial insects, or those
that feed by sucking the juices from the organisms on which they
live, as do the squash bugs, scale insects, plant lice, etc.; the other
class is the chewing insects, that chew the tissues of the plants as
do the beetles, cut worms, army worms, corn worms, cabbage worms,
etc. Now, as a consequence, insecticides are divided into two
classes: Those intended to kill by contact (consequently those that
must be used for suctorial insects); and secondly, stomach poisons,
or those that are intended to be for the chewing insects. You can
readily see that if the plants were covered with Paris green or any
other poison, a suctorial insect would not be affected, because its
bill would be inserted into the plant, and it, therefore, would not
get the poison applied on the surface. These insects must be at-
tacked with the contact poisons which kill every thing with which

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. ; 399

they come into contact. The chewing insects are killed by taking
into their stomachs the poisonous remedies that are applied to the
plants. For example, I received a branch of a cherry tree with the
leaves all curled up by the cherry Aphis. It would be absolutely
impossible to kill these insects now with contact applications, but
had the applications been made at the right time before these in-
sects had caused the leaves to roll and twist into protecting shields,
then their bodies could have been reached and they would have been
killed. The plant lice are the cause of the leaves thus rolling and
twisting. Thy are bad in some parts of the State. After they are
in the curl of the leaf there is nothing to do but to cut off the
branches affected. When inside a curled leaf you cannot reach
them. The remedies must be applied before the leaves curl—just
about the time the buds are bursting, especially for the apple Aphis.
A man in Crawford county wrote to me before the buds burst and
sent me some apple buds, and I found that they were infested with
the Aphis. I told him to make the application of whale oil soap,
or kerosene mixture or emulsion as soon us the first green leaves
began to appear. He did so, and wrote me later that he had de-
stroyed all the pests.

Now, ladies and gentlemen, we have heard a great deal about kero-
sene emulsion. I have this apparatus here to show you something
that has taken its place. We regard the emulsion as difficult to
make and unpleasant to apply, and for this reason I could print in
these monthly bulletins “use kerosene emulsion,” month after
month, and the people would not do it. Now, the substance as a
contact application that is taking its place is a mixttre of kerosene
and water. The object in making kerosene emulsion is that the
oil will be in fine particles and will be diluted by water. You cannot
apply kerosene stronger than 20 per cent. without injuring foliage,
and that is too strong for peach and cherry and the American and
Japanese plums. Now, taking the place of the kerosene emulsion
and water mixture that is made by some apparatus of the kind, I
have here. Into this tank the kerosene is placed. (Indicating.)
Here is an index showing the percentage of kerosene in proportion
to the water. This tank is then placed in a vessel of water and
we set the index at the percentage of oil desired. About 15 per
cent. is generally used. I will spray a little of this out of the
window.

I have here an appliance that I have arranged that is convenient.
There are two kinds of nozzles here used; the one is the Bordeaux;
the other is the Deming-Vermorel nozzle. This attachment is for
Spraying the underside of leaves of vines, such as cucumber, melon
and the like. You will notice quite a difference in the kind of spray
thrown by these two; one goes as a genuine spray or mist, like fog;

400 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. .

the other reaches some distance, but falls in drops, sprinkling like
rain. Where we have to reach into the tree tops, by turning this
valve (indicating) you will notice we get a different effect. You see
that the one is of larger drops than the other; that is, it is doing
more sprinkling than spraying. The double nozzle is not generally
used by the hand sprayer. The spray is a water mist and does not
require much power for that. The man who has an orchard must
use a larger apparatus. The point that I wish particularly to make
in showing this apparatus is that we add the kerosene in the vessel
and at the instant the spray itself is made, and the chemical mix-
ture is effected. For the peach or plum we use from 10 to 15 per
cent. of kerosene; for the apple and pear from 15 to 20 per cent. of
kerosene; for lice on any animals or in poultry house a 10 to 30 per
cent. kerosene mixture is recommended. I have never tried it in
that quantity.

A Member: How strong should it be for rose bushes?

PROF. SURFACE: Fifteen per cent. kerosene is the average. I
have used that successfully upon rose bushes this year. Another
thing that I can recommend instead of the kerosene mixtures is
whale oil soap, one pound to six or eight gallons of water. I have
used that this year on many kinds of leaves, for the slug, ete., on
rose leaves and for plant lice. The only thing is, that when it is
used on an extensive scale, it is expensive. If applied to a large
orchard it is expensive; but so far.a few plants in the orchard or
garden I should recommend whale oil soap in most cases. There
are two well known manufacturers of this soap, one in New York
and the other in Philadelphia. I have used Good’s Caustic Potash
Whale Oil Soap (941 Front St., Philadelphia), with the best results.
This mixing apparatus does not require any material as expensive
as that. For using the whale oil soap, kerosene emulsion, Bordeaux
mixture, or Paris green, this pump is all that is needed.

In the first place, the man who does not spray for plant diseases
is not up to the times at all. We cannot handle the blights, the mil-
dews, the rusts, black knots, rots, anthracnose and other kinds of
plant diseases without spraying apparatus and the proper remedy.
For such diseases the Bordeaux mixture is generally used success-
fully. We can combine the Bordeaux mixture with poisons, such
as Paris green and arsenite of lime, and thus produce a mixture
that is both an insecticide and a fungicide. The Bordeaux mixture
is simply made. Take four pounds of quick lime; dissolve four
pounds of sulphate of copper in warm water, but not in the metal
vessel; then pour them together slowly in 50 gallons of water,
stirring as it is done, and you have Bordeaux mixture. This mix-
ture is not to kill insects. It is excellent to drive off flea beetles or
small insects that are putting holes through the leaves of the potato

_No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 401

and other plants. It is the best thing for plant diseases that can
be recommended. I[f to that 50 gallons of Bordeaux mixture you
add four ounces of Paris green, you have something that is effective
for the chewing insects and for the plant diseases, for the codling
moth, ete., but it does not kill the class of insects that are sucto-
rial. We have tried it for the blight on melons and it has worked
perfectly for that, but it is likely. to make a stain on the ripened fruit
like a thin, bluish white-wash. That can be overcome by using for
the last spraying a formula of a colorless remedy that I am giving
in the June bulletin of the Division of Zoology, which is being sent
out this week. It is the ammoniacal solution of copper carbonate.
This isa clear solution and does not leave a stain. For example,
take the brown rot of the peach. This must be met by an appli-
cation just about the time the peach is ripening, and if we apply the
Bordeaux mixture at that time our fruit is so stained that it is not
marketable; but if we apply a stainless mixture, as described, we
have a fungicide or remedy for that disease that will not stain the
fruit and is effective. It is good for the cherry and other fruits that
may rot; the last spraying made should be the application of the
Stainless solution. Another point is that when a man is spraying
for something like the apple scab, if Paris green is added, it will
also kill the codling moth and other chewing insect foes.

A Member: How would you protect the roses from the rose bug?

PROF. SURFACE: There is no man living that can give you an
effective remedy for the rose bug. It is recommended to spray with
whale oil soap, kerosene mixture, Bordeaux mixture, etc. Shake
them off into a cloth that is saturated with kerosene, or into an
open umbrella, and burn them. That is about he only thing that
can be done. They are poisoned so slowly that it takes two days
to kill them.

A Member: What about the San José Scale?

PROF. SURFACE: You who are raising fruit should be intensely
interested in this subject. If left alone it would cover this State
like leprosy. The San José Scale during this month of June, from
the 5th to 20th or later, is in a young and tender stage. It is then
we can make the summer applications, but applications made in
August or September would not avail. Use whale oil soap, one
pound to five gallons of water, from the 10th to the 25th of June, and
you will be able to hold the San José Seale in check until fall. Then
when the leaves are off the trees trim back as much as advisable
and then wash with a strong soap suds or spray with whale oil soap,
two pounds to one gallon of water (that is strong); or use the “lime,
sulphur and salt wash,” to be described in one of our winter bul-
letins.

26—6—1963

402 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.
A Member: Don’t that application hurt the foliage of the tree?

PROF. SURFACE: It will, if continued frequently, but if applied
ouly once or twice in a season, it will not. I have tried it on deli-
cate plants this year. I have tried it one pound to two gallons of
water and killed lice on rose bushes this summer.

For the chewing insects, the chief remedy is Paris green, but
there is one that is better. This is the arsenite of lime. It is the
cheapest and most effective and the easiest to apply, because it does
not require stirring. It is the best all around poisonous insecticide.
This is made by boiling white arsenic in two parts of water. Take
half a pound of white arsenic, two paris of sal-soda and two parts
of water and boil until the white arsenic is dissolved; then use only
one pint of this solution with 50 gallons of water, and two pounds
of freshly slacked lime, and you will find it is more effective than
Paris green. It has the advantage of not requiring stirring like
other applications that are merely mechanical mixtures instead of
solutions.

A Member: Does it stay on the leaf any longer than Paris green?

PROF. SURFACE: I think it does, and has been found more
effective for codling moth, ete.
A Member: Can it be used in a dry form?

PROF. SURFACE: It can. I have been thinking of experiment-
ing with it. The Missouri Experiment Station has shown good re-
sults from dust spraying. I am able to do some experimental work
of that kind, and shall take the pains to make the experiment.

{fam asked to repeat the formula:

One-half pound of white arsenic and two pounds of sal-soda boiled
in two parts of water until the arsenic is dissolved. Then you will
have a solution. Whenever you want to use it take one pint of that
solution to two pounds of freshly slaked quick lime and 50 gallons
of water.

A Member: Have you ever tried a strong solution of lime water
and letting it clear?

PROF. SURFACE: No, sir; In all cases where we are to use a
Spray with lime, we must strain the lime after it is slaked and as
it is poured into the water. The clear lime water would not have
the effect, but if strained through a cloth like cheese-cloth it will
not clog the apparatus.

A Member: Does it make any difference whether the water is
hard or soft?

PROF. SURFACE: Yes, sir; in making up most insecticides soft

water or rain water is essential.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 403

A Member: Please state once more the best time for spraying
for the seale.

PROF. SURFACE: For summer applications of all scale insects
the latter half of the month of June. For the plum scale, the San
José Seale or any kind of scale, the middle of June in general. The
“oyster shell” should be treated in the early part of August.

Scale insects are spread in four ways: 1. By the feet of birds;
the young insects creep on their feet and the birds fly away and carry
them to other trees. This is proven by the fact that frequently
wherever the bird nests the scale starts in that part of the tree
where the nest was located. 2. The wind blows them. 3. Another
way is where the branches of the trees overlap and they creep from.
one tree to another; and 4th, they are carried by persons and ani
mals upon which they fall.

A Member: Is this scale white?

PROF. SURFACE: Yes, sir; in its young stage it is first yellow,
then white, and finally becomes gray with a dark center. You will
know the San José Scale from all others.

After it gets past the light yellow and moving stage it is per-
fectly circular with a little dark mound right in the centre.
Branches infested with it look as though they had been washed with
ashes.

A. Member: Does it leave a red spot.

PROF. SURFACE: Yes, sir; especially on green fruit and young
shoots. We do not realize the importance of that insect, and if any
of you suspect its presence send me samples. I have a strong power
microscope in my office for this work.

Gentiemen, this is a great question. I think I am the only man
in the State of Pennsylvania who is working to-day, professionally,
on the subject of Economic Entomology. It is a subject that covers
a loss of over $20,000,000 a year in the Keystone State. If you
should go to the Legislature and ask for the smallest part of money
that we need to experiment or combat with these foes they would
hold up their hands in horror.

sentlemen, there is not a tree in all this region from which I can
not at this moment take an insect that is injuring it. There is an
average of about six species or kinds of insects on each species of
plants, and 271 on the apple tree alone. There are 15,000 kinds of
insects in the State of Pennsylvania and the loss that you suffer
from their attacks is an actual clear loss just as though it were
taken out of your pockets.

A Member: In our barn and the sleepers of the house if anything
is laid down it is covered with a white flour. What is that?

404 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

PROF. SURFACE: I would suspect you had the white ants boring
in the wood. I have received a communication from a gentleman
in Philadelphia and samples that brought to my mind a subject
of great importance. He has a row of houses and the white ants
are working in them. If that is what it is I ought to know, so as
to give you the proper remedy. Please send me specimens if any
insects are to be found in them. Of course, if you inject pure kero-
sene into the holes, it will kill them.

A Member: Did you ever have any experience with a citizen who
claimed he never took scale although it was on each side of his
house, in each yard? A gentleman claimed that Good’s No. 3
Caustic Potash Whale Oil Soap would work all right.

PROF. SURFACE: Yes; that will kill the insects in the winter,
because it makes the scales turn up and then when the rain, freezing
and wind come, they are washed off.

A Member: Do ants on trees do good?

PROF. SURFACE: This is an important question. The ants are
there because plant lice or scale insects are there, and not because
they are attacking the trees. When you see ants going up and down
trees it is a sure indication that these pests are there. It is the
Sweet juices, secreted by plant lice and scale insects, that the ants
are after.

A Member: I would like to ask a question in regard to plum
trees. I neglected to spray our trees before they bloomed last year,
but after they bloomed I sprayed with Bordeaux mixture, and about
10 days later I gave them a second spraying, but a number of the
plums are dropping off. Would a spraying before they came to
bloom have prevented this or will all these plums drop off?

PROF. SURFACE: The most of them that are stung by curculio
will drop off. Destroy the fallen plums and that will lessen your
loss next year. You will still catch the plum curculio by jarring the
trees. There is nothing better than jarring for them. The pdisons
do not kill all the curculios, though they do kill many of them; but
poisoning is not satisfactory.

A Member: In regard to Paris green, what is the cost?

PROF. SURFACE: About 17 cents a pound—15 to 20.

A Member: I asked our druggist what he sold Paris green at and
he said 40 cents. I asked the price on 8 or 10 pounds, and he said
he could not tell me, but would write to the wholesale druggists.

A Member: I think in quantities you can buy it in cans, 14 Tb. cans,
for 14 cents.

A Member: What would be the cost of London Purple? ;

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 405

PROF. SURFACE: London Purple is a little less in cost than
Paris green, but London Purple varies in composition. You do not
know how much arsenic there is in it.

A Member: This San José Scale, can you tell it?

PROF. SURFACE: Yes, sir; the tree has a scurfy appearance.
The real bark of the tree is often not visible. It looks as though
it were covered with corn meal, bran, ashes or something of that
kind, and the scale can be seen, about the size of a pin head.

A Member: Would it not be possible for your Department to pub-
lish a bulletin on our insect friends?

PROF. SURFACE: This is an important subject and something
we have in mind. Weare going to do that very thing shortly.

The Secretary has authorized me to say that whenever anything
of this kind comes to your mind, write to us, and if we cannot do it
this month we can and shall do.it the next or next, or as soon as
we can possibly give it attention. If I could not make these bul-
letins profitable and practical I would not waste a minute on them.

A Member: What can be done for the white lice on the under side
of the leaves of the rose bushes, ete.?

PROF. SURFACE: Use whale oil soap; 1 fb. to 5 gallons of water
will kill them.

This is the bulletin for May. (Holding it up.) Write for these
bulletins. For the first bulletin we sent out we had to use an old
mailing list. We put in these cards to be returned (indicating), not
intending to send the publications afterwards to the same persons
sent before unless the cards are returned. You understand, then,
that if. anybody does not get the June number it is because he has
not returned this card with his address; and the July number will
be sent only to those whose names have been received. We must
have the name and address sent back to us before the bulletins will
be sent, after this.

A Member: If a man can’t spend one cent for a year’s bulletins he
certainly would not read them if he gets them.

MR. J. A. HERR: I am greatly pleased with the work of the
Economic Zoologist. I am very glad that we have the right man in
the right place. He is enthusiastic, but I want to say that he has
a tremendous field to cover, and to use a figurative expression, he
has “bit off as much as he can chew” at the present time, and we
must not expect any unreasonable things from him. I am very
glad to receive these bulletins. Our people in the Grange are inter-
ested in them. But we must be reasonable people and not expect we
can accomplish everything in the course of a couple of months, be-
cause we have not received anything practical in that line since Dr.
Fernald filled the same position.

406 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

MR. CLARK: I intended to speak to the Professor with respect
to some trouble we have had in our county the present season. It
is this. Through a number of orchards in our county—I have been
past two of them and also in one—the foliage has been almost en-
tirely destroyed in the entire orchard by worms. This worm some
years ago attacked the foliage of the old trees and stripped them
entirely, and this vear there are three orchards that I know of,
perhaps 5, 7 and 10 acres in the orchards, that the foliage is entirely
stripped off the leaves and are as clean as if singed with fire, except
the stem or the form of the leaf. It is a matter that evidently must
have attention shortly.

PROF. SURFACE: I might surmise that this is the canker worm
from the description, but I ought to see it to be sure, and that is
the point in writing to me. I should like always to receive a speci-
men of the insect in question and the work or injury it does. You
understand how this is. The insect that chews may be killed by
London Purple or other arsenites; the sucking insects must be killed
by contact applications.

We have arranged with persons representing societies, granges
and organizations of any other kind, that wish a number of our
publications, to advise us each month how many they need, and they
‘will then be sent for distribution.

CHAIRMAN CRAWFORD: We have all been interested in Prof.
Surface’s talk and could spend much more time in this discussion,
but we have not the time, and if desirable we will hear from our
Committee on Queries and have any questions read and answered
that may have been handed to them.

MR. BLYHOLDER, Chairman of the Committee on Queries: The
first question is?

“What is the proper material for building a silo?”

A. Member: Up to the present time I believe that there has been
nothing found cheaper than wood. Last year a number of silos
were built in our neighborhood that were lathed inside on studding
and then plastered with cement. This silo is cheaper than any
other, unless it be wood.

MR. BLYHOLDER: The next question is:

“At what stage in growth will clover ploughed under produce the
most plant food?”

PROF. COOKE: Plant food in clover increases proportionately
from the time the seed sprouts until it becomes dead ripe. Let the
clover grow and let it get as big as possible and you will get the
most from it.

MR. BLYHOLDER: The next question is:

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 407

“What can you substitute for the shortage of our hay crop?”

MR. PHILIPS: Down in Chester county, which is one of the
great dairy counties of the State, it has so far been very dry, until
last Friday, and the problem of roughage for winter feed had be-
come very serious, and you will find there that almost every farm
has a large acreage devoted to fodder corn, and in some instances
the farmers contemplate cutting their oats for hay. Now you un-
derstand that with us oats is not a good paying crop. It is only very
rarely that we have a good oat crop, which is not true of the north-
ern part of the State; so we realize we will get the greatest return
from our oats by cutting it in the immature stage for hay rather
than run the risk of its maturing.

A Member: I shall not attempt to tell my farmer friends what
to do to help out on the shortage of hay, but a young man, neighbor
of mine, started in the dairy business last year, and he didn’t have
any clover, and he ploughed about three acres and sowed it in sor-
ghum, and he sowed it thick enough that it grew only two and a
half feet high, and he made it that much richer. Last fall, if you
will remember, we had a very excellent season for curing any-
thing of that kind. Sorghum I do not think would cure out by cut-
ting in sheaves with the binder, unless we had favorable weather,
and we had that last fall. JT asked him about the result of his curing
it out. He let it stand in small shocks, tying it with the binder in
small sheaves, and after it had cured in the shocks for perhaps three
weeks he hauled it in. I asked him with regard to its feeding value
and he told me it was as good as any clover he had ever fed. I asked
him whether he cut it and he said no, he fed it in the sheaf and he
didn’t have a particle of loss with it. I have no difficulty to sup-
ply my dairy with clover, but if I did I would resort to sorghum as
filling out the shortage in clover hay, along with corn. The sorghum
will stand more drought than any crop [ have ever known. I have
raised it for six years, but not with the intention of making hay from
it; but if I didn’t have hay I would sow some of it. I feed it just
as a sorghum crop to my cows on account of shortage of pasture.
When shortage occurs I feed it green. This young man had excel-
lent results from the sorghum hay. I do not know of anything that
would take clover’s place any better.

MR. SEXTON: There is no good telling of our country despair-
ing of not accomplishing what we expect to do at the commence.
ment of the season. Now then, we have lots of time yet from now
on in the different localities of the State to put in some catch crop
between now and July that will take the place in the shortage of
hay that certainly will come. Corn produces more than anything
else that we can put into the ground. There is not a dairy farm in

408 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

the State but can find from three to five acres that can be ploughed
up in corn to be cured as fodder. It will help out in an immense
manner. And then we have just heard of sorghum which is a catch
crop. Our clover crop will be nothing at all this year and we will
have to fill out on something else. There is no use of despairing
at all. Wemay yet have a good crop of corn which will help us out.

The CHAIRMAN: We are now ready to adjourn until this even-
ing, whereupon, upon motion duly made, seconded and carried the
meeting adjourned to meet at 7.30 o’clock this evening.

Wednesday Evening, June 3, 1903.

HON. A. L. MARTIN called the meeting to order and announced
that the Chairman for the evening would be Mr. C. B. Hege, of
Marion, Pa., who thereupon took charge of the meeting.

The CHAIRMAN: Are there any questions.to be answered? If
so, we might take up not longer than twenty minutes with them.

MR. BLYHOLDER: The first question is:

“Can we not get more vegetable matter for our soil by applying
barnyard manure on our meadows than by ploughing it under when
applied?” ;

DR. WILLIAM FREAR: I do not believe that the barnyard ma-
nure itself, rotting on the surface, can contribute as well to the
humus supplied from its straw as it does when ploughed under; and
the decay which occurs as the straw rots in the soil is advantageous
in helping to make the manure matter accessible. The question,
however, is not solely that. We have to consider the secondary
effects upon the meadow itself. If the conditions of fertility in the
meadow are such that the dressing of barnyard manure may cause
a very large development, then the gain in the roots when you come
to turn the sod under, may more than compensate for the loss
which occurred owing to the rotting of the manure on the surface.
If, however, the meadow is highly fertile already and not much
increase of root and stubble occurs, then there will be a relative
loss by this method. It is not a question which can be answered
either in the negative or in the affirmative without qualification.

MR. PATTON: I asked that question for this reason. On mod-
erately rich soil I started an experiment along this line, and I
found that by that method I could grow heavy soil, fill the soil up
with roots, and after getting good, heavy hay crops. that I had
more vegetable matter to plough into the soil, after using the

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 194)

manures to grow the hay, than | could by ploughing the manure di-
rectly into the soil. I found by this method that I am enriching my
soil much faster than I was by applying the manure and ploughing
it under. I ascertained that the humus was what we needed es-
pecially, and in this manner I am getting the humus back into the
soil much faster than by ploughing the manure directly into the
soil.

DR. FREAR: This has brought out one additional point. That
the vegetable matter in the manure will decay in the soil and be
destroyed more readily than would an equal weight of sod residue.
The humus affecting the sod upon the soil will be longer felt than
would that of an equal weight of straw turned under as manure
simply because manure will decay more rapidly in the soil. But the
case stated by the gentleman is such a one as I contemplated in
speaking of where the use of the manure on a moderately fertile
land would produce a very much larger growth of the plants.

MR. BLYHOLDER: The next question is:
“Ts there any remedy for club-root in cabbage ?”’

PROF. R. L. WATTS: I can’t answer that question from expe-
rience, but I can from the experience of others. Some very strong
results have been secured in Michigan by the use of lime. I cannot
answer as to how much lime should be applied to destroy the germs
of the disease which causes the club-root. I know that has been
tried to some extent in Pennsylvania and the results are generally
very encouraging and I should recommend its use.

A Member: I have learned of a preventive that I find successful.
I do not know that it is a cure when the disease has taken hold. If
you raise your plants on sod ground and raise your cabbage on fresh
ground there will never be any club-roots. Club-root is the-same as
scab on potatoes. It is a fungus and remains in the ground from
year to year. But raise your cabbage on fresh ground every year
and you will have no trouble.

PROF. WATTS: I thoroughly agree with the gentleman in his
remarks. Prevention is better than cure.

The CHAIRMAN: We have had some experience with regard to
club-rooted cabbage in our section. I know of cases where it is
affected with club-roots that they pull the cabbage up and destroy
it, and put in a pretty liberal application of salt and plant cabbage
right back in the same place and grow it.

MR. BLYHOLDER: The next question is addressed to Mr. John
W. Cox, of New Wilmington, Pa., and is as follows:
27 = =

410 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

“What method do you recommend to mix Paris green with water
so as to make a regular and thorough mixture?”

MR. COX: In my experience with it I put it in the water and used
a spray pump to it for a little while and that did the work.

MR. W. H. STOUT: Mr. Chairman, in applying Paris green I think
it is better to mix a little lime water with it to avoid burning.

MR. J. H. LEDY: IL asked that question myself and I was desirous
that Professor Surface should answer it. He does not seem to be
here. He knows exactly how to mix the Paris green with water,
and I question very much whether there are two men out of every
five in the audience that know how. I mixed Paris green for
nine or ten years and didn’t know how until a year ago. It isa
serious matter. We are trying to teach farmers to use sprayers
and the various sprays, and nearly all of them have Paris green in
them, and there is not one man out of fifty who can tell them how to
mix it. The gentleman said you should put the Paris green in water
and agitate it with the spray pump. That is not the right way, and
it cannot be mixed perfectly in water that way. There is only
one way to doit. That is to add a little water to the Paris green
and use a paddle and work it well, and add more water until it is
like putty and then pour in more water and mix like paint, and then
add the full amount of water and it will not settle.

MR. BLYHOLDER: The next question is addressed to Hon. T. J.
Philips, and is as follows: :

“In high grade dried blood containing 16 per cent. of nitrogen,
what per cent. is there of phosphoric acid and potash. Also is it
not cheaper and better to pay $1.00 per ton for mixing than to
attempt home mixing of fertilizer?”

MR. PHILIPS: I answer that in the affirmative; yes, sir. I ques-
tion whether any of us, using complete fertilizers in the general
way, can afford to mix them ourselves. Perhaps if we were special-
ists, using them in very large quantities we could do it. I think I
referred to that this afternoon. The manufacturers of fertilizers
rarely takes his ton of nitrogen from one source. I refer to nitrate
of soda as being the chief source. But nitrate of soda is instantly
soluble and consequently if applied to the plants other than in
full vigor of growth, or when the ground is not full of the vigorously
hungry roots there is a danger more or less of that soluble nitrogen
being washed through the sub-soil and lost. So that the manufae-
turers of commercial fertilizers, even though they only put in 82-100
of one per cent., 16 pounds in a ton will take the contents from three
sources. They will put in nitrate of soda to be of instant use; a

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 4il

little dried blood to be available when the nitrate of soda is gone,
because of its fine sub-division it will be entirely broken down and
available; and then will also take the additional contents from the
tankage or ground bone, because it will be later on available. So
that the individual who undertakes to make his own fertilizer will
probably only use the one content, nitrate of soda, and the prob-
abilities are that he will supply it in such quantities that the larger
per cent. is lost to him. So that I thoroughly believe, in our prac-
tical needs, we cannot afford to mix the fertilizers ourselves and
cannot get as good and cheap results as we do to-day by getting
them mixed by machinery running day and night.

PROF. WATTS: I cannot agree with Mr. Philips along the line
of home mixing of commercial fertilizers. It seems to me we have
reached a stage in Pennsylvania when we ought to feed our farms
with intelligence, and I do not believe it is possible to-day to
go on the market and buy ready mixed commercial fertilizers that
will suit the crops of the farm. It seems to me we can work more
intelligently if we mix them right on the barn floor and to suit the
crop. We can see if we want more phosphoric acid than some
other ingredient and so we can put in more phosphoric acid or any
other ingredient in the proportion it is needed, and so far as T am
concerned, I find it impossible to buy commercial fertilizers unless
I pay from five to seven dollars a ton more than I can buy the in-
eredients in the raw state and mix them on the barn floor. Last
vear I mixed some that cost me thirty-seven cents for mixing. I
think that is the only advantageous manner of mixing fertilizers.

MR. PHILIPS: I agree entirely with Professor Watts because he
is that specialist I referred to. I was answering the question from
the standpoint of the general farmer who may buy a blood fertilizer
and put on the corn or grass crop. And, by the way, one-half of the
fertilizers sold in Pennsylvania I do not think contains more than
16 pounds of nitrogen to the ton. How is it possible with home
mixing to distribute that 16 pounds over from seven to ten acres of
land so as to be of any benefit? So that it is only the most thorough
and complete mixing that can be of any avail whatever. But for
special crops, in my own practice, although not a market gardener,
I do not have a bag of nitrate of soda to use on cabbage or lettuce;
but in special work it is advisable to do as Prof. Watts says, but
for the average farmer and corn grower I do not believe it is prac-
tical. I visited factories where in the low grade goods they put in
marl, but in the high grade goods they carry no adulterant. If it is
possible to make a better grade than we can buy of dried blood or
muriate of potash and mix them thoroughly it might be well to do
so if we know our needs.

412 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

MR. WELD: I asked this question. I bought the goods that I
wanted in an unmixed state and paid their charges of $1.00 for
mixing and then shipped it to my farm. We should know what we
want and if we cannot find it in the form in which we need it then
why not buy the ingredients and get them mixed, and in that way
we can have just what we want, and it is better mixed than you
can possibly get it mixed at home, because the nitrate of soda you
cannot get fine enough without machinery.

The other part of the question has not been answered, in regard
to the dried blood. Suppose that contains 16 per cent. of phos-
phoric acid, does it not also contain a percentage of nitrogen? Does
it not also contain phosphoric acid, and what percentage?

MR. PHILIPS: I cannot answer that question. It contains a
slight percentage of both phosphoric acid and potash.

The CHAIRMAN: The time has expired that we have allotted to
the questions. We will now take up the first topic on the program
for this evening. We have three other topics for the evening and
I would ask you to be as brief as possible so that we can hear them

The first topic on the program is “Practical and Pathological
Horseshoeing,” by Mr. C. W. Brodhead, of Montrose, Pa.

Mr. Brodhead presented his paper as follows:

PRACTICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL HORSESHOEING.

By C. W. BRODHEAD, Montrose, Pa.

SHOEING COLTS.

Colts should be looked to by their owners from birth, and never
should be turned out to pasture without having their feet pared
off even so as not to let one side or the other break off, and have
the foot grow crooked, as a colt having his feet grow crooked can
never be brought back to as good a balance as nature made him,
and this should be done at least twice a year until it is to be shod
for permanent use.

In shoeing colts they should be shod according to the work in-
tended for them to do, if for the road, shoe with plate shoe with a
little heel calk on the hind shoes, no toe calk. If the feet are
crooked build up with a thick-sided shoe, so as to bring the feet as
level as possible. If the colt is to be shod for draft purposes and

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 413

needs calks, shoe with as low calks as possible, always setting the
toe calk back from the edge of the shoe some distance, that will
cause the colt to set his foot down on the ground square to pull, and
he will learn that in the start and never climb on his toes as a horse
will do if he has the toe calk out on the extreme edge of the shoe,
as is the habit of most shoers to-day.

PREPARING THE FOOT FOR .THE SHOE.

First, before removing the old shoe, examine the foot carefully,
so as to see what it needs to get the foot in proper balance.
After having this thoroughly fixed in your mind, remove the shoe
by carefully cutting the clinches, raising the heels of the shoe gently
with a pair of thick jawed pinchers, taking care not to bruise the
heel or strain the foot-joint, as I have seen horses made lame by
careless pulling the shoes. Then using the dirt hook to clean out
all the dirt and any foreign substance that may have collected in
the creases alongside of the frog. Then taking the round knife,
paring off all the ragged parts of the frog, and then the hoof parers,
starting at the heel, going around the foot, paring the hoof as level
as possible, finishing up with the rasp, so as to get a perfect level
surface for the shoe.

Never under any circumstances put a hot shoe to the foot so as to
leave its mark, but fit the shoe perfectly level, punching out the
nail holes, slightly slanting in so as to get a good, deep hold in the
hoof, never driving the nails higher in the hoof than is absolutely
necessary as nails driven high up in the hoof deadens the hoof and
causes it to dry out more quickly, causing contraction and many
other troubles. In finishing the hoof, never rasp it any above the
nails or rasp too deep a crease under the nails, using the clinching
tongs to turn the clinch down, not hammering any on top of the
hoof,especially on a colt’s foot, or a horse that is tender in the feet.

QUARTER AND TOE CRACKS.

These come from various causes, such as standing on hard, dry
board floors, leaving the shoes on too long, driving at a high rate
of speed down hill, not paring the foot properly so as to give the
proper elasticity to the bottom of the foot, contracting it, getting
the foot out of balance so as to throw too much weight on any partic-
ular part of the foot. The following treatment should be observed:

First, level the foot carefully by paring the walls so as to make
a perfect bearing for the shoe, cutting out the sole so as to give
some elasticity to the bottom of the foot, then using the round
knife to cut the edges of the crack in a V shape so as not to leave
any place for sand or dirt to work in and keep pressing the crack
open from the coronet down to the bottom of the crack. It is some-

414 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

times necessary to shoe with a bar shoe, but in most cases an open
plate shoe or the centre bearing shoe No. 1 will bring the desired
results by setting the shoes as often as once in three or four weeks,
at each setting keeping the shoe well back under the heels, short-
ening the toe as much as possible.

Then take a piece of toe steel 3-8 by 4 inch to make a hot lance by
drawing to a sharp edge about an inch across the point, then heat
to almost white heat, taking the foot on the knee as if in the act
of clinching the shoe, using the hot lance to cut across the top of the
crack just at the edge of the hair in the coronet, cutting through
so as to start the blood. Probably you will have to heat the lance
the second time to accomplish the result needed, then dress the
coronet with veterinary petroleum daily and White Rock Hoof Pack-
ing in the bottom so as to keep the bottom moist and soft.

CORNS.

A corn is an injury to the living horn of the foot, involving at the
same time the soft tissues beneath whereby the capillary blood ves-
sels are ruptured and a small amount of blood escapes, which by
permeating the corn in the immediate neighborhood, stains it a dark
color. If the injury is continuously repeated the horn becomes al-
tered in character, the soft tissues may suppurate, causing the dis-
ease to spread, or a horny tumor may develop. Corns always appear
in that part of the sole included in the angle between the bar and the
outside wall of the hoof. in many cases the lamin of the bar or
the wall, or of both, are involved at the same time.

Three kinds of corns are commonly recognized; the dry, the moist
and the suppurative, a division based solely on the character of the
conditions which follow the primary injury. The forefeet are al-
most exclusively the subjects of the disease; for two reasons: Ist.
Because they support a greater part of the body. 2d. Because the
heel of the forefoot during progression is first placed upon the
ground whereby it receives much more concussion than the heel of
the hindfoot, in which the toe first strikes the ground.

CAUSES.

It may be said that all feet are exposed to corns and that even
the best feet may suffer from them when the conditions necessary
to the production of the peculiar injury are present. The heavier
breeds of horses, generally used for heavy work on rough roads and
streets, seem to be most liable to this trouble.

Among the causes and conditions which predispose to corns may
be named, high heels, which change the natural relative position of
the bones of the foot and thereby increase the concussion to which
these parts are subject; contracted heels, which in part destroy the

’

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 415

elasticity of the foot, increases the pressure upon the soft tissues of
the heel and render lacerations more easy; long feet, which by re-
moving the frog and heels too far from the ground deprive them of
necessary moisture, which in turn reduces the elastic properties of
the horn, and diminishes the transverse diameter of the heels; weak
feet or those in which the horn of the wall is too thin to resist the
tendency to spread, and as a result the soft tissues are easily
lacerated. ,

Wide feet with low heels are always accompanied by a flat sole
whose posterior wings either rest upon the ground or the shoe, and
as a consequence are easily bruised; at the same time the arch of
the sole is so broad and flat that it cannot support the weight of the
body, and in the displacement which happens when the foot is rested
upon the ground the soft tissues are liable to become bruised or torn.
It is universaliy conceded that shoeing of the foot, either as a
direct or predisposing cause is most prolific in producing corns.

One of the most serious as weil as the most prominent of the
errors in shoeing is to be found in the preparation of the foot for
the shoe. Instead of seeking to maintain the integrity of the arch,
the first thing done is to weaken it by freely paring away the sole;
nor does the mutilation end here, for the frog, which is nature’s
main support to the branches of the sole and the heel, is also largely
cut away. This not only permits of an excessive downward move-
ment of the contents of the horny box, but it at the same time re-
moves the one great means by which concussion of the foot is de-
stroyed.

As adjuncts to the foregoing errors, must be added the faults in
the construction of the shoe and in the way it is adjusted to the
foot. An excess of concavity in the shoe, by extending it too far
back on the heels, high caiks, thin heels, which permit the shoe to
spring, short heels with a calk set under the foot, and a shoe too
light for the animal wearing it or for the work required of him, are
all to be avoided as causes of corns. A shoe so set as to press upon
the sole or one that has been on so long that the hoof has overgrown
it until the heels rest upon the sole and bars becomes a direct cause
of corns. Indirectly the shoe becomes the cause of corns when
small stones, hard earth, or other objects collect between the sole
and shoe.

Lastly, a rapid gait and excessive knee-action, especially on hard
roads, predispose to this disease of the feet. I have become con-
vinced that in cases of invisible lameness, upon examination where
no corns were visible from the bottom of the foot, by cutting in at
the angles that I would almost always find corns, and in almost every
case examined the hee!s would be low, the toes high and long, either
by improper paring of the foot or too low heels and high toes of old,

416 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

new calked shoes, and leaving shoes on too long. And | have come
to the conclusion that they were caused by the coffin bone being
thrown out of position to such an extent by throwing the lower
point up too much, causing the hind wings to break through the
tender issues at the heel. Also, when from any cause the heel
begins to contract, as the side walls begin to press in against the
wings of the coffin bone, the result is the same, the unnatural fric-
tion caused by the side pressure causes the bone to wear through
the tender tissues at the angles of the heels.

Invisible corns may be detected by the use of the hoof feelers, by
pressing on the hoof about half way from the coronet band to the
bottom of the heel, if on a higher heeled hoof or about even with the
wings of the coffin bone, if the shoer is well enough acquainted with
the anatomy of the foot to locate the bone in the various kinds of
feet he has to deal with. :

Treatment for the three different kinds of corns differ with me
very little. In the first place, I always try and find out what causes
the trouble. If it is caused by the heels being too high, I lower
them by paring properly at the heel; if the toes are too long and
high I pare the toe off so as to give the hoof the proper angle for
the kind of shaped hoof and leg that it may be, then cutting out the
angle between the bars so as to start the serum slightly, filling the
cavity with oakum and veterinary petroleum, giving the shoe as
level bearing as possible; and if the heels are contracted I fit the
shoe slightly convexing, so as to have a natural tendency to press
the heel open, not driving the nails very high in the hoof and using
as small nails as the work will permit.

In the case of low heels or flat-hoofed horses I use a narrow web
bar shoe, carefully fitting them so as not to press too heavy on the
frog, equalizing the pressure on both heels and frog as much as
possible, dressing the outside of the hoof daily with veterinary petro-
leum from the coronet down and at night, or when not in use, filling
the bottom of the hoof with White Rock Hoof Packing to soften the
hoof, if any inflammation may exist. In all cases the shoes want
to be reset at least as often as once in four weeks so as to keep the
hoof in proper angle.

NAVICULAR DISEASE.

This disease is more common in high, straight-hoofed horses than
in low, flat feet. And there are many causes for it. One of the
most general causes is letting the foot grow out too long, throwing
the heel back too much, causing a constant strain on the heel cord
where it is locked to the navicular and coffin bone, causing a deep
seated inflammation at the union of the joint.

No, 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 417

TREATMENT.

Pare the hoof well down so as to bring the foot in as near perfect
balance as possible, at the same time cutting away the frog so as not
to have any frog pressure, using a plate shoe with thickened heels
or the centre bearing shoe No. 1, clipping the hair aff around above
the hoof, putting on a Spanish fly blister once in two weeks, follow-
ing the blister with a dressing of veterinary petroleum to soften
and hasten the growth of the hoof, filling the bottom of the hoof
every night with White Rock Hoof Packing, which helps to reduce
inflammation.

INTERFERING.

An animal is said to interfere when one foot strikes the opposite
leg as it passes by, during locomotion. The inner surface of the fet-
lock joint is the part most subject to this injury, although under
certain conditions, it may happen to any part of the ankle. [t is
seen more often in the hind than in the forelegs. Interfering
causes a bruise of the skin and deeper tissues, generally accom-
panied by an abrasion of the surface. It may cause lameness, dan-
gerous tripping and thickening of the injured parts.

CAUSES.

Faulty conformation is the most prolific cause of interfering.
When the bones of the leg are so united that the toe of the foot
turns in (pigeon toed) or when the fetlock joints are close together
_and the toe turns out, when the leg is so deformed that the whole
foot and ankle turn either in or out, interfering is almost sure to
follow. /

It may happen, also, when the feet grow too long; from defective
shoeing; rough or slippery roads; from the exhaustion of labor or
sickness; swelling of the leg; high knee-action; fast work, and
because the chest or hips are too narrow.

SYMPTOMS.

Generally, the evidence of interfering are easily detected, for the
parts are tender, swollen and the skin broken.

But very often, especially in trotters, the flat surface of the hoof
strikes the fetlock without evident injury, and attention is directed
to these parts only by the occasional tripping and unsteady gait.
In such cases, proof of the cause may be had by walking and trotting
the animal, after first painting the inside toe and quarter of the
suspected foot with a thin coating of chalk, charcoal or paint.

27—-6— 1908

418 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

TREATMENT.

When the trouble is due to deformity or faulty conformation, it
may not be possible to overcome the defect. In such cases, and as
well in those due to exhaustion or fatigue, the fetlock or ankle boot
must be used. In many instances interfering may be prevented by
proper shoeing. The outside heel and quarter of the foot on the
injured leg should be lowered sufficiently to change the relative
position of the fetlock joint by bringing it further away from the
centre plane of the body, thereby permitting the other foot to pass
by without striking.

Shoeing to prevent interfering is an easy matter if one under-
stands the anatomy of the leg of the horse well enough to tell when
he is out of balance, and that is the primary cause for all troubles
of like character, such as knee-knocking, overreaching, forging,
clicking, etc. If the horse “toes out,” pare off the inside as much as
possible, putting on a shoe with a long outside, so as to bring the toe
of the foot in a straight line with the body. If the foot cannot be
brought up level by paring, put on a thick-sided shoe, so as to make
the foot look straight when standing down on the floor.

1 wish here to call the attention of both owner and shoer to two
things that causes horses to interfere, when otherwise they would
not, and that is the adjusting of the breeching, not getting it too
low; also I have known many horses to interfere from the cause of
the teeth being bad, causing the horse to side-line or become restless
when driven, throwing them out of balance.

OVER REACHING.

An overreach is where the shoe of the hindfoot strikes and in-
jures the heel or quarter of the forefoot. It rarely happens except
when the animal is going fast, hence is most common in trotting and
running horses. In trotters, the accident generally happens when
the animal breaks from a trot to a run. The outside heels and
quarters are most liable to injury.

SYMPTOMS.

The coronet at the heel or quarter is bruised or cut, the injury
in some instances involving the horn as well. Where the hindfoot
strikes well back on the heel of the forefoot an accident known
among horsemen as “grabbing,” the shoe may be torn from the
forefoot or the animal fall on his knees. Horses accustomed to
overreaching are often bad “breakers,” for the reason that the pain
of the injury so excites them that they cannot be readily brought
back to the trotting gait.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 419

To shoe for overreaching, pare all four feet down as much ag pos-
sible, giving them as an even bearing as can be done, then putting
on shoes to correspond with the work intended. If the shoes are to
have calks, shoe the front feet with low toes, with slightly elevated
heels, letting the shoes run well back behind the foot. The hind-
shoes with the toe calk set back from the toe of the shoe as much
as can be, letting the hoof project over the shoe at least one-fourth
of an inch, with the heels running back behind, with heels higher
than toe.

Side weighting on the hindfeet, letting the outside heel be longer
than the inside, helps to spread the legs when in motion throwing
the hind feet outside of the front ones. This mode of shoeing ap-
plies to road and general purpose horses.

FOUNDER.

This disease may come from various causes, such as letting a horse
stand in a draught when warm, watering or feeding when too warn,
and it will show itself in this way: The horse will be very nervous,
shifting from one foot to the other, feet in a high state of fever,
being very hot and sensitive to the touch of the hammer or hoof
tester, and will lay down in great pain.

TREATMENT.

Remove the shoes as carefully as possible, paring the foot well
down with hoof parers and rasp them, taking the round knife and
cutting in at the toe directly opposite the point of the frog, just
where the sole joins on the outside wall, cutting back until you
start the blood well, and at the same time rubbing the leg down-
ward towards the hoof, making the blood to run freely to the
amount of a quart, then filling the opening with oakum, putting on
a leather sole, tacking on an old plate shoe with about four nails,
putting the foot in a flaxseed poultice, keeping it well moistened for
forty-eight hours, feeding mashes to loosen the bowels.

If this treatment is followed closely, there is not much danger of
drop sole or seedy toe; but if the case has become chronic, shoe with
a bar shoe or the centre bearing shoe No. 1, taking care not to leave
the shoe on too long, so as to let the shoe loose, using small nails as
the work will permit, rubbing the coronet every two or three weeks
with a Spanish fly blister, following with veterinary petroleum to
toughen and make the hoof grow faster, filling the bottom, when
not in use. with White Rock Hoof Packing, to help allay inflamma-
tion that may exist.

420 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

HOT-PITTING.

The practice of hot-fitting is very destructive. Burning the sole
will, in time, partially destroy the sensitive laminz, and impairs
the membraneous lining underneath the coffin bone, as well as clos-
ing the pores of the horn, causing the hoof to become hard, dry and
brittle. It also impedes, to a certain extent, as a necessary conse-
quence, the healthy growth of the hoof.

The advocates of the hot-fitting present many reasons for the fur-
therance of the practice. It is alleged that shoes cannot be fitted
so rapidly nor so closely by any means other than that of hot-
fitting; and this is generally true, for by this means, the hoof is
burned to correspond with the inequalities which occur on the sur-
face of the shoe, until the latter is thoroughly imbedded in the
horn. On the other hand, however, this fusing of the horn is in op-
position to its right growth and operation, and is the prolific source
of many evils and abuses. Horn being a non-conductor of heat, is
slowly affected by it, and it is said that three minutes burning of
the lower face of the sole is necessary to produce any indication of
increase of temperature on its upper surface.

This is a fallacy, as f have proven many times, by operating upon
green specimens, with soles of varied thickness, in which case, the
soles of ordinary depth were penetrated by the heat, when heated
shoes were applied for the time specified, and the sensitive sole was
found to be scorched as well as the lamina, in its connections with
the sole, burned and charred.

In the living subject these effects would have wrought serious
results. They have convinced me that the foot of a horse may in
no sense be compared to an inanimate block of wood, which may be
charred or carved as caprice may dictate. And because it is not, and
because it it filled with life and feeling, the necessity which there is
of thought, care and skill to be exercised in regard to it, is pointed
out to us. The economy of labor attained in the process of hot-fit-
ting, will, I am sure, never counter-balance its evil effects. While it
is true that more shoes can be fitted in a given time by hot-fitting
than by cold, that is no argument against the expediency of the lat-
ter, as much or more might be said of any other part of the work.

The CHAIRMAN: The next topic is “Hygiene of the Farm,” by

Dr. Harvey B. Bashore, of West Fairview, Pa., whereupon Dr.
Bashore presented his paper as follows:

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 421

HYGIENE OF THE FARM.

BY Dr. HARVEY B. BASHORE, West Fairview.

We have all gotten the idea, or at least we used to have, that
farm and country life was just about the ideal thing, and that farm-
ing was the ideal business. In-some respects it is, but it does not
quite come up to the sanitary standard, and for this reason it is
worthy of attention, for we want to make it as healthy as possible,
since on the farming population depends the stability of the country.

Then again, both in town and country, we are apt to get a little
careless about human life and to think that disease is the gift of
an all-wise Providence, instead of the result of our own carelessness.
It has been said that a dead cow will attract the attention of any
government on earth quicker than five dead men or fifteen dead
children. Perhaps this is so, and if it is, it has a very good explana-
tion in the fact that cattle are readily convertible into cash, where-
as human life is not so, and anything which affects us in a matter
of dollars and cents is very quickly noticed. This is human nature,
at present, at least. A very interesting example on this line came
to my attention at one of the institutes last year. A certain farmer
had four of his family in bed with typhoid fever and the doctor ad-
vised closing the well and getting water elsewhere. This he refused
to do. Finally his cows became sick and the veterinarian, taking
his cue from the physician, recommended closing the well to save
the rest of his stock, and the well was closed.

It is absurd to think that this man cared less for his family than
he did for his stock, but the fact that dollars and cents were slipping
away quickened his perception.

“But is the country really unhealthy?” somebody asks. Here are
some facts: Though the death rate is lower, as a rule, both in
town and country than ever before, the greatest lessening has been
in the cities. In Connecticut, for example, during the last ten years,
the city mortality has dropped from 20 to 17 per 1,000, while the
rural only from 17 to 16 per 1,000. In Massachusetts the difference
has been still less, and in New York State the rural mortality rate
has actually increased.

Pennsylvania statistics are incomplete, yet in the beautiful Cum-
berland county, just across the river from Harrisburg, with a rural

422 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

population of only 100 to a square mile, there was last year just
as much typhoid fever as in the Capital city itself, with a population
of 10,000 to a square mile. This is very poor showing indeed for
the country, but Michigan beats it with a record in some districts of
twenty times as much typhoid in the county as in the neighboring
cities. This is the kind of a story that figures tell about rural hy-
giene, and this is the reason why we have been asking our legisla-
tors for better sanitary laws.

Taking these conditions, then, as they exist to-day, we shall
have to admit that there must be much room for sanitary improve-
ment about the ordinary farm, and in the absence of State or county
supervision we have to do all this ourselves. On the individual far-
mer, in this State at least, rests tlte question whether he is to live
in a healthy place or not.

When we come to take a sanitary view of the farm, the first point
of interest, of course, is the house itself. This, like any other house,
should have a clean, dry cellar, and the rooms should have plenty
of air and sunlight. Sunlight fades carpets, but faded children
are worse. The abundant fresh air of the country will not compen-
sate for faulty house construction.

The heating of country houses should be looked after more care-
fully than is customary. The method of heating, which is almost
always that of stoves, is in itself defective and little can be done
to remedy it, unless the rooms have open fire-places. If these are
kept open and not closed, as [ have frequently seen, you will get
much more effective heating and much better ventilation.

The next point which attracts attention, and the one in which
occurs the greatest defect, too, is the water supply, though it comes
from a well or spring. This may seem very strange to you, yet it is
a proved fact that fifty per cent. at least of all farm wells are
grossly polluted and unfit for drinking purposes. It is hard to
give up our sentimental ideas about the ‘“moss-covered well,” and the
“old oaken bucket,” harder yet to give up our ideas of purity about
the old spring, but the fact that we have so many epidemics of ty-
phoid fever occurring in isolated farm houses, three, four and five
cases, sometimes in one family, goes far to uphold the bad character
of the water.

Frequently, people have said to me: “Why, doctor; this is such
good water, and nobody ever got sick from it.” Only a few years
ago I came across just such a well. Three generations drank
of that water, and true, nobody did get sick from it, but at last
the spell was broken and four of that family went down with ty-
phoid, and the dear, old family well showed, on examination, the
grossest pollution.

But you will say: “Granted that our wells and springs are pol-

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 423

luted, what are we going to do about it? We must have water and
there is no other way to get it.” One way to remedy this is to
use rain water collected in a carefully made cistern; but a better
way to my mind is to remove the source of pollution, and this
source, in the country, is almost always one thing—the old-fashioned
country privy. This should be abolished—the pit filled up and
a dry closet substituted. A dry closet consists, as is seen by the
drawing, of a pail, a seat and a receptacle for dry earth or sifted
coal ashes. When the pail is filled the contents should be emptied
on cultivated land, if near the house, earth should be raked over
the pile, but if at all distant this is not actually necessary. Sunlight
and the germs in the upper layers of the soil—the nitrifying bacteria
they call them—soon dispose of all filth.

A Modern Dry Closet—An arrangement that should be in
every farmhouse.

Some one will complain that a dry closet takes time; so it does,
just one and one-half minutes per day is the actual record of an
earth closet in a family of five. Surely any one can afford that
much time. Another way is to have a cemented pit, throw earth
into this every day and every month or so, remove the contents to
the fields. All privies and earth closets must, of. course, have
tightly fitting covers, so as to exclude flies..

Another thing to be gotten rid of, is the slop and waste water. In

424 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

the city this goes into the sewer, but in the country it generally goes
on the kitchen door and helps to pollute the surrounding soil,
and this country soil-pollution is a disturbing factor in health, not
only from poisoned water, but also from the poisoned air surround-
ing the house.

In the absence of sewers the proper way to dispose of slop waters,
is by some form of a surface or subsoil drain, allowing the filthy
waters to drain over or under cultivated land. Cultivated land,
by the way, is the great sewer in the country, yet it is even better
than a sewer, for it not only removes filth but actually destroys it.

The garbage or solid waste from the kitchen, if not fed to the
pigs, should be put in a furrow in a field or a hole in the garden bed.
The sum and substance of the sanitary disposal of all putrescible
waste about a country house, is its speedy removal to cultivated
land.

When we come to the ‘out buildings” on the farm, the pigpen,
the barnyard and the cow stable are the attractive, rather I sup-
pose I ought to say, the unattractive points from a sanitary view.

Pigpens should have a water-tight floor, with an air space of at
least a foot underneath; and to keep them in proper condition, so
as not to become a nuisance or prejudicial to health, they should be
cleaned every day and the filth carted away to the field.

The filthy barnyard—an eyesore to many an otherwise fine farm
—is a great point for improvement, not only on account of its un-
sightliness, but on account of the adjacent soil pollution, and the
fact that stable refuse is a breeder of flies, and flies you know, have
been accused of carrying disease.

At the Agricultural Department at Washington, they made some
experiments on screening manure piles, and found that flies dimin-
ished very rapidly in the immediate locality; but such a procedure
is not feasible on the farm. A better way, and the only way, is to
cart the manure immediately to the field, as my friend Mr. Stout,
of Pinegrove, has been doing for the last fifteen years. This is its
proper place, and the sooner it is gotten there the better, not only
in a sanitary sense, but for economic reasons, for the nitrogen in-
stead of being wasted, gets into the soil where it is needed.

However much we desire to rid our homes of flies, the removal of
mosquitoes is vastly more desirable, for one family of mosquitoes,
and the family that especially breeds in the country and suburban
places, carries the germ of malaria, and malaria though not es-
pecially dangerous in this part of the world is, nevertheless, a dis-
ease to be prevented. The rain barrel, the cistern and the country
privy are the great mosquito breeding-place, although the malarial
variety quite often prefers the roadside puddle and the pools of
little streams. To diminish the moquitoes, then, of a locality, it

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 425

is necessary to drain or fill all swampy places, to screen the cisteru
and rain barrel and to put two or three ounces of kerosene in the
privy every few weeks. Inasmuch as mosquitoes do not stray far
from home, but are “born and bred” where they are, it becomes a
very easy thing to eliminate them in an isolated place; in a town
unless everybody falls in line, it is a different story.

The cow stable is another point which directly affects the farm
people, and sometimes other people who don’t live on the farm.
Cows are very prone to tuberculosis, and although there has been
much discussion lately as to the interchangeableness of bovine and
human tuberculosis, the weight of opinion at present favors the
idea of the transmission of tuberculosis from cattle to man.

Damp, dark and filthy stables are predisposed to the disease, and
to avoid this, cleanliness should be enforced and there should be
plenty of fresh air and sunlight. Some other diseases, such as ty-
phoid fever, diphtheria and scarlet fever, have been traced to pol-
luted milk, and in the great cities the terrible infant mortality of
summer has been charged to the same cause. So even if we elimi-
nate tuberculosis as one of the results of filthy milk, there is still
enough danger left to stimulate us to use every precaution.

In order then to have good, pure and healthy milk, we must of
course, have good cows to start with, and they must be housed iu
clean, airy stables, and after this the whole secret is cleanliness.
The milkers should be clean, but they do not necessarily need to be
dressed in white duck. There are only three things necessary, by
the way, for cleanliness, and these are soap, water and inclination,
and the greatest of the three is inclination.

The milking utensils must of course be clean, plain open pails and
a new cheese cloth strainer, which is thrown away after use.

Cooling the milk is the next most important thing—the whole
future of the milk depending upon it, especially if it is intended for
transportation. The great difficulty about this is, that the chilling
to be effective must get to 45 degrees, whereas the spring which
are generally used for this purpose, do not get below fifty, conse-
quently ordinary milk “turns” very readily.

These points about milk which I have called attention to, are
the recommendations of the New York Milk Commission, and milk
is now sold in New York which has been prepared according to their
directions; and the time is fast coming when the people everywhere
will demand better and purer milk, but of course the price will be
proportionately higher—high enough at least, to pay for the extra
care.

One other subject I wish to speak about and that is the spread of
cantagious diseases from farmhouses. Inasmuch as our laws for
the rural districts are very lax in this regard we should ourselves

426 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Dec.

use every endeavor to prevent the spread of these diseases. Those
who sell milk should use special precaution for they may otherwise
scatter disease far and wide, and although there may be no com-
pulsion in the matter, we should follow the Golden Rule and save
others unnecessary trouble.

Such are some of the methods that are necessary if the farmer
or the isolated rural dweller would live in a sanitary home. But
some one asks: “Does it pay? Is it worth while to go to all this
trouble?” Suppose you yourself get typhoid fever because you have
been drinking from a polluted well. Suppose your own wife gets .
tuberculosis because she has been drinking milk from a sick cow.
Suppose your own child gets diphtheria because somebody else is
careless. If all of these happen, or if any one of them happen, I
think you will agree with me that it does pay, and vastly pays,
to have hygiene on the farm.

A Member: The gentleman speaks of the danger of pollution of
wells. Up in our country we pride ourselves on our excellent
springs. Two weeks ago a physician was called to attend a family
that was taken sick. He diagnosed the case, but could not find what
the trouble was, but he finally said, ‘“iixamine your spring.” It was
done last Saturday. It was not done quite soon enough, as a few
days ago we buried his wife, a very excellent lady. We found three
snakes in the well.

The CHAIRMAN: We are now ready to hear the next topic on
the program, “What Constitutes a Country Home,” by Mr. R. 8.
Seeds, of Birmingham, Pa.

Mr. Seeds presented his paper as follows:

WHAT CONSTITUTES A COUNTRY HOME.

By .S. SEEDS, Birmingham, Pa.

There is no name so sweet or place so dear as home. I have 350
acres of land, but there is one-half acre more dear to me than all
the world; on that half acre stands my home. I have traveled from
Boston to Dakota, stopped at some of the best hotels in the land,
but the “Seed’s House” beats them all. If any one should ask me
what was the height of my ambition, I would not know what to say,
unless it was to live for my home.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 427

Some years ago Jenny Lind came to this country to sing for $1,000
a night for P. T. Barnum. When she landed in New York, 20,000
people gathered in old Castle Garden to hear her sing, as no other
songstress had ever sung. At length the Swedish nightingale
thought of her home; she paused and seemed to fold her wings for a
higher flight, and with a deep emotion began to pour forth “Home,
Sweet Home.” The audience could not stand it, an uproar of ap-
plause stopped the music, and tears of joy gushed from their eyes
like rain drops. At length the music came again, almost angelic,
seemingly from Heaven, “Home!” That was the word that seemed
to cement, as by magic, 20,000 souls.

When you can’t go anywhere else you can go home. ‘The prodigal
son only realized this when he came to himself, like the poor fellow
who was out one night and got gloriously drunk, came home near
morning and when at the foot of the stairs his wife called down to
him: “What’s bringing you home this time in the morning?” He
straightened up and said: “Every place else (hic) is shut up.”

While the world was laid at Solomon’s feet, I often think that he
did not have a home, or he would not have said “all is vanity.” So
many people when they see a beautiful house say “What a fine
home!” when it may be anything else but a home.

“A house is built of bricks and stones,
Of sills and posts and piers,
But a home is built of lovely deeds,
That stands a thousand years.
A house though but an humble cot within its walls may hold,
A home of priceless beauty rich in loves eternal gold,
The men of earth buiid houses, halls, chambers, roofs and domes,
But the women of the earth, God knows, the women build the homes.”

Brown stones and pressed brick will not make a home. You must
have love and sunshine in the summer time, and love and coal oil in
the winter time. I have seen thousands of dollars spent to build a
home, and the parties did not get anything but a beautiful house.

We should strive to beautify the suroundings of our home. I
think there is nothing so beautiful to the farm as a field of clover in
full bloom, covered with the morning dew and sparkling like mil-
lions of diamonds when kissed by the morning sun. So is thelawn
to the home, and to think I never saw a lawn till I was thirty-five
vears of age. I had often looked at them, but never saw one till I
stood in the streets of Boston a few years ago, and I thought I never
saw anything so beautiful as they were. [said to myself, God would
make the grass grow for the poorest man as well as the rich, and |
came home determined to have a lawn about my home. The next
spring the two boys and I started out to move the flowers and flower
beds from the middle of the yard, and put the flowers around the

428 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

outside, and used the earth in the beds to level up the lawn. After
we had it graded, I sent to Peter Henderson Co. for $1.50 worth of
lawn grass seed, same as he used at Chicago World’s Fair, bought
a lawn-mower for $3.00; expense without our labor $4.50. I never
put wheat in the garner or sold a fatted steer and made more money
than I did producing that lawn. A man will stand in front of my
place and give more for my property on account of the lawn than
he would without it. But money is not all in this world. On this
iawn, in the summer time is where we entertain our company. They
are using it for that purpose as I am writing these lines. The
family spends their idle moments on it, and it seems to me the shade
of the old apple tree is cooler than any shade I ever sat in, and
sitting upon that lawn, it seems to me the smoke from my chimney
curls more beautiful than any I ever looked at. For a background
to this house and lawn, I have planted 50 grape vines, vining on
50 poles. They not only add beauty, but there is nothing about the
place we enjoy more than those grapes, and when ripe, it is aston-
ishing how friends will drop in to see us.

I want to go into the inside of this home for a short time and
speak of a room in it, I call the living room, where the family meet
to spend their evenings. In this room in our home we have a desk
in the centre; this desk has a flat top 33x54 feet, and there is more
business done and less money made on it than any desk in Hun-
tingdon county. It has twelve drawers and two cupboards. On
this desk sets a Miller lamp, a sixty-horse power; there are always
pens and ink, paper and pencils on it, and around this desk we
eather from Monday to Monday, and there is not a piece of furni-
ture in the home that would be missed more if taken out than this
desk. At this desk is where I try to get my children up against the
real things in life as soon as possible.

There are many things that can be written about the home, but
space will not permit; but I want to mention the most essential,
and that is a good mother; her influence is something marvelous.

A lady in Bucks county one time asked me why it was that the
mother had more influence in the home than the father had. I
never thought of this before, but it is true. I have a little boy. I
can take him and play with him, and his mother can not coax him
away from me; but let him hit his finger, bump his head, or hurt
himself in any way, and he can not see me. He will run right past
me, hunting his mother, for he knows that in the touch of her hand
there is a magic panacea, in the press of her cheek there is a balm in
Gilead, and in her kiss a benediction he can not find elsewhere.
Sometimes I feel a little jealous of this influence and look in the
glass and say to myself “You’re a dandy, ain’t you?” and think
sometimes I am like the husband I heard of once. His wife got

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 429

awake in the morning and said: “Jobn, I had a dream last night.”
“What did you dream, my dear,” said John. “I dreamed that I was
at a public sale where they were selling husbands, and do you know
some of them brought $8.00, some $12.00 and $16.00, and one or two
went as high as $2,000.” John said: “Is that so?’ And after think-
ing the matter over for awhile said: “And my dear, what did hus-
bands bring like [ am?’ And she said: “Oh, they were tied up in
bunches like asparagus and sold for fifteen cents a bunch.”

The influence of the home is wonderful. I think this is a great
country, because it is a country of homes. A man will shoulder the
musket on account of his home, when he would not do it for a
boarding-house.

There is no reason why the country home should not be beauti-
fied as well as the home in town. This is why I paint my house
only one coat at a time and oftener, so as to have it look better and
more attractive, so the outside world will like it as well as myself
and family.

The CHAIRMAN: We are now ready to hear the last subject on
the program for this evening: “What Constitutes a Practical Edu-
cation for the Farmer?” by T. D. Harman, of the ational Stockman
and Farmer, of Pittsburg, Pa.

Mr. Harman’s paper is as follows:

WHAT CONSTITUTES A PRACTICAL EDUCATION FOR A
FARMER?

y lt. D. HARMAN, Pittsburg, Pa.

A question of the most vital importance. A question that the
best scholars are unable to answer definitely. A question which
would take more time to answer than could possibly be allowed for
one speaker at a gathering like this. I shall, therefore, only attempt
to skim a little of the cream off the top, churn it into butter, avoid
any adulteration, and pass it out to those who know how to breed,
feed and milk the cow, skim the milk, churn the butter and digest
it better than the speaker.

It never occurred to me that I was to speak to an assemblage of
educators, when [ accepted the invitation to talk on this topic, or
you would find a vacant chair on this platform to-night. Believing
in the old adage that “Wise men can sometimes learn from a fool,”
I shall offer the suggestions which follow, hoping that a few grains
of wheat may be found among the chaff.

430 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Webster tells us briefly that education is “the act or process of
training by a prescribed or customary course of study or discipline.”
Although I do not always agree with Mr. Webster, I presume he is
right. The object, however, in discussing this topic at this time is
to avoid all technicalities and eet right down to the practical. From
the very nature of their work farmers not only need the most prac-
tical education but they have the best way of obtaining it. They
are scientists of the higher order if they are farmers of the first
class. They are the only set of men which are following the original
occupation given to man by the Creator. The infinite wisdom of
Him who gave us this beautiful earth as a birthright would not
permit of the withholding of knowledge from those who follow
the injunction to replenish it, if that knowledge is diligently sought.
The trouble comes in the obstinate nature of man in not trying
to obtain the necessary knowledge to enable him to work out the
problems set before him. The environments of the farmer are
favorable for the most practical education. We are leaving out now
the meaning of the term as applied to what may be learned in our
schools, colleges and universities. It is understood that the more
liberal the education, in the common acceptance of the term, the
better; but the practical part of it all is in applying it to every sur-
rounding and gathering more of it at every opportunity. No class
of workers can follow out a line of thought and arrive at as positive
conclusions as those whose minds are unobstructed by the views
and opinions of others. And right here are where the advantages
of the quiet farm life comes. Do you wonder why the brightest
men of the world come from the farm. Tl tell yon. They learned
to think and act for themselves. They carried their point when
they were following the plow or splitting the rails, with none to
molest or make them afraid, and when they entered the business
circles, the court rooms or our legislative halls, they did the same
thing. They were in the habit of doing it, and it is not a bad habit
if a man is right.

A point which should not be overlooked is that great big little
thing of being right. It swells us with pride to reflect on the fact
that the most of our great men come from the farm. Let us turn
the picture over. It may be true that most of our meanest men
come from the same source. I have never investigated that part
of it. It might be best not to do so. One thing is sure, there are
men who came from the farm, or are still there, that are neither
good or bad, and that is the worst situation of all. God intended
every man to be something and that he should do something. Isn’t
it natural to suppose that He would prefer that a man, made after
his own image, would do something a little out of the regular order
‘ather than do nothing? I do not refer to men who toil with their

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 481

hands, but to those who neglect to elevate themselves by educating
their minds along practical lines. After all the mind is the whole
of man. The Scriptures teil us, “As a man thinketh in his heart, so
is he.”

But to get right down to the solution of the question involved in
the topic, let us suppose that every farmer has gone so far as to
have mastered Reading, Writing and Arithmetic, before he is turned
loose on Mother Earth to tear from her face a good living and some-
thing for his posterity to fight about after he is dead. Is this
enough? Yes, if he is the right kind of a man and has a good, big
allowance of horse sense. The first, reading, is enough in itself to
make him successful, if he has the right judgment, which is another
name for common sense. A Pennsylvania farmer, a few years ago,
read an item of less than ten lines in an agricultural paper that was
worth more than $5,200 to him inside of six months. The circum-
stances are these: A dry season had ruined the hay crop in his sec-
tion of the county. <A subscriber to that paper in Missouri in report-
ing the agricultural conditions, stated that they had an abundant
hay crop, and that prices were low. The man in Pennsylvania had
learned to think as well as read. The result was a trade relation
was established between a Pennsylvania “hayseed” and a Missouri
“Reuben” which netted a neat little sum for the one, helped the
other to get rid of his produce at a better price than he could at
home and scores of others were made happy because they got what
they wanted cheaper than they could in any other way.

A Lancaster county farmer a year or two ago was feeding a
bunch of good cattle. Buyers were trying to get them at the mar-
ket price, which was then low. He could read. He had enterprise
enough to take a good market paper. He noticed that cattle were
scarce in the cattle-producing states. He had faith in the future
and in the opinions of men who ought to understand the situation.
Result, a short time afterward he sold his cattle at an advance that
netted him between three and four hundred dollars. A common
everyday farmer in Ohio, a few years ago was feeding a bunch of
hogs. Up to that time hog prices had been low, country prices vary-
ing from $4.00 to $5.40 per cwt. Prices began to go up. His neigh-
bors jumped at the first offer of $5.00 per ewt. But our friend had
been reading. He knew that hogs were scarce in the West. Instead
of selling what he had he bought more. Result, a clean profit of
$2,125 within a year, and no harm done. The evidence in regard to
these specific circumstances can be produced, if necessary. There
are thousands of other cases like them all over the country.

Men who can read like these men need not worry much abowt the
classics and higher mathematics. They have a practical education
if all other branches have been barred. But we must not forget

432 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

that there are other kinds of readers. Some lack the common
sense necessary to size up a situation, or worse still, they form
wrong opinions. Such things are dangerous. They not only lead
to a waste of time and money, but they are discouraging.

As an example: A farmer living in Western Pennsylvania may
read of the big profit made on the fertile farms of Lancaster county
in raising tobacco. He jumps at the conclusion he can do the same
thing. He tries it, fails, and pays for his folly of not using his
brain as well as his eyes. He may read these reports but he lacks
that useful little article called judgment. Again, everybody is more
or less prejudiced when they read. They only remember the things
that snit their own ideas and forget all else. They set down all
writers as fools who do not say things the way they think it ought to
be. Such men need a severe training in the art of reading. They
generally get it and pay dearly for it. That is why so many men
are poor and don’t know why. They are always paying for anis-
takes that they never knew they had made.

But it isn’t the reading of books or papers alone that educ. tes a
man. Some of our very successful farmers never learned their
alphabet. They never had an opportunity to learn to read. They
got their education from the hard school of experience. They
learned by hard knocks and bitter trials what would work and
what would not. The secret of success with such men, as well as
with men who could read, lies in the fact that they carry a large
amount of gray matter under their hats. They are the kind that
see “sermons in stones, books in the running brooks and good in
everything.”

Take the second, in the curriculum suggested, writing. This
seems to be a lost art to many farmers. They find no time for it,
have no occasion to use it, except, perhaps, to sign notes for gold
bricks or lightning rod contracts. Pity the man who neglects this
important part of his education. If the first man referred to who
made over $5,000 on hay had not had the courage to write a few
letters he never could have done what he did. With our cheap
postage, our free rural delivery routes and our telephone systems
all over the country, there is no way of preventing the practically
educated farmer from doing business with as great dispatch and in
as systematic a way as do our railroad magnates or our iron kings.
I am speaking of the art of writing and not of penmanship. The
man who can express his ideas clearly, pointedly and forcibly on
paper has an education at his command that can be made invaluable
tohim. The experience of handling from 200 to 1,500 letters per day
from farmers leads me to believe that I know this statement is true.
Very few, even among those classed as highly educated, know how
to write a good letter. The business among rural residents could

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 433

be increased many fold if all farmers were inclined to write more,
and would take more interest in this method of doing business. A
proper education along this line will provide for each man writing
material that will command respect and attention. Printed letter
heads and envelopes are one of the requisites in this direction.
Well do I remember how the first farmers’ letter head, which in bold
letters read, “John Doe, Farmer, Dayton, Ohio,” impressed me. AL-
though it came in a bunch of 50 or 100 of other letters it was care-
fuly laid aside and preserved. Inquiry disclosed that this man
wus one of the most successful, broad-minded men in the country
in which he lived. He was proud of his profession, and was not
ashamed to let the world know his business. A man with a supply
of stationery of this kind at hand is more apt to keep up his cor-
respondence than one who hasn’t. Let a man go into any kind
of manufacturing or merchandising, involving a capital of $500 or
71.000 or more, and the first thing he does is to have his printed
letter heads, bill heads, envelopes, etc., etc. It is business to do
so, because it is an advertisement and a recommendation combined.
Probably 50 per cent. of the business of this country is done by cor-
respondence. Why should not the farmer do his share?

A farmer should not only use his knowledge for the purpose of
corespondence. In his daily labors he is working out serious prob-
lems that bear on future successes or failures. Careful notes should
be made of each. They may save doing the same things over next
year. The man with the note-book is the man that avoids many
costly mistakes. The matter of book-keeping enters into the suc-
cess of farming more than many imagine. Every man with the
capacity of earning or spending a dollar ought to be a book-keeper.
He ought to keep a record of every cent, both going out and coming
in. He ought to know the full meaning of “debit” and “credit” and
know what goes under each. He ought to be able to balance his
books at the end of the year, and thus know whether he is gaining
or losing. His success depends upon this as much as it does on his
planning and scheming. This is not all. A man who can express
himself well on paper can be a great benefactor to his fellow labor-
ers. Suppose he experiments on certain lines and discovers some
truth that is worth money to him. He is miserly indeed if he is not
willing to impart this knowledge to his struggling neighbor. Let
him write it out and publish it to the world and thousands may be
benefited—and he is not injured. his is education, practical edu-
sation, that stands for something.

Arithmetic, while last, is by no means least in the make-up of the
farmers’ education. Look out for the man that “figgers.” He’s
going to get there with both feet. A stub of a lead pencil, properly
used, is worth more on the farm than a yoke of oxen. Do you antici.

28—6— 1902

434 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

pate trying something new? Sit down and figure it out and see
where you are going to land. It may aid you in avoiding more trou-
bles and disappointments than you ever dreamed of. When manu
facturers contemplate a new scheme they first figure out the cost.
They call in architects to get up plans. They get estimates on the
outlay. They know about where they are going to land before they
jump. The same thing can be done in farming operations or busi-
ness enterprises connected with them. One of the most successful
farmers I know has a complete survey of his farm. Each field is
measured, mapped and numbered. This cost him something, but
it has been worth every cent it cost each year since it has been done.
Besides this he has figured out just what rotations are best to keep
up the fertility of his farm and produce the best crops. If field No.
1 had a good coat of manure last year No. 2 gets it this year. If No.
3 has recuperated under a good coat of grass for three or four
years it goes into corn and No. 4 takes the rest cure. His rotations
are figured out de!initely, recorded carefully and carried out to a
nicety. With him it is corn, oats, wheat and grass, with enough im-
proved live stock on the place to consume it all and keep all the
fertility, and there isn’t a manufacturer or merchant in the United
States that is making a larger per cent. on capital invested than this
man, and none of them are having a happier, pleasanter life.

Illustrations showing how figures on the farm pay well might be
carried on indefinitely. I am aware of the fact that I am speaking
to men who know all about it, and probably are carrying it out
successfully.

I cannot overlook the fact that the great majority of the farmers
of this grand old Commonwealth do not attend these meetings.
They believe that to make a success at farming they must “live like
a hermit and work like a horse.” How to reach them and lift them
up, God only knows, ! don’t. Farmers’ Institutes are doing most
excellent work, but the audiences attending these meetings are made
up by men who are wide-awake and often do not need the knowl-
edge imparted. The Agricultural Press of the country is doing
its full share to help spread the gospel of better methods, but they
fall into the hands of the better and more enlightened classes. It
is the mediocre and lower classes that need the help. When the
problem of reaching the struggling masses who are striving to
better their condition and do not know how it is solved, when the
latent spirits of the men and women of Pennsylvania is awakened
and fanned into new life, then, and not until then, will the problem
of “What Constitutes a Practical Education for the Farmer?” be
answered. You who are leaders in the profession which you have
chosen, you who are teachers and preachers among your brethren
must remember that you cannot get away from the question pro-
pounded by the first tiller of the soil: “Am I my brother’s keeper?”

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 435

The CHAIRMAN: We are now through with the program for
the evening. Is there any other business?

PROF. HAMILTON: Mr. Chairman, It would like to make an an-
nouncement. There is a matter that I want to bring to the atten-
tion of the Board and the Institute workers, too, that I think is im-
portant. There is a meeting to be held in the city of Toronto, Can-
ada, on the 28d, 24th, 25th and 26th of this month, which every man
who can go should attend. It is the meeting of the American
Association of Farmers’ Institute Workers. It is going to be the
greatest meeting of its kind ever held in this country. Our Cana-
dian friends are doing a wonderful work up in their region on these
lines on which we have been talking here. It is proposed to take
the visitors all through the Agricultural College and Experimental
Station and show what Canada is doing in this line of work. Canada
has taken from us our foreign butter export trade. Canada is one
of our great competitors in agriculture to-day. We are accustemed
to think of that country as one inferior in agricultural respects
by reason of the long, cold winters, and yet with all of that, Canada
is forging ahead in this agricultural world, and now these Institute
workers of the United States are going up there. The last meet-
ing was held in the City of Washington, and it is believed that this
one is going to surpass that, so I am sure those who can go will be
well repaid for their visit, and you will have an opportunity to talk
with men from all over the United States who are leaders in this
ereat practice in this great country. I advise you all to arrange to
go up to Canada, particularly the members of the State Board and
the lecturers here. Inasmuch as we are not going to take any of
this money we are accumulating along with us to the other side, I
think it would be to your interest and pleasure to go up and see
this country of which we know so little, and that borders right on
our own State of Pennsylvania.

SECRETARY MARTIN: Before we close, I desire to call your at-
tention to our program for to-morrow at 9.00 o’clock. Professor
Franklin Menges of York, has arrived and is with us this evening
and to-morrow morning the first order on the program will be
the paper of Dr. Leonard Pearson. By request, Dr. Pearson pre-
sents his paper to-morrow morning on account of a number of the
members of this Institute having to leave before his paper would
be reached on the program of to-morrow afternoon, and then Prof.
Menges will follow with his paper, which was not presented on
Tuesday evening, the time set, on account of his absence.

Any questions that may be ready will be taken up upon the open-
ing of the session to-morrow morning at 9.00 o’clock.

Upon motion, the meeting adjourned at 10.10 P. M.

436 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Thursday Morning, June 4, 1903.

DEPUTY SECRETARY MARTIN called the meeting to order, and
announced that the Chairman for the morning would be Dr. M. E.
Conard, of Westgrove, Pa.

The CHAIRMAN: We will take up the questions to be answered.

MR. BLYHOLDER: The first question is addressed to Professor
Cooke who is not present, I believe. Some one else will please
answer it. It is:

“What causes the dark green, rank spots of grass from one to two
feet in diameter in our grass fields?”

MR. SEXTON: It would be from the surroundings, I should judge.
It might be from the dropping of some old cow.

MR. CAMPBELL: I think it is fungus. You will find in these
dark spots that mushrooms will grow there, and there is a fungus.
The spawn of them is under it and has some connection with the
feeding of the grass plant and you will always find that much fungus |
will grow there.

A Member: You will not find anv mushrooms growing excepting
it is very rich soil.

MR. CAMPBELL: I have raised mushrooms all my life. I have
raised them for sixty years, and in fact, if you had been in Scotland,
there we would go out sometimes and take ten bushels, and would
invariably get them on the dark green spots. I don’t think the cat-
tle took the time to go here and there wherever the mushrooms
were.

A Member: I suppose, Mr. Chairman, that that has reference to
the small green spots you will see this time of the year in the
meadow. I do not think they are hard to account for. If you
mowed a field last year and let is grow up and did not pasture on
it you will not see any of those dark green spots this spring, but
if you had pastured it wherever there was a dropping you will see
a large green spot. It comes from the droppings of the cattle put
on the field while pasturing.

MR. BLYHOLDER: The next question is:

“Would it be policy and profitable in building a silo to put uncut
corn in where a cutter could not be produced to cut it at the proper
time in the case of a person keeping from three to five cows stabled
the year round for milk in town, having a small farm outside?”

MR. LIGHTY: I am a silo advocate. If anybody wants to feed
milk cows, and I will include beef cattle, IT do not believe he can
begin to feed them profitably unless he makes use of the silo. The

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 4337

silo is an absolute necessity for the feeding of cattle for any pur
pose whatever, whether for milk, butter or beef, or any other pur-
pose. We have found in this way we can utilize the corn crop any-
where from 25 to 50 per cent. more out of it. I contend that under
any circumstances, where you can grow corn you don’t want to be
without a silo.

MR. BRODHEAD: With a silo, where the corn could not be cut
by a cutter, could it not be put in a silo whole and taken out with
a cutting spade or something of that kind. Would that not keep
all right the same as when cut upon taking from the field?

MR. LIGHTY: Does not the question relate to one cow? This
would be a very peculiar world if you could not get a cutter, and if
you had five cows, it would pay you to get a cutter in a few weeks
time. You can store the corn whole if you want to, but it is hard
work. You can buy a cutter so cheaply and build a silo so cheaply
that it will pay you if you have only three to five cows.

MR. HALL: The universal testimony in small-sized silos is that
the pressure on the outside next to the foot is not great enough, so
that in the small silo you do not receive the same benefit as from
the larger ones after they get over ten feet. The pressure on the
outside prevents the setting of the ensilage to some extent.

MR. BLYHOLDER: The next question is:
“Ts there any evident increase in the value of farm land in this
State?”

MR. NORTHUP: I want to say just a few words in reference to
that. There is an increase in our farm value. There is an in-
crease up in Lackawanna county, in the northeastern part of this
State. And do you know our farm land is going right up there and
our farms are getting more in touch with the thickly settled commu-
nities, and a trolley line, first one we have ever had, is coming from
‘Scranton and coming right through our section of the country and
going up into Susquehanna county and into Wyoming county, and it
is going to help us all. It is a great big thing, my friends, and we
cannot afford to live in this world without being prepared to do
our work, too, on these farms and show to our friends in the city
that it is worth while to live in the country. Brother Seeds said
there is no home like the Seeds’ home, and there is no place to me, -
in my knowledge, like northeastern Pennsylvania, where we have
the finest landscape, most hills and the most beautiful scenery.
There is a farmer’s daughter from up there who married a man from
New Jersey and she came up home and she turned around there and
looked over the country and said: “I never half appreciated this
home when I lived here among the hills.”

438 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Oft. Doc.

I was proud when I heard Secretary Hamilton’s speech, and I felt
prouder than ever I felt before because I was a farmer. I felt that
way when they asked Brother Seeds whether he was a farmer or
a gentleman when he came here to tell about those great springs
and those great roots of alfalfa and I am glad I belong to this or-
ganization.

MR. BLYHOLDER: The next question is:

‘What degree of success have you had with fly repellant in the
dairy ?”’

MR. McDONALD: I will say I never had any particular success.
During the season of flies, when we are bothered the most, we
go through the dairy twice a day with kerosene and that will relieve
them some for the present. I have never had anything that is any
better remedy. °

A Member: I am not afraid to say that I used it with great suc-
cess. Our cows were tied in the barn and we sprayed them at milk-
ing time and when they came in. It would take but a small sprayer,
and it only takes but a minute for each one.

MR. BOND: We pasture our cattle along the foot of the
mountain and it is almost impossible for them to live up along there
on account of the flies, and we use this preparation on the market.
We spray our cows every morning with it and turn them off and
they are just as contented as they can be until four o’clock in the
afternoon. It is a success. I would not be without it if it cost
$10 a gallon. A gallon will spray ten cows for two months every
day. There are exceptions. We have a stream of water running
through our pasture. If the cows stand in there sometimes it
will lose its effect sooner, but under ordinary circumstances it will
Jast during the day. We do not take our horses out of the stable
without spraying them around the neck and ears, and we have
no trouble with it. It costs seventy-five cents a gallon or $1.50
a gallon and the sprayer with it. It is a success, but it won’t last
two or three days. Put it on every morning and thoroughly.

MR. THOMPSON: If you have a pair of scales in your barn and
some “shoo-fly” you will soon discover the value of “shoo-fly.”

DR. CONARD: It is my mission to travel a good little bit through
some parts of New Jersey, and there it seems to me the flies are
worse than anywhere I know of, and the mosquitoes too. I do not
know why it is so without it is that in the hot weather the drain-
age is imperfect, and every barn has more or less of a pool around
it, where the mosquitoes and flies originate. They almost to a man
use the fly repellant and they think they cannot do without it. It
is a success and pays for itself many times over. -4

No. 6. : DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 439

There is one thing to guard against in its use. It should not be
used in the stable just before milking because it will laden the air
with the odor, which is liable to be taken up by the milk. It should
be used a short time before, or just before turning them out to give
them a dose; and then a great many of these people milk about two
o’clock in the afternoon and early in the morning, and that appli-
cation they get in the morning lasts over the noon milking and,
consequently, they don’t get but one spraying a day, and there is
no odor in the stable at or near the times of milking. That is the
only objection to the application of the repellant just before milking;
unless it is, as one man told me, that he had gone away and left
some of this material there for the use of his men, and they applied
it so heavily that they killed two of the cows by shutting up the
pores and preventing perspiration, and the animals died from sun-
stroke. This is a thing that shou!d not happen in the case of an
intelligent man.

A Member: Is there any danger of affecting the eyes?

DR. CONARD: I don’t know that there is. It is not generally
applied in the face. I think it might. if driven right directly into
the eyes.

MR. STOUT: I use just the common coal oil. I have a sprayer
at the cow stable and just before we want to go to milk we spray
the cows all over. By spraying the cows with that misty crude coal
oil it drives the flies away and kills them. It is economical and con-
venient.

The CHAIRMAN: Those are all the questions we have and the
time has arrived to take up the regular program of the morning.

The DEPUTY SECRETARY: Secretary Critchfield requests me
to say that he owes you an apology for his having to leave before
this meeting adjourns. The Live Stock Sanitary Board convenes
in Harisburg this morning and the Secretary, being a member of
that Board, having immediate business to transact, was necessarily
called away. This same apology answers for Dr. Leonard Pearson,
the State Veterinarian, who is a member of the same Board, and
will account for his not taking part in the program.

The CHAIRMAN: Since this program was made, Dr. M. P.
Ravenel, of Swarthmore, Pa., who was to have had the first topic on
the program for this morning, “The Relation of Bacteriology to
Dairying,” has gone abroad and not yet returned. We will, there-
fore, take up the paper of Prof. Franklin Menges, of York, Pa.. on
“Feeding Powers and Habits of Some Agricultural Plants.”

The paper of Prof. Menges is as follows:

440 oy aa ANNUAL REPORT OF THE = Of aboce

FEEDING POWERS AND HABITS OF SOME AGRICULTURAL
PLANTS.

By PROF. FRANKLIN MENGES, York, Pa.

We know that there is such a thing as the struggle for existence
among plants as well as animals, and that in that struggle plants,
like animals, have acquired certain powers by means of which they
have been able to conquer in the race of life until the stages of ad-
vancement in which we have them, these acquired powers having
become habits, which we can use in agriculture to obtain the best
results for labor and money expended.

In furnishing plant food to plants we should think of these ac-
quired capacities and should apply only such foods for the procuring
of which the plant has only slight powers; for if we give the plant
what it can get by its own exertion in so far we do it an injury.

We know that if the growth of trees and vines is strong and
rapid in the more fertile soils, that everything is going to wood at
the expense of fruit, and that if we desire the best fruit we must
check the growth by making the plant exert itself to obtain the
mineral foods it needs.

The sugar beet will not produce the high percentage of sugar in
soils in which it can get nitrogen without much exertion. The same
is true of wheat, potatoes and other crops. We used to think that
the amount of plant food plants removed from the soil was a sure
test and indication of their manurial requirements; and to discover
this we analyzed the ashes of plants to find the proportions of the
various mineral elements they used, and then applied just what
we thought they needed, and awaited the hundred-fold yield without
misgivings. We soon discovered that these analysis revealed what
the ashes of the plant contained, but did not tell us that most plants
do not need silicon and sodium; neither did they tell us during what
stages of growth they used and needed the largest amount of phos-
phoric acid, potash, nitrogen, lime, magnesium, iron, chlorin, etc.,
nor what particular functions these elements performed in the
plant. They did not show, as Loew expresses it: “That every plant
absolutely requires a certain minimum of each mineral nutrient, and
if a plant fails to obtain this minimum it can not produce a nor-

mal crop and may even prematurely die.” we
——_ _— seed

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 441

These analyses did not reveal to us the acquired powers of plants
to get a minimum of nutrients even when not in an available condi-
tion to produce a normal crop. Normally, an acre of wheat needs
about 35 Ibs. of nitrogen, which it has certain, though in limited
powers of obtaining. An acre of corm needs about seventy pounds of
nitrogen, which it has acquired strong power to obtain. An acre of
mangels needs 150 Ibs. of potash; while an acre of fix needs only 27
Ibs.; an acre of corn needs 20 Ibs. of phosphoric acid, while an acre
of mangels needs 35 Ibs. We see here that different plants require
various minimum quantities of mineral nutrients to produce normal
crops, and that they must have the capacity to get these nutrients
from sources not in the available state.

This has been demonstrated by Liebig and many other experi-
menters since his day. Liebig raised barley in boxes so constructed
that all the water soluble plant feod in the soil would be drained
off. He analyzed the drain water and determined the soluble plant
food it contained, and also weighed and ‘analyzed the crop of barley
and found that 92 per cent. of the potash in the crop was obtained
from forms insoluble in water. This experiment shows that barley
has strong feeding powers for potash, er that it can get potash from
sources not soluble in water. Similar experiments have been made
to determine the capacities of our various agricultural plants to ob-
tain potash, phosphoric acid, nitrogen, lime, magnesium, ete.

Plants do not only have various capacities of rendering plant food
soluble, but they have the power of selecting what they need and
rejecting what they do not need. Experiments made at the Rhode
Island Experiment Station, with plants to which potash and soda,
two elements very similar in their chemical properties, were ap-
plied; even when the soda which the plant was supposed to use in-
stead of the potash, was increased to such an extent that the potash
was only in minute quantity in comparison, yet the plant selected
and incorporated the potash and rejected the soda. It has been
demonstrated through long and tedious experiments that plants
have strong feeding powers for some elements of plant food and
weak for others; that during certain stages of development the
organism will need certain minerals, such as magnesia, in the for-
mation of seeds and will then take up more of this element than
at any time during the stages of growth, and that they can select
what they need and reject what is not necessary. Ina general way
the feeding powers of the cereal crops are quite similar, with the
exception of their capacity of assimilating nitrogen. To obtain the
potash and other basic elements for food they seem to have the
power to decompose the simpler silicates of the soil, deposit the
silica in the leaves and feed on the potash.

Wheat seems to be the weakest feeding crop among the cereals,

442 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

and, therefore, to raise wheat successfully, the soil should be in a
high state of cultivation, or should be peculiarly adapted for the
eulture of wheat. The experiments of Loew and Gilbert illustrate
the weak feeding powers of wheat, especially in regard to nitrogen,
as the following table will show:

No manure applied for 40 vears, 14 bushels per acre.

Mineral fertilizer alone for 32 years, 154 bushels per acre.

Nitrogen fertilizer alone for 32 years, 234 bushels per acre.

Barnyard manure for 32 years, 32% bushels per acre.

Minerals and nitrogen alone for 32 years, 364 bushels per acre.

Wheat, therefore, should be grown on soils especially adapted
and should be placed in such a position in the rotation when the
soil is in the highest state of cultivation to assist its weak feeding
powers. Barley belongs to the same class of cereals, but differs
from wheat in that it has a stronger root development, can use
plant food as Liebig has shown in a less available form, which is true
of potash, nitrogen and phosphoric acid. This has been well illus-
trated in some of the Western states where ,vheat has been grown
for years in succession, and no longer yields satisfactory crops,
whereas, barley gives excellent results.

This is due to a condition of the soil produced by the long cultiva-
tion of wheat rendering the plant food less available, the soil more
porous, creating a condition to which barley can adapt itself better
than wheat, because of its stronger feeding powers. Barley, how-
ever, is greatly benefited by manuring, especially by those contain-
ing nitrogen, as experiments by Loew and Gilbert have shown:

No manure for 34 years, averaged per acre 28.

No manure for 34 years, averaged per acre 17$.

Super-phosphate alone for 34 years, averaged per acre 23f.

Mixed minerals for 34 years, averaged per acre 244.

Nitrogen alone for 34 years, averaged 303.

Nitrogen and super-phosphate for 384 years, averaged per acre 45.

Barnyard manure for 34 years, averaged per acre 49$.

Barley, like wheat, derives the greatest benefit from nitrogen,
showing that it has special difficulty in getting this element. The
feeding powers and habits of oats are such that they can obtain food
when it is less available than the barley, and they will thrive in an
acid or alkaline condition of soil where either wheat or barley
would perish. But nitrogenous fertilizers benefit them greatly,
even to such an extent as to double the yield. Corn seems to be
an exception to the general weakness of the cereal crops, because it
seems to able to feed on the nitrogen of the organic matter of the
soil as it passes through the stages of nitrification, but has especial
difficulty in getting phosphoric acid. Corn will thrive when the
fertility in the soil is in a crude condition, and will utilize a large

~ *

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 443

quantity of it, and at the same time leave the soil and the fertility in
better condition for weaker feeding crops. Corn is not injured by
the excessive application of fertilizer like wheat, barley and oats
would be. Buckwheat has strong feeding powers, and will usually
thrive under favorable climatic conditions where few other crops will
grow, and is not infrequently used as a manurial crop, by plowing
down after it has extracted and rendered available soil fertility for
weaker feeders. The surface feeding habits of potatoes and their
limited power of obtaining potash and lime causes a more rapid
decrease in yield per acre than any other farm crop, if planted succes-
sively on the same soil.

Leguminous crops have a special weakness in getting potash and
lime, and, therefore, should be placed in such a position in a rotation
where these fertilizers can be applied directly or where they are
most available, if already in the soil. Legumes even with the ap-
plication of potash and lime, when grown too frequently on the
same soil, will often fail because of the production of organic sub-
stances which destroy them. Hay and grass crops mostly have
shorter roots than the cereal grains, and are, therefore, by habit sur-
face feeders, and can not obtain mineral foods at any depth; there-
fore, in order to raise hay crops the fertilizer should be applied
directly on the surface, so that it is within easy reach of the roots
ef the plants. No manure is better adapted for raising grasses than
common farm manure.

These plants then have the power to break up molecular struc-
tures in the soil which otherwise can only be broken by the most
powerful chemical agents or which will only yield their hold on each
other by the decomposing agency of temperatures measured by
hundreds of degrees or by the immeasurable heat of the electrical
furnace. They have the power to obtain water from the soil, and
rust obtain it under these conditions; when that soil is so dry that
no pressure on the earth beneath could express from it a drop of
water, and at such a rate too that an acre of corn under ordinary
conditions will have sufficient to consume 244 tons in 13 days. We
see here the importance of water to the growing plant, not only for
circulation and transportation, but to help it in forming the sub-
stances by means of which it will be enabled to render available the
plant food it needs. Not only must the soil contain a large quantity
of water, but it must be well aerated, for oxygen is just as necessary
as any of the plant foods, because, as we well know, that when
a soil is super-saturated with water, or when it is baked so hard that
no air can get in, plants will die, not for want of plant food or
water, but for want of air or oxygen. Furthermore, we should con-
sider the adaptability of the soil to the crops that we cultivate, so
that soils and crops would work together to produce the best results.

444 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

*The Agricultural Department at Washington has inaugurated a
soil survey in order to study the adaptability of soils to crops. The
Department seeks to present as clearly and as forcibly as possible
the conditions of an area in such a manner as to make it possible
for prospective settlers to take up lands suited for certain crops,
and to enable present owners of land to learn from the experi-
ences of other localities what crops are best adapted to their own
soils and climatic conditions.

In the present struggle for commercial supremacy, the importance
of such accurate knowledge is becoming daily more evident. No
community and no nation can afford to waste its time and energies
in pursuit of interests to which its conditions are unsuited; nor on
the other hand can it afford to lose any chance of inaugurating and
developing those interests for which it is peculiarly adapted. The
soil survey aims to eliminate to some extent such waste in the line
of agriculture. Its most valuable function is, undoubtedly, the im-
provement of existing methods, so that larger yields of our staple
crops can be secured. The success of the Bureau in introducing
Sumatra tobacco in certain soils in the Connecticut Valley, the ex-
tension of the grape and other fruit areas in the Piedmont and
mountain sections of the Atlantic States, the improvement of the
irrigable lands of the West, of the rice lands of the Gulf Coast, and
of the sugar beet soils wherever they may be found. The solution
of these and similar problems will prove invaiuable and be the
safest guide for future agricultural development. <A cursory review
of what has been done along this line will show, more clearly what
can be learned of the relations of the different types of soils to
various crops.

During the survey of 1901, seventeen different classes of soils were
surveyed, each of which is divided into a number of types, each type
distinguished by marked differences affecting the character and yield
of crops. Of the 385,660 acres of stony loam, about 57 per cent. is
considered unproductive under present methods of agriculture, 34
per cent. is adapted to wheat, 20 per cent. to dairying, 14 per cent.
(ec tobacco, 9 per cent. to peaches. Of the 209,000 acres of gravel
surveyed, 98 per cent. have been classed as unproductive, and on 2
per cent. grapes are a leading and important crop. It is important
to note that peaches are adapted to 7 per cent. of the stony loams, 24
per cent. of sand, 55 per cent. of fine sand, 12 per cent. of sandy loam
and are not reported as an important crop on any of the other
classes of soils. Wheat is reported as an important crop on 354 per
cent. of stony loam, 47 per cent. of gravelly loam, 20 per cent. of
sandy loam, 5 per cent. of fine sandy loam, 74 per cent. of loam, 89
per cent. of shale loam, 38 per cent. of silt loam, 69 per cent. of clay
loam, 44 per cent. of clay and &7 per cent. of adope.

ad Field operations of the Bureau of Soils 1901, 3d report, page 28, Milton Whitney, Chief.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 445

Tobacco is also reported as an important crop on a wide range of
soils. Light, sandy soils for the wrapper leaf of Connecticut and
the bright, yellow tobacco of Virginia. The sandy loams of Mary-
land produce a smeking tobacco; of Virginia a manufacturing to-
bacco; of Connecticut a cigar wrapper leaf, and those of Pennsyl-
vania a cigar filler.

It is probable that if the wheat industry were as highly special-
ized as the tobacco industry, different grades of wheat would be
recognized, as in fact is the case with the wheat grown in Kansas,
Nebraska, Oklahoma and Indian Territory by foreign millers. It is
not unlikely that most of our crops would show a variation on differ-
ent types of soils to such an extent as to throw them into a different
commercial grade if every one of these agricultural industries should
ever be as highly specialized as the tobacco and some other minor
industries now are. It is evident from this that plants, like the
child, desire to do for themselves what they can, that they do not
like to be fed with a spoon all the time, that when the cereals need
potash they will get it if it can be gotten; that corn will get nitrogen
and potash if it can be gotten; that buckwheat will usually get all
kinds of plant food; that potatoes and beets like to struggle for
nitrogen, and that the soils and crops should be adapted to each
other to produce the best results.

CHAIRMAN CONARD: The next number on the program is:
“Making and Selling Fine Dairy Butter,” by L. W. Lighty, of East
Berlin, Pa.

Mr. Lighty presented his paper as follows:

MAKING AND SELLING FINE DAIRY BUTTER.

By L. W. LiGHTY, East Berlin, Pa.

Butter made on the farm or in the private dairy has been the target
for jeers and jibes and lots of wholesale condemnation.

I can hardly blame people for expressing themselves emphatically
about some butter that comes from the farm and finds its way to the
restaurant or village hotel table. How it is made I can hardly con-
ceive. Texture it never had. In color, it resembles old brindle

— who produceé the milk, and in odor it seems to be somewhat related
With limburger. But it is strong, extremely strong in flavor. It
seems to be a cross between Roquefort cheese and tobasco sauce.

446 , ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

[ am told Roquefort is made in France from goat’s milk. After it is
made it is put in solitary confinement until its whiskers turn gray
und gangrene sets in, when it is taken out and chained to a post.
Before it is served it is chloroformed or knocked on the head with
an axe.

It is then brought to the table in smail cubes about the size of a
domino. I have seen limburger strong enough to shoulder a three
bushel sack of wheat, but a piece of Roquefort the size of a dice can
carry en election. Yo this add the strength of XX tobasco sauce
and iben you will get a faint idea of the butter that is occasionally
served to the institute workers. My friend Agee says the Siate
pays fez it, but the State need not eat it. The man who makes this
kind of butter is not only his own greatest enemy, but I do not
blame all mankind if they feel enmity towards him. {[f do, emphat-
ically. He fills the tubs of the butter renovators who are thereby
enabled to place a pretention on the market that undermines the
price of honest goods, and the digestion of the consumer.

But I am to speak of fine butter, how to make it and how to sell it.
To make goed butter we must begin in the beginning, and that is at
the cow and her feed. Some cows are bred to be producers of good
butter as well as good butter producers, others are good beefers,
and still others are good for nothing, and they will.all be true to
their nature and tendencies. Therefore, if you wish to make good
butter, select a cow bred up to the capability of making a profitable
quantity of good, honest yellow butter. Give that cow good shelter,
wari) in winter, cool in summer and well lighted and ventilated; as
you must see to keep her and her stable perfectly clean, and she
must have plenty of pure air to breathe. Have a supply of pure
fresh water within her reach so she can take what she wants at all
times. All this and much more to keep the cow in perfect health,
as otherwise she can not give milk wholesome enough to make fine
butler.

THE FEED.

This is the raw material out of which the cow manufactures the
butter fat. Does feed have any effect on the butter? Did you ever
turn the cows into a pasture where there was a lot of garlic? Or
feed them a lot of cabbage or turnips before milking? Surely, feed
has a very decided effect on butter. Some makes it hard and
crumbly, some soft and salvy, some gives it a musty flavor. There-
fore, it is quite essential that we should study to discover such
combinations of feeds as will nourish the animal most completelv
and produce the finest butter at the least cost. This is an important
and complicated problem, that can generally be best worked out
individually with the feeds that are available in a given locality.
After the feeding problem the next great question to consider is:

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 447

DAIRY BACTERIOLOGLY.

Now don’t get frightened. I don’t mean that you shall learn
the names of the various bacteria. Why bacteriologists can not
call these organisms by decent Christian names is truly a mystery
to me. Just think of calling an organism, a pigmy so small that
ten thousand could easily roost on the point of a pin, I say, think of
naming such a mite @ranulobacillus saccharobutyrscus immobilis l-
uefaciens. 1 will not attempt to pronounce it. I asked an au-
thority to pronounce it for me, but he, declined, stating that the last
time he tried he dislocated his jaw, while another volunteered a trial
but got only half way through when his tongue tied itself into a
knot, and of course [ never learned how to pronounce it. The bac-
teria that tries to fight its way through the world, and especially
through our butter, with this awful name attached is merely the
organism that developes the strength of the butter spoken about in
the beginning of this paper. Reasoning from analogy, it doubt-
less is strong enough to carry its name, had we only a Russian
tongue to pronounce it. As a matter of self-defence, I would move
and second the motion and declare it carried, that any bacteriolo-
gist, who in the future gives any common every day bacteria such
an abominable name, be promptly tried and executed.

From the time the milk leaves the udder until the butter is used
by the consumer, we must constantly be on the lookout to avoid the
deleterious bacteria, and encourage those that are helpful to us.
The chief source of troublesome bacteria is uncleanliness. The
stable is foul, the cows have a lot of filth and manure adhering to
their bodies. The milker’s hands are not overly clean and then he
will declare he can not milk dry and dips his hands into the milk
pail with the dirt dripping into the milk. Sometimes the milking
coat has not been washed for some months or years, and that con-
tains bacteria enough to contaminate all the milk drawn in the
United States. If we would make good butter, it is absolutely
necessary to keep the stable clean. Clean it out daily and disinfect
it frequently. The cows should be groomed regularly, and before
milking, every cow’s udder and flanks should be brushed, wiped
and moistened. ; a

The milker should be clean and tidy, and the dairy utensils must
be kept absolutely clean and sweet. During the summer when our
cows go to pasture they often look clean, and we become careless,
but frequently we have more trouble during this season of the
year than any other time. If. the cows have access to watery or
swampy places, their udders often become coated with material
that carries the worst kinds of bacteria. Then, too, the tempera-
ture is so favorable for their development. Just as soon as the

448 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

milk is drawn it should be removed from the stable to the dairy
house and run through the separator. No dairyman would attempt
to make good butter in our day without the use of the centrifugal
separator; first, because it at once reduces the bulk by about 87
per cent., relieving us from handling and caring for all that bulk,
and second, the separator is a cleanser. It removes from the cream
quite an amount of albuminous matter, and with it many impurities
and numberless bacteria. We have learned that the fewer bacteria
of any kind we have in the cream to start with the more easily can
we make a number one butter. ;

As soon as the cream is separated it should be cooled down to
50 degrees, still better 40 degrees, and held at that temperature
tntil we are ready to ripen it preparatory to churning. The lower
the temperature at which we can hold the cream, the better it will
remain. At 40 degrees or below, bacteria develop very slow, if at
all, and the cream will keep perfectly for the few days we desire to
hold it, and cream should not be held more than three or four days
at most. If our methods were correct and cleanly up to this point,
: good part of the battle is won .

RIPENING OF THE CREAM.

We now wish to ripen the cream, or, in other words, we want to
develop the proper flavor for our butter. It is true we can make
butter from sweet cream, and only a few years ago sweet cream
butter was a fad, but very few people liked it, and now very little is
made. The philosophy of cream ripening is fairly well understood,
thanks to the work of our bacteriologists during the last few years.

If our cream is in a good condition and contains a minimum of
bacteria, especially the kind conveyed by dirt or filth of various
kinds, it is almost sure to develop a good flavor when warmed up to
about 68 or 70 degrees, and held at that temperature for some hours,
but if we would make a perfectly uniform product, and fastidious
customers want every pound just like every other pound, it is best
to use a starter.

in this way we introduce just at the right time a large number of
strong, active, correct flavor-producing bacteria, and they will
put in their work before the other kinds, that have apparently been
chilled and rendered dormant to a certain extent, have time to
develop and do any harm. It is true that many species of bacteria
have no effect on the flavor of our butter, but there are others that
will develop “bitter,” “tainted,” “insipid,” “putrid,” and other very
undesirable fiavors, if present in abundance, and as a rule all these
are introduced by unclean methods and unclean utensils. In the
private dairy where everything is under the immediate and _per-
sonal control of the proprietor, and all operations can be overseen

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 449

and, possibly, partly performed by the proprietor or manager, there
should exist no occasion for pastenrizing. If the dairy be large
and many persons are employed, the supervising must be very strict,
or the result will be like that of a public creamery, where many
patrons contribute milk of all grades, when pasteurizing is abso-
lutely necessary to destroy the numberless hosts of undesirable
bacteria, and give the ones introduced by the starter an opportunity
to perform their function. To know when the cream is properly
ripened the acid test is sometimes used, but the experienced butter-
maker generally uses his eyes and nose to determine the proper
degree of ripening. The odor is a mild, aromatic acid. The cream
is thick, velvety, with a satin gloss on top, runs off the paddle ina
smooth layer instead of streaks, makes and momentarily leaves
little dents in the cream, if allowed to drip into the cream vessel
from the paddle. The rapidity of ripening can be controlled to a
certain extent by raising or lowering the temperature.

CHURNING.

For churning we prefer a simple revolving barrel or box with no
inside fixings. Stop the churn when the butter granules are the
size of half a grain of wheat. If you get the granules too large you
will have trouble to drain out the buttermilk and incorporate the
salt. If the temperature is low enough to make the granules
vather hard, the buttermilk will drain out more completely. Should
we have trouble to get the butter to float, a little water with a few
handfuls of salt will bring the butter on top. After draining off
the buttermilk put a weak brine into the churn, using about a cup
of salt to 10.quarts of water, turn the churn a few revolutions and
drain again, when all the buttermilk will be removed that we wish
to remove. Now place the butter on the worker carefully so as not
to destroy its granular condition. Now sift over it, at about the
rate of one ounce of salt to the pound of butter, the best dairy salt
you can procure. Work it lightly so as to mix the salt with the
butter, but do not work it enough to mass it completely. Now let it
stand until the salt is completely dissolved, when working should
be completed. No rule will tell you when it is worked enough, but
the salt must be properly incorporated, and it must not be worked
into a grease. If the salt is not properly incorporated, you will find
streaks and mottles in it in a day or two, and if the texture is de-
stroyed you will at once recognize it and know it was overworked. A
number of these operations require not only quite a little practice,
but a whole lot of good judgment. Putting it in pound or half pound
prints, wrapped in parchment paper is generally the most desirable
form to market it.

29—6—1903

450 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

SELLING THE BUTTER.

Now for the selling. It makes me tired to hear farmers say there
is no sale for their produce, when they don’t even let any one know
that they have some commodities for sale. Last summer I visited
neighbor S—————._ I noticed he had a few trees of summer rambo
apples as fine as they grow, going to waste. I asked him why he
did not sell them. “No one wants them,” he replied. I told him
such apples were in big demand in York at more than one dollar
per bushel. “Well, John,” he said, speaking to his son, “I guess you
will have to take them down and sell them, and you can have half
the money.” So John put the apples nicely on straw in the wagon
box and covered them all up with blankets and started to York
to sell the apples. He drove up town about a mile, those apples
nicely covered up all the time, expecting no doubt that some tele-
pathist or mind-reader would divine what he had, come out on the
street, stop him and buy apples, but he was not so fortunate. By
mere accident, a grocer discovered that he had apples, and on sight
bought them all at about half what he could have sold them for had
he only left people know that he had apples for sale. Think of a
merchant closing all his show windows, taking down his,sign and
absolutely stop all advertising, how much business do you suppose
he would do? Make as good butter as the best and then let no one
know that you have any butter, where would you expect to find sale
for it.

The whole story is advertise. Speak about your good butter and
don’t be so modest. Get circulars printed explaining the superiority
of your product, and the thought and work you apply to it to make
it thus superior. Advertise in the newspapers. Canvass your
goods, if you please. Do anything to make a noise about it, so
buyers will know what you have for sale. Persist along this line
~ a little while and you will be surprised to see how many people will
think your butter absolutely necessary to their existence and the
demand will soon be greater than the supply, then you will be ina
position to dictate terms. But keep on advertising, making a noise;
people like to hear a noise about the things they swear by. But
whatever you do, make such good butter that it is a standing a
vertisement in itself.

MR. HALL: I am a dairyman, and I want to say that is a good
paper, and if we ali follow those rules and regulations in the manu-
facture of butter it would beat all the lawful restrictions for the
manufacture and sale of oleomargarine.

The CHAIRMAN: The next topic on the program is:
‘Feed, Breed and Care of the Dairy Animal,” by Rev. J. D. Detrich,
of Flourtown, Pa.; but in his absence we will have a paper that we

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 451

have skipped in one of our earlier sessions, “Sheep Husbandry,” by
Mr. J. S. Burns, of Clinton, Pa.

MR. SEXTON: I saw Mr. Detrich only a few days ago, and
he really expected to be here. I am sorry that he is not coming. I
consider his method in the dairy one of the most practical exhibitions
of its kind, and those of you who have not visited his farm will won-
der how on that little farm of fifteen acres from twenty to thirty
cows are kept the year round, and all the fodder and feed raised on
which those cows are kept, pure bred Jerseys, excepting the bran
that he buys to balance the ration. I am sorry he is not here, for
you would begin to think that it is not acres you needed so much as
intelligence in conducting the dairy.

MR. MARTIN: Mr. Detrich, being a minister, we are aware that
there are times that he is called by special cases, sickness, funerals
and marriages, so that we must make allowances for his not being
in attendance. We will say, however, that it is our hope to publish
these papers in pamphlet form, and I am quite certain that Mr.
Detrich will furnish us his paper on the topic assigned him and that
you will be able to get it in the printed form later on.

(Since the adjournment of the meeting, Mr. Detrich’s paper has
been received and is presented, as follows:)

FEED, 3REED AND CARE OF THE DAIRY ANIMAL.

By REV. J. D. DeETRICH, Flourtown, Pa.

Ouring one of the institutes held in the State of Pennsylvania last
winter, three competent statesmen were engaged in an intelligent
conversation on breeding and the dairy points in certain renowned
animals; in the same room sat an apparently quiet listener, but
taking no active part in the conversation until a certain point was
raised, when the quiet observer joined in the discussion, and deliv-
ered himself after the following manner: “I have heard all you
gentlemen have been saying and have been very much interested,
but I will.bet any of you a handsome sum-that you can pick out 40
dairy cows and put them at work in the dairy and one-half of them
will turn out failures.”

452 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

One of the three gentlemen spoke and said: “No, they won’t, if
you allow me to select the feeders, the milkers and the care-takers.”
The challenger immediately withdrew his banter and said: “Now
you are talking, and I will agree with you in all that you have said.”

The writer of this article simply cites this conversation and chal-
lenges to show that dairying does not depend on any one thing but
on all the details connected with the dairy business.

The progress made in animal industry the last twenty-five years
has given a new impetus to dairy interests. The milk, butter, cheese
and cream supply for consumers in cities and towns are no longer
doubtful problems, but are actual facts, laying a broad foundation
for a profitable business. And it is here that the factors of suc-
cess lay in the production of those articles for which there is now a
great market and a still greater one in the future.

To meet the demands of the public’s needs, it is plain that the
feed, breed and care of the dairy animal go very far towards insuring
the success of the undertaking for the producer. It is an actual
practice that the author of this paper is willing to record for the
benefit of his readers, and is persuaded by years of experience and
actual results, that the success and failure of the dairy business de-
pends entirely upon feed, breed and care.

It is true there is a business side to the marketing of the product,
but it is almost a truism that good goods always find a market or
make one. The writer at this time has inquiries and offers for his
milk production, because of the known uniform quality of the milk.
The one offer is from a restaurant in Philadelphia that pay $3,500
a year rent. The other is a large retailer of milk in the same city.

The writer is aware of the reply that the farmer in general is
veady to make to such statements, that his milk is just as good as
anybody’s and that he has been a farmer all his life and his father
before him. But he could say the same thing of his mother as a
butter maker, that her mother made butter before her. But if either
were to compare the butter made fifty years ago with the butter to-
day, there would be a great sacrifice of points as compared with the
standard to-day.

What is true in the progress of butter-making is equally true in
the production of milk. Hence the subject resolves itself again into
feed, breed and care. The writer would not emphasize these three
requisites so much if they had not been the potent factors in his own
actual experience, and knows personally whereof he speaks.

It is not accidental but intentional that feed stands first as the
prerequisite for successful dairying. Any cow of any breed, or no
breed, intelligently fed, will do better than a good cow poorly fed.
The common cow, as she is familiarly called, will do much better
when she is fed on such foods as she can most easily digest and
convert into milk.

No. 6. es DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 453

There is noO reason why any dairyman should remain ignorant of
the foods, especially adapted to making milk. Literature, bulletins
and experiments are published by the different Agricultural Col-
leges and Experiment Stations, and can be had only for the asking—
besides a number of excellent dairy papers, published weekly, vary-
ing in price from one to two cents per week. The writer owes his
success to printer’s ink and not to main strength and awkwardness,
and to that much abused word, experience. There is not one out of a
thousand who is an experimenter, anymore than there is one man
out of a million who is a discoverer. And the sooner a man knows
where he stands, intellectually, as a dairyman, will determine largely
his success.

Trickery and low cunning in the dairy business are as despicable
as in any other trade.or calling in life. Accuracy and honesty
should-be standard virtues of the dairyman. ‘To offer unwhole-
some food or water to a dairy animal! is just as dishonest as to
serve an adulterated article of milk to a customer.

An honest cow can’t remain so with a dishonest owner. She will
either go to the butcher’s block or to a better home. He is nearly
a bad man who abuses a cow; abuse will not make her better, but
food and human kindness have helped many a poor animal naturally
to become a better one.

There is a registered cow in the writer’s herd that a good judge
of a dairy animal would gladly hang a ribbon on with pride. But if
she were to be measured by her milking one year ago she would
have been sold for bologna. The circumstances are these: She
was bred in the silk, her size, dairy type, barrel, udder, front and
back suggestive of Golden Lads, everything to commend her, and
a most excellent heifer she was with her first calf. No better
breeder than she in the dairy. Yet for»two years she was really
what would be called an unprofitable cow. What was the cause,
and whose fault was it? The feeder tried to excuse himself in all
manner of excuses. The owner insited that the trouble lay in the
feed and the care. The time to renew a cow is when she is dry and
unfortunate is the dairyman who does not know this. When the
period of lactation entirely ceased for Daisy Hillie Cream she was
fed and cared for as the owner directed. She was developing splen-
didly for motherhood, udder began to distend nicely, all four quar-
ters evenly filling and swung a ponderous udder when she walked;
calved all right and is milking at this writing 88 to 40 pounds of
milk a day. Had this valuable cow been dealt with as thousands of
her sisters in this country she would have been ground into sausage
long before this, while to-day she is milking almost 6 quarts of milk.

It is high time to start a new breed of dairymen if it is not possi-
ble to improve the old ones. The motto of modern dairying is, choose

454 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

your breed suitable to your taste if you are rich, for business if you
want to make a living, then feed and care must be daily handmaids
to the business.

Balance the ration for the cow’s stomach, not according to the
whim or flea in your brain. There is a difference between a cow’s
stomach and the chemist’s crucibie, but it is surprising how close
they do agree after all. The arithmetic of the balanced ration may
be a little too large for our particular dairy and not large enough
for the other. The ratio of the ration is all right but the bulk may
be more than the one cow can consume and not quite enough for
the other.

It is pretty generally known that this paper has not much to say
in favor of pasturing dairy cattle. The soiling system has so much
in its favor, that a brief description of the practice at Flourtown
will not be out of place.

Cut hay is fed three times a day to every animal on the 15 acre
farm that is old enough to eat it throughout the year. To feed
green roughage, either from the field or silo exclusively, is recom-
mended by some, and especially in summer time, is supposed to be
the proper food for a dairy cow; and June is generally brought
forward in argument for the practice as being the best month in
all the year for a great flow of milk.

But the modern dairy is as different from the old time custom of
keeping cows as the modern steel mill is from the old time black-
smith shop. The dairy business of to-day is a factory. The cows
are as artificial as the looms, and they are harder worked than any
looms in the world, making twenty-four hours in a day for over three
hundred days in a year, Sundays not excepted.

Hay by practice seems to be as essential for a dairy animal as coal
is for the monstrous boilers to run the looms in a mill.

Clean stalls, clean cows and clean dairy barns can only be kept
clean by keeping the cows’ droppings just right. Green feed alone
keeps the bowels too loose and has disgusted many who wish to
adopt the soiling system. Hay, and the proper use of concentrated
foods, when fed with judgment, keep the cows’ droppings just right,
and consequently the animals are clean and the dairy barn is clean in
summer as well as in winter.

The Agrostologist from Washington, D. C., an official of the U.S.
Government, recently visited the farm and dairy at Flourtown, in-
tending to remain from one train to another, but instead-of doing
the small farm and dairy in so short time, spent a day and a half
observing the methods in use.

The manure gutter was of particular interest, so much so that a
photograph of the manure was taken because of the uniformity of
the droppings. It was a revelation, as the Agrostologist expressed

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 455

himself, to see such cleanliness of stable and cattle in such a con-
tinuous system of soiling. The feeding and mixing of feed was
watched closely and commented upon as being the best all-around
feeding that had come under the visitor’s observation. The manure
at Flourtown is cared for only second to the milk and cattle them-
selves; so valuable a product is the manure in the estimation of the
owner. And the daily carting of this manure to the land instead
of to the barnyard is the most probable explanation of the crops
growing and gathering. The watering is as regular three times a
day as the feeding. The ventilation, light and grooming enter into
the soiling system as well as salting and providing the dairy animals
with clay once or twice a week, of which they are very fond of licking
and eating.

Broom, brush, fork, hoe, shovel and push stick for gutter are in
every stable. Make everything so convenient that it is easier to
do it than neglect it; it is one of the arts of the soiling system. In
this method of the dairy business the dairyman has all his animals
directly under his eye. Waste is impossible, because so easily pre-
vented. 7

As for the health of the herd, the animals, old and young, could
not be better. The veterinary bill is small because of the regularity
in feeding, and the other essentials pertaining to the system that
has been presented in this paper.

The CHAIRMAN Ladies and Gentlemen, I have the pleasure of
presenting to you Mr. J. S. Burns, of Clinton, Pa.

Mr. Burns presented his paper as follows:

SHEEP HUSBANDRY.

By J. S. BURNS, Clinton, Pa

Almost ever since the foundation of the world, sheep husbandry
has been one of the leading industries of the earth. We need only
come down to the second generation of which we have any history,
and we read that “Abel was a keeper of sheep.” And each suc-
ceeding generation which has come and gone has furnished men who
were noted for their skill in the breeding and management of sheep.
And we believe that in the breeding and development of the sheep
there has been as much advancement as in any other line of domes-
tic animals. Personal observation justifies the assertion that there

456 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

is as much contrast between the modern up-to-date sheep of to-day
and his ancestors of less than half a century ago as there is between
the old-time razor-back and our modern swine.

But those engaged in sheep husbandry have encountered ob-
stacles, which in many cases has been of a very discouraging nature,
and the first we will mention, is the dog nuisance. With the rapid
increase of population, and the springing up of railroad towns and
country villages, there has been a corresponding increase of the
canine family; and there is as much enmity between the dog and
the sheep, as there is between the seed of the woman and the ser-
pent. And a dog—yes, we had better use the plural and say dogs—
are a very necessary adjunct to a village home. And their depre-
dations either sooner or later become so far reaching and exten-
Sive, as to cause farmers to abandon this industry entirely; and
for this reason many localities which was once the home of the
sheep has been given over to other industries. Of course our State
laws afford some relief to the farmer in making good the price of his
sheep; but they are not radical enough to reduce the number of
worthless curs. A dog that is only worth 50 cents a year for the
pleasure of his company, may not be much credit to the family. But
if the tax was $5.00, most men would see that he was a worthy
animal, or else dispense with him, and we believe in many cases
a number of children would be allowed the full enjoyment of what
they now have to divide with the canine members of the family. It
has been shown “that the dogs of Ohio cost the State more than
$100,000 annually in sheep killed.” And we believe the loss in Penn-
Sylvania is proportionately as great, but we don’t have the data
from which to deduce figures. In Wayne county the sheep destroyed
by dogs in 1902, amounted to $1,572.

Another discouraging feature in connection with sheep husbandry,
has been the low price for wool which has prevailed for a number
of years. But, personally, this has never given us half the con-
cern that the dogs havesdone. But this depression has been so
pronounced and continued as to cause quite a number to dispose
of their flocks and turn their attention to the mutton breeds, and
the growing of mutton lambs; and it is along this line that we will
direct our thoughts more particularly. And to some this may
seem somewhat out of season, as a reaction has taken place, and
wool has been very slowly advancing in price from year to year,
thus giving encouragement to farmers to again turn their attention
to the breeding of fine sheep.

Sut let this be as it may, the American people have become so
partial to this toothsome morsel that there is no time in sight
when mutton, and especially lamb, will not command paying prices.
In fact, more farmers who turn their attention to the production

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 457

of wool, the greater will be the opening for the growing of muiton
lambs.

I have never been an extensive breeder of sheep, but have never
been without them, and have never known a time when a few sheep
could not be made profitable. And my life experience has not been
confined to either the mutton or the wool breeds; and I am free to
say, that very much depends on circumstances whether it be better
to grow mutton or wool breeds. Where a man has a large farm,
and can afford extensive range to sheep, or where he desires to keep
them in large flocks, we are convinced that the fine wools are the
better adapted to his wants. But on a small farm, where the num-
bers must necessarily be limited, we feel justified in recommending
the mutton breeds. They can be got into market at any age from
three months of age upward, and thus avoid the liability of becom-
ing overstocked, as is the case with fine sheep on a small farm.

It is possible, however, to use fine ewes for the production -of mut-
ton lambs, and it can be done quite successfully. In fact some men
have a preference for fine ewes, and even agree that they produce
lambs equally as good, as ewes from the mutton breeds. But per-
sonally, our experience does not justify this conclusion. We prefer
at least a good infusion of blood from the mutton breeds, and
thereby increase the milk production which is very essential in
growing mutton lambs. And in this connection we would say, it
does not justify us to raise ewes for breeding purposes. As a
rule a Jamb 3 months old will bring more money than it costs to ~@ro-
eure an ewe old enough to breed. And we prefer to allow some one
less favorably located to produce our breeder; and we save the
expense of her keeping for a year before she is old enough to breed.

In order to raise market lambs successfully, it is necessary to
have an abundance of stable room for the flock; indeed about twice
as much as would be necessary for wintering stock sheep, and
should be so arranged as to be made quite comfortable. in cold
weather. The flock should be in fine condition when winter begins.
And if the lambs were marketed before harvest the previous season,
and the ewes have had good pasture, they are likely to be in good
flesh by breeding time. And without these favorable conditions
we had better not try to raise lambs before spring time.

The proper time to mate for market lambs depends on circum-
stances. We have had them dropped in almost every month from
early winter until spring; and have concluded that from Feb. 20th
to March 1st for most farmers will give the best returns for the
fecd consumed. A good healthy ewe, well cared for, should produce
enough of milk to grow her lamb from 4 to 6 weeks without pasture.
And when more nourishment is needed, it can be produced more
cheaply on pasture than in any other way.

30)

458 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

While on the other hand, if a ewe of good milking qualities is not
allowed to drop her lamb until after being turned on pasture, she
will have an over-supply of milk to begin with, more than the lamb
can take, and acting upon the same principle of a cow with which
the calf is allowed to run, or is being milked by a careless milker,
she will readily accommodate the flow of milk to the amount re-
quired; and by the time the lamb needs more nourishment, her milk
flow is partially dried up.

It is a decided advantage to have a few hurdles made of light
material, and so constructed as to form small pens in which to
place the ewes having two lambs for a few hours after parturition.
And it is a good practice, when it is known that this period is about
at hand, to place the ewe in one of these pens, thus keeping her
from being disturbed by the older lambs.

It is also a good practice to separate those having twins from
those having single lambs, keeping each in a flock by themselves.
The single lambs are likely to grow more rapidly and be the stronger
and more able to crowd out the twins when old enough to be fed
alone. ‘

The lambs should be taught to eat dry food as early in life as’
possible, and they will do so more readily before than after they
have been turned to pasture. This should be provided in an apart-
ment to which the ewes cannot have access. And when it can be
done, a place for feeding hay should be in the same place, and choice
bunches placed there for them. Second crop clover, if cut when in
bloom and nicely cured, is excellent for this purpose.~ But they
should never be expected to eat it up clean, but the racks should
be cleaned at each feeding and given to the ewes, or to cattle, and
fresh things placed for the lambs. This will in a great measure ob-
viate their crawling into the racks, and tramping over the hay placed
for the ewes. They prefer to eat, and even lie by themselves when
there is a convenient place to do so. Their feed at first should be
bran and middlings, with a small amount of oil meal added. As the
lambs grow older, whole oats should be added, and the amount
gradually increased, and by the time they are 2 months old, they
should be receiving all they will eat clean twice per day; and if at
anytime some is left, it should be removed before another feed is
given. When turned to pasture the grain ration should be con-
tinued, adding some cracked corn and whole wheat. In this way
they can be made ready for the butcher at 3 months old, weighing
on an average from 50 to 60 Ibs. live weight; and we believe there
is no other animal that can be placed on the market at so near a
clear profit. I should say that these figures are not extravagant.
We have been having them weigh even above this. We have them
reach this weight at a younger age. ‘The facts are, from experience,

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 469

of our own, we have been disposing of our lambs when less than
three months of age. Last week I marketed lambs, the age of
which were two months and ten days. We have found in our ex-
perience that the quicker we can get them ready for market the
better.

If, however, we wish to raise regular hot-house lambs and dispose
of them in February and March, the method of management and
feeding would be practically the same, but we must then look out
for a special market for them. And the demand is for a lighter
weight, say 40. Ibs. average. But during that season of the year
good, fleshy lambs can be sold in our large cities at extravagant
prices.

The eare of the ewes during the time they are raising their lambs
is all important. They should not only have such food as will pro-
duce a good flow of milk, but the strength and vigor of the ewes
should be considered as well; and they should have enough of car-
bonacious food to aid in this direction. A ration composed of
corn, oats and bran, equal parts by measure, we have found very
satisfactory. For roughage we prefer nicely cured clover, provided
it is fine in the stem. Sheep do not like coarse hay of any kind,
and for this reason mammoth clover is not a desirable feed. But
clover and timothy may be made a desirable feed if cut when green.
In fact we have many times been able to produce better sheep hay
from clover and timothy than from clover alone, because the two
together grew: more thickly and finer than the clover alone, but
too many destroy its good qualities by allowing it to become too
ripe and by overdrying. Previous to the lambing season, corn
stover is a good feed, to be fed during the day, provided the weather,
and the ground is suitable to feed it ona sod. But we have not had
very satisfactory results from feeding cut fodder in the mangers;
and to feed whole fodder in the sheds is not worthy of considera-
tion. Further, by feeding it on a sod has the advantage of giving
‘exercise to the ewes which is very desirable during pregnancy. In
fact, in our practice we keep the ewes confined as little as possible
up to the lambing season, after which they are housed very closely.
They should have succulent food of some kind for a month pre-
vious to the lambing season, until pasture is ready. And for this
purpose roots are very desirable. Almost any kind may be utilized,
but mangels are preferable on account of their good keeping quali-
ties, but in practice we also use a great many turnips.

It is all important to have good, fresh spring water convenient,
and so arranged that they may get it easily. If they have to put
their front feet in the water in order to reach it, the chances are
they will do without, otherwise they will consume a great amount
while being fed on dry feed. During a severe cold spell we often

460 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE } Off. Doc.

water in the stable while the lamb is very young, and under these
conditions we can better determine the amount they will consume.
During recent years it has been our practice to clip our ewes as
soon as posible after the lambing season, and we have been well
satisfied with the result. The wool presents a much better ap-
pearance and is free from weak spots. It is well known that it is
difficult to keep a good milking ewe from going down in flesh, and
this is sure to weaken the strength of the staple. The ewes must
necessarily be stabled much of the times, and the lambs soon begin
to tramp over them when lying, which soils and injures the wool.
We clip without washing, and select a mild spell of weather for
doing it, and when they have been clipped for a few days a cold
flurry does not seem to affect them; but if out when a rain comes,
they rapidly gather to the shed, and this is a decided advantage
to the lambs, as they will often remain out, if not clipped, until
the lambs are very cold. After clipping, both the ewes and lambs
seem to improve more rapidly.

In the foregoing we have no thought of having touched upon
all the important points connected with this subject, neither indeed,
any considerable number of them, for such an attempt would not
be practicable under present conditions; and will only say further,
that successful sheep husbandry, like everything else, depends
largely upon strict attention to little details. It is just as essential
how we feed, as what we feed, and the utmost regularity should be
observed. Sheep are sensitive creatures, and will announce their
observance of irregularity by restlessness, which means wear on
their system and loss of flesh. And the more regular and syste-
matic we are in their management the less food it will take to keep
them in good condition, and the shepherd be the better able to
realize the full benefit from turning it into growth and high priced
mutton of early maturity.

MR. MARTIN: What did you get a pound for those lambs?

MR. BURNS: I marketed lambs last week that I received seven
and a half cents a pound for; the week before I received eight and
a half cents. Now, of course, we have reached the pasture time,
when lambs are coming into market rapidly. We have a special
market for all the produce we raise on the farm, and for the lambs
also, but we do not consider this an extravagant price. We have ¢
neighbor who raised market lambs, and he disposed of his lambs at
prices ranging from 124 to 15 cents a pound. If you raise lambs
earlier than the regular season, you should look for a better price.

MR. HALL: What market did you place them in?

MR. BURNS: I sold them to the butcher located midway between

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 461

Carnegie and Sewickley. My practice has been for years to market
my lambs in Sewickley, the people of which do business in Pitts-
burg and do not care much for the price just so they get what they
want.

MR. CAMPBELL Are you bothered with the parasites?

MR. BURNS: Not to any considerable extent. We cultivate our
farm over in regular order, and we give our sheep different pastures
as nearly as possible, and in this way we think we overcome that
to a considerable extent, and our experience coincides with that
of others who have written on the subject. We do not keep our
lambs; only raise them to marketable age.

MR. CAMPBELL: These parasites are one of the particular
points on this question. One of the worst things to contend with
in sheep husbandry is the internal parasites. They drove me out
of the business. It is very discouraging to go out in the morning
and pick up a lamb from 80 to 100 pounds in weight, killed by tape
worms. I had to do it.

MR. BURNS: Have you ever lost any lambs by the tape worms
at two or three month of age?

MR. CAMPBELL: Not so much as when at 60 or 80 pounds in
weight.

MR. BURNS: We want to get rid of our lambs as quickly as
possible and therefore sell them as soon as they get the proper age
and weight, and so we have had no trouble in this direction.

MR. COX: What breed of sheep did the gentleman have that he
lost so many lambs?

MR. CAMPBELL: Shropshire.

MR. COX: I think if he would introduce or mix the blood that
he probably would not have so much trouble. I know we have haé
the thoroughbred Shropshire, and we found that this trouble was
greater with the thoroughbreds than with the grade sheep, and we
have introduced some fine blood into the sheep and lambs, and do
not have any trouble of that kind.

The CHAIRMAN: The next topic will be:

“General Fruit Growing—How to Take Care of Trees,” by J. H.
Ledy, of Marion, Pa.

Mr. Ledy presented his paper as follows:

462 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

GENERAL FRUIT GROWING—HOW TO TAKE CARE.OF
TREES.

By J. H. LEpY,” Marion, Pa.

This topic embraces so much that I scarcely know what to say
in the time that is allotted me, in order to bring out the most that
the topic suggests.

While fruit culture in Pennsylvania is as yet practically in its
infancy, and while it is true that we must depend largely upon com-
mercial orchards, because of the numerous and various insect pests
with which we must contend, and to make orcharding a complete
success, the grower must devote his entire time and attention to
the business to make it profitable; yet it seems to me that every
farmer in Pennsylvania should grow at least enough fruit of all
kinds, or nearly all kinds, to provide this luxury for his family
during the entire year. I shall not take up your time going over
varieties in particular, but will suggest that every farmer have an
orchard, commencing with strawberries and following up with the
different varieties of raspberries, blackberries, plums, peaches, pears
and apples. By a careful selection of these fruits, which are
adapted to his soil and climate, he should have fruit for the table
from May 15th to May 15th. Plant the trees that do well in your
locality, follow the man who has succeeded with certain varieties,
and to a very great extent leave experiments with new varieties
to the other fellow. Every farmer should experiment in a modest
way, of course, but not plant many trees which are uncertain and
which has not been tried in his locality.

To get back to my topic, I will start with planting an orchard of
one acre, composed of trees filled in with small fruits. First, plow
the ground deep and cultivate it thoroughly, then mark it out,
starting at a given point, running a straight line along one side of —
your plot, and mark it with parallel lines every fifteen feet, then
cross mark it every cighteen feet; this will make your plot marked
out fifteen by eighteen fe-t. Commence to plant where you com-
menced to mark, first planting an apple tree, eighteen feet farther
on at the crossing, plant a plum or a dwarf pear, whichever is best
suited to your taste, then eighteen feet farther, in the same furrow,
plant another apple, and so on until you have completed this row

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 463

of trees. Start the second row and plant peach in the entire fur-
row: the third furrow start with a plum or dwarf pear, and the
second tree plant an apple, plant alternately to the end of the row;
the fourth furrow should be planted exactly as the second, the fifth
row exactly as the first, and by this plan we have an orchard com-
posed of apples, plums or dwarf pear or both, and peach. The
small fruits can be planted in between every meeting three or four
rows, the fifteen foot and four or five the eighteen foot way, and
still allow room for thorough cultivation; we only miss three where
the tree stands. The plan is to eventually have, after the peach
and plum or dwarf pear have ceased to be profitable, a permanent
apple orchard, with trees 36 feet between the trunks, and the ground
upon which it stands has been profitable almost from the beginning,
or at least from the time it was one year old.

The care of trees can hardly be explained fully unless it be in
the midst of the orchard; however, the kind of tree to be selected
for planting the orchard, in my opinion, for apple, should at all
times be two or three years old, never older than three years, and
preferably a good, vigorous two year old. The roots should be cut
back to a uniform length, and all broken and bruised parts removed.
The top should be cut away, leaving only three or four limbs to
make the top; should these be bruised and broken, I would cut back
_ to the main stem, in a two year old, and depend upon new wood for
the top. As a rule the habits of the tree should be considered,
and where a tree has a tendency to grow upward and compact, they
should be pruned accordingly, leaving the bud which is to make
the future limb on the inside or outside, entirely according to the
habits of the tree. No man can lay down a systematic rule for prun-
ing by itself, and the operator must see it several years hence, before
he is able to prune intelligently.

After the tree is once well started it should be thoroughly culti-
vated and intelligently pruned every year until it is six years old at
least. Indeed, I believe it should be thoroughly cultivated and
pruned more or less during its natural life. The young tree should
be dug around and carefully examined for borers every spring and
fall, and then washed with caustic potash or whale oil soap, every
spring. If this advice is carried out the trees will be perfectly
healthy and smooth in the bark, unless they should be attacked
by the worst of all insect pests, the San José Seale. Fruit men
differ very much with the proper treatment for this pest. My ex-
perience has taught me that crude oil will kill the scale beyond
all question, but if the buds are the least bit advanced it may kill
the limb, and possibly the tree. With one year’s experience, I
should not hesitate to recommend for this: pest the lime, sulphur
and salt treatment, which I am well satisfied if properly applied

464 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

will eradicate the scale, if such a thing be possible, and do much less
injury to the tree than crude petroleum. This is the remedy we use:
Ten pounds of sulphur; ten pounds of quick lime; ten pounds of salt.
Boil together for two hours, and then put into a cask and add
enough boiling water to make fifty gallons.

There is an insect that is more or less injurious to us just now,
and that is the aphis or green louse. I think the question was
asked Professor Surface yesterday, and { think he forgot one thing
I regard as important. I am satisfied that he knows this, because
the man who knows more about bugs in Pennsylvania don’t exist.
The aphis or green louse can be killed without any injury to the
foliage at all without much trouble. Take one-fourth pound of
epsom salts, dissolve it in one gallon of water and apply with an
ordinary spray pump, a broom or sprinkling can. Professor Sur-
face told you yesterday that once the aphis has gone on so long
that it has curled itself into the leaf you cannot reach it with any-
thing.

Taking into consideration the scale, and the numerous insect
pests with which we have to contend, I believe that in the future the
markets of the world will be dependent upon the commercial fruit
grower, who devotes his time, his brain, and his muscle to his busi-
ness for their supply of fruit; yet I see no good reason why every
farmer and every man, who owns land, should not be able to pro-
duce enough fruit of almost every kind for the use of himself and
family, and some to sell.

The location of the orchard is important, in a measure, and it is
very hard to give exact direction as to where it should be planted
to bring the best results; the general principles, however, that
should be followed are established by experience. There are a num-
ber of points to be considered in the selection of your location, which
will apply to all fruits. All fruit trees require a deep soil, and a
sub-soil which has complete drainage. The most important thing
then to be considered is an open sub-soil that will allow complete
drainage. ‘

Opinions differ very much as to exposure. For my part I do
not believe there is much difference in this particular; of course, if
we had the making of our farm we might change the lay of the land
which we intended for the orchard somewhat. <A northern exposure
is certainly preferable, if there is any difference, for the reason that
the buds are kept back later in the spring, and are not so liable to
be frozen. Most people make the mistake of planting too many
varieties, as I said in the beginning; plant the tree that your neigh-
bor has succeeded with, has made money out of, the man who has
the same soil practically that you have, the same,climate, etc., fol-
low him, plant the same varieties, and leave experimental fruit

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 465

growing to the good old State of Pennsylvania and the other fellow.

Up in my home, good old Franklin county, I believe that we are
able to grow as good, if not the best fruit in Pennsylvania. I feel
like making that broader. I believe we are able to grow the best
apples and peaches in the United States; indeed broader still, there
is no location with which I am familiar that can surpass our natural
conditions, and if this meeting would not accuse me for boasting,
I should not hesitate to say, that we are able to grow the best
apples in the world. We are unquestionably growing the best
Crawford, Smock, Champion, Geary’s Hold On and Bileyeus peach,
and the best York Imperial, Grimes’ Golden and Maiden’s Blush
apples, and Kieffer and Lawrence pear to-day that reach our eastern
market.

If the farmer of to-day will carry out the suggestions which I
have given, namely: Select a good piece of ground, plow, harrow
and cultivate it thoroughly and completely, select good trees of the
proper varieties, which are suited to his locality, prune them and
plant them carefully, then again prune them and cultiyate them
carefully, look after the insect pests, and treat the trees before
the pests have injured them, and success, I am sure, awaits him.
And with such men as the peerless Martin as Chief Director, and
such a tireless and persistent worker as Prof. Surface right amongst
us, whose advice at all times is as free as water, dear old Pennsyl-
vania will soon be the leading fruit growing state in the United
States.

A Member: How about that formula for rose bushes?

MR. LEDY: I am not familiar with the rose bush question,
but do know that epsom salts will kill the green louse on the apple
Eee.

A Member: Is it the same louse?

MR. LEDY: I think not.
A Member: Professor Heiges gave us that receipt a number of
years ago.

MR. LEDY: This will do it. It costs from cent to a cent anda

half wholesale. It is the cheapest and simplest, and won’t hurt
anything.

MR. JAEKEL: I am sorry that I have to differ in some respects
with the gentleman. This paper might leave perhaps a wrong im-
pression on the minds of some of our farmers. I agree with the
gentleman that the orchard on the average farm is just in about the
same condition as the chicken-yard; that the orchards are not
looked upon as a productive element in farming.

30—6—1903

466 cy, ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Soe Off. Doc.
‘ NS LOO SSN

WwW hat I ae 6 aay is based on n forty some years’ continued
experiments, with the exception only of during ’63 to *65. I have
made ali kinds of experiments and the results are shown there in
Blair county. I do not advocate for any farmer to have a mixed
orchard. It is injurious to the orchard and it is so to the tree. You
cannot profitably raise apples and plums together, nor can you raise
a few plum trees by themselves. I have at different parts in this
State seen German Prunes growing which will not bear at all.
You must have a number of different plum trees together or else
they don’t fertilize. I would not advocate or would not say under
any circumstances you should have a mixture in the orchard. I
have had orchards with apples and peaches and they did not do well.
I have had orchards with dwarfed pears and apples and they did not
do well. I have had apples and peaches and pears alone and they
did well. This was my experience. Two didn’t do well on all
different kinds of ground. We are trying now different experi-
ments on the mountains, and I have planted all kinds of trees.
There are two experimental orchards on the farm of seventy-two
acres, with two different kinds of pears and 42 kinds of plums, and
I can only say that about five different kinds of pears are good and
about four different kinds of plums are good. The balance are not
worth anything.

MR. LEDY: If the gentleman who just left the floor will come
to Franklin county I will convince him, if he can be convinced,
that it is possible to grow plums and apples and peaches and apples
in the same orchard, and do it to perfection. We have done away
with the kind of plums that don’t bear and planted the kind that
do bear.

The CHAIRMAN: The next paper on the program is on the same
line as the one we have just heard, and the same discussion will
probably apply to both papers. We will now have “The Apple
Orchard,” by Samuel W. H. Waltz, of Williamsport, Pa.

The paper of Mr. Waltz is as follows:

THE APPLE ORCHARD.

BY SAMUEL W. H. WALTZ, Williamsport, Pa.
This paper is not intended for the expert orchardist or tree

planter. He has no need of it—his own study and experience being
sufficient to guide him intelligently. It is rather addressed to the

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURBH. 467

inexperienced and the busy farmer with his many cares. Those
who have also given this subject but little if any study are likewise
included among its audience and are very kindly admonished to plant
apple trees, even though it be but half a dozen, on the village lot
or a few more in the old orchard of the homestead:

“Set out trees! yes, plant an orchard,
Dear, good farmer do you know
Of the wealth there is in fruit trees,
* For the labor you bestow?

“Let the home be so attractive
That the boy that is to-day,
When he shall arrive at manhood

And in foreign lands will stray,

“May turn with longing heart and loving
To his home these hills among,

Thinking how the trees are thriving
Which he helped to plant when young.

“Have the children’s playground shaded,
And the public walks as well,

And the joys from these arising
Coming ages glad will tell.

“These shall live and grow and gladden,
' While we moulder ’neath their leaves,—
Let us then improve the present,
Leave behind us priceless trees.”

To some it may seem somewhat surprising, but nevertheless it is
true, to find farmers—and so-called successful farmers too—who
do not raise apples enough for use in their own homes, and thus
depriving themselves and their families of one of the best and most
healthful luxuries of the land. There is not a farmer in Pennsyl-
vania, though small his possessions, but what should grow apples
sufficient, at least, for use in his own family, and the product of
which, in some form or other, should be found on his table every
day of the year. There is probably no section in this great State
of ours—at Jeast none of any comparative importance—in which
apples will not grow. While it is true, no doubt, there are localities
that produce crops of greater abundance and fruit of higher perfec-
tion than others, yet in speaking of the farmer in general, the pre-
diction can be safely ventured, that to him an apple orchard, at least
for home or family purposes, would be a timely and profitable in-
vestment. The family orchard and the commercial orchard must be
viewed from different standpoints, the former being a branch or
adjunct of mixed or general farming, while the latter represents
the business or vocation of the specialist. While it may be a fact,

468 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

perhaps, there are sections in which commercial orcharding could
not be safely and profitably undertaken, yet this does not reason-
ably imply that there is a single farm in this entire Commonwealth
that will not produce apples, sufficient at least, for use in the home.
Therefore, it is not the purpose of this paper to speak to the expert
commercial orchardist, but more directly to the everyday farmer,
and if these words may inspire some one to plant but a single tree
and properly nourish and protect it, their mission will have been
accomplished. .

SOIL.

The mistake commonly made in locating an orchard is in selecting
a poor piece of ground. Land that is thin, rocky and teo steep to
cultivate and very much unsuited in every way for growing the
ordinary farm crops, in fact the roughest piece of ground on the
farm is very often selected as the site for the young apple orchard.
By this procedure the farmer is often led to conclude that he is
wisely practicing economy in appropriating his rough and partly
valueless land to apple growing. No soil is too good for growing
apples, and he that expects to receive anything like paying results
from his orchard must give his trees a soil fully as productive and
a treatment fully as generous as that bestowed upon. any other
crop from which remunerative results are expected. A soil that
will produce any good farm crop, will also produce good apples, if
the necessary precautions are taken to keep it in proper tilth. This
can be very readily ascertained by planting the ground to some
annual crop, such as corn or potatoes. Tf a good yield is obtained,
it may be taken as a good indication that the soil is in proper condi-
tion for the trees; if not, it should be cultivated and fertilized until
it may have reached the required standard of fertility. On loamy
soils the wood growth is strong and vigorous, but is not always
sufficiently mature to withstand the rigor of our Pennsylvania win-
ters. Clay lands are naturally not such heavy producers of wood
growth, but trees grown on these soils are hardier as to winter-kill-
ing than on loamy or sandy soils. The objection urged against
sandy soils is that they are often lacking in some of the requisite
plant food, but soils and subsoils of this character also possess
their points of merit in that the ground never becomes hard and
compact, and the trees are permitted to readily and deeply penetrate
their roots in every direction. The typical soil for growing apples
seems to be one that is rather open and porous and overlying a like
subsoil or one not too compact in texture. A loamy soil, with a
mixture of clay and sand or gravel, would, therefore, apparently
possess the proper physical combination for apple culture. These
qualities permit an easy and unobstructed penetration of the roots
and a healthy circulation of air and water.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 469

LOCATION.

There seems to a considerable diversity of opinion as to the
proper location or exposure of the orchard. Some claim that the
best results are derived from a northern slope, some from a south-
ern, some from an eastern and some even from a western. These
different exposures all have their merits, and the most intelligent
and experienced orchardist is often given considerable difficulty
in knowing just what is the best location to select. Orchards lo-
cated on an eastern or northern slope perhaps suffer less from the
effects of heat and drouth than on any other location, consequently
the trees will retain their vigor and longevity better than if inclined
to the south or southwest. The advocates of a northern slope
contend that an orchard with such an exposure is not so quickly
influenced by changes of temperature in winter; besides, such
soils do not warm up so rapidly in spring as one with a southern
exposure, which receives the direct rays of the sun, consequently
lessening the danger of loss to buds and blossoms.

The site, if possible, should have an elevation above its immediate
surroundings, thus affording a free circulation of air. <A situation
like this will also be less subject to late spring frosts, which are
very often so fatal to young fruit at this period of growth. When
setting out an orchard for commercial purposes, select the best
location on the farm, but when planting, especially for family use,
a site in a remote and out-of-the-way place should be largely
avoided. The proper place for the family orchard is near the home,
if even a more favorable situation must be sacrificed. While the
orchards of our grandfathers perhaps did not always receive the
care and cultivation necessary to beneficial results, yet they were
always, comparatively speaking, located near the house, and to suc-
ceeding generations grandfather’s old apple orchard, ’though some-
times with rude but ever happy surroundings, has sung itself into
cheerful homes .and pleasant memories:

“My grandfather’s orchard! Ah, would I could see it
As when in my childhood I climbed its dear trees,
And tasted its treasures so fragrant and luscious,
And fitted each fancy to certainly please.

In springtime its branches with flowers were laden,
And promised each palate exactly to suit,

When old Time had wrought, with his wonderful magic,
The strange transformation from flower to fruit.

‘The Yellow June Hatings, so eile and juicy,

The Redstreaks, so pungently acid, for pies,

Seek-no-Furthers, and Russets, and Pearmains, and Greenings,
Spice Sweetings and Spies, I in memory prize.

Each name calls up visions, both pleasant and tender,

Of scenes that have forever passed from my sight,

Of fair summer days and long evenings of winter,

Of tasks done by day and of frolics by night.

470 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

‘In autumn we gathered the apples with gladness,

And stored them in boxes and barrels away.

We buried our teeth in their fresh juicy crispness;
And thought their fruit harvest was nothing but play.
Dear trees! That they loved us we never could doubt it;
They ministered both to our fancies and needs,

Their beauty rejoiced us; we ate of their apples,

Our fortunes we told with the parings and seeds.

‘Hesperides’ gardens could not have been fairer,

Nor sweeter to taste their famed apples of gold;
Fond love grants a charm to whatever it touches,
That safe from Time’s withering touch doth enfold.
So grows in my heart my loved grandfather’s orchard,
With blossoms and fruits ever fragrant and gay,
While birds in the branches are caroling sweetly,

And beneath them are children forever at play.”

DRAINAGE.

If the natural formation of the land does not afford ready drain-
age, it must be provided by artificial means. No orchard will thrive
and endure long with stagnant water either on the surface of the
soil or within it, and unless the land drains naturally or good drain-
age can be secured by an artificial process, it will in all probability
be a loss of time and money for any one to attempt to grow an
orchard on such land, and at the same time look for a reward of
many beneficial results. Ditches or furrows on the surface atford
only temporary drainage, and on account of this and many other,
objectionable features they are not to be recommended. An or-
chard thus drained is very difficult to cultivate and properly care
for, as well as in gathering and handling the fruit. Sub-drainage is
the only proper drainage for an orchard.

PREPARATION OF SOIL.

Having once decided upon a location for the orchard, the next
step is to get the ground in proper condition for the trees. The soil
should be in a productive state of cultivation for planting before
the trees are set out, as it becomes very difficult after this to correct
any evils which may then be existing. The planting of an orchard
is not unlike the building of a house, the latter can not stand well
on a foundation of unsupporting stability, neither can the former
long thrive and endure on a ground-bed of insufficient preparation.
The work of preparing the soil for planting consists in thorough
tilth. A crop that requires deep and continuous cultivation is de-
sirable to grow for a year or two previous to planting the trees. If
the soil should be heavy, extra precautions should be taken to
thoroughly break up and loosen the subsoil. There is nothing that

— ==“ S

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 47)

will bring about a more favorable and productive condition of the
soil for planting trees than a liberal application of barnyard manure,
which produces the necessary humus, so important to the orchard,
and then by following for a year or two with deep sub-soiling, a
state of fertility shall have been attained by the soil for a fine and
healthy growth of trees.

SELECTING TREES.

It would not be advisable for the average farmer and orchardist
to raise their own trees, but more economy and convenience could
be practiced in buying them from the nursery. It might be pre-
ferable, in some cases, for the more extensive planters of commercial
orchards to grow their own stock; but, as a rule, it is better to buy
them, especially so if it can de done at a local nursery. There are
many advantages in purchasing of the local nurserymen, provided,
of course, he is responsible and perfectly familiar with his business.
The local dealer will understand better the demands of his home
custémers and will naturally grow the varieties best suited to his
section of country, and if he is honest, more reliance can be placed
on the correctness of his nomenclature. Considerable difficulty is
often experienced by purchasing of agents representing nurseries
located at a distance, that their trees are not true to name. By se-
curing trees of the near-by nursery, the danger of damage resulting
from long transit can be practically obviated, as well as the inju-
rious effects of sunshine and frost.

The selection of trees is a very important feature in orchard grow-
ing, for upon care and good judgment in this particular depends
largely the future life and profits of our investment. Trees with
a strong, stocky, vigorous trunk, abundant root system, well formed
top and medium in size are the only ones that should be given a
place in the young orchard. It is better to pay twenty cents for a
tree of this description than ten cents for one of inferior quality.
The age of a tree is not so important as a vigorous and hardy
growth, and a stock make-up. - The best trees are not always those
of largest size. A two-year old tree, such as already described, all
things considered, will give the best satisfaction. Although there
are those who prefer a tree of even only one year’s growth, while
there are some that have a preference for stock three years old.
If these directions in buying apple trees are followed and specimens
of this type and age are selected, much will be gained in cost, trans-
portation and transplanting and more satisfactory and profitable
results attained in the end.

472 ‘ ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

WHEN TO PLANT.

The time for planting is governed, to some extent, by circum-
stances, and both spring and fall planting have their advantages.
From the experience and observation of the writer, it would be some-
what of a difficult question to state his preference on_this point, as
some very plausible arguments can be advanced on either side. One
objection urged against fall planting is “that the roots of a tree do
not take hold of the ground sufficiently to supply enough moisture
to maintain a healthy, active circulation of the sap which is required
to prevent shriveling of the branches during winter’s extreme cold
and exhaustive evaporation from drying winds.” On the other hand
we quote from Prof. Bailey in favor of fall planting: “That the trees
become established during the open weather of the fall and they
usually make a start in spring before the ground is dry enough to
allow of spring planting. This early start not only means a better
growth the first season, but, what is more important, trees which
get a very early hold upon the soil endure the drouths of midsummer
much better than the trees planted in spring.” It will not be very
safe, however, to plant in the fall unless the trees are thoroughly
well-matured. It is quite evident that from a choice of unfavorable
conditions of either season, spring planting would perhaps be the
safer course to follow.

DISTANCE TO PLANT.

The proper distance apart to plant trees in the orchard is a sub-
ject of much controversy among apple growers. There seems to be
a tendency rather toward close setting and severe pruning. This
does not seem to be nature’s way and rather the reverse should be
the rule. The error of close planting is almost universally com-
mitted. The trees are usually set so close that the branches inter-
lock in a few years; but there are those, however, whom experience
has taught the impracticability of this custom. An apple orchard
of a forest like appearance is not to be desired, for it shuts out
sunlight and keeps the ground damp, conditions very favorable for
the breeding and harboring of injurious insects and disease. Close
setting also very naturally hinders in the cultivation and spraying of
the orchard and in the production and gathering of the fruit. The
fruit grown on trees that are set too close, unless severely pruned,
which always has an effect of more or less injury, does not produce
a growth as perfect or a color as rich as that upon trees set at a
greater distance.

In planting trees, the land should be laid off in perfectly straight
rows and the exact location for every tree determined before digging

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 473

the holes. Straight rows add much to the beauty of the orehard—
for nothing is really complete without beauty in some form or other,
and also greatly facilitates cultivation and harvesting of fruit. The
distance to plant should be somewhat regulated by the productive
ability of the soil. On strong soil, where the tendency is toward a
rapid and large wood growth, the trees should be set at a greater
distance than on light soils, where the productive capacity depends
somewhat on the generosity of the orchardist.

_ There is also another feature that should be taken into con-
sideration—the habit and life of the tree. Long-lived varieties
usually attain a size of larger dimensions, while those of a shorter
existence are more diminutive. On good soil, forty feet apart is
not too far and in the end will give better results than when set
at a closer distance. Where the land is lighter and not such a heavy
top likely to be formed, from thirty to thirty-five feet would be a
sufficient distance. On poor hillsides, so commonly selected as
orchard sites, twenty-five feet would probably be sufficient for any
variety, but such locations, if good results are looked for, should be
readily discarded. Varieties like the Baldwin and Rhode Island
Greening will extend nearly, if not quite, forty feet in diameter,
while varieties like the Northern Spy, Ben Davis and York Imperial,
with less spreading heads, may be planted at a somewhat shorter
distance. Do not crowd, but provide ample room for every tree, and
let in plenty of sunshine and fresh air.

VARIETIES.

The choice of varieties should be made more according to loca-
tion than according to the fancy of the planter. The principle “that
a variety is largely an expression of the condition in which it exists”
should be clearly comprehended. “The variety, as an entity, retains
its general varietal characters under widely diverse conditions, but
its form, size, color, quality, texture, time of ripening, form of tree
and root system are profoundly modified by the particular environ-
ment to which the variety is subjected.” The planter should make
his immediate environments a thorough study and those of his
neighbors who have had practical experience in growing varieties
on soils and exposure similar to his own, should be taken into
counsel, and the benefits thus derived from their knowledge and ob-
servation, will be a safe guide for the planter to follow. It is not
found convenient or profitable to select too many varieties, and in
making up a list, the orchardist should aim to cover the entire
fruiting or ripening period of his section. Plant a few trees of the
very earliest bearing varieties, and so on down through a regular
series of maturity, until the winter varieties are reached, of which
variety the bulk of the trees should principally be composed.

474 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

CULTIVATION.

During the first year of its life, the young apple orchard should
receive thorough tillage. The object of cultivation is threefold:
“First, to increase the active food in the soil by making available
to the tree what is otherwise inert; second, to prevent loss of
moisture by producing a loose mulch upon the surface, and third,
the destruction of weeds.” Cultivation will also “prevent the es-
tablishment of a system of surface roots, and to form a deep-rooted
habit in the tree.” With this method only the main roots, which
have a downward tendency, will survive, as the horizontal roots
of the surface will be broken. The young orchard should be plowed
every spring as soon as a team can get on it and the ground is in
proper condition for plowing. It should be well! stirred with a
two-horse plow five or six inches deep, except near the trees, using
a short singletree next to the row to avoid the danger of injuring
the trunks of the trees. Cultivation with a harrow or cultivator
once in about every two weeks should be continued until the middle
of June or the first of July. At the last cultivation of the season,
seed the orchard with clover, rye, buckwheat, or the trailing varie-
ties of cow peas, which serve as a cover crop which puts the trees in
excellent condition to go into winterquarters. The surface should
be kept as nearly level as possible and the furrows should be alter-
nately turned toward and from the trees, and the cultivation should
be continued from year to year, at least until the trees come into
full bearing. If the orchard is not cultivated early in its life, as.
already mentioned, the roots establish themselves near the surface,
in which case it would be better not to cultivate the soil and permit
the orchard to remain in sod. Orchards of this nature when show-
ing a lack of thrift, should be fed heavily on the surface with soluble
food.

TREES NEED TO BE FED.

The modern apple is the product of a fertile soil, and regular crops
of large and fair fruit should only be expected from trees that are
regularly fed. Because apple trees will exist and occasionally bear
a partial crop of fruit if they are utterly neglected, it is too often as-
sumed that they require no care after they are planted; but poorly
fed apple trees can only be regarded from the fruit-grower’s stand-
point as unprofitable possessions.

Plant food may be supplied from the following sources:

1. By top-dressing the soil beneath and about the trees with barn-
yard manure, at the rate of one cord to from five to ten trees, de-
pending somewhat upon their size. This may sometimes be sub-

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 475

stituted by an application of equal value of unleached wood ashes.
One ton of the latter being about equal in value to five tons of the
former.

2. By the use of manufactured fertilizers. Just what the neces-
sary ingredients should be without knowing what elements are
lacking in the soil, is a very difficult question to determine, but the
substances most commonly deficient are nitrogen, potash and phos-
phorie acid. A mixture containing from 14 to 2 per cent. of nitro-
gen; 7 to 9 per cent. of available phosphoric acid and 10 to 12 per
cent. of potash, will give excellent results when applied to orchard
land in quantities ranging from 400 to 600 pounds.

3. By the growth of nitrogen-gathering crops in the orchard and
the application of a small amount of fertilizing materials consisting
mainly of potash and phosphoric acid. This seems to be the cheap-
est way of maintaining the fertility of an apple orchard, as it returns
to the soil more plant food than it takes from it, thereby perma-
nently appropriating its surplus fertilizing constituents to supply
the deficiency caused by the growth of a fruit crop. Sow the or-
chard to some corn crop immediately after the last cultivation,
using clover, if nitrogen is needed, and rye, buckwheat or any other
plant that will furnish a winter cover where a non-leguminous
crop is wanted. This cover crop will catch the soluble nitrates;
subtract the available plant food from the trees; open the soil; give
it fibre and increase its moisture-holding capacity.

It should be stated that the addition of humus to apple lands must
be practiced judiciously, as it can easily be over-done, if the nitrogen
is not properly balanced by other fertilizers. The effect of crimson
clover and cultivation is shown by a very large, deep green, late
hanging foliage, and a strong, annual wood growth. The effect of
the injudicious use of the clover will be apparent in the fruit, before
it shows any injurious effect on the trees. It may keep the apples
growing so late in the fall that the red varieties do not develop
their color pigments before it is time to harvest them, and a yellow-
ish color predominates. The light colored fruit is probably due to
the addition of too much humus to the soil, to the moisture always
present, to a lack of potash, and especially of phosphoric acid, which
has as one of its distinct functions the maturing of fruits and wood.
It is also aggravated by the greater shade made by the dense mass
of foliage.

TREES NEED WATER.

If the supply of water in the soil in an orchard is deficient when
the fruit is maturing, as it frequently is, the tree cannot produce
a full crop of apples, however well they may have been fed and
otherwise cared for. The lack of a sufficient amount of water in

476 : ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

the soil in orchards often is the cause of apples dropping prema-
turely, and the ripening of winter fruit during the fall months.
While it may be impracticable to attempt to supply water artifi-
cially, in most cases at least, to orchards in this State, yet much
can be done by good management to prevent the needless escape of
the natural supply, and in this way large quantities of water may
be retained in the soil for the use of the trees when it is needed by
them.

As stated before, at the last cultivation, the land should be seeded
to some cover crop to protect it during the winter and to retain its
water-holding and retentive capacity. By the time winter sets in
the ground should be covered by a heavy mat of herbage. Plow
the orchard as nearly in the spring as conditions will admit in order
to hold the winter rains in the ground, and to give the trees a
vigorous early start. The addition of this vegetable matter to the
soil greatly prolongs the wood-growing period and pumps out tons
of water in its growth. ;

The great problem in orcharding of the present day is to save
moisture. We can not afford to leave weeds and grass use up food
and moisture, so much needed by the trees. During a season, a
sod of timothy, making two tons of hay per acre, will pump out of
the soil five inches of water, equal to more than four thousand bar-
rels of water per acre. Imagine the time it would take to replace
this amount of water. It wou!d require a man and team an entire
month, even though the haul was only one-fourth of a mile. The
trees need all this moisture and if we leave nature alone, she will
plant weeds and grass, which takes the breath out of the leaves and
the blush from the fruit. Cultivation saves moisture. A mulch on
the surface prevents the wind and sun drying the soil.

It has been demonstrated by experiment that orchard soil with
a clover top turned under and good cultivation retains twice the
amount of moisture as that conserved by orchard soil which had
no humus and no cultivation. For practical irrigation a harrow
beats a sprinkling cart ten to one. A suitable orchard soil that has
been tilled from early spring until the middle of June, and which
contains considerable humus, will retain enough of the rains, caught
during the winter, to keep the apple orchard growing vigorously
the entire season, in spite of the most severe summer droughts,
While an adjoining orchard in sod, or in fallow, may lose its foliage
and ripen its fruits when half grown.

TREES USE SUNLIGHT.

The amount of work done in a year by an apple tree is a study
and a woncer. It is no smali task to collect the material required
to mature fruit and in manufacturing it into such refined products

No. 6. ; DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 477

as York Imperials, Baldwins and Spies. Sunlight is the most im-
portant factor from which the apple tree derives power to run its
machinery. The amount of this power that a tree can use largely
determines the amount of fruit the tree can bear. It is, therefore,
evident that the surface area of the top of an apple tree should be as
large and as well exposed to the sunlight as possible. The practice
of cutting off the lower limbs of an apple tree is entirely too com-
mon. Ina well developed tree this would amount to from four hun-
dred to eight hundred square feet of the normal bearing surface of
the tree. This custom also results in permanent injury to the tree,
whose natural habit is to form a rounded top and bend its branches
low to catch every ray of sunlight it can appropriate. It has been
demonstrated by experiment that the limbs of apple trees exposed
to strong light produce more fruit buds than those which are in
partial shade.

The CHAIRMAN: We have heard four solid papers, each and
everyone giving us a large amount of food to choose, and as we
have about half an hour of the morning session yet we will consume
as much of that time in discussing these papers as may be neces-
sary. I will ask you, however, to make your speeches as short and
to the point as possible, because there may be a great many who
wish to speak. I will not designate what papers shall be discussed
first.

MR. JAEKEL: Some of the papers have said something about
choosing the land for the orchard. There is not a piece of ground
in the State of Pennsylvania in which you can readily stick a spade
which would not be fit to plant some trees. It is true that the
pear wants clay soil and the cherry tree a lighter, dry soil. It is un-
derstood that all trees want to have dry feet on well drained
ground. But trees will grow on any ground. Some years ago the
idea was that apple trees would not grow after apple trees. I made
an experiment. I had a Maiden Blush that broke down, and I dug
a large hole and I put several cart loads of street ground in and I
planted a Smokehouse in it and that is just twice the size now, and
has been bearing nearly as much as the other tree and is twice as
large. So you can plant apple after apple if you provide food for it.
There is not a piece of ground in Pennsylvania in which you can
stick a spade which is not fit for some tree or other, and it is very
wrong in farmers not supplying their homes and their people with
the luscious fruit from the strawberry to the late pear and the
Russet apple.

SECRETARY MARTIN: I would like to bring a question before
the convention regarding this program. Certainly you ought to

478 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE - Off. Doe.

be commended as institute workers for the punctuality and prompt-
ness with which you have responded to this program. Now we have
come to a time in this convention and the day in which we are
approaching its last session, and there have a number of suggestions
come to me regarding this last session. ‘Trains leave during certain
hours this afternoon which will carry us to our homes, and in pre-
paring this program I regarded the topics to be discussed, miscella-
neously, as possibly of the most importance to the advancement of.
the work in many ways, and I sincerely trust that whether this
session is continued for a length of time longer than is marked by
its numbers, that these questions have a place somewhere to be
discussed.

Now, we want to get the voice of this convention as to the time
for final adjournment. As stated in the foot-note to the program,
this meeting is yours. If you desire to hold this session this after-
noon and one to-night, that meets my approval, I assure you. We
will then not have to enter upon the discussion of these topics now.
We want your voice upon this point. Shall we hold this after-
noon’s session and a night session as well?

(After considerable discussion it was decided to hold an afternoon
session to take up the questions set for general discussion upon the
program for Thursday afternoon.)

MR. HERR: We have just closed one interesting subject here
which has not received the attention that it should. Yhe subject
of fruit culture is a very important one. It was demonstrated by
our last year’s crop of apples, and our State is a great fruit growing
country. We are just developing into one of the greatest fruit
states in the United States, and we can get something that is
worth money to us out of the discussion of fruits. There has been
great advancement made in fruit culture. I remember a few years
ago a man planted a very large orchard in our county, and the
one consideration that we have recently developed was lost sight
of simply because he planted his varieties in great blocks. While
he took great care in planting and culture and growth of the trees,
he waited years and years without a crop of apples because he
neglected the idea that some varieties of apples needed polariza-
tion. The orchard went into other hands and run down and finally
some of the trees were taken out and other varieties planted in, and
last year they had an immense crop of apples. There is no acre on
the farm to-day that produces as well as an acre of fruit. The apple
acre is the most valuable of the farm.

We are gradually developing on some other lines. We find some
varieties of fruit run out sooner than others. I had a nice lot of
York Imperial apples damaged last fall. I would like to see these

‘

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 479

matters discussed. I cannot agree with all that was said by the
gentlemen who prepared those papers, but they are worthy papers
and have brought out many good thoughts. [am like my friend Mr.
Jaekel, I have not had much success in growing all varieties on
one piece of ground.

MR. HOOVER: I want to make a few remarks in regard to apple
orchards. As some people know, I have been a tree planter for
a number of years. I wish to point out a few errors in regard to
the matter of planting and taking care of trees. One of the great-
est mistakes made by many of our people in my section is in select-
ing trees. They take in the branches of the top more than the roots.
And then the other, particularly, that we heard here so well and ably
discussed, we cannot have too much loose soil to let the young roots
grow. We must start right.

In cutting back, there is a great deal of trouble to impress people
that the cutting back of the top of the tree is the very thing to
do in the start. The more top there is, the greater effort the tree
must make to push forward and grow. The top should be very
small; in peach trees none at all; in other varieties, I cut back se-
verely apples and pears; not so much for cherries. My experience is
that cherry will not bear as severe pruning or cutting back as other
trees; but the peach, by experience, succeeds best by cutting back,
cutting the top away altogether. But it is difficult to make the
people believe and only by experience can you convince them.

Another difficulty or trouble with our tree growers is they don’t
carry out what we heard in these papers, and that is to take care
of the tree after planting, and the result is the same as if you
planted corn and left it to itself.

There is one other thing, and that is in the form of the top of the
tree. Never allow a fork to grew at the top. If it should have two
branches at the top cut out the lighter one or some day a storm
will come along and down goes your split in half.

There is a great deal of practical information in those papers and
in fact I myself, although I have been trying for years to get the
best resuits, got a few things that I shall take home with me not
oniy for myself but for others. I shall do so in not only this but
everything else. Whatever benefits I have received I will take
home to my neighbors and friends.

MR. MILLER (Somerset county): I have been sitting in this con-
vention of almost three days and did not have a word to say; but the
idea struck me that most of these papers are from specialists; they
are not from the general farmer. If we want to do what you have
said we should do on a farm of 200 acres, where there is but one
man and a boy, and you have heaped three years into one at least. If

480 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

we are te do the common farming, the raising of cereals or pota-
toes or clover hay and attend to our dairies besides and then go
into these large orchards and cultivate them and raise the fruit
for the whole year to sell and to fill the markets, you will kill us
with work. I have been on the farm ever since they have brought
me into this country, fifty-four years and more ago, and I have had
the practice of farming, and in this time I discovered there is not
any man can do all this work. Men don’t have the time or muscle;
don’t have the brains to doit. It is toomuch. It will do for a man
to plant an orchard and cultivate it and pick and sell the fruit, but
that is all he can do for the whole year. If he has to raise any
cereals, if he has a dairy, or raises his potatoes, hay and grain for
the winter, it is about all he can do if he can do that. Every farmer
ought to have a little orchard, but it will be neglected. It cannot
be cultivated or brought up to perfection as it ought to be, but I
say he ought to have it, and he will have a little fruit, but the orchard
will be neglected in a way. So I say, don’t heap too much on us.

Upon motion, the meeting adjourned at 12 o’clock noon to con-
vene this afternoon at 1.15 o’clock.

Thursday Afternoon, June 4, 1903.

SECRETARY MARTIN called the meeting to order, and in the ab-
sence of the chairman for the afternoon designated on the program,
Col. John A. Woodward, of Howard, Pa., took charge of the meet-
ing.

MR. MARTIN: Before starting in on the work proper for this
afternoon we deem it best to state some arrangements which prob-
ably ought to be carried out. This will undoubtedly be a very busy
and interesting session. Every gentleman who is present and de-
sires to express an opinion, a thought or a sentiment, ought to have
that privilege. In order to facilitate this work, if it is agreeable,
we will rule that every gentleman shall have the privilege of speak-
ing twice upon any topic, but the first time for not longer than five
minutes and the second time not longer than three minutes, follow-
ing each discussion. We do this in order to save confusion in this
work and that we may understand fully and be ready to condense
our thoughts into direct language as we move along in this work.
If there are no objections this ruling will stand.

The CHAIRMAN: The first topic on the program which will now
be taken up is:

“Is it Desirable for the State to supply more than Two Speakers
at an Institute?” To be opened by Mr. J. A. Eschbach, of Milton,
Northumberland county, Pa.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 481

MR. ESCHBACH: Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen: After listening
to such able papers as we have had during this “Round-Up,” I feel
as-if my little talk would be out of place; yet as this session is set
apart for increasing the interest in our local institutes I feel as
though it were in place to express my opinion of them.

As for myself and my county, I feel that two State speakers would
be sufficient, provided I was furnished the money to secure other
‘help myself. I would be responsible for the dispensing of the other
portion of the money. For this reason, succeeding as [I do, men
who have had the most successful institutes in the State, in the
county of Northumberland, I feel that that interest should not be
lacking in my county as long as I can prevent it. And I have been
doing part of this work out of my own funds, as it were, taking what
was left after I paid all expenses.

In my county this is to be considered; that we have diversified
industries. At one end of the county are the coal regions and the
farmers surrounding them are interested in market gardening. I
would use the funds I speak of in securing somebody who was es-
pecially adapted and a successful market gardener for that end of
the county. The other end of the county, in which I reside, is a
general farming district in which we raise horses, cattle, hogs,
sheep, poultry and have other industries.

Now, I can in my county or some of the adjoining counties, find
men who will be glad to attend our institutes if I could say to them,
I will pay your car fare, your horse hire, your dinner, for which you
give me a talk on your particular line of work. The money, as I
say, I would divide. The objection was offered by some member
here to-day, in speaking upon this matter. What if one of the
State speakers should fail to appear? I would divide that money
among three or four of these local men, and still have enough men.
It is no trouble to find men, but you cannot ask a good man to leave
his business and come ten or twelve miles and not be recompensed
in some way for it.

The CHAIRMAN: Now this question is open to you for discus-
sion.

MR. MATTHEW RODGERS, of Juniata county: Mr. Chairman, I
am the gentleman who spoke to the last speaker in regard to the
probability of one speaker not being there, and sometimes we have
missed two of them in our county. TI think there should be plenty,
and all under the care of the Department of Agriculture or the man-
agement of the Director of Farmers’ Institutes, and let him furnish
these speakers. We have enterprising men through our county
and the adjoining counties who often come to our Institutes, and
other men from Perry county—Perry county lies near to it—and

31—6—1903

482 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

they come and help us. Sometimes we have to pay their boarding;
sometimes they have friends, and that is all that it costs. They are
good workers.

I say, keep everything under the Department of Agriculture, or
State Board, and let them send us men and be responsible. The
Department would have to see that we did not get the same men
at each succeeding institute; and then again the Department would
be responsible and this would throw the blame off the chairman of
the institute work at home and if anything is wrong they would have
to growl at somebody away off.

I think, Mr. Chairman, it would be far better for us to have this
matter entirely under the care of the Department and let them
furnish as many speakers as they have the means through the differ-
ent parts of the State.

MR. CHARLES G. McCLAIN: I wish to endorse what Mr. Rod-
gers has said in reference to keeping the speakers under the manage-
ment of the State Board; also that it would be folly for any Agricul-
tural Society to desire a less number of speakers than we have
been having. I know in our county we have never had too many.
Last winter we had four; before that we had three, and we did not
have any surplus to give away, I know. I think that three men is
few enough at any rate to send out, with the different branches of
industry. We have everything and we need general purpose men.

MR. HEGE: I favor the State sending out three men as we have
been doing. We have in our county some very good local people,
and I have known of cases when they were on the program, and if
it happened to be bad weather, they did not show up and we would
be left. We should be left if we did not have the State speakers.
The local men know there is very little recompense in it for them.
I pay their dinners when I have local material, but if we depended
upon them and the weather was bad, we would be left in the hole.

MR. A. T. HOLMAN. There is one thing I would like to mention
with regard to the number of men, and that is something about the
kind of men sent out. I think it would be proper and right for
the Department to know something about the districts around the
place in which the institute is to be held. I think the Director
should ask the County Chairman what kind of material he would
like to have there. If it is a dairying district, they should have
a practical dairyman, and if a fruit district, they should have a
practical fruit man. It is not only perplexing to the County Chair-
man, but to the audience if the speaker should be a dairyman and
would have to speak in a fruit district. He is out of place and he
will go away dissatisfied, as well as the people and the chairman,
not because there is any question on account of his ability, but be-
cause he has been misplaced.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 483

MR. MILLER: I think very much depends upon the place; but I
do not think that it is practical for the Manager of Institutes to
send these different lecturers to the different locations in which
their work would be most suitable; that is, have them prepared to
lecture on the different vocations that may predominate in certain
agricultural districts because they have a tier of counties that must
be visited by certain men, or the traveling expenses would run too
high.

I believe that some counties are well supplied with two speakers
while others are not. Where you have local material that is able
and willing to take hold, two speakers will do more good than three
or four; that is, for the amount of money spent, two speakers will
do more. Use the five dollar bills on local material and you will
do more with two speakers than with three or four. I know some
counties where the local material is very willing and would like to
have some chance to speak. They would like to advance their
ideas of their practice. In such places two speakers would be
sufficient.

MR. HALL, of Potter county, speaking for his county, favored not
less than three State speakers, because on account of the bad
weather they had there, they could not depend on local material
filling their part on the program.

MR. CLARK, of Westmoreland county: I understand this is a
family affair. I would like to ask a question that it seems to me
would almost dispense with this subject. Is it the intention of the
Department to furnish the chairman of the county with some money,
provided they reduce the number of speakers? Will the amount
of money be divided and will the chairman get more money provided
they refuse the number of speakers? You need not answer the
question unless it is suitable.

SECRETARY MARTIN: There has been no understanding on
that point. It does not enter into the discussion, really. The ques-
tion for discussion is: “Should there be more than two speakers?”

MR. CLARK: My reason for asking the question is this. That if
the chairman is not furnished with more funds, it would not be with-
in his province to get an additional number of speakers; but if he
was furnished with more funds then he would be able to furnish the
number of speakers additional as reduced by the Department. That
is the way I look at it and understand it in that light; otherwise I
do not see that it would make much difference as to who furnished
the speakers, so that the requisite number of speakers were fur-
nished, and in some of our large counties it is almost impossible to
get two men to go out through a county and take entire charge of
the district work.

484 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

A member from Clearfield county stated that they desired six
days of institute instead of four as at present allotted them, and
they would be pleased to reduce their force of speakers from three or
four to two speakers, if they could have the six days institute, as
that additional time would enable them to reach more people.

MR. STOUT, of Schuylkill county, said that his county with three
speakers did not have enough, and that they should have at least
four speakers, as they could not always depend on local help.

MR. NORTHUP, of Lackawanna county, said that while the De-
partment only allotted them four days, that they ran twelve days
of Farmers’ Institute and would like to have half a dozen speakers;
that they did not want more money from the Department, but that
the trouble was to get the right men, and the only place he know
where to get them was from the Department.

MR. SEEDS, of Huntingdon county, said he had been up in Mr.
Northup’s county, and that the two men who took turn about
talking for twelve days had to talk too much; that there should have
been at least four or five speakers; that the local help was all right,
but could not be relied upon and as they were not paid, could not
be expected to work when circumstances were anywise unfavorable.

MR. BLYHOLDER, of Armstrong county, thought it was not
right that the speakers who were allowed but four days by the
Department should have to work through a twelve days institute;
that this was an imposition on the Department and that the speak-
ers would be worn out and would not be worth anything wherever
they went next. He did not think that three speakers were too
many and said there should not be less than three, and cited an in-
stance in his county last year where the three speakers were not
enough because one was called away, another became sick, and he
was left with but one to go on with the institute.

MR. KNUPPENBURG, of Wyoming county, said that while they
had good and willing local help, he wanted whatever State speakers
the Department could send him, as he then felt secure and satis-
fied that he would have successful institutes, as the local help
could not always be depended upon. He was well pleased with the
help sent him by the Department and asked for the same kind of
help under the guidance of the Department, which he thought the
proper way.

MR. BRODHEAD, of Susquehanna county, did not want the force
reduced, but wanted at least three good men for his county.

MR. NELSON, of Clearfield county, was opposed to reducing their
force of speakers, and wanted more institutes for his county.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 485

MR. WILLIAMS, of Mercer county, said that local talent could
not be depended upon and that notwithstanding they knew the
needs of their localities better than the State speakers possibly
could, and while they might know them very well and be able to in-
struct on the subjects undertaken, they were, like the prophet, with-
out honor or credit at home, and were not given the consideration
that the State speakers received.

MR. WEIDNER, of Adams county, said his county would be
pleased to have at least three men; that they did not have the
right kind of local help, as plenty as they had in some other dis-
tricts and that they all preferred to hear the experts sent out by
the State; that as they had diversified farming interests, fruit grow-
ing and dairying, they would be pleased to have specialists on each
of those lines.

MR. BEARDSLEE, of Bradford county, said that there might
be a misapprehension about the extra days of institute held in
Lackawanna and Clearfield counties; that the Department only paid
for four days and that the expenses of the other days of institute
was paid by the local management.

He said the County Chairman should not assume the running of
the whole institute, but that if he had a dairying session he should
select some wide-awake dairyman of his locality to preside over
that session; if an educational session was to be held he should
select as chairman for that session a local man interested in edu-
cational matters. He had seen this experiment tried with very
excellent results, and that more interest was manifested in the
institute work thereby.

MR. McCREARY, of Lawrence county, said they did not want less
than three men in their county. He wanted plenty of State help
and wanted it to be as good as it could be. He had tried the ex-
periment of having a new and suitable chairman at each session
and found it to be a good thing. He said it was a good way for
the County Chairman to get rid of monopolizing the whole thing;
that they had a ladies’ session and allowed them to run it them-
selves.

MR. HOOVER, of Lancaster county, said that while they had
plenty of good local talent, for different reasons they could not
get them to come forward and give their help, and they found that
they had to rely on State aid. He thought in selecting the State
speakers it should be ascertained what the people of each locality
are most interested in, and that men who are specialists along those
particular lines should be sent into the respective sections. In

486 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

making up the program of their institutes they put on the subjects
most acceptable to their people and then tried to get the best men
they could to talk on the respective subjects.

Mk. PHILIPS, of Chester county, said the practice in his county
was to hold more days of institute than the Department provided
for, and the additional expenses were paid by local contributions;
that they held two-day institutes with one day service of the
State speakers, leaving the local people to run the institute the
second day, when the topics discussed by the State speakers were
fresh in their minds and they then agreed or disagreed with the
ideas and theories advanced the day before.

Speaking from the standpoint of a State speaker, he said he never
knew of one failing to keep his appointment unless detained by
a wreck or sudden sickness, and that most of their failures to be on
hand was caused by the thoughtlessness of the County Chairman on
the day before; that they were frequently kept at the meetings until
midnight and were unable to reach their destination for the next
day; that through the same thoughtlessness they were compelled
to work night and day, as well as travel with little time to rest in
between; that they should be given the opportunity of presenting
their subjects early in the evening and then pass quietly out of
the meeting, and thus be enabled to keep their engagement for the
next day.

Mk. ORR, of Beaver county, concurred in what .was said by Mr.
Philips regarding the treatment sometimes accorded the State
speakers.and protested against the divisions of the sections; that
it was very hard to keep in touch with the leaders of the section
to find out where they were to be next day, and this was another
drawback to the State speakers in keeping up their work.

SECRETARY MARTIN: We have been very much interested in
this’ discussion. I have noted the points and regard them all of
great advantage to me in devising ways and means for the better-
ment of the service.

MR. HERR: I would like to have a word to say. [ have been look-
ing over the program, but do not see any other topic coming up on
the thought I have in mind.

There ought to be uniformity of practice among the State speak-
ers. I have had considerable experience in traveling over the State,
and I believe in using the greatest economy in connection with our
institutes and letting the money go as far as it will. Iam in favor
of more than two speakers. I am in favor of three speakers and
in some counties we have to divide the institute force in order to
satisfy the people. In order to secure economy in traveling we

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 487

ought to be provided with mileage books and we ought not charge
so as to make our expenses any more than they must necessarily be.
I think our agreement is to work for so much per diem and our
necessary and actual traveling expenses. | have in mind some
instances in which I think this has been abused. If I choose to go
into a hotel and live at one dollar a day, I do not believe I have any
right to charge the Department two dollars. If I travel at two
cents a mile on my mileage book I do not believe I have any right
to charge the State three cents, because I have that mileage book in
my possession. It is not an actual expense. If I have to advance
the money for my lodging and hotel bills, I do not think it right to
ask a little premium off the State for advancing that money. I
think the State can save from one to two hundred dollars simply
by correcting this practice in traveling over the State. It may
be all done thoughtlessly, and I dont say it is wrong, but let us have
an understanding about it. I think the State Secretary should fur-
nish the principal speakers with a mileage book at the expense of
the State, and save at least one hundred dollars a year in this way.

MR. MARTIN: This is all very interesting. It is really a ques-
tion as to whether the-Department, possibly with the regular lec-
turers, should not supply a mileage book. That is one of the ques-
tions we have under consideration.

I want to say just a word on one other point. In a few counties
in Pennsylvania the Department believes that it should supply
more than the ordinary number of institutes where they use just
two men, then add two additional men for the extra days of in-
stitute. We believe we ought to do that in certain sections, and
you will find the Director very amenable where the suroundings
justify it.

The CHAIRMAN: The next question for general discussion is:

“Should the Institute Lecturer use the Blackboard to Illustrate
Points in His Lecture?” To be opened by S. F. Barber, of Harris-
burg, Pa.

MR. BARBER: Mr. Chairman and Ladies and Gentlemen: I think
this is a very important topic. “Should the Institute Lecturer use
the Blackboard to Illustrate Points in his Lecture?” I say, yes;
by all means. He should use the blackboard to illustrate every sin-
gle point that it is possible to make use of it. The average farmer
will gain more knowledge in that way and he can carry it home
with him. Besides that, we are not sent out, as I understand it,
by the Board to entertain anybody. We are not sent out to give a
lecture, but we are sent out just as the school teacher is employed
to teach public school, to teach, and if it is not necessary, if the

488 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

agricultural people did not require that knowledge, I am quite
certain that the Department would not waste money for the sake
of entertaining anybody.

I know that it is a very easy matter to get up and tell this one
and that one how to formulate rations, how to compute actual value
of fertilizers, how to reckon the amount of plant food extracted
by growing crops, and all that, and how much those crops take up
from the soil, but it is entirely different to illustrate that on the
blackboard. They will say they understand it when really ninety
per cent. of the class of people that we are sent out to teach do
not understand what we say, and by the time they go out the door
do not know any more than when they come in unless we take the
time to explain that on the board.

I was talking at a certain institute in this State about dairy
ration. I made it just as plain as possible by speaking. I told
them how to get at this nutritive ration and it seemed easy, and I
thought I made it so clear any child could understand it; but
after the institute was over a gentleman came to me and said,
“Barber, you are the second man I heard speak on that subject and
explain the point you explained, and I must confess I do not under-
stand it.’ He pulled out a little piece of paper and said, “suppose
you do that question for me.” I didit as I told it. I demonstrated
the problem complete until he said, “give me the paper,” and he took
the paper and put it in his pocket and went home saying he could
do it now. I am thoroughly convinced that the successful man of
to-day is the man who makes a specialty in any one line of business,
and if we can teach them one point thoroughly, it is better to do
that one thing right than to tell them how to do a half dozen things
they do not understand. I believe in taking time. As a general
thing, our programs are overcrowded. By that I do not mean to
say we should go to the trouble to formulate a complete dairy ra-
tion or give average percentage of digestibility of foods, ete., but
we want to teach them how to use the material at hand. We have
got that material and it is within the knowledge of every agricul-
tural man in this State. The State Departments are issuing bul-
letins every month and have been doing that for several years, and
our Experimental Stations are issuing bulletins which will interest
any farmer in this State, but the trouble is that the large per cent.
of the farmers do not know how to use them. It is our duty to
teach them how to do it, and do a little less work and do it thor-
oughly. We should simply show them how to do one problem and
the rest are pretty much the same, and I think they can follow it out.
It will give them the idea and they will go home and work it out.

By the way, I think the greatest trouble of the people to-day is
that they do not know how to use the lead pencil. That is the

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 489

greatest drawback, and we have got to teach them, but we cannot
teach them by talking; we must have a blackboard and do the prob-
lem for them, and then they will be able to carry it with them and
whenever they are able to do that then you will create an interest
which will hold them, and they will go right to work in a business
way.

I was interested the other day in reading an article on the great
performance of a dairy cow. It stated how much food she con-
sumed and how much butter she produced in seven days. It stated
it was the record-breaker, making over 30 pounds in seven days,
breaking the 30-day record and also the 60-day record. I found
the experiment was made at the New York Experimental Station.
I was anxious to know how that cow was fed and all about it, what
was the profit, and I simply took my lead pencil out of the desk
and I calculated the problem and found, after making a careful
calculation, just what per cent. of ration was used in feeding
that famous cow, just how much each pound of butter cost, how
much dry matter was consumed and all about it, and I discovered
that lots of Pennsylvania farmers have got cattle more profitable
than she is; while a record-breaker she is not a money coiner.

I just simply want to say that I am heartily in favor of the black-
board, and that it should be used ten times more than it has been.
I think one reason that it has not been used is that it takes more
time and that the program is crowded. It is very much easier
for the lecturer to tell a person how to do it than to work the
problem out. These are my views about this question.

MR. MILLER: I would just like to have a few minutes on this
subject. I was very much impressed at one of our institutes with
the illustrations given on the blackboard and there it was shown
in fifteen minutes what most of the speakers could not explain in
sixty minutes. The lecturers will talk for hours, and after they
are done, ninety per cent. of the farmers will go out and not know
anything about it. These facts I have observed; but after the
illustration on the blackboard and explanation of the question, they
take hold of it and put in their diaries and papers and pocket it,
and afterwards talk about it.

Then there was another thing besides a blackboard, and that
is the chalk, the colored chalk used in illustrating the way of
teaching, and it came into my mind that this State Board of Agri-
culture or the Secretary of Institutes or Managers of Institutes, if
they would have published these charts and distributed them to the
interested farmers of our county, it would have done more good than
all the agricultural books published ever since the publication of
these agricultural reports is in vogue, because there is a lesson

490 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Ott. Doc.

that the eye can take in. Let the farmer hang them in the kitchen
or living room and he will see what is the use of food or fertilizer
for his advantage. If the Agricultural Board insists upon the pub-
lication of these charts instead of these reports in large books, 1
think they will do tenfold more good.

MR. BARBER: Now, that is the opinion of a great many who have
looked at these charts, that if they could simply have those charts
at home it would be all they wanted. I beg leave to differ with the
gentleman. Anyone who thoroughly understands the computation
of rations will not give a snap of the finger for the chart. Take the
bulletin received from the Experiment Station, and that gives it to
you a great deal more quickly than the charts. If these problems
are once worked out and solved for them so that the farmer can
pick them up and work them out, he don’t want the chart. He will
refer to the bulletin and work them out himself. It is simply a
question of multiplication, subtraction and division. Any boy 12
years old can doit. The most impressive way of accomplishing that
object is to take the bulletin and take the amount necessary to
make the ration, go and get the ingredients for the whole week and
mix them, and at the end’of the week see what the results are.

MR. LIGHTY: I wish to say that I endorse the use of the
blackboard, but I believe that the institute speaker should use the
blackboard with a little care. . In my experience I have seen where
the blackboard and the chart were used very injudiciously by some
speakers. I believe when the institute speaker or teacher comes
before the institute he should first of all try to get the attention
of everybody in the room and then hold their close attention until
he has said what he has to say. They should reason the question
out with him as he goes along, and by the use of the chart and black-
board sometimes he will get them off the question. While he con-
tinues to talk they will study the chart or the problem he has been
doing on the board, and they will miss some of the instructions he is
giving. I believe that the lecturer and teacher should have a chart
and blackboard with him, but he should use them with caution;
otherwise we will sometimes get our audience to lose themselves by
the use of these charts and not get our reasoning, and they will not
come to the conclusions we have arrived at.

Further, in regard to charts, I would say, it may not be the best
to continue the same kind of charts too long at a time in the same
place. I have noticed where you hang up these charts for the fifth
or sixth time, some old farmers would say: “I guess we will go
home, it is the same old show.” We should not use the old ones
too long. They become old to the eye, and will not be attractive.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 491

Bring new things, new talks and new ideas, and if you have occasion
to illustrate them on the board, see that you hold the attention of
the audience.

MR. WALTZ: I have had some experience in teaching, and I found
that while the blackboard and chart are excellent aids sometimes to
teach arithmetic, that if each person has a pencil and paper and
figures it down by the aid of the instructor, they understand the
problem better, and I suppose it would be so with these lecturers in
imparting the lessons. There seems to be something in doing the
work with the hand. I believe the use of the blackboard is a most
important factor in our institutes when it is in the hands of a man
who can make figures and letters, who can explain matters, but in
the hands of a man who cannot write or make figures it is not very
valuable; but to demonstrate the value of fertilizers, I think the
lecturer can save the farmers who buy them blindly, hundreds of
dollars a year, by simply eliminating unknown quantities and get-
ting at the correct valuation of the fertilizers. I believe it is the
best thing to use in these discussions.

PROF. WATTS: I think the value of the blackboard depends on
the man behind the chalk. I do not often use the blackboard in my
institute work, because I do not know how to use it effectively. Mr.
Stout does know how. I have seen him treat the subject of com-
mercial fertilizers by the use of the blackboard. If I could come
before an audience and draw a large fine head of cabbage, I would
do it; but I cannot.. And just as Mr. Lighty has said, the blackboard
with a great many lecturers is a nuisance more than a help. They
will get the people looking at the blackboard and then go on with
their speech, and the people wil! lose the most important part of
the talk.

MR. SEEDS, of Huntingdon county, thought the blackboard was
a good thing, but should be in the hands of a man who knew how
tu use it effectively.

MR. CURE, of Lackawanna county, thought the blackboard was
a good thing for institute workers, as it gave the eye the opportunity
of helping to learn the lessons by seeing how it was done, but the
speaker should be skiliful in its use.

MR. KAHLER, of Lycoming county, endorsed the thought ex-
pressed by Mr. Cure, and thought that the speaker who called for a
blackboard was generally the one who knew how to use it.

SECRETARY MARTIN, Director of Institutes: You will pardon
me for just a word on this topic. There is no one point probably of
greater interest to the farmers of the State than the manner by

492 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

which the institute instructor shall impart the lesson. This is vital.
I have said to all the leading institute lecturers: We will equip you
with a blackboard; we will equip you with such maps and illustra-
tions as you yourself will devise, and of such kind as you desire to
use in your individual work and manner of imparting instructions.
I say that now; if any of those lecturers who are in the field the
entire time, and a number of them are thus engaged, are planning
a kind of chart, which they want to use in illustrating, in their
own manner, their lectures, these charts we will have prepared after
they have the outline, and will put them into their hands. That
ought to be the implement which they could use the most effectively.
{hus far we intend to go. I believe, my friends, that no institute
in Pennsylvania is compicte unless sometime during the session
some lecturer will give an object lesson upon a chart or blackboard,
impressing not only through the mental function, but through the
eye, object lessons. I believe that, because Iam a kind of a student
myself and have studied a great many things, and I have learned
that the lessons which are the most knotty and the most difficult
for the mind to grasp come much more easily when ! can see them
before me.

I want to say a word to these lecturers. These lessons are not al-
ways impressed by the real fine design of the artist, but is one of the
lessons which these figures convey. It may be an awkward one,
but if true will leave a lasting impression. Iam in favor of the ob-
ject lessons as far as they can be imparted, but every individual
knows his strength and his effort and the means by which he may
become the greatest power in imparting instructions. This is the
kind of influence he should use and we want to equip these insti-
tute lecturers with just such implements, blackboards and charts
of their own device, that which they can use to their own advantage,
and I trust these lecturers will prepare these outlines and we will
equip them for such use during the coming season.

MR. GEORGE CAMPBELL, of Bradford county, favored the use of
the blackboard and said that much depended on the man behind the
chalk. It should be used skilfully and accurately.

The CHAIRMAN: The next topic, if we are through with the dis-
cussion of this one, and probably the last topic on the program is:

“What is the Best Way to Quiet a Speaker who is Using the Time
Unprofitably ?”

This discussion was to have been opened by Mr. W. H. H. Riddle,
of Butler, Pa., but as he has gone home we will be glad to have it
opened by any other gentleman.

MR. HALL: This is one of the questions that stand right at the

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 493

base of the success or the failure of an institute or of almost any
other meeting where the thoughts are to be exchanged and gathered.
Now, I believe that the best way to quiet a man who is taking the
time that he is not using profitably is for the presiding officer to
call time on him. In our county—I know you will excuse me for
talking about that I know best—there was years ago a good sys-
tem of local farmer’s institutes and they were talked to death by
certain men, and I think it is in the province of the chairman of
institute work for the county to either preside at every session of
the institute himself or delegate some man who has backbone
enough to know that the State has furnished men who are able to
instruct the people to come there and if anybody uses time unprofit-
ably, to use his prerogative to stop it, and that is what the chairman
ought to be for. He will make enemies, but will save time and
money to the State, and that ought to be his reward.

MR. McCREARY: I think it is a good plan to have it published
in the program that the talk shall be for 15 or 20 minutes, or what-
ever time may be set, and then the chairman can call time on a
party of that kind. We had a ladies’ session and one of these
fellows was on that program and we had a lady for chairman. Now,
I said, these speeches are limited to 20 minutes, and as soon as
he has gone 15 or 18 minutes you call him down. She said she
did not like to do it, and I said if she listened to him that long she
would be only too glad to do it, and she did it, and we got rid of
him. On the first lecturer there was no time limit, and he talked
for over an hour and didn’t say much either.

Mk. HERR: I think it is the duty of the manager of the institute
to know who is on the program, and if he has a bore on he should
use him just as civilly and politely as he can, and inform him that
he will have 20 minutes on his topic, or whatever time he may think
proper, and when he has a man who is worth more than 20 minutes
he should allow him all the time he can. It is the business of the
manager to control the institute himself or elect somebody else
who can. It is his business to speak out and assert his authority
there, not haughtily, but as courteously as possible, and make it
emphatic and positive, and when you do that you are not going to be
troubled with bores. In my experience I had one or two and knew
them and got along with them very nicely, and did it in such a way
that it left them feeling good.

MR. ORR: I believe that this prerogative of regulating the pro-
gram belongs to the leader of the section; otherwise it might place
the County Chairman in an embarrassing position. He may have
exerted a great deal of influence in getting the people to come

494 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

there and it puts him in a delicate position to feel that he must
call them down or curtail their remarks, and I believe if he has the
leader for each section set out the work for the State speakers,
he is the one who can do that with the least trouble to everyone.

MR. SEEDS thought that the chairman of the institute would
go to the speakers on the program and tell them how much time
they could have and no more, that they would seldom be bothered
with bores. He thought the chairman should know the local speak-
ers, and if there was one among them inclined to talk too long, go
to him beforehand and put a limit upon him.

MR. BURNS thought the section man and the local manager
should size up the program and haye it so arranged that there
could be no trouble of this kind, and that they should go to the
speakers, both local and State, and tell them that they could have
just so much time and then there could be no trouble of this kind.

MR. NELSON thought that the chairman should allow the speak-
ers such time as he thought their talk was proving profitable; he
should cut down bad men and give ample time to those who were
valuable.

MR. HALL: In regard to a long essay, it could be managed as I
saw it managed in a teacher’s institute. We got up and moved that
the paper be published at the expense of the institute and read at
home.

SECRETARY MARTIN: This subject, together with the other
subjects, have been of great interest to me. It may not be out of
place to remark, and this applies to all institute lecturers, local and
State; that we are living in a time in which it is proper and right, es-
pecially during the coming institute year, for every institute lect-
urer to consider well one or two things which, to my mind, are of
vital importance. The one is to concentrate your thoughts into the
most direct language possible that will convey those thoughts
clearly; that is one thing. The other, is to present to the audiences
the lessons which seem to apply to the special localities. This ap-
plies very directly to the corps of lecturers sent out by the State.
No two counties, or not many consecutive counties in Pennsylvania
have just the same practice and mode of operation on any line of
work; differing as to soil or latitude and the habits on different
farms as we find them. Now, talk good hard common sense, and
above everything use sufficient brevity to be well understood and
after you have done that, my advice to you lecturers is just to quit
at that time. That is the time to quit on any topic. The American
people have gone by and outlived the time in which they want these

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 495

topics pounded in too much. We are learning to think iatelligently,.
very rapidly, and I believe possibly if our lecturers make one mis-
take greater than another it is that they underestimate their audi-
ence believing that possibly they do not understand just right and
hence they go over it again. But let the other fellow go over it
the next time and use the blackboard or chart, and be concise and
concentrated in your thoughts, in your lessons be in earnest, spe 1x
the truth always, and impress on your audiences in a concise.
practical manner the lessons you have to impart.

This session of the institute has been to be the greatest inspira-
tion of any session. ooking over the past and listening to these re-
marks, differing as many of you do upon local questions in your dif-
ferent counties, and that oneness of sentiment that has run through
everything connected with this meeting for the past three days, is an
inspiration and encouragement to me in the devising of ways and
means for the bettering, uplifting and advancement of this great
work. As I said in the outstart, gentlemen, I regard each and every
one of you in these different counties of the State as my right hand
man, to advise and counsel by letter and in person, to inform me at
all times as to the conditions and as to the needs of your county, and
in so far as the acts under which I am governed will permit me, I
will go a long ways in meeting these conditions. Now, as we go
away from this meeting, certainly it will be with an exalted and
a broadened and elevated conception of the great work before us
the coming year, with hearts filled with the kindliest of feelings
towards one another and a better understanding of each other.
That is well. That is what these meetings are for, largely, and
I commend you for the kindly forbearance which you have extended
to each other in all these discussions, and I thank you for the kindly
and generous support which you have rendered and extended to me.

You have upheld my hands in such a way that [ cannot find words
“to express my feelings toward you in this matter, and as we separate
very soon, I shall carry with me many days the recollection of the
warm grasp of the hand which I have received from every member,
from every county manager, and from every lecturer who has been
present at this very large meeting.

PROF. HANTZ: Mr. Chairman, the Committee on Resolutions is
ready to report at any time.

The CHAIRMAN: If there are no objections we will receive the
report now.

PROF. HANTZ read the report as follows:

‘* Resolved, That the members of the Department of Agriculture,
the Members of the State Board of Agriculture, Managers of Farm-

496 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

er’s Institutes, the Lecturers for the same, hereby express their
thanks and appreciation to the citizens of the borough and county
ef Huntingdon for the generous welcome and kind reception and
treatment accorded them during their sojourn among this people.

** Resolved, That we tender our thanks to the Mayor of Huntingdon
for his cordial greeting to our body and for the freedom of the city.

“We thank the County Commissioners for the use of the court
house during this meeting.

“We also tender our thanks to the officials of the Huntingdon Re-
formatory for the pains and kindness taken in conveying our body
to the Reformatory. _

“We also thank the county press for their kindness in advertising
this meeting so extensively.

“We also thank W. F. Hill, Grand Master of the Grange, Hon.
John T. Cox, Vice President of the State Board of Agriculture of
New Jersey, and the Hon. John Hamilton, Farmers’ Institute Spe-
cialist, for the instructive remarks made before our body.

“Our thanks are specially due to George G. Hutchison for his un-
tiring efforts to make this institute the success it has proved to be.

(Signed) “J. M. HANTZ,
‘Hs We NOR TELUS
“A. J. KAHLER,
“JASON SEXTON,
“GEORGE E. HULL,
“Committee on Resolutions.”

Upon motion, the report of the Committee on Resolutions was
unanimously adopted.

SECRETARY MARTIN: Now, gentlemen, we have a few minutes
to spend yet. If any one has a word to say the opportunity is given
before we adjourn.

MR. CURE, of Lackawanna county, said that he thought the in-
stitute work and the different institute meetings this winter should
be properly advertised and that this work should be put in the
hands of a man experienced in advertising and that he should give
his whole time and be furnished the means to do this work thor-
oughly.

He also advised that more work be done during the institute
meetings of the coming winter in getting the farmers, and par-
ticularly the younger element, to take up the correspondence courses
offered free by the Pennsylvania State College to all who would
simply make application for this instruction, and said he knew very
much good had been accomplished by this correspondence course,
and that much more good could be done by it if the matter was only
brought properly before the farming element.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 497

MR. HERR, of Clinton county, said that he knew it was a difi-
cult task for the Director of Institutes to send the right men to the
right places in all parts of the State, where the agricultural in-
dustries are varied, and that it was their duty to help him in this
matter by suggesting to him the topics they wanted discussed, and
the men they wanted to discuss those topics. That he knew, with
this information at hand, the Director of Institutes would carry out
their wishes as far as he was able and that this would also show
who the institute workers were that were appreciated and did good
work.

He also thought they should be experimenting and working out
some problem all the time so that when they went before the people
they could tell them something that they wanted to know from
actual experience.

He also thought there was too much repetition in the work of
some of the lecturers; that they should endeavor to work out new
thoughts and present them in a new light.

He also thought that some of the institute lecturers bored them
with long speeches a great deal more than their ordinary workers
have; that while their papers were pretty good, they were too long.

PROF. HANTZ said that there was a limit to science; that man
could not go beyond that which he knew; and he thought they
should experiment themselves and see what was right of the things
advanced by scientific men and they would then know what it was
safe to teach to the people along agricultural lines.

MR. CLARK, of Westmoreland county, said it was very surprising
how far ahead the farmers of to-day were getting in the acquisition
of knowledge, and that if there ever was a time when the institute
workers must be better informed and equipped to go before the
people and instruct them, that time was to-day.

On motion, the meeting adjourned sine die at 4.30 P. M.

A. L. MARTIN,
Secretary.

32—6— 1903

; PROCEEDINGS oat
TWENTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL MERTING
Pennsylvania State Board of Agriculture,

BOARD OF TRADE ROOMS, HARRISBURG, PA.,

JANUARY 27 AND 28, 1904.

( 499 )

MEMBERS

OF TH

PENNSYLVANIA STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE,

FOR THE YEAR 1904.

Members Ex-Officio.
HON. SAMUEL W. PENNYPACKER, Governor.
MAJ. I. B. BROWN, Secretary of Internal Affairs.
DR. N. C. SCHAEFFER, Superintendent of Public Instruction.
DR. G. W. ATHERTON, President of The State College.
HON. WM. P. SNYDER, Auditor General.
HON. N. B. CRITCHFIELD, Secretary of Agriculture.

Appointed by the Governor.

Rea ewoune, Middletown, Dauphin cOUmMbYF sas. 2c. cece sicniccc sas Term expires 1905
Col. R. H. Thomas, Mechanicsburg, Cumberiand county, ....Term expires 1906
GenwwpameseA. Beaver, Centre COUNEY, 2. dacecewcccs sdceeacsecsss term expires-1907

Appointed by the State Peultry Association.

IMorrisnG Memple, IPOCOPSOMs, Paks, cis <iicicle's.as.custeie alc ayele.cle cleleel sleters cre Term expires,1906

Elected by County Agricuitural Societies.

Term expires.

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(501 )

502 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Term expires.
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WiYONUNES fecccc ce ose c D. A. Knuppenburg, ..Lake Carey, vevercee ~ L907
ROTI wea sete ns sieinisieve sities xo B. B.-Koller; 7 .ccassces Shrewsbury, ence amass aa ae

-) eel

No, 6.
OFFICERS.
PRESIDENT.
Hon. Samuel W. Pennypacker, Governor, ...........-+-.
VICE PRESIDENTS.
MERA ENED ESXCUO TIS rs ietcters ic sstelelarsts js tere! slet sisysisjerelae: sis cis) ols) s/etsiers, 016, e'n/s. 0:
IEMA VEIN OUHCINUT IO: pe sfareicie cleycievsisieia'sicheje steiclecloiclale: eS sie fa ele/ecnieje als 9) ele
AW, Iie. (QHEWERES io dias Bolts Cato one DOnr tre co Ucn Onorc aco RoCnoo
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.

EMOTES AIL ECTIMYPACKEN,,, < cise cicie vies = eisie.clsics occ eiloins
AN. di. EX@IeO as a aioemid po ootopoopomcoodcesnomunc und cong Anoo. |G
IL. Ge Sina wOh7® Sacecococ con nmocGornno Soo onda Coen oom nooo o Dano
Matthew Rodgers, ORE Tae Cio Cotinc aeons acre
MORE SIVI SL CUDA TDG. ee ctctecevare.Siee ieiareve(e @ivs wysteteeia¥s aie sielere widyere.s cielvie'e.'s
BE Tee Creel UC GrOWATIG, acic ciosoiws vse cue opcianaverotels oo. sistarele aeelioie: sq) S'ee'e stevonesooists
IN, Gite OR ar aoe pon Ceri pr Oe BOOS Dooce OCORAO LTS. Tare oC
St “IWiby RUGISKS Te NSS one S Gen nOS an anna nob ns Saree orca
ARP EADS ENVY EUTS Za» foie ssceyoy exe caysies even eso y eine (ols) ors sieire fe over eilelsoibeieveleusiee ef,e: 61%
PNG VWEOM GLOVED, cs. <idinc'e oie cater one: o.0! cleisisi (ole wie ois ecebtess/c\s wyerers «6
NeeBerOriceh fields (S€CiCCAMIy, 9.6. wc 24 ccs ccrciclce sis votee ae « eieniente

ADVISORY COMMITTEE.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Harrisburg.

North Wales.
Glenburn.
Claridge.

Harrisburg.
Hughesville.

.». Mexico.

Knox.
Geiger’s Mills.
Pocopson.
Indiana,
Analomink.

. Vicksburg.

Harrisburg.

NEE OIG CM Hele Secreta iwc. -clpie. 2 itor sinc says oc Lani SOs.

DeLee Gr eV GEO WIA, eelsiece © seus nels «visi oy ere enerelets MlclSistarals ste cyevste haters Geiger’s Mills.

Na dis? ESN IGT RG Sener Or Gee OneCare We orsyore tse citys eile Hughesville.

HE tee Epi SS CMV Zine <6 eis cre caxa cg crale’ este sisuaietainte le aelale« eye's e160 aia © Stele aa%e Analomink.
CONSULTING SPECIALISTS.

Botanist, é «....crof. W. A. Buckhout, =... State College.

IZ ONOLOLAST A Ste csie:e cicisr rere) ee, «le,0'eia Cyruse te MOxy ene eee see a gine:

WHCMISU Eos eecowese Or William rear,
WWiGtEISTIGE COM: -ce cious oteis ciclese cutee Drs Leonard Pearson,

Microscopists and Hygienists, Dr. Geo. G. Groff, .......

. state College.
..Philadelphia.
RUM LT CU MMe spectre one < cfaliers. ti e"eis,clevers Dr. Benjamin Lee, .......

Philadelphia.

.. Lewisburg.
Proti@. Ba Cochran en-nas

West Chester.

EMLOMUOLOZASTS) se cues occie «cele sie rg. Skinner) Sysc-ese. <6 Philadelphia.
Prof. Franklin Menges; .. York.
OrniGnHOlOSISts, 22. cic les ce cee Prof. H. A. Surface, ...... Harrisburg.
IMeteorologists, ...........cs00c- EPR Deni aise ster cceiee Harrisburg.
Joma BEFCACOCKS Aasiieiecctaayeiae Quakertown.
AVITVET AIO BIST yy ccto Steleclcisie ais’s oce'ss\e Col. Henry C. Demming,..Harrisburg,
PASE SE ayers n1ereie:e1s)e/sj0,e ee ee sie.0,0\6 Prof. Geos GaButzit. as sere State College.
KEOLOSISES! oie ion ce mle scape esis se Dr. M. E. Wadsworth, ....State College.

Col. Henry C. Demming,.

. Harrisburg.

503

504 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

STANDING COMMITTEES.

LEGISLATION.
Bieri, WS 1eB ISOS lakewbarkhes keogonogocsbnoopdd uoooUwIn oe Drumore.
Fon Jason Sexton), 2... J fn onOehoS Gav.Go TODO. COU Seo dODOne North Wales.
A ESCATNIOT: 5) woe. cteversis ake or eresloiectie eisisiora oie o's ss) Sotelo tere regsrs oj aceele tele. eratels Hughesville.
Coty Ge EEN AIE CHIS OMG, otieve.<heasieueteoiers ls clue oc. ece.e nisl cleave ele els eiempeye iw stots Warriors’ Mark:
So VE SIME CERGM TY, iz crecctorevege fotehereiletevsi.e.2 we 6! cin, Suayoheisisele aise lore cis lateiescielsteus Indiana.
CEREALS AND CEREAL CROPS.
RPT MEV OUIMUA. Seiep ers axe te oc ciatele eine eto aus ated eee arers, heporeiaue siapeveteinte retort Nekoda.
ROADS AND ROAD LAWS.
Pe SMe HONStCONVTAKERS Meteccrercs cietetenets cisieteicre octal «cree efeiet sicievelel eis /stohele Lanark.

FRUIT AND FRUIT CULTURE.

OMNES OM CTI he. c. cie ole. c siandleve coins) oareiestathers claiee eisiaaiorie eoniete eer Gee eleasaniteividiics

DAIRY AND DAIRY PRODUCTS.

DPA COMALA, © a. cisheets.s'. cerns setae saefeistemiale ca icten, nee eee WVEStTE LOVE:

FERTILIZERS.

Howard) G. McGowan, Chairman, \.5.-..5.0+ 4.0. --- oGelzems Millis:

WOOL AND TEXTILE FIBRES.

Samuel McCreary, Chairman, ~.......00. esses -s5-.20-.-. NeEShannock Malis:

LIVE STOCK.

D. A. Knuppenburg, Chairman ace ios terres rea Om OAT cys

POULTRY:

Norris G. Cemple. Chairmam), | nc. -cjes siemens ee ini nel= esi OCODSOMs

FORESTS AND FORESTRY.

Dra Jo. Rothrock, (Chainman wan. nccsdelacseienine aoe ari S Dunes

APIARY.

Teawvee Nelson: Chairmiyane cane cicmiiceiccrimeicniee cee oes ae eee awd Lee

FLORICULTURE. r¥
Edwin Lonsdale, Chairman, 2.1. .0.....000+0s00+e0s+cennne- WYNGMOOL, Filly

No. 6, DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE. 505

TWENTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE STATE
BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

HELD IN THE BOARD OF TRADE ROOMS, HARRISBURG, PA., JANUARY
27 AND 28, 1904.

PROGRAM.
Wednesday Morning, January 27, 1904.
Call to order at 9.00.

Roll-eall of Members.

. Reading of Minutes.

. Appointment of Committee on Credentials.

Reception of Credentials of Members-elect and Delegates.
Reports of Standing Committees.

Report of Committee on Credentials.

. Election of Officers.

. Unfinished Business.

. New Business,

Miscellaneous Business.

COARDM Po we

Hb
=

Wednesday Afternoon.
Call to order at 1.30.

Official Report of Pomologist of the Board, after which the remainder of this
session will be devoted to the subject of fruit culture, with special reference to
the San José Seale and other hindrances to fruit production. Papers will be
read or addresses delivered by the following named gentlemen, which will be
followed by a general discussion of the subject:

1. Prof. H. A. Surface, Economic Zoologist, Harrisburg.
2. Prof. Geo. G. Atwood, Albany, N. Y.

3. Dr, J. H. Funk, Boyertown, Pa.

4. J. H. Ledy, Marion, Pa.

5. Prof. R. C. Scheidt, Lancaster, Pa.
33

506 ; ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Wednesday Evening.
Call to order at 7.30.
1. Report of the Executive Committee.
2. Official Reports of Specialists of Board.

3. “ECONOMY IN FEEDING THE FARMER’S FAMILY.”
Jacob §. Miller, Friedens, Pa.

4. “THE RELATION OF ELECTRIC RAILROADS, TELEPHONE COM-
PANIES, ETC., TO THE AGRICULTURAL INTERESTS OF THE
STATE.”

° MATTHEW RODGERS, Mexico, Pa.

Thursday Morning, Jan. 28, 1904.
Call to order at 9.00.
1. Official Reports of Specialists of Board, Continued.
2. “A BROADER VIEW.”
H. V. White, Bloomsburg, Pa.

3. “SPHCIALTIES IN FARMING.”
Henry W. Northup, Gienburn, Pa.

4. “OUR NEW ROAD LAW.”
Hon. Joseph W. Hunter, State Highway Commissioner, Harrisburg.

Thursday Afternoon.
Call to order at 1.30.
1. Official Reports of Specialists of Board, Continued.
2. “THE MAN BEHIND THE PLOW.”
Howard G. McGowan, Geiger’s Mills, Pa.

3. “RELATION OF THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE TO FARM-
ERS’ ORGANIZATIONS AND THE FARMER.”

S. S. Blyholder, Leechburg, Pa.

4, Closing Remarks.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 501

MINUTES OF THE MEETING OF THE STATE BOARD OF AGRI.
CULTURE, HELD AT HARRISBURG, PA., JANUARY 27 AND
28, 1904.

Wednesday, January 24, 1904, 9. A. M.

The Board met in the Board of Trade Rooms at Harrisburg, Jan-
uary 27th, at 9 o’clock A. M., Vice President J. A. Herr in the chair.

The roll of membership was called and the following members
were found to be present: Maj. I. B. Brown, Dr. N. C. Schaeffer,
Hon. N. B. Critchfield, Gen. James A. Beaver, Norris G. Temple, A.
I. Weidner, S. S. Blyholder, H. G. McGowan, John A. Woodward,
NEE. Conard, 8. X. McClellan, J. W. Nelson, J. A. Herr, H. V.
White, George G. Hutchison, S. M. McHenry, Matthew Rodgers.
Henry W. Northup, P. S. Fenstemaker, A. J. Kahler, R. F. Schwarz,
Jason Sexton, J. Newton Glover, and M. N. Ciark.

The Minutes of the last meeting were read and approved.

The Chair appointed the following Committee on Credentials: Fl.
G. McGowan, S. 8. Blyholder, J. Newton Glover, A. I. Weidner and
Norris G. Temple.

The chairman of the Committee on Dairy and Dairy Products, Mr.
H. W. Northup, read the following paper:

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON DAIRY AND DAIRY
PRODUCTS.

By H. W. NORTHUOUP, Chairman.

The Committee on Dairy and Dairy Products make the following
report: .

The United States Secretary of Agriculture, Hon. James Wilson.
December 20, 1902, reported to Congress 5,740,000 farms in the
United States. The aggregate value of the annual dairy products of
the United States (says Henry. E. Alvord, Chief of the Dairy Di-
vision), considerably exceeds 500,000,000 of dollars; and according
to some estimates it is placed at 600,000,000 of dollars. Taken

508 ° ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

at a medium between these two estimates, the value is greater than
the yearly hay crop, greater than the crops of wheat and oats com-
bined, and much greater than the combined crops of cotton, tobatco
and rice. The only staple farm crop which exceeds the dairy in
annual value, is the corn crop. Hence we say, and can do so with
good authority, corn is king. This dairy branch of the country’s
food supply is even relatively greater than shown by comparative
figures; first, because the nutritive value of milk is exceptionally
high, and second, because milk and its products are directly avail-
able as food, without any expense in cooking, or other preparation,
and almost entirely free from waste., All dairy statistics must be
based upon the number of cows contributing to the milk supply.

The whole number of what may be considered dairy cows, in the
United States in 1900 is given as 18,112,707. The estimate given
for 1902 on the above number is, that we had at that time 18,200,000
cows. The average yield of milk per cow, was estimated to be
3,560 pounds per year, which seems not to be a large estimate,
The total value of dairy products in the United States in 1900,
being the last census, was 600,000,000 of dollars. This great coun-
try of ours is not only supplying its own people with dairy products,
but is quite largely exporting to other countries. The exports of
butter and cheese for the calendar year 1901, amounted to 3,006,344
of dollars.

Now we will consider the dairy and its products in our own State.
The latest figures obtainable report the farm value of dairy products
in Pennsylvania are exceeded by but one state in the Union. In
1900, the Twelfth United Stafes Census, we had 943,773 cows on
farms, and 78,301 that were not on farms, making an aggregate of
1,022,074 cows in Pennsylvania. The correct products of these
cows seems quite difficult to obtain, because it has not been fully
ascertained. The total number of farms in the State at the last
census was 224,248. Butter made on farms, 74,221,085 pounds.
Cheese made on farms, 857,167 pounds. Cheese made at factories,
10,267,443 pounds. Milk produced, 487,033,818 pounds. Butter
made in urban establishments 36,720 pounds, and this does not in-
clude the 78,301 cows not on farms. We have a total valuation
given of 35,860,686 of dollars, but that does not by any means ex-
press the full amount. These figures at once reveal the somewhat
startling evolution that has been effected from a simple and crude
beginning, to the high standard of dairying that prevails to-day
throughout this State.

I cannot close this report without speaking of the little county of
Lackawanna, the youngest in the sisterhood of the sixty-seven
counties of the State, and is not considered an agricultural county,
but a mining and manufacturing one; yet our farmers, having only

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 509

1,585 farms, are alive to the great dairy interests. About 8,000
dairy cows are owned in this county. A large amount of the milk
produced is taken into the city of Scranton; a city containing over
100,000 population. This product is principally taken on large milk
wagons, carrying as many as thirty ten-gallon cans. ‘They are set
off at the various milk stations, and also left on the premises of the
milk dealers. The business is increasing each year.

Silos are standing on nearly every farm, and fresh dairy cows
are worth from 40 to 50 dollars per cow. Some of the dairies in this
county are averaging at this time from ten to eleven quarts of
milk per cow, each day. Dairying is one of the chief agricultural
interests in the northeastern part of our State, and returns an in-
come to the farmer that is encouraging in his business.

The following report of the chairman on Forests and Forestry was
read by the Secretary:

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON FORESTRY.

‘

By Dr. J. T. ROTHROCK, Chairman.

Your Committee on Forestry would respectfully report continued
progress in State Forestry during the year elapsing since we last
met. It may be safely said now that the future forest policy of
Pennsylvania will, in all probability, be but an extension of what
already exists. We have purchased and are continuing to purchase
large portions of land which are to’ form part of the permanent
State Forestry Reservation. We have not only established suc-
cessfully, nurseries for the propagation of forest seedlings, but we
have already made a considerable start in the work of transplant-
ing these seedlings from our own nurseries into the ground where
they are to permanently remain—at least until removed by the
axe of the lumbermen—it may be a century hence.

We have a well organized fire guard established which needs but
to be extended to all the State holdings. We have inaugurated also,
(and I think that the State may look upon this with some pride) the
first public sanatorium probably in the world, which is to be re-
garded as associated with, and as an integral part of the forestry
reservation system. This Commonwealth has not been content to
disregard all other utilities of its forest holdings, and to consider
the production of lumber as the only element in the broad problem
before it; it has adopted a wider standard and, notwithstanding the

510 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

criticisms to which it may be subjected by some of the more con-
servative forestry folk, will adhere to its present purpose of recog-
nizing that the land which was purchased by the people and which,
therefore, belong to the people should never close a single avenue
of good which rightfully belongs to the owners.

Tuberculosis has well been spoken of as the “white plague,” a
plague which is perhaps, in many instances, as dangerous in its ulti-
mate results, to those associated with the sufferer as it is to him.
Its contagiousness is beyond doubt. The hope of restoration to
health from this disease in our crowded centres of population has
but a minimum basis of support. The most promising which the
invalid can do (providing he does it early enough) is to seek an
outdoor life. Already the most desirable locations in the State
are being purchased by wealthy citizens, or wealthy clubs, and these
are jealously guarded against all intrusion from outsiders. The
most desirable summer resorts are to-day as thoroughly closed
against a consumptive as if the sufferer were afflicted with leprosy.
He must go somewhere. He has the same divine right to life and
liberty and pursuit of happiness and health that any other of God’s
children has, providing he has done nothing to eliminate that
right. No mere pecuniary interests, not mere social claim for
selfish isolation can rob the sufferer of this right. The air, the
earth and the water should be, and by divine right are as free to
him as to any other living being. At this juncture the State steps
in and says: ‘We are the owners of this land, it was purchased by
you and is for you and for your children and it is the part of a wise
public policy to invite you on these outing grounds where you may
be restored to health, and become again a productive member of
society rather than remain a perpetual charge upon the bounty of
the Commonwealth.” This is the work which has grown out of the
Forestry Reservation system, and I hope that it may be regarded
by the citizens of this Commonwealth with just and proper pride.

The act of the last General Assembly provided the sum of $8,-
(00.00 for the establishment of a sanatorium for poor consumptives,
in the South Mountain, twelve miles southwest of Chambersburg.
Long before we were ready to receive patients, they came flocking
into us. It was in vain to say: “We are not ready; come when our
buildings are prepared,” the answer too frequently was, “Where may
I be when these buildings are ready?” The only thing we could
do was to accept the most promising patients and place them in
plain board cabins, erected with the money furnished by a few
generous friends. At present there are on the ground one large
assembly building, six cottages for the reception of female patients,
and ten cabins, giving us altogether power to receive at most thirty-
one patients. Since last March there have been on the ground

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 511

thirty-seven patients of whom eight have been discharged, cured;
and there remain seven more so positively benefited that they may
practically be considered as cured or, at least, so nearly cured as to
be able to earn their living by some outdoor vocation. We have
had our disappointments. No location, no system of medical treat-
ment, no hygienic rules will forever and in all cases produce bene-
ficial results. The primal fact remains that men are born to die.
We may, however, claim, and this is our only contention, that what-
ever is possible in the way of restoration of health of an invalid in
the mountains of Colorado, is possible also in the mountains of
Pennsylvania. The importance of this movement to the thousands
of tuberculosis patients in this Commonwealth, who are unable to
visit distant health resorts, is unspeakable. This work is in but its
infancy; every consideration of statesmanship and of humanity,
both to the sufferer and to those to whom he might communicate
the disease, demands that this work, so. auspiciously inaugurated,
should go on and be extended, until in every county in the State
there will be found some place where those afflicted with the dis-
ease may go, entertaining a reasonable hope of restoration to health.

It has seemed to the chairman of your forestry committee, with-
out any disparagement to the good colleges and schools of forestry
which are already in existence, that there remained room for one
more upon somewhat different lines. “Presenting his views to the
last General Assembly in the form of a bill, he was authorized to
purchase, or erect, suitable buildings for the purpose of training
State foresters. It is unfortunate that so little attention has
hitherto been given to what may be called practical woodcraft. It
is, of all acquirements in connection with forestry, the one most
difficult to obtain. Whilst it is true that the real, good woods-
man is a creation possessed of innate comprehension of woods and
water, science and experience, may to a certain extent, supplement
natural shortcomings. It is, nevertheless, equally true that there
are thousands of our estimable citizens who never can become gifted
as woodsmen. Forestry, without woodcraft possesses but one arm.
The object of our humble educational effort is, first of all, to make
men at home in the woods; second, to instruct them, not only in
their duties as foresters, but enable them to do, themselves, an
honest, whole day’s work in any branch of forestry. No man can
be adjudged a fit person to place in charge of a gang of workingmen
unless he himself knows what a day’s work is and how to doit. The
object of the school then is to train men to do any branch of forestry
work, and to furnish them with an education sufficient to enable
them to do this successfully, as judged by the standard of a scien-
tific forester. It is estimated that about one-half the time of our
fifteen students is devoted to study, and one-half to actual work.

512 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

These young men are, for the most part, mounted, they furnishing
their own horses, saddles and bridles, and the State furnishing the
forage. Fifty thousand acres is not a small farm. It represents
seventy-eight square miles. The whole of this ground has to be
policed in order to keep trespassers off. During the fire seasons of
spring and autumn it is necessary that a constant guard should be
maintained, and these young men do duty as sentinels to convey
information as early as possible, of any existing fire and to hurry
a fire fighting force on to the ground. There is just one other idea
connected with this, and it may not be amiss to allude to it in
this connection. These young men are under the law eligible to tak-
ing the oath of office which invests them with constabulary powers.
They are not only mounted but they are uniformed and armed, let
me add, without any expense whatever to the State. This is the
first mounted State guard that any Commonwealth, so far as I know,
in this Union, possesses for its rural districts. If the increase in
crime which is now sweeping over our thickly populated rural dis-
tricts should continue in the future as in the past, there will be
no safety in the home of the farmer or the isolated citizen, unless
it is furnished by the mounted police force. This may be regarded
as the settled opinion of a large number of our most intelligent
citizens. It is, therefore, a matter of some pride that this coming
movement should find its heralds in the Forestry Department of
Pennsylvania. It is useless for me to discuss again before your
body the general relations of forestry to the public weal. That
has been done over and over until you are all familiar with them.
I would simply add that it is a matter of great personal gratifica-
tion to me to be able to announce that Pennsylvania has come to be
regarded as the pioneer in forestry thought and action, and best
fitted to be an example to the other states.

The report of the Committee on Apiary having been called for,
Mr. J. W. Nelson made the following statement:

MR. NELSON: I was going to prepare a report on this subject
and when f received my program and did not see my name on it
I did not think it was expected of me to prepare a paper. How-
ever, since I am called upon I will make a few remarks and write
out a report later.

MR. NORTHUP: How are the colonies wintered this cold and
fearful winter?

MR. NELSON: They are not protected as they should be, but I
have found that outdoor wintering is as good as inside, if not better,
because in the spring it will be more injurious to put them out if
they have not been accustomed to being out of doors. There area

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 513

few things along this line that it is necessary to know. The first
requisite in the wintering of bees is to have pure honey and in order
to do that it is necessary to have sufficient granulated sugar to
winter them on. If you could take away all bee-bread and fix
them on a granulated sugar diet they will stand a long winter much
better. My bees were not able to put their head out of the hive
until last week one day, during all the winter, and that is too long.
If there is any honey dew and the bees eat that during the winter
they have to get out of doors and fly or they will get the dysentery
and will die. If they don’t get the dysentery they will stand it
quite a long while. The main thing is to prevent a draft in the hive,
that is, leaving your hive in the top, part open, so that the cold air
passing through is carried off from the hive. Cold is the worst
thing you can add. They winter better in a tree than in a hive; but
the question is with reference to our patent hives. You will allow
a draft to pass through unless you put in a cushion.

The SECRETARY: I am sure we are glad to have this verbal
report from the committee, and I know this report will be appre-
ciated if it is in some more tangible form; therefore, I move that the
chairman be requested to prepare a written report for the files of
the Board.

(The following written report was forwarded by Mr. Nelson to the
Secretary:)

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON APIARY.

By J. W. NELSON,“Chairman.

In making this, my first annual report as chairman of the Com-
mittee on Apiary, I will have to be brief, as the pressure of other
work has prevented me from giving the industry the attention it
deserves.

I do not think the Department gives this branch of agriculture
the recognition its importance demands. Aside from the very
important office of the pollenization of plants and flowers, the in-
dustry represents an outlay of many million dollars, and if prop-
erly managed is probably the best paying of any of the branches
of agriculture, either as a side issue or a specialty, in ordinary
years paying as high as 100 per cent. on capital invested. In the
twenty-four years I have been in the business there has been but

338—6—19038

514 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

one complete failure. Owing to the dry season of 1881 no honey
was produced in this section and most colonies had to be fed. In
all other years a reasonable surplus has been obtained.

Not many people seem to make a success of the business. Owing
to a lack of attention or the idea that luck or some other fallacy
has something to do with it, they fail. The real reason is lack of
attention at the proper time, followed, of course, by disaster, and the
blame is laid on the bees or the one who advised them to invest.
The business can be carried on by young or old, and especially ladies,
and only requires, first of all, a love for the work (the most inter-
esting of all branches of farming). A knowledge of the bee, its
habits, its methods, its diseases, its management and its language
is necessary.

First, its habits. A colony of bees consists of a queen and from
forty to eighty thousand workers, and as few drones as possible.
The queen and workers are hatched from the same eggs, the differ-
ence being produced by different food and position while hatching.
The drone or male bee is hatched in larger cells and all drone-comb
should be removed from the brood chamber. The swarming habit
should be controlled, and there are many methods too numerous
to mention, in this report. If natural swarming is allowed, the
bees should not be disturbed till settled and then given a frame
of brood or some old combs to clean up. This ‘will keep them busy
and they will forget to abscond.

The bees gather from the fields propolis or pitch to stop up cracks
or fasten frames and pollen to feed its young, in which operation
they fertilize your fruits and flowers and help to increase your crops;
and last and best of all, nectar or honey, one of the two primary
foods recommended by the Scripture as making man wise. Wax is
a by-product and is the most expensive, for the bees consume large
amount of honey in its production, and the wise bee keeper will
save all his comb possible and use it from year to year, and that is
why extracted honey can be produced so much cheaper than comb
honey and is much easier handled and is just as good to eat, and
when candied can be brought back to a liquid form by exposure to
a’ warm temperature for about forty-eight hours; but should not be
exposed to direct heat as it is easily spoiled by direct contact with
heat or exposure, either comb or extracted, to moisture. It should
always be kept in a warm, dry room where it will keep indefinitely.
The methods of the life of the bee never change and are easily under-
stood if carefuly studied, and probably no domestic animal or in-
sect yields more readily to intelligent management than the honey
bee.

Its diseases are one of the most common causes of failure, from
the fact that the bee is subject to at least four specific diseases, one

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 515

of which—bee paralysis—attacks the old bees but does very little
harm, for a change of queens seems to settle the matter generally.
The other three are more serious and are bacterial in form and
attacks the larve or undeveloped brood.

No certain remedy has as yet been found although much progress
has been made by private individuals; but the State should take up
this matter just as it has done with tuberculosis in cattle and the
San José Scale in orchards; for we know Foul Brood, Clack Brood
and Pickled Brood exist to an alarming extent in the State and
should be exterminated by law, and we ask the Department to
bring this matter to the attention of the next Legislature. There
are in the State 161,670 colonies oft bees, which produce 2,526,202
pounds of honey annually, which it is safe to say can easily be
quadrupled without crowding. During the year I purchased some
empty hives from a neighbor and now have some well developed
cases of some bee disease which can only be determined by examina-
tion in the spring, with the danger of having all the rest exposed
to the disease, hence the necessity of some protection becomes ap-
parent.

Next, its management. This is the most important point of all.

The honey-bee has a language of its own easily understood when
you get used to it. The past season has been unfavorable in.
many respects. The fine weather in March stimulated brood-rear-
ing only to be followed by cold in Apri! and part of May. The sum-
mer was generally cool and not favorable for the secretion of nectar
in flowers, which process requires warm nights with moist but not
wet weather. If I get two weeks of good warm nights in buck-
wheat bloom I count the season a success, as in my section we get
very little surplus early in the season. Buckwheat, though plenty
and full of bloom, did not produce much surplus this year; but a
warm September made up in part by giving us a fine flow of moun-
tain or wild honey; fine white in color and No. 1 in flavor, its only
fault, its liability to granulate, which it will do either extracted
or in the comb.

The report of the Committee on Floriculture having been called
for, was read by Mr. Engle for Mr. Edwin Lonsdale, chairman, which
is as follows:

516 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON FLORICULTURE.

By EDWIN LONSDALE, Chairman.

Mr Chairman and Members of the Pennsylvania State Board of
Agriculture:

In the report of the Committee on Floriculture last year, mention
was made that two flowers had been revived that were popular
twenty-five and more years ago. The Richardia, Aethiopica, com-
monly called the Calla or Lily of the Nile—though it does not belong
to the lily family, but is an Arum—and the Poinsettia Pulcherima,
and they are still holding their own during the present season,
And there is another old favorite coming to the fore, namely, the
Camellia Japonica, or, as it was called in the heyday of its popu-
larity, simply “Japonica,” along in the late “sixties” and early
“seventies,” is now called for principally on sentimental grounds on
account of bygone associations. Thousands of dollars’ worth of
these plants were destroyed some years ago because the flowers
were a drug, and at the present time enough flowers cannot be
secured sometimes to fill orders. Camellia plants grow slowly,
whereas roses, for winter blooming, under present improved cul-
tural methods, may be grown to full maturity in less than one year.

To go back for a moment to the Calla. Seed of it is now being
offered by enterprising seedsmen, and if it proves to grow as
quickly and produce flowers as freely as it is claimed for it, an over-
supply of Calla flowers may very soon be looked for.

Carnations are steadily being improved by the raising of seedlings,
and an improvement in cultural methods is quite noticeable. At
one time, and not very long ago, carnations were planted in the
poorest greenhouses on the place; now the very best with all the
latest improvements in appliances are not a bit too good for them.
Prices for the very best were higher last Christmas than ever be-
fore.

Among roses, the three old standbys, namely: American Beauty,
cerise, The Bride, white, and The Bridesmaid, pink, are holding their
own against all comers. Meteor, crimson, is being displaced by
the newer Liberty, which produces a brighter colored and more
shapely flower, besides being more fragrant. Three new roses for

No 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 517

winter blooming are so far in sight to be disseminated during the
present year, namely, the much advertised La Detroit, the color
of which is pink, and the crimson General McArthur. This is said
to produce flowers very abundantly and with less heat than is re-
quired by other crimson roses. Uncle John is a sport from Golden
Gate. It has more pink coloring than has the variety from which it
is a sport.

Violets have been in oversupply, especially during the holidays
just past, principally on account of growers holding them back in
the hope of securing higher prices. Holding flowers back, on gen-
eral principles, is a mistake. There is a limit to the length of time
flowers may be held and yet give satisfaction.

Palms for home adornment have not sold so freely during the
past year as formerly, nor has the Rubber Plant, it having receded
somewhat from its one time great popularity, not that either Palms
or the Rubber Plants are less suitable than formerly, for there are
no plants better suited for the purpose indicated. The recent finan-
cial troubles are believed to be at the bottom of the lack of demand
in this branch of the trade.

Planting hardy plants for permanent effect is decidedly on the
increase, especially in the hardy flower garden. At one establish-
ment where five acres were devoted five years ago to the culti-
vation of the hardy perennial herbaceous flowering plants, thirty
acres are now in use for that purpose, showing more than anything
else could do how the demand for this class of flowering plants has
increased in so short a time.

The old Peony has lately taken a jump into popularity, and it
deserves to do so. It is not at all particular as to soil. All that
it needs is an open situation where it can get lots of air and sun-
shine. It delights in a rich soil, though it will thrive under neglect
more than any other plant I know of.

A National Peony Society has been organized and a Peony Com-
mittee has been appointed by the Society of American Florists
to look after its interests. The former organization has a trial
ground in Rochester, N. Y., and the latter in Fairmount Park, Phil-
adelphia. Much benefit to the Peony is likely to accrue between
the work of the two bodies in straightening out the nomenclature
of this somewhat neglected hardy flowering plant. To keep the
varieties true to name is not an easy task on account of the her-
baceous character of the plant as labels cannot very well be attached
thereto, and Jabels driven into the ground are easily misplaced by
the lifting process by frost and careless workmen. Unlike any
other flowers that I know of, some Peonies may be kept several
weeks in cold storage. To do this successfully, however, they must
be cut at a certain stage in the bud state, which can only be known

518 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

exactly by experimenting, some varieties being more amenable to
this process than others. A movement is afoot to hold a grand
exhibition to be national in its character at a date when Peonies are
ready to flower at the latest date at points north, so that those
which flower in the earlier part of the country could be held in
cold storage awaiting those which flower later, thus bringing them
together at a convenient point for the purposes of comparison and,
where necessary, for correction as to naming.

Taking floriculture from a financial viewpoint, it has not been so
successful as some years immediately preceding the years 1903-1904.

Dr. Schaeffer in the chair.
The CHAIRMAN: What shall be done with this report?

On motion it was ordered to be accepted and filed.
The report of the Committee on Live Stock was called for.

DR. M. E. CONARD: I was not aware that I was on that com-
mittee. I have been on it for three or four years and I thought
there was a change at the last annual meeting and consequently
I have not prepared a report. I don’t know that I could cover any
new ground in a further discussion of it, or any ground that I have
not covered in former years, except to encourage the raising of
more stock on account of the high prices which prevail in our State,
and I would therefore suggest a re-reading of our old reports. I am
very sorry there was a misunderstanding on my part or I would have
prepared a paper.

The CHAIRMAN: I want to say for these reports that I have
found them interesting. I had intended to go off to my own special
work but I thought that they were so interesting that I would stay.

The SECRETARY: We have reports from two of the Specialists
of the Board, which have been sent to me. If it be the will of the
Board we will have them read now.

The CHAIRMAN: I think the Committee on Legislation is about
ready to report:

MR. SEXTON: The Committee on Legislation has not had time
to confer and if there are no objections we would ask to put off our
report until afternoon.

Mr. HERR in the chair.
The CHAIRMAN: I see Professor Hamilton is present and we
would be glad to have some remarks from him.

PROFESSOR HAMILTON: I am very glad to meet the members
of the old State Board. It is unnecessary for me to say that for

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 519

I have no doubt you will agree with me that these annual reunions
delight us all.

My duties have taken me over fourteen or fifteen different states
in the last nine months. I find one sentiment that prevails every-
where. The people of the country generally are coming to recog-
nize agriculture as the greatest industry that we have and, I think,
there has never been a time in the history of the country when
there was more interest taken, by intelligent people, than there
in Just now in agriculture. In order to give you some idea of what
is going on I will state, that I was down in Knoxville, Tennessee,
last summer and attended a meeting there in which there were
twelve hundred farmers who had come up to the University at
Knoxville. They were about the finest looking people I ever saw.
They remained four days and had meetings each forenoon and even-
ing and visited the Experiment Station. The business of the Uni-
versity was suspended and the professors devoted themselves to en-
tertaining the visitors. Papers were read and discussed at the
regular sessions, and they had a series of very enjoyable and pro-
fitable meetings.

I was down in Mississippi a little later, and there four hundred
farmers came up to a meeting at their University and spent four
days there. The University turned its buildings open and the vis-
itors lived in the University building and boarded in the University
halls.

I was also in South Carolina, and there two thousand farmers
came up to their University and staid three days, showing how much
they are interested in the work of agriculture.

I have been out in Wyoming, at Sheridan. There were men
present who traveled fifteen hundred miles to come to the meeting.
They had a display of agricultural products. Some of those exhibits
weie carried over the country one hundred and fifty miles before
they came to a railroad. So the work is going on everywhere.

Last week I was out in Nebraska and saw a sight that did me
good. I had been invited to talk to a company of students con-
nected with the University. I supposed that they had a small agri-
cultural organization among their students, such as we find in East-
ern colleges. When I came into the hall there were four hundred
young men; two hundred out of them belonged to the University in
the regular course, and two hundred were graduates of the institu-
tion who had come back to this meeting. It was a great sight! The
next evening the hall of the University in Lincoln was filled. There
were anywhere from twelve hundred to two thousand people
present. So everywhere—in Ohio, West Virginia and other states,
there is this great interest manifested in the development of the
agriculture of this country. As I said, there has never been a time

520 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

it. the history of the country when there has been such a marked in-
terest on the part of intelligent people in the development of the
farmer’s work. The farmers’ institutes have done a great deal
towards stimulating this interest, and I think also that the agri-
cultural colleges and experiment stations have had a great deal to
do with the great improvement in the condition of the farmer which
have so recently taken place.

I am glad to hear that the institutes are doing so well in Penn-
sylvania and that they are being attended as of old, the attendance
being limited by the capacity of the halls.

The State Board used to feel, | don’t knew how it is now, that they
did not have very much on hand. As I think over the work that
they are now doing in the farmers’ institutes, I feel that if they
never do anything more than that, they will be of grand service to
the citizens of this State. The time consumed in the discussion of
the great educational farming subjects has been well-spent. It is
certainly a great work that you are doing in carrying on the in-
stitutes, and no more valuable service can be performed than just
that service. Information in agriculture is needed and this instt-
tute movement is doing more good than any other one thing that
is now being done for the elevation of agriculture.

It has seemed to me that there is another line of work that this
Board might take up to advantage, which would certainly give full
occupation for the balance of its existence and that is, the better-
ment of the agricultural societies of our several counties. This
Board is made up of the representatives of the agricultural dis-
tricts of the State, and I cannot help but feel that the old State
Board of Agriculture has not done for the little agricultural socie-
ties, in the several counties, all that it ought to have done; that we
have neglected our home agricultural organizations. The Board isa
representative body and these county organizations in the several
localities send you as representatives.

I suppose I am stating the exact truth when I say, that these
agricultural societies have been deteriorating in Pennsylvania.
They have been getting a little worse every year. Many of them are
no longer agricultural societies in any proper sense, but are contri
buting their time to exhibiting fake shows that are disreputable,
which ought not to have a place in any decent entertainment... We
have iooked on and allowed this deterioration to take place. Don’t
you think it is time that the Board should take up the question of
the improvenient of the county agricultural societies of Pennsylva-
nia? I have seen something of what has been done elsewhere, par-
ticularly in the Province of Ontario, Canada. They are making a
ereat deal of these local exhibitions and societies, in their ridings,
which correspond to our counties, and they are making them educa-

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 621

tional. They are cutting out all this fake show business and are
utilizing theiz local exhibitions for the benefit of the agricultural
people in the communities in which they are held and are making
them strict'y agricultural shows. For instance, in the fair ground
there is a set of experiment plots, conducted by experts. The plots
are located on vacant land within the fence that surrounds the fair
ground, so that when visitors come to the summer or autumn fairs,
there are demonstrated a number of interesting field experiments
right before them; experiments in grains, in grasses, fruit crops,
fertilizers. There is somebody there to show the visitors precisely
what these things mean. A great deal of improvement has come to
their agriculture through the use of these experiment plots that are
in the fair grounds of the agricultural societies in Ontario.

Then they have expert judges, who are thoroughly capable to
come and take animals into the arena and there show what consti-
tutes superiority in animals for breeding, or for draught or for
driving, as well as what constitutes superiority in animals for milk
and the characteristics ef breed swine. So that the exhibition of
each is an educational feature of their fair. These demonstrations
by experts are held at different periods of the time during which
the fair is held. They also have a cooking school for the ladies going
on all the time. Here are given demonstrations of how things are
done according to modern scientific ways with reference to the
preparation and cooking of food. They also have lectures on hy-
giene.

Then, in addition to the instructive features of the fair, the sam-
ples that are placed on exbibition are not merely for the purpose of
showing the superiority of the particular product, but the person
_ that is exhibiting it has an opportunity to sell it, and if you want to
purchase ten bushels or one hundred bushels, of the grain of which
this is a sample, you have an opportunity to do so. It makes it con-
venient for the owner to be able to sell his entire product at the fair,
whatever it may be. So that it isa great advantage to persons, who
are interested in agriculture, to attend the fair.

It seems to me that our county societies could be so organized
as to furnish a stock farm and keep one or two well-bred stallions,
one or two well-bred bulls, perhaps several swine and several bucks,
and so on through the list, in every county of the State. The result
would be of great benefit to our farming industry. The service
might, first of all, be for the members of the association at a nominal
rate and then allow the general public to have the use of these
animals at a reasonable price. This method there is no doubt would
result in having a better class of animals bred. I believe we might
not only improve the animal industry of our State in a very few
years, if we had such a breeding establishment in every county, but

522 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

that in a great many other directions it would be possible to make
these fairs educational instead of fake shows, that not only benefit
no one, but are a disgrace to the communities in which they are
held. They are called agricultural fairs, but are like Josh Billings’
discourse on milk, which referred to everything else but milk. At
the so-called agricultural fair the managers put on exhibition a few
bushels of wheat and a few pumpkins and other products, but they
are not at all typical of the agriculture of this. great State. I be-
lieve this Board could take an entire session, not only a half a day,
but that it could take the entire meeting of two or three days, with
great profit to the agriculturists of the State, and have fifteen,
twenty or thirty papers read and discuss this subject. There would
be work enough, in connection with the farmers’ institutes, to keep
the Board busy and it would be profitable work. If the members of
the Board wouid give their attention to this subject it would be a
great benefit to the people all over the State.

Then there is another thing in this connection, and that is, we
ought to have one great fair in Pennsylvania, annually. These sum-
mer fair societies in the different counties, and this Board, are in-
terested in this annual State fair which we should have and I do not
see why the State Board might not take up the subject and take
such action as would result in getting up a State Fair in Pennsyl-
vania that will be something like the kind of fair that our neighbor-
ing state, New York, has each year and which now has become the
resort of those of advanced thought in agricultural subjects and
an annual assembling place for agricultural people who are inter-
ested in all that goes to make the farming industry a success. This
State Board can do a great deal to effect this. If the State Board
will continue its improvement of the summer exhibits by the county
associations and make them what they ought to be, and then to
crown all get up one great exhibition for the State, it would be a
great benefactor to the agriculture of Pennsylvania.

I believe the Board could profitably take an entire session in the
discussion of the subject I am now talking about and in that way
come to some conclusion as to the practicability of carrying out the

suggestions that I have rather crudely stated.

MR. HERR: I see General Beaver is in the audience. Will he
’
step forward and assume his position in the chair?

GENERAL BEAVER: You keep the chair. I would just as soon
sit here.

The report of the Committee on Credentials was read, and the fol-
lowing persons were recommended to be admitted to membership
in the Board:

No. 6 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 523

M. N. Clark, Claridge, Westmoreland county, L907.
H. G. McGowan, Geiger’s Mills, Berks county, 1907.
F. Jaekel, Hollidaysburg, Blair county, 1907.
\W. H. Brosius, Drumore, Lancaster county, 1907.
Edwin Lonsdale, Wyndmoor, Philadelphia county, 1907.
W. E. Perham, Niagara, Wayne county, 1907.
S. M. McHenry, Indiana, Indiana county, 1907.
A. T. Holman, Nekoda, Perry county, 1907.
. M. Biddle, Carmichaels, Greene county, 1907.
E. Tower, Hop Bottom, Susquehanna county, L907.
. A. Knuppenburg, Lake Carey, Wyoming county, 1907.
. E. Chubbuck, Rome, Bradford couaty, 1907.
. F. Koller, Shrewsbury, York county, 1907.
. M. Kendall, McConnellsburg, Fulton county, 1907.
. C. Snavely, Lebanon, Lebanon county, 1907.
M. M. Naginey, Milroy, Mifflin county, 1907.
S. X. McClellan, Knox, Jefferson county, 1907.
W. C. Black, Mercer, Mercer county, 1905.
. The Committee recommended that J. W. Nelson, of Shawville,
Clearfield county, be admitted and that his certificate be referred
to the president of the Clearfield Society, for recognition.

Hades

The following persons representing agricultural organizations,
were recommended by the Committee to be admitted as advisory
members: ;

Cyrus T. Fox, Reading, Berks County Agricultural and Horticul-
tural Association.

H. Seidel Thorn, Reading, Berks County Agricultural and Horti-
cultural Association.

Gabriel Hiester, Harrisburg, Pa., State Horticultural Association.

W. F. McSparran, Furniss, State Horticultural Association.

W. T. Creasy, Catawissa, State Horticultural Association.

Earle Peters, Mt. Holly Springs, State Horticultural Association.

Enos B. Engle, Waynesboro, State Horticultural Association.

The SECRETARY: I move that the report be amended by in-
structing the Secretary to communicate with the Jefferson county
people asking whether there is a vacancy, and if there is, that the
Secretary be instructed to place Mr. McCracken’s name on the roll.

The motion being seconded, it was agreed to.

MR. HUTCHISON: I move that the persons named in the report
be elected as members of the Board. :

A Member: This Board does not elect its members. They are
selected by county organizations.

524 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

MR. WOODWARD: It recommends that the members, however,
be elected. They are elected by the county societies.

The motion being seconded, it was agreed to.

MR. McGOWAN: I move that John G. Sheeler be admitted as a
delegate.

MR. CLARK: I would like to include the names of Mr. B. F. Kol-
ler, who represents poultry; also Dr. Armsby, of State College.

DR. ARMSBY: The State College has a representative.

MR. CLARK: I also move that Deputy Secretary Martin and ex-
Secretary Hamilton be included.

The motion being seconded, it was agreed to.

The report of the Committee on Fertilizers was read by the chair-
man, Mr. McGowan, and is as follows:

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON FERTILIZERS.
By H. G. MCGOWAN, Chairman.

Fertilizers are used very extensively in Pennsylvania. They have
found their way among the farmers in every section of the State.
Suffice it to say that more are sold in eastern Pennsylvania than in
the northern and western portions. We believe, however, that a
more economical use of commercial fertilizers should be practiced.
he practice to enrich the soil through the fertilizer bag is com-
monly practiced, which, in some cases, is a loss to many farmers. A
more judicious use and care of the barnyard manure on the majority
of the farms in Pennsylvania would be wise. An illustration of this
was seen in several cases where the barnyard manure was wasting,
being exposed to sun and rain, freeing the most valuable elements
of the manure by letting the liquid run away wastefully. Last year
this was seen where the agent resided who sold and used fertilizer
by car-load lots and left much of his barnyard manure go to waste.

Again, the farmers of Pennsylvania should acquaint themselves
better and become more expert in calculating values from off the
bogs and not be forced to accept the sermons of the different fer-
tilizers agents as they come along. A complete fertilizer contains
three elements; nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash. A growing

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 525

tendency among many of our farmers is to use only potash and
phosphoric acid and spending money for nitrogen, which is the most
expensive ingredient, and which can be obtained through leguminous
plants.

It is estimated that our farmers sustained a loss last year of a
million dollars in the United States in neglecting to properly care for
barnyard manure. Let it be suggested as a means of preventing the
escape of one of the most valuable elements (nitrogen), that our
farmers resort to hauling out barnyard manure daily and that 14
pounds per animal of land plaster be used as an absorbent to pre-
vent the escape of the nitrogen. Phosphoric acid is also used to
good advantage during the season, spreading it over the manure.
It is very much more to the advantage of the farmer to use land
plaster and thus save the escaping ammonia, than to buy commer-
cial fertilizers on the market. Commercial fertilizers are very
helpful to increase crops when judiciously used, but too much
money is unwisely spent by the farmers of our own State. We
spend annually in the United States over $50,000,000 for commercial
fertilizers.

Home mixing of commercial fertilizers is practiced to some extent,
but not as much in Pennsylvania as in New Jersey. The annual
saving to the farmers in New Jersey in one year by home mixing
of fertilizers is estimated at nearly $500,000. This is an item too
large to be overlooked and it would be well for the farmers of
Pennsylvania to experiment a little more along the line of home
mixed fertilizers.

Our Department of Agriculture or Experiment Station might,
with advantage, co-operate with farmers along the line of home-
mixed fertilizers and prove thereby to be a saving to the farmers.
In New Jersey the truckers and farmers saved from 25 to 40 per,
cent. in the purchase of commercial fertilizer plant food. Farmers
are beginning to more closely follow the advice of our Experiment
Stations relative to values of feeding stuffs and commercial fertili-
zers. Too much reliance ought not be placed upon commercial fer-
tilizers to the extent as to neglect to use fallow crops and anima}
manure.

We commend the Department of Agriculture for the efficient
methods of having commercial fertilizers analyzed by the Experi-
ment Station, thus enabling the farmer to intelligently understand
just what the value per ton of all brands of fertilizers purchased.
No better money-saving act was ever passed for the benefit of the
farmer, than was the “Act regulating the manufacture and sale of
commercial fertilizers” in our State. This act is self-sustaining
through the license paid by the manufacturer. However, be it said,
that the enforcement of the violation of the requirements of said

526 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

act might be more rigidly enforced, when goods do not come up to
the requirements of the law.

During last year in Pennsylvania there have been received from
sampling agents 1,126 samples of commercial fertilizers, and 542
analyzed; 365 were complete fertilizers, furnishing phosphoric acid,
potash and nitrogen; 82 furnishing rock and potash; 56 acidulated
rock; 27 ground bone, furnishing phosphoric acid and nitrogen. Be
it said to the credit of the manufacturers, that over two-thirds of
the samples subjected for analyses were found running over guar-
antee. The general tendency of the fertilizer trade is to use com-
plete fertilizer, which is correct; but where farmers will take judi-
cious care of all farm manure the omission of nitrogen may be
heeded and with advantage buy fertilizer containing only potash
and phosphoric acid.

MR. WOODWARD: I move that the report be accepted and filed,
and the motion being seconded, it was agreed to.

MR. TEMPLE: If I am not mistaken it has been the custom to
appoint a committee to wait upon the Governor, and I, therefore,
move that such a committee be appointed.

MR. SEXTON: I second the motion and say, that we would like
to have him present.

It was agreed to.

The CHAIRMAN: [appoint Messrs. Temple, Sexton and Schwarz
as such committee.

The CHAIRMAN: I omitted to call for the report of the chairman
of the Committee on Poultry.

MR. TEMPLE: I have my report at the hotel and neglected to
bring it with me this forenoon. I will bring it with me at the next
session.

The CHAIRMAN: The next order of business will be the election
of officers for the’ensuing year. TI appoint Messrs. White and Hutch-
ison to conduct the election. We are now ready to receive nomina-
tions for vice presidents.

MR. CLARK: I nominate Hon. Jason Sexton, of Montgomery
county.

MR. MARTIN: I nominate Henry W. Northup, of Lackawanna
county.

A Member: I nominate M. N. Clark, of Westmoreland county.

MR. TEMPLE: I move that the nominations close and that the
Secretary cast the ballot.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 52

The motion being seconded, it was agreed to. .

The SECRETARY: I cast the ballot, as directed, for Messrs.
Northup, Sexton and Clark to fill the office of vice president.

The CHAIRMAN: The next in order will be the election of the
Executive Committee. There are nine members to be elected.

MR. TEMPLE: I nominate Mr. A. J. Kahler, of Hughesville, Ly-
coming county.

MR. McGOWAN: I nominate Mr. Matthew Rodgers, of Juniata
county.

A Member: I nominate Mr. N. G. Temple.
MR. NORTHUP: I nominate Mr. R. F. Schwarz, of Monroe county.

MR. HUTCHISON: I nominate Mr. S. M. McHenry, of Indiana
county.

A. Member: I nominate Mr. H. C. Snavely, of Lebanon county.
A Member: I nominate Mr. H. G. McGowan, of Berks county.
A Member: I nominate Col. John A. Woodward, of Centre county.

MR. WOODWARD: I have been whispering and been whispered
to and was not paying strict attention to what was beifig done.
understand I have been nominated on the executive committee
I would respectfully decline on account’ of having other duties t¢
perform.

A Member: I nominate 8. X. McClellan, of Clarion county.
MR. McGOWAN: I nominate Mr. Glover, of Union county.

MR. HUTCHISON: I move that the nominations close and that
the Secretary be directed to cast the ballot for the gentlemen who
have been nominated.

The motion being seconded, it was agreed to.

The SECRETARY: In accordance with the instructions, I cast
the ballot for the following named persons to serve on the execu-
tive committee: Messrs. Kahler, Rodgers, Temple, Schwarz, Me-
Henry, Snavely, McGowan, McClellan and Glover.

The CHAIRMAN: Unfinished business.

The SECRETARY: There is none.

The CHAIRMAN: New business.

MR. WOODWARD: The selection of place for the next meeting,
I suppose, would come properly under that head?

The CHAIRMAN: [I think so.

"528 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

MR. WOODWARD: I request that the meeting be held at Belle-
fonte. It was at one time thought last year you would meet at
State College, but for certain reasons it was abandoned. Our most
important hotel, the University Inn, was destroyed by fire. It will
be with difficulty that we can make our friends as comfortable as
we would like to have them and we ask them to make their meeting
at Bellefonte, where there is fine accommodations and where you
will be in the center of Pennsylvania and of the universe and have
the best water in the United States, and be in company with the
best ex-Governor in the United States... The proposition is to ask
you to meet at Bellefonte and then we want you to give us one day
at the State College. We propose to have a special train and feed
you once at the college and bring you back to Bellefonte for the
evening meeting. We invite you to come to Bellefonte and we will
come down and meet you there. I hope, Mr. Chairman, this will be
accepted in the best faith and accepted so thoroughly that nobody
else will think of making mention of any other place.

MR. HUTCHISON: I wish to second that request and state that
Bellefonte is one of the nicest towns to visit in Pennsylvania. The
hotel accommodations are ample and the water, which is one of the
requisites to a pleasant and successful meeting, is abundant and
as good people as live on the face of this earth live there; I say
this because it is only twenty-one miles to Warriors’ Mark.

MR. NELSON: I would like to suggest that this Board meeting
be held at Clearfield. I believe we have as good hotel and railroad
facilities there as anywhere else. We handled the State Grange _
last year. I assure you that you will secure a good welcome for
yourselves and the cause of agriculture.

GENERAL BEAVER: I also add my recommendation for the
meeting of the Board to be held at Bellefonte rather than at the
State College. I know the members will be interested in the ques-
tion why we ask you to come to Bellefonte rather than to the State
College. I believe there is not a place in that town, or in the col-
lege, that is not occupied by students or professors. They are over-
taxed for accommodations and that is the reason why the invita-
tion does not come from the college, for there is a special reason for
going to the college on account of its close relationship with agri
culture. Colonel Woodward told me that he had met the repre-
sentative of A. A. Reed & Company, the largest manufacturers of
dairy implements in this country, or at least one of the largest,
and that industry had gone into other states and he was told that
we had the best dairy building, at the State College, in the United
States. There is only one that approaches it and that is in

No; 6: DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 529

Massachusetts. That building will be finished at the time you visit
there. If it is not the first of the agricultural group which is to be
completed, it comes second in the group, and the third will be the
main agricultural building, which is practically provided for by
the Legislature ¢ ° us. But whether this meeting will come at
the time of the dedication, and the throwing open of that building
for use, or not, you will all have the opportunity of viewing it and
that is worth a day’s visit on a special train which will not cost
the Board or the State a cent. I think we can get the railroad
company to run a special train there and at the college they will
give you a good dinner in the armory. I hope my friend from
Clearfield will come to us this time and help us along in our efforts
to have this next meeting held in Bellefonte.

MR. CLARK: I think as the Deputy Secretary has more to do
with that meeting than anybody else, he ought to be heard on this
subject.

MR. MARTIN: Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen of the Board of Ag-
Ficulture: I have listened with a great deal of pleasure to the kind
invitation which you have received from Bellefonte, by those repre-
senting that location, as well as from the gentleman from Clear-
field county. My association and connection with the State Board
of Agriculture, as you are well aware, is arranged by your having
charge of farmers’ institutes, county and local, in the different coun-
ties of the State. This relationship has been very pleasant in the
last five years. I have found you ever willing and ready to take up
this work in a cheerful and most efficient manner.

As to the selection of a place for holding your semi-annual meet-
ing, I beg to say, I have no personal preference. Any locality of
easy access by railroad, having abundant hotel accommodations, |
assure you, will be acceptable to me. But, my friends, there are
other considerations which, if it were in place and this were the
proper time, I would like to suggest. We have come to the time,
in the history of the educational part of the farmer’s institutes
in Pennsylvania, in which those who impart instruction to the farm-
ers of the State must be equipped for that work. We have held a
number of what are known as annual or “round up” meetings in
Pennsylvania, continuing about two days in duration. We have
been exceedingly hurried in all this work, to such an extent that I
am impressed with the idea that our next meeting should be one in
which greater deliberation should be exercised in the preparation of
the program and in the instruction to be there given. This delibera-
tion should consist in instruction and adjusted conditions relative to
the normal institute lecturer, who goes out in the field the coming
year. It was in my mind, and I want to be frank with you, as insti-
tute chairman, to suggest that we make this annual meeting of

34—6—1903

030 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

institute lecturers and directors one of normal instruction and con-
tinue it for five days in which it should be sub-divided, by drawing
from the Experiment Station the very best instructors along the
lines of soil fertility, of animal industry, and also of farm opera-
tions, and have the farmers’ institute lecturers there, as a class,
digesting the subjects discussed along certain lines with reference
to the most approved and scientific methods in order that they be
fully equipped for the work in hand.

Now, my friends of the State Board of Agriculture, you know
that plants feed upon the fertility of the soil by solution and so
we expect, as institute lecturers and directors, that we will draw
from these Experiment Stations and scientists these facts and
figures and conditions and digest them as they are taught to us.
It is my opinion that when we go out we should have these facts so
considered and investigated as to give to the farmers of the State
much important instruction on the various topics outlined. This
ilustrates my thought.with reference to the direction of these
farmers’ institutes. ;

My suggestion then is that when we meet it shall be as directors
of institutes, county chairmen of institutes and lecturers, and draw
from the Experiment Station at State College the very best in-
structors—let each take their turn along with the scientists which
we may secure from other places and spend that week in actual
normal exercises giving and imparting mutual instruction. I throw
out these thoughts that we may better understand each other. I
would like to have the co-operation of the gentlemen, who are chair-
men of institutes and who feel disposed to spend five days at Belle-
fonte or Clearfield, or wherever you go. In taking up this work,
1 feel we have approached a time in normal institute work when
the man or woman who attempts to instruct others, must be well
informed and versed along the lines which he or she proposes to
give instruction, and the stimulating power ought to be this normal
work which we should supply, fitting us more directly and perfectly
for the work.

Just another thought. The usual time for holding the semi-
annual meeting has been about the first or second week in June,
which, in ny judgment, is a very inopportune time. Institutes close
about the first of March and begin about the first of December.
This annual meeting ought to occur about the latter part of October,
or a month before we begin institute work, thereby affording inspi-
ration and equipment to carry forward the work. I present these
thoughts, and if they are not acceptable, and the members of the
Board think it is not the right thing for the upbuilding of institutes
I want you to say so; but I sincerely believe that the date at which
they have been formerly held is an inopportune time because it is
on the threshold of the harvest season. As I stated before, I think

No 6, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. d31

that about a month before we begin to hold our institutes would be
a more appropriate time for the annual normal institute.

MR. WOODWARD: I want to say that I have not had the
pleasure to call on Mr. Martin, my friend, the Deputy Secretary.
So I have not inspired him with that speech, but I desire to thank
him for stating so ably the splendid opportunities afforded in meet-
ing at the State College. The other subject, with reference to
the time of meeting, I have not had opportunity to take up but I
am heartily in accord with that side of the question. The seltction
of the place of meeting is one question. You are just as welcome
in Bellefonte in October asin June. Perhaps those questions should
be voted on separately.

MR. SEXTON: I move that we accept the invitation extended by
Mr. Woodward and General Beaver.

MR. NELSON: I desire to say that we accept ex-Governor Bea-
ver’s proposition with the understanding that he will say that we
have the next best chance. While I have the floor I wish to thank
Mr. Martin very much for the opinion that he has expressed because
we want something more along that line. We want something a
little more definite and a little more in advance than our institute
lecturers give us to-day because we can get a great deal of what
they teach us from our papers. I also think that the remarks of
Professor Hamilton are well put and that he has certainly advanced
good ideas with reference to the interests of the farmers.

MR. WOODWARD: If you should conclude to spend a week at
Bellefonte we could take you to the State College every morning
and bring you back to Bellefonte in the evening, and I have no doubt
that lecturers would be provided such as has been suggested by
Deputy Secretary Martin. It may be if you postpone your meeting
until October we might be able to provide accommodations at the
college. The arrangement could be very easily made so that the
evenings could be given to the members of the Board. I think Mr.
Martin has very aptly called it the normal class in the institute work,
and if our professors there knew it in advance they could prepare
lectures that would be especially adapted to the mature mind and
mature experience of the men who represent this Board. It is an
admirable idea and would tell immensely for good, not only in the
institutes next year, but for years to come. I am sure that the
college authorities would be very glad to make this a great success.
I am sorry to say that Dr. Atherton is suffering from inflammatory
rheumatism and was not able to get around to this meeting; but
Dr. Armsby is here and I have no doubt he will carry out my declara-

532 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

tion that the college will do ali in its power to earry out the sug-
gestions of Mr. Martin.

The SECRETARY: If the members of the Board think that Octo-
ber would be the best time for the meeting to be held and that it
should be held in Centre county, a motion that a committee be
appointed composed of Messrs. Beaver and Woodward, to determine
whether it shall be held at State College or Bellefonte, would fix
the whole thing in one motion.

MR. CLARK: I move to amend as follows: That this meeting
shall take place in October at such time as the Deputy Secretary
shall fix.

MR. WOODWARD: I accept the amendment, that the meeting
be in October and held at Bellefonte or at the State College.

MR. MARTIN: I have pretty thoroughly gone over the situation.
We find that the fairs, which are held in the different counties of
the State, have nearly all been held by the latter part of October,
with a very few exceptions, and it seems that either the latter
part of October or the beginning of November would be a most
suitable time.

The CHAIRMAN: I think we ought to give that a good deal of
consideration and I think we ought to vote on the first proposition
first, that is, as to the selection of a place.

MR. WOODWARD: The change from June to October or Novem-
ber, has my hearty approval.

MR. McHENRY: fit strikes me that we have only one question
before this body, that is, that we hold the meeting at Bellefonte.

Question was put and it was agreed to meet at Bellefonte.

MR. FENSTEMAKER: Wouldn’t the lateness of the season for
the holding of the meeting be against the seeing of the crops grow-
ing on the experimental farm and wouldn’t that be a great disad-
vantage?

DR. ARMSBY: There is not any one time that you can see
everything growing there. In the latter part of October a great
deal of the plot work would not be in condition to be seen direct
in the field, but with the class of materials we could have there I
dont think that would be necessary. The plots are there and you
can see the matter of making experiments. Of course, it would
not be quite the same as to see the plots actually growing, but some
would be visible.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 533

MR. McHENRY: I think that the main part of this whole ques-
tion is in the hands of the Deputy Secretary. The institute work
comes under the charge of the Deputy Secretary and it does seem
io me that it would be proper to leave this question to him and
the executive committee of the State Board. I want to say that I
am very much pleased and gratified with Mr. Martin’s remarks in
regard to that meeting. Iam very well satisfied that many—I will
say some—of the chairmen of institutes of the different counties,
could bear a little bit, or little more learning along the life of hold-
ing county institutes. I am sometimes inclined to think that even
some of those sent to the different counties to tell us what to do
might be a little better acquainted with some of the subjects about
which they try to instruct us. I would like to see about a week’s
instruction imparted to institute managers, because I believe they
are the persons who must make county institutes a success, there-
fore, I am very much in favor of the remarks of our worthy Deputy
Secretary, Mr. Martin.

The CHAIRMAN: A very good thing would be to get an expres-
sion from every manager in the State, because an expression from
them would result in finding out whether they could take that in-
struction during that week. My only objection would be, that it
is a very busy time and when farmers are so busy it is hardly pos-
sible to get them to attend the institute. Normal instruction is
a splendid idea. I was present in Ohio at a meeting about the
beginning of September, and they decided on very much such a
course, in which the institute workers would have training under
scientific instruction, and I think that would be all right, but
whether you can get the institute managers from all over the State
to spend a week in that kind of work, I have my serious doubts.

MR. BLYHOLDER: I move that this meeting enaurse and favor
a week’s instruction as indicated, sometime in October, the time to
be fixed by the Deputy Secretary of Agriculture.

Motion seconded.

PROFESSOR HAMILTON: I had opportunity this last year to
attend a meeting of this character, held one week at the Geneva Ex-
periment Station, in the State of New York, and the following
week down at the Cornell University. There were meetings such as
has been outlined by Mr. Martin. There were present at the Cornell
University thirty-seven workers of the New York state institute
force. The meetings were held morning, afternoon and evening.
There were lectures delivered by officers of the Experiment Station
during the meetings up at Geneva, and time was given to make an ex-

534 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

planation of the experiment work. Some of the lecturers had ref-
erence to the scope of the experiment work, what it was doing. Each
lecturer provided a syllabus of his lecture, and there was thus
placed in our hands an outline of what he was to talk about before
he began. There was little necessity to take notes because the
syllabus was quite full. I went there as a spectator and, listening
as a scholar, was very much interested and instructed. I made it my
business to inquire as to the impression the lecturers received from
this instruction and they said they regarded it as of very great value;
it helped to fix in their minds the truths of science as understood by
our leading scientific people as far as it related to agriculture and
furnished those who went out to instruct others with such infor-
mation as was needed and gave them a better idea of what they
should teach and how they should teach it. The general opinion
was that the meetings had been of very great service and the con-
vention is to be continued during the succeeding years. All were
quite interested and while the visit to the University was of great
service to the University, it was also an eye-opener to the many in-
stitute lecturers. I think the lecturers from this out will have
greater resy ect for the officers of the Experiment Station as to their
capability than they ever had before. I believe that a similar feel-
ing will result in these meetings which you propose to conduct along
the same line, and I believe that the movement for the education of
the lecturer is a necessity. No educational institution can rise
above the qualifications of its teachers, and if the institutes are to
be improved the first thing is to improve its lecturers.

When I went to Washington to take charge of this work, which
I am now engaged in, in looking over the field I found the first
thing to do was to get into touch with the teaching force and secure
a list of the men and women who were employed as state institute
directors all over the United States. After securing the names and
addresses of these men and women, I sent out a circular asking for
data respecting their personal history, their ages, their educational
qualifications, their life work, what they are now engaged in and
the subjects they profess to teach. Immediately upon getting that
information I miade arrangements with the Department of Agricul-
ture, by which the scientific publications of that Department should
be sent out to these men for their information, and also entered
into communication with the Directors of the Experiment Stations
of the United States and requested them to send, to this list of
names, which amounted to over nine hundred, their literature. This
has been done and there come to me letters and personal state-
ments from institute workers showing their appreciation of ‘this
service, and I believe that the next great work for the building up of
farmers’ institutes must be in the direction of the education of the

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 535

teachers. This is a move that you are making in the right direction,
and I am glad that my old home State is starting in this work of
educating her lecturers.

The CHAIRMAN: Was there a bulletin published of the list of
institute workers?

PROFESSOR HAMILTON: Yes, sir; such a bulletin was published
and sent to all the Experiment Stations and to all the institute
directors of the State.

MR. NORTHUP: I desire to make a statement in reference to
myself in respect to what has been done by the efforts put forth
by Secretary Hamilton in connection with those bulletins. I appre-
ciate very highly those bulletins and pamphlets which have been
sent to me, and I can say that they have helped me wonderfully.
I don’t know what I would have done as chairman of the institutes
without having the benefit of them. I have used a great deal
of oil in the perusal of these papers. I appreciate the work of
Secretary Hamilton and I am glad that he was engaged in the
State Board of Agriculture and that be is connected with this
work to-day. I am sent out sometimes to talk to the institutes,
and I dislike to talk nonsense. J have had my own experience on
ihe farm, and when [ come to examine these bulletins and pamph-
lets I know I am right and know it by experience and it braces a
man up wonderfully, and he is able to do the work better not only
for his country but for his God.

DR. ARMSBY: I simply arise to confirm what the gentlemen
before me say with reference to the school of instruction. , I think
there has been no more important step taken than the one proposed
for improving the condition of the farmers in this State; and
TI want to say to Secretary Martin that we shall consider it not
only our pleasure but our duty as servants of the State to serve
the institute workers in this way, and I very sincerely hope that
the State Board of Agriculture will pass this resolution that is
before them, leaving the details to be worked out by the Deputy
Secretary of Agriculture.

MR. McHENRY:[ am heartily in favor of this resolution now, but
I think we are making a mistake in fixing the time. There are so
many things to be done in October. It is the busiest time we have
in our country, from the first of September until the last of October.
I can’t see why, after a thorough examination, this time cannot be
left to the Deputy Secretary. Another thought that strikes me. I
am not certain but that the information which the Deputy Secre-
tary intends to give us ought to be a little earlier than that. I

536 : ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

think it would be beneficial to me, up in Indiana county, if I had it a
little sooner. Some of us are a little slow and I would have a little
more time to consider what I ought to know and do at the coming
institute. If you don’t let me have this information until October,
on account of having lots to do at this time, I will have very little
time to prepare myself for my duty, and, besides, do all that I
should do in connection with my work.

The CHAIRMAN: The question is to have the meeting sometime
in October, at the call of the Secretary, and to be for one week.

It was agreed to.

On motion, adjourned at 12 o’clock M.

AFTERNOON SESSION.
The Board met at 1.30 P. M., with Mr. Jason Sexton in the chair.

The CHAIRMAN: The first subject for the afternoon is the Report
of the Pomologist, Mr. Fox.
The report is as follows:

REPORT OF THE STATE POMOLOGIST.

By CyRUS T. FOX, Pomologist.

Gentlemen: As pomologist of your honorable body, it becomes
my duty to present a report at this annual meeting in regard to the
fruit results of the past season, and any matters of interest which
may have arisen during the year.

In the first place, it may be stated that the year, as a whole,
was unfavorable for fruit in Pennsylvania. The season was early,
owing to a comparatively mild winter, and fruit trees blossomed
from ten days to two weeks sooner than usual. While they were in
full bloom there occurred a rainy period which washed off the
polen of the blossoms, rendering them unfertile. Following the
rain came a period of drought, which extended throughout a season
of 50 days, and was, to a large extent, obstructive to the fertilization
of the blossoms which had escaped the effects of the heavy rains
of the latter part of March and beginning of April.

o
oo
4

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

APPLES,

Notwithstanding these adverse conditions, there was a fair crop
of apples throughout the State, especially in the counties border-
ing on the New York line, where, in fact, the yield was large. In
other sections the crop was below the average. A severe storm
in the early part of October was very destructive just at the time
when winter varieties of apples were to be picked, and there was a
heavy loss in consequence. Some growers in Pennsylvania, having
regular customers for apples, were compelled to go to northern
Pennsylvania to obtain supplies of fruit.

PEARS.

The season was favorable for pears in most parts of the State,
especially for the Kieffer, which seems to have all seasons as its
own. Every grower had Kieffer pears, but the price realized was
so small as to scarcely pay for the picking. The fall varieties, such
as the Bartlett and Seckel, did not do as well as usual. It appeared
te be an off-season for the Bartlett, and the pears of this variety
which were marketed commanded a good price. Pear trees in a
number of sections of the State suffered from blight more than in
previous seasons.

PEACHES.

There were very few peaches. The same conditions which inter-
fered with the success of the apple crop, injured the peach crop, viz:
An early starting of the buds and then a succession of rain storms
just as the trees were in bloom. One grower, for instance, who in
the previous year had 10,000 baskets of peaches, did not have over
200 baskets to send to market in the season of 1903. The outlook
for 1904 is very uncertain. The severe cold experienced this winter,
especially during this month, when the temperature was at different
times under ten degrees below zero, makes the problem very un-
certain.

PLUMS.

The Japanese varieties of plums seem to be the salvation of the
plum crop. Where orchards of the approved Japanese varieties
have been planted there have been fair crops and the plums have
been marketed at prices which have paid the growers. Not much
more can be said in regard to the plum crop, except that sprayings
with the Bordeaux mixture have proved quite effectual,

538 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

QUINCES.

This is a fruit which is very much neglected. Nevertheless, it is
one of the most important in the entire list, important, because
there is not a housewife who does not look for it in the fall of the
year when fruit is being “done up,” as the family saying goes; im-
portant, because it is one of the finest of all fruits for jellies, pre-
serves and marmalades; important, because there is no other fruit,
im its green state, so thoroughly advantageous to the stomach and
liver, particularly acceptable to the Jatter on account of its known
presence of phosphoric acid. The quince, besides, is a highly profita-
ble fruit, selling at a higher price than any other; not by the
measure, but, most frequently, by the dozen specimens, bringing
from 50 cents to $1.00 per dozen. Unfortunately, the quince is more
subject to the ravages of the San José Scale and codling moth than
any other fruit.

CHERRIES.

Cherries did well in some sections of the State, but were scarce
in the southeastern counties. Sour cherries brought higher prices
than in a number of years, selling for 10 to 12 cents per quart,
showing the great popularity of this fruit. While no particular at-
tention is paid in Pennsylvania to new varieties of cherries, it
would be well to foster every new kind presented, particularly such
as are earlier than those now commonly sent to market.

GRAPES.

It was hoped that the dry weather experienced during May and
June would be favorable for the grape crop; but the wet weather
of July, which was general throughout the State, resulted in con-
siderable rot. Nevertheless, there was a good crop, almost equal
to that of the previous year, which was, in certain respects, a phe-
nomenal one. Considerable wine was made, especially where the
Clinton and Ives’ seedling yielded well. As for table use, the Con-
cord still holds its own as being the most popular variety.

SMALL FRUITS.

Strawberries, raspberries, blackberries and other small fruits
were greatly cut off in their yield by the June drought. The fruit
was of excellent quality and commanded good prices.

NUT CULTURE.

More attention than ever is being devoted to nut culture. Chest-
nut trees are being grafted with the new varieties, which bear in
from two to three years after being grafted, and the fine, large

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 539

nuts are very salable. English walnut trees are also found to suc-
ceed in most sections of Pennsylvania, especially in the southern
counties. In some parts of the State walnut groves have been
planted, owing to the demand for walnut lumber in the trades.

- THE SAN JOSE SCALE.

The greatest menace to the fruit interests of Pennsylvania is the
San José Seale. I expect to say very little in regard to this pest,
because we now have an eflicient Economic Zoologist, who has been
giving this pernicious insect his thorough investigation, and will
have much to report in regard thereto at this meeting; but it is so
important a subject that I do not know when I shall stop. Suffice
it to say, at this time, that unless some very vigorous, and what
may appear drastic, methods are employed, there may be no fruit
in Pennsylvania, of any consequence, in a few years.

It was on the 23d of January, 1895, that your pomologist sounded
the first note of alarm in regard to the appearance of the San José
Seale in Pennsylvania. At that time it had appeared in but one
county, brought on trees obtained from a nursery in an adjoining
state. The same month, however, it was reported in two other coun-
ties from trees obtained from the nursery above mentioned. Be-
fore the end of 1895 it was in twelve counties. Thus it continued
its progress until by this time almost every county in Pennsylvania
has been visited. The Economic Zoologist will be able to tell you
in regard to its advancement year after year.

Such being the case, it is plainly to be seen that unless something
is done there will be no fruit trees in Pennsylvania within a short
time. Take the example of two of my intimate friends in my own
county. They are professional men, who have been successful each
in his own line, the one in medicine and the other in dentistry. They
concluded to embark in fruit growing in a commercial way, securing
efficient help and paying the price. The farm which they purchased,
near the city of Reading, was planted with the most approved varie-
ties of trees—apples, pears, peaches, plums and quinces. Not much
attention was given to cherries, and nothing to small fruits. But
thousands of dollars were invested in other fruits, especially such
as would bring early returns—peaches and plums.

After a year or two the farm seemed to be a success. Choice
peaches and plums were sold in the Reading market at remunerative
prices, and there was a demand for all that were put on sale. The
apple and pear trees throve, and soon a fine orchard of Kieffer pear
trees commenced to bear. Then the San José Scale made its ap-
pearance. Where it came from, the owners of the orchard were una-
ble to learn, nevertheless, it was there, and soon had possession of
every tree. No worse blight ever came over any orchard. The trees

540 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

in a short time were ruined. Instead of trying the known remedies,
the owners of the orchard, thoroughly discouraged, concluded to de-
stroy the trees, and so they gave orders to their employes to root out
and burn them. This was done at a loss of thousands of dollars.

Now this is one case. What are we going to do to-day in regard
to the thousands of other cases in Pennsylvania? In reports which
your pomologist has received within the past month he has found
that the San José Scale is distributed generally throughout the
State. In several counties it is only in isolated districts, but it will
not be long before each and every district in the county will be
infested.

It needs but little influence to aid in the dissemination (if that is
the right word to use) of the San José Scale. For whether dissem-
inated, as is the case with the sowing of the seed of the ox-eye
daisy or other wild weeds, or whether transported by the winds or
carried by the birds, and thus fastened upon the twigs of the trees
which are to become its prey, it is certainly a most grievous pest,
the worst which the fruit growers of this or any other country have
experienced.

At the outset your pomologist stated that he would not have
much to say in regard to the San José Scale, but as these lines have
been written, he feels that there is a certain duty which he should
perform, and that, while it is true, another more able than he
(the Economic Zoologist) is to follow, there are many of his friends
who would be glad to know his views. Shall we have Pennsylvania
fruits on exhibition at the World’s Fair at St. Louis, for instance?
Yes, if our fruit trees are, meanwhile, not destroyed by the San José
Scale. Why so pessimistic? Because it is known that trees have
been destroyed in three months from the time that they have been
attacked.

What, then, shall we do to combat this dreadful pest? The Eco-
nomic Zoologist will tell you what to do. Ue favors the lime, sul-
phur and salt solution, to be sprayed upon the trees. The disad-
vantage of this is that it is disagreeable to handle and requires pro-
longed boiling. The more difficult that it appears to farmers to
prepare a remedy, especially in the busy season—the spring of the
year—the less likely they are to make use of it.

The lime, sulphur and salt solution is prepared as follows: Lime,
unslaked, 40 pounds; sulphur, ground, 20 pounds; salt, 15 pounds;
water, 60 gallons. This is known as the California wash and has
proven very effective wherever used. It is recommended by the
Experiment Stations of nearly all the states and by the leading
horticultural societies.

_ A cheaper and, perhaps, more effective wash was discovered by
your pomologist in a sojourn of two months last fall in Virginia.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 541

There, large orchards have been established, some of them hundreds
of acres in extent. Of course, all the known remedies for the San
José Scale have been tried in that state, for the Virginia orchardist
has gone into the business of fruit-growing for profit and not for
pleasure. The products of his orchard are now on sale we might
say, without exaggeration, all over the world. Take the case of one
grower near the city of Roanoke, Va., who recently marketed a
crop of apples, realizing from 25 acres the snug sum of $5,500, with
what we know as the “culls,” bruised and imperfect apples, left
for cider and vinegar. There are companies in the same neighbor-
hood having hundreds of acres in apple trees. One of these com-
panies sold the crop of Albemarle pippins of the season of 1903 for
$16,000. Apples exported to Europe, carefully packed, have brought
$11 per barrel in the Liverpool markets. Under the circumstances,
is it any wonder that the apple growers of Virginia have been on
the alert in regard to the San José Scale.

The wash which has been found very effective in Virginia, and
in the successful use of which there is corroborative evidence from
Western New York, is known as the caustic soda wash. This, being
to a considerable extent corrosive, should be applied to the trees
early in the winter, after the leaves have fallen, and again in the
spring, before the foliage has developed. It must be applied with
skill and, hence, the necessity of observing carefully every detail.
Otherwise it is as safe to use as the lime, sulphur and salt wash, and
is much more effective.

The formula is easy to remember, because it starts with certain
figures, and then drops to one-half, and then use the figures men-
tioned at the beginning, as follows: Lime, 34 pounds; sulphur, 17
pounds; caustic soda, 3 or 4 pounds (according to strength desired) ;
water, 1 barrel. This can be mixed without boiling, and can be
sprayed through a Vermorel nozzle, care being observed to use a
clear quality of lime, that which has little grit, so that the solution
will not clog the nozzle of the sprayer.

Whale oil soap and crude petroleum, it might be mentioned here,
are very effective for the subjection of the San José Scale. These
are the remedies mentioned by your pomologist in his report of
January 23, 1895. The whale oil soap solution should be sprayed
on the trees in winter, when they are dormant. It is destructive
of the foliage.

The kerosene emulsion is prepared as follows: Hard soap, shaved
fine, half pound; soft water, one gallon; kerosene, two gallons. Dis-
solve the soap in boiling water, add the kerosene, and churn with
a force pump until a smooth, white butter-like mass is formed which
adheres to glass without oiliness. For application to trees infested
with the scale, dilute the above with five parts of water.

542 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

But here we have been giving remedies for the scale without
having any intention of doing so. We would still say, look to your
Economic Zoologist. He is testing all the remedies, and doing
it on scientific principles. He sticks to the lime, sulphur and salt
wash, and, barring the trouble of its preparation, it is, no doubt,
still the best. He will tell you to-day how to prepare and how to
use it.

But what shall we say in regard to a law to prevent the spread of
the San José Scale, one which will compel a person having trees in-
fested with the pernicious insect to take steps to rid himself of the
pest and prevent his neighbors’ trees from becoming infested?
Here is where comes in the necessity of a drastic law—one which
will enable a duly authorized person to enter upon the premises,
inspect the trees and order such as are infested to be treated or
destroyed. And who shall be this “duly authorized person?” He
must be one who knows; one who can discriminate between the San
José Scale and an ordinary bark louse. And where are we to get
such persons? In truth, they are scarce. The nurseries cannot
even furnish them. But we can establish schools of instruction.
Where? At the Pennsylvania State College, for instance. Young
men can be instructed there in a few weeks’ time. In one year we
can send out hundreds of young men fully competent to enforce
any San José Scale law which the next Legislature, in its.wisdom,
may see fit to pass. See what has been done by the dairy school
of the same institution.

Action is about being taken in the South for the passage of laws
to prevent the spread of the boll weevil—an insect which threatens
the annihilation of the cotton crop of this country. <A loss of mil-
lions of dollars resulted to the cotton growers of this country in
the last season through the ravages of the boll weevil. Can it not
also be said that the fruit growers of this country have lost millions
of dollars through the ravages of thg San José Scale?

If it is necessary to pass laws for the suppression of the cotton
weevil, just as much is it necessary to adopt stringent measures, and
pass proper laws, to prevent the spread of the San José Seale.

sut why the necessity of all these laws? Do we not have now a
law on the statute books relative to the peach yellows which is not
enforced? Yes, there is such a law, and a very good law it is. It is
one which can be enforced, but, unfortunately, but little attention is
paid to it. It also, to a certain extent, covers the San José Seale.
The law, however, should be broadened; its penalties made severe,
and then it should be enforced. No right-thinking man will evade
its provisions, and all others should be compelled to observe them.
The next Legislature should make an ample appropriation for the
further investigation of the San José Scale, and for the enforcement

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 543
cf any law pertaining to its suppression, as well as the prevention
of any contagious or infectious diseases destructive of fruit trees,
such as the peach yellows and peach rosette.

PENNSYLVANIA FRUIT AT ST. LOUIS.

One year ago your pomologist, in his annual report, called atten-
tion to the importance of making arrangements, in due time, for a
proper representation of Pennsylvania fruit and flowers at the St.
Louis Exposition. We are gratified to be able to report that the
necessary steps have been taken, and that through the action of the
committee on horticulture of the Pennsylvania Commission of the
Louisiana Purchase Exposition your humble servant was appointed
superintendent of horticulture, to take charge of the arrangements
for a proper representation of the fruits, vegetables, plants, flowers
and shrubbery that could be secured in Pennsylvania for exhibi-
tion at the great World’s Fair this year. Fruit growers and horti-
culturists in every county in the State have been communicated with
during the past month, and the replies received show that a very
creditable display can be made. That it will be made depends
largely upon the correspondents who so promptly responded to the
letters of inquiry. Instructions will shortly be sent to all such
correspondents as to what to do, how and when to send their exhib-
its, and what will be desired of them during the season of 1904, in
order that there may be a continuous display of the products of the
orchards, gardens and greerhouses of Pennsylvania. It is espe-
cially desired that there shall be a fair representation of the native
fruits of Pennsylvania—such as had their origin within the borders
of the State; for instance, the York Imperial, Smokehouse, Baer,
Haas, Fallawater, Keim, Krauser, Ewalt, Dickinson, Jeffries, Le-
high Greening, Kocher, Rambo, Strode and other varieties of
apples of peculiar value and excellence.

The CHAIRMAN: The next person on the program is Professor
H. A. Surface, Economic Zoologist.

PROFESSOR SURFACE: Since there are several papers on this
subject, and I speak extemporaneously, I should prefer to have the
other papers read, if it is convenient, and I shall follow the others.

The CHAIRMAN: If there are no objections we will change the
program to the extent that has been suggested.

The CHAIRMAN: Professor Geo. G. Atwood, of Albany, N. Y.

PROFESSOR ATWOOD. I esteem it a very high privilege to
meet with you. That pleasure is enhanced by the further fact
that I am the messenger of cordial greetings from the Agri-

544 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

cultural Department of New York to your Board. One other thing
that is pleasant to mention is, that I have learned since coming here,
that my superior Commissioner of Agriculture of the State, is a
worthy nephew of your venerable chairman. I might say that
everything I shall say, is what I have learned in regard to fruit
inspection within the State of New York. The State of New York
has a horticultural inspection law and is divided into ten divi-
sions; each division is in charge of an inspector, whose duty it is
to carry out the provisions of the law, acting as agent of the Com-
missioner of inspections, of the San José Scale and other insect pests
is constantly at work. Primarily, the object of the law was to pro-
vide said provision for the Commissioner and the subjection of the
San José Scale.

In 1898, the San José Scale first became known in the State and
the people became alarmed, and the thought was that the only place
for them was in Southern California. The first work was to inspect
the nurseries because that was the medium through which they
were being distributed, having originally come from California.
From the nursery work the inspectors went to the orchards and
they have given a great deal of attention to them. We have visited
many hundreds of orchards throughout the State. An amendment
was recently passed by which the agents of the law were compelled
to examine shipments into the State; that has been productive of
much good. A year ago an amendment was made in the law re-
quiring all nursery stock that came into the State to be fumigated
with hydrostatic acid gas. The constitutional power of the law
{ will not mention. Other states have the Scale. You need not be
afraid to say you have it here in this State. It seems to be scat-
tered all over the fruit growing sections of the United States and it
is no wonder that we are alarmed. It is a very great pest and is
destructive to the life of your apples, pears, plums, peaches, cur-
rants; it is absolutely destructive. That, you see, covers the entire
list of fruits. I suppose there are a few quinces raised in this State.
] have gathered here some notes in regard to the matter.

The following paper was then read by Prof. Atwood:

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 545

THE SAN JOSE SCALE AND METHODS FOR ITS DESTRUC-
TION.

Y PROF. GEO. G. ATWOOD, Albany, N. Y.

According to the United States Census of 1890 there were in the
State of Pennsylvania 11,193,417 fruit trees, while in 1900 there were
17,844,269, an increase of 59.4 per cent. in the decade.

The number of plum and prune trees increased nearly fivefold,
and the number of peach, pear and cherry trees about threefold.
Apple trees increased in the ten years from 9,097,700 to 11,774,211.
The increases mentioned were quite evenly distributed throughout
the State.

Of the total number in 1900, 66 per cent. were apple trees; 19.7
per cent. peach trees; 5.4 per cent. cherry trees; 4.6 per cent. pear
trees; 4.3 per cent. unclassified. The hinderances to the profitable
and full development of orchard fruits are many. They consist of
both insect and fungus pests. The annual loss to the agricultural
crops of the country caused by insects is estimated at 10 per cent. of
the product, and those who are best informed and who are capable
of making an estimate of the losses caused by fungus parasites gen-
erally estimate the losses at even more than the losses caused by in-
sects. Twenty per cent. at least of the fruit crop of this State is
annually lost from causes that are to a large extent preventable.

The production of orchard fruits in Pennsylvania, according to
the latest reliable reports, the United States Census of 1900,
amounted to $7,976,464; small fruits, $1,268,827; nursery products,
$541,032; plants and flowers, $2,246,075; total, $12,032,398.

Two and one-half to three millions annual loss is an dmount well
worth an attempt to save. The work of your State Board of Agri-
culture and of your Experiment Station demonstrates in a very
clear manner how it may be done. It is now “up to” the practical
fruit grower to apply the remedies and receive the rewards.

Insect enemies may be divided into two classes (1) those that
destroy the foliage and fruit, and (2) those that are called danger-
ously injurious and involve the life of the trees and plants that they
infest. The fungus diseases that are a menace to fruit growing are
the parasitic vegetable growths that destroy the foliage, retard the
full development of the fruit, deface its appearance and cause pre-
mature decay. Other losses are produced by causes yet quite ob-
scure.

35—6— 19038

546 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Dec.

If in the foregoing paragraph we have mentioned the principal
pests of the orchard, we fortunately have at hand remedial measures
for each that will reduce losses to a minimum and at the same time
improve the quality, appearance and keeping properties of the fruit.

The essential tools of the orchardists of to-day are the cultivator
and the spray pump. Both should be spelled with capital letters
and the proper uses of each be fully understood.

If the orchard is unthrifty, the cause may be looked for at the
foundation of the trees; it may need fertilizing and cultivation. If
on the other hand single trees or a portion of the orchard are sud-
denly checked in growth, or give other evidences of injury, like wilt-
ing leaves or dropping of fruit, the cause may prove to be an attack
of fungus growth or an infestation of some insect. If the apples
drop soon after forming, or if they are wormy, the codling moth is
undoubtedly present. If the leaves are eaten bodily, some one of
the many caterpillars or beetles may be blamed. If the plums drop
before ripening, a little crescent mark on the surface proves the
curculios injury. If the trees bloom but fail to set fruit, possibly
the bud moth or case bearers are at work. If peaches ripen prema-
turely, or if they fail to grow the cause must be found.

If “honey dew” is abundant the aphides abound. [If the leaves
and fruit of pears are blackened and sticky look for psylla. Ascer-
tain the cause of the trouble and apply the remedy. Every orchar-
dist should acquire some information relative to the insects and
fungous pests that surround him. A few leaves, twigs or fruits
that are not in normal condition can be mailed to your Experiment
Station with an explanatory letter. The various Stations have illus-
trated bulletins on the principal pests of the orchard. Study the life
history of a certain insect from the ege state to the larva, the
cocoon,, the pupa and the adult.

Classify, or at least observe, the difference in the habits of insects,
and you will soon learn where in the life of an insect a poison or
other remedy will be most beneficial.

A small hand-glass one magnifying from 12 to 20 diameters will
be found useful. Fungous species are more difficult to classify, but
afford to the trained mind an unbounded field of interest. Bacteria
are known to be the cause of certain diseases of plant life and the
‘auses of two important diseases of the peach still remain obscure.

It is along these lines that scientific students of entomology, my-
cology, chemistry and of horticulture have devoted their attention
in the past few years. The results of their work may be summed
up in the statement,” that there“7s a practicable remedy for the more
important pests that the orchardists and fruit grower:must combat to
line by his business,

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 547

One of the most important features of the work that has been devel-
oped to an extent but of which much more undoubtedly can and will
be discovered as time and experiment progress in the use of insecti-
cides and fungicides, is in uniting the two; we refer to what may
be called poisoned Bordeaux mixture. If Bordeaux mixture is
required to prevent fungi, its application must be made at such
favorable times as will insure the best results as a fungicide; fortu-
nately it is known that arsenical poisons may be added to the Bor-
deaux mixture without deterioration either to the mixture or the
poison. The right time to apply Bordeaux is the right time to apply
the poison to reach many of the injurious insects of the apple, pear
and quince.

The extensive use of the lime-sulphur-salt wash in 1903 as a rem-
edy for San José Scale has developed the fact that this preparation
is a most excellent preventive of the leaf curl of the peach, and one
case is known where the lime-sulphur-salt was a perfect check to pear
psylla.

Many formulas for the preparation and method of applying them
have been recommended; but the following are such as have been
most satisfactory in New York State. Success in the use of fungi-
cides is dependent on their preventive effect. Rarely can any gain
come from an application after the affected plants show injury, for
by that time the fungus has penetrated beneath the surface and
consequently beyond the reach of sprays. Such poisons as the
arsenites remain upon the surface of the foliage or fruit and kill
the insects after they eat them. Insects which do not chew the sur-
face but pierce to the inner tissues from which they seek nourish-
ment are not affected by such poisons.

For these sucking insects applications which kill by contact are
adopted. Thoroughness in application is essential with contact in-
secticides since the insects must be touched by the spray. The time
is also important as some insects are protected within rolled-up
leaves or in other ways and are then harder to reach than at earlier
periods.

Gases kill by inhalation and can prove effective only upon insects
not in egg or pupal stages.

INSECTICIDES: ARSENICAL COMPOUNDS.

Paris Green.—One pound per 100 to 200 gallons of water to which
four pounds of quick lime should be added for each pound of Paris
green. Four to eight ounces of Paris green or other arsenical com-
pounds may be added to each 50 gallons of Bordeaux mixture with
perfect safety and without weakening the action of either. The
excess of life will take up the caustic property of the Paris green.

Arsenite of Lime, is one of the cheapest and most effective of
the arsenical poisons. It should more generally take the place of

548 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Paris green. It is prepared by dissolving one pound of arsenic and
four pounds of sal soda (carbonate of soda, washing soda) in one
gallon of water and boiling in an iron vessel fifteen minutes or until
the arsenic dissolves. Replace the water lost in boiling and use at
the rate of one pint te each fifty gallons of water to which two
pounds of freshly slacked lime have been added. With Bordeaux
mixture use at the rate of one pint to fifty gallons.

Arsenate of Lead, operates more slowly than the preceding, but
adheres better than any other of the arsenical compounds and can
be used in large amounts without injury to the most delicate foliage.
It may be purchased in a paste form ready for use or it may be pre-
pared by dissolving five and one-half ounces of lead acetate (sugar
of lead) in two quarts of warm water in a wooden pail, while two
ounces of arsenate of soda (50 per cent. pure) are dissolved in one
quart of water in another wooden pail. Pour these solutions into
50 to 75 gallons of water and the insecticide is ready for use.

Hellebore. —Fresh white hellebore at the rate of one ounce to
three gallons of water is milder than the preceding and is useful
when an application is needed upon fruits nearly mature, particu-
larly currants and gooseberries. ;

CONTACT INSECTICIDES.

Whale Oil Soap Solution.—Whale oil soap containing 12 per cent.
of potash when used at one and one-half to two pounds per gallon
of hot water for late winter application, is one of the most conven-
ient remedies for scale insects and is particularly suited to use upon
peach trees, as these are more sensitive, as an over amount of
kerosene or petroleum spray has worked injury, especially when
applied early in the winter. Fall application of whale oil soap at
the above strength will destroy fruit buds for summer use in the
control of plant lice, pear psylla, etc.; the maximum strength is
about one-fourth pound per gallon of water.

Mechanical Mixrtures of Crude or Refined Petroleum, with water
offer the most simple method of application of these oils, but only
the special automatic mixing pumps can be employed for the pur-
pose. Applications of crude petroleum testing about 48 degrees,
Baume scale, or of kerosene, or a mixture of both, have been proved
effective when applied just before the buds burst in the spring as a
spray for scale insects. The crude petroleum remains longer upon
the wood than does kerosene and has great insecticidal value. In
summer use 15 to 25 per cent. sprayed very lightly so that trees are
not completely drenched.

Kerosene Emulsion, or Petroleum Emulsion, is made of hard soap,
one-half pound; boiling water, one gallon; kerosene, two gallons, and
should be diluted four to fifteen times before applying. Use strong
emulsion for dormant wood. For such insects as plant lice, mealy

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 549

bugs and red spider, weaker preparations will prove effective. Cur-
‘ant worms and all insects which have soft bodies, can also be suc-
cessfully treated. Use soft water in making soapy emulsions of oil.
In limestone sections where hard water is the rule, better results
will probably be obtained by using the sour milk solution, which
is simply two gallons of kerosene and one gallon of milk, emulsified,
by passing through a pump. Kerosene and water may be used in
all cases where kerosene emulsion is mentioned. Dilute to the
strength recommended for the emulsion in each case. It must be
applied with a pump having a kerosene attachment.

Tobacco Water, Tobacco Dust and Sulphur.—Water in which to-
bacco stems have been steeped for a few hours is a standard remedy
for plant lice and other soft-bodied insects. Dilution is made three
te fivefold before application. Tobacco dust has been found effec-
tive against root aphids, when used freely in trenches around in-
fested trees. Dry flowers of sulphur applied with a bellows while
the leaves are moist proved effective against plant lice.

Lime-Salt-Sulphuy.—tThis preparation stands in the front rank
as a contact insecticide for application to dormant trees and has
also a fungicidal effect particularly noticeable in its effect upon the
fungus causing the leaf curl of peaches. Yhe formula has been modi:
fied without marked variation in effectiveness and the salt is some-
times omitted. Apply any time when the trees are dormant, but not
when the temperature is so low that the spray freezes as applied.
A second application to cover places untouched is advised even
when much care has been used at the first spraying. The prepara-
tion is made as follows:

Twenty pounds best unslaked lime; seventeen pounds sulphur
(flowers); ten pounds of salt, for fifty gallons of water. Heat from
five to seven gallons of water in an iron caldron and while this is
heating sift the sulphur. Put the lime in the water which will cause
a violent boiling, and add the sulphur, stirring continuously. If too
much water is used, boiling over ensues, and if too little, the mass
becomes dry and additional supply of hot water should be at hand
from which to replenish as required. Continue boiling for an hour
or until the lime and sulphur have united, when the color will be a
deep amber. The salt is then added and the kettle filled with hot
water; strain before use. Give pumps and nozzles an immediate
cleaning when spraying ceases. Where live steam is available it
may be used for cooking the mixture in place of the fire to great
advantage.

Caustic Soda Wash.—This is a new remedy for scale insects thus
far but little tested except on the Pacific Coast. J/¢ 7s recommended
for experimental tests only. The formula is eight pounds of caustic
soda (78 per cent. pure) to fifty gallons of water.

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

oO
or
o

FUMIGATION.

Fumigation has proved absolutely effective in extended tests on
stock infected with the San José Scale; but in other tests because of
impure chemicals, leakages in the fumigating chamber, or the pres-
ence of a mud covering over the scale the live scales remained upon
the stock.

The fact that it is easier to combat new insects by prevention than
to exterminate them after their establishment, Jeads careful planters
to set out only fumigated stock, for they have an additional safe-
guard by so doing.

For each 100 cubic feet of space use fused cyanide of potassium
(98 per cent. pure). One ounce by weight.

Commercial sulphuric acid one and one-half ounces by measure.
Water three ounces by measure. Expose three-fourths of an hour.

Good fumigation chambers are lathed and plastered with doors
made refrigerator style to make the chambers as nearly air-tight
_u#s possible. A tight board construction, if doubled with paper be-
tween, answers well. The stock should rest on a grating or other
support to permit free circulation of the gas, and means for ventila-
tion after use should be provided. The stock should not be wet
nor should mud or earth cover any pari liable to infestation.

The gas should be generated as near the centre of the lot to be
treated as practicable, and in case of large amounts, several genera-
tors should be used and so placed that rapid and uniform distribu-
tion of the gas will be insured. The cyanide must be kept in tight
bottles in a safe place as it is a volatile, deadly poison. The cubical
contents of the fumigating chamber should be estimated, the cyanide
weighed out in amounts sufficient for a treatment and put in paper
bags. Pour the acid slowly into the water, stirring the mixture con-
stantly, otherwise drops may fly and burn those in the vicinity.
After the stock is properly arranged, pour the necessary amount of
diluted acid into a glazed earthen vessel, place the cyanide while
still in the paper bag into the acid and water and close the fumiga-
tor. The advantage of putting the cyanide into the acid and water
while still in the paper bag is that it prevents sputtering which is
specially liable to occur when large amounts are used. Great care
should be exercised in handling the cyanide, the acid, and in opening
after fumigation. The substances used are deadly; even a slight
burn from sulphuric acid is very painful.

Bordeave Mixture—Copper sulphate (blue vitriol), 5 pounds;
quick lime (best stone lime), 5 pounds; water, 50 gallons.

Dissolve the copper sulphate quickly by suspending it in a bag in
and near the surface of about six gallons of water. Slack the lime
using only the amount of water necessary to keep it covered and

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 551

before mixing the materials dilute each to twenty gallons, as a finer
combination results than when lime and copper sulphate meet with-
out dilution. If conveniences are not at hand for holding both the
materials in dilution, the lime should be diluted to the full amount
in the tank and the copper sulphate solution poured into this, as the
resultant mixture remains in suspension better than if the opera-
tion is reversed.

Ammoniacal Copper Carbonate.—Copper carbonate, 5 ounces; am-
monia (26 Baume) 5 pints; water, 45 gallons.

Make a paste of the copper carbonate with water. Dilute the am-
monia with seven gallons of water, add the paste to the diluted am-
monia and stir until dissolved. Allow it to settle and use only the
clear blue liquid. This mixture loses strength on standing. Spray
on grape vines when the fruit approaches maturity.

The introduction of San José Scale into the United States has
been the primary cause for restrictive legislation in thirty-three
states, scarcely any two states having laws exactly alike, but all of
them tend to control nursery stock. Shipments of nursery stock
have been the principal means by which scale has been so widely
disseminated. It is too late now to eradicate San José Scale by re-
striction or even entire destruction of nursery stock. The scale is
already established in many orchards, possibly in five per cent. of
the orchards that have been planted within the last fifteen years.

The nurseries should have continued a thorough inspection and
no infested stock should be shipped from them, and at the same
time nurseries that are unfortunately located in a scale infested
section should have all legal protection possible from surroundings.

Horticultural Inspection in the State of New York. The first laws
on horticultural inspection enacted was known as the black-knot
law, which for the reason that it provided for local inspectors be-
came quite inoperative. The first discovery of San José Scale in
the State was in 1898. In the spring of that year a law was passed
amending the old black-knot law.

Chapter 519 of the laws of 1902, and chapter 20 of the laws of
1903 are part of the agricultural law of the State of New York.
The provisions of these chapters cover all that the statutes of the
State contain relative to horticultural interests. Since the first
portion of this law went into effect in 1898, the work that has been
done has assumed about the following shape: The first work was
devoted almost wholly to the inspection of nurseries and granting
certificates to the nurserymen, and this has continued to be the im-
portant feature carried on by the Department under these sections
of the law.

Much has also been done in the orchards of the State to suppress
the various diseases which infected them and the destruction of such

552 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

insects as infested the trees. The “dangerously injurious insects”
referred to in the law is taken to mean those which are destructive
to the life of the trees. Very little work has been done, excepting
by way of suggestion, for the control of codling moth, which is a
great enemy to the production of apples in this State. The bulle-
tins of our experiment station have given much information rela-
tive to the control of all kinds of insects, including those that are
merely injurious in a temporary way, while the special work of
the inspectors of the Department has been to eradicate all insects
and diseases that threaten the life of the orchard trees and plants.
In the inspection of nurseries, it seems desirable to destroy all
young trees that are infested to their injury, as in the case of San
José Scale. A nursery tree, that is to be shipped for planting in an
orchard, may carry with it a single scale which will spread to an
unlimited extent. Nursery trees that are badly marked with this
scale can not be called merchantable and are destroyed. Fumiga-
tion or other treatment may kill the scale, yet it seems desirable to
prevent the shipping of all such trees in ordinary business transac-
tions. Fumigation even if absolutely effective not being applicable
to trees in the nursery row is an auxiliary to inspection, as a
nursery infestation will certainly spread though the outgoing stock
may be fumigated perfectly.

Instances have been noted where San José Scale has survived fumi-
gation, the cause being non-circulation of the gas in the fumigator,
leakage, impure chemicals, or that .e scales were protected in
some way. We have found that dormant nursery stock can be fu-
migated two or even four times with a strength of material at least
twice the ordinary formula of one ounce of cyanide to each 100 feet
of space. ®

We find that considerable stock is shipped into the State from
other states which proves, on examination, to be infested with San
José Scale and other pests. All shipments into the State from
points without the State are required to be inspected by the agents
of the Department and the statute requires that all such shipments
shall be fumigated before dissemination or planting.

Treatment of orchard trees for San José Scale during the year
was carried out in different portions of the State with various for-
mulas and wherever done in a thorough and approved manner the
results were satisfactory to the extent of saving the fruit and rid-
ding the trees of the larger portions of the scale. <A few scales re-
main in most cases, not because the insecticide used was ineffective,
but because the last breeding female was not touched or covered by
the remedy.

Three principal methods of treatment may be referred to (1) crude
petroleum. This remedy when applied late in the spring before the

No. 6 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 553

buds develop in, just as small quantity as will sufiice to cover the
tree without dripping or running down to the roots has been safely
and successfully used, on apple, plum, pear and peach trees.

Some report injury on peach trees and some on the pear fruit
buds, showing the necessity of great caution in the use of crude
petroleum. Orchardists who have used petroleum for three succes-
sive years complain that while they have succeeded in keeping the
scale in subjection, yet the bark of their trees has a thickened, corky
and spongy appearance and the trees are off color.

The fumigation of orchard trees of large size proved entirely ef-
fective when properly done. A large orchard of peach trees fumi-
gated in 1902 was free from scale in 1903, except in the portions of
the orchard that were not fumigated. This suggests the importance
of fumigating nearly everything adjoining that is a host plant of
San José Scale. Fumigation of large trees is expensive, but it prom-
ises a satisfactory result if persisted in where surroundings are clean.

A large number of trees and orchards have been treated this year
with different formulas of lime-sulphur-salt, to which have been
added sometimes a quantity of copper sulphate. Very satisfactery
results have been secured wherever thorough spraying has been
done with the foregoing, especially, lime-sulphur-salt. Scales have
been generally destroyed. No injury appeared in any varieties of
trees, not even the peach. This mixture has the further merit of
being a fungicide having reduced the apple scab and wholly checking
leaf curl of the peach.

The lime-sulphur-salt solution has the merit of cheapness both in
original cost, disposition to remain long on the trees, and further
and more important is the fact that spraying may be begun early in
the winter and continued on any suitable day until the buds begin
te open in the spring.

The advantage is apparent to any orchardist who has sprayed in
high winds, lost his work because of spring rains and dragged his
teams and wagons through mud. With a mixture of such a nature
as will serve its purpose, that can be applied when the trees are
dry, on a still day at a season of the year when there is plenty of
time to do all the spraying carefully and cheaply, we feel that a
great advance has been made in the problem of control of San José
Scale in the orchards.

The locations in the State that offer the greatest obstacles to the
eradication of scale are in the suburbs of our cities, where a small
section or area may be infested. This area is cut into small lots,
the several owners are engaged in many different occupations and
are difficult to find at their houses where an explanation can be
made of the trouble; they are slow to adopt any method suggested
for a remedy and persist in having nothing destroyed.

554 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

The San José Scale was said to be several years ago the most seri-
ous pest affecting the nursery and orchard interests of the country;
it is so to-day notwithstanding all that has been done to check its
spread.

If we have found applications that will save the orchard trees
and their fruit, it must be borne in mind that those applications
must be made use of at the right time and in the right manner. The
process is somewhat expensive and is voluntarily used only by those
who are progressive fruit growers, and those who have something
to gain by their efforts. Others must be forced to care for their
trees to abate the nuisance and prevent the spread of scale on prem-
ises adjoining.

San José Scale commence breeding in New York State about
June 20; and from that time until freezing weather, the young larvae
can be found upon the trees. It is known that a single female scale
giving birth about June 20, to many young, the most of which com-
mence breeding within a month and which are followed by other
generations soon, so that within the breeding season, the progeny
numbers millions. This condition suggests the desirability of an
early inspection of the nurseries to discover and destroy the first
females; it also emphasizes the importance of several inspections
during the season. With many acres of trees covered with leaves
no single inspection will suffice and no inspector can be sure that no
scale is present. Nurseries suspected of infestation should have the
attention of an inspector many times in a season. Every infested
tree within the nursery and all infested trees in the vicinity should
be destroyed.

The fact that thorough inspection seems the only way to prevent
spread of scale within the nursery it is not certain that every scale
will be seen and destroyed. Fumigation with hydrocyanic acid gas
is the only method in use at the present time to set a seal of rea-
sonable certainty that no live scales shall pass by shipment from
the nursery to the orchard.

The major portion of the evidence in possession of the Department
shows that when nursery stock is mature or well ripened, that it
may be fumigated once or many times with hydrocyanic acid gas,
using two or three times as much cyanide of potassium as is nec-
essary to kill the scales, without injury to the trees. When fumiga-
tion is properly done with chemicals of known purity in a house
suitably constructed, on trees that are ripe and dormant, dry and
free from mud, there is no evidence to show that injury will result
to the trees and no live scales will pass on the nursery stock. Em-
phasis must be laid on the point of proper fumigation in all its de-
tails, otherwise good results cannot be obtained, and disaster or loss
may occur.

No. 6 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 099

Lhe disease known as peach yellows has been found in several or-
chards. The character of this disease is so well known by the pro-
- gressive fruit growers that they root out and burn all trees in their
orchards that show the first appearance of the disease; but in sec-
tions where the industry is new or neglected the services of the De-
partment’s agents are required. The disease “little peach” has been
found in a few localities; the remedy is the same as for yellows.
Peach growers throughout the State should watch carefully for
this disease and apply the remedy promptly. It is possible for
much loss to occur if it gets established in a peach growing section.

In the minds of many, the work of the Department is supposed
te be the destruction of the San José Scale; but it will be seen
that the law as it now stands is worded in such broad terms as to
include all insect pests and fungous diseases that prove destructive
to the life of trees and plants. Under this head have been included
such as work this injury to orchard trees, plants and vines in the
State.

In the near future it may be deemed desirable to extend the au-
thority of the statute to the control of such pests as are detrimental
to fruit production, such as are commonly called codling moth,
canker worms, tent and forest caterpillars, pear psylla, etc. The
time is coming when our State may be infested with the brown tailed
moth and the gypsy moth. The latter has caused an expenditure by
Massachusetts of nearly $2,000,000 in the past few years. These
insects have not yet been discovered in New York State or Penn-
sylvania, but unquestionably will come in a few seasons and the
early control should be provided for.

The CHAIRMAN: The Chairman of the Executive Committee is
ready to report.

The report of the Executive Committee was then read by Mr. Me-
Gowan, which, on motion was accepted and filed (See list of officers
and committees, pp. 503, 504).

The credentials of Mr. E. 8. Hoover and Mr. McClellan were read.

Mr. HERR: I move that Mr. Hoover and Mr. McClellan be ad-
mitted.

The motion being seconded, it was agreed to.

The CHAIRMAN: The next address will be by Dr. J. H. Funk.

The address is as follows:

556 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

THE SAN JOSE SCALE.

By Dr. J. H. FUNK, Boyertown, Pa.

This pest, its origin, its migration to this country, the region of
its first destruction, etc., has been described so often and so minu-
tely, that a further description seems unnecessary. Yet, to treat
intelligently any subject that is so much talked about, about which
s6 much has been published during the past ten years, and
of which so little is really known by the general public, it almost be-
comes imperative to give a short description. Our greatest danger
always lies in being unfamiliar with the object of danger. In our
fancied security, we fail to become cognizant of that danger until
the work of destruction is complete. Of all the badty infested or-
chards, how many do we find of which the owner knew that he had
the scale until his orchard is ruined almost beyond recovery. He
then discovered it only by the lack of thrift, or the dying condition
of his trees, or by the fruit being so completely scabbed as to ren-
der it unsalable.

I am satisfied that there are hundreds of orchards throughout the
State, even in counties at present supposed to be free from this
pest, that are so badly infested that unless they are treated and the
scale destroyed, will be utterly ruined inside of two years. I was
informed by high authority that Lackawanna, Susquehanna and
Wayne counties were thus far free. The farmers and fruit grow-
ers are happy in the thought. Yet while they rejoice the foe is
assiduously at work.

While attending the Farmers’ Institutes in Lackawanna county, I
had no opportunity to examine the orchards until I came to Tomp-
kinsville. Here I found a native plum tree completely encrusted
with this scale louse. This tree stood just inside the fence along
the publie highway, beside the gate of the dooryard. It was passed
and repassed dozens of times daily. It stood so close that in pas-
sing, the limbs brushed the clothing, yet the owner was surprised
when I called his attention to the scale and showed him the pest
under the magnifying glass.

if this insidious foe can work undiscovered beneath the very eyes
of the average farmer, how important it is to educate every owner
of a tree until he becomes as familiar with its appearance as the

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 557

child with its alphabet. Then and not until then can we hope to
-withstand successfully this terrible enemy. Our safety lies not so
much in fighting the foe after it has full and complete possession,
as it does in acting on the defensive and not letting it get a foothold.

HOW SHALL WE DO THIS?

First, expose the enemy by giving such a plain description of it
that he who runs may read. No description equals an object les-
son. You can only become familiar with an object by seeing and
handling it. Go where it has become thoroughly acquainted. The
general appearance of a badly infested limb can be compared to one
sprinkled with ashes mixed with fine particles of sulphur and soot.
Such is the appearance found during winter. The scale is circular,
1-32 to 1-16 of an inch in diameter. The body is dark gray convex
rising in the form of a nipple with a slight indentation of a yellowish
color in the center. This is the female. The male is a little more
elongated with the nipple at one end. The scales are more easily
seen upon the fruit of badly infested trees than upon the tree itself.
The scale itself would not be more readily seen but around each
one there is usually a bright red ring; and when full, covers nearly
the fruit. Upon pears and apples, they cluster more thickly around
the calyx. On plums and peaches the stem end suffers most. Fruit
so badly infested fails to mature. It cracks and become worthless.
When examining a tree not badly infested, you find them around
and beneath the buds. Where the twigs branch and offer sheltered
positions, you find the adult female surrounded by smaller young
scales of both sexes. In this condition the winter is passed by the
insect beneath the scale. It can be readily seen, if a knife or other
pointed instrument be inserted beneath the scale which on being
raised will expose the true louse, a small jelly-like body, flattened and
closely attached to the bark, minus legs or means of locomotion.
From these scales, the male emerges about the beginning of May.
About one month later the female matures. Instead of laying eggs
as the majority of other insects do, she gives birth to living young
about ten per day for a period of forty days. These young are very
minute yellow oblong objects with six legs, two antennae and a
strong beak. After birth they wander aimlessly about. I have
watched them for hours during which time they did not travel more
than an inch or two from the parent. ‘After wandering thus, for
from eighteen to forty-eight hours, they attach themselves with
their beak to the limb and become a permanent fixture, never there-
after moving from the spot. If you mark this louse and examine
it the following day, you will find that it no longer is as yellow but
is gradually becoming covered with a white substance that is exuded
from its body, like fine threads. Ina couple of days, it is completely

558 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Dec.

covered with the waxy coat, concealing and protecting it from the -
elements, etc. In this condition it remains and developes to full
maturity in about one month. It in turn performs the same func-
tions of reproduction. Thus we have several broods, in this lati-
tude, about four, sometimes five in favorable seasons. During the
past season, 1903, they continued very late. I found living young
uncovered as late as December 4. These late progeny does not seem
to have much ambition and fT deubt if any survive the winter north
of latitude 40 degrees.

My first experience with this insect was in the winter of *98-’99
while attending the annual meeting of the Peninsula Horticultural
Society held at Smyrna. [ had the satisfaction of listening to Prof.
Johnson, Cap. Emery and others who had several years experience
with the scale in their own orchards. Upon examination I found
three trees in my own orchard that were infested. These I treated
with a twenty-five per cent. mixture of crude petroleum applied
with a kero-water sprayer. I gave the trees a thorough spraying
and effectually cleaned them of the scale. They are clean to this
day. My next experience was in the summer of 1901. I found a
Magnolia pear tree, pretty well covered, both limbs and fruit. As
I was about to spray the tree, I saw a few black, twice stabbed lady
bugs busy at work on the scale. I watched them and found they
were turning over the scale and eating the lice. I delayed spraying
and had the satisfaction of seeing that the lady bugs were making
clean work as they went. By fall this tree was comparatively clean.
I saw nothing further until the summer of 1902. Then I found sev-
eral trees in different parts of the orchard which were infested.
Some of these I marked for special treatment and decided to use the
lime, sulphur and salt, using the California and Oregon formulae.
Each of these seemed to me to be faulty. In the Oregon formula,
50 pounds of lime, 50 pounds sulphur, 50 pounds salt to 150 gallons
of water, there being an unnecessary large quantity of salt; as the
salt is considered a useless factor except to make the lime adhere.
The salt can be greatly reduced without destroying the efficacy of
the wash. The substitution of blue vitriol gave me very good satis-
faction, but required more agitation to keep it from separating and
floating on the surface. With this wash formula, 50 pounds fresh
lime, 45 pounds sulphur, 44 pounds blue vitriol prepared as lime, sul-
phur and salt wash by boiling one and one-half hours, I sprayed a
block of fifty Elberta peach trees eight years old. When spraying
it was very windy and I could spray one side only. I completed the
other side a few days later, giving every tree a complete covering.
Considering the large size of the trees, we did excellent work.
These were sprayed about one week before the blossoms opened.

Results. No buds were injured. Blossoms opened very uniform

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 559

and set an immense crop of peaches. The foliage came out a rich
luxuriant green, free from leaf curl or other fungi. There was no
June drop on these trees, so we had to thin more than usual. They
matured a large crop of choice peaches which sold for the highest
prices. Upon examination in the fall, we found these trees com-
paratively clean, healthy and with a full set of large healthy buds.

Block No. 2, consisting of ten rows of large peach trees, was
treated as follows: Formula, 50 pounds of lime, 45 pounds of sul-
phur, 223 pounds of salt, 150 gallons of water, prepared by boiling
one hour and thirty minutes.

This block of peach trees had a ravine washed through the middle
rendering is impossible to spray the full length. We sprayed back
and forth at one end, completing six rows to the gutter on the first
day. Bad weather then set in. Rain and high winds continued for
one week. By that time the blossoms were opening. I was fearful
of destroying the crop and as scale did not show up plentiful in this
block, I decided not to spray further.

Results. Trees all set a full crop of fruit. June drop was con-
siderably more on the unsprayed trees. Also more leaf curl and
more fungus spots on the fruit. Foliage on sprayed trees was a
richer green. Sprayed trees produced twice as many and finer fruit
than unsprayed trees. The scale on sprayed trees were nearly all de-
stroyed. Scarcely a live scale can be found. Unsprayed trees in
the six rows and four remaining rows on side are one mass of scale
with many limbs dying.

No. 3. Had one Mammoth Black twig apple tree. very full of
scale. This tree was sprayed very heavy and complete just before
the buds opened.

Results. Leaf, also fruit buds opened with unusual vigor. Al-
though this variety is subject to leaf fungi, which frequently attack
the bloom and causes almost the entire crop to drop. Those remain-
ing are badly affected with scab. Such is the case this year on un-
sprayed trees of this variety. Yet on the sprayed trees fruit set
full, perfect in form and clean from scab. On close examination at
the beginning of Octcber we were unable to find one living scale and
could find but two imperfect apples.

When to spray? Undoubtedly the best time is just before the buds
open. But any one having a great number of trees will find it im-
possible to spray all at this time. Frequently bad weather holds
sway at this very time. So we must take advantage of fine weather
anytime through the winter; although I doubt if itis as efficacious
as when applied just before buds expand. As to how late we can
spray, the following will show: On going carefully over my or-
chard in May I found one peach tree very badly infested, so much so
I knew it would be killed before the season was past, besides act-

560 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

ing as an incubator for the breeding and spread of the insect. I
hesitated as to digging it out or experimenting. I decided on the
latter. The tree was in leaf, and set full of peaches the size of
peas. I filled my spraying tank with the lime, sulphur and salt, and
went for that tree. By the time I was done there was not a spot
on trunk, twig or leaf that was not white. When dry the leaves
were so thickly covered that they broke on trying to bend them.

Results. The foliage was killed, but in a surprisingly short time
new foliage came out. The tree grew with unusual vigor. The
ereatest surprise to me was that instead of dropping the fruit, it
continued growing unchecked. Had no June drop. I had to remove
three-fourths. It ripened a crop of peaches and all scale were de-
stroyed.

Another experiment on a Missouri Pippin apple tree at the same
time. This tree was in full foliage and set full of apples. This
tree also lost its foliage but quickly came into leaf and the fruit con-
tinued growing. In the fall it had a heavy crop of the finest, cleanest,
most perfect and highest colored apples of any one out of 200 trees
of the same kind. Although I do not recommend waiting until this
late nor do I claim it would be always safe, yet in emergencies I
would not hesitate to use this preparation after buds have expanded.
I believe that it is an excellent fungicide and one of the best applica-
tions for the trunk and heavy limbs any time in the summer as it
invariably leaves the bark smooth, soft and clean and destroying
totally all fungi.

Pure kerosene is one of the surest remedies if the environments
are all right. A powerful pump, a very fine nozzle, an ideal day,
bright and clear, and an ideal man holding the nozzle. With the
average man it is not safe, as the remedy frequently kills more than
the disease. Whale oil soap is safe but too expensive, two pounds
to one gallon of water applied before buds open is all right.

SUMMER TREATMENT.

Frequently you find a tree or several that have not been treated
in the spring, on which the scale is increasing so rapidly as to en
danger the tree. A twenty per cent. kerosene emulsion thoroughly
sprayed will not injure the foliage yet will destroy all scale with
which it comes in contact; or one pound of whale oil soap to five gal-
lons of water. But the ideal preparation is not yet discovered.
What we want is, Ist, cheapness; 2nd, something quick and easily
prepared remaining in solution so that it will always be of uniform
strength and that it will flow and break into a fine mist; 3rd, to
kill inside of one hour so work and material will not be lost in case
of rain; 4th, to be both a fungicide and insecticide; 5th, when it has
performed these two functions it will act as a fertilizer to the tree.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 561

NECESSARY OUTFIT.

For the small orchard, any good force pump mounted on a barrel,
the same placed on a sled or wagon, several feet of good hose, and
one or more good nozzles on the end of the bamboo rod, together
with a kettle, a couple of mixing tanks and the outfit is complete.

My outfit consists of a series of platforms built against the side
of a hill. The lowest platform is high enough so that the material
runs by gravity into the spraying tank which is mounted on a wagon.
On the same plane with this [ have a 75 gallon kettle with furnace,
and on this platform two mixing tanks holding 160 gallons each,
fitted with a gate valve (two inch) for rapid filling into the tank by
gravity. This avoids all slop and loss, and it will fill a 100 gallon
tank in a few minutes. Then above this is another platform with
large tanks for holding water which can be conveyed to kettle.
Mixing tanks or spraying tank through hose by gravity.

The portable part consists of a low down wagon, front wheels
24 inches, back wheels 30 inches, with 4 inch tread. Over this I
have a platform 54 feet wide by 12 feet long. On the front end is
a box seat for driver. In this box is a six-cell dry battery and room
for necessary tools and fixtures. Back of this is a two-horse dou-
ble cylinder gasoline engine and on the rear end is a 100 gallon
tank with a good pump mounted thereon. Yhe pump is run by be-
ing connected to a jumping-jack suspended overhead by means of
an elevated platform supported by four well braced posts. This
jack is connected to the engine by a three inch belt. The gasoline
tank is also above, out of the way. Every part is under immediate
control of the driver without moving from his seat. The valves
controlling the engine are within easy reach. The switch board of
battery is on back of the seat. The belt lever within easy reach
above his head. The pump can be stopped instantly by turning
to the loose pulley. The pressure is held uniform by an air chamber
in which pressure is maintained at 80 pounds. ‘This is controlled by
a safety water relief valve which, when pressure reaches above 80
pounds, opens and leaves a portion flow back into the tank without
in any way causing any variation in the flow of the spray. This
pump runs 50 strokes per minute. With this I can with one hose
and four nozzles put on 100 gallons in a perfect mist in a very few
minutes. If I use two sets of hose and eight nozzles, in half the time.
To this pump we use a 40 or 50 foot hose. On the end of this isa
bamboo pole with a brass pipe through the center, a stop valve at
the bottom and four Vermorel nozzles at the terminal end. This
completes the outfit, and a very satisfactory one it proves, doing
away with half the terrors of spraying. The man holding the noz-
zles should have a pair of rubber gloves, a pair of goggles and a

36—6—1903

562 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

mask to protect the face as all these preparations are very caustic.
If a small particle gets in the eye it will cause intense pain. It will
eat into the hands if they are too much exposed to its caustic action.
If using power with 80 pounds pressure, be sure you have a strong
hose. I use best seven-ply. Have the couplings securely fastened
or they will blow out and you may get a dose in the face much to
your discomfort.

How long will a tree badly infested survive? I have had both
apple and peach trees 8 years old perfectly healthy, making new
wood growth of over two feet the past season, killed by January
Ist. Iam satisfied two years will be about the limit for young trees,
so it behooves us to act promptly. Spray with lime, sulphur and
salt, if you have the scale. If you are not sure, spray anyway and
you are safe. As to the remedy spoken of so highly in a late issue
of a Philadelphia paper, I say, go slow. I have used the prepara-
tion of caustic potash and caustic soda for years with excellent effect
on the trunks and larger limbs of my trees. It destroys all fungi
and leaves the bark clean, soft and thrifty, but it will destroy buds.
I have experimented with it for the scale, at a strength of one pound
to six gallons of water but it will not destroy the louse under the
scale, and if made strong enough to do so it will destroy buds.

I have also dissolved one pound sulphur in one pound caustic
potash (90 per cent.) in two quarts of water. By boiling, this makes
a beautiful amber colored liquid, throws no sediment and can be
diluted to any strength. I have put this in seven gallons of water
and sprayed the scale and, though doing better than the caustic
soda alone, it is not satisfactory, and will likewise hurt buds. Al-
though I will continue experimenting, yet I will rely principally
upon the lime, sulphur and salt for peach and other trees not too
thickly encrusted. If the scale are too thick I will spray with pure
kerosene put on as a very fine mist with a kerosene nozzle having a
hole the size of a fine cambric needle.*

Before closing, I desire to express an opinion as to the best method
of awakening the fruit grower and the farmer and every one who
owns a village lot to their danger; the best method of educating
them to successfully fight this dread foe.

In my humble opinion this can be best accomplished through the
aid of the Department of Agriculture and Horticulture. Make it
one of the prominent features of the Farmers’ Institute. Let the

*Note.—I have examined the trees sprayed during late November and I find the lime, sul-
phur and salt has not killed as many scale as was hoped, and I doubt if late fall or early
winter spraying will destroy enough to pay for labor and material. If such is the fact, then
the time for effectual spraying is very limited. Should the spring be late, with much rain,
we may have but a few days of ideal spraying weather. We see the importance of having the
material ready and the best machinery for thorough and rapid work.

I doubt if the lime, sulphur and salt wash really does kill as many lice while under the scale
as is claimed for it. I believe it acts upon the louse during the first forty-eight hours of its life
after birth, by preventing it from attaching itself to the tree, depriving it of nourishment or by
the caustic action of the material upon the body of the insect causing its death. I believe that
to more thoroughly subdue this pest we must use some one of the best summer remedies to follow
the lime, sulphur and salt after it has lost its potency.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 563

Department have at least one speaker wherever an institute is held
that this scale may be so prominently brought before the people,
so fully described and the methods of handling it so plainly given,
all the formula be so accurately given that the average farmer will
fully understand.

To fillthis most important office, select such men as are thoroughly
conversant with the subject; not theorists. We are facing too
great a danger to depend upon theory and science alone. We must
have the practical knowledge. Let these men be selected without
fear or favor.

Put them under a rigid examination even to a field demonstration,
the mixing and compounding the ingredients, to convince you that
they are fully competent. Let it be such men as you know are suc-
cessfully destroying this foe and capable of handling every depart-
ment of horticulture.

As further aid, let the Department give field demonstrations in
every county in the State, that the farmer can become acquainted
with the practical side of the business.

At 3.30 P. M. the Governor of the Commonwealth was announced
by Chairman Sexton.

The CHAIRMAN: It gives me pleasure to introduce to you Gov-
crnor Pennypacker, and it gives me greater pleasure to say that
he is a farmer of my own county. I will declare a recess of ten
minutes in order to give you opportunity to shake hands with him.

After the recess, Governor Pennypacker presided.

The PRESIDENT: The next paper will be read by Mr. J. H. Ledy,
of Marion, Pa.

MR. LEDY: I thought when Dr. Funk was speaking about pro-
tecting your eyes with a pair of goggles that you should also pro-
tect your head with some covering, especially if you have bald heads
like some of the men in this audience. I scarcely know what to
add to what has been said. These gentlemen have so thoroughly
discussed this question that there seems to be very little left for
me to say. I have prepared a paper and from the communication I
had with our Secretary, I was informed that I was to say a few
words about fruit culture and wind up with the Scale; but I think
the scale business has been wound up. I want to say, before |
start with this paper, a word about the spraying outfit. I use a
little different engine than Dr. Funk. The one I use is run by
natural gas. This is the kind I use (motioning up and down with
the hand.)

Mr. Ledy then read his paper as follows:

564 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

FRUIT CULTURE IN PENNSYLVANIA.

By J. H. LEDY, Marion, Pa.

I feel certain that this subject is of vastly more importance than
very many of this audience will give credit to. And yet the fruit
industry in Pennsylvania is practically undeveloped, and is yet
really in its infancy. It has been demonstrated and I feel sure
it will not be questioned here, that Pennsylvania has the best
adapted soil for the growth of strawberries, raspberries, blackber-
ries, currants and gooseberries, figuring along the line of small fruits,
in the United States. Some one will say, perhaps, that I am selfish
in thinking only of home; but [ am certain that the soil of our own
Pennsylvania will go side by side with that of any other state in
our Union. And there are few localities within the boundaries of
our great State in which these fruits cannot be properly produced.

The culture of small fruits has, in my opinion, been a sadly neg-
lected industry by the farmers of Pennsylvania. And many thou-
sands of dollars and untold pleasures might have been theirs with
the credit side of the ledger telling quite a different story, and one
much more pleasant to look upon had small fruit culture received its
proper share of attention by the farmers of our State. However,
small fruit being only secondary to that of the greater industry of
tree fruit culture, and this being one in which I feel more particu-
larly at home, I shall hasten on and discuss in my feeble way this
still more neglected industry. It is my firm belief that Pennsylva-
rua soil is capable of producing apples second to none other, while
the quality of our pears, plums and peaches certainly cannot be
questioned anywhere. Until ten or twelve years ago we could
safely say to the farmers of the State, plant trees, prune and culti-
vate them carefully and success awaits you. The situation at this
time seems to be, and indeed is different. In about the year 1890 the
dreaded San José Scale was imported on nursery stock into the
San José Valley, California, and not many years later made its
appearance in the orchards of Pennsylvania, and is now spread
broadcast throughout almost all of the entire State, becoming ::
serious menace to the culture of fruit trees everywhere within its
borders. We can no longer say then to the average farmer, plant

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 565

trees. But it is only to those who thoroughly understand the situa.
tion and are fully convinced that success just as surely awaits them
by persistent care and untiring energy in battling with this most
dreaded of all insect pests that we can offer this same suggestion.

In tree fruit culture we are on the eve of a new era. If success
is to be ours, or any of ours, we must have legislation which wiil
compel not those of us who are anxious and who tie awake nights
studying plans and formule to eradicate, if such a thing be possi-
ble, or at least keep in check this dreaded pest, but those who
having small orchards, or a few trees perhaps, are practically indif-
ferent as to its results, to either treat their trees when infected
according to the instructions of the Economic Zoologist of Penn-
sylvania, or have them destroyed. In the presence of the efficient
and very satisfactory Surface, it is not my intention to suggest
even a formula for the destruction of this pest. My experience,
however, I believe, will be gratifying to him and may be of some
interest to this audience. By actual experience I am fully convinced
that either crude petroleum or the lime, sulphur and salt combina-
tion, if properly mixed, and properly applied, will satisfactorily
serve to entirely destroy this worst of all insect pests. I have used
the crude petroleum, twenty-five per cent, and seventy-five per cent.
water, with complete results. And I have also applied the lime,
sulphur and salt combination with equally good results.

The future of the fruit grower in Pennsylvania, who will take
off his coat, roll up his sleeves and fight this pest, under the direc-
tion of the great chief of “Bugology,” Prof. H. A. Surface, and hav-
ing for his protection laws that will prevent utter carelessness on
the part of the indifferent ones, a just and deserved success must be
his to enjoy.

The PRESIDENT: What time in the year do you use it?

MR. LEDY: The Scale must be treated when the butts are dor-
mant. It is almost impossible to reach it at any other time.

The PRESIDENT: That is, in the early spring?
MR. LEDY: Yes, sir.
The PRESIDENT: What do you find to be a good remedy?

MR. LEDY: Either lime, sulphur and salt, or crude oil, will kill
the covering. If the tree is spread well the buds are entirely dor-
mant. There is nothing as effective as oil and I have effectually
killed the tree in the use of oil. My first experience was with eleven
beautiful trees. I found out what it was when Professor McCart-
ney came to Shippensburg to lecture on the Scale, and that I had it

566 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

and I dug those eleven apple trees out and I carried them out of the
orchard like eleven corpses and covered them with straw and
burned them and went to bed and slept well.

The PRESIDENT: We will now hear from Professor Surface.

THE SAN JOSE SCALE. LIFE HISTORY AND PRACTICAL
REMEDIES.

By PROF. H. A. SURFACE. Economic Zoologist.

| ; d

Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: In this State we are to-day
facing the most serious condition for the fruit interests that this
country has ever known and, perhaps, the worst that has ever
been known in the history of the earth. All kinds of fruit trees
ure attacked by an insidious foe known as the San José Seale,
which was imported into this country about fifteen years ago on
nursery stock from California and brought into this State about
ten or twelve years ago from the New Jersey nurseries. It took
a strong foothold in the fruit growing sections of the State, par-
ticularly in the southern, southeastern and eastern portions of the
Commonwealth. It has been greatly disseminated over the State
until now it is found in more than three-fourths of the counties and
our more extended knowledge of it may show it more practically
in all the counties of this State. In 1897, it was known to be in
the following counties: Bucks, Montgomery, Chester, Lancaster,
Dauphin, Columbia, Lycoming, Union, Snyder, Juniata, Perry,
Adams, Franklin, Blair, Cameron, Beaver, Erie, Montour and North-
umberland. In 189%, it was known to be in the following additional
counties: Northampton, Lehigh, Philadelphia, Delaware, Lebanon,
York, Mifflin, Westmoreland, Fayette, Allegheny and Armstrong.
In 1903, we ascertained its presence in the following additional
counties: Bradford, Susquehanna, Sullivan, Wyoming, Lackawanna,
Luzerne, Carbon, Monroe, Schuylkill, Berks, Clinton, Huntingdon,
Bedford, Cambria, Clearfield, Mercer and Butler. It is not known
how much earlier than these dates it first occurred in these coun-
ties. But the first appearance of it in the State was in 1892 or 1898.
There may be other infested counties at the present time and we
hope, by the co-operation of the members of this Board, to learn of

these at a date as early as possible.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 567

The reasons this pest is so injurious are, first, that it attacks all
kinds of fruit trees, many kinds of ornamental shrubbery and even
some of our shade trees and forest trees. In saying that it attacks
all kinds of fruit trees, however, we do not wish to be misleading
and give the inference that it is equally injurious to all varieties.
Some, such as the Kieffer pear and certain varieties of plums and
cherries are not seriously injured by it. Others are more readily

‘killed. It will destroy a tree in from one to five years. We have
known of its existence upon currant bushes which bore fruit in June
and were killed at the following September. A mere list of the
plants which it attacks would not be of great usefulness because
these attacks are in different degrees of severity upon different kinds
of plants. For example, the Osage orange is decidedly injured and
quickly killed by it, while the California privet is only slightly
attacked. Thus to say in a mere list that it is found on both these
plants would be misleading, and yet true. t attacks grape, but
not to a very injurious extent, and may also be found to a slight
degree upon soft maple, mulberry, elm and certain willows as well
as other woody plants. It is particularly injurious to peach, apple,
pear, quince, some varieties of plums and a few of cherries. We
hope to publish a carefully prepared list giving the relative degrees
of immunity of different plants attacked by it and this will be for
free distribution as one of our monthly bulletins of the Division of
Zoology of the Department of Agriculture. I would call the atten-
tion of the Board to the fact that these bulletins are published
monthly from the office of the Zoologist and are free for all persons
who desire them. They are making a special feature of the San
José Scale and the practical remedies for it, and in the bulletin for
November, 1908, may be found a discussion of its habits, means
of distribution and remedies given in such detail that anyone can
use this with success.

Second, another reason that this pest is so injurious is that it
is so minute and inconspicuous; it is not as large as the head of a
common dressing pin, and is not of a conspicuous coloration. It
often exists upon trees until the latter are killed and even then
the presence of the San José Scale is not suspected but it is thought
that the tree has died of some fungous disease.

Third, another reason that it is so injurious is that it is very
prolific. A single female becomes the ancestor of over three billion
living young in one year’s time. This figure is published by Pro-
fessor Forbes, of Illinois, one of the greatest entomologists of the
country.

Fourth, another reason that it is so injurious is that it is suctorial
in its method of feeding and injects a poison into the inner bark
of the tree, upon which it is found, similar to the manner in which

568 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

a mosquito injects its poisonous saliva into the system of its vic-
tim when feeding. This can readily be seen by scraping away the
outer bark of an infested limb and observing the red effects and
blotched appearance caused by the punctures of the beaks of the
scale insects. The fact that it is suctorial also renders it impos-
sible to kill it by the arsenical poisons, since these insecticides are
effective only upon biting or chewing insects.

- Fifth, another reason that it is so injurious is that it is hard to
kill. Common insecticides are not effective against it. A paper,
in the southeastern portion of this State, published that this pest
was increasing, notwithstanding the fact that the citizens were
using Bordeaux mixture and Paris green against it. This is not
surprising. The Bordeaux mixture is not an insecticide but a
fungicide. It is never recommended for the destruction of any
kind of insects although it may repel a few such as the flea beetles.
Paris green cannot kill a suctorial insect such as the scale because
the poison must be eaten or taken internally as a stomach poison
in order to effect the destruction of the pest. One might ask the
question, what are the natural enemies of this pest and why has
it not been destructive to the fruit interests of other countries
before this time? It is here devoured by the American variety of
lady bugs or lady beetles and, perhaps, a few others of the smaller
species of parasites but is so small that the larger parasites of
the larger scale insects do not work the destruction of this that
they do of our native scales.

There is in this room, at the present time, Prof. C. L. Marlatt, As-
sistant Entomologist of the United States Department of Agricul-
ture, who went to China and there found the native home of this
insidious pest. He also found that it was there being held in check
by a lady beetle, or lady bird, known as the Chinese lady beetle. He
collected some specimens of this predaceous insect and brought them
to Washington. There they thrive and they have been successfully
introduced into the orchards of some portions of our country; but
this work is yet in its experimental stage and entomologists do not
advise orchardists to wait until the imported lady beetles can de-
stroy the San José Seale. At present this delay is almost sure to
end in the total destruction of the fruit trees. In the course of time
the natural enemies may suppress the pest, but at the present the
efforts of man are needed to control it. Fortunately, several effec-
tive remedies are known and those we shall mention later.

It is desirable to know how this pest is disseminated or carried
from place to place. To a limited extent, as in orchards, it is
carried in the following ways:

First, by larger insects upon which the little pests climb or fall
and by which they are carried to greater or lesser distance, Sev-

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 569

eral insects, such as grasshoppers, beetles, etc., have been found
carrying this Scale in its young and creeping stage.

Second, by birds that light upon trees that are infested with the
Scale, the young pests crawling upon the feet of the birds are
thus carried to various distances. This, however, means that the
insect should be destroyed and not the birds.

Third, the wind may blow the young insects to other trees just
as dust is carried, or it may blow leaves upon which they have
crawled, in an active condition, and thus carry them along. They
are not conveyed, however, by leaves to which they have fixed and
commenced te feed for they cannot free themselves from leaves and
attach again to another tree.

Fourth, they are carried by the larger animals, such as cats and
squirrels that climb trees, as well as by live stock that may walk
under the trees and upon which they fall.

Fifth, they are carried by the workmen themselves, upon whose
clothing these young pests may fall, and then be carried from
tree to tree. This has been known to be done.

. Sixth, where the branches of trees touch one another it, of course,

crawls from tree to tree. It must be remembered that all these
means refer to the distribution of the insect in its young or active
stage only.

I should here call attention to the fact that it is not conveyed
upon ripe fruit of any kind in any of its stages, because upon ripe
fruit it is in its fixed condition and cannot free itself, when in this
stage, and become fixed at any other place. Thus the Germans and
others, who prohibit the importation of American fruits to their
countries, because our fruits may have this pest upon them, are
acting in ignorance of a scientific and biological principle which
recognizes the fact that the San José Scale never multiplies or lives
after having fixed upon ripe fruits.

The chief way in which it is carried over great distances is upon
the branches or trunks of young trees sent for propagation and
by cuttings that are to be used as grafts, buds, or other means
of propagation. On these it is nearly always in the fixed or older
stage, and in this stage it is not carried in any other way than
upon the woody plants that are to grow again. This means that
for extensive distribution our nurseries are the source of great
evil. For this reason our State is carefully inspecting the nurseries
and compelling them to fumigate all trees found infested before
they can be sold. Fumigation may be made effective; but it is
not always so, and the purchaser is justified in refusing trees that
have the San José Scale upon them whether they have been fumi-
gated or not.

There are several remedies for this pest and most of them vary

570 ANNUAL RHPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

in kind or strength, according to the plants to which they are
to be applied or according to the season for application. Where
the pest is abundant, summer remedies should be applied in order
to check it so that it will not be able to injure the trees seriously
before the dormant season. The summer remedies may be:

(1) Whale oil soap, one pound in six gallons of water, used as a
spray.

(2) Kerosene emulsion.

- (3) Kerosene mixture.

These should not be stronger than 20 per cent. kerosene for
apple trees and not stronger than 12 per cent. kerosene for peach
trees. They will not kill the adult or scale insect, but they will
kill the young pest while it is crawling around and in its tender con-
dition. They may be in this stage from one to two days, according
to temperature, but not longer. Of course, during that time they
are not covered by a waxy scale as is the adult, and they are killed
by such simple contact applications as would be used in killing plant
lice or aphids. There is considerable advantage in using the kero-
sene mixture if one has the apparatus for applying this. Such
apparatus consists of a tank or vessel to hold the kerosene, which
is to be placed in turn inside of the barrel which holds the water,
and so arranged that these liquids are mixed in the definite and
desired proportions at the time the spraying is made. One serious
objection to the kerosene mixture is that the proportion of the
kerosene is likely to vary, and at different times one may be giving
an increased or decreased percentage of the oil. Another objec-
tion to it is that when the operator is spraying with a rod or long
hose and stops for a long time, the oil will rise to the upper por-
tion of the hose or spray pole and the water will sink to the lower
portion of the tube. Then when he commences to spray again he
will, for a few moments, apply pure oil and later pure water until
the recently mixed substances appear. This means that during
the time of application of pure oil the foliage will be burnt or in-
jured, and during the moments of application of pure water the
insects will not be killed. We wish to say now that it is much bet-
ter to apply insecticides strong enough to slightly injure the foliage
or the plants than to have them so diluted that insects are not
destroyed. We should also call attention to the necessity of care-
fully following the printed formule. If the substances are not
applied in as strong proportions as we publish they may not be
effective in suppressing the insects and as a consequence one loses
his time, labor and material. If, however, they are much stronger
than that for which the formule call they may result in killing,
not only the insects, but all the plants to which they are applied.
We know of several trees that have been killed simply by the

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 571

operator thinking that if a little is good, more is better and conse.
quently applying his insecticides so strong as to cause injury or
even death to the plant.

The winter remedies for this pest are various and while oil is
recommended by some persons, and I would use it upon my own
trees, it is not to be recommended by me for you to use upon your
trees. The reasons for this are that you are likely to put it on
in a way that will kill the tree and this can be prevented only by
extreme care and observation of various essential conditions. if
I were to use oil I should choose either common refined kerosene
or lamp oil or light crude petroleum. I should prefer the latter of the
heavy grades with a specific gravity of 48 degrees Baume, or heavier.
The reason for this is that the heavy oils contain the paraffine and
other heavy substances that do not penetrate readily but stick
to the bark and this makes it permanent and lasting, as do the
latter oils. I should also choose a sunshiny and windy day in order
to make the evaporation as rapid as possible. Then I should select
the Vermorel nozzles, each with an orifice of not more than one-
thirtieth of an inch and [I would see that the pressure upon the
liquid for the spray was as great as my apparatus could bear in
order to make the finest possible spray. I would thus endeavor
to secure a fine spray and rapid evaporation and by a single sweep
up and down each side of each infested branch I would finish the
operation, aiming to give only a mist of oil and not enough to make
the branches even wet. By no manner of means should enough
be applied to run together in drops upon the twigs or limbs. While
I could do this and kill the pest, and save my trees, I fear that my
hearers would not be sufficiently careful and consequently, in order
to save your trees, [ would recommend the lime-sulphur washes
which have been used with complete success and satisfaction. Be-
fore mentioning this in detail, however, I wish to speak of whale
oil soap, which is a first class insecticide. Two pounds in one gallon
of warm water will kill insects but it is likely to prove injuricus
to the fruit buds if applied at any other time than very shortly
before they open in the spring. For any trees and shrubs that are
not going to produce fruits this is a desirable substance to use as
a wash or spray for the San José Scale. I should also call atten-
tion to the fact that our trees vary in hardiness. The apple and
pear are the most hardy; then, in order, come the plum, cherry,
peach and finally the apricot. Most substances that can be used
with safety upon the apple and pear will injure and may even kill
the peach and sometimes the plum. However, it may he said in
favor of the lime-sulphur washes that these can be applied in any
amount upon any and all kinds of trees and shrubs with safety
and one does not need the experience and precautions that are

572 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

necessary in applying oils. There are several methods of pre-
paring the lime and sulphur washes. Salt is often added but it
must he remembered that the salt does not have any insecticidal
value and is used only to make the wash stick. One wash that
can be used without boiling is known as the lime-sulphur-soda wash
given to-day by Colonel Fox. This, however, is not yet generally
accepted by careful experimenters even in the State of New York,
where the wash originated, and in correspondence with dozens
of our most careful economic entomologists in different states I
have learned that the standard remedy which they are recommend-
ing, and which is being used with entire success and satisfaction,
is the boiled lime and sulphur washes. This means they must be
boiled by artificial heat which can be done either over a fire in an
open iron kettle, stirring occasionally, or better, by live steam driven
from engines or boilers through pipes and into barrels, tanks or
vats prepared for this purpose. There are two formule for the
lime-sulphur washes; one is the Oregon wash, which calls for fifty
pounds each of lime, sulphur and salt and six pounds copper sul-

phate in fifty gallons of water; the other is the California wash, -

as published in our November Bulletin, calling for thirty pounds
of unslaked lime, twenty pounds of sulphur and fifteen pounds
of salt for sixty gallons of water when completed. As is
said the salt may be omitted and it is probably as well to reduce
the lime to only thirty pounds. This should be boiled for two full
hours, at which time the mixture will assume an amber or reddish
color and the higher sulphur compounds, which are effective in
killing the insects, will have been formed. It must be strained
and applied while warm. The reason for applying it in this condition
is, that it runs better through the spraying apparatus and nozzles
and makes a better spray. Heat does not kill the insects; it is the
substance. It is desirable to make two applications; the second
inay follow the first as soon as the latter is dried, but I consider
it better to make the first in the fail as soon as the leaves are off
and the second in the spring just before the buds burst. It will
not retain its insecticidal virtue for a great period and consequently
should be used while fresh. Calcothon, which is a substance now
for sale by dealers, is practically this wash prepared and put into
barrels. It will be observed that the fall application does not re-
main on the branches nearly as long as the spring applications.
This is doubtless because the leaves, which appear soon after the
latter is made, protect the branches and keep the rains from wash-
ing the lime and sulphur away. It is important that one should
try and make these applications at a time when he will have a few
days dry weather following the spraying. It is not wholly effect-
ive if rain should come before the lime is dry, which is, of course,
within a few hours after having made the application. But it is

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 573

better if it can be done at such a time that a few days of dry
weather follow. One great value of the spring application lies
in the fact that the lime and sulphur remain on the branches and
appear to have the effect of keeping the young insects from fixing
to feed. Upon trees sprayed in March or April the young crawling
insects may be found in June or July, and one may think that his
work has not been successful; but these pests do not fix and feed,
and upon examination during the fall one will find the trees prac-
tically clean. The great purpose of the second application is to
be sure and cover all spots that were missed by the first. If a
spot as large as the end of a man’s finger should be missed it means
that there are hundreds of scale insects left to commence the work
of bringing forth young to re-infest the tree.

It is not claimed that this spraying kills all the San José Scale
upon the tree, but it reduces them so in number that it will not have
to be sprayed again for two or three years and possibly longer.
However, this wash has such a decidedly fungicidal value that the
best fruit growers are now using it every year to clean up the
fungi that causes rusts, blights, mildews, leaf spots, leaf curl, ete.
Sprayed even before the buds burst it will act.as a very effective
preventive of leaf curl. This can be applied by any kind of spray-
ing apparatus; but it is important for the operator to cover his
hand with rubber or oil skin gloves or rub them well with vaseline
It is said that leather gloves or mittens will not do as it will eat
through the leather. Horses should be blanketed in order to keep
spray from them. If one will keep to the windward side of the tree
he need not be injured by the spray coming over him, but he should
protect his eyes, and for this it is desirable to wear goggles during
this operation.

In conclusion, I may say that while we really have a serious
foe to fight in this pest we should not be discouraged in growing
fruits in Pennsylvania. In fact I have, to-day, replied in the affirm-
ative to the question: “Would you advise the planting of a young
orchard under present conditions in the infested areas of this
State?” This pest will prove a blessing in disguise. It will result
in the destruction of worthless and unkept trees. It will make
fruit culture a profession and better varieties and better culture
will result in better fruits. This means also better prices and
while we are at present under a cloud, it appears to be only that
darkness which precedes dawn.

A Member: Do you believe our native beetle will be able to fight
the San José Scale off?

PROFESSOR SURFACE: I have seen native lady beetles doing
that in Berks county.

574 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

MR. SCHWARZ: I took it from Dr. Funk’s paper that he has
been successful in the use of kerosene.

PROFESSOR SURFACE: If I had an orchard I should spray it
with pure kerosene, but I would not recommend my neighbor to
do so. I would do it on a fine clear day and would put it on with
the finest Vermorel nozzle with the finest spray. I would give it
just a breath and that is all, and then it would evaporate, just
enough to kill the insect and not kill the tree. But if I should wet
it a quarter of a second too long I would kill the tree. There are so
many things to be taken into consideration, in connection with this
matter, that there is danger of doing injury.

MR. LEDY: What would be your excuse for using clear kerosene
when you can use crude petroleum and eliminate the danger?

PROFESSOR SURFACE: I would prefer to use the crude petro-
leum because it sticks on better. I saw in Dr. Groff’s orchard where
he sprayed in April and it was there in October.

A Member: Would you use that spray on peach trees?

PROFESSOR SURFACE: I ¢all on Professor Marlatt to come
forward and help me out.

PROFESSOR MARLATT: You are doing very well and I don’t
think it is necessary.

The PRESIDENT: We will be glad to hear from you.

PROFESSOR MARLATT: This is taking advantage of me, but
I suppose I cannot help it. Your Secretary promised me that I
should not be asked to get on my feet except some one was in
error, and I have heard no errors made.

The SECRETARY: And except some one should ask a question.

PROFESSOR MARLATT: I have been very much interested in
what has been said and especially pleased at the sound advice that
has been given you. I can subscribe to all that has been said
by all the speakers with reference to the San José Seale and have
been specially impressed by the practical work that has been done
by Dr. Funk. Evidently he understandsit. He has certainly shown
himself to be very familiar with the scale and the remedies that
Should be applied. I was very much pleased to listen to his ad-
dress and I felt when he was talking that he must have consulted
me before he got on his feet because he expressed my own views.

The same applies to Professor Atwood, of New York State. I have
heard of him for a number of years but never had the pleasure of

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 575

hearing him. The same applies to Professor Surface and others. |
was very much pleased to hear his talk on this subject and, evi-
dently, he is the right man in the right place. After all that has
been said I am afraid you have heard too much for one day on the
subject of sulphur, lime and salt wash and San José Scale so that
you must be getting tired, and I shall not take up much of your
time in the discussion of this important question.

The SECRETARY: More questions will follow.

PROFESSOR MARLATT: I will regret it. I agree with all
the speakers that oil, perhaps, has had its day; that the thing to
use is lime, sulphur and salt wash because it is safe and there is no
risk to run in the use of it upon your trees. Its effects are as
good as oil and it has more lasting effects than oil. To answer
this question about oil: We have sprayed peach trees with kero-
sene and crude petroleum for three or four years in succession
without any injury. The same with apples and plum trees. After
all it is the man at the end of the nozzle that does the work. Back
in 1894, is the first I sprayed with oil and I killed those trees. I
said to the sprayer, in order to be successfui, that he should spray
them until they are wet and those trees were killed. Afterwards
we sprayed the trees, as Professor Surface has described, and I
have never killed a tree with oil since. While I would spray my
own orchards with oil [ should not recommend any one else to
spray with oil unless they have experimented with its use. Just
now I would not spray them with oil but the lime, sulphur and salt
because it is cheaper and the effects are better; that is, knowing
what I do about its use I would not spray them with oil now be-
cause I would not entrust my man to do it. You have to employ
men to do it and I do not believe you can get a man,.whom you
could entrust to put oil on trees.

I might say, with reference to this lime, sulphur and salt, that
the first benefit seems to be due from its being an insecticide as to
killing the scales, but as to its action through the summer, if you
put on this wash and it is very strong and hot when put on you
will kill most of the scale at once, but in a majority of the cases
you will not kill all the scale but a larger per cent. of them. The
balance of the scale will go through the winter and the females
will hatch and produce millions of young and in the use of this wash
you will find remnants of the lime, sulphur and salt for sometime
after and here is where the benefits come in. There is enough lime
and sulphur there to kill them, or at least enough remaining there
until they die, which is probably- due to the action of the sulphur
and lime, The sulphur, as we know, has a very strong insecticide
action, especially for very small insects, killing the young that
have escaped the direct caustic effect of the wash.

576 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

I agree with most of the speakers in not advising short cuts.
Lime, sulphur and salt is not a new thing; it has been used in Cali-
fornia for some years and it is worth following. The long boiling
makes a perfect combination of lime, sulphur, and salt makes it
adhere. This caustic addition is on trial. It is recommended to
avoid long boiling. It adds to the expense of the wash, but under
no circumstances can you get lime and sulphur to have the same
effect of chemical union that you will by long boiling. We know
that the lime will cut the sulphur and get it in solution, but you
don’t get the caustic effect. The formula for lime, sulphur and salt
you may vary as you like. My own belief is that an extraordinary
ainount of lime is unnecessary and makes it harder to spray. Thirty
pounds of lime to twenty pounds of sulphur and fifteen pounds of
salt in sixty gallons of water is about what it should be. I should
recommend a greater amount of lime in the mixture because that
is good for the tree and you can see what you have done. However,
the more lime you have the more difficult it will be to get it through
the nozzle and I should not use more than thirty pounds of lime to
twenty pounds of sulphur.

DR. FUNK: Why should I have an increase of lime and use more
lime than sulphur?

PROFESSOR MARLATT: By using more lime you have the tree
more whitened and can see it.

DR. FUNK: You get that yellowish white on the trees after
it is dried and is thoroughly effective.

PROFESSOR MARLATT: It don’t make any difference what you
use, you get perfect results. You can use equal parts of lime and
sulphur and get practically the same results.

The PRESIDENT: You use su'phur and lime but advise using
more lime than sulphur in the mixture because it gives it color.

PROFESSOR MARLATT: It gives color and is more adhesive.
The PRESIDENT: How much salt do you say you would use?
PROFESSOR MARLATT: Fifteen pounds.

The PRESIDENT: How much water?

PROFESSOR MARLATT: Sixty gallons of water.

PROFESSOR SURFACE: That is the same formula in our No-
vember Bulletin, except we put forty pounds of lime in.

The PRESIDENT: What do you mean by a long boiling?

PROF. MARLATT: If you should prepare fifty or sixty gallons,

-——_——

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 577

at once, in big hogsheads or tanks you ought not to boil less than
two hours, perhaps three, and it is advisable to have a steam plant.
A man, who is doing as much work as Dr. Funk, needs a larger
apparatus than where there is a small requirement. To boil a large
quantity at one time you cannot get it properly made under two
hours and in one boiling an hour or hour and a half is not sufficient.

The PRESIDENT: The proper time then is to boil the ingredients
two hours?

PROF. MARLATT: It is. Of course if you have a small kettle,
say, holding ten gallons and wish to spray only that quantity, if
you have trees in your lot, you can get the combination in twenty
minutes. The test of the boiling is the combination. If your sul-
phur has been all converted and thoroughly mixed with the other
ingredients, when you dip it up your boiling is sufficient. You don’t
have to continue it until every bit of sulphur is gone.

The PRESIDENT: I think there are very few farmers who have
a steam apparatus about their farms; most of them have not. If
they have to depend on this remedy and the process of boiling
which has been described they will have to boil in some other way.
Can it be boiled in kettles?

MR. MARLATT: Yes, sir; it can be boiled in kettles.
MR. LEDY: How do you mix it?

PROF. MARLATT: It is advisable to mix the sulphur in the
water first because it is fine powder and if you don’t it will mix
in lumps. Mix the sulphur in a paste and put the lime in a kettle
and enough water to slake it, a fresh stone lime, and start the
fire at once and you get the heat from the slaking lime and put
the salt in at the same time, or, afterwards if you choose. Just
as well put it in, all at the same time, and let it boil the time
required. If you have a large tank it is well to have the whole
amount of water at the start, but it is exceedingly more convenient
to start with a third or half of the water and fill it out afterwards.

A Member: In applying strong solutions are not peach trees more
likely to be killed than apple trees, quince trees or pear trees?

PROF. MARLATT: You are quite right.
A Member: It has been my experience.

PROF. MARLATT: In fact most any one can spray apple or
plum trees but the peach tree is much more tender. .

A Member: Should there not be a warning about mixtures on
account of not stirring them properly? I had a friend who neg-

3(—6—-1903

578 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

lected to stir the mixture and the substance became so compact
and solid that he had to take the bottom out with a cold chisel.

PROF. MARLATT: It should be stirred until the lime is entirely
slaked.

A Member: Would there be any danger in adding glue, on account
of making it stick tighter to the tree?

PROF. MARLATT: I don’t think there is any advantage in glue.
MR. RODGERS: Is the sulphur all pure?

PROF. MARLATT: We all know there are some adulterations
in that article as well as there have been found to be in others.

PROF. SURFACE: We have all these formulae, in detail, in our
monthly bulletins.

PROF. MARLATT: I wish to say, before I take my seat, that
the San José Scale, while it is the most injurious pest that ever
appeared in connection with our fruit trees, it is not a subject that
we need feel very sad about. In other words, it has a bright side;
this spraying is very beneficial to the trees; it prevents a lot of in-
jury to the trees from fungi. One of our leading entomologists
told me that he was inclined to spray with lime, sulphur and salt
on his peach trees whether he had the San José Scale or not, for
the reason that it cleaned up the trees and he had good fruit on
those trees where he sprayed and none on the trees where they did
not spray. In California they hold that the San José Scale has
been a benefit, but they have constant spraying. The lime, sulphur
and salt has produced better fruit trees, more fruit and better
quality of fruit has been obtained and all that has resulted from the
San José Scale, and taking it altogether, the benefits have been
greater than the losses. On the trip that I made to Japan and
China I discovered the beetle which was pursuing the San José
Scale. The region where it has taken hold has been in Georgia,
and in some very large orchards in Georgia it has taken hold and
developed by the thousands, and the State Entomologist, Mr. Scott,
was very much interested in it.

MR. MARTIN: Have you succeeded in having this beetle cli-
matized?

PROF. MARLATT: It does not need to be climatized. It came
from about the same climate we have here. The only trouble is to
get fruit enough for it. If I was to give it to some one of you and
you would put it in your orchard and spray with lime, sulphur
and salt vou would kill it. It would be best to use it in small
gardens and lots where you can put it in and not spray. In com-

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 579

mercial orchards I would not recommend its introduction because
you have to have the scale or kill the beetle. At present I recom-
mend all men, who have orchards, to spray. In the meantime we
will do what we can to spread this insect and, if possible, wipe
out of existence this pest, but it will take three, four or five years
to do that. Even if the beetle becomes very useful it will take
some time to get a large supply and we should continue to spray
in the meantime.

PROF. SURFACE: Tell us about caustic soda and water.

PROF. MARLATT: It is difficult to prepare. If you have means
such as Dr. Funk has, the difficulty will be small; if you have a steam
plant it will not be very inconvenient. It might be well for a num-
ber in a community to go together in order to have all the ap-
pliances necessary to do good work. The caustic soda has been
recommended by the Farm Journal. We have had a report made
on all these substances and years back one of our best experiment-
ers, the late Mr. Hubbard, published all these formule and the
caustic soda was the worst on the tree and had the least effect on
the San José Scale. Caustic potash was better than the caustic
soda but that was bad on the trees and not efficient on the bug.

The consequence was that if you use it in sufficient quantity of
strength to extinguish the bug you would kill the tree. I used
also potash and I put it on, in strength, three pounds to the gallon
of water, without killing all the scale insects but doing material
damage to the tree and I used it down to half a pound to the gallon
and it gave no effect. I do not believe caustic soda is going to be
a remedy. You spray the tree with caustic soda and it cleans the
bark and a man will think he has accomplished something, but he
has not accomplished anything. If the caustic soda would do the
work you would have a very easy remedy to dispose of the San José
Scale, but it does not do the work.

MR. LEDY: Tell us about the summer treatment of the scale?
PROF. MARLATT: I think your advice covered that fully.
A Member: We have people who have used sublimate of lye.

PROF. MARLATT: We have used concentrated soda lye and
concentrated potash lye. There are a great many brands of lye.
If one placed reliance on all the statements we have seen we would
be led astray.

A Member: I have tried it and have had pretty good results. It
appeared to have good effect. Whether it would break it up or
not I don’t know.

580 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe:

PROF. MARLATT: My own experience has been that lye washes
are not effective.

DR. FUNK: I think there is a great difference with reference
to the length of time in boiling the ingredients. As I understand
the Professor he slakes his lime first and then adds his sulphur
and then builds his fire. I boil an hour and a half but I boil effect-
ually all that time. I have a seventy-five gallon kettle and I have
it on a natural boil all the time and I will ptt in fifty pounds
of lime, the best fresh burnt lime that I can get, the Cedar Hollow
lime, and have a man stirring, and while I have the best heat
I apply my sulphur and it never checks the boiling and I keep that
boiling up from one hour to an hour and a quarter and apply my
salt and keep it boiling for another half hour, so that there is not
much difference because I have a solid boil all the time.

COL. DEMMING: I was about to ask the gentleman whether he
had ever tried as a remedy diluted cadmium nitrate?

PROF. MARLATT: TI have had no experience in that direction,

COL. DEMMING: When the San José Seale first appeared I
tried that and found it was most destructive and also destructive
to every specie of insect from the smallest specimen up. I also
found, after experimenting several days with the San José Scale, I
could feel them running over me and I wondered if there was any
one here who has had that experience, because I believe they
can be carried from one place to another very easily. I desire to
say that I felt the sensation on my hand, and on examining it with
a powerful lens I found some there.

PROF. SURFACE: I read from the November Bulletin, page 17,
with reference to one way in which they are disseminated: “Work-
men themselves are very likely to carry the young pests upon their
clothing.”

PROF. ATWOOD: I have had some experience with this lime,
sulphur and salt wash and have burnt myself and done all kinds of
injury, and one point that I wish to bring out is that, at the time
the lime, sulphur and salt are boiling, they change color and when
you procure the amber color you have accomplished the boiling you
wish and sometimes you can secure that color in half an hour’s
boiling. Nearly everything depends on the character of the lime.
IT would use the finest sulphur T had opportunity to obtain, even
if I had to pay an extra thirty per cent. more for it. Be sure that
the lime is good; that is a very important consideration. I would
like to speak of the way in which we prepare it in our State: We
regard salt of not much importance, little bit perhaps, because it

INO. Gz) ™). DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 581

helps to whiten it. The lime is put into the kettle and a sufficient
amount of hot water added to it to slake it, just barely hot water in
order to slake the lime and then this sulphur may be sifted in to
accomplish the result. The point | wish to make was with reference
to the color.

MR. HERR: I would like to know whether we can boil down a
certain amount of the preparation made and hold it for any length
of time until we want to use it?

PROF. MARLATT: I will say that the lime, sulphur and salt is
not a concentrated mixture. It is something that you should mix
and use soon after.

PROF. SURFACE: In other words, it will hold its efficiency just
like Bordeaux mixture and in a few weeks it will loose its efficiency.

MR. HERR: The reason I asked was because very few persons
, . ue . ‘
have kettles large enough to boil a sufficient amount.

MR. HUTCHISON: We have a Committee on Legislation and if
it would be proper we would like to make a report.

The PRESIDENT: We will hear from the chairman of the Com-
mittee on Legislation.

The report of the Committee on Legislation was read by Mr. Sex-
ton, which is as follows:

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON LEGISLATION.

BY HON. JASON SEXTON, Chairman,

Mr. President and Members of the State Board of Agriculture:
Your Committee, as in the past, respectfully submit for your con-
sideration their annual report, and as we do so, we feel sure that
we can rejoice with you and congratulate vou on the dawning of a
brighter day for the spread of agricultural knowledge. As a Board
you have labored long and hard, in season and out of season, to ad-
vance the interests of an occupation that stands at the head of the
lists of all occupations. You have for years stood in the front rank
of those who have battled for better and higher educational facili-
ties for the boys and girls and young men and young women of the
farm, that they might be as well equipped for their life’s work as the

582 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

boys and girls who choose other occupations or callings. You have
labored long and hard, and at times under great discouragements,
to advance and protect the interests of the agricultural classes
whom you represent.

We will not at this time attempt to give a detailed history of the
work accomplished by your persistent and self-sacrificing efforts
in and for the cause of agriculture since the organization of this
Board over thirty years ago. Suffice it to say that through the
medium of the Farmers’ Institutes and many other channels which
were children of your creation, there has through them been taught
and disseminated a line of agricultural knowledge that has been and
will be of untold benefit to the agricultural classes of the Com-
monwealth. The history of the success of years of effort are re-
corded in the annual reports of the State Board and Department of
Agriculture from the date of your organization, so that he who
runs may read and accord honor to whom honor is due and credit
to whom credit is due. The interest you have taken in advanced
agricultural education is familiar to all and the results achieved
will ever redound to your credit.

But as much as we may have reason to be elated over the success
attained, we must remember that the accomplishment of so great a
work demands the united efforts of all our State agricultural or-
ganizations to bring about the desired end; hence, it was by the
united and persistent efforts of the allied agricultural organizations
of Pennsylvania, through their executive and legislative commit-
tees, backed by the progressive farmers of the State that secured
the passage of a bill, which was promptly signed by our Honorable
Executive himself—a farmer—appropriating a sum _ sufticient te
build and equip an agricultural building at our State Agricultural
College, so long needed, that will be an honor and credit to our
great agricultural state, and which accord us a place among the
Agricultural Colleges of our sister states which we should have
held long ago. So as a Board, with the allied organizations, we
may well feel elated and congratulate ourselves on the success
achieved in this line of work.

gut our efforts must not stop work so auspicously begun in aid
of agricultural education and investigation. The buildings are an
assured fact and will soon be completed as the next Legislature is
practically pledged to appropriate the remaining $150,000 for their
completion. But we have learned that State institutions are not
run without liberal appropriations, and the appropriation of $6,060
a year for maintenance of the Agricultural Department of the Col-
lege is entirely inadequate to do the work which the farmers of the
State will rightly demand, and we recommend that the sum first
suggested by the allied organizations, namely $30,000, be asked for

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 583

the maintenance of the Department, or $15,000 per year. To get it
we shall need the support of every progressive farmer of the State.

Next, comes the Experiment Station which is badly in need of
funds to prosecute its work successfully, and we are assured by the
Director that the work of the Station covers only a small part of the
broad field of agriculture, and even that small part is not so thor-
ough as it ought to be owing to inadequate funds. Of the 24 Sta-
tions reported by the United States Department of Agriculture, 12
receive larger incomes than our Station, and 20 receive larger or
smaller appropriations from their respective states, ranging from
$140 to $87,514, as is the case with New York, and the little State
of New Jersey appropriates $20,000 annually to her Station. There-
fore, we recommend that an appropriation of at least $20,000, an-
nually, be asked for as a very modest sum when we consider the
needs of our Station.

Then comes the proper enforcement of the pure food laws, for the
enactment of which you spent years of thought and labor for the
protection of the great dairy interest of the State, as well as fur-
nishing pure food to those who buy products of the farm. These
laws you understand will be a dead letter, unless they are enforced,
and this enforcement backed by public sentiment and the power of
the state administration. ‘We may well at this time congratulate
ourselves and the farmers of the State for the vigorous and fearless
manner in which they are now being enforced by the Department of
Agriculture through the present Dairy and Food Commissioner, and
we pledge to them our earnest support as they discharge their
various and unpleasant duties in the enforcement of law. But.all
must not be left for them, for under the sting which guilt brings to
those who are violators of the law and who must suffer the penalty,
there will arise a mighty opposition that will demand the repeal of
such laws as are obnoxious to them and detrimental to their busi-
ness. Already we are told that a strong effort will be made at the
next session of the legislature to have some of these laws repealed,
especially the oleomargarine law which has driven many dishonest
dealers out of business. So we say, beware of the coming storm, for
to be forewarned, is to be forearmed.

We also congratulate you and all the people who are interested
on the results secured after years of earnest work in advocating and
agitating the question of public road improvement, that at last,
through our Legislative and Executive Departments we have been
given a road law which we trust will be taken advantage of by every
progressive township in the State, thus testing its practical work-
ings. While the law as it now stands, may not seem to be all that is
desired, it is a long stride in the right direction, and is worthy of our
best efforts to give it a fair and practical trial, and when we have

584 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

learned by experience more of what is needed to improve upon it
if we can. .

We are also of the opinion, and recommend that the present fer-
tilizer laws be so amended as to compel fertilizer manufacturers
to print upon their sacks, in addition to the analysis, the sources
from which the nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash are derived.

We also continue our request that an appropriation of $3,000 be
asked for, or so much thereof as may be required, to meet the actual
and necessary expenses of the Board of Agriculture incurred in at-
tending their annual meeting.

On account of the great destruction of the fruit trees of this State
by the San José Scale, this Committee recommends an appropriation
of twenty-five hundred dollars ($2,500), annually, to the Experiment
Station for the use of experimenting with this pest, and ten thousand
dollars ($10,000), annually, to the Division of Economic Zoology for
use in the suppression of the scale and other injurious insects.

We heartily indorse the proposition made by Secretary Martin to
eStablish a normal training school, as it were, for the further en-
lightenment of the instructors of the Farmers’ Institutes of Penn-
slvania; and as the benefits to be derived by this move are to revert
directly to the agriculturists of the Commonwealth, that we recom-
mend that the Legislature increase the appropriation already in
effect for the support of the Farmers’ Institutes sufficiently to
cover the added expense of such teaching.

In conclusion, we most heartily endorse the work of the Depart-
ment of Agriculture as performed by its separate Divisions, includ-
in. the Dairy and Food Division, the Veterinary Division, the Divi-
sion of Farmers’ Institutes, and especially the important work being
done by the Division of Economic Zoology.

All of which is most respectfully submitted.

The PRESIDENT: You have heard the report. What action shall
be taken on it?

MR. SCHWARZ: I move that it be received and filed.
The motion being seconded, it was agreed to.

MR. CLARK: There has been a call issued for a meeting of the
allied organizations at the close of this session and, as I understand,
the member who represents this organization has not been re-elected
or appointed since our last meeting. It seems to have been omitted
and it is necessary to appoint or elect a member of this Board to
represent us at that meeting.

MR. HUTCHISON: I move that we proceed to elect a representa-
tive.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 585

The motion being seconded, it was agreed to.

The PRESIDENT: Nominations are in order.
A Member: I nominate M. N. Clark.

MR. CLARK: I represent the Grange on that committee and there-
fore decline. I move that this Board elect Jason Sexton.

The motion being seconded, it was agreed to.

DR. ARMSBY: The meeting of the Executive Committee of the
allied organizations will be held in the ante-room, on the right as
you go out, immediately on the adjournment of this session.

MR. HERR: I think it is customary to have three members of that
committee elected and we have only elected one.

MR. HUTCHISON: It is only necessary to have one elected to
represent this Board on the Executive Committee.

°
The PRESIDENT, (Governor Pennypacker) endeavored to state
a motion to adjourn, and numerous calls being made for him to ad-
dress the meeting, he responded as follows:

ADDRESS OF GOVERNOR PENNYPACKER.

Gentlemen: It is a very great pleasure to me to be here with you
at your annual meeting, to see that you have so large an attendance
and to learn of the very successful work which you are accomplish-
ing. That work is of the utmost importance. One set of people,
who belong to the same Aryan race from which we are descended,
made it part of their religion and thought, and taught their people,
that the only honorable avocation for mankind was the cultivation
of the soil and the raising of cattle. Zoroaster said, “he who sews
corn sows holiness.” I don’t go quite so far as those people, and yet,
tc a great extent, in my judgment, we ought to agree with that.

As we look around the world and see the great rewards which
society, as it is constituted, gives to him who merely succeeds in
accomplishing such results as heap up great fortunes, we sometimes
stop, properly, to inquire after all what is the value of it, what bene-
fit has he conferred upon humanity? The result of it is that no
matter how complicated the process is, the results of the labors of
the masses of men are accumulated in the possession of one or
a few individuals and that is all there is init. It is not the creation
of benefit or wealth, it is the mere accumulation, and T think that
the man who can look over his life and can say that he has made two
biades of grass grow where one grew before, who can say that he

586 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

has made the brute to produce its kind, corn to be heaped up in the
granaries of the world, has done the past a far greater and more
beneficial result to humanity. (Applause).

To be more personal, it seems to me, if you gentlemen, who are
connected with the agricultural interests of this State, will look
at the way our work is now being done and the results which are now
being accomplished, you will have reason for very great satisfaction.
In the Message which I sent to the Legislature of Pennsylvania,
upon coming here to assume the duties of Governor of the Com-
monwealth, I suggested going further than we had Gone in the State
of Pennsylvania, where the greater part of our taxes are raised by
imposing duties upon corporations, and to look at those tremendous
natural deposits which we have, our coal, our oil, our iron, and to
see the tremendous fortunes which have been accumulated out of
those natural deposits, so that now the results of that accumula-
tion are being scattered far and wide over the world, and for us to
say that, in some way, the taxation should be imposed upon the out-
put of those deposits to a still greater extent, while the ordinary
property values in the counties which are made up of land values,
should have the taxes now imposed removed. That suggestion
bore no fruit, except in so far as it may have been lodged in the
minds of men.

In the organization of the Department very much, it seems to
me, has been done. I see from your report that you appreciate what
has been done. As is properly said, no laws enforce themselves, and
there is little benefit and little wisdom in the mere passage of laws.
After all it comes down to the question of the enforcement of them,
and I am led to believe, with respect to the pure food laws, there is
no other Commonwealth in the United States where the same atten-
tion and the same energy is being given to it as in the State of Penn-
sylvania.

The Secretary of the Department of Agriculture is a plain farmer,
one from among you. He is locking after the interests of his De-
partment, and doing it well, and I am pleased to see from that same
report that you appreciate the efforts he is making.

As to the Economic Zoologist—and how that strange term ever
came about, for the life of me I cannot understand, he is really an
Entomologist—he is giving his time and thought and care to the sub-
ject of the injurious insects that are destructive to the crops of
the farmer and, especially, this San José Scale. You have him here
among you and you see what he is doing. I may say, for myself,

I never knew a man that was more earnest in the work he has un- .

dertaken than that same gentleman. You can find him there, if you
will allow the expression, at night with the oil lamp or the gas burn-
ing, looking after the interests of you gentlemen in this direction

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 587

and every month he puts out a bulletin of instruction. I say, there
fore, it seems to me really, that you have very much upon which to
congratulate yourselves and if there is anything further that can
be done, if I can help you in any way, I want to know what that way
is. (Applause).

On motion, adjourned at 5.15 P. M.

Wednesday Evening, January 27, 7.30.
e D d >

The meeting was called to order at 7.30 P. M., with Mr. Jason
Sexton in the Chair.

The CHAIRMAN: The first paper to take up this evening will be
the report of the Botanist, Prof. Buckhout.

The SECRETARY: Prof. Buckhout sent his report to me to be
read.

On motion, which was seconded, it was ordered that the paper of
Prof. Buckhout be placed on file and printed for the benefit of the
Board.

The report is as follows:

REPORT OF THE BOTANIST:.

By Pror, W. A. BUCKHOUT, Botanist.

But few and infrequent calls upon my services -have been made
during the past year. The inquiries have been chiefly regarding
weeds and their eradication. The commonest weed received was
Horse nettle (Solanum Carolinense). This came from several parts
of the State, and attracts attention by its rank and persistent
growth and spiny character. Hop clover (Zrifoliumagrarium),
Field cress (Lepidium campestre), Sheep sorrel (Rumex acetostella)
and Galinsoga parviflora came in a few times. The wet season fav-
ored the unusual abundance and spread of some species which do
not flourish sufficiently well to attract attention in ordinary seasons.
The last mentioned, Galinsoga, seems to be slowly spreading all over
the State in moist grounds. Only a few years ago it was practically
confined to the extreme eastern part, where it was propably intro-
duced from South America through shipping. The wet season also

588 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

brought out some inquiries regarding Chickweed, Speedwell and
other delicate weeds which in wet and cool weather grow freely in
lawns, crowding out the grass and producing unsightly patches of
different color and texture from the main body.

The idea that there may be some quick and effective method) of
killing weeds and not injuring the useful plants with which they
grow is still uppermost in many minds. Yhere is little, if anything,
to support this notion. Practically, we seem shut up to clean cul-
tivation, when cultivated land is concerned, and to crowding out
by vigorously growing grass and clover, when sod land is in question.
True, this process requires time as well as labor and patience, but
i: does the work effectively and besides, leaves the ground in a fer-
tile condition. Thorough and clean cultivation needs no commenda-
tion; it not only keeps down weeds, to some extent at least, but gives
a larger crop of the plant under cultivation. Then, when seeding
down, give the best preparation of the ground and as much fertili-
zer as possible, together with liberal seeding of seed known to be
good. Grass and clover thus put in will grow rapidly and so rank
that weeds get a poor chance and, generally, are choked out early
in the race.

Farmers make a great mistake in letting such weeds as wild car-
rots overrun and take complete possession of a field, seeding freely
and thus continuing the weediness indefinitely, year after year. If it
it not possible to plow down wild carrot before it has run to seed it
should be cut several times, so as to prevent any seeding. This fol-
lowed by cultivation and periodical cleaning up of fence rows and
out-of-the-way places will minimize the injury, if not entirely re-
move it.

Weeds in lawns present a much more difficult problem and one
hardly possible to answer except for individual cases and where all
the surrounding conditions are well known. Where lawns are
shaded by buildings or trees it is scarcely possible to keep grass in
good condition very long. Lawns which have been graded are often
very unequal in soil quality, hollows which have been filled up to
grade are generally in excellent condition for growing grass and
holding fertility, while hillocks which have had the surface pared
off to be brought down to grade are just the reverse, thin and poor,
quickly drying out in hot weather, thus almost impossible of carry-
ing good sod until they have been improved by liberal fertilizing and
working. A careful study of the situation in each case is the first
thing necessary. Palliative, if not full remedial treatment, will
thereby be suggested. Few things about a home give more satis-
faction than rich, green grass; hence preparation for the lawn de-
serves more careful consideration than is generally given it. It is
the kind of work that pays in the long run.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 589

Several letters were written in response to inquiries concerning
improvement of forest land. This is a gratifying and hopeful sign.
There is no good reason why a farmer’s woodland should not be
more productive. As a general rule such lands are left entirely to
themselves and as a consequence, returns are hap-hazard and
meagre. Several things should be done and done systematically.
All old, mis-shapen or diseased trees should be cut out and utilized
for firewood or other purposes. This will open the way to seeding
and growth of new trees and of the more desirable kinds, such as
white pine, white oak, etc. Similar trees which stand too close to-
gether, or the sprouts upon cut-over land, should be judiciously
thinned out, affording a supply of fuel and providing for a stand of
timber of better quality and size. The increasing scarcity of wood
for various purposes and the higher price and the uncertainty of ob-
taining coal for fuel when it is desired should waken us up to the
better conservation and utilization of our wood supplies. With our
improved. methods of producing power and of handling bulky ma-
terials it is feasibie in many cases for the farmer to use wood fuel
profitably. The proper care and handling of woodland has thus be-
come a matter of renewed interest to all land owners.

Plant diseases naturally come in for some attention. Unfortu-
nately, inquiries of this nature come with such meagre explanation
and so late, commonly after the danger is done, that but little can
be accomplished, except to diagnose the case, and thus put one on
guard should there be a reappearance. Nowhere is the old proverb,
“a stitch in time saves nine,” more appropriate than in the treatment
of the diseases of plants due to insects or fungi. Their action is, in
most cases, so rapid that their progress once established cannot be
stayed; they must run their course. But their spread may be pre-
vented or delayed, and something can be done, if taken in time,
toward cultivating a resistant condition; for it is the weaklings
which are first attacked and succumb the soonest. Intensive culti-
vation by gardeners and florists is having its difficulties, in that
fungus diseases are often propagated and carried along year after
year unless pains are taken to renew the soil or thoroughly sterilize
it. Quite a number of cases of this sort have come to light.

Some fungi are spreading because they can grow on native plants,
as, for instance, the hollyhock rust, a recent introduction into this
country, was last year noticed for the first time upon the common
round-leaved mallow; it is thus fully at home and even were it
eradicated from the hollyhock, it will not continue upon the various
plants of that family. It may probably get a foothold upon the
cotton plant; in which case it could do immense damage. The as-
paragus rust is another case of a fungus which was unknown in this
State until a few years ago. Although it is apparently now well

590 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

scattered over the State it has so slight a foothold that the effort
to dispossess it is worth making. This can best be done by destroy-
ing all! affected plants, or at least burning the “brush” or dead tops
in the fall of the year.

Spraying for plant diseases, as well as to destroy predaceous in-
sects, has been of great benefit in numerous cases, but it should not
be forgotten that its greatest benefit comes when it is done so early
as to anticipate the attack. Coincident with this should be an eye
quick to observe what individuals or what kinds are weak-growing,
and hence easy subjects for disease, and what are strong and resist-
ant. Unfortunately the latter, desirable as they may be, because
of their ability to resist disease or their immunity from insect attack,
are sometimes not producers of the best quality or quantity of use-
ful product, while the former may be particularly valuable for this
reason. Such a contingency raises the most difficult question which
the gardener and fruit grower have to meet, and must be decided
according to the peculiar conditions appertaining to the case. The
Kieffer pear is a vigorous growing, productive variety and but Iit-
tle subject to disease; the Bartlett less vigorous and productive,
and more subject to disease. Under these circumstances whether
to grow Kieffer pears or Bartletts is a puzzling question.

Other inquiries were of miscellaneous character and of less gen-
eral interest. To all of them it is my purpose to reply so fully and
definitely as IT am able to do, and my services and the facilities of
my department are always available to reasonable requests.

The CHAIRMAN: The report of Dr. Frear, Chemist of the Board.

The SECRETARY: There has been no report handed to me.

(The Secretary subsequently wrote Dr. Frear asking him to send
his report to be printed with the proceedings of the meeting.)

The following is Dr. Frear’s report:

REPORT OF THE CHEMIST.

By DR. WILLIAM FREAR, Chemist.

Among the cattle foods recently introduced in large volume upon
the market have been dried brewers’ and distillers’ grains. Numer-
ous inquiries have been received respecting the composition and
feeding value of these preparations. During the past twelve years,

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 691

the Association of German Agricultural Experiment Stations has
been making special studies of cattle foods and has assigned to
various members the duty of preparing quite complete monographs,
describing the composition, manufacture and feeding properties of
the several important feeds. While these monographs are based
chiefly upon the foods found in the European market, so that they
do not precisely represent the corresponding American products, the
general nature of the materials on both Continents is so similar that
I have felt that it might be of interest to present an abstract of the
monographs on the subject of brewers’ and distillers’ grains pre-
pared by Professor Dietrich, of Marburg. ;

Brewers’ grains are derived directly from malt and, more re-
motely, from barley, so that the latter grain may be regarded as
the original raw material of brewers’ grains.

Barley, as offered on the market, is composed essentially of three
parts: (a) The hull, fruit and seed coats; (b) the embryo; and (c) the
endosperm or starchy part. The huil of the barley, which is of es-
pecial importance because of its abundance in brewers’ grains, is
composed of a material like straw, very rich in silica. Omitting the
author’s description of the anatomy of the grain and the qualities
it should possess for brewing purposes, we pass to its composition.
Maercker found that in the European barleys the bulls amounted
to five per cent. in the thin hull varieties; seven and one-half per
cent. in those of middle thickness; and over ten per cent. in the
thick hulled kinds. Richardson, examining thirteen American bar-
leys, found the percentage of hull to range from 12.5 to 16.9 per
cent.; average, 15.2 per cent. The average composition of barleys
of different grades and of European origin is stated by Maercker
as follows:

— se

my
Q
x
ww
~
/ 8
ao
<7)
Eo
sg 5
g 2 A
q 5 2
oy Zz &
MINest: well filled: mealy barley” <2 <cisiiciecie osisessieiveersie 8 63 3.5
SOO eRe O TIMI DATIOV 9 bo scl slo 1e/0: ccs istols sisisierete.9 4) sialeveis ale alsie/eietelsteis 9-10 60-61 4.5
Samer eWOOL |DALLOY:, lai! eteis cicleielsic crclerelora ois 'ela]sistsials efeore 12-14 57 6.5

This statement does not include mention of the fat and ash which
amount, on the average, to 2.3 and 2.7 per cent. respectively. The
glassy barleys, which are of lower brewing value than the mealy
varieties, contain somewhat more protein.

Respeeting the nitrogenous substances of barley grains, 97.5 per

592 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

cent. of the total nitrogen is present in the form of albuminoids and
2.5 per cent. on the average, in the form of soluble crystallizable
substances of lower feeding value, which are grouped under the
name “amides;” the proportion of amides sometimes attains 5 per
cent.

Osborne distinguished the following albuminoids in barley grain:
(1) Leukosin, which is soluble in water and is identical with the
albumin in rye and wheat; (2) proteose; (3) edestin, a globulin in-
soluble in water but readily soluble in solutions of common salt; (4)
hordein, insoluble in water and salt solutions, but readily soluble
in 75 per cent. alcohol; this material resembles the gliadin of wheat
and rye, but has a different chemical composition; (5) a proteid, in-
soluble in any of the solvents above mentioned. Osborne estimates
that the barley investigated contains 10.75 per cent. of albuminoids
distributed as follows: Albumin (leukosin), 3 per cent.; hordein, 4 per
cent.; edestin and proteose, 195 per cent.; insoluble proteid, 4.5 per
cent.

The fat removed from barley by the solvent action of ether is
a dark golden yellow oil having a specific gravity of .9388 and a
melting point of 13 degrees Centigrade. Various analyses show
it to be composed of from 8.4 to 13.6 per cent. of free fatty acids;
77.8 to 83.8 per cent. of neutral fats; 3 to 4.25 per cent. of lecithin;
a fatty body containing phosphorus and which occurs abundantly
in the animal body associated with brain and nerve tissue; and
finally from 4.7 to 6.1 per cent. of cholesterin, a vegetable compound,
very similar to the cholesterin found abundantly in animal bile.
Not all of the lecithin of the barley is dissolved with the fat by the
action of ether. Schulze has found that the quantity removed by
ether corresponds to about .07 per cent. of the dry weight of the bar-
ley, while by the further action of alcohol from .2 to .4 per cent.
more can be removed.*

The nitrogen-free extract amounts to about 67 per cent. of the
barley. Of this extract, 95 per cent. is starch, 1 to 3 per cent. sugars
of various sorts (cane sugar, dextrose, levulose, maltose), and about
as much gum and dextrin. Lintner has named the water-soluble
barley gum galactoxylan; when inverted by the action of acids or
ferments, it is changed into galactose and xylose. The so-called
pentosans, xylan and araban are also included in the nitrogen-free
extract, and arabinose, derivative of araban, has been obtained by
Tollens from barley and brewers’ grains.

*Wallerstein obtained for barley fat the following data:

CTO PTIUIIDON, xa baie setais races oid paisa tteeyeta cca sate tie cee eats ON aide Oe ate ae eee ieee ae 16.52
Saponincation: Number: . ca. cewswomacscvieacss omarecdeenonee ts 182.1

BIUHETO TMI, . c's wcicctraentcyeinre sie te caine eather ee eee eae 165.58
Riechert-Meiss}) MWUMber, lac castiea detec sine ee cmeieiin note Conn eee cae eae oe ae -081
GY COTUIS 5 6 Soe lojciasa'skiv nso oateltiete come] ol eratai te Gino cte tN arhotieie ete cies Ta Teste Peete 9.05

Stellwaag obtained: Saponification number, 181.7; total fatty acids, 86.68 per cent.; molecular
weight of the fatty acid, 2.86.

Dietrich obtained: Specific gravity, temperature not stated, 0.9145; refractive index at 40°C.,
65°; iodin number, 106 to 107; free fatty acids, 9.92.

eS —— . -

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 593

The principal constitutents of barley ash are: Potash, 20.92° per
cent.; phosphoric acid, 35.10 per cent., and silica, 25.91 per cent.

[American barleys are, on the average, richer in protein than the
European varieties and contain somewhat less fat and fiber. F.|

Malt is prepared from barley by the processes of softening, ger-
minating and kiln-drying. In softening, the grain is stirred in con-
tact with water until it takes up, of this liquid, about 48 per cent. of
its weight; the water in turn dissolves from it about 1 to 14 per
cent. of the original substance, the dissolved matter consisting
chiefly of phosphoric acid, potash and certain organic materials.
According to Heinzelmann, one-fifth of the phosphoric acid of the
grain is thus lost.

The softened and swollen grain is then removed to a room well-
aired and kept at a temperature of 59 to 63.5 degrees Fahrenheit,
and is frequently stirred. The germination is sufiiciently advanced
when the plumule or grass blade is nearly as long as the grain, the
radicle being about one-half longer. Very marked chemical changes
occur during the germination, which affect practically every group
of constituents. The protein and nitrogen-free extract are especially
changed. Behrend and Sturcke found that a barley which, in its
original condition, had 13.1 per cent. of its nitrogen in a water-solu-
ble condition, including 5 per cent. of non-albuminoids or amides,
had, when it was malted or fully germinated, 35.2 per cent. of its
nitrogen present in water-soluble state including 2.07 per cent. of
non-albuminoids or amides. Osborne and Campbell have found that,
in the malting process, the hordein is replaced by an alcohol-soluble
proteid of entirely different composition. The barley globulin edes-
tin is replaced by a new globulin to which the name bynedestin has
been assigned. The albumin is changed only by an increase in its
quantity, and a new proteid, bynin, insoluble in water and salt so-
lutions but soluble in dilute alcohol, appears. Osborne calculates
that the malt contains about 7.84 per cent. of true proteids distri-
buted as follows: Leukosin, bynedestin and proteoses, both those
in coagualable and incoagulable forms, 2.79 per cent.; bynin, 1.25 per
cent.; insoluble proteid, 3.80 per cent.

Among the nitrogenous substances are several ferments: Accord-
ing to Lintner, barley grain contains diastatic ferment possessing a
larger power of converting starch into sugar; it is, however, unable
by itself to attack the starch in the endosperm. The more diastase
by whose agency the starch is chiefly dissolved in the mashing pro-
cess, appears first when the grain is germinated. There is also pre-
sent a ferment which attacks the cellulose of the endosperm cells.

The nitrogen-free extract is changed during fermentation chiefly
as the result of the conversion of starch into various sugars by

38-—6—1903

594 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

the diastase. The respiration of germinated seed is very active.
According to Schutt, during nine days of germination, one hundred
pounds of dry substance loses 6.7 pounds of starch by respiration
and gives off 10.9 pounds of carbolic acid. Brown and Morris show
that, as a result of germination, a large amount of cane sugar forms
in the embryo and that the softened endosperm, while it exhibits
an increased quantity of this sugar, is characterized by the pres-
ence of considerable maltose, a closely related sugar which does not
occur in the embryo. It appears, therefore, that the maltose is
confined to the place in which it was formed and is not transported
as such into the young plant. The crude fiber is increased in quan-
tity.

A number of plant acids, formed, some by direct oxidation pro-
cesses, such as succinic, oxalic, malic and citric acids, and others
as the result of bacteriological action, which unavoidably accom-
panies the maiting process; the latter products include acetic, pro-
pionic and lactic acids.

The fat contained is reduced to 20-30 per cent. of the original
amount.

Kiln-drying is conducted at different temperatures according to
the kind of malt which it is desired shall be produced, whether
the lighter malts used for pale beers or the roasted malt used for
dark beers. The temperature of the malt in the former case goes
no higher than 90 degrees (192 degrees F.) in the latter case, it may
reach 120 degrees (248 degrees F.) The malt is stirred during dry-
ing for the purpose of removing the malt sprout. The heat causes
changes in the soluble carbohydrates, sugars, ete., by which the
peculiar malt aroma is developed and the quantity of invert sugar
increased. The investigations of Shulte im Hoffe show that, as a
result of the kiln-drying at low temperatures, the amount of extract
(water-soluble material) is not changed; at higher temperatures it
is reduced in considerable degree, the amount of soluble albuminoids
decreases, and that of amides is diminished at the higher tempera.
tures. Peptone, the typical product resulting from the action of
the gastric or stomach juice upon protein, is also a constituent of
finished malt and even occurs in very small quantity in the raw
barley. Hilger and Van der Becke found that in kiln-dried malt,
nitrogen was present in water-soluble compounds as follows: Albu-
min, .1194; peptone, .0233; ammonium salts, .0057; amido acids,
.2257; amides, .0029 per cent. According to Thausing, 100 Ibs. of air
dried barley will yield, on the average, 78tbs. of kiln-dried, germ-free
malt. Maercker gives the following average composition for the raw
barley and the finished malt, together with a statement of the
amount of the original constituents which appear in the final
product:

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 595

| i
3
is}
oo
3
| S
> i
hence :
| ue =
BBISUMETIL SELES Yom g ontatetc:ateisic’aias c-ayaty wfose.e aleve: ctarateicrereteie’e ss lel avardveievbie'e: ea 85.0 92.5 72.0
ESICE ECU ED ED meticetave rei aisin wre © aic’alolafnre's nialvrenicio'e. ciavarerare: Shovel lavalsie’sian ace eiale/aca 10.0 9.0 7.5
PETA yey tele) crore sjals oveiareavere Sia ercvcte cs oi clefoa/s nian eveisior overs ereyalere,e/e e's tle wow are yap 2.4 | 1.9
SUE Wale RA Saag nGeRO OS AAENe ad O0 Bodo DOOORBOODDOOODEES | 60.0 68.0 53.0
@phersnitrosen=free: EXLTACE . cceewcs cece ceceetic sce Celecee ns 8.4 | ils Les
Pte OUCTOR EM -TreG OXUtLACT, “ccisis de.cie es wesw acres oneecivis ee 63.4 69.7 54.3
ROTATE MLL I STM bos farstssetaPa sc eG eters aye ators lay eqevarcravaroreteie ldlovestiale Ata side ns.ois eles | 4.8 5.0 | 3.9
Ash, 2.6 23) 158
|

Ey. In brewing, a “wort” or water solution of the malt
is prepared. For this purpose the malt is “mashed” or mixed with
a certain quantity of water and kept at 167 degrees F. for five or
six hours. By this process not only are the water-soluble ma-
terials present in the malt, taken into solution, but the diastatic
ferment acts further upon the starch, converting it into sugars
and dextrin. The wort is then separated from the undissolved
materials, which remain as the spent malt or brewers’ grains. Be-
fore the removal of the wort, the grains are allowed to settle out;
the albumin that is coagulated in the mashing separates in part
with the grains and in part with the remaining starch as a smeary
mass overlying the grains. One-third of the kiln-dried malt remains
in the grains, so that 100 parts of barley yield 26 parts of dried, or
110 parts of wet brewers’ grains.

Wheat is sometimes malted and used for making “weiss beer.”
Since it has no hull, the residual grains are more valuable than
those of barley.

Corn and rice, in a ground condition and freed from their em-
bryos, are used in American breweries, and the latter in those
of North Germany and Norway for the preparation of an export
beer low in albuminoids. The starches of these grains are less
vigorously attacked by diastase than barley malt starch; hence the
grains from these mixtures with raw cereals, are richer in starch.

The “grains” contain of the malt constituents, all the hulls, the
undissolved starch and other bodies of slight solubility, nearly all
the fat and of the proteids, both the insoluble portion and that
fraction of the soluble proteids that is pea wiated in the mashing
process and separates with the grains.

According to E. Pott the grains contain 65 per cent. of the nitro-
genous materials of the malt and 20 per cent. of the nitrogenous
free extract; Behrend states that there remain in the grains, of the
original materials of the malt:

596 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Dry matter, about one-third.

Crude protein, about three-fourths.
Crude fat, about four-fifths.
Nitrogen-free extract, about one-fifth.
Total ash, about two-thirds.

Phosphoric acid, about three-fifths.
Potash, about one-eleventh—one-twelfth.

Lintner gives slightly different proportions for the ash constit-
uents retained, viz: Phosphoric acid, two-thirds; potash, one-sixth;
all the lime and most of the magnesia.

The average composition of the fresh grains as given by Dietrich
and iGnig and the co-efficients of digestibility determined for oxen
by G. Kuhn, are:

Coefficients of digesti-
bility.

Composition, per cent.

UR HE ST MCN roto cteevet oval afotegstaiet eateisvi sa arsis astete eis le ick erersietalee roe allots ictewctelsaisinis sicleielerevepsisioiete 1G 2:5 | rosetta ssereteietoloraterets
PIS) reap EYL SU LU Tes ene ih es es Seva al chatehsseveceseieye7ocai.cys'aracavs wiles alavatese:g alavckol salto lateral tlere oie: aaa cateis nein eiele 23.8 60.1
PASSO metered ctnistetes fers voreisictclo.oicis eraxcicrelaic) atetert, chaole sefevare terest teva efocstetereretelatelaterelelsveleteisictafslerelsve clekete nya ao coca nooo dS
RORY EET Coe CMA COI siarctatefcrota/s aysvoysie sarwnrststaio) via /cie rahe lclercve (ore) elstevel ste Stele levers ave vwiavsyele\e.cre cveisis/ete 22.6 63.0
NOSE ELE BETPEOU LEN a bee's citer g ecais cic or eieie bois GY are sate te ovata arate vial ave (apni seis oie recniiis a lereieta eee) etniefaveve ete 5.1 12.7
COSY T CL MENT aria ovo) Actatas v'n/oya 5 ars ove sche oharalejstacs sorisatal sie folerstavaya tole rateialerouselele esate eiare iatetels «ete slots 5.2 38.8
Nitrogen-free extract, .......... AS siatacs vst [gTapatinve’ wiaheloteavaneve/o-4,cie inka tenella eiaieinveiccusrel sts 10.6 64.2
(Oni SRENES Oe Adooditp Cae RO DOSS Anne cADoannan ano doscoetanccdanscoonosnacaaa dose ed) 83.7

Drying the Grains: The moist grains sour quickly and become
undesirable for feeding purposes. They may be packed in silos,
but the product obtained is not satisfactory and the process of
ensilage is accompanied by a large loss of valuable material. Atten-
tion was early turned to the preservation of the grains, without
loss of nutrients, by drying. At first, the plan of drying partially,
mixing with a dry feed such as bran and then baking or drying the
mixture was tried. The result was only partially satisfactory.
Sometimes the wet grains were mixed with kiln-dried malt.

The present methods were first employed early in the eighties. In
the methods used the aim is to dry the grains without loss of
nutrients, without affecting their digestibility and at the least cost.

At first the grains were submitted to a preliminary pressing, and
this procedure is still practiced by some. This pressing removes,
however, not only the water and the substances dissolved in it,
but also some of the most valuable nutrients that are present in
suspension, the greater loss being in this suspended matter. In

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 597

general, the pressing removes about 30 per cent. of the weight of
the moist grains; the loss by the use of a new press amounts to
about 6 per cent. of the dry substance, and, as the press becomes
worn by use, the loss rises to about LO per cent.

The detailed description of the various forms of apparatus used
for drying will be omitted. At first, the drying was effected by
direct contact with furnace gases followed by indirect exposure to
high pressure steam. At present, escape steam or low pressure
steam is used, producing a drying temperature not higher than about
130 degrees F., mechanical stirrers being employed to assist in the
drying.

By this process, about one part of dried grains is produced for
three parts of malt; if a similar productive value be assumed for
malt substitutes (raw cereals), the breweries of Germany could
produce, with proper drying apparatus, about 400,000 long tons of
dried grains. The production is confined, however, in many locali-
ties to the summer months when pasturage and soiling crops are
abundant, the moist grains being consumed as fast as they are pro-
duced in other seasons. The present production is, therefore, only
about 50,000 to 75,000 long tons annually; besides which, 25,000
tons are imported, chiefly from the United States.

The American grains are not pure malt grains, because of the
general use of corn grits in preparing the wort. English and
Scotch grains are of darker color, owing to the direct use of flue
gases in the drying. In general, the sum of protein and fat in the
grains of different origin are: Germany and Holland, 27-29 per cent.;
Scotland, 25-27 per cent.; American, 28-32 per cent.

The Quality and Composition of the Grains: Since different malts
and malt-substitutes are employed for making different beers, there
are corresponding differences in the yield and quality of the dried
grains. Thus Behrend found that 100 parts of malt used in making
pale (Pilsener) beer, produced 29.9 parts of dried grains, while that
for the dark (Bavarian) beer left 32 parts of grains. Schulte im
Hoffe observes that as a consequence of a thorough extraction in
preparing the wort, the residual dried grains may contain 6.5 per
cent. less nitrogen-free extract and 2.6 per cent. more protein, than
where the extraction is imperfect.

Analyses by the German Experiment Stations show the follow-
ing averages for grains of different kinds:

598 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

_——
| |
ape
a | Protein. | 3
o a
a :
eI
F | | °
n o
& fee
° x) 1 A
be Q | 5
® : es 2
2 be a? = = oo
g 2 3 @ S 2 :
3 Ga a bo | = et 3
Zi; E < = A | & Z fe
l |
Barley malt: |
(a) With preliminary pressing, ... 3 | 4.9 | 4.3 20.9 15.2 13.9 47.7 8.3
(b) Without preliminary pressing, iB} 6.7 | 4.1 22.4 16.9 14.4 44.0 8.3
(c) Dried by ftlue-gases, ............ 1 8.9 | 3.5 17.5 11.5 14.1 48.5 7.5
VIRGEN GFN SSeGocdoonsboasscosnanoaddac 1| 5.2 4.0 PEG) 18.0 10.2 48.3 8.8
, 9 | |
aI, Malt SPALUSy, wrceisaicls 1 1 5.0 | 4.9 24.4 19.0 14.8 41.3 9.6
RUC Eee OI ATUS wcleleraela sl enaietcvarata «tstote ole \ | }
led: itll soogonsososshooanpoata ) =i _
Maize in quantity, ............. f 7 9.2 | 2E0 | §28s45)|.- onto! 11.8 | 39.9 7.9

These analyses indicate the superiority of grains derived in part
from cereals devoid of hull.

As the result of analysis of nearly 1,000 samples, the average
composition of the dried brewers’ grains on the German market is:

Per cent.
MOUSTUGE, Mor thctis cht ekatoer erties aiates Peecpen et ame aio kee 10
PNA ner ckr Rite oes Deen eset et eeas ch Pease ere eae neren Tee 4
PPE QWE MI nbr, eas) 12 brea”: Dicks ras Guess tee yk oh Chee ags She 22
rie SEI Teese. cesta e can artected ae cre onaione caver seh enerinvs 15
NiITEOGen-TLee ERETACT,. wane omiets ere es 42
1 EET A Ran Ue SRE APL a eR eee Cane Neb a a ee a

Respecting the condition of the protein in the various grains, the
results of 23 detailed analyses are summarized as follows, in terms
of total nitrogen (100 per cent.):

3 =
g 3
o ~
vo
-
& 2
: %
% :
= @
3 =
m <
PEUOUIAANGUG THE TOR CNN vccraccaicdesk soa orern Sistas os Sertarals alam ovaries vefelareanie: deaisferee sisints 89 -98.6 95.7
Non-aAlbuUmMINOIG OT Amid MLCLO BEM, edacwiess/etelaisearetelersrele/ereioys eleisteleteletouietessieieie 0.9-11.0 | 4.3
MIS EStIDIE MICKOREN<.citeicicce maya are aiclaiote orale ain atainNetesteretarererionie Sere alcrereieicieleleisiswievere 65.7-81.3 74.3
MT ES CLD LEY MICLORCU, © oc. coc vars coe lac cle ele icine elorece wlolele oie lle a.ele ele lialeie ein areei vers 15.3-31.4 | 21.4

The digestibility of the protein is greatly affected by the tem-
perature at which the drying is conducted, as the following results
obtained by B. Schulze show:

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 599

Grains dried at a low temperature in vacuum, 79.6—84.1

Grains dried in ordinary kilns, ...........+... 67 .8—73 .6
Grains dried by flue gases, ........... tye ot ake 58.3—59.0

The fat of dried brewers’ grains has been little studied. Dietrich
found in mixed grains from various sources a brown fat,* showing
the following characters:

Per cent.
Free fatty acids reckoned as oleic acid, ...... 32.0
iS/ETERCT CU ah Re ee Se ce Ee ef Ree 56.2
ERs Us de eA Ns PP actress ae. ca afer mes o/h or Lent stone 6.3
Unsaponifiable matter (cholesterin), .......... 4.8

The total lecithin content of the grains was 1.48 per cent. of the
dry matter. The free fatty acids, calculated as oleic acid, on the
basis of 72 analyses, range from 12.7 to 57.4 per cent. of the total
fat, and average 33.1 per cent. That is, as a comparison with the
composition of the fat of the original barley quickly shows, the
proportion of neutral fats is greatly reduced and that of free fatty
acids correspondingly increased, in the course of the malting, mash-
ing and drying of the grains.

The nitrogen free extract composes nearly one-half of the dried
erains. It is made up chiefly of more or less modified starch that
has failed of complete inversion, gums and dextrins. There is very
little unmodified starch remaining.

The grains contain, partly in the ‘nitrogen-free extract, partly
in the crude fiber, from 22 to 30 per cent. of pentosans. Tollens
and Glaubitz found that of the constituents in the malt, three-
fourth reappear in the dried brewers’ grains; they further found
that, in a sample yielding 26.48 per cent., 22.76 per cent. was readily
attacked by dilute acid and 1.20 per cent. by dilute alkali, leaving
only 2.52 per cent. in the crude fiber; so that over 90 per cent. of
the entire amount appears in the nitrogen-free extract. When acted
upon by acid, the chief product is xylose—the characteristic pentose
sugar yielded by bran, corn cobs, etc.—though some arabinose is
also obtained.

The ash of the brewers’ grains usually contains from 0.5 to
0.75 per cent., rarely 1.0 per cent. of sand or other foreign mineral
matter. On the average, one ton of the grains contains of the
more important mineral matters:

Pounds.
| BLOAT ES LO, Oe: ate One SAO gee ae See ay ince 2.6
PHOSpPHOvic ACICs sy.5 «cst! 2 SR ed comers Ms, ast 29.6
EAE aT Ee oe i te a cree 8 RE ie Rn «nar 96

*The fat had an iodin number of 93.6; saponification number, 195; refractive d ’ e
sree Glee egree at 40 de-

600 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

[Since a ton contains also 70.4 pounds of nitrogen, the fertilizer
value of this quantity of the grains, at the prices now ruling, would
be $18.48. F.]

Feeding Qualities: The grains should be free from scorched or
burned particles, possess a strawy odor and, when stirred with
luke-warm water, emit no sour or mouldy smell. When moistened
with recently boiled and cooled water, they should show no tendency
to the development of molds or bacteria and should not change in
odor.

The digestibility of the constituents of the grains, as determined
in (a) five experiments with sheep and (b) one experiment with
steers, expressed in percentages digested of the total amounts of
the respective constituents, is:

Sheep. | Steers.
|
ETtcptice ONS ATID) AYLAUCUC Tan forse iets ore sta ycieteieleteiere, cleforsiays el eters atalefersvoteis;1at=tefaislevatets\olereleloioie/sis | 65.7 60.1
IBIGRS Wh” SaaneeA ben ouront 7 Teo dr an HaeCa an oseacnas dares cbcocisoncnso aackdcspmsad | TPH 73.5
TREKRO Gagnnupnopnoonoebonobed suoneecobcE SpEacopoHcagu Sb onco apr codHnnncapnonoonannS 87.1 83.7
SSO OT TU COME RU LELEL,, cisreicrerstetierc nucle, ciara tale ais cates wonts e7aialeyarotseiore/e elaliereletatetol via lafpcetete | 61.6 56.0
(CHARGE THESE Pag gaoodbniccneesaa. osaoucudegouarqucLdeEeDonondosacudouabadusdaGas 56.4 38.8

Dried brewers’ grains are extensively used for all feeding pur-
poses and form, when properly prepared, a healthful and nutritious
food, which keeps well under all conditions.

DRIED DISTILULERS’ GRAIN.

Distillers’ grains are very similar in their appearance and meth-
ods of production to brewers’ grains. The distillers’ grains are
obtained in the manufacture of yeast by the aeration process and
to-day the yeast is often applied to the wort instead of being put
in the mash, as formerly.

The principal raw materials are green malt (less frequently, kiln-
dried malt), rye, or maize, more rarely wheat and buckwheat and
occasionally malt sprouts.

In the mashing, the shvedded grain mixture is macerated for a
shorter (2-3 hours) or a longer time (12-14 hours), with slightly
acid water. The temperature is then raised to the usual degree
by the addition of hot water. Any maize used is previously cooked.
After the starch is converted to sugars, the wort is either run off
from the grains or separated therefrom by means of filter-presses.
The grains, after repeated extraction with pure water, are then
dried in the same manner as the brewers’ grains.

Owing to their similarity to brewers’ grains, distillers’ grains
have only recently been sold under a distinctive name,

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 601

The new process of yeast manufacture has been generally adopted
throughout Germany and Austria and is also used in England and
" America.

The only analysis heretofore published of distillers’ grains was
by E. Wolff in 1900. A number of samples have since been examined
at Marburg.

It should be remembered that malt sprouts are always present,
whether introduced separately or not, since they are part of the
green malt used in the mash.

The results of the examinations at Marburg are as follows:

5 Composition (Per Cent.).
zy

5 Ses a

a Grain (Crude Malt). Ao 2

z i art
> oOo | ~

z a ee a ol £u| 8
SH Me as] = a=

n oO S oy es Z |

| }

San ; -—
il || GERI Bie heer soprcer niet Soa nonTeie ar A ears D ao eaine | 35 | 10.0 20.4 8.2 45.1 | 14.0
O).. |) TRIES ARES Ni be tela MA i nae eae ai a Ain ALO em AN | 24-26 | 8.9 18.1 8.0 | 49.0 | 13.0
SHAPE SITERIG. WKREGAT, cere ois suc caten ote ure sisameninie sls | 40-45 | 8.4 27.7 16.1) 34.5 | ab LA
271” TREN TES eae ERO ce oe ta Ya | 26-30 | 8.7| 14.4 6.1| 52.8| 15.6
Tt || GZ elec So seneacn Sac como npaaD aniosicrencion ohinnenbeacon 22-26 9.6 18.5 7.5 43.1 16.8
Ge LU Crm SOL OMICS success ietereis sntstereterernin ciaveletsiaveies« sustaretelsisiere-<t-pe 24 9.2 1oRT Dell 44.7 | 18.0
FINGER SRO wy STIMOUMUSS sc. cicie.wvwiale nyorcre, eceiersvaiore siayereleieiais/aleracisievormete | 24 | 9.3 18.7 ical 43.9 | aby (al
SHIEVOMESDEOUTS HE aacten ee aenine een eee Cee rein soa | 24-26 | 8.5] 18.2 7.7 | 47.2 | 15.4
Ou e Miad es Msp rOUtS testa cce iecinin eet eon a eae ae | 28-32 SES 19.6 10.6| 43.4] 14.3
HOMleree! “sprouts Mh. lovee ecco eo we deuceeus 26-30 | 8.1] 20.2| 6.7] 46.4| 14.2
Pia Malte (85, -TYVe 20s SDTOUUS! 25 cies. vcwenee nes civ eles } 26 Geaull L7s2)| Dat | 53.9 | 13.4
12} Malt 50, maize 25, rye 18, sprouts 6, ............ otra 4.3 22.1 9.7 | 46.9 | 14.0
Hep eee LUCE] © oTPY. Soe teiasereaisi annie eels. (al aciectatlediv ete@ies afolbeudlsise Save lSeiieciee 6.3 16.1 | 8.3 50.3 | 15.9
AMV ARIZ oe EMO an rics raocs saseiieterejate, stints eisierereveveevels\sla\sve: suotopspeterei ery epee ears | 5.9 | 20.4 10.1 48.1 12.3
TOM WERTON COMES DROULS mite hace on ecdace th smas cite tices laacace: ly 225 eae 10940) | aT Se eel tenn
MOWER Eh TID DAZE soa store ras « 5 ole oissala/deteyayalaisvars s/elwaraie sberavereisiesacis.e |[ssieeelainiers 4.7 20.4 11.0 48.2 13.3
Aim SEty Co rn) 21 ZO aR DU OUCS ium syeresirsicrereterarsieteieroevetcieees es vtoietereion lc siete alers | 4.3 | 19.8 8.1] 48.2 | 15.8
ASME OU,, AIRATZO TOs PVE CO yiuletso.j<vtncclarare arecere orci sfaieisyeinill osanetoteiale | 5.1 23.8 9283 Wastde sieeve 10.8

Owing to the differences and kind of raw materials used, it is
impracticable to state an average composition for these products.

The proteids are, on the average, 95 per cent. true albuminoids.
In nature, these albuminoids doubtless closely resemble those of
the raw materials, though no especial study has been made of them.
Their digestibility varies, as in brewers’ grains, with the degree
of heat used in drying them. The percentage of protein digestible
varies from 75 to 84, average 80. ;

There is a wider variation in the fat, owing to the raw materials
used. In general, the amount is greater, the more maize there is
used.

The proportion of free fatty acids ranges from 24.5 to 52.1 per
cent. of the total fat. When malt is the principal raw material,
the fat resembles that of brewers’ grains, but when maize is used
in considerable quantity, the maize fat materially alters the char-
acter of the fat of the distillers’ grains. |

39 —. ie

602 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Respecting the nitrogen-free extract and crude fiber, little ean
be said. Sample No. 11 contained 21.8 per cent. of pentosans.

Dried distillers’ grains are used for the same purposes as the -
brewers’ grains, but are usually of higher value.

Very little searching chemical investigation has been given to
these materials as they appear on the American market.

In 1901 was published an analysis made by Dr. C. A. Browne
and Mr. ©. P. Beistle in the Experiment Station laboratory of dried
distillers’ grains. I present a brief recalculation of their results.
The material was received in a moist, very slightly fermented state
from the H. J. Heinz Pickle Co., Pittsburg, and was quickly dried
at a temperature of 160 degrees to 180 degrees F.

Per cent.

IMIS UIGEs ors tertile 2 ant she askeyae Settee EM Shs: Ss vons ae Eehacarage austere euatgetns 3.83
PSS IMs Recedh (ae alters cis. c is. Gis vera Put sia 5 Ome cus Swen WOR a eae 1.84
Fat UG ITIP eect Ps, sks airs ore. Focps Rua tee ag, tee. nate WS eee scp stcire WG oe 23.44
Nitrogen-free extract
SIN Trees Sissies ones seat Satta ys 0 reyes eae 0.00
[DYES tte, RIA, Ae a a er ore rons Drailtes
PUNTER A each tele ro ORT Poe BARN oa Macecalts 5 Soh vated adler = sec 2.66
MA GHACI OSs shes .cieM wk, 0 akeleee Soho oko e sda eal ai ten cin) Sie 10.81
Seentosans dissolved by acid; 2... 2. «amc. descd ees: 17.66
Undetermined (resins, pentosans, etc.), .......... it
——— 44.38
Crude fiber:
DEV OI UMMM esc et ours cisa tit ens ot hesfeeg aah iaweie ane tats Sea ee 1.14
PMO G26 H etolinss See Lt oe Nee eee 15.05
CTV SEL TNS 4 5 Biase oioth Sta aw. nce. uote Chews eel hia ane mea ore Ot
17.06
(CHAT 221 CaN hers Pee SO ae RE ae A aS 10.25
100.00

This statement shows a large proportion of undetermined sub-
stance, part of which is resin, etc., dissolved by alcohol, and part
is pentosans. For an independent series of pentosan determina-
tions show that 24.86 per cent. of these substances were present;
of this amount, however, 3.88 per cent. disappeared in the treat-
ments for the determination of dextrin and starch and are, in part,
represented by the percentages given for these two constituents;

2.45 per cent. also are represented in the lignic acids.

Note.—The term ‘‘distillers’ grains’’ is applied, in America, to other products besides that
obtained in the manufacture of pressed yeast, and includes the dried grains from alcohol Atel
whiskey distilleries and vinegar factories. Large quantities of these distillers’ grains are now
being sold in this country. é ;

Ne. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 603

In general, this analysis corresponds closely to the German analy-
ses earlier given. The conversion of the starches to sugars and
the extraction of the latter appear to have been quite completely
effected.

Here, as in the brewers’ grains, most of the nitrogen-free extract
is composed of materials of distinctly inferior nutritive value as
compared with sugar and starch.

Recently, analyses have been made in the Station laboratory of
various samples of dried distillers’ grains, the results of which
are here presented.

a Other, Partial Analy-

‘3 ses (4)

ral

lest he ay

“ = a. ot

A ov to ©

(S) - . °

- ve ns}

WM t, we i

Qo go oo

= a 3) > &

faa) <
IMRGNEEURED. Gad cenan SAD OOnEMO aor Oop teOoae ane abe erin acta dance amen | 6.86 7.06-10.85 8.67
LACED, gd Re Aa ed NE Rn eta ee | 85: ade st chance «ll eee
EOP LTN ey oye) oe rein ea, cvsrerar eta ocest inva os ti ottincioia.aieiss ages Wises ti ais.cvore sinters ee apelelsiate. clots 33.00 31.19-34.81 32.89
ITC Ors LH) Coo res eicrels, tors viarar oho chase w overeis shersiore es rarctclelelowessraists stcioce-svavsiele alsin eye eferaiere TQ SOT s | \cie clslelereroeie «istepsrere oagooobos a6
IVILTOSEN=[reCOy OXEPAGS aiecyc sisyere (ore acje eel a vices 'eie/slevara,h sivieissaYoveleierejis oie e516 82.67 |... 22. -e ee ccnees leccecceseene
TREES Daanickeds yh Orn ce ein Oo COR not IOS GIRS Get eats IRR oe SET et rae 14.65 | 7.94-13.02 11.50

These figures differ distinctly from those of European analyses.
The Marburg samples showed from 14.4 to 27.7 per cent. of protein,
from 10.8 to 18.0 per cent. of fiber, from 34.5 to 53.9 per cent. of
nitrogen-free extract, from 5.1 to 16.1 per cent. of fat, and from
1.6 to 4.5 per cent. of ash, the moisture being the same as in the
Pennsylvania samples. High protein, high fat, and low fiber and
nitrogen-free extract characterize the American distillers’ grains
now offered upon the market. The digestibility of the several
groups of constituents is probably not very different from that
observed with respect to those of European grains.

These analyses show the materials to be especially rich in protein
and fat. In these particulars they compare closely with the oil-
cakes, but are of less value as to the nitrogen-free extract.

These grains have given excellent results as food for dairy cows.
It is sometimes complained that the peculiar odor is imparted to
the milk; but the best evidence I have found upon that point, indi-
cates that the odor passed directly from the grains to the milk
rather than through the cow. Their composition also suggests that
they may make an excellent food for both road and draught horses.

604 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

The CHAIRMAN: The report of Dr. Pearson, Veterinary Surgeon
of the Board.

The SECRETARY: There has been no report handed to me.
The CHAIRMAN: The report of Dr. Lee, Sanitarian of the Board.
The SECRETARY: I have the report.

On motion, which was seconded, it was ordered that it be placed
on file and be printed for the use of thg Board.
The report is as follows:

REPORT OF THE SANITARIAN.

BY BaNJAMIN Les, M. D.. Secretary State Board of Health, Sanitarian.

Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen:

Allow me during the few moments allotted to call your at-
tention to the sanitary history of our State during the period which
has elapsed since the establishment of the State Board cf Health,
eighteen years ago, and to a comparison of the conditions then
existing with those which now obtain. We shall find in it, f think,
subject for mutual congratulation, and for serious reflection as
well.

A careful student of the legislation of Pennsylvania comes upon
the curious fact that many laws have been enacted, often f an ex-
tremely valuable character, which have remained a dead Ictter for
the reason that no machinery existed or was created for carrying out
their provisions and no penalty was prescribed for their violation.
It would seem as though they had been passed tentatively in order
to test their acceptability in the eyes of the people, with a view to
their enforcement later on if the public should demand it, or their
abrogation if they failed to meet general approval. This is espe-
cially true of most enactments for the protection of tbe public
health.

The principal object in the creation of a central sanitary authority
in the State was evidently to infuse life into certain of these dor-
mant laws, and to establish an authority having both the duty and
the right to enforce them. But even this power was converted ina
half-hearted, hesitating way, and the Board was crippled from the
outset by an utterly inadequate and insignificant apprepriation.
War was to be waged against the grand army of disease germs,
strongly supported by ignorance, prejudice and negligence, and
amply supplied with the sinews of war by avarice and creed; and

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 605

to prosecute this contest there was put in the field a general staff,
without troops and with a most beggarly treasury.

In an area of 45,000 square miles, with a population of more than
five millions, and containing 574 incorporated cities and boroughs,
there were but eleven boards of health. More than 70 per cent. of
the population, and 90 per cent. of the area of the State had no
health statistics, no registration of deaths, no notification of in-
fectious diseases, no contagious disease hospitals, no inspection of
foods, no legal health authorities. “The sanitary condition of por-
tions of the State outside of the larger cities was indeed shocking.”
The city councils of Philadelphia, long before compelled by the Leg-
islature to maintain a board of health themselves, took the alarm
and memorialized that body that the State was quite unprepared
to check the spread of transmissible diseases, which it claimed
caused one out of every five deaths occurring in the Commonwealth.

The State Board of Health, created in response to’ this and similar
appeals, therefore announced in an “Address to the People of Penn-
sylvania,” adopted at its first meeting, that it would deem it its
first and most important duty to encourage and urge the establish-
ment of sanitary authorities, not only in all cities and boroughs,
but also in townships, so that there might be a complete system of
sanitary administration throughout the State, and that there might
not remain a single nook or cranny, however secluded or remote,
with which the Board might not be in regular communication in
order both to receive information and to extend aid. All boroughs
had the power to establish boards of health, but it was slow and
discouraging work to induce them to exercise this power, and it
was not until 1893, eight years after the establishment of the State
Board, that sanitarians succeeded in having the law so amended as
to make it mandatory instead of merely permissory. This of course
at once greatly increased the number of boroughs having boards,
but left the townships still unprotected; and yet the farmer
values the lives of his wife and children as dearly as does the citi-
zen. Disease germs are no respecters cither of persons or of locali
ties. The empty place at the dinner table and the vacant desk at
school are mute but terrible witnesses to the frequency with which
these subtle foes select their victims in the farm house. Not until
1899, fourteen years after the creation of the Board, did the Legis-
lature accept this fundamental statement and pass a law authorizing
school boards in townships to assume the functions of health boards,
in so far as the restriction of communicable diseases was con-
cerned. This was a most unsatisfactory solution of the problem.
The school boards hesitate to incur expenses not provided for by
law as part of the educational system of the State. The poor
directors claim that inasmuch as the law has authorized school

606 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

directors te enforce quarantine, it has also authorized them to de-
vote funds raised by means of the school tax to the support of
persons in quarantine, thus relieving themselves, 7. ¢., the poor
directors, from a burden which they have always heretofore as-
sumed; while both bodies unite in demanding that in every instance
in which the State Board of Health establishes a quarantine, that
body shall become responsible for all expenses incurred in main-
taining the same.

“Everything,” therefore, in reference to this troublesome prob-
lem, is, as the perplexed hero of the comic opera observed, “is either
at sixes or at sevens.” It is earnestly to be hoped that the next
Legislature will bring order out of chaos by establishing a sym-
metrical and consistent system of health administration for the
entire State, making it incumbent upon all counties, cities, boroughs
and townships, to appoint and maintain appropriate health author-
ities, having for their sole duty, the protection of the public health
and the careful and systematic registration of vital statistics, in-
cluding notification of cases of communicable disease.

By vital statistics or the movement of population is understood
the systematic reporting and recording or registration of every
marriage, every birth and every death, occurring in a community.
This is the foundation stone of sanitary administration, the very
A. B. C. of sanitary science. By this alone can the sanitary ex-
ecutive officer measure the effect of his labors or determine in
what particular locality they are most needed. It has been well
said that “Wherever statistics are wanting, sanitary administration
is defective. Wherever they ave complete, sanitary administration
is efficient. Defective vital statistics and low ideals of cleanliness
and health go hand in hand.”

More than fifty years ago, a law for procuring such registration
was placed upon our statute books, in the preamble to which it was
stated that the law was demanded because from such statistics
could be “drawn important truths deeply affecting the physical
welfare of mankind.” Unfortunately this was a conspicuous in-
stance of the class of laws referred to at the beginning of this
paper, admirable, intelligent and humane in its conception, but un-
supported by provisions for its enfercement. Notification of cases
of contagious disease goes one step farther, and that a step of the
utmost importance, in that it places in the hands of the executive
health officer information which will enable him to extinguish
with little effort and at small cost, a spark which, undiscovered,
may be the starting point of a terrible conflagration. More than
a hundred years ago, Matthew Carey, one of the most brilliant
thinkers that Pennsylvania ever produced, urged the prime import-
ance of this matter in a paper before the American Philosophical

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 607

Society, entitled “An Account of the Malignant Fever lately PEER ay
lent in Philadelphia, ete.”

Only certain cities, however, were, half a century later, required
to insist on such notification. Among these may be noted, Phila-
delphia, Pittsburg, Allegheny and Williamsport. AIl city boards
were required to establish registration of births, marriages and
deaths; but it was left optional with boroughs whether they should
do so or not, and very few of them were willing to incur the neces-
sary expense.

In the townships, the statistics of births and deaths were col-
lected, annually, by the assessors. It is easy to understand how
imperfect and incorrect they are likely to be. The data thus ob-
tained were returned to the clerks of the Orphans’ Courts of each
county. Marriages could not be contracted without a license and
were registered in the office of the clerks of the Orphans’ Courts;
but outside of cities and boroughs no medical certificate of death
or burial permit was required, so that a human being might die
and be put under the ground with no more legal formality than
if he were a dog, and no official record of the fact for nearly a year.
The demise of a blooded horse or an Alderney cow would be at
once recorded in a stock book or herd book with the due history of
the pedigree of the decedent, but the man would disappear from
the surface of the earth without official note of record. Is it any
wonder that graveyard and infant insurance flourished in Penn-
Sylvania?

As compared with the conditions already described, let us now
consider those at present existing as indicated by the operations of
the State Board of Health, and the action of the Legislature during
the past year.

BOARDS OF HEALTH.

Contrasted with the eleven local boards existing in 1885, we have
now upon our books 768 legally organized health authorities. Of
these 152 are found in townships.

REGISTRATION.

The number of borough boards which are establishing a system
of registration is slowly increasing. Apart from this fact the only
distinct advance has been that the assessors, in accordance with
the law of June 6, 1893, collect statistics in the rural districts twice
a year instead of once a year. This is a slight improvement, but
falls far short of the system of prompt and complete reporting
which we should have.

608 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

ABATEMENT OF NUISANCES.

During the year the Board has, either directly through its in-
spectors, or by means of correspondence, abated seventy-six nui-
sances complained of, principally by residents of the rural districts.

SUPPRESSION OF EPIDEMICS.

The outbreaks of contagious diseases reported to the Board have
been 101, classified as follows: Diphtheria, 8; scarlet fever, 16;
smallpox, 58; typhoid fever, 19.

In nearly all of these cases the Board has rendered assistance
either by advice or pecuniarily. It has furnished free vaccination
to many thousands, and has aided many townships in meeting the
wages of guards performing disinfection and paying for bedding
and clothing destroyed. The number of cases of smallpox has been
6,976, with 628 deaths.

The Butler epidemic of typhoid, with its 1,359 cases and 101
deaths, is still fresh in your minds. Never have I seen a community
thrown into more dire confusion and perplexity, except in the awful
calamity of Johnstown. It will always be a matter of gratitude
to me that our Board was able to take the burden of controlling
the epidemic off the shoulders of their authorities, thus leaving
them and the charitable organizations which came to their aid a
free hand for the treatment of the fever-stricken and the relief of
suffering.

PROTECTION OF FOOD SUPPLIES.

In this important province an entirely new department, that
of the Live Stock Sanitary Commission, including the State Veter-
inarian and the Dairy and Food Commissioner, has been created,
and is doing admirable work, especially in the matter of checking
the spread of bovine tuberculosis.

PROTECTION OF WATER SUPPLIES.

The only direct legislation for the protection of public water
supplies from such pollution as would be injurious or fatal to
human beings, which has been effected since the establishment of
the State Board, was the law of May 2, 1899, which forbade the pol-
lution of streams furnishing water for cities of the first class (Phil-
adelphia) by the introduction into them of the excreta of humana
beings, and which authorized the State Board of Health to investi-
gate complaints of such pollution, and to prosecute the offenders.

The necessity of an abundant supply of pure water to the preser-
vation of the health, whether of the individual or the community,
cannot be overestimated. But the rarity with which pure water

ee SS eee ees

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 609

can be obtained is inconceivable to any who have not investigated
the subject. JZudor men ariston. “Water is the best” of all
God’s gifts said the old Greek father of medicine. But he lived in
a day when every source of water supply had its tutelary divinity
and to pollute it was sacrilege. He could not have conceived of a
race of men so degraded that they would purposely pollute streams
and heedlessly drink the waste ef their own or their neighbor’s
bodies. Nothing is more difficult than to convince the farmer that
his own well may possibly be polluted. Let me give you a leaf out
of my own experience, showing how pollution may exist where least
expected. <A friend living in the country had often boasted to me
of the excellence of his well and called attention to the clearness and
sparkle of the water and the absolute impossibility of pollution of
any kind entering it. The last time I met him, however, he had
a different tale to tell. It seems that the pump which forced the
water to the top of his house had become choked. Knowing that
there could be no obstacle in the well, he went to work to repair the
valves of the pump, and soon got it into working order. That
day he had friends to dine with him and as usual boasted about
his water; but while at the table it was reported that the pump
was again out of order, so he and his friends went down after
dinner to fix it. While he attended to the valves, one of his friends
asked to be permitted to look into the well. “Oh! certainly; Pl) lift
the cover for you, but you won’t find anything there.” So the cover
was. lifted and the inquiring friend threw himself on his face and
peered down into the depths. Presently, as his eyes became accus-
tomed to the gloom he called out, “Why, Jack, there’s a scum all
over the top of the water.” “Oh! that’s nothing but a little dust
blown under the edge of the cover by the high winds.” Then came
another and more vigorous exclamation, “Hang me, if I don’t see a
dead rabbit in the well.” “Quite impossible,” was the rejoinder,
“there’s no place where a rabbit could get in.” “Well, look for
yourself, you can see his nose sticking out of the water.” So my
friend looked, was convinced and with the aid of a rope was let
down to remove the intruder. He passed up the dripping carcass
and his friends were about to haul him up, when he shouted, “Hold
on, I believe there’s another.” Sure enough up came another, and
again, as they were about to pull on the rope, “Don’t be in such a
blamed hurry! ve got another.” When his friends bade him good-
bye they thanked him kindly and said they “wouldn’t take any
water in theirs, please.” Think of it! Bragging of the purity of a
well, while at that moment there were three dead rabbits in it. And
yet if you'll examine your own wells when you go home, TI venture to
prophesy that many of you will find worse things than rabbits in

39—6— 1905

610 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Dec.

them. Of course, what we most dread is not dead bodies of rabbits,
rats, snakes or frogs, which can be seen by the naked eye, but those
invisible destroyers, the disease germs; but if the rabbit can get in,
much more easily the germ.

LEGISLATION.

But probably the most encouraging indication with regard to
sanitary advancement during the year has been the greatly increased
interest shown in the subject by the State Legislature.

No less than fifteen Jaws having a direct bearing on the protec-
tion of health were passed by that body.

Two separate acts were passed each appropriating the sum of
$50,000 for the use of the State Board in meeting emergencies, one
of them entirely for aiding the local authorities in the suppression
of smallpox, while at the same time a small addition was made to
the regular appropriation to the Board. Among those of most in-
terest to rural communities, are Act No. 60, “To encourage the
repression of tuberculosis of cattle;” Act No. 100, allowing school
directors and constables to be members of a board of health; and
Act No. 254, prohibiting adulteration of food.

Even more satisfactory than the large increase of appropriations
was the passage of the law “extending the powers of the Board;” as
it evinced a degree of confidence in the sound judgment and discre-
tion of its members, which was most gratifying.

It will be seen then that the Legislature and the various agencies
which it has created for the protection of the lives and health of
the people of the Commonwealth, are more and more appreciating
the full measure of their responsibilities; and it now becomes your
duty, representatives of the great agricultural class and leaders of
thought and opinion in your own districts, to do all in your power
to disseminate knowledge on these subjects and to create a public
opinion favorable to utilizing all the opportunities thus offered
by the State government.

The CHAIRMAN: The report of Dr. Leffman, Microscopist and
Hygienist of the Board.

The SECRETARY: I have no report.
The CHAIRMAN: The report of Prof. Cochran.
The SECRETARY: I have no report.

The CHAIRMAN: The report of Prof. Surface, Ornithologist of
the Board.

PROF. SURFACE: Mr. Chairman and Members of the Board and
Visitors: I place on the desk some publications of the American
Ornithologist Union. Some of them are colored plates of our own

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 611

birds, designed to instruct people with reference to the common
birds around them. Others are leaflets and pamphlets describing
flickers, woodpeckers and orioles. They are sent to me for distri-
bution here and I wish to call attention to this excellent distribu-
tion so that those who are interested may obtain them. I shall
mention my own publication and will proceed with my report. Tam
accustomed to speaking from notes or extemporaneously and beg
pardon for filtering my report through a written paper.
The following report was then read by Prof. Surface: :

REPORT OF THE ORNITHOLOGIST.

By Prov. H. A. SURPACE, Economic Zoologist of Pa., andZOrnithologist of State Beard of Agr.

During the year of 1903, all over the earth there has been con-
siderably increased activity along ornithological lines. The stand-
ard publications as “The Auk,” “The Condor,” “Bird Lore,” “Ameri-
can Ornithology,” “Birds and All Nature,” and others have not only
continued to exist, but to thrive; yet the “Osprey” is temporarily
suspended while an effort is making to find a competent editor and
manager. There have been several new books on the subject of
birds during the year. Among which are the following:

The Revised Edition of “A Key to North American Birds,” by Dr.
Coues.

“Birds,” by Prof. Evans, of Cambridge.

“Bird Studies with a Camera,” by Frank M. Champman.

“Nhe Home of Wild Birds,” Prof. F. H. Herrick.

“The Common Land Birds of New England,” Prof. M. A. Wilcox.

“Bird Portraits,” by Ernest Seton-Thompson.

“The Woodpeckers,” by F. H. Eckstorm,

And several others.

Several states have published Bulletins on the subject, including
Maryland, Louisiana, Alabama, Mississippi, Michigan, Georgia, New
York, Ohio, Pennsylvania and others. The United States has pur-
sued investigations along this line, and has brought out important
results in publications of the Biological Survey of the United States
Department of Agriculture. The United States Department of
Agriculture has republished its Farmer’s Bulletin, entitled, “Com-
mon Birds Around the Farm.” The New York Fish, Game and For-
estry Commission has published an attractive report on “Economic
Ornithology,” by Prof. Frank M. Champman.

612 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Dec.

The work of societies and lecturers is worthy of our attention.
The American Ornithologists’ Union has been progressive, and has
Lbcen successful in having a mutual bird law of the Union established
as a law in almost every state east of the Mississippi, except Penn-
sylvania and Virginia. The Audubon Society has also main-
tained its activity, and has published many tracts upon the esthetic
features ind economic value of our birds and the necessity of pre-
serving them. Individual organizations have been active, and birds
are receiving greater thought now than ever before. For example,
“Bird Preservation” has been made one of the necessary and funda-
mental features of growers, as the Ceylon Tea Association in India
has found it necessary to make a special feature of “bird protection”
to rid plantations of the pests of the tea. At the antipodal point
of. the earth,from India, farmers of Chester county, Pa., have or-
ganized themselves into clubs in order to reduce the losses from.
the attacks of insects by the protection of birds. The work of the
Pennsylvania State officers has been worthy of attention. Dr.
Kalbfus, Secretary of the Game Commission, has been making vig-
orous enforcement of the laws against the destruction of song and
insectivorous birds, and is making foreigners and careless gunners
understand that these birds must be preserved. He has, also, writ-
ten several articles bearing upon fhis important subject, one of
which was published, at our request, in the January issue of the
monthly bulletin of the Division of Zoology. As Economic Zoolo-
gist of the State Department of Agriculture, your Ornithologist has
found opportunity to investigate problems concerning bird life, and
to publish the results of these investigations in bulletins, which will
be sent free to yourselves and your friends upon receipt of names and
addresses. Several such bulletins have been issued, and the original
illustrations by Mrs. H. A. Surface have been highly commended.

The individual work of the Ornithologist has been along the fol-
lowing lines:

First. Specimens have been sent by persons in the various parts
of the State, as well as in other states, with the request that he
name them, and give other information. This has been done, and
apparent satisfaction has been given.

Second. Questions, oral and written. A great many questions
have been received by your Ornithologist, and these always have
been given careful attention, and the replies have been sent in such
detail that the desired information was doubtless conveyed.

Third. Making investigations. Many investigations must be
made, anc new facts must be obtained before making due mention
of any statement in a publication for the benefit or aid of readers.
We have had an opportunity to examine original material, such
as stomach contents of birds, and also to learn what other investi-

No 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 613

gators are doing along this line before putting statements into the
bulletins. This is very necessary, and while we are working along
this line, we shall publish statements on all families and all species
of birds, known in this State before the series of bulletins is com-
pleted. We do not, of course, have it complete in every detail,
and shall publish other parts in our quarterly bulletins of the Di-
vision of Zoology of the Department of Agriculture.

Fourth. Making experiments. We have experimented with boxes
for birds’ nests, and have found that the blue birds and house wrens
have brought forth two broods each year in the same boxes at our
own residence. I shall now refer to the boxes erected for their nest-
ing. The hole in the box for the wrens may be one and one-eighth
(14) inches in diameter, and the English sparrow will not enter there-
in; but the hole for the blue bird must be at least two and one-half
(24) inches, and then the English sparrow will enter unless it be kept
out by man. There are several species of birds that can be induced
to nest in boxes thus provided for them, and the results of our ex-
periments may be had in our bulletin for May, which is to be ob-
tained by applying to the office of the Economic Zoologist.

Fifth. Collecting information and other means. I am firm in the
belief that the only way to obtain proper scientific knowledge
is for the naturalist or scientist to make investigations for himself,
and to interpret by his trained mind the facts, which he may see in
the various fields, orchards and woods. It also becomes necessary
for the scientist to call upon the experiences of others at times, and
to try to learn from them such facts as may be useful. For this
reason a few circulars containing questions have been issued, and
returned to us by the citizens of this State. These are filed, and
their facts will be considered in the future publications of the Orni-
thologist. However, there has been issued, from a source not con-
nected with our office, a circular calling for information of our Penn-
sylvania birds, which through the very nature of the statement of
the questions may be misleading, and since several members of the
Board have asked us how to answer these questions, we shall take
pleasure in showing them the printed answers in publications from
Washington, D. C., and elsewhere.

Six. Speaking or lecturing. The Ornithologist has been called
many times to speak or lecture on the subject of “Bird Protection,”
and as a consequence, we can say that our citizens are becoming
more thoughtful along this line, and there is evidence that our labors
have not been in vain, and that they have done good for the Com-
monwealth. Among the places where we have spoken upon such
subjects are several Teachers “Institutes, Clubs, Grange meetings,
Farmers’ Institutes, the annual meeting of the American Ornitholo-
gists Union in Philadelphia last fall, Natural History Society, ete.

614 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Seventh. Collecting and preserving material. It is very desirable
to have at a central point and readily accessible in this State, as for
example at Harrisburg, a complete collection of beneficia’ and in-
jurious insects, birds, mammals and other animals. We have lost
no time or effort in trying to form such a collection during the short
time at our command, when primary duties were not more urgent.
We have now in preparation a collection, showing several types of
our more common birds with their food, habits and enemies as in-
dicated. YThis is prepared for the St. Louis Exhibition, and our
May quarterly bulletin will be devoted to the discussion of this sub-
ject. The collection will be returned to a museum room in the Capi-
tol at Harrisburg, and will remain there as nucleus for a complete
collection, showing the natural history resources of Pennsylvania.
It will, of course, be open at all times to our citizens, and members
of this Board are invited to co-operate with us in making this, as
it should be, a creditable and interesting feature of natural history
in this State.

Kight. Writing articles upon “birds.” Your Ornithologist has
written several articles for the press, which have been published
more or less widely, and has, also, prepared four quarterly builetins
upon this subject, and has devoted portions of ten monthly bulletins
to the discussion of ornithological topics. It has been our aim (1)
to make these accurate and reliable, based upon our personal scien-
tific researches rather than upon the casual observation of untrained
persons. (2) We have tried to make them clear and practical, so that
any person could read and understand their contents. (3) We have
tried to make them systematic discussions of the orders, family and
species of American birds in definite series and scientific plan of
treating. In this we hope and believe that we have succeeded, but
the acceptability and practicability of such publications is left to
the intelligent persons whom we have endeavored to serve. If this
has not been done, we regret it very much; but if it has not been in
vain, we have no regret whatever for it has been our effort to serve
our citizens in this State from whom we hope to hear more abun-
dantly in the future than in the past.

MR. FENSTEMAKER: We have thirteen schools in our township
and I would put one set of these bulletins in every schoolhouse and
I believe it would do a great good.

DR. CONARD: A few years ago I sent for a bulletin on the
“Keonomic Status Value of the Crow,” and the information I re-
ceived from it was an eye-opener to me. Until I got that bulletin
I always regarded the crow as a very questionable institution, but
since that I have had a great deal more respect for that bird. It
shows what he eats and they were able to do this by opening up his

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 615

stomach and showing what he fed upon in comparing him with other
birds with reference to his habits until they brought him out quite
a useful bird. It was exceedingly interesting in that it showed
that the crow is rather a genius and witty fellow and excites
a large amount of interest. I gave that bulletin to several boys
around me and it had a very good effect. I did not follow it
by putting it in the schools, but I think it would be a good thing to
place such bulletins there.

MR. HERR: While we are on this crow question I want to make
one remark. Yhe Professor stated that by planting corn extra deep
a crow would not disturb it. I have been immuned from their at-
tacks if I feed them. If I sow a peck or so of corn over the field
a few days after I plant it I have not been bothered. I think that
is the best thing for the crow. If you just feed him he will not
bother you.

DR. CONARD: What is the economic value of the robin?

PROF. SURFACE: Some persons in the State of New Jersey are
looking towards the passage of a law for the extermination of the
robin. I would call to the attention of the members of this Board
that the law allows anyone to kill a bird that is in the act of destroy-
ing his crop. That is the law of the State of Pennsylvania. The
fruit grower who has had a scarcity of fruit on account of dep-
redations made upon his orchard by birds as they come to his
orchards, and he knows that they are destroying his fruit, has the
privilege of killing those birds and is not transgressing the law.
But the robin and catbird are known to be the most valuable birds
that are found in our State. It is a fact that the robin sticks his bill
into a strawberry or cherry, as an individual told me the other day,
that the main fault with the robin is that he sticks his bill into the
strawberry and does not eat it; the reason is that the robin is stary-
ing for fruit. It eats both insects and fruits, and when it does not
eat ripe fruit it may stick its bill into the red where it expects
to get sweets and for that reason it sticks its bill into the straw-
berry. It bas been very injurious to fruit and so has the catbird. I
can stand on the State College campus and count two hundred
robins in sight and I did not lose a strawberry last year, but it was
because right across the road from that strawberry patch there was
a mulberry tree constantly bearing. It commenced early to bear
and bears until late. It is the longest bearing tree there is, and
by means of that tree the robins were supplied with fruit. Mr.
George T. Powell, of Ghent, New York, has said that he had trouble
with the robins eating his cherries and he left his Gov. Wood cher-
ries to get ripe and sweet and did not pick them and in that way he
got rid of damage by the robins. Another man told me that he got

616 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

rid of the robins eating his choice strawberries by letting his early
strawberries get ripe and they eat those and let the others alone.
The economic status of the robin is like the economic value of the
crow, and I don’t think we are justified in killing it because it comes
to us and gets something to eat. I believe instead of extermiaating
them we should use some method by which they can be attracted to
some other fruit which is not so valuable. One method is to plant
fruit trees along the roadside for which the owner will be allowed
some rebate of taxes and at the same time the robin will feed upon
those fruits.

DR. CONARD :1 noticed on three different occasions when the
seventeen year locusts were plenty the robins did not disturb the
cherries. Last summer we had quite a good crop of sweet cherries
and they hung there and dried up, those that we did not use, and
the birds did not use them, showing that if they have insects to feed
upon they prefer insects. That was one year ago last summer.

The CHAIRMAN: Report of Col. Demming, Mineralogist of the
Board.
The report read by Col. Demming is-as follows:

REPORT OF THE MINERALOGIST.
BY COL. HENRY C. DEMMING, Mineralogist.

The best silicates of this Commonwealth are becoming more and
more important, commercially. A few years ago any kind of sand
would do for mortar or plastering, and the use of best sand for
purifying water was not taken into account. Science has made
such advances that all this is changed, and attention is called to the
importance of the purest silica sand, not only for filtering purposes,
but numerous other ways. Many of our streams have become so
polluted by sewerage and other foul sources, that to use gravel or
sand from their beds is positively dangerous to health and a menace
to human life. The main rivers of the Commonwealth are reeking
in places with decomposed vegetation and putrid animal matter,
and when the two come together under the sun’s hot rays, disease-
breeding germs are a sure result. In proof of this, some time ago
a quantity of sand was taken from one of our best known river beds.
An analysis yielded nearly 20 per cent. of organic matter; some of
it coal, but a large proportion decayed or partly decayed vegetable
and animal matter. It was a very easy task to have cultures from

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 617

the combining of the two latter of typhoid fever, diphtheria and
scarlet fever bacteria, and in one instance anthrax from deposits
‘from below a railroad bridge. Some of this sand was taken and
worked into mortar and plastering; the first used between bricks,
and the latter in the regular way on lathing. It was found that the
heat of a chimney soon made the mortar porous, and then nonco-
hesive; a common cause of defective flues and the destruction by
fire of happy homes. With the plastering, to prevent cracking on
the wall, it was necessary to mix horse or bullock hair. Experi-
mentation proved that the water and lime used did not destroy the
disease breeding bacteria, though in most instances the microbes
remained inert until the plastering had been thoroughly warmed.
This may explain why, in some homes, contagious diseases have ap-
peared—the first in the neighborhood, or even in a county—to bring
sorrow and woe to an otherwise happy household.

SAND FOR FILTRATION.

What has been stated applies with equal force to such material
being used for filtering water. Several large cities have used river
bottom sands for filtration, and though the sands were washed,
using 300 parts of water to one of sand, it was shown conclusively
that disease breeding bacteria still remained. -Nearly two years
ago I was employed to visit and examine, and report upon, every
municipal sand filtration plant in North America. Yhe most alarm-
ing feature connected with the whoie work was the poor quality of
sand used in nearly every instance. Notwithstanding, there was
an invariable improvement in the water supply, though the mor-
tality list would have been still smaller everywhere with a first
quality silica sand. Washington, D. C., will soon have the model
sand filtration plant, wherein all the defects of foreign and Ameri-
can filtration will be happily remedied.

For all the evils mentioned the best sands of Pennsylvania can
effect a sure cure. Samples have been taken from the crests and
sides of hills or mountains in more than a dozen counties, with re-
sults as follows: Crests of Cove Mountain in both Fulton and Frank-
lin counties 99.53 per cent. silica; Chestnut Hill, two miles north of
Columbia, Lancaster county, $9.51 per cent. silica; one-half mile
north of Mountville, Lancaster county, 99.00 per cent. silica; Welsh
Mountain, one and one-half miles northwest of Honeybrook, Ches-
ter county, 98.27 per cent. silica; three and one-half miles northwest
of Wrightsville, York county, 99.04 per cent. silica; three and one-
half miles northwest of Lewistown, Mifflin county, 98.84 per cent.
silica; Sinking Valley, Blair county, 94.89 per cent. silica; near
Greenville, Mercer county, 95.16 per cent. silica, and 3.22 per cent.
alumina; near Duncannon, Perry county, 98.65 per cent. silica; Tus

618 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

carera Mouniain, one mile south of Van Dyke, Juniata eounty, 99
per cent. silica; South Mountain, two miles south of Boiling
Springs, Cumberland county, 99.03 per cent. silica, and same range
of mountains two miles northwest of Mont Alto, 98.82 per cent.
silica. In every instance the sand or sand rock is in very large
body, and all the constituents other than silica contain a minimum
of deleterious substances. It is doubtful if another state in the
Union has so many large deposits of first grade silicates.

Practical examination has shown that any of these sands will,
in sufficient body, thoroughly purify any water, no matter how com-
pletely impregnated with disease-breeding germs. Why any other
method of filtration should be thought of, much less adopted, in
Pennsylvania is beyond my ability to state.

BEST SAND FOR MORTAR AND PLASTERING.

It has also been demonstrated that plastering made of these silica
sands, and with a good quality of Pennsylvania-made lime, does not
require hair of any kind in the mixture. With first grade silica
sand from any of the localities mentioned, and our best lime, there
is no cracking of the plastering, there is an extraordinary adherence
to the lath, and there are no disease-breeding germs in the mass,
Then the plastering is so nearly a snow white that whitewashing is
unnecessary. Furthermore, mortar made of the materials men-
tioned make a brick wall almost as solid and enduring as if the
whole wall were of one brick. The samples exhibited herewith are
manifestly ample proof of what has here been stated.

LIME AND LIMESTONE.

While the limestones of the Commonwealth have received more
than usual attention during the past five years, the subject of their
varieties and properties is not exhausted. It was my intention to
complete, during the year just closed, a collection of average sam-
ples from every known deposit within our borders, but an unsual
number of calls to other states and territories prevented. The
work has been carried sufficiently far, however, to enable me to re-
port that we have at least 28 varieties, from the almost pure carbon-
ate of lime to the magnesite. When every variety has been ascer
tained, and a complete analysis of each made, we will then under-
stand more clearly why some burned limestone helps some soils in
so extraordinary a way, and other lime accomplishes so little. Tests
have proved that some limes, having marked percentages of mag- ‘
nesia, if allowed to thoroughly air-slake before using, will be bene-
ficial to soils where otherwise they will not.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 619

SALT AND BROMINE.

Many years ago—between 50 and 100—Pennsylvania prepared
salt was a very important commodity, and there was a great demand
for it beyond our borders. There was a ready market as far away
as New Orleans. For some reason, not fully explained, the industry
has been allowed to gradually die away. True, the official reports
show that during 1902 the States of Ohio, West Virginia and Penn-

| —<Ler f

sylvania produced 2,318,579 barrels of 280 pounds each; but careful
inquiry will show that most of this came from our two sister states.
Three hundred thousand barrels, or say 1,000 barrels each working
day, would be a very liberal estimate for Pennsylvania, while New
York produces more than 8,000,000 barrels, annually. Is the very
small output in our State due to small deposits, or to the high stand-
ard weight of 85 pounds per bushel, when no other state has fixed
higher than 70 pounds (Vermont), and most of the states 50 pounds?
Or is it due to lack of encouragement or otherwise in the manufac-
ture? One thing, however, is sure. Pennsylvania prepared salt is as
attractive in its pure white color as any in the world, and it sur-
passes in bromine nearly every species of halite (common salt) found
elsewhere. Careful geological and mineralogical examination of the
rock formations of the Commonwealth convince me that salt, of the
very best quality, can be profitably produced in the following coun-
ties: Bedford, Blair, Bradford, Cambria, Cameron, Carbon, Centre,
Clarion, Clinton, Clearfield, Columbia, Crawford, Dauphin, Elk, Erie,
Fayette, Forest, Fulton, Huntingdon, Indiana, Jefferson, Lacka-
wanna, Luzerne, Lycoming, McKean, Monroe, Northumberland,
Perry, Pike, Potter, Schuylkill, Somerset, Sullivan, Susquehanna,
Tioga, Wayne, Westmoreland and Wyoming. In Pike and Wayne
counties it may me necessary to bore 2,000 to 2,200 feet, but the
superior quality of the brine will more than compensate for the
extra expense. In Fayette, Indiana and Westmoreland counties
some of the best salt wells of the past were less than 800 feet deep.
I have called attention to the bromine in our salt because of the
increased demand for it as a constituent in bromide of potassium,
while the American product seems to be gradually decreasing.
Pennsylvania is credited with the production of bromide as follows:
In 1898, 119,998 pounds; in 1899, 111,150 pounds; in 1900, 105,592
pounds; in 1901, 101,595 pounds, and in 1902, 93,595 pounds. The
exact figures for 1903 are not yet available. The market price for
bromide is now about 28 cents a pound. Michigan is the chief pro-
ducer. Most of the product of Pennsylvania is prepared for market
by manufacturing firms in Allegheny, Natrona and Pittsburg. That
there is much inducement to revive the salt industry of Pennsylva
nia for bromide alone is apparent, when it is ofticially stated that the

620 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Iaguesia-bromine (MgBr’*) of Ohio brine—the largest producer next
to Michigan—averages 0.097 per cent., and the Western Pennsylva-
nia 0.14 per cent. By the use of the electrical current the extrac-
tion of bromine is much less expensive than formerly, and by the
Dow process bromide containing less than 0.3 per cent. of chlorine
is made without difficulty.

This special attention has been called to salt and bromine be-
cause both are to be had in so many counties of the State, and the
former is so essential on every farm. With comparatively little
outlay many farmers could produce their own salt, could sell their
overproduct to their immediate neighbors, and have an additional
revenue from the,sale of the bromine. Of course care would have
to be exercised in bromine manufacture and subsequent handling,
as it is very poisonous. From it are made, in addition to bromide
of potassium, hydrobromic acid, oxygen bromic acid, bromo-acetic
acid, bromo-succinic acid and hypobromous acid; also bromoform
and bromo-caffeine, the latter preparation quoted at $5 an ounce,
wholesale. Then bromine is used for bleaching and disinfecting
purposes, and extensively in the manufacture of aniline dyes. The
bromide of potassium is most importantly applied in medicine and
photography. Bromide of ammonium and bromide of cadmium are
also used for the latter purpose. A few years ago potassium bro-
mide was frequently used in the separation of some of the precious
metals, but with such indiiferent results that it is little sought for
now for that purpose.

PEAT FOR FUEL.

Coal is becoming so high in price that farmers and others are be-
geinning to seek other kinds of fuel. In other states, notably Mas-
sachusetts, Michigan and Wisconsin, peat is gradually finding favor.
In Pennsylvania we have a number of peat beds. The most ex-
tensive and valuable thus far found are those of Dauphin, Lacka-
wanna and Lawrence counties. Machinery has recently been in-
troduced whereby peat can be mined, dried and manufactured into
briquettes ready for use at about $1.50 per ton of the manufactured
product. This is now done every day in the three states mentioned;
also in Canada. In some respects the peat thus prepared is super-
ior to coal, as it is nearly smokeless; and, whatever smoke or odor,
there is no injury to the lungs. Then a well-lighted peat fire throws
out more heat than a similar atount of coal, weight for weight, and
will not go out until every atom of fuel has been consumed.

Now, having touched upon four very important items connected
with the welfare of our great Commonwealth—silica sand in the
construction of our homes and the purification of our water; lime
for building, and the increased fertilization of our fields; salt for

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 624

the cattle, and bromine for the manufactories; with peat as one of
the coming articles of fuel for the farmer—this report is closed to
prevent undue encroachment upon the very valuable time of the
Board.

A Member: You spoke of the sand being a good thing for filtra
tion. Will it take sulphur out of water?

COL. DEMMING: Yes, sir.

A Member: Can you tell us how to distinguish salt-rock from
other rock, and can you tell in what way to bore for it?

COL. DEMMING: In the counties I have named, Pocono sand is
conspicuous, and that is the producing salt-rock for Pennsylvania.
In Michigan it is the Marshall sandstone. I find by very carefully
boring for the Marshall sandstone and Pocono sandstone, until
you reach the crevices, you are likely to find the brine you are seek-
ing and find it in very large quantities.

The CHAIRMAN: “Economy in Feeding the Farmer’s Family,” by
Mr. Miller, of Friedens, Pa.
The paper read by Mr. Miller is as follows:

ECONOMY IN FEEDING THE FARMER’S FAMILY.

By JACOB 8S. MILLER, Friedens, Pa.

The Man of Nazareth taxed the very powers of heaven to provide a
single meal for a few thousand very ordinary people. They might
have gone in search of food, and at the worst; they would only have
been weary for a short time, a loss of perhaps a few hours, a single
nights rest would have set all right, but Jesus met their present
needs and sent them back to their homes or their toil with every
faculty at its best. Then He said, “Gather up the fragments that
remain that nothing be lost.”

Economy is the Divine idea or life; it is also the Divine practice.
Waste, if not a human idea, is certainly the human practice, and it is
so much the worse, so much the more hopeless because we don’t
know it. It is economy to know what to feed, how much, and when;
these three adjuncts are very important ones. The farmer must
study in order to know what to feed for the health of his family;
it is not the products of the farm that have been harvested for a
Jong time, but fresh from the garden, orchard or field. He may be

622 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

able to buy vegetables from the grocers that may look all right, but
it may be like the colored waiter’s Christmas turkey he served to
his guest who said: “I want the same kind of turkey I had last Christ-
mas.” The waiter said, it was the same as they kept it in could
storage; you don’t know what you buy, but you do know when you
take it out of your own garden. Then there is this difference, when
you know your food is pure and clean, you eat it with a relish. This
rule will hold good in all things raised on the farm, hence it is im-
portant to know what to raise for the table that we may preserve
the health of the family, as well as save money and give general
satisfaction and enjoyment. To do this we must learn to produce
in that garden ali the vegetables that are possible to raise from
early spring to late fall, so there will be something from the gar-
den the whole year. You can have your onions, celery, beans, cabbage,
tomatoes, and many other things the whole year; your lettuce and
the like for two-thirds of the year. In addition to the products of
the garden, we have the fruit of the orchard; the apple, the pear,
the peach and the plum. How the family enjoys to get in the
orchard to pluck the fruit which is the best medicine that can be
taken. As for meat, the farmer has at hand the very best; the
fowl, mutton and beef. With this variety of food the good wife
or mother will prepare an innumerable amount of dishes that will
give general satisfaction. You will not tire like you do when there
is the same every meal. -

Now as to how much to feed. There are many families fed so
much that they really become gluttons. Do not let the little child
eat until it can eat no more. I have seen families that would eat
twice as much as.another family of the same number and were not
near as healthy. There are families that eat themselves poor. The
parents should have the right to say when the boys and girls have
enough, as eating too much becomes a habit. Let different families
dine together and you will observe that one boy will eat just twice
as much as the other boy.

Now as to the time of feeding the family. There should be three
meals at regular hours, morning, noon and evening, and the last
meal not too late in the evening, so there will be time enough to
exercise before going to bed; not like Bonasteel said they do in
Philadelphia. He said, “They eat breakfast at nine, dinner at three
and supper the next day.” If meals are served at regular hours, it
becomes “second nature” as the saying is. Those of you who are
used to your meals at regular hours, can you not tell almost to the
minute when they ought to be ready? Doesn’t nature tell you?
As soon as that hour is past, you are not hungry whether you eat
or not. It is economy to obey Nature’s call in eating.

{t is economy to raise as much as possible on the farm and buy

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 623

as little as possible. I am acquainted with a family of fourteen
that were raised on fifteen acres, all hale and hearty. They were
financially poor, but strong in body and mind. Why? Beeause they
were fed the proper food, the right amount, and at regular hours.
No rich cakes and pies, but plenty of vegetables and fruit; no tea
or coffee, but pure spring water to drink. The mother knew just
how much to cook and place before them and it was just enough
and nothing wasted. When you feed your horse or cow, you don’t
feed them all they can eat, but just enough. That is economy. The
same rule will hold good in feeding the family.

In conclusion, if you are the head of the family, claim the au-
thority to say what to eat, how much to eat, and when to eat. Let
there be no waste, but just enough.

The CHAIRMAN: “The Relation of Electric Railroads, Telephone
Companies, ete., to the Agricultural Interests of the State,” by Mr.
Rodgers, of Mexico, Pa.

Mr. Rodgers then read the following paper:

THE RELATION OF ELECTRIC RAILROADS, TELEGRAPH
COMPANIES, ETC., TO THE AGRICULTURAL INTERESTS
OF THE STATE.

BY MATTHEW RODGERS, Mewico, Pa.

Power by electricity has become so general, and is being used
for so many different purposes of late years, that it is useless to
describe it in this paper. None of the greater nations of the earth
are so controlled by transportation as the United States.

Transportation of passengers on electric railroads is one of the
great conveniences, and is also becoming a recognized factor in the
transportation of freight for short distances. In fact, in most of
the states of the Union electric railroads are allowed to carry
freight. Pennsylvania and possibly a few others are behind in this,
and why is it? During the last few years this industry has in-
creased very rapidly, and many rural communities throughout the
Union, depend almost entirely for the transportation of their pro-
ducts by electricity, to the nearby markets. In the Middle and
Western states, the development of this branch of electric trans-
portation, has assumed apparently greater proportions than in other
parts of the United States.

624 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Electric railroads, or what is termed now in traction circles, inter
urban transportation, could be made very useful to the agricultural
and dairy interests of our State, if, in their charter, they would
grant the right to carry freight and dairy products. But to
ask for this in the charter, and the right of eminent domain for
electric railroads, might look to some like socialism; yet these peo-
ple do not stop to think that the postoffice conducted by the Na-
tional Government, the school system and even our road system,
are socialistic—used by all—or are open to the use of all, and are
operated by the laws of the State and Nation. But when the peo-
ple ask for something akin to the instrumentalities just mentioned,
the cry of socialism and paternalism is raised, and by the very peo-
ple who enjoy special privileges, and thereby thrive and wax fat
at the expense of the general public. So if you agitate the question
of permitting or compelling the electric railway companies to carry
parcels and light freight, you run square up against the steam rail-
roads and express companies, and encounter special privileges
which the possessors hold most sacred. I hold that no invention,
which conduces te the happiness and comfort of the people should
be withheld from them. And further, I hold that the relation of
electric railroads does conserve, and will add far more to the hap-
piness, comfort, convenience and financial condition of the farmers,
dairymen and fruit growers of our State, as the people are edu-
cated to what great use, these roads can be to them.

The time has gone by when the steam roads and express com-
panies should have a monopoly in carrying freight, etc., from place
to place. The electric railroad is a marvelous convenience for
carrying passengers, and this could be augmented by carrying
freight as well. It seems to me unreasonable, that these roads
should be limited to passenger trafic only, when they could be
utilized to the advantage of the agricultural interests of our Com-
monwealth in carrying produce and merchandise. No class of peo-
ple deserve higher consideration as a result of inventions and con-
veniences than the producers. They are fairly entitled to the best
facilities in the matter of exchanging commodities and convenience
in travel. True, we have some places in the State where the elec-
tric railroads ‘do carry milk, and other goods, and it greatly reduces
the cost of transportation. For instance, an electric road from
West Chester carries milk, etc., to the Delaware wharfs, for about
two-fifths of what the steam roads charge to Broad street, 14
squares less distance, at a loss of but 80 minutes. And this only
illustrates what could be done all over the State if the right of way
could be had, without a fight which is so often the case. This can
only be remedied by an act of the Legislature, allowing electric rail-
roads the right to transfer mail, freight and packages as well as

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 625

passengers, and require them to pay a yearly rental for the use of
the public highways, where they run over them. Yhis would help to
keep up the roads, and ease the farmer, greatly assisting in solving
the road problem. But it is doubtful whether the Pennsylvania
Legislature, nominated as is by corporate influence, will ever change
the present law.

Now from what I have said, do not for a moment think that I am
opposed to the steam roads. Oh, no; far fromit. They have helped
to make this great State what it is, and to do without them would
be like going out into the unknown world; but with a net-work of
electric railroads extending across our State, the time, labor and
expense of transporting farm and dairy products would be greatly
lessened.

After carefully considering the different ways in which the agri-
cultural interests of our State could be benefited by electric rail-
roads, etc., I would give the following reasons:

First. That which will come home to the heart of every true
patriotic citizen, is the education of our sons and daughters. The
centralization of high schools would be made possible, and this
problem being solved, schools could be established at central points,
regardless of township lines.

Second. By the rapidity with which produce could be taken to
markets, especially perishable products, such as vegetables, berries,
ete:

Third. Because routes would go directly through communities
producing market products.

Fourth. Dairy products could doubtless reach the consumer in
better condition, from the fact that they could then be taken direct
from producer to the consumer.

Fifth. Rates of transportation would be less than the present rail-
road charges, and a division of this difference between buyer and
seller would add to the profit of both.

Sixth. Transportation by electricity in these days of congested
“freight trafic,” would be a relief, as well as a benefit to trade.

Seventh. Transmission by electricity, now when there is so much
demand for fresh dairy and poultry products in the large hotels
of towns and cities, by transporting lines through good farming com-
munities, would supply a want not filled by railroad transportation.

Eighth. It would enable dairymen, farmers and poultrymen to
compete with commission men, who, under the present plan, have
things in their own hands.

Ninth. Every new method of transportation and transmission, of
necessity, will add to the progressive spirit of the age.

Tenth. New methods begets new energy; convenient and quick
transportation creates a necessity for more and better products.

40—6—1903

626 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Eleventh. By the quick distribution of dairy and farm products
from grower to consumer, the health of the consumer would doubt-
less be improved by having fresh products.

Twelfth. American progress demands rapid facilities in business
methods; American energy demands modern facilities. In fact,
Americans demand the best of everything, and will have the best.

The CHAIRMAN: These papers are now open for discussion by
the members.

MR. HUTCHISON: I would like to have the first subject taken
up, on the water supply of this country. I think it is something
that should be given attention. They speak of the filtration plants.
and I see it discussed in all the papers and large sums of money
are expended for the filtration of water. In Harrisburg they are
drinking a great deal of coal dust and filth that comes down the
river. Did it ever occur to your mind, that the Lord put a supply
of water in the earth and that you can get it out by boring down
into the earth and supplying ourselves with it for domestic pur-
poses? Did it ever occur to you that these streams are for the
purpose of having drained into them and carrying out the filth of
the country? To-day I read an editorial cautioning the people to
boil their water because this freshet would bring down germ dis-
eases from up the country on account of the filth and dirt being
washed into the river from various places. If you drill for the
water that is in the earth there is no doubt a sufficient supply can
be obtained to supply the demands of the people. At the Common-
wealth Hotel, in this city, every bit of water is taken out of a drilled
well, known as an artesian well. This is a serious question to think
about and the time has arrived when we should give it our atten-
tion. Up in our country, beyond where I live, is what is called Dry
Hollow Valley. There was only one spring there. A few years
ago they drilled 240 feet and there are two eight-inch pumps
in operation. In Centre county there are eight wells down in the
earth and they are getting pure water. Doubtless this condition
‘of water supply exists all over this State and if the supply is pro-
cured in that way it will do away with the filtration plant as well
as do away with the diseased germs. We come to the Legislature
every winter and try to legislate against tanneries and factories
that are located on most of these streams; but I think the Lord
placed the water in the earth for man to obtain and use. Why
wouldn’t it be as easy for this city to drill wells for the purpose
of supplying water to its citizens instead of forcing it out of this
dirty river? I throw out these suggestions in order to bring it
before this Board.

MR. NORTHUP: I was forcibly impressed with the paper en the

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 627
“Kconomy in Feeding the Farmer’s Family.” I don’t believe there
is any class in the world that enjoys eating and sleeping better
than the farmer’s family, and I don’t believe there are any boys
that like to sleep better than the farmer’s boys. I thought this
evening that it would have been a good thing if my father had
choked me off and I would not now have to carry about so much
flesh; but the farmer don’t like to check a person when he is eating
and usually lets him stop when he gets ready. I was thinking of
the boy who came up one evening where the ladies of the church
had a free supper and this boy never had much to eat and he
worked hard. Up in our country they furnish a whole meal at
these places for ten cents and it is cheaper than they can get it at
home and they go there for supper and get filled up, and on one
occasion one of these boys came out; you know what large hearts
these ladies have, and one of them said to this boy: “Have some
more, have some more,” and they kept saying to this hungry boy,
“have some more,” and he was trying to talk and finally satd: “I
can chaw but I can’t swallow.’ I know if our farmers’ boys could
be choked off it would be cheaper for father; but it is the best place
on the earth to make boys and girls and send them out into the
world. We all know that four-fifths of our business men in the
cities come from the farms and that is the reason they have these
broad shoulders. The fellow, reared in the city, dies off and he
never gets there. If the farm is the best place to raise boys and
girls and feed them, we should let this feeding go on and continue to
live in this happy family. /

There is a magazine published in Chicago, entitled, “What to
Eat,” and I wish that was placed in the hands of each member
of this Board. We get in the habit of feeding our families, and
it is just as important for the housewife to give us some-
thing that is palatable and nutritious as it is to give us good
water. I worked eight years seliing farming implements, and you
know how it is in threshing through the country, and traveling
around among the farmers, I found that they lived a great deal
different than they do to-day. They have been educated on this
subject, but they put too much on their tables; it is impossible to
eat it and be healthy. We don’t want to say to the boy or to the
girl, you must quit eating, you have had enough; but to my mind
we should place literature into their hands that will teach them
about what to eat, and how much to eat, and making it clear that
to eat too much is injurious. We tell them not to drink liquors,
and it seems strange to me that there is no literature on the sub-
ject of eating distributed throughout the country. This magazine

628 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

is edited by a gentleman from Chicago, andf that was placed in
the library of each one of the farmers of this State it would be
a valuable thing to educate our people along this line. I am glad
this subject has been brought before us; but I don’t like the idea

of saying to the boy or girl, “Don’t eat any more;” we must edu-—

cate them to it through literature. I believe that more of the
subjects on practical life should be taught in our public schools.
I think it would be of great advantage to educate the people along
this line and I would be glad if our Secretary would get out a
bulletin on the nutrition and value of foods in connection with
the human system, and circulate it throughout the State. By so
doing I have no doubt but that it would result in great benefit to
the people.

MR. HERR: This is an important question, if you view it from
a serious standpoint. It is not so much how much we eat, as to
what we eat. We spend a great deal of time in our meetings upon
the discussion of the character of food we feed our domestic ani-
mals and talk about protein and all that in building up the system
for the purposes for which we want them. Now if the same care
was taken to provide a digestible food and have it properly prepared
in order to make it digestible, so that it would be palatable, I think
it would be a very important matter to take up and have discussed.
There are bulletins published as to the composition of different
foods with a view to eating the proper proportion of protein and
hydrates, and if we had that kind of literature I think it would be
of great value to the people because it would show them the char-
acter of food that is best for them to eat. If the directors of insti-
tutes could find the right kind of people to send them to the insti-
tutes, an expert on cookery for instance, and how to prepare a good
meal of the material we have on hand, it would be a very valuable
help to the women of the farm as well as to the men. ‘There are a
few persons who can do that, but very few. I remember when Dr.
Frear came to our institute he gave us the theory of cooking meat
and explained how to cook it to make it, not only digestible, but pal-
atable and tender. I think it is a very important item in connection
with our work and I believe that could be added to our information
in very many directions. I think it would be a good thing if we
could add an instructor of that character to our institute force, one
who is thoroughly acquainted with the subjects of foods and their
preparations. We ought to pay more attention to our cooking than
we do.

MR. MILLER: I agree with Brother Herr in every respect; but
I don’t agree with the other gentlemen who say that we should
not tell the boy or girl they have enough. Those gentlemen know

—

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 629

that the cooking is good and they eat too much themselves for their
own good, like the boy who said he had the stomach-ache. I say
you ought to have the authority to say when they have enough. Of
course when boys and girls come to the proper age that they know
right from wrong, it is all right, but the little ones don’t know
when they have enough. How often have you seen mothers feed
babes until they could not take anymore. I hold that to be wrong.

Mk. HUTCHISON: I was raised in a large family and I am the
runt. That is my idea. After we are grown up, it seems to me it
is hard to do that with a child and I don’t feel that I can do it be-
cause it is not in our make-up.

The SECRETARY: It has been my privilege to stretch my legs
under the table of Brother Miller and, while he has ventured to
say it is the right thing for the father to say to the child when he
has enough, I want to tell you there is not any restraint placed on
his family. I have happened there just about meal time. It is not
because of any special restraint in Mr. Miller’s family that he has
given this paper. I want to say further, that I was in a large tow 3
of our Commonwealth sometime ago, spending the evening with
one of the principal physicians of the place. He had a professional
call but did not want to go. I was there and he was expecting
another and he had a friend whom he called on the ’phone and asked
whether he would make that professional visit for him. After-
wards he came and reported to the doctor and tte doctor asked
what he found to be the matter; he replied, “A child was sick.”
“What was the trouble?” “Well,” he says, “the patient is a child
about six months old, the trouble is indigestion; there is a very
vigorous, healthy mother and the child is being nursed and I learned
that she allowed the child to nurse whenever and as much as it
desired; there is some inflammation of the stomach and bowels at-
tending this indigestion, which was brought about by the overfeed-
ing of this child.” That led to a discussion between the physicians,
and the doctor whom I was visiting said, he had had a number of
children afflicted that same way. I remember that many a time when
I was a boy and would come to the sugar-kettle my mother would
Say to me, after I had eaten about as much as a boy could eat: “Now,
it is time to quit, you have had enough.” Iam verv thankful that.
that restraint was put on me and I am glad to say that I have never
been troubled with dyspepsia. I have no knowledge of being in
bed a day sick since I was a babe, which is doubtless owing to being
careful in my eating.

MR. RODGERS: It seems strange to me that these men who

get up to talk about how much to eat and what to eat are all big
fat men. Now if it was Clark and such men of that size they might

§30 ‘ ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Dec.

tell us; but my friend Hutchison, Northup and Father Herr have
all talked about it. I think our inward feelings will show us when
we have enough and we can generally stop.. I want to say if you
send out bulletins to the people of Pennsylvania, instructing them
how to cook, my wife and the wife of the Deputy Secretary of Agri-
culture would say: “We know what to cook and how to cook it.”
I have traveled through the State and I want to say that they
cook things well all over the country, and that farmers’ wives
are good cooks, as a general thing. All over the Western states,
and everyplace you go, you will hear the expression where you
happen to be at mealtime: “I hardly know what to cook for that
man, he is from the State of Pennsylvania and the women of Penn-
sylvania, they say, are the best cooks in the world.” I think the
cooking of Pennsylvania women is all right and if Mr. Hutchison
don’t know when he has enough some one sitting at the table next
to him can tramp on his toes.

MR. WOODWARD: The subject is of most intense interest to
me. I spent some time on last Sunday reading an article, in the
February number of The Century, written by Dr. Tracy, of New
York, under the title, “How to Live Long,” and no matter how well
our wives cook, and the Secretary will bear me out that I have a
wife who knows how to cook, yet this article appeals to every man
and woman how to eat and what to eat. I think if you would ex-
pend thirty-five cents in the purchase of that magazine in order to
read that article, it would be money well spent.

MR. CLARK: I don’t want to talk on the food question, but I
would like to speak on the paper read by Mr. Rodgers, on electric
railroads and telephone companies. I was very much pleased with
the ideas he suggested of the trolley line and its use to the agricul-
tural interests of the State. While his talk was almost entirely
confined to the trolley line, we find the question meaches out to the
telephone line also. I don’t believe there is any one thing that will
be as much benefit to the farmers in general as good telephone lines
throughout the country. My attention was called, particularly,
to this in the West, especially in lowa, where the telephone lines
reach almost every farm home. I have a friend engaged in buying
hogs for a Des Moines packing company and he had taken some hogs
to market and I said: “How many hogs did you take to the market?”
He replied, “I took in fiye car loads.” I added, “When did you buy
them?” And he said, “I bought them last evening.” I asked, “You
did not ride over the country and hunt them up?” And he replied,
“No, what one farmer knows they all know. TF called upon the
‘phone John Smith and asked him how many hogs have you for the
market in morning, and he called to a neighbor and he asked hin

oe i 9 tee al

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 631

hew many hogs he had, and he says, ‘a car load in the morning.’ ”
I asked, “Don’t you say anything about the price?” He said:
“They know the price of hogs, there is no use to speak of that. The
man at the end of the line keeps posted and what one knows they
all know.”

This seems to be a great advantage that we do not have in this
State. I know in our county we have quite a number of telephone
lines but they are not within reach of the farmer. We must go into

the towns and cities in order to use them. To illustrate: -About
four of us, a year ago, had a car load of wheat and we were watching
the prices and one of the parties happened at the telephone in the
morning and was talking to the party that bought it and he tele-
phoned to him that the wheat was shrinking, and he had better
sellit. He says: “The wheat is on the siding and if you are willing
I will let it go.” He remarked: “I can pay you so much to-morrow
morning and after that I can’t pay within ten cents as much.” That
would have been ninety dollars less, and that nan had he not been
at the ’phone, there would have been a loss of ninety dollars and a
local phone would not have cost more than that.

I don’t know anything to-day that would be of greater advantage
to the farmer. I don’t know of any other means that would unite
the farmers so well in a business way, and otherwise, than to have
a net-work of telephone lines throughout the farming community.
The farmers themselves could erect their own lines and I ‘think
there would be no trouble to exchange cominunication with the
general telephone lines throughout the State. It seems to me that
it is a matter in which there should be much needed legislation with
reference to the setting of poles by these telephone companies. Of
course farmers could set the poles on their own Jands without any
trouble; but we are annoyed with the companies who have charters
and set their poles on our lands at places where we do not want
them set. We have a decision handed down by Judge Beaver, of the
Superior Court, concerning them, and this we don’t like, there-
fore, it seems to me if we could use our own lines at a small outlay
it would be a great benefit to us. We have two lines at my own
home, the one within about one minute’s walk to get to it and the
other about two minutes walk and when they come to set my pole
there, my farm runs about two hundred feet in the locality where
they wanted to set them, and I said if you will not injure me and not
tramp down my crops I won’t object to your setting the poles,
because it will be an advantage to our community; and I don’t regret
that I gave them the privilege without cost, because I believe it has
been a benefit to the farm. My farm has been damaged to no ex-
tent at all.

That is all I have to say about that and I commend very highly

632 ANNUAL,REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

all that has been said along the line of the trolley railroad and
like every suggestion that has been made and hope that every-
thing can be carried out in our Legislature that will be proposed in
the interest of better conditions in that direction. I hope we can
go to the Legislature with one mind. Iam certain that the farmers
are not all of one mind with reference to giving the trolley lines the
right of eminent domain and I am sure we will never get it until
we are united on some solid ground.

A Member: I have been very much interested and pleased with
the talk of the gentlemen with reference to the telephone. I live
in the extreme end of Bradford county. We have in our township
a private telephone line; on this line there are something over one
hundred ’phones. This line is put up by private individuals, headed
by Mr. North, and he rents the ’phones on the Bell telephone line and
we are connected with them. We are connected with Wysox and
with a place in New York State and we have a very fine thing of it.
One of the gentlemen spoke about the buying and selling of hogs
by the use of the telephone; of course we don’t raise them by the
car-load but we all raise them to sell and we are connected with
half a dozen different buyers and shippers on this telephone line
and it is not anything uncommon for these buyers to buy a car load
of hogs over the line, and only two weeks ago there was a man, who
lives a little above me and handles stock and ships it to Orange coun-
ty, New York, and he called up a few of us and wanted to know
whether we wanted to buy corn, and some of us manifesting a desire
to do so, in a few days he had a car-load cf corn on the siding ready
for distribution to those who had ordered it. By taking a little pains
you will be surprised to find out how cheaply you can put up a tele-
phone line.

MR. McHENRY: I heartily concur with the paper that was
read. It is this telephone line that interests me. I would like
to-ask the farmers here, why will you make such an effort to have
your farms interlaced all over with telephone lines that you have
to pay to different companies for talking over, sufficient to make for-
tunes for companies, when you can do it yourselves. In our county
we have about one-half of the county covered with the farmer’s
telephone. They put it up themselves and they are managed by
our own people. We have a switch-board in the county seat by
which we run our own line that extends into the two adjoining coun-
ties. We expect to connect with the adjoining counties in the
near future. We have about four hundred ’phones.

There is one thing Iam proud to say to-night. I am living te see,
what some of the grangers predicted twenty-five years ago, that
they have something now throughout the farming districts that the

No. 6. - DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 633

farmer need not go out of doors to speak to his neighbor on any
subject—they can do so by ’phone. We formed a company in sec-
tions of about five miles and we united all those sections and char-
tered a company and made shares of stock about what we expected
it would take to wire the lines that are running along the line. Then
each man living near the line is simply at the expense of putting
in his own ’phone, in addition to what it would cost fora share. It
was nothing more than for his phone and what wire it took to
wire to the main line. If he lived a mile off it was that much more
to pay for. I think it is one of the grandest things we have in
connection with our farming operations. In connection with the
trolley line system the farmer wants the telephone line. Those are
the two things that we should work for and get and make use of
to-day. We want the trolley line to have the authority to carry
freight, and all those things we want as well as the telephone
system.

While I have the floor I would like to ask Brother Hutchison
something about the water supply question, which he spoke about.
Are you certain that drilled wells would supply the city of Har-
risburg?

MR. HUTCHISON: There should be a number of drilled wells,
not just one, and [ think a sufficient supply could be obtained.

MR. McHENRY: I want to give you our experience in Indiana
county. We had originally drilled a well for oil or gas near the
town and did not get that but got some of the finest water that
existed anywhere, which was almost equal to Centre county water
and, with a view of supplying water in large quantities, a water
company went to work and drilled two more wells and they kept on
drilling wells until they had nine to eleven wells, and with all these
they found they could not keep up the supply that was desired.
They found that the increased number of wells did not increase the
amount of water proportionately. How soon do you strike the salt?

MR. HUTCHISON: I am not in the salt business and, therefore,
cannot give you the particulars, but I feel a great interest in this
question and hope it will be agitated in order that pure water may
be secured.

MR. McHENRY: In places in Indiana county, I think it would
be about 1,300 feet to get water; I would not be positive that that
is correct but I merely mentioned this as being our experience.

The food question has also greatly interested me and a good
illustration is afforded in the raising of cattle, because when we
start to raise a calf, a hog, or anything of that kind, we don’t shut

§34 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

it off but let it have all it wants. Another thought came to my
mind, when that good paper suggested that the head of the family
tell each child when it had enough; I just thought what a time I
would have doing that.
.
MR. KAHLER: I raised a pretty large family and I was always
more interested in what I had to feed my family than in anything
else. I wish to state a little incident: A number of years ago I
sent my boy over to see his uncle, and he was a kind old fellow,
and after he sat down to eat at one of their meals, every once in a
while he would reach over and put something on the boy’s plate, and
after while the boy began to cry. The uncle asked: “Benny, what’s
the matter?” He said: “I can’t eat all this stuff.” I think, asa rule, -
it is well to educate them what is best for them; but my heart is too
weak to tell them. not to eat any more. I think they will know them-
selves, if they are kindly spoken to, with reference to what is not
good for them. Brother Herr spoke about sending out word to
tell our wives what to cook and how to cook it. I don’t know what
his wife would say, but I know what my wife would say if anybody
was to tell her how to cook.

MR. MILLER: In Somerset county we have about five hundred
farmers who control their own ’phones. Our company has about
175 ’phones alone and they talk about connecting with the rest. One
of the great benefits derived from the line is the information we get
from the weather bureau; every day we get reports about noon for
the next day and you would be surprised how that helps us out.
Even this cold winter it tells us about the condition of the weather
and gives us notice about storms and bad weather and we are in the
house and ready for it.

MR. MARTIN (Deputy Secretary): I have been especially inter-
ested in the discussion of the food question. I want to say that
I suppose I have traveled up and down this State as frequently
as anyone in the house, and I want to bear testimony to one thing,
and that is, the wives and those who do the cooking in Pennsylvania
need no apology for the quality of the food cooked; but if there
should be any exception taken to it, it is this: Of the one million
farmers in Pennsylvania, there is food enough cooked to supply
another million. That is my conviction and, so far as the farmers’
institutes are concerned relative to this question of domestic econ-
omy and the science of cooking, and all that, it is a little this way:
We find that the difficulty of procuring persons versed in the chem-
istry of foods, is a very serious problem. In many places in which
institutes were held, especially in one county, there was a school
of domestic science and the teacher took her entire class to our

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 635

institute and there prepared foods and gave object lessous before
the institute in the preparation of them, and in almost all the
counties we have’ lessons in domestic science and economy along
this line; but the only exception we can possibly take in regard
to the cooking, that I know of, there is too much of it in variety
and quantity. This is no reflection upon anybody, but in many
places, if one-half were not cooked it would possibly be better for
the people. —

MR. HERR: I would like to say one word, in answer to the words
spoken reflecting on my remarks with reference to eating. I never
knew before that a man had to be married to a woman to know
whether she was a good cook or not. I suppose his appetite would
not be changed; that he would have the same judgment on cook-
ing whether he was a married or a single man. I am willing to
testify from my knowledge, that Pennsylvania cooks are the best
cooks in the world and I am here to testify also that they are not
as good as they might be. f belieye half of the things cooked are
wasted and I believe it is very important to give instructions in
our institutes along that line. The idea of children knowing when
they have eaten enough [ think is unlikely in most cases. Chil-
dren ought to be instructed by their parents because I know
some who are older than children who don’t know how to eat and
that is the reason they look so lean and long drawn out. Such
men as the railroad men and others are the dyspeptics of the
country, not because they eat too much but because they eat too
fast. iI do say it is a very important matter. I know this much,
that a good cook can command almost any salary at our restaurants
or hotels, and I don’t think there is any science that we are trying
to learn that is of more importance and requires more knowledge
than cookery.

DR. CONARD: I am afraid if the head of the family is to
decide the amount of food a growing boy is to eat, it would not be
very satisfactory and might create a great deal of trouble, and
I think that boy would be glad when the old man was away from
home. I remember myself of an experience I shall never forget:
I sat along side of a boy, in my young days, and I think if I would
have told him when he had enough he would have eaten just
about half what he did. But I think if we would give them some-
thing to eat oftener, in the middle of the forenoon or afternoon,
I believe it would be an improvement. We cannot measure his
demands by our own appetites. I think it is very opportune to
discuss this matter before the institute workers because I don’t
believe there is anything that will create more discussion than to
go around to institutes and eat rather thaw starve to death by

636 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

eating too little. I spent a week in Brother McGowan’s county
about a year ago and I never had such a time in my life eating.
There is where they have pound cake, sponge cake, layer cake and
buckwheat cakes for breakfast and I never had such a time eating
cake in all my experience. I will have to tell you a story about a
little boy eating at the table: They had cherry pudding and this little
fellow could eat and eat and went on and eat and one day he had as
much cherry pudding as he could get away with and he went out and
straightened himself up and said: “My! I wish I was all belly.”

MR. STOUT: I had not intended to get up but I thought it was
about time to rise in self-defense. I happened to come from a
very impoverished section of our State. Schuylkill county is not
known as a very thriving agricultural county and that is why I am
so lank and lean; but in traveling around among farmers I think
I can always pick out the farmer, the actual farmer, from his ap-
pearance. Whenever I see one of those corpulent, fat men, I come
to the conclusion that he does his farming by proxy, or is one of
those farmers that farms other farmers.

MR. FENSTEMAKER: IT remember when Dr. Barnes was a mem-
ber of this Board he employed Mrs. Rohrer, the famous cook, to
speak at Cooperstown institute, and our wives were very anxious to
hear her, and when Dr. Barnes introduced her he said he took great
pride in the fact on account of her reputation and ability as a
cook. She did not say a word about cooking or baking but spoke
about the well-fed man and also spoke about the bulls and bears of
Wall Street and how well they ate.

MR. PERHAM: I wish to say a word about the telephone. If
three or four, got together to build a telephone they will be sur-
prised to see how fast it grows. We have now six hundred and
the only difficulty is to keep the farmers off of it because it gets
so heavy we can’t use it. The revenues received from it pay to keep
it up; we are assessed two dollars a year, which pays for keeping
up the line. They own their own stock. We started out with
selling stock at ten dollars a share and now it is worth thirty
dollars.

A Member: What is the cost for the service?

MR. PERHAM: Two dollars a year. We have six or seven cen-
trals and it is growing very rapidly.

A-Member: Do I understand the gentleman that the two dollars
covers the expense of ’phoning, or the expense of keeping it in
repair. I would like to know what it really costs these people?

MR. MILLER: I had that ’phone four years and it did not cost
me five cents.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 637

MR. HUTCHISON: Who kept up the expenses?

MR. MILLER: I am manager of the line. We charge outside
people for talking over the line five cents on one section, ten cents
on two sections and fifteen cents on three sections. Then we charge
two cents switch fees for the members of the company coming
through the switch. If you talk through the switch you have a
right to pay for talking through it and that keeps up our switch
expenses. If you have built your line properly and secured it
with lightning arresters you will have no trouble from lightning.
There has not been one ’phone knocked out on our line; the light-
ning runs down to the ground by having the lightning arresters.
Our telephone is a mutual farmers’ line and we have thirty farmers
on one line.

MR. HUTCHISON: Do you talk to Altoona?

MR. MILLER: No, sir; only through the county, but we can talk
any distance we wish. We have the long distance ’phone.

MR. McGOWAN: How many ’phones are you able to carry on
one line?

MR. MILLER: Forty parties and it gives satisfaction. You can
ring up anybody.

MR. McGOWAN: Just a question, that might be a little out of
the family: How many are listening?

MR. MILLER: Everybody. That is where you get your news.

MR. McHENRY: We have decided just lately on our line that
we will not try to carry over fifteen phones on one wire.

MR. MILLER: We have the metallic system—two wires.

MR. McHENRY: We don’t propose to carry over fifteen phones
on any one wire but we will add more wires on our poles. The way
we get rid of the trouble is, we put up an extra line, that is, a public
line and that is our pay-line, which is not connected.

MR. MILLER: It is called a trunk line?

MR. McHENRY: Yes, sir; it is not connected with the local
line.

MR. MILLER: We do that.

MR. McHENRY: If I have any business that I don’t want my
neighbors to know I[ call him up on the local ’phone and have him
come to the nearest point on the other line and we can talk there.

638 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

MR. RODGERS: I want to make an apology. I was on the pro-
gram to write on the telephone, but at the executive committee
meeting it was suggested that we were to be short and I did not
mention it and at the hotel, in the presence of Brother Holman, I
destroyed it.

The following resolution, relative to the employment of a stenog-
rapher and typewriter in the office of the Economic Zoologist, was
offered by Mr. McGowan:

“Whereas, We have learned that the office of the Economic Zoologist is not
regularly equipped with a stenographer, and as it is very important that we
as practical producers be supplied with full and complete information from
this important office, both by personal correspondence and its publications;
therefore, be it

“Resolved, That we, the members of the State Board of Agriculture of Penn-
sylvania, do hereby respectfully request the Governor of this Commonwealth,
and the Secretary of Agriculture to aid us by providing at once means for
the employment of a stenographer and a scientific assistant for the office of
the Hconomiec Zoologist, until the next session of the Legislature, when
proper appropriation for the same should be made. We ask this for the sake
of receiving the full benefit of the efficient work of this important office.”

MR. McGOWAN: I fully endorse this resolution and am heartily
in favor of it. I am of the conviction that it is very deserving.
The Governor stated this afternoon that the Economic Zoologist
is burning the midnight oil for our interests. i, therefore, move its
adoption.

MR. WOODWARD: I second this motion. I know the man is
being thoroughly overworked in his desire to do his full duty to
the people throughout the State. The time has never been in the
State of Pennsylvania in which the matters of which his Depart-
ment treats have been of.such vital interest as they are to-day.’
In the last three months IT have had my attention brought to the
fact that unless something was done the farmers could not furnish
their own fruit but that it must be raised by specialists and the
farmers must buy their fruit from these commercial men who make
a specialty of it. LI know the Divisions of the Department are doing
their very best in every direction. I know the head of the Depart-
ment is doing his best to sustain those Divisions; but it seems to me
that this is of vital importance to us to-day. The development of
fruit growing is going to make such a demand for the destruction of
those pestiverous pests and I know Prof: Surface is overworked.
I know of it of my own knowledge and J stand here to-day to testify
that I never heard the Governor of Pennsylvania make a speech
that the farmers should appreciate more than that made by him
to-day. The whole State is getting this information and they are
writing hundreds and hundreds of letters and it is impossible,

SINO 6; DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 639

\
with his own hands, to do that work without the assistance of
competent assistants. I could not be here to-day if it was not for
' the assistants I have in the work I have to do. Let us give a
unanimous vote for this resolution in order that we may have more
thorough and a more complete knowledge of this subject, unless
we are going to yield to the insects and be eaten up by them.

The SECRETARY: Before this vote is taken I desire to say a
word, and that is, there is no one who is better acquainted with
the situation than myself. I know Prof. Surface is a very hard
worked man and I know he ought to have more help than he has.
I don’t know what the Governor will be able to do. You know what
a difficult thing it is for a public officer to take funds, appropriated
for some specific purpose and use them in some other direction. I
am ready to do anything in my power, and Prof. Surface will bear
me out, that I have done everything that I could do. It is an
exceedingly difficult matter for a public officer, who has charge of
public funds, to pervert the funds appropriated to one use to
another object.

MR. WOODWARD: It was because I knew that the Secretary
was trying to do his work, and doing it-well, that I seconded the res-
olution in order to give him backing. The Governor said to-day: “If
you feel you need help in any way I want you to let me know.” It
seems to me that the Secretary and Governor can give us support in
this direction. It was because I knew the Secretary’s willingness to
carry this out that I made the strong plea I did, which I am sure
he will appreciate. He has a difficult task to perform, I know that,
and every public official recognizes that fact.

COL. DEMMING: I think I have heard every important address
made by the Governor before the State Board of Agriculture since
its establishment, but I never heard an address to this organization
that had more meat in it than that given to us just before adjourn:
ment. The Governor referred to the very efficient work of Prof.
Surface. I believe he is,the right man in the right place and he
ought to be supported by every possible means, and I believe the
Governor can provide some way by which this employment can
be provided for out of some contingent fund. Here is a question
we must meet, the San José Scale, and it will do more injury than
typhoid fever in one or two months and I think the Governor will
be able to provide some means to meet this very urgent question.

The motion being put, it was agreed to.

MR. HERR: Since we last met, Mr. Murray has died. I don’t know
of any others. I move that a memorial committee be appointed
to draft resolutions with respect to the members who died last year.

640 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

MR. RODGERS: I second the motion.
The motion being put, it was agreed to.

The CHAIRMAN: I appoint Messrs. Herr, Stout and Clark as
such committee.

On motion, adjourned at 10.10 P. M.

MORNING SESSION.

Thursday Morning, January 28, 1904.
The Board met at 9 o’clock A. M., with Hon. Jason Sexton in the
chair. -

MR. HUTCHISON: I desire to offer a resolution before proceed-
ing with the regular order of business.

The resolution read by Mr. Hutchison was relative to Col. Thomas
J. Edge, and is as follows:

“Whereas, We have heard with sincere regret of the accident that has
recently befallen the former Secretary of this Board, and Secretary of the
Department, Col. Thomas J. Edge, of this city; therefore, be it

“Resolved, That we, the members of the State Board of Agriculture, in
annual session assembled, do hereby extend our sympathy in his misfortune
and express our hope for his early recovery.

“Resolved, That the Secretary of this Board be requested to transmit to Col.
Edge a copy of said resolution.”’

MR. HUTCHISON: I move the adoption of the resolution.
The motion being seconded, it was agreed to.

The CHAIRMAN: There was a paper left over from yesterday,
that of Mr. Temple, on the subject of poultry. We will now hear
the paper read.

The following paper was then read by Mr. Temple:

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON POULTRY.

By NORRIS G. TEMPLE, Chairman.

As the years roll by the breeder of poultry finds demands increas-
ing, prices advancing, and all markets short on high grade stock.
In years gone by many a time have we heard these remarks: “Your
poultry business will soon be overdone and our markets glutted,

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 641

incubators will hatch them by the thousands and you will have more
than can be sold.” It would seem that facts are stubborn things
and our demands are greater to-day than ever and none need fear
to exert their best efforts to the production of more and better
poultry. The true fancier is a market poultryman and many a
market poultryman makes a great mistake by not breeding fine-
bred poultry, carefully and scientifically mating for best results,
selecting only his best for breeding purposes, and advertising and
selling for breeding only such birds as he himself would yard. The
condition of the poultry industry in the State of Pennsylvania and
throughout a greater part of the Middle and Eastern states the past
year has been favorable. Owing to the great quantity of rain in
the hatching season much of the young stock was hurt, yet with
it all that which was successfully reared when placed on the market
has brought, owing to the prevailing high prices, profitable re-
turns to those engaged in growing poultry, either for market or
breeding purposes. Eggs at from forty to sixty cents a dozen
demonstrates clearly that the hen is not too plentiful.

We do not care to go into statistics farther than to say that if
all fowls and eggs produced in every way were listed it would
show a value of over five hundred million dollars to the credit of
the poultry interest, annually. Even with this vast product the
markets are seldom, if ever, overcrowded and there is always a
strong demand for the better grades of all kinds of poultry. In
fact, at no time in the history of poultry would high-class exhibi-
tion fowls sell so well as now, and never before was there such a
demand for the better grades of dressed poultry and freshly laid
eggs at prices far above former values.

The scarcity of turkeys the past season has led me to offer a
few suggestions along the line of profitable turkey raising. The
turkey is, without question, the most favored or sought after as
a table delicacy during the winter months. All over the world it
has the place of honor at special-day feasts; no other kind of poul-
try has or will demand the prices paid for the best turkeys. Game
birds may sell at higher prices, but no domestic fowls can out-class
them, and since the broiled poult has become a favored dish in our
larger hotels and restaurants the constant use of turkeys the whole
year around has increased the demand so much as to make it nec-
essary for an increased product te supply the demand.

We have been surprised many times to see breeders sell off their
largest and best birds on the market, and a very large per cent. of
those who attempt to raise turkeys are doing this year after year,
and keeping the small birds for breeding, thus they are killing the
goose that lays the golden egg. In buying a-gobbler or hens, to
change the blood, they choose late-hatched, immature birds be-

41—6—1903

§42 : ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

cause they cost less. They sometimes reason that young hens com-
mence laying sooner and do not steal their nests out as bad as old
hens, not once thinking that two-year old hens or older give stronger
poults and are much easier raised, and will, therefore, raise much
larger per cent. than those hatched from poor and immature stock,
not saying anything of the excess of weight you would get. This
practice is not confined to the poor and least intelligent people, as
would be expected, but on the other hand is followed by those well
informed and who appreciate and pay long prices for horses, cattle
and sheep that are bred in the blue. If such a course was pursued
in this stock and followed up very long the best stock in existence
would be ruined in a few generations.

To breed from poor or immature specimens is a violation of one
of the first laws of breeding. Selection of the best for generations
has given us the improved and most profitable breeds of stock.
The hereditary influence of such selections is of great value. The
most inferior bird out of such a flock of blood-lines may “throw
back” and breed very fine stock and do better than a much finer
bird from a haphazard breed strain. But the repeated selection
of inferior birds for a number of generations makes this inferiority
hereditary. The.future of the flock depends almost entirely on the
parent stock or its ancestry. If valuable birds are used in the
breeding, their off-spring will be like them and will amply repay
for all your expense and trouble. The best are the cheapest and
are none too good.

BREEDING STOCK, ETC.

In the selection of breeding stock one should aim to use those
birds that are fuily matured, as from such the young stock will be
of large size and greater vigor than from young and immature
birds. A cock of from two to four years of age, with hens of
from one to three years of age will give excellent results, much bet-
ter, as a genera! thing, than from younger stock. Turkeys will often
breed well up to five and six years of age. One should not look
for excessive weight in breeding stock, but rather for good-sized
frame and vigorous constitution. An over-fat bird is seldom a
eood breeder. One male bird is sufficient for 4 to 6 females, the
humber varying somewhat according to the vigor of the male bird.
Turkeys do not bear confinement well and require plenty of range
and are, therefore, more easily raised on farms than when the range
is limited to small enclosures. On a farm they will range at will
and pick up much of their living and utilize much that would other-
wise go to waste.

Turkey chicks are,very delicate and tender for the first six weeks
or two months of their existence up until the time they begin

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 643

to “shoot the red” as it is termed, which is the development of the
red protuberances upon the neck and throat. After this time
they become hardy and yigorous and will stand almost any condi-
tion of climate, but up until that time care must be exercised to
keep them from setting damp or chilled; they will not stand the
effects of a heavy rain-storm, and damp quarters are almost certain
to prove fatal to them. If ‘their quarters are dry and comfortable
and they are not allowed to remain out in rain-storms, they will get
along very well. Their first feed should be hard boiled eggs, at
least for the first day or two, and then mix in some green food, of
which dandelion leaves are the best that can be given them. Also
milk curd, squeezed dry, and after two or three days barley meal
or bread crumbs may be added to the boiled egg feed, little at
a time, but feed often.

Where chicks run at large they will select their own green food,
but when confined, chopped onions or dandelion leaves will be god
for them. (They must be kept dry, as dampness is fatal to them
until they have passed the tender age, after which time they are
the most hardy of chicks and will stand any kind of weather with-
out apparent harm.) The most critical time is the first two months
of their lives and during that time they must have the care and
attention necessary to pull them through, after which they will be
able to look after themselves so far as the weather is concerned.

We have found a pen 16 feet square made of boards one foot wide
very desirable to put the coop in containing the young turkeys.
This, if moved twice each week, gives to your flock fresh ground
without too much traveling for your young stock, which at the start
is a very important feature toward success.

Taking all in all, the past year has been by far the greatest
and most impertant one in the history of the poultry business.
But while this is an opportune time for reviewing the work of
the past year, it is more fitting, and more pleasant, to look to the
new year. What will the new year bring? Can we not say it
truthfully and honestly, and seriously, that whatever the new year
brings to us it will be largely the result of our own efforts. We
should then resolve to make our new year a profitable as well as a
pleasant one, and include in the resolution the provisions that if
the year in advance of us does not meet all our anticipations it
will not be our fault or for lack of effort on our part. Our lives
are largely what we make them, and while circumstances and en-
vironment each have their part to play, our own individual efforts
for the most part direct our fortunes.

Providence has been very kind to us during the past year, and
every indication points to a rich and fruitful year ahead of us.

644 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Let us look favorably upon the new year, and make it one of great
achievement and progress in our own individual lives, in our own
work, in our own poultry yards, and in whatever will uplift and
make brighter and more useful those things which are given to our
care.

COL DEMMING: Is there no report.from the Geologist of the
Board?

The SECRETARY: There has been none handed in.

The CHAIRMAN: We will now take up the first paper on the
program, entitled, “A Broader View,” by Mr. H. V. White, of
Bloomsburg, Pa.

MR. WHITE: When asked to furnish a paper for this meeting
I replied to the Secretary that I had little time for the preparation
of a paper that would interest men actively engaged in the pursuit
of agriculture and had opportunities for securing information
along the lines that they were working, but at his request, I agreed
to make some suggestions for a “Broader View” and will offer them
now, in the hope that what I may say will bring from each of you
an opinion that may be beneficial in the future.

Mr. White then read the following paper:

A BROADER VIEW.
By H. V. WHITE, Bloomsburg, Pa

There certainly has been ne period in the history of nations when
a people could point with such comimendable pride to results
achieved in all lines of progress as can the American people in re-
viewing the year just passed. All through the year the eyes of the
world have been turned toward us, keenly observing our treatment
of other nations in matters commercial and political, and scanning
the methods employed in the governing of our family at home. The
public has hissed and applauded ,the press has passed judgment on
men and methods, and the country has maintained a steady growth
and improvement most encouraging and gratifying.

Not one, but many and diversified have been the interests de-
manding the attention of our people. The steel trust, the Panama
question, cotton and grain prices, the boll weevil, and the San José
Scale; yet the equilibrium of the public mind has been well preserved
and the real condition has been one of satisfaction and prosperity.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 645

Some one has well said: “Anxiety in the Wall Street center of
gambling has not been too seriously received by the world at large.
We have ceased to frighten the industrial world abroad as much as
we did a year ago, but we are still high on the top of the tidal wave
of prosperity and good luck, and there are no signs of darker for-
tune.” With these facts patent to-day the blood warms and a
genial feeling prevails everywhere making life brighter and bet-
ter, physically and morally, as well as commercially.

It is true we have had a bitter clash between capital and labor
and many, if not all of us, have felt the results of the anthracite
coal strike in our own Commonwealth; yet we are inclined to the
opinion that there has been reached an understanding between the
employer and the employed that will result in vastly improved
conditions in the future. Labor received vastly more money in the
last half of 1903 than the most sanguine worker had ever dreamed
of, and it had a decidedly beneficial and cheering effect. It brought
comfort and plenty to homes that never knew the meaning of these
terms and with these conditions came information and knowledge.
Labor is prepared to deal more intelligently and fairly, and the
chances for strikes and misunderstandings have been reduced to a
minimum.

Perhaps no branch of industry has felt the pulsation of prosperity
more than agriculture. Crops have been good, prices have been
well maintained, mortgages have been lifted, and the farmer stands
to-day independent and justly proud of his position. He is begin-
ning to see the world in a new and a brighter light. He has come
to have greater confidence in his fellow-man and has decided that
his children shall be given an opportunity to know and enjoy more
than he. That old saw, “What is good enough for father is good
enough for son” has been buried down deep. The light of progress
has dawned upon the country home as never before and verified the
oft-repeated prophecy that in the rural home is nurtured the brain
and brawn that is capable of directing the affairs of commerce and
of State, and the fathers have seen the handwriting. They are giv-
ing more attention to the education of the sons and daughters.
They are studying economics and planning their work as never be-
fore.

They are investigating and making research along lines largely
or totally neglected in the past. They are claiming their rights
with an assurance bred of knowledge, and their demands are being
recognized as well-founded. They are joining hands and putting
up a united front that commands attention. They are looking into
the future and planning as farmers never planned in the past. Nor
are they arrogant or boastful in all this. On the contrary, their
demands are made with the feeling that they are asking for only a

646 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc:

portion of their inheritance and the humble assurance that it will
be granted without question. This was demonstrated most ad-
mirably in the passing of the bill by our last Legislature granting
the appropriation for the agricultural building at our State Col-
lege. When the Allied Agricultural Associations put their shoulder
to the wheel the van moved, and it will move again whenever the
farmers of the State find necessity for it. This is not the time nor
place to halt. With each point gained there is an obligation at-
tached—a debt incurred. Everytime we reach out we gather up a
load. This being true, it is intensely important that we make no
mistake in our movements. We must have an advance guard—a
pilot. Just as our financiers look to Wall Street to list the “di-
gested” and “undigested” securities and pay well for services, so
can and should our farmers look to our State College and Experi-
ment Station for aid and counsel and give them their undivided sup-
port in return.

Perhaps nothing bas been more gratifying to those of us who have
been attending the meetings of the State Board for years past than
the steady development of sentiment on the part of its members in
favor of a closer relation to our State College. That such a condi-
tion would prove mutually profitable has been apparent to many and
that every test has proven a success must certainly be an inspiration
to those undecided. The action taken on the several subjects in
th's relation at this meeting, inspires the belief that we have all been
giving thought to the methods to be employed to secure the most
good for the future and have unanimously decided that by making
“a long pull and a strong pull, and a pull all together” much good
will surely accrue to the cause of agriculture in our State.

When we listened to our old leader, Prof. John Hamilton, the In-
stitute Specialist of the United States, and heard his report of the
work done in agricultural education in Canada and the West and
the great good that was being accomplished by the up-to-date
methods they employed, we all experienced a feeling of glad satis-
faction that we had received instruction and training from one so
able and willing and interested, and that he was still one of us, just
as interested and willing and much more able to help than while
his efforts and talents were limited to the confines of our Common-
wealth. His reports should stimulate and inspire us to emulate
our neighbors and fill us with a determination to place our work on
an equality, at least, with that of any state in the Union. It ean be
done. Will we do it? If believe we will if we have the proper sup-

port.

Our Farmers’ Institute work has permeated the length and
breadth of our Commonwealth and carried untold blessings to thou-
sands of homes. The methods adopted, originally, have served their

No. 6. | DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 647

purpose and served it well, but, through the information thus dis
seminated, the people have, of necessity, made advances along all
lines and they now demand more and better instruction. It will
no longer do to take the progressive farmer over from one district
or country into adjoining territory to instruct his brother farmer.
Both have been studying from the same sources and what the one
wants to know the other has failed to learn. The demand is not
for more but detter instruction. The call is for scientific instrue-
tion. (Just what was repudiated five years ago). Farmers have
reached the position where they can make the application if they
have the approved method. That we have most able and excellent
instructors on the institute force goes without question. That we
need more of this class is equally patent. That the farmer is ready
to use his influence to aid in securing this is just as true. The sug-
gestion made yesterday by our most worthy Deputy Secretary, Mr.
Martin, that a week of normal instruction be given the instructors
preparatory for next winter’s work was most excellent and timely
and much good is certain to accrue. This summer or fall meeting, if
carried forward on the plans outlined by Mr. Martin, will certainly
prove a long stride in the right direction and we all hail its an-
nouncement with unmingled pleasure.

There is one class intimately connected with this work that has
been obliged to see the bright side by climbing up and peeping over
and doing it at their own risk and expense. They may not be
scientists. They need not be classical men. They must be workers
and managers. I refer to the local county chairmen, generally
members of the State Board of Agriculture. About the only fune-
tion of this Board to-day is to attend the annual meeting
at their own expense to receive instruction to take home to our
respective counties and disseminate without compensation. The
chairman who ‘will make his institutes a success must begin his
work in June and keep it up in a quiet but persistent way for the
next six months, and then give a solid week at the meeting, driving,
possibly, a hundred miles over all sorts of roads and in uncertain
weather. For the next six months he is plied with questions by
telephone and by mail, each demanding an intelligent answer, and
all for love of the cause with thirteen milli ms of doll us in the State
Treasury. There may have been a time when such sacrifice on the
part of the members of this Board was necessary and commendable,
but to continue this practice under existing circumstances is ques-
tionable policy. The State is sending out men to assure the farmer
that he cannot expect his boy to do good work and be loyal if he
does not grant him remuneration, and at the same time it is asking
the members of this Board to be loyal, faithful and industrious, but
refuses them compensation or recognition. The hobo is paid to

648 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

break stones on the roads. The school teacher gets $35.00 per
month by daw. ‘The laborer is worthy of his hire.” We are all
taking “A Broader View.” What view will the Department take?

PROF. SURFACE: As a rule I stay within my own field, that of
pathology, but when we hear a paper of this kind read I desire to
say a few words. I wish to state that the value of the farmer is
recognized to-day as it has never been before. I want a few words
to prove that. Last summer when Wall Street circles were agi-
tated and finances were weakened they sent out a committee to
investigate the crops of the farmer, they did not go to the cop-
per mines and the coal mines to investigate the conditions there,
but they went among the farmers in order to ascertain the condi-
tion of the crops, and it was on tbat report that the finances of Wall
Street were strengthened, because that committee reported that
the farmers had prospects of a good farm crop and a good
fruit crop and stocks went up five and ten per cent. As was said
in the National Stockman, three or four weeks ago, the farmers’ in-
stitute of ten years ago, that had been successful would not
be a successful institute to-day because the farmer has become
educated above that of ten years ago; the man who was a teacher
at the institute then would not be tolerated to-day. Just as was
said by the Governor yesterday, it is the man who can make two
stalks grow where one used to grow that is the successful farmer
of to-day. It means that the farmers are the great source of
products on which we are depending. I believe that the toil of the
farmer and the brain forces that are exercised in conducting his
work are the greatest resources we have. If we had a balance cast
up between England and America, America would owe England
eighteen hundred and some million dollars, if it was based outside
of agricultural productions; but when agriculture is left in, it makes
England owe America fourteen thousand and some million dollars.
I am in hearty sympathy with the suggestions as to appropriations
that should be asked for, as indicated in this paper. I believe the
prospects of the country fies, not in the man that owns stocks and
bonds and stocks in the copper mines and coal mines, but it lies in
the man that tills the soil.

MR. HERR: A thought occurred to me during the reading of the
paper by my friend White concerning the work we did yesterday.
{ am convinced that it would be wise to leave the time of fixing that
institute with the Deputy Secretary. We fixed it for the month of
October and sort of limited it to that month and with a view of leay-
ing to him. I would like to reconsider that action of yesterday,
therefore, I move to reconsider in order to fix the time for the meet-
ing.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 649
MR. HUTCHISON: I second the motion.
The motion being put, it was carried.

MR. HERR: I move to strike out the word “October” and leave
that to the discretion of the Deputy Secretary.

MR. HUTCHISON: I second the motion.

MR. TEMPLE: At the meeting of the Allied Organizations didn’t
we name the time as October?

The CHAIRMAN: I am not certain ag to that.

MR. TEMPLE: I think that is the time the building is to be ded-
icated, according to a statement of Dr. Armsby, after communicat-
ing with Dr. Atherton.

MR. WOODWARD: The time for the dedication of that building
can be arranged at a time that will suit this Board. The building
will be ready for dedication on the ist of May and any time after
that, for its dedication, will be convenient to the Board of Trustees.

The motion being put, it was carried.

The CHAIRMAN: The next subject on the program is, “Special-
ties in Farming,” by Mr. Henry W. Northup.

(Not present).

MR. HERR: I havea report to make as chairman of the Commit-
tee on Memorials.

The report was read by Mr. Herr and is as follows:

“Whereas, Death has removed from us, Joseph K. Murray, mem-
ber of the Board from Montour county, therefore be it
“Resolved, That in his death this Board has lost an interested,
‘earnest and valued member, whose active work and wise counsels
in our body will be greatly missed, and one whose high Christian
character was a worthy example to all of us.
“Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions be sent to the family
of the deceased, and be also spread upon the minutes of the Board.
“J. A. HERR,
SW. HS lOmm,
° “M. H. CLARK,
“Committee.”

MR. HERR: I move the adoption of this report.

The motion being seconded, it was agreed to by a rising vote.

MR. McGOWAN: I beg leave to make an additional report as
42

650 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

chairman of the Committee on Credentials and report the name of
Jacob 8S. Miller, of Somerset county. The credentials are regular
and correct. I also ask the Secretary to make a little change in the
Apiary Committee, in the report that was handed in yesterday.
By agreement of the Committee we have handed in the name of J. W.
Nelson in place of George C. Butz.

On motion, the report was accepted and placed on file.

MR. NELSON: I desire to offer the following resolution:

“In view of the fact that the interests of the bee-keepers of the
State have not been considered by the Committee on Legislation,
while other branches of agriculture have been protected by recom-
mendations, and justly so, and while the apiary is threatened with de-
struction by contagious diseases from which most of our neighbor-
ing states are protected, therefore, be it

“Resolved, That we recommend that the Committee on Legislation
be instructed to ask the passage of such laws that will give the bee-
keepers the same protection as accorded to other branches of agri-
culture.”

MR. HERR: I move that it be referred to the Committee on Legis:
lation.

The motion being seconded, it was agreed to.

The CHAIRMAN: I see that Mr. Northup is now in and we call
upon him to read his paper on “Specialties in Farming.”

MR. NORTHUP: I thought I had better lay down this paper and
speak extemporaneously, but I want to get home and was afraid I
might talk too long. Therefore, I think I had better read it and not
stroll away from the subject.

The paper read by Mr. Northup is as follows:

SPECIALTIES IN FARMING.

By HENRY W. NORTHUP, Glenburn, Pa.

A man who is a genuine farmer is expected to produce the pro-
ducts that are grown on the farm, either in a special, or else, in a
general way. The object in discussing this topic, is to know whether
it is more desirable and profitable to grow a limited number of farm
products, and to thoroughly qualify ourselves to do so, rather than
to have a general understanding of our business, and try to grow

ry fr

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 651

most everything. We will obserye in the first place, that men who
are specialists in all the professions of life, are usually the ones
we consider masters of the situation. In the medical profession,
there is an expert for the eye and the ear; another for the throat and
the lungs; another who gives special atention to surgery; and then
we have a fellow in the country districts we call doctor. He car-
ries with him a little leather box over our country roads. He
used to ride a horse, carry two saddle-bags, and have a little
apothecary shop right along with him. He cures everything. He
can administer chloroform. He can extract teeth. He can perform
surgery. He can formulate a prescription, and fill it at once, for
he has the material right at hand. He is the fellow that does a
general business. But he does not get very rich at it, and his life
is attended with many hardships.

In the law profession we have the judge of the court. We have
the corporation lawyer. We have the real estate lawyer. We have
the criminal lawyer. We have the special pleader at the bar, and
the office lawyer and counselor. We have the district attorney.
Then we have another fellow, we call him “petafogger.” He does
a general business. He looks after everyone’s affairs. He is at
hand in the justice of the peace’s office when the first prosecutions
take place; and then he goes into open court, where he can do a
veneral business and spar with all the antagonists he can encounter.
But he never gets very high on the roll of fame. He commences as
petafogger, and he usually ends his life as one. We have another
prominent profession. It is the Gospel ministry. We have spec-
ialists to do that sacred work. We have Doctors of Divinity. We
have Ph. Ds. We have bishops. Then we have another fellow,
they call a local preacher. He does a general business. He
preaches a little; perhaps he farms a little; he may trade horses
alittle. But he has a hard lot of it. He works hard and lives poorly,
while on the other hand the D. Ds. the Ph. Ds. and the bishops,
are specialists. They have large salaries. They serve popular
churches, and immense conferences. They dress in fine apparel and
live on the good things in this world, and expect to, in the world
which is to come. The profession of teacher runs abeut in the same
sphere. We have the president of the university of learning. We
have the president of the college. We have the superintendent of pub-
lic schools. We have the principal in our academies and high
schools. We have the professors of languages, higher mathematics.
music and the arts. These too are specialists, and their business
pays. But there is another fellow, partially educated, who does a
gveneral business. He is the fellow who has a provisional certificate.
He tries to teach a little while in the autumn and winter, and then in
the summer he is a book agent, fertilizer agent or something of the

602 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

kind, and unless he can get out of that kind of a life, he will event-
ually die in the poorhouse.

Thus we see that men who prepare themselves to do special work,
are the men who succeed in their business. Nearly every farmer is
so located, or circumstances are such that he can do some things
vastly better than he can do others. If growing grain and grass
is the chief business, and a good market is found to consume them,
then let the farmer bestow all of his energies in that direction, and
make a success of furnishing those productions. He must look well
to the fertility of his fields. He must be in readiness to top-dress
his meadows. He must have the right kind of fertilizer for his grain
fields. He must maintain the fertility of his soil, or that business
will eventually prove a failure. If a farmer can haul a fine load of
hay to the market, receive full value for the production, and then
return a valuable load of manure to replace the fertility lost, he
is certainly making a success of the business. His success also will
be far greater by making the business a specialty. He can secure
a better class of customers to purchase his hay. He can find a more
ready sale for this article than his neighbor, who is mixed up with
everything. His reputation for furnishing a good quality of hay
is already established. His goods are already advertised, and it
is one straight road to success, if he maintains his integrity. The
dairyman who is a specialist, will get where his mixed-up neighbor
can never reach him. He will have a better dairy farm. He will
have a more convenient stock-barn, it will be better arranged.
The water supply on his premises will be complete. He will bea
man in the community that everybody knows. He will have a
better class of farm help to assist him with his work, for he can
afford to pay better wages, and he will have the means at hand to
do so. He will be a far better judge of dairy cows, and he will
get better prices and a more ready sale for his milk and butter. He
devotes more time to the study of the business, as he is continually
consulting scientific investigation. He’can feed his animals with
more intelligence. He can give them scientific rations, and there
will be less loss in his business, than otherwise, where he is doing
a little of most everything. The market gardener who devotes
his entire time to the growing of truck, can do so far better than
the man who is only dabbling in the business. He knows just what
to plant, and then just how to care for it. He is familiar with all
the diseases and drawbacks in the business. He knows full well
that neglect will result in failure in the growth of his plants, and
he is careful to give them timely attention. He understands the
advantage of getting his products into the market early, before
his neighbors get there. It means better prices and more ready
sales. He knows very well that his large supply will take him

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 653

regularly to the market,and that means to a large extent, that he will
almost, at the time, monopolize the business. He can furnish seeds
and plants for his neighbor, for he grows them on a large scale,
and has them in fine condition. Its a continual income for him, but
an outgo for his neighbor; which is a decisive difference in the profits
and always gratifying as he sees his dollars continually coming in.

He also has a large variety of products, and can furnish what his
neighbor is utterly unable to do, so he has the preference with cus-
tomers every time. The poultryman who makes a specialty of the
business, can succeed vastly better than the farmer who conducts
the affair with other branches of his business, in a slipshod way.
The farmer with a multitude of cares, usually lets his poultry take
care of themselves. They roost in the fruit trees, straggle over his
gardens and scratch out the tiny plants in search of the earth-worms
and insectiverous food. They live largely on grass, and the tender
leaves of garden plants. They take care of the crop of garden peas
as fast as they develop into palatable food. They are fond of strip-
ping the leaves from beets and celery, and they take peculiar de-
light in appropriating the delicious strawberry to their own use.
In fact, they destroy, on the premises of such a man, doing that kind
of business, vastly more than they will ever be worth; and are kept
at an actual loss. To the specialist they are an exceedingly profita-
ble investment. They are given comfortable quarters. They are
well-fed and cared for. They have separate apartments. They
represent a family of choice birds, and they are an ornament to the
farm. Their egg and meat production, aggregate an income to the
farm larger in proportion to the investment, than anything else on
the premises.

The same is true with the fruit grower who makes a specialty of
his business. The general farmer puts out a few fruit trees, as he
realizes that he will surely need an orchard, but he largely leaves
them to take care of themselves. He is easily capitivated, as I per-
ceive, with the string-fellow method of setting them, because that
does not require so much work. He can clip off all the roots of
young trees, make a hole in the ground with a bar, crowd them in
and stamp down the earth around them, easier and much faster
than could be done by digging out the earth, making a suitable hole,
and then carefully placing the tree to live and grow for years to
come. But this farmer is doing a general business, and he is crowded
to get through with his vast amount of work. He usually lets the
borer destroy about half of his young trees before he realizes what
is taking place, and then he is quite apt to think that the soil is
not adapted to fruit growing. What is the appearance of our or-
chards in Pennsylvania as we pass along our roads and see them on
farms, where our farmers are doing a general business? The answer

654 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Dec.

has not been done. The fruit cannot possibly be what it would have
been if a specialist had been in possession of the orchard. There
are fine orchards in Pennsylvania, but they are owned by men who
are specialists, and take more than ordinary care of them.

The potato grower succeeds best as a specialist. If the general
farmer is only growing them to fill up the measure of his time, have
a home supply, and a few to sell, he will not be watchful enough to
overcome the difficulties that encounter the business. The blight
will not be promptly met by previous spraying. The growth of the
tubers will be suddenly stopped, and decay and disaster will be the
result, and consequently the crop, comparatively, will be a failure.
Scab, another serious defect, will not be prevented; for time was too
precious when they were planted, to stop to treat them with any so-
lution. The variety may be very defective; for anything will do to
plant with the farmer who has not given the business of potato
erowing special attention. Not so with the expert. He plants
only the productive and best eating varieties. Its a smooth, white
potato with him that is good enough to fill the requirement, and he
will have it. Soil conditions with him must be made right, when the
crop is planted. The fertility of the soil must be up to the standard.
The cultivation must be constant, all weeds must be destroyed, and
the soil moisture must be retained under all circumstances. Blight
and the potato beetle are promptly met with sprayings, and the
whole process is up-to-date, and a crop follows that is satisfactory
and paying. é

Thus we can see that successful farming is a special business. It
requires special preparation, and is only thoroughly successful in
the hands of the specialist. A man in his make-up is not calculated
to do everything, and do it well. There is a posibility of trying to
do too much. While it is not necessary to be a man of one idea,
it is necessary that he understands what he is doing. If it is done
with intelligence and forethought, it will in all probability be a com-
plete success. A farmer can have two or three specialties in his
business, and attend to them; but when he comes to spread every-
thing over his premises, he will unnecessarily burden himself, and
his profits will be comparatively small. George Washington, the
Father of his Country, said: “A oriculture is the most healthful, most
useful, most noble employment of man.” He might have added with
equal propriety, if he had said that the farmer is a specialist, and
understands his business. The age in which we are living to-day
is the most progressive period the world has ever known. It is
equally true with agriculture. The time of plowing with a straight
stick has past. The time of reaping with the sickle has gone by.
The time of treading out the grain on the open threshing-floor

is, They are very much neglected. The pruning and the spraying

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 655

with the slow ox is tolerated no more. Our prairies are turned over
by means of the steam plow. The sowing is accomplished by means
of the drill. The harvester is called the great header; and the grain
is harvested, cleaned and bagged by the same power, and garnered
without any gleanings. We are a mighty people, but we are only
here as the consequence of the brain power of the specialist. He
planned the whole business, and carried it into successful operation.
Manual power could never accomplish the mighty work, so necessity
is indeed the mother of inventions. It will be a sad day in the his-
tory of our people, if the specialist ever steps aside, and the world
tries to go on without him. But that will never happen, for he can
not be dispensed with. He is needed not only in agriculture, but
everywhere; in the household, on the farm, in all the business rela-
tions of life, and as a master leader at the head of the nation.
Specialties stand forth like gems in a royal crown; they adorn and
beautify nature, accomplish their work in general, and will continue
to do so till time shall be no more.

MR. HERR: I would like to call attention simply to one thing with
regard to specialties. It is pretty hard to confine institute work on
specialties, yet we need them. “hese specialties ought to be pre-
sented more particularly to young people. It takes time to plant
fruit trees and have them gow and live long enough to have a suc-
cessful orchard. It is « matter that we ought to begin while
we are young and grow up with them. Ii is hard to train an old
mind. It is hard to get out these conceits that are deeply imbedded.
You have to take a young person, who can be convinced of these
matters, in order to be most successful. Iam very heartily in favor
of having a good deal more said as to these specialties and I highly
recommend the paper of Brother Northup as an institute paper.

MR. NORTHUP: I will use that paper when I come over to your
institute.

MR. HERR: All right, bring it along.

MR. SCHWARZ: The gentleman realizes that the only hope for
the future of Pennsylvania are the young men, therefore, Mr.
Herr’s remarks are all right. The man who would address those re-
marks specially to the old men would make a mistake because the
hope of the country is in the young men. It is hard for the young
men to realize that there are good business prospects on the farm
and just as good chances for making a fortune on the farm as
through any other avenues of life, and, therefore, I heartily endorse
the paper of Mr. Northup.

COL. DEMMING: The address of the distinguished gentlemen

656 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

was so original, so remarkable, so unique, so complete, that it is
like attempting to paint the lily to discuss it.

The CHAIRMAN: I was very much interested in this paper and
with the talk of Brother Northup; but there is certainly, after all,
two sides to this question, and it depends largely on our locality
and on our surroundings as to the character of work we should fol-
low and make a specialty of it. There are localities, where to make
_a specialty would be decidedly to the advantage of the dairy farmer.
There are other localities where it would not do to make an entire
specialty of the dairy, that is, in order to make a success of it. For
instance, go down to the farm near the cities, where the dairy farmer
has forty or fifty acres of land and has, probably, fifteen or twenty
cows and makes butter and has a city trade and delivers it to his
customers, and has been successful. In addition to that he has
dozens of other crops that he delivers directly to his customers in
addition to that butter. His customers make inquiries for fruit
and vegetables from the vegetable garden and they say, bring it
along when you bring the butter. Those men have been largely suc.
cessful. So it depends on the man who is behind the plow or the
hoe. It does not do, in a general way, to put all our eggs in one
basket. I have learned that it does not do to depend on one
or two crops, but we must have something else besides, ‘and if one
thing fails we wil! have something else to meet our bills. We know
it does not do to depend on the grain; we know it does not do to
depend on the fruits; for I heard our brother say this morning that
is was an entire failure last year, and everything was frozen this
year. Now, must he depend largely on that? No, that won’t do.
Always have something ready for market, is my motto. A few years
ago there was a tremendous crop of potatoes. We hauled to the
city of Philadelphia at twenty-four and twenty-five cents a bushel,
on a farm that I had charge of, and we had a large flock of sheep,
and we had raised turnips for them and we had to get away the po-
tatoes, but the turnips brought three times the price of potatoes
and we fed the potatoes to the sheep and sold the turnips.

The CHAIRMAN: The next subject onthe program is “Our New
Road Law,” by Mr. Hunter.

The paper read by Mr. Hunter is as follows:

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 657

OUR NEW ROAD LAW.

By HON. JOSEPH W. HUNTER, State Highway Commissioner, Harrisburg, Pa.

Mr. President and Gentlemen of the Pennsylvania Board of Agri-
culture:

I have attended with much. pleasure and profit some of the
sessions of your meeting. I have listened to the instructive ad-
dresses with a great deal of interest. I am a much better listener
than talker. I lay no claim to being a public speaker, but I am
deeply interested in good roads, and I appreciate the honor that
you have conferred upon me by asking me to address this meeting
of representative farmers of Pennsylvania. Some say agricultur-
ists, but I prefer the word farmer; it is shorter; and an agriculturist
may be a mere theorist, but a practical farmer is not a mere theorist.
He gets down to hard pan every time. He wants to know what
benefit is to be derived by a change from an old to a new method.
He may be slow at times in making up his mind to accept pro-
posed changes or innovations in his usual course of life, or in his
way of doing things, but once his mind is made up to accept a
proposition or change, such a cause has no stronger or more earnest
supporter.

The farmers are the mainstay of the nation. They support and
maintain us, and in no state or nation are they more progressive
than in this great Commonwealth. We excel all other nations, ex-
cept in the matter of good roads and easy methods of transporta-
tion, and in this particular I believe that in a few years we will
be abreast of the foremost state, if we do not lead the procession,
in the onward march of progress. Ninety-five per cent. of every
load by railroad, steamship or express must be carted in a wagon
or truck over a highway. It costs the farmers of the United States
75 per cent. more than those of Europe to market an equal tonnage
of farm products over primary roads.

The question of Good Roads has been before the people of this
Commonwealth for upwards of a quarter of a century, various at-
tempts having been made to secure legislation in the direction of
road improvement; and while we have been discussing the question
pro and con, neighboring commonwealths have had the courage
of their convictions and for ten years past have been constructing

42—_6— 1903

658 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

good roads and to-day are enjoying the benefits derived therefrom.
Notably is this true in the State of New Jersey, with upwards of
1,000 miles of improved roads; Connecticut, Massachusetts and
New York with about 500 miles each.

It was not until the last session of the Legislature that an act,
known as the Sproul Road Law, was introduced and passed that
any substantial progress was made in this Commonwealth towards
the construction of good roads. It is true that the Flinn Road
Law, in which the various counties are authorized to take charge of,
reconstruct and maintain township roads in townships that are
too poor and upon the taxpayers of which the cost of constructing
good roads would be an excessive burden, has been in operation
since 1895, and in Allegheny, Northampton and Luzerne counties
roads have been reconstructed under said act, but the total mileage
of such roads is small. In traveling over the State I have heard con-
siderable about poor counties and poor townships, poor townships
in particular, and that it would be a long time before they could do
anything towards helping construct good roads within their limits.
When I have asked the reason for this, the reply invariably has
been: “The assessments are so low and the people so poor that we
cannot get enough money te keep our roads in repair now, let
alone raising additional funds to build stone roads.” When I have
asked about the tax rate in these townships I have been told that
it was ten mills, or one per cent., for road taxes, and in several
instances the county rate was the same, on the assessed valuation.
Now, this is all wrong. The method is wrong. Exceedingly low
assessments work an injury to the property owner, the township
and the county. Prospective purchasers of farm properties will
not go into a township that has been advertised as being a poor
township and brought into disrepute thereby. What is the differ-
ence to a taxpayer if he pays one per cent. on an assessed valuation
of twenty dollars per acre, or one-half per cent., on a valuation of
forty dollars per acre. I take it that the owner, the township and
the county are all benefited by the higher valuation. You know
the old saying: “Give a dog a bad name and it will kill him.” If
you allow your township to get a bad name, it is virtually killed
so far as progress and improvement are concerned.

Another wrong that helps make a poor township is the working
out of road taxes by the tenants or owners of the real estate
against which the tax is assessed. Fifty per cent. of the tax levied
for road purposes is wasted, or paid as a premium for idleness,
and for which no value is given. All over the State the same plaint
is heard: “We do not get value for our money expended on road
repairs.” Macaulay, in describing the almost incredibly bad state
of the roads in England in 1785, says: “It was by the highways that

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 659

both travelers and goods generally passed from place to place;
and those highways appear to have been far worse than might
have been expected from the degree of wealth and civilization
to which the nation had even then attained. On the best lines of
communication the ruts were deep, the descents precipitous, and
the way often such that it was hardly possible to distinguish in
the dark the line of travel from the heath and fen which lay on
both sides.” I have no doubt but each of you can readily call to
mind such a road in this State, that fits exactly this description.

Macaulay further says: “One chief cause of the badness of the
roads seems to have been the defective state of the law. Every
parish was bound to repair the highways which passed through it.
The peasantry were forced to give their gratuitous labor six days
in the year. If this was not sufficient, hired labor was employed
and the expense was met by a parochial rate.” “A change from
this law was at length effected,’ says Macaulay, “but not without
much difficulty, for unjust and absurd taxation to which men are
accustomed, is often borne far more willingly than the most reagon-
‘able impost which is new.”

sentlemen, do you not agree with me, that we should set aside
our old road system which is practically the same as the old English
system that was condemned over a hundred years ago, when the
present system of road improvements in that country was inaugur-
ated, and establish a system that will enable the farmer and tax-
payer to enjoy to the utmost the benefits derived from having
good roads, besides giving value and having something tangible
to show for the money expended? Not since the passage of our
public school jaw has there been placed upon our statute books
an act that so vitally affects all the people of this Commonwealth
as does the act of 15th of April, 1903, and which is known as the
“Good Roads Law.” It is of especial interest to the farmers.
Many of you are undoubtedly familiar with its provisions, but a
hasty review of it may, nevertheless, be of interest to you.

The act may be divided into two parts, the first of which provides
' for the reconstruction of township roads, and the second, for main-
taining them after reconstruction, and also the maintaining of other
roads that have been already built in accordance with the best
standards.

The primary move in obtaining State aid in the reconstruction of
township roads should be made by the supervisors or township com-
missioners, who may petition the county commissioners to make
application to the State Highway Department for the co-operation
of the State in the reconstruction or permanent improvement of
any principal highway within the township, or any section thereof,

660 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

which is used as a thoroughfare by the people of said township,
and the neighboring township, cities and boroughs, agreeing by
resolution to assume, for said township, the proportionate share
of the expense of said improvement. Should the supervisors or
township commissioners of their own volition fail to take the neces-
Sary steps to secure State aid, as aforesaid, then the owners of
a majority of the assessed valuation of real estate in the township,
may present a petititon to the supervisors or township commission-
ers requesting them to make the necessary application to the county
commissioners. Upon receipt from a township of the proper appli-
cation, it is the duty of the county commissioners to petition the
State Highway Department to undertake the improvement of the
highway or section thereof specified in the petition from the town-
ship, and authorizing the assumption by the county of its share of
the expense of said improvement. Accompanying the petition of
the county commissioners should be the petition of the supervisors
or township commissioners, and an accurate map or plan showing
the layout lines, profile and grade of such highway, and giving such
other information as may be necessary to the proper planning
of said road improvement. The county commissioners are to state
the kind of material to be used or available for the construction
of such road.

if the county commissioners neglect or refuse to act after the
proper applications have been filed with them, the law provides
for the appointment of a jury of view by the court of quarter ses-
sions upon petition from the township authorities, and upon a
favorable report from said jury, and with the approval of the
court, it shall be the duty of, and the court may by order require,
the said county commissioners to petition the State Highway De-
partment for the aid asked for by the township.

Upon receipt of the application and plan from the county com-
missioners, it is the duty of the State Highway Commissioner or
his assistant, to make an inspection of the road for the re-
construction of which State aid is asked, in order to obtain data
which can only be obtained by such personal inspection. A plan
is then carefully marked out and estimates are made of the
amount of excavation, macadam, etc., required. Copies of this
plan, with the specifications, are sent to the county commissioners,
who are required to advertise in two newspapers for thirty days
prior to the time fixed for the opening of bids. The bids are re-
ceived by the State Highway Commissioner, who opens them and
afterwards submits them to the county commissioners and town-
ship supervisors or commissioners. If all the parties agree upon
the acceptance of one of the bids, an agreement is then entered into
with the county and township for the payment of their respective

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 661

shares of the cost of said work. After this has been done a con-
tract is then made between the Commonwealth and the successful
bidder, such bidder giving bond as required by law. Of any such
contract the State pays two-thirds of the amount and the county
and township one-sixth each.

During the progress of the work, it is carefully inspected and
the final inspection is made by the State Highway Commissioner
or his assistant upon completion of the work and before it is
accepted by the Department.

The construction fund as provided by the act is apportioned
among the counties in proportion to the number of miles of town-
ship roads in each county. This apportionment per mile to each
county is a fraction over $4.58. No part of this fund passes through
the hands of any person connected with the Department. It re-
mains in the hands of the State Treasurer and is paid out by him
upon warrant properly drawn by the Highway Department. West-
moreland county has the greatest number of miles of township
roads, 3,644; York county next, with 3,598 miles, and Lancaster
county third with 3,143 miles. Cameron county has the least mile-
age, 167. The total mileage of the State is 98,125 miles of town-
ship roads. There are 1,101 miles of turnpike roads in the State.

According to the square miles of area, York county has 4.1
miles of public roads; Lehigh county, 4.07 miles and Montgomery
county 4.01 miles. The distribution of the fund apportioned to
a county will be determined by the county commissioners. Just
how they will do this I cannot say, but in some cases I have sug-
gested that the distribution be chronologically; that is, the appli-
cations to be taken up in the order in which they were filed with
the commissioners and pushed to completion in that order. Pos-
sibly in some instances, the commissioners may decide that a par-
ticular application, owing to circumstances, may have a priority
over preceding ones. This will be a matter wholly for them to de-
cide. There is no direct apportionment by the State to a township,
of any part of the construction fund. The money apportioned to a
county remains at the disposal of that county for a period of two
years, and if not called for or used in the reconstruction of town-
ship roads within that time it is returned to the State Treasury,
and added to the appropriation for the current year, and distributed
anew among all the counties.

The maintenance fund available each year is ten per cent. of
the amount appropriated and also remains in the hands of the
State Treasurer until paid out upon warrant of the Highway De-
partment. This fund is apportioned by the State Highway Depart-
ment among the townships and counties applying for the same, in
proportion to the mileage of improved highways made under the

—

662 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

provisions of this act, or which have already been made or may
hereafter be made, at the expense of such townships or counties,
and which are of the standard prescribed by the State Highway De-
partment for improved roads.

Section 16 of said act, which I will read, gives the methed to
be observed in making application for a share of the maintenance
fund:

“Section 16. Whenever the supervisors or commissioners of any

township or county shail desire State aid for the purpose of main-

tenance of improved highways, whether State highways improved
under the provisions of this act or otherwise, it shall be the duty of
said supervisors or commissioners to file wi ith the State Highway
Department, on or before the first day of April in each year, a sworn

petition requesting such State aid, and setting forth the number
of miles of highways improved according to the standards of the
State Highway Department in said township, and the cost of the
same to said township, together with the condition of said improved
highways and the average annual cost of maintaining the same.
The State Commissioner of Highways, if in his judgment the con-
ditions warrant the co-operation of the State in maintaining said
highways, shall apportion to said township its proportion of the
total amount available for the maintenance of improved highways,
as hereinbefore provided, and the said ae shall be paid to the
supervisors or commissioners of said township by warrant of the

State Highway Department; but in no case shall the amount thus —

given by the State for maintenance, be more than one-half the
amount which, in the judgment and experience of the State High-
way Commissioner, the annual cost of maintaining improved high-
ways of the standard of construction prevailing in such township
should be, nor more than one-half the sworn, average annual cost
of maintenance, as set forth in the petition of the supervisors or
commissioners of the said eee 4

Section 22 provides that “County commissioners or county en-
gineers of the several counties of this State, and the officers. of all
cities, boroughs and townships in the State, who now have, or may
hereafter have by law, authority over the public highways. and
bridges, shall, upon the written request of the State Highway De-
partment, furnish said Department with’any information relative
to the mileage, cost of building, and maintenance, condition and
character of the highways under their jurisdiction, and with any
other needful information relating to the said highways.”

Some of the township and county authorities have been very dila-
tory and indifferent about furnishing information asked for; while
others have been commendably zealous in obtaining and furnishing
to the Department needed information.

“J

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 663

The basing of the apportionment upon the number of miles of
township roads in each county is eminently just and fair, but it has
been a herculean task to obtain the reports of the mileage. In near-
ly all of the counties there was absolutely no record showing
whether there were five or five hundred miles of roads in a township.
The county with but five townships and the smallest number of miles
of township reads is the only county that has failed to make a proper
return of mileage as required by the law.

Section 23 of the road law provides as follows:

“All highways improved under the provisions of this act shall re-
quire the construction of a macadamized road, or a telford-or other
stone road, or a road constructed of gravel, cinder, oyster shells, or
other good materials, in such manner that the same, of whatever ma-
terial constructed, will, with reasonable repairs thereto, at all
seasons of the year be firm, smooth and convenient for travel. The
county commissioners shall have the authority to select the kind
of materials to be used in improving any road under the provisions
of this act. Any difference of opinion that may arise between the
county commissioners and the township road authorities, as to the
kind of a road to be built, shall be decided by the State Highway
Commissioner. The State Highway Commissioner shall furnish to
the county commissioners and township road authorities informa-
tion as to the probable cost of improved highways, as defined in this
section.” .

The cost of constructing macadamized roads as above provided
for will vary according to localities and the proximity of good ma-
terial out of which to construct them. In some sections of the
State good materia! for road construction is exceedingly scarce. The
qualities required in a good road stone are hardness, toughness and
ability to resist the action of the weather, and these are not always
found together in the same stone.

Limestone possesses another quality; that of furnishing a mortar
or cement-like detritus which binds the stone together and enables
it to wear better than a harder material that does not bind. For
moderate traffic the harder limestones are sufficiently durable and
make the smoothest and pleasantest roads. For heavy traffie the
best materials are trap, basalts, greenstones and cyanite. Roads
constructed of these materials will cost from one to two dollars per
running foot, according to the width of road bed, amount of grading
and the convenience with which material can be obtained. The cost
per lineal foot of one of the roads for which a contract is ready to
be signed is one dollar and fifty cents ($1.50) and for another one
dollar ($1.00).

Within a short time the present road law has been designated as
a “gold brick,’ and a “snare” to the farmer. This sort of an as-

664 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

sertion is erroneous and very misleading and should not be tol.
erated. A law that provides for the payment of two-thirds of the
cost of a substantial and permanent improvement that will greatly
benefit the farmer and further provides 50 per cent. of the cost of
keeping said improvement in repair, is no gold brick nor snare. No
taxpayer is asked to contribute to such improvement against his
will except in the very small percentage of possible increase in his
county tax, and probably the amount that most counties would
have to pay for the reconstruction of a mile or two miles of a town-
ship road would not increase the county tax rate at all. Even
should he have to pay a trifle more in taxes for having a good, per-
manent road over which to travel, he has something tangible to
show for the expenditure. The farmers of this State furnish a
capital of about $5,000,000 a year for the supervisors to go into
business in the way of making so-called road repairs, and this sum
is actually thrown away, and again subscribed for the following
year.

Again, it is asserted that the act casts a grave reflection on the
township and greatly disparages the abilities of its citizens to man-
age its own internal affairs, when it centralizes the expenditures of
the money appropriated and puts the construction of good roads in
the hands of an individual or under a department. This assertion is
also wrong. There would be no general system of road improvement.
There would be as many systems, standards and methods as we have
supervisors in the State and the same would be liable to change each
year. Just imagine turning the public school system over to the
various township school boards. It would soon be “confusion worse
confounded.”

It is true, to a certain extent, that the farmers have been at the
expense of keeping the township roads in repair for the benefit of
travel that pays no part of the expense. But who uses these roads
the most? The farmer; and unless he keeps them in repair, how is
he to get to market to dispose of his produce? How is the merchant
who sells him goods going to deliver them unless he has a means of
access to the farmer’s house? Why should the citizen or purchaser
of the farmer’s products be asked to or be required to pay for main-
taining the roads that enable the farmer to get his goods to market
and dispose of them at market price, any more than the farmer
should be asked or compelled to help pay for the improved streets or
roads in the city or borough in which he markets his wares, which
he can do more quickly and to better advantage than if had mud
roads or streets to haul through. Whe taxpayers of a city or bor-
ough can with as much propriety say: “We will not improve our
streets because the farmers with their teams use them so much on
market days and cut them up, keeping them in bad condition,” as the

No. 6. DBHPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 66a

farmer can say: “We will not help build good roads because the
citizens drive over them and wear them out.”

The present law gives the farmer the advantage of the county tax
levied in cities and boroughs insomuch that no part of the county
tax is used in the improvement of the roads in cities or boroughs
except where a portion of a through or main road is in a borough
and the reconstruction of which will be the connecting link between
roads already reconstructed or improved. There is reciprocity in
the fullest and best sense of the word, in good roads. No farmer,
citizen, taxpayer, State, county or township can atford to be with-
out them. I believe with DeWitt Clinton: “That every judicious im-
provement in the establishment of Good Roads and Bridges in
creases the value of land, enhances the price of commodities and aug-
ments the public wealth.”

I have heard it said that the read law is a failure; it cannot be
made a success; the farmers will have nothing to do with it. There
is no question as to the fact that the farmers can make the law a
failure or a success. A failure of the law is not and will not be, be
cause the farmers appreciate the fact that it will be a great benefit
to them and have decided to give it a fair trial and hearty support.
The Department has had many difficulties to contend with and over-
come and expects to meet and overcome others as we progress. It
is no small task to establish such a movement, to build up the sys-
tem from nothing. It was with a full sense of all that was involved
that I entered upon the duties of the office. Since the organization
of the Department, September 1, 1903, I have been in many parts
of the State, attended meetings as called upon, and have found a
very deep and earnest desire on the part of the farmers and other
citizens to become posted as to the workings of the law. The De-
partment has to this date received forty-six applications for State
aid in the reconstruction of township roads, and one application
from a county asking for aid in the reconstruction of a road that
the county had originally taken under the act of 1895, and which had
been destroyed by the severe rain storm of last October, making in
all 47 applications. These applications aggregate 98.37 miles; the
longest road applied for being six miles and the shortest 1,400 feet.
These applications have come from all parts of the State: Snyder,
Mercer, Crawford, Beaver, Lackawanna, Lehigh, Cumberland, Hunt-
ingdon, Delaware, Warren, Lycoming, Chester, Montgomery, Mon-
tour, Susquehanna, Clinton, Northampton, Northumberland, Berks,
Greene, Bucks, Erie and Lawrence counties being represented,a total
of 23 counties, or one-third of the whole number in the State, and I
know of several more that are getting ready with their applica-
tions. Contracts are ready to be signed for the work in two coun-
ties, Crawford and Snyder. Bids are being received for the work

{

666 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

in Lackawanna, Huntingdon, Clinton, and Northampton counties,
while plans are prepared and specifications being drawn for work
in several other counties. Our oflice work is being retarded by the
very crude plans and surveys that have, in many instances, been sent
to the Department. With this showing, I am sure that you will:
agree with me, that it is very unjust to condemn our road law as a
failure. With a little patience on the part of our citizens and the
hearty co-operation of those interested in good roads, the Depart-
ment will show that the law is not a failure, but an assured success.

I believe in the law. I believe what has been done once can be
done again. I believe that if our sister states, New Jersey, Con-
necticut, Massachusetts and New York, have made a success of
similar laws, that with your hearty and earnest support, Pennsyl-
vania not only will make a success of our road law, but that in a
few years she will be in the first rank of road-making states, if she
is not the ieader of them all.

There has been criticism, and some of it justly. It is an easy mat-
ter to criticise, to find fault; but those who criticise and find fault
very seldom have anything better to offer. We have the road law;
it may not be ideal, but it is the very best that we have had and it
will stand until a better one is passed. The sum appropriated under
the law for road construction is said by some critics to be insignifi-
cant—a mere drop in the bucket. This may be true when com-
pared with the whole amount of work to be dene. It is a begin-
ning. We cannot do ail at once. No city was built in a day, no
great work or undertaking completed without a beginning. The
work of building, of reconstructing the roads in this Commonwealth
is the greatest, the most stupendous undertaken by any Common:
wealth.

The success or failure of this great undertaking depends on you.
If you give it your hearty support and co-operate with the State
Highway Department, you can demonstrate to the next Legislature
the success of the law, and show by your action that you desire
good roads and that you appreciate what has been done. I believe
that beyond a question of doubt a larger appropriation will be
made, the State pay a larger percentage of the cost of reconstruc-
ing the township roads and that real estate will be relieved of a por-
tion of the burden of taxation that it is now bearing. If, however,
on the other hand, you show by antagonisms that you do not pro-
pose to accept the benefits to be obtained under the provisions of
this law, then there will be no incentive for the Legislature to make
increased appropriations for your further benefit, but a possibility
of a repeal of the present law. The burden rests with you.

Gentlemen, I depend on your aid in carrying out the provisions of
our present road law. { consider you as my assistants, and I feel

Ne. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 667

sure that you will not fail me and that [shall not be disappointed in
you.
Will you do it?

The CHAIRMAN: What is the width of the road in Snyder
county?

MR. HUNTER: Eighteen feet wide and costs one dollar a running
foot; but that portion is to be re-constructed over a road on which
a considerable amount of stone has been placed, but which has be:
come rutted. We will use native stone in the bottom and place a
course of limestone on top; that is, Crawford native stone, four
inches in depth with a course of limestone on top. When I say, that
I doubt very much if the county tax rate will be raisel and the town-
ship can build one or two miles of road, without materially increas-
ing their taxes, I speak with my knowledge of the roads constructed
in Abington and Cheltenham townships, in Montgomery county,
under the previous law. In Abington township they voted an
indebtedness of eighty thousand dollars; that was used up in
1893, and the following spring they voted an additional loan of fifty
thousand dollars. I had charge of the construction of those roads
and the bonds were sold at a considerable premium, I think the
premium was something like thirty-two hundred dollars. In 1893,
the mill tax was four mills on the assessed valuation; that gave the
township between ten and eleven thousand dollars to expend on
their roads. The following year, 1894, they raised the mill tax to
five mills. Out of that they have paid the interest on their bonds
and eight per cent. of the principal, as required by law, and have kept
their township roads in repair and have built from one to two miles
of road each year and that five mill rate has been continued ever
since, for over ten years. With the development of the properties
in that township the amount raised for road purposes this year was
nearly twenty-five thousand dollars. It is true, there has been some
slight increase in the assessed valuation, but most of the money
has come from the putting up of the value of farms. In 1893, farms
that were assessed at $150 to $200 an acre have been cut up into
four and five-acre lots, and these been cut up again and houses placed
on them at a cost of from $10,000 to $15,000. However, there are
many properties assessed now just the same as they were ten years
ago. This same condition applies to Cheltenham township. The
latter township was bonded and have been carrying on their tax
rate under the same principle for the last five years. Even after
the township became first class the tax rate was five mills for town-
ship purposes. Nineteen hundred and two was the first year the
rate was increased; it was increased to seven mills; but, in addition
to what they did formerly, they now police the township from one

668 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Dec.

end to the other with mounted policemen and lighted with electric
light. So I can say that a township or county can build a mile or
two of road each year without increasing the tax rate. Great inter-
est is being taken with reference to the improvement of the roads in
the lower counties of the State. I would say that in Bensalem town-
ship, Bucks county, notably, they voted at the fall election for a
bond issue of $75,000 and it carried at the rate of seven to one in
favor of the loan.

COL. DEMMING: During the past nine years that I have been
acting as State Geologist, since the death of J. P. Lesle, I would
state to the gentleman that I have gathered a lot of information
that I think would be of benefit to the proposed new roads. He re-
fers to the material for roads and he places basalt first. I would
say first in quality is basalt, then trap and cyanite third, and lime-
stone about the last for this reason: That in localities where lime-
stone is used on roads you will notice that people are afflicted with
eye troubles. In this State, where there are limestone roads, you
will note that more eye-glasses and spectacles are used, which is on
account of there being more poisonous matters in the limestone than
any other stone used in connection with road improvements, which
is on account of the dust of the limestone flying around. In every
part of the State there is good material to select from. I think that
the material to be used should be left to the Highway Commissioner
instead of to the county commissioners. I am glad to know that in
Pennsylvania we are going to have good roads. Sometime ago I
had occasion to do some geological work in New Jersey and it was
a pleasure to travel over the roads of that State.

MR. SCHWARZ: I can say that I am one of the original good
roads-men in the State. I would like to know whether the Commis
sioner would allow me to ask a number of questions.

The CHAIRMAN: Commissioner Hunter will be ready to answer
any questions that may be asked.

MR. SCHWARZ: My only reason is, that I am anxious to have
good roads in Pennsylvania; but there are some things in this bill
that don’t exactly touch the spot. I want to ask whether you are
going to recommend to the next legislature any changes in the law,
or whether you consider the law perfect as it is now?

MR. HUNTER: In reply to the gentleman I would say, that in this
little address I said that the law might not be ideal. There are some
changes that should and I believe will be made.

MR. SCHWARZ: I saw Senator Roberts and had a talk with him
about this bill and he said he was going to agitate some changes.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 669

Have all the counties made their returns of by-roads, and what is
required of them under the law?

MR. HUNTER: All the counties have made a return. The county
having but five townships and but 167 miles of roads has not made
a return. We furnished them blanks but they thought it was not
necessary to send in those blanks and we have been trying for three
weeks to get them to send them in and have them sworn to under the
law. All the counties have made a return.

MR. SCHWARZ: There was a belief, at the time the law was
under discussion and after its passage, that there were a number
of counties that would fight this bill by refusing to make a return.

MR. HUNTER: The act requires that county commissioners and
township officers shall furnish information on request of the High-
way Commissioner. Some of the counties sent the blanks back and
said they had no time to get this information and said they did not
know who was going to compensate them for it. I consulted the
Attorney General, and he instructed me to write them that they
should make returns or he would mandamus them. There is an old
law that he could take action under in mandamus proceedings.

MR. SCHWARZ: Who determines a width of a road in a certain
locality, the Highway Department?

MR. HUNTER: No. sir; that is more of an agreement with the
petitioners, or the townships in which the improvement is to be
made. I would like to see the road-bed eighteen feet wide, but if I
cannot get that I am willing to go ahead with sixteen or twelve
feet. Wwelve feet is better than nothing.

MR. SCHWARZ: Do you think the law, as it stands, is more fav-
orable to largely populated counties than thinly populated counties?

MR. HUNTER: I think that it is, and that is one of the improve-
ments that will be needed in this bill. I like the provision in the
Connecticut law very much. In the Connecticut law the contracts
for the building of the roads are made between townships, or towns
as they are termed, and the Highway Department. The counties
are left out the contract entirely and in the towns that have the
assessed valuation of a million or upwards the State pays two-thirds
of the cost. In the townships where the valuation does not amount
to so much, the State pays seventy-five per cent.

MR. SCHWARZ: We have a road in my own county—Monroe—
and it passes through a good township first and then it passes
through a township which is not able to make the repairs. There
are only thirty voters in that township. Now I want to know what
is going to become of that township. If a road is finished through
that township, where will they get the money from?

670 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

MR. HUNTER: In reply to that, | would say, why don't that town-
ship make application to the county of Monroe to take that road
under the Flinn act and let the county apply to the State for the
construction of the road. That would relieve the township of the
expense of that road.

MR. SCHWARZ: I am thoroughly in favor of good roads, but if
the county commissioners would do that they would never be re-
elected. Of course the small townships would vote for them but
the larger townships would vote against them. We all know that
it is human nature. ‘

MR. HUNTER: That is purely selfishness, undefiled.
MR. SCHWARZ: Certainly, but we have to face it.

MR. MILLER: Can I ask the Commissioner a few questions? In
our county the people are wondering how this law would affect the
tax-payers and we have been urging the supervisors to go ahead
and get this two-thirds, and others who were.in the Legislature ad-
vised them not to do it because there was too much red tape about
it. Will you furnish blank petitions for the citizens of the township
and must we survey the road?

MR. HUNTER: The law requires that a plan must accompany the
petition. That plan should give the necessary information that will
enable the Highway Commissioner to make such a plan as will enable
him to make an estimate showing the amount of excavation nec-
essary to be made and the amount of material to be used on the
road. The expense does not, necessarily, fall on the county. The
county should primarily pay the bill, although in some cases they
have not; the township authorities paid it. The cost of that survey
goes in and two-thirds of that is paid by the State and the survey is
part of the cost of doing the work. If you don’t make a survey you
cannot get started. Lt have a few blank forms here for distribution.
Here is a resolution and petition of the supervisors; here is a peti-
tion of the citizens to the supervisors and here is a copy of the letter
of instruction sent to every set of county commissioners in the State
(exhibiting) and sent to every supervisor in the State as far as I have
been able to get their addresses.

MR. NELSON: Just a few words on the question, in regard to
the county not reporting. I had some experience in my county some
years ago and I paid six mills tax. There is very little travel on
the roads because most is on the railroad. The roads are
very narrow and you often have to wait for a team to come a mile
on the narrows before you can pass. There is a little settlement up
the stream, along the road, and a little bunch on the plateau, on

No. 6. - DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 671

this one and that one, and they have to keep up miles of roads te
get to the schools. In my own county of Clearfield, we had an in-
stitute last week in a very intelligent section, where we have very
good roads, and they attached to the resolutions that were offered
in the institute, a resolution making a wholesale attack on the road
law. For lack of time and a chance to get all the points in regard to
it I succeeded in having that resolution tabled until they would
have time to make a better showing.

MR. FENSTEMAKER: It just happens that 1 have been placed
on the Committee of Road and Road Laws through my friend, Mr. Mc-
Gowan. I wish to ask Mr. Hunter if he intends to make any recom-
mendation to add an amendment to the bill compelling people to
use wagons with broad tires that haul heavy loads. We have an
experience right at my home, on the turnpike that passes by and is
driven over by Berks county farmers, going to market with hogs
and other products, and there is one continuous rut from Coopers-
town and Allentown and they use narrow tread wagons. I would
like to have another amendment made to the present law and that
is, that the trolley roads do not gobble up our macadamized roads.
We are afraid to send out our best horses on those roads on ac-
count of the trolley roads; and on account of them it is a great incon-
venience that we are unable to send our wives and children out with
horses that we are afraid to use.

MR. HERR: I would like to suggest to the Secretary of the De-
partment of Agriculture that this valuable address be published in
bulletin form and sent out to educate us more fully on this valuable
topic.

MR. SCHWARZ: Lam asked as to material to be used on the roads.
In Montgomery county, from Bridgeport to King of Prussia they
had limestone finish and they determined to use trap rock. I heard
the argument of Col. Demming, but I don’t think the people took
that into consideration. The limestone was there.

MR. HUNTER: There has been no action whatever taken on the
application in Upper Merion township, on the road running from
Bridgeport towards King of Prussia. While I believe that in
the construction of roads, as well as in other things, that anything
that is worth doing at all is worth being done well; but I am not
going to be a stickler for trap rock. I know that trap rock is a very
scarce article. I do know we can get limestone all through the
carboniferous regions. All through the State you will find very
good stuff to finish on top. You will have to have a stone that will
hind and stand the weather. Sandstones are thoroughly good for

672 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

foundation because they help to carry the weight. In Montgomery
county, on that road you speak of, I know they have no limestone
convenient and the limestone right along the line of that road is not
good enough and all we have to do is to go to Howellville and we
will get a very good material.

MR. SCHWARZ: Here is a question right now: We have in our
county roads that are close to a borough but in the township and
the people of the township say we would build this road but the
moment we build it the borough will take it. Why should we be
asked to build this road and the borough take it afterwards? Is
there no provision by which the borough should be made to pay the
township, or if that is not so should there not be an amendment
made to the law covering that point?

MR. HUNTER: I suppose there could be an amendment made, but
I don’t see why a borough cannot take the adjoining ground because
they take it with the consent of the township.

MR. SCHWARZ: They have done it in the township in which I
- live.

MR. HOLMAN: Who is to maintain those roads that have not
been constructed by the township?

MR. HUNTER: They are under the supervision of the township
authorities.

MR. HOLMAN: We have a road in our county, north of Newport,
which runs through Howe township. It is constructed along the
river bank and is a great convenience to surrounding counties in
passing through the county, but of very little advantage to Howe
township. This road was constructed by the county commissioners,
but the township would never take it off their hands and conse-
quently the road there is not in very good condition. It has been
traveled for years. Everybody travels it at their own risk. They
travel it in preference to going around over the hills, which made
it two miles further. We would like to have that road kept up
and it could be made a very fine road instead of having it in the
worst kind of condition. Now if we, by private subscription, would
make up one-sixth of the cost of maintenance could we force the
township to maintain it?

MR. HUNTER: Undoubtedly, unless that road has become a
county road. Under the Flinn law, if that road was taken and im-
proved by the county under the act of 1895, it becomes a county
road and the county is bound to keep it in repair.

MR. HOLMAN: It was construced in the 70’s and has been trav-
eled ever since.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 673

MR. HUNTER: If that is still a township road and the township
authorities do not keep it in order they are indictable.

MR. HOLMAN: It is a road that was newly opened by the com-
missioners. Do you know anything about that, Mr. Stephens?

MR. STEPHENS: The road was built by a contractor with an ap-
propriation made by the State. In the first place they got an ap-
propriation from the State. There were three commissioners ap-
pointed and it was built on a cut-and-cover style. They only cut
through the rock half way and filled up and when the floods came
they washed it away. After the road was constructed these commis:
sioners or trustees took the contract off the hands of the contrac-
tors and they threw it onto the township. The township did keep
it up for awhile but they still kept fighting and fighting about it,
and eventually there was one man, a little smarter than the rest,
and he went to Bloomfield and employed the whole bar of lawyers.
He got up a petition to have it taken off the township and the other
party had no attorney and it went through.

MR. HOLMAN: What would be a proper way to have this road
built by State aid?

MR. HUNTER: It is immaterial to the State Department where
the money comes from to build the township’s share.

MR. HOLMAN: There would be no law to compel Howe township
to make an effort to secure State aid?

MR. HUNTER: No, sir. The law compels them to keep it in
repair.

MR. SCHWARZ: Where I contribute money to repair a road, in
a township, do you mean to say that they can bind the township?

MR. HUNTER: The application must come from the supervisors.
The arrangement is made between the man who contributes the
money and the supervisors and the supervisors must make the ap-
plication. The citizens can petition the supervisors and if the su-
pervisors fail to act on that petition then they can go into court and
ask the court to make them act.

MR. SCHWARZ: I would like to second the motion made by Mr.
Herr, that the address of Mr. Hunter be published in pamphlet form
and be distributed as largely as possible, for the purpose of giving
this valuable instruction to the people of Pennsylvania.

MR. HUNTER: In answer to the gentleman who spoke with ref-
erence to offering an amendment compelling the use of the broad
tire, I would say, there is a broad tire law and T don’t know why

43—6—-1903

674 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

more farmers do not use them because they are allowed a rebate on
their taxes in the use of the broad tire.

MR. SCHWARZ: Mr. Martin knows that we advocated the pas-
sage of that law, for the broad tires, and we claim that would
help keep the roads in repair.

The motion of Mr. Herr, as to the publication in bulletin form
was seconded by Mr. Schwarz, and being put, it was agreed to.

COL. DEMMING: Would it be of much advantage to the State
Commissioner of Highways if, through the instrumentality of the
Board, a table was prepared showing the best material for road
building, as to hardness, tougness, durability and compactness, and
the localities where this stone is found?

MR. HUNTER: In reply I would say that would be a very great
benefit and assistance to me and I should like to meet the gentleman
and go over the subject with him in order to get the information
where the material is to be found. We have no conveniences in
the State for testing materials in any way. They have at Washing-
ton a testing department and I am going to attend a meeting there
soon and propose to take with me some samples of the rock that I
obtained in various sections of the State and have them tested.

COL. DEMMING: They have a first class testing machine at State
College.

MR. HUNTER: We have a State College and if this road law is
to be carried out we will have to have a let of young men trained in
the art of road building. We have very few road builders in this
State. We have a lot of theorists, lots of men who can sit down and
tell you how to do it, but none who can go out and build them.
One of the things our State College should do is to prepare young
men for this work. [f am willing to help them and instruct them
in the art of road building so that the State will furnish a crop of
efficient road builders all over this State. It is impossible with the
force in my Department, myself and one assistant, to keep control
and examine ali the roads to be built. This summer we have a road
in Lackawanna, one in Chester, one in Snyder, one in Warren, one
or two in Bucks and how are we going to do that work, and do it
right ,unless we have more experts in the work? We should also
have inspectors because it is not fair to do this work without having
them inspected.

A Member: One of the gentlemen referred to the trolleys being
a menace to the farmers. After having constructed a number of
miles of this road, are you going to allow the trolleys to tear up
our roads which have been made by State aid?

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 675

The CHAIRMAN: That question was before the Beard last night
but it did not get as thoroughly discussed as it ought to have been.

MR. HUNTER: I don’t know just how that question is going to be
settled in that case. I think pretty nearly every question will have
to be settled on its owr basis. When I was called on to examine
a piece of road, which was proposed to be built, | was informed that
in the course of time a trolley line would be extended over that road.
I practically became balky. I said, gentlemen, if that is a fact I
don’t like to give a recommendation to get State aid to build this
road and have it torn up unless we have it arranged that the trol-
ley company will put this road in as good condition as it was before
they touched it and give a bond for its faithful compliance before
they put a spade in it. QYhat matter was taken up and to-day the
people-interested have secured one of the best sorts of agreements
with those people and I have a copy of it with regard to the building
of that road. It was the same way in another county. ° The ques-
tion of grading a hill came up in the building of a road, where it had
about ten per cent. grade, that would be about 3$ to 4 per cent. at
the outside, and they said, you can’t do that, the trolley people will
not agree to that. The trolley road was there and [ took the trouble
to go and meet the superintendent of that road and after talking
it over an agreement was made by which they agreed to put down
their tracks at the same time the road was built. I think pretty
near every case can be worked out in that way. It is a hard rule
to fix and you have to carry it out to suit every case as you find it.

MR. HERR: In our township we imagine that limestone is the
very best material to use on our roads.

MR. HUNTER: There is a gentleman here who said that he knew
about the county that had such a small amount of roads and that
they were too poor to do anything. If that county will take the
total amount of money set aside they can build one mile of road ata
time.

The SECRETARY: In the preparation of the program it was
thought best not to make it too heavy, and there was no place men-
tioned for queries. We have got along so nicely that we have con-
cluded the exercises for the forenoon. Mr. Schwarz has presented a
question here, and I think we will have a little time at the opening
of the afternoon session, and if you will take a slip of paper and
write out any question you may wish to ask, I have no doubt it will
be answered. I ask the Board to appoint some one to act as chair:
man to take in charge those questions. You will observe that no ar-
rangement has been made for an evening session and that is owing
to the fact that we were unable to get the room for an evening ses-
sion, and, in fact, had some difficulty in getting it for the afternoon.

676 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Dec.

The CHAIRMAN: I will appoint Mr. Stout to take charge of the
questions.

Mr. SCHWARZ: Will the Commissioner be here this afternoon?
I have one more question to ask him that I would like to have
cleared up.

MR. HUNTER: If it is the pleasure of the Board, I will be
here;

MR. SCHWARZ: I want to know this: After a county fails to
take advantage of this appropriation for two years where is that
money put?

MR. HUNTER: It is put into the fund and re-divided to other
counties.

MR. SCHWARZ: It does not go back to the State Treasury?

MR. HUNTER: No, sir; it is divided among the other counties
proportionately.

On motion, adjourned at 12.10 P. M.

AFTERNOON SESSION.

Thursday, January 28, 1.30.

The Board was called to order at 1.30 P. M., with Hon. A. J. Kahler
in the chair.

The CHAIRMAN: There are a couple of questions to be answered.
The Secretary will please read them.

“Aside from the plant food, introduced with the application of
fertilizer to soils, what chemical effect does it have to promote
plant growth?”

The CHAIRMAN: This is referred to no one and I do not see
anybody in the audience better qualified to answer that question
than Mr. Stout.

MR. STOUT: It is my question and I refer it to some of these
gentlemen here who, I think, are better qualified to answer it than
IT am.

The SECRETARY: We would be glad to hear your voice on the
subject and have no doubt that you are fully competent to answer.
MR. STOUT: I have no views to give. I ask this question for
information because I imagine there is something going on in

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 677

the soil besides the application we make in the way of plant food.
It seems to me there must be something going on besides the chemi-
cals that produce the changes in the soil. I would like to have
some scientific answer to it. I don’t see how the application of
two or three hundred pounds of plant food, to an acre, would have
much plant food in itself, but at the same time the results are often
very remarkable for a small application.

The SECRETARY: It is very likely that Dr. Funk is able to
answer the question and we would be glad to hear from him.

DR. FUNK: Ail commercial fertilizers contain, in addition to
the actual plant food, large proportions of other ingredients, such
as lime, magnesia and other mineral elements which, although not
actual fertilizers in themselves, yet they indirectly act as such by
going through chemical changes in the soil, forming new chemical
compounds and liberating other elements which, in turn, act upon
the soil, disintegrating and breaking it up, setting free, nitrogen,
phosphoric acid and potash, which exists in large quantities in
ali moderately fertile soils, of which analyses shows that the first
eight inches contains 17,500 pounds of potash, 9,000 pounds of phos-
phorie acid and from 4,000 to 8,000 pounds of nitrogen. Now by
adding even a comparatively small portion of immediately available
fertilizer which feeds the plant in its early and feeble stage until
it has established sufficient root system to reach out and gather
in the essential elements for its growth, that is being contantly set
free by the chemical action of such ingredients contained in the
fertilizer and, by other elements working in the great laboratory of
nature, such as air, moisture, heat and cold. The acids and gases—
even by the roots of the plants themselves, which form an acid at
their terminal end, acts upon the small particles in the soil, corrod-
ing, breaking up and liberating such food as it needs. If a crop
of two hundred bushels of potatoes take from the soil about 110
pounds of nitrogen, 55 pounds of phosphoric acid and 192 pounds
of potash, and when we apply 500 pounds of fertilizer analyzing
5, 6, 12, we have 25 pounds of nitrogen, 30 pounds of phosphoric
acid and 60 pounds of potash; the balance required must be taken
from the soil. If the season is very favorable, with sufficient rain-
fall, and it is given plenty of cutivation this may be accomplished.
but at a fearful loss of soil fertility and, ordinarily, nature rebels,
and because she does so the farmer who has applied this $8 worth
of fertility in comparison with $25 worth of stable manure, if he
does not get as good results, condemns the commercial fertilizer,
whereas, had he applied equal money yalue, the commercial fertilizer
would have outyielded the stable manure.

67S ANNUAL REPORT OF THI Off. Doc.

The SECRETARY: I see that Dr. Pearson is in the audience and
I would ask him whether he has a report to submit to the Board?

DR. PEARSON: I have no prepared report to make.

The SECRETARY: You might tell us something about your line
of work on the farm.

DR. PEARSON. Mr Chairman and Gentlemen: Since our last
annual meeting the Legislature has done something in the way of
legislation for the State Live Stock Sanitary Board and the two
pieces of legislation that are regarded of the most importance are
first, a law with reference to rabies and the quarantine of dogs; and
second, an appropriation for the suppression of tuberculosis in cat-
tle. The law with reference to dogs was one which was badly needed.
The State Live Stock Sanitary Board was combating with this ques-
ease without sufficient laws but, under the new law, it is now possi-
ble to quarantine dogs, where the rabies exist, and enforcing it.
Under the old law the quarantine could be raised and the only thing
that could be done was to take the dog and put him in jail and he
could not be destroyed, even if found strayed or without an owner,
because the owner might turn up afterwards and claim damages for
his dog.

Under the present law the quarantine is proclaimed in a given
district and the quarantine is advertised in a regular manner so
that all dogs running at large, being affected with rabies, may be
shot without any damage being incurred by the man who destroys
them. The quarantine is not proclaimed unless it is necessary.
Now and then a dog runs through a district and bites other dogs
and thus it has been transmitted to horses and cattle. Secretary
Critchfield has a very sad case in his county, where a young boy
was bitten in his neighborhood by a stray dog.

The SECRETARY: The dog was killed on my own farm.

DR. PEARSON: It is very interesting to know that this par-
ticular piece of legislation is acting well and serving a very useful
purpose. Where the quarantine is proclaimed and dogs are kept
in the district for a time, and they go mad, they have no chance to
go away and spread the disease further, and, therefore, at the out-
break it is nipped in the bud and its propagation ceases. Just
now, or to-day, a quarantine has been proclaimed in part of Somer-
set county, where the mad dog was at large and there, unquestion-
ably, a number of dogs that have not been located and cannot be
located, have been bitten.

The SECRETARY: There is a petition, signed very numerously
by the people residing in that neighborhood, perhaps you have not
seen it, and it states that there are a number of dogs known to
have been bitten.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 67h)

DR. PEARSON: Where it is known that a dog has beeu bitten
it may be destroyed under the act of 1852. Where an affidavit has
been made before a magistrate, making it known that a dog has
been bitten, the magistrate is required to kill the dog.

MR. CREASY: How about counties that have special dog laws?
D

DR. PEARSON: It is the same in all counties, except where
special dog laws have been passed since the act of 1832, but almost
all the dog laws were enacted after that law. So that it applies
to most of the counties.

The other subject of legislation to which | desire to call to your
attention is one that provides for the investigation of the diseases
of animals as well as for the investigation of tuberculosis. I made
a report some years ago with reference to the vaccination of cattle
against tuberculosis. The State of Pennsylvania has the reputation
of having made the first experiments in this direction and, as far as
I know, the first experiments made on cattle anywhere in the world.
This has recently been going on, to some extent, in Germany and
in Washington it is being investigated. The vaccination of cattle
for tuberculosis depends on the principle that after an animal is
affected in a mild form, and is inoculated, it has increased re-
sistance to that disease and so it is put through that principle in
order to counteract the disease. The test of the method has con-
sisted in vaccinating cattle,and exposing them, by direct inoculation,
by injecting germs of tuberculosis into the windpipe or causing them
to inhale them or eat them and sometimes the experiment has been
to expose the unvaccinated animals in the same way and the result
has been that the animals not inoculated have contracted the dis-
ease, where vaccinated animals were protected against .the disease.
In many instances they have been protected wholly from the dis-
ease. In other cases they have not been protected wholly; there
was some effect, showing that the vaccination was not sufficient in
those cases to wholly protect them. That brings us to the point,
that the degree of protection depends on the number of vaccina-
tions. It is not a single vaccination, unfortunately. If the ani-
mal was proof against it with one vaccination it would be very
easy of solution. The more often the vaccination is repeated the
higher degree of resistance is afforded. The experiments that are
now being made are with cattle kept on a farm for the purpose of
making these tests. There are about eighty cattle on the farm in
Delaware county.

A Member: With vaccination would it continue to be proof
against taking tuberculosis throughout the life of the animal?

DR. PEARSON: We have animals now vaccinated two years ago.

680 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Those are the oldest cases and they seem to be protected against
it. One of the objects of this experiment is to determine the length
of time the animal is protected. The work that we are doing is
along several lines. We have a number of tubercular cows and
the calves are being vaccinated and grow up with the cow; the
calf eats from the same place and drinks from the same watering
place and the purpose is to determine whether, under these very
strong exposures to the surrounding conditions, the calves can be
cured. These calves are perfect specimens of animal life and are in
good shape and smooth and slick.
A Member: What age were they vaccinated?

DR. PEARSON: They were vaccinated at two or three weeks
of age. One calf was vaccinated a day after it was born. Other
experiments consist in vaccinating cattle that are yearlings and
some that are two years old. We have a herd of thirty and twenty
of those are vaccinated and ten not vaccinated and they are placed
alternately in the stalls and thus the healthy animals are exposed
to those which are affected in the worst form. After a period of
thirty months the entire lot of thirty will be killed. From the
results, so far as they have been attained, there appears to be good
reasons to expect that the disease will be prevented in these vac-
cinated animals.

MR. STOUT: Have you any knowledge of the experiments made
by Dr. Ravenel in transmitting tuberculosis from the animal to
the human system. I read ina paper not long ago about an experi-
ment made by Dr. Koch.

DR. PEARSON: I do not know all about his work, because it
is done in connection with my own. The Koch theory you mention
was announced in London in 1902. At that time Koch stated he
believed there was very little danger in the transmission of tubercu-
losis from cattle to man and he based his conclusion upon this fact,
that he had tried to transmit the tuberculosis of man to cattle.
He had inoculated it on cattle and found that cattle resisted it
and he concluded that if cattle resisted it from human beings that
human beings could resist taking it from cattle. Therefore, the
conclusion was that human beings could resist bovine tuberculosis.
In Germany the Board of Health appointed a commission to sustain
Koch’s position. Koch was an officer of that department and that
commission has recently reported and, among other things, it re-
ports this, which is extremely interesting, that under the auspices of
this commission the tubercular bacilli were taken from sixteen
children and their virus was inoculated on cattle and four of
those cases the germs of the tubercular of children produced

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 681

tuberculosis in cattle. Koch’s statement, at London, was that if
one is in doubt, in a given case, whether the disease comes from
cattle or from man the doubt can be removed by inoculating a cow
or calf with the material from the man. If the calf contracts
the tuberculosis it shows that the man can’t get it from the
bovine, but if the calf does not take it then it shows that the man
caught it from another man. If we accept that it would seem
from this report of the German commission that one-fourth came
from cattle. Whether that is a safe means of determining remains
to be ascertained by further investigation. He found in five cases
that two, with the germs having the characteristics of the bacilli
taken from cattle, which was determined by being inoculated in
cattle, and died.

MR. RODGERS: Can the doctor say that there is any cure for
tuberculosis? I see that some experiments are being made, way
up in the mountains, by having patients in the open air as much
as possible and they expect to bring about an entire cure by having
tents located on top of mountains.

DR. PEARSON: There is at this time a great interest taken in
the establishment of camps or open-air hospitals to accommodate
people suffering with consumption and the idea is to have people who
are afflicted in this way spend as much time as possible in out-door
life. They do improve and sometimes recover most astonishingly.
It is impossible to say how permanently they do improve; that
they improve is beyond doubt. Perhaps some of them remain
well throughout life and others may suffer and decline later on,
through a lapse of the disease. The question of tuberculosis is
rather an interesting one. When tuberculosis afflicts a person a
considerable amount of tissue, oftentimes in the lung, is lost and
a cavity is formed and a portion of the lung sloughs away. When
a person recovers, that lung does not grow again, but the part of
the lung that is lost is permanently lost and what is meant by
recovery is that it ceases to progress, but the scar always remains
and sometimes the germ of the disease remains but is enclosed in
a rather thick fibrous wall, fenced in and, for the time being, does
no harm. When the system is debilitated from some cause or other
they are there just as smoldering hay is covered up and when the
air gets to it it blazes forth.

A Member: I think I heard the doctor say something to this
effect, where young animals have been born in the midst of tuber-
cular surroundings they have grown up without being affected.
Isn’t it true that those animals offer greater resistance than those
that have never been subjected to the disease?

DR. PEARSON: TI think that is true, and the same thing is ob-

GS? _ ANNUAL REPORT OF THI Off. Doc.

served in tubercular families. Dr. Flick, who is at the head of the
Phipps Institution for the study and prevention of tuberculosis,
has stated that children who have been born of parents affected
with tuberculosis resist it better than others, until later in life, if
they get through without contracting the disease that shows a
resistance; but the fact is that so many of them get the disease as
a result of this exposure.

MR. SCHWARZ: Dr. Pearson is an authority on tuberculosis.
I am glad to hear him talk about mad dogs. He has had quite a
controversy with other physicians as to whether dogs are mad or
not and I would like him to tell how he knows they are mad.

DR. PEARSON: One very good way to find out is to let a mad
dog bite another dog and see whether the dog goes mad. It is
astonishing to see and hear how conflicting the views are as to
this disease. The rabies has as much individuality, as a disease,
as any other disease. It is a disease that produces a nervous
effect on those bitten, causing them to have a maniacal desire to
bite others, and the injury is imparted by the saliva, it being
dropped into the wound when the bite occurs. It never arises
from starvation, from thirst or from heat, or from any cause what-
ever, excepting exposure from animals afflicted with it. Strange
to say there are some men who deny the existence of it. Especially
does this occur where they never have seen it and they think a
thing they have never seen cannot exist but, fortunately, this
class of thinkers is becoming less and less and you do not hear so
much of this sort of foolish talk as we did a few years ago. The
whole head and front of this unbelief is concentrated in a certain
physician in Philadelphia, who has made a report from year to
year and has denied the existence of this disease. It happened
last August that a man working in a machine shop was bitten by
a mad dog as he run through the machine shop. One of his fellow-.
workmen picked up a crow-bar and killed the dog and threw it
into the furnace where it was burned. Nothing more was thought
of it and this wound was not dressed. In about three weeks the
man felt a tingling sensation in his left hand and in his arm and
had a depression in feelings and became irritable. One morning
when he was going to work his wife induced him to stay at home and
she sent for the doctor. He said he thought it was rabies, but in
order not to excite anyone he was told he had inflammatory rheu-
matism. He began to get worse and they decided this man had
rabies. He was unable to swallow and would get nervous and was
thrown into convulsions and the duration of them became longer at
each successive occurrence. So this physician, who holds the re-
markable view Qn rabies, was called in and he says, no, he has no

No. 6. DIEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 683

rabies, he is suffering with delirium. He says, just go out of the
room and I can cure him, and the patient died the next day. A posi
mortem examination was held and in his brain was found the worst
type of rabies. Rabbits were inoculated from the virus taken from
the brain and they died of rabies and it was discussed by a hundred
physicians and the gentleman who contested the diagnosis, and who
contests all diagnoses on the subject, had nothing to say.

MR. MILLER: You said it can only be transmitted by a bite?
DR. PEARSON: Yes, sir.

MR. MILLER: Couldn’t it be headed off by killing all the other
dogs and keeping the human patients away from those that were
aftlicted?

DR. PEARSON: Yes, I have no doubt it could.

The SECRETARY: Can it be transmitted by throwing off the
saliva and it getting into the skin?

DR. PEARSON: Persons have been known, where there was a
wound on the hand and the dog licked the hand, and it was trans
initted.

MR. HERR: The disease is not carried in the blood?

DR. PEARSON: The blood is almost free from the virus. It is
concentrated in the nervous system. It extends up the nerve duct
and the closer the bite is to the brain the shorter of incubation. As
an experiment, I inoculated two cows, one on the face and it took
her about two weeks, and I inoculated the other on the tail and it
took her about two months later.

MR. M. N. CLARK in the chair.

MR. McGOWAN: The Executive Committee desire to make a
report and asks permission to add to the Committee on Specialists
the name of Col. H. C. Demming as additional Geologist, and we
claim that Doctor Wadsworth will receive the assistance of an able
assistant.

MR. RODGERS: I move that Col. H. C. Demming be elected by
this Board as Assistant Geologist.

The motion being seconded, it was agreed to.
MR. HOLMAN: I desire to offer the following resolution:

“Whereas, At the Spring Meeting of the State Board of Agri-
culture held at Huntingdon, June 4 and 5, 1903, the committee on
resolutions offered the following, which was unanimously adopted:

684 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

“Resolved, That the Secretary of Agriculture endeavor to secure
the appointment of one member from each of the Allied Organiza-
tions to present the views of this body (views relating to the
Agricultural Exhibit from Pennsylvania to St. Louis Exposition
Society) to the State Commission and to urge equitable recognition
of the interests of agriculture.’

“And whereas, The Hon. N. B. Critchfield, Secretary of Agricul-
ture, on June 380th appointed Norris G. Temple to represent the
Pennsylvania State Poultry.Association on that committee; there-
fore, be it

“Resolved, By the Pennsylvania State Board of Agriculture at
its annual meeting held at Harrisburg, January 28, 1904, that we
heartily endorse the appointment.

“Resolved, That we believe the magnitude of the poultry interests
of the State of Pennsylvania warrant us in demanding a just and
equitable distribution of the appropriation made by the last Legis-
lature to the Louisiana Exposition Commission.

“Resolved, That we endorse the application of Norris G. Temple
as one well qualified to have charge of all the Pennsylvania exhibits
in the poultry and pet stock department of the universal exposition
at St. Louis, October 24th to November 5, 1904.”

MR. HOLMAN: I move that this be adopted and the Secretary
be requested to endorse it as having been passed by this Board
and a copy be sent to Col. James H. Lambert, Philadelphia.

The motion being seconded, it was agreed to.
MR. NELSON: I offer the following resolution:

“Whereas, We are informed that the Grange Organization pur-
poses to systematically question legislative candidates with a view
to securing legislation granting to trolley companies the right to

carry freight in this State; therefore,

“Resolved, That this State Board of Agriculture ‘reiterates its
position favoring such legislation and that we instruct our legis:
lative committee to further such legislation by all honorable meth-
ods.”

MR. STOUT: Wasn’t that embodied in the proceedings entered on
the minutes?

MR. SCHWARZ: It does not seem to be necessary to make any
remarks with reference to this. I think it is only by persistent
endeavors that we can ever gain our point. My opinion is that
until the trolley interests are equivalent to the steam railroad
that we cannot get it to carry freight and, therefore, I second that
motion with all my heart.

Ne. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 685

MR. RODGERS: It follows so well, after the reading of my paper,
that I heartily second the resolution.

MR. CREASY: I have made some study of this matter and |
find that in all states of the Union, except Pennsylvania and New
Jersey, trolley roads carry freight and it seems to me it would be a
great help to the farmers in the East if they could send their prod-
ucts to the markets by means of the trolley road and thus compete
with the products of the farmers of the Southern states.

The motion being put, it was agreed to.

The CHAIRMAN: The next subject on the program is “The
Man Behind the Plow,” by Mr. McGowan.
The paper read is as follows:

THE MAN BEHIND THE PLOW.
By H. G. MCGOWAN, Geiger’s Mills, Pa.

Nothing can be more correct than—
“He who through the plow would thrive,
Must either hold himself, or drive.”

By this is meant that the farmer must be at the helm of his
business, personally directing the affairs of the farm, not only
directing the affairs of the farm, but an actual performer of the
work that is required to be done on the farm.

There has been a mighty lot said about “the man behind the gun,”
so much so that people have praised him greatly, for the faithful
work be has done.

We are glad that we can speak of one who is more than equal,
and who, for convenience, we will say now, is “the man behind the
plow.”

The man who won a lot of honor for the land where men are
free, was the man behind the gun, who sent the Spaniards pretty
lively across the deep blue sea. But the man who feeds the world
and did it from the very beginning of all creation until now, is
“the man behind the plow.”

We take off our hats and bow to the warriors and heroes of our
land; and when the shouting is over and all the fighting done, we
somehow find that we are still dependent on “the man behind the

686 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

plow.” We have even gang about the glories of the “man behind
the gun” and people are prone to praise him for the noble work that
he has done. Many a battle has been fought and many a victory
won and in this all praise is due to the man behind the gun. In
this busy, bustling age people seem to be going it on the run, and
somehow have not time for thinking about the “man behind the
plow,” but after all we must acknowledge that we are all dependent
upon him notwithstanding.

When we write or think about the man behind the plow we must
remember we are discussing the first man whom God created. In
His infinite wisdom, God created Adam who was the first man and
who also was a farmer. God said to Adam, “Till the ground and
keep the garden beautiful.” So from that time down along un-
counted ages, the earth has been tilled and the whole world has been
kept in life and vigor by “the man behind the plow.” When we
speak of this man we do not simply mean the one who turns over
the soil behind a pair of sturdy horses, but we mean the man be-
hind his business, the man who is thoroughly in sympathy and
love with every feature of his work in, on and around the farm.
Love your farm as you should love it and your sons and daughters
will learn to love it also.

Speak unkindly and half-heartedly about your farm and the boys
will soon lay plans to leave the parental roof for an abode in the
city. Herein lies one of the secrets of why boys want to leave the
¢ood old farm.

Praise the bridge that carries you safely over the stream and
thus praise the business that controls the prosperity of our Nation.

The man behind the plow should be an active man, full of energy,
full of push, full of minding his own affairs and not that of his
neighbors.

The right man behind the plow will set his work in order and
make his plans for attending all the Farmers’ Institutes within his
district; who will take down notes of the good and valuable
points thrown out by thoroughly practical men; who will put the
Same into practice during the following season and thus raise
higher the standard of agriculture, which is the most honorable,
most healthful, most noble and most useful pursuit of man.

The successful man behind the plow is the man who personally
oversees his business in all its details. The writer knows what
that means. A paper or essay has been commenced to be read at
some farmers’ meeting (perhaps at the State Board of Agriculture
meeting), when he is frequently interrupted by calls from the tele-
phone, or is wanted at the stock barn or other places to direct affairs
there, that needs his personal attention. After dropping pen or

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 687

pencil and setting matters in order, he again resumes his task—
probably to complete “the man behind the plow.”

While this man is an active, busy man, he at the same time must
be a gentleman, one who has time to stop for a short time to con-
verse with his neighbors and entertain all visitors at his home
with politeness and gentility. Again, the successful “man behind
the plow” (for we are not discussing the other fellow) is not a
loafer in the corner grocery or blacksmith shop, spends little time
discussing politics, phases of the moon, ete., but should be alert to
his business, spending no more time away from his home and farm
than is absolutely necessary. For instance; how would the mer-
chant or manufacturer succeed if they would not be extremely at-
tentive to their work, looking closely into every detail of their
trade.

“The man behind the plow” should be a man of fair education,
public spirited and of good mechanical judgment. One who can
plow a straight furrow instead of one that may be so crooked that
water could not follow it down hill. The furrow should be even
in depth and the work when done look like a garden. All the
ground should be well plowed and no misses. If the plow is thrown
out of its course suddenly, back your team and see that there is no
work done like that; that is called “cutting and covering.” Some
critic may here say, Why speak of this plowing? Anybody can plow.
No, anybody cannot. A poor plowman means a poor farmer and
a poor farmer means what? A poor farm.

If there was more time spent to-day in plowing the fields of
our farms properly, there would be a surprising increased yield per
acre. “Good plowing is one of the chief essentials to successful
crop production.” Boys many times can be directed to more profita-
ble work on the farm, instead of trying to plow before they are
able to do it practically.

Rev. J. D. Detrich, who operates that remarkable 15-acre farm
at Flourtown, Pa., does every inch of the plowing himself; has
done it all for 16 years and would not think of directing any
one else to do this important work, although he is supplied with
help far superior perhaps to many farmers.

Cato asked the question: “What is the best culture of land?”
His answer was: “First, good plowing; second, plowing in the ordi-
nary way.” ‘It would, therefore, be wise to give more thought con-
cerning the plowing of our farms, for the labor of the plowman
produces the wealth of the world.

Very much is said about thorough cultivation,-which is all right,
but spend more time in thorough plowing. This will lessen the work
of cultivation and very materially increase crop production. The

688 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

farmer must not think he is a slave to hard work, for men work hard
in all trades and professions. James A. Garfield, Abraham Lincoln,
and nearly all our great men were hard workers and be it under-
stood that it is only the hard workers, men of toil and sacrifice of
the present and past generations who succeed in their callings and
rise to the pinnacles of fame. Talk with doctors, school teachers,
institute workers, lawyers, contractors and all successful business
men, and they will tell you how hard they have worked and how they
have burned the midnight oil in order to make life a success.

Work is honorable, noble and right. Don’t ever think of apologiz-
ing that you are a farmer. Honor your calling as farmer, although
it may call for the free exercise of all the muscles, yet it will honor
you, for the farmer is the “Bone and sinew of our country.”

Elihu Burrit was the greatest scholar of his age, and yet he
wanted to be called just what he was and that was a blacksmith.

“How pure is the air we breathe, my friends
What beauties open to our sight

Although tired we may be from toil, my friends,
But how sweet is our rest at night.”

“The man behind the plow” must be a sociable man, for sociability
has a brightening effect upon the farmer’s life. Brood not over the
ills of life. Every profession, trade and business of all pursuits
has its discouraging features, and while the farmer is not exempt
from discouragement, yet, the health that generally comes to the
tiller of the soil, can be taken as so much wealth, remembering that
with “Godliness and contentment there is great gain and that there
never was a cloud so dark, but what had its silver lining, tinted with
some glittering rays of good cheer.” To the honor of the sturdy
men behind the plow, let it be said, with all reverence, that from
their ranks, among the hills and valleys of our country, came most of
our great men, who became leaders among the civilized nations of
the world. Statistics tell us that nine-tenths of our men of high
position in life came from the farm.

The farmer is one of the greatest of miners, although upon the
surface of the earth, for it is said that between the months of April
and November, the corn crop raised in one year was valued at $952,-
600,000. The digging of gold is a slow business compared with the
work and achievements of the “man behind the plow.”

The man we are discussing must be a thinking man, rather giving
more time to thinking out and planning his business and less to
working. All successful undertakings have been, in their beginning,
carefully thought over and well-planned. So it is with the farmer,
who must plan his work and then work out his plans. “The ideal
man behind the plow,” is a lover of Nature and feasts upon that
which has been created by the Father of Light.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 639

He enters into close communion with Nature and natures God.
He breathes the pure air, sweetened by the gentle dews from Heaven,
uncontaminated by the sulphur, smoke and dirt of city and town.

He believes in making the home attractive, the surroundings of
his home beautified with evergreens and flowers, which at this age
must be done to keep apace with the numerous attractions and al-
lurements of the city.

In short, make the home the dearest, the loveliest, the sweetest
and the most attractive spot on earth. He beholds the wholesome
effort of the dew, the rain and sunshine upon his labors with Mother
Earth and is in partnership, so to speak, and reigns over earth, sea
and sky. Man can cultivate and fondle the earth, but is brought to
a point of dependence and is led to willingly believe and acknowledge
that, “Paul may plant and Apollos may water,’ but God and God
alone can give the increase. The man behind the plow feeds the
world. :

The farmer’s trade is one of worth, for he is partner with the
sky and earth. He is partner with the sun and rain and he feeds,
yes, he feeds them all.”

“The writer thinks, the poet sings, the craftsman fashions wondrous things,
The doctor heals, the lawyer pleads, but the farmer feeds them all.

The merchant, he may buy and sell, the teacher do his duty well,

And men may toil through busy days, but the farmer feeds them all.”

For protection and advancement, “the man behind the plow”
needs organization, for organization is the motive power that rules
and guides the world. Organize for individual benefit through com
bined effort. The world is prone to selfishness, and organizatiou
breaks down designed infiuences and will bring prosperity and good
cheer to many farmer’s homes. Organize that legislation may be
secured in favor of the tillers of the soil.

And now, in conclusion, permit me to add that:

“In all the pomp and splendor of an army on parade,

And all through the awful darkness that the smoke of battle made.
In the halls where jewels glitter and where shouting men debate,

In the palaces where rulers deal out honors to the great.

There is not a single person who would be doing business now,

Or have any medals if it was not for ‘the man behind the plow.’

“We are building mighty cities and we are gaining lofty heights,

We are winning lots of glory and we are setting things to right;
Why, we are showing all creation how the world’s affairs should run.
Future men will gaze in wonder at the things that we have done,
But they will likely overlook the fellow, just the same as some do now,

Who, let me say, is the whole concern’s foundation, and that is,
‘The man behind the plow.”

COL. DEMMING: I thought the list of Consulting Specialists had
been filled, but I think there is room for another and that is the
Poet-Laureate of this Board.

446 —1903

690 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

MR. SOHWARZ: I have listened very attentively to the address,
entitled, “The man behind the plow,” and I have been very much
pleased with it; but nothing is said about the partner of the man
behind the plow, the wife of the farmer. I, therefore, offer the fol
lowing resolution:

“Resolved, That this Board expresses its appreciation in the pres-
ence of Mrs. A. L. Martin, of Harrisburg, and Mrs. Fritz, of Duncan-
non, for their attendance at this meeting.”

MR. McHENRY: I would like to offer a resolution, if this would be
the proper time. Before reading it I desire to say that when I look
around here and see a majority of those present now, and those who
have been present here, have grown gray and some of us have grown
gray in the work we have engaged in, I think my resolution will
pretty nearly come in place. What I mean to say is this: It comes
from my end of the State, and I wish to say that the decision of the
court, in Mercer county, is striking at the most vital interests of the
farmers of this State and we think that this State Board ought,
at least, to express its views on that question. I will read my
resolution and that will explain what I mean.

The resolution is as follows:

“Whereas, We the members of the State Board of Agriculture believe that
an honest, fearless and impartial enforcement.of the pure food laws is a matter
of paramount importance to all classes of our citizens, and

“Whereas, We have recently learned, through the public press, and other-
wise, that Judge Miller, of Mercer county, has arbitrarily refused to impose
sentence on defendants who have been convicted in his court for the illegal sale
of imitation butter products; therefore, be it

“Resolved, By the State Board of Agriculture, assembled in annual session
at Harrisburg, this 28th day of January, 1904, that the Secretary of Agriculture
and the Dairy and Food Commissioner are respectfully urged to carefully inves-
tigate the matter, and if it is found that Judge Miller has taken a position which
is contrary to law as well as to the dairy interest, and the protection of public
health, that they shall, without delay, appeal to the proper legal tribunal to
secure such aid which will prevent the Mercer county judge or other members
of the judiciary of the State from taking an attitude concerning the acts of

Assembly, which not only are revolutionary in character, but a menace to
public health,’’

MR. McHENRY: I move the adoption of the resolution.

A Member: I second the motion.

MR. FENSTEMAKER: Wouldn’t it be better to strike out those
words “being against public health” and insert “being contrary to
the law.”

MR. McHENRY: I have no objection to that, except the striking
out. I have no objection to adding it. T think I have covered that
bv referring {0 the act of assembly.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Ai

MR. CREASY: It seems to me it would have been a wise phin to
add, according to the law. Of course the latter part of the resolu.
tion refers to that. I think this Board should take a decided stand
on this question because you, who took any interest in getting this
law passed, know what we had to combat and it is a question
whether we have not the same interest to combat now, and I think

it is right that these resolutions should be passed.

MR. FENSTEMAKER: A judge cannot be censured for deciding
something contrary to the public health but he can, if be decides
contrary to the law.

MR. CREASY: I ask to have it read again.
Resolution read second time by Mr. McHenry.

MR. RODGERS: I move that the words “contrary to the law” be
added.

MR. NELSON: f think we can’t be too careful in the passage of
this resolution. There is a good bit of difference of opinion as to
the deteriorating effects on public heaith. fam opposed to it per-
sonally but [ thought we would get up a discussion with reference to
this subject.

MR. McHENRY: It is a very delicate question to take into con-
sideration right here. We are only going on public report and news-
paper report as to the action of this judge in Mercer county. Before
we can accuse him of ruling “contrary to law” we should have his
decision as it is recorded on the books of Mercer county. I know
that some of the best minds are making a very careful study of this
question just now. It may be a very intricate question as to the
right of a judge to withhold sentence after one has been convicted
of breaking the law. If he has only withheld sentence, or suspended
sentence, it is a very grave question as to what we shall do here. If
he has deliberately thrown it out of court, as has been given in pub-
lic print, it makes it very plain and I say you cannot make it too
strong if that is so. If he has thrown it out and says he would not
sentence the party simply because the party had not been notified,
with reference to the law, prior to his breaking the law, then I don’t
care what you put in there. If he has taken the ground that because
I am going to break your safe to-morrow night or steal your chick-
ens, that you must come and notify me not to do it, then Tam satis-
fied to put that in; but we have nothing to show exactly how this
matter is except from newspaper accounts and the general public
reports.

MR. SCHWARZ; It seems to me you are on awful dangerous
grounds. T know the man who stands up here and speaks against

692 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

this resolution is subjecting himself to attack. "We have, Mr. Chair
man, many judges who suspend sentences. Very often it is done in
the case of one who has violated the law for the first time in order to
give him a chance, and as a warning to other offenders to keep them
from breaking the law. You do more than this in this resolution;
you place the Secretary in a false position. You put him in the place
of attacking the lower court, and if the opinion of the judge of the
lower court is wrong there is a higher court to determine that.

MR. CREASY: I received a report a week or so ago from the
Dairy and Food Commissioner of this State showing a statement
where he received the sum of $38,000 for violations of the law, which
was placed in the State Treasury and which was to be used for the
suppression of violations of the oleomargarine law. Who is to en-
force that law? Is it you, or myself up in Columbia county? No, I
can’t do it because I haven’t the money. It is the State Depart-
ment of Agriculture that should enforce that law and here are
$38,000 with which to do it. I am thoroughly in favor of that
resolution stating, that it is contrary to law and the dairy interests.

MR. McHENRY: We have added a certain thing, and with your
permission I will read it: “And if found that Judge Miller has
taken a position which is contrary to law as well as to -the dairy in-
terests and the protection of public health.”

MR. CREASY: That is all right.

MR. McSPARRAN: I don’t know whether I have a right to speak
before this body. I am not a member of it. I came here represent-
ing the cattle club of my own county. As [I am in a section where
the dairy interests are the most important interests of the farmer
I am sure we would appreciate, to the fullest extent, the passage of
this resolution by this Board practically as it has been presented to
us. The matter of pure dairy products is one of great importance
to us for the reason that we are manufacturing pure butter and put-
ting it into the market, and we made the strongest fight against the
manipulations and endeavors of people who wanted to substitute
a spurious article to the endangerment of our business, and, while
I should not advise the State Board to go into a criticism in the ex-
ercise of the powers of the judiciary, yet it does not appear to me
that we can state our case any too strongly, and if in that statement
there is warranted a condemnation of the action of the judge he
must take the consequences.

COL. DEMMING: In my long experience with the courts of Penn-
sylvania I believe the Judiciary are above reproach. But sometimes

it does occur that a person is elevated to that responsible position

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 693

and assumes the position of autocrat and I think, in a case like
this, the Board should take action.

MR. SCHWARZ: It seems to me that one word there is wrong. It
says there, that the State Board should take action in case the deci-
sion of the court is found to be contrary to law. <A judge could not
suspend sentence unless the law gave him the right to do so. That
is all he has done. If they have a right to do so, how has he gone
contrary to the law? He has acted in the right of his discretion.

MR. BLYHOLDER: I hope this will pass. It does seem to me
that the action, according to the information given, of taking the
law into his own hands, is going too far. He gives as his reason for
not sentencing them that they should be notified beforehand and
then if they violate the law they should be punished. If that pre-
cedent is permitted to be established, what can’t I commit in the
State of Pennsylvania, and then claim ignorance of the law? It
seems to me wonderful that we should set up such a precedent as
that, and I think the State Board of Agriculture ought to set itself
on the side of right.

The question being called and a vote taken, it was agreed to with
one negative vote.

The CHAIRMAN: The next subject on the program is the paper
on the “Relation of the State Board of Agriculture to Farmers’
Organizations and the Farmer,” by Mr. Blyholder.

The SECRETARY: At the time arrangements were being made to
make up the program I wrote Mr. Blyholder and asked him if he
would take a place on the program and he very kindly said he would,
and subsequently I learned that serious affliction in his family in-
fluenced him to turn his thought in another direction; but he has
come here and stated that he would be willing to give us his thoughts
on the subject of his paper. I move that he be given opportunity
to prepare his paper and send it to the Secretary for publication.

The motion being seconded, it was agreed to.

MR. SCHWARZ: I thought he was to give his thoughts on the
subject now.

MR. BLYHOLDER: I might say that the position [ hold, or the
thoughts I would express, or rather in the form that I would write
a paper on the subject, that I would endeavor to show the object
of the organization of the Department of Agriculture and show in
various ways that these Departments and Boards have been formed
for the advancement of the best interests of the agricultural class.
Then I should go on and take up the subject of the Board and De-

694 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Dec.

partment of Agriculture as to their association with the various
societies, as they are formed throughout the different counties in
our State; and in that connection I should certainly point out what 1
believe are some of the bad or evil practices in existence with some
of those societies, and, if possible, find a remedy for that in this,
that some of the agricultural societies who send representatives to
this body, their actions, or their affairs, or their meetings, are not
any credit to this Board and therefore it seems to me and my en-
deavor shall be in that paper to point out some of these evil prac-
tices, and if possible, suggest a remedy and show the necessity of the
most intimate connection between this body and the various
bodies in the State; and go on and show that the most harmonius
action should exist between these bodies and the other various so-
cieties organized under other names, such names as grange or farm-
ers’ alliance and other organizations that we have reasons to be-
lieve are organized for the bettering of the condition of the farmer
and his family. That is an outline of my thoughts on this question.
it seems to me we ought to have papers or discussions on this line
so that an influence might be thrown out from the State Board over
the organizations in the different counties, throughout the State, so
they would feel the influence of the higher organization, and if that
can be done it would be a great benefit to this organization. We
have too many farmers in the State of Rennsylvania who seem to
know nothing at all about the work of the State Board of Agricul-
ture, therefore, we ought to reach out and educate the farmers
so they would act in unison. Those are about the details I would
present in a paper of that kind.

The CHAIRMAN: The next paper is entitled, “How to Grow and
Utilize the Indian Corn Plant to the Best Advantage,’ by Mr. Hol-
man.

The paper read by Mr. Holman is as follows:

HOW TO GROW AND UTILIZE THE INDIAN CORN PLANT TO
THE BEST ADVANTAGE.

By A. T. HOLMAN, Nekoda, Pa.

It is not necessary to enter into the details of the origin of the
corn plant in this paper, as we all well know where it originated.
The subject to be considered is how to grow the most profitable

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 695

plant or stalk, and how to utilize it to the best possible advantage.
When one starts to grow the plant, the fertility of the soil and ro-
tation should be considered at least two or more years before. We
must accept the nature of the soil as we have it and not as we would
like to have it. My soil is limestone clay and will, therefore, con-
sider it from this point of view.

The soil should be of a clover sod, being mowed but one year, the
aftermath or second crop, unless it is very full of seed, should be
left on the field to supply humus to the soil. Some prefer to man-
ure ground just before plowing. Our practice is to manure the tiny
plants immediately after the grain crop is harvested. This method
in connection with clipping the young plants and keeping all
stock off the land, enables the grass to make a vigorous growth of
the clover plant, and will encourage it to the extent of never fail-
ing to have a good catch of clover. We sometimes have it burnt
out by excessive drouth and hot sun in the latter part of the summer.
But as yet I have found no remedy to avoid this, and try to accept
the situation as good naturedly as possible.

To get the best possible stand of corn, it seems necessary to plow
our tough tenatious clay in the fall, allowing the action of the frost
to pulverize the soil. I very much prefer the spring plowing if
it was not for having the action of the frost upon the soil; and on
very rolling land I prefer to take the chances on the spring plowing,
as it is not as likely to wash the fieid into gutters which is very dis-
couraging to those who have any pride in the looks and condition
of his fields.

The next to be considered is the preparation of the soil by harrow-
ing and rolling until it is fine and firm. Our method is not how
often, but how thorough. There are too many of our farmers who
measure their success and failures by the number of times harrowed
and cultivated. One of my neighbors was complaining of his poor
corn crop and unable to feed any cattle this winter when, in the
same breath, said, he could beat Perry county for corn for only hav-
ing one cultivation. This man should be classed with the man out
west who mowed the weeds along the roadside without being com-
pelled to do so by the road supervisor. The neighbors are arranging
to exhibit him at the World’s Fair at St. Louis.

Before leaving this point, I want to say, to do this thorough
work at a profit, one must have good implements. My favorite
harrow is the spring tooth in connection with smoothing, and Acme
harrows, our soil being too tenacious to use either disk or spade,
requiring too much power for amount of work accomplished. When
speaking of harrows, some people think a harrow is a harrow, which
is not the case. There are many harrows on the market and among
the farmers that I would not take as a gift, being simply made to

696 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

sell and not to till the soil, and farmers would make lots of money
by simply giving them away and buying those that would be of some
value to loosen the soil and not hop over it like a toad.

Having said nothing about the depth of plowing, I would advise
against plowing a deep soil shallow, or a shallow soil deep. While
having great faith in deep soil, it should be deepened by plowing a
little deeper each time and not getting too much inert soil to the
surface at one time as this is detrimental to plant growth, especially
to the smaller plants as grass, wheat, etc. Corn can stand more,
but I do not prefer it.

The next point to be considered is the seed; remembering that
there is just as much profit in good plants as there is in animal life.
While the prize winner at the International Live Stock Show this
year was a grade of three different and distinct breeds, does not
make it a good criterion to go by; it is the exception and not the
rule. One should experiment every year to find something better,
of course. But I have done so for a long time, and at present am
planting the same corn my father grew thirty years ago. Having
tried crossing by mixing and planting alternate rows, etc., I find
the best and most profitable way, is to select your ideal seed anu
plant this in the best part of your field and select your seed from
these plants, year after year, and plant all of the butts of the ear and
not the point, and you will find your seed improving. One should
avoid barren stocks, etc. But I will wager if this method is followed,
the barren stocks will be few, in an average year. While there is
much being done by our Western brethren along the line of breeding
by crossing, polenizing and making an effort to grow a corm with a
larger percentage of protein and a small per cent. of carbohydrates.
! will leave this experiment for some one whose time is less valuable
than mine; but will try and profit by his experience, as life is too
short to try all the experiments that benefit the farmer.

This is what our Experiment Stations are for. In securing a corn
plant we should consider not only latitude, length of season, etc.,
but our heighth above sea level. My ideal plant is the one I can
grow the largest amount of grain to the smallest amount of fodder.
Some of our Experiment Stations claim that there is 55 per cent. of
the feeding value in the stalk. I do not hesitate to believe this
when passing some corn fields with gigantic stalks and dwarf ears:
in fact I sometimes think the fodder is underestimated. The grain
being the easiest to handle, I prefer a variety that gives the largest
return of shelled corn per acre. While this has been an off-year for
corn, by following the above methods we succeeded in raising 1484
bushels ear corn per acre, which I am satisfied would have made 80
bushels shelled corn.

Cultivation should be early and late. Last, but not least, often.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 697

While we have very good machines for cultivating from two to six
rows to the round they are not sufficient to lay by a crop. Some
people think as soon as corn gets too tall that the machine brakes
or bends the stalks, work should cease and the machine laid by.

While this is the time it pays to cultivate, I think a man, a mule
or small horse and an up-to-date-one-horse cultivator can earn more
dollars in a single day than any other work on the farm. You may
say it takes too long or do not have the time. I will say it will pay
you great to neglect your harvest for a day or two to give your corn
a cultivation; also after harvest as long as you can get through,
which is only impossible when we have a storm that blows the corn
down and over the row. It pays to watch the corn after a storm
for a few days as it very often becomes erect again, when cultiva-
tion can go on. You may saya farmer does not have time to do all
this. I say a man following a diversified system of farming has the
time if he gets up and hustles. A horse and man who cannot culti-
vate 8 or 10 acres a day I do not consider very valuable, as I have
cultivated 10 acres in 10 or 11 hours many times with fair length of
rounds and reasonably clean soil.

One man should be able to attend 50 acres of corn in a moderate
season; I mean if we do not have too much rain, necessitating the
work to be done between showers. This would give him six acres
per day, and the corn a cultivation about every eight days which is
sufficient on the average soil; and my word for it, “It will pay.”

After having given an outline of the kind of corn and how to
grow it, I will try and give you an idea of how to make the most
of it, partly by experience of my own and partly by the experience
of others. The highest feeding value of the plant and ear is just
when it is in the glazing stage. This is the time to secure it, same
as you would sell stocks and bonds if we know when they are at their
highest point. It has been thoroughly demonstrated that the glaz-
ing stage is the zenith of the corn plant.

Then why not use it. We cannot of course feed it all in this
stage. The next best thing is to silo as much as one can use to
advantage. Next cut and siock the remainder, husk and secure
both fodder and corn with as little bleaching and leaching as posst-
ble. The corn and cob can be fed whole to a profit up to about
February or March when the cob becomes too hard and should be
reduced by crushing or grinding by some system, as it has been
thoroughly demonstrated that the corn and cob meal will make as
many pounds of beef as corn meal alone, and if hogs follow the cat-
tle more dollars can be made out of the crushed corn and cob than
by corn meal. The fodder or stover should be reduced by a shred-
ing or cutting and crushing process to make every bit of it available
for feed. I prefer the cutting to one-fourth in lengths and crushing
it. I think this puts it in the best possible feeding condition either

698 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

to feed dry or as mixed feed. By this you double your feed over
feeding stover whole. You may think this a pretty broad statement
and is stronger than I have ever heard anybody claim, but I have
demonstrated it to my own satisfaction. Say it doubles the feeding
value if properly handled. It has long been termed a shame to feed
whole corn stocks, but of late it is considered a gross if not an un-
pardonable sin by our friend Bob Seeds, and thinks it cannot be
done in safety only before a protracted meeting. I heartily coincide
with him in the assertion.

In conclusion, in making the most of the corn plant, I will say let
every one consider their location and environment and decide for
himself. Dairying and being able to get 5 or 6 cents per quart for
milk is the most remunerative, selling butter at a contract price
the year around. Second. Dairying and selling milk to the cream-
eries for less than $1.00 per hundred pounds is a slow but sure way
to the poorhouse, as they are slowly but surely selling their farms
for less than their real value, not including their labor.

Last, but not least, is the man who follows mixed farming, keep-
ing 6 or 8 cows, raises his calves, takes 3 years to grow them before
they are ready or large enough to get a buyer to look at them, and
finally sell all at once in the fall for beef, glut the market and get
a low price per pound, and then claim feeding cattle does not pay;
but start in the following spring and graze from 16 to 82 head
all summer and have every spear of grass and as well as weeds
pastured off, and then complain that their soil is lacking in humous.
and nine out of ten will say, “I guess I must apply lime as I cannot
get clover to catch.”

To this class of people I would say, the Lord is certainly good and
kind to you; he is giving you a living on the farm, and in my judg-
ment they are not entitled to it for the amount of energy and labor
applied. They have more than they are entitled to, and truly hope
the time is not far distant when the average farmer will make better
application of his time than he does at present or go out of business.
Our Western brothers, who farm corn as a business, do not hesitate
to say, good corn land is worth $100.00 per acre. I am willing to
make the assertion that we have as good corn land in Pennsylvania
as they have anywhere if we will put it in proper condition to pro-
duce it and give it thorough cultivation. Do not understand that
we can raise the bumper crops they can in a year _ that
is favorable to their environment. But in a series of ten years,
we can beat them. Much of our best corn land can be bought for
little more than the half of $100.00 per acre. You may say our
taxes and expenses are more than theirs. Well, yes they are, but
we are responsible for the existing circumstances and should not
complain.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 699

In speaking of the corn plant I want to say it is the general opin-
ion that it is a one-sided ration and sometimes must be raised to
balance up the rations for farm animals. An acre of good corn
siloed contains 555 pounds of protein or as much as is found in
three and one-third tons of clover hay or about the product of two
acres upon an average, or as much protein as in five and five-ninth
tons of timothy hay or the average product of two seven-ninth acres.
Thus it will be seen that in one acre of corn silage we have as much
protein as in one and two-third acres of clover hay and two and
seven-ninth acres of timothy hay.

It has been quite generally conceded for years that clover hay is
the most desirable roughage that the feeder can produce; but ex-
perience has demonstrated that corn silage will furnish cheaper
protein, besides the advantages of the succulent nature of the feed,
thus giving our stock a ration closely resembling that of summer
feed.

In summing up the advantages of the corn plant when the most
has been made of it, is as follows:

1. More and cheaper protein.

2. Having June conditions the year around.

. Storing feed in less space.
. Can do with less purchased feed.
. The producing capacity of farm increase.

. Cheapest and best feed than can be produced on the farm.

Tene tore, as corn has been termed “king,” why do we farm wheat
ataloss? Let us make the corn crop our specialty in our diversified
system, as it is necessary to diversify in order to fit our soil for
specializing. We are not all situated to follow market gardening,
raising tobacco, potatoes or many other specialties, but let us fol-
low a good system of rotation, “short if you please.” Specialize some
crop, giving our care to careful study and pencil work, in connec-
tion with plenty of mule and elbow-grease, as Massey terms it, ap-
plied to our tillage, and I feel sure there will be less to complain
about and farming will be more remunerative in the future than the
past or present. :

In conclusion, I beg to say that the enclosed points are my meth-
ods with a few facts culled from our bulletins.

So Ol Hm &

MR. CHUBBUCK (Bradford County): If we get a dollar a hun-
dred out of our milk and creamery we are doing well, and I want to
say that I believe the only thing that saves us in our county is our
corn crop. I want to give a little experience of my own. I took
one-eighth of an acre, planting it in corn with a seed called Mort-
gage Lifter, intending to thin it to three stalks in the hill, believ-
ing that the reason we did not get more to the acre was because

700 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

the corn was planted too thick. I don’t know whether you gentle-
men have raised this particular variety of corn or not, but it is the
yellow kind. I planted it the second day of June which, in my lati-
tude, was late, but I was told that it would grow. It came up very
nicely, but when I went through to see it I saw some hills had only
two stalks in it and I left as high as four stalks in some hills, just
about enough to overbalance the number that had only two in.
I cultivated that and it made a splendid growth. In the first place,
it was a clay sub-soil and I did not put any manure on it. It was
a pasture field with quite heavy clover sod and in ninety days’ time
that was just in the position the gentleman speaks of. I cut that
and cured it and husked it and I had one hundred bushels shelled
corn to the acre and I sold that corn for seed corn. It was at the
side of the road and I had letters about it. It is the same year I
‘aised four hundred bushels, besides filling the silo, and I want to
say if you don’t raise corn you should do it. I don’t believe there
is any place in Pennsylvania but what you can raise corn. Itisa
cheap way to feed cattle. You can keep cows on about two cents
a day on corn and silage. We make a business of doing it. It will
cost you eight cents a day to keep them on timothy hay. If we
have buckwheat straw we feed that and we feed oats straw and I
keep my cows in all winter and they are gaining all the time. In
my section cows are dry from six to eight weeks.

The SECRETARY: May I ask whether you mean they are gaining
in their milk production or in flesh?

MR. CHUBBUCK: In flesh.
The SECRETARY: And giving milk all the time?

MR. CHUBBUCK: There is not very much time lost, from six to
eight weeks.

The SECRETARY: Asa rule there is not very much corn raised
in your county?

MR. CHUBBUCK: As a rule they raise corn. It is a crop we
lay ourselves out to raise. We must have it.

The SECRETARY: There is a great deal of river bottom land
there but all that land is corn land.

MR. FENSTEMAKER: I think it is a pity that they don’t pay
more attention to the naming of corn. I think the gentleman called

it the Mortgage Lifter. I had some of the same corn with the same
name and it did not mature.

MR. CLARK: What is the average yield?

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 701

MR. CHUBBUCK: In a good corn year we get fifty bushels of
shelled corn to the acre. There was a question handed in that
Prof. Surface was requested to answer.

The SECRETARY: The question is: “Will Prof. Surface tell us
something about spraying potatoes for blight? Also the cause of
blight?” Professor Surface is not here. Perhaps some other gen-
tleman will tell us.

MR. FENSTEMAKER: I think Mr. Schwarz can satisfactorily
answer that question.

MR. SCHWARZ: I spray all my potatoes and never have any
blight, but I have been traveling with a doctor of the University of
Pennsylvania, as a lecturer on potato culture, and I am convinced
that by spraying with Bordeaux mixture it will be prevented except
it is in a very wet season. It is claimed that it starts from the
leaf and the spores are washed from the leaf into the ground and
there produces the rot of the potato. I am entirely clear from
it and I always spray my potatoes with Bordeaux mixture.

The CHAIRMAN: We are now up to the closing remarks. Is
there any one present who has anything to say before we adjourn?

The SECRETARY: I feel that I am under an obligation of grati-
tude to those who have responded so promptly, when asked, to take
part in the program. I am gratified with the fact that we have
gone through with the entire program. There is nothing left un-
finished. I shall go away from this meeting much refreshed and
with the thought that it was good for me to be here.

MR. HERR: I have been watching the work of the State Board
of Agriculture for a good many years and when the Department of
Agriculture was created, the supposition seemed to be conveyed that
the Board was at the end of its work and its services would not be
of much value. But the longer we are in it the more interested
we seem to become and I am very much gratified with even
the little recognition the Board receives from the administration
and from the Legislature, as well as gratified that there are so
many members who stick to it, pay their own expenses, attend its
meetings and take an active interest. There is no other institu-
tion, no other body in the State, to my mind, that makes the
sacrifice, gratuitously, to do the work that is done by the State
Board of Agriculture, and they are doing a great work, especially
in institute work and in co-operation with the Department of Agri-
culture and, it seems to me, they do not get proper credit for the
work they do. I think they ought to be credited with more than

702 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

they are credited with doing, because they do the work that is es-
sential to the successful work of the Department of Agriculture in
many ways. Asa member of the State Board of Agriculture I don’t
want it understood that we are doing anything more than we ought
to do, but you know we are the agricultural centers, each one in
his own county, and that he has not only to attend to the meetings
in his own county, but he is considered the center of agriculture
there and he is plied with letters and questions from all over the
county. Isay we have done a gratuitous work and it is very pleasant
to know that so many have come out to this annual meeting, and the
hope is that we will stick to the work and that we may receive
proper recognition, that we deserve.

MR. HERR: I move that we now adjourn.

The motion being seconded, it was agreed to, whereupon, the
meeting adjourned at 3.50 P. M.
N. B. CRITCHFIELD,
Secretary.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL MEETINGS

STATE HORTICULTURAL ASSOCIATION

OF PENNSYLVANIA,

HELD AT

HARRISBURG, PA., JANUARY 21, AND 22, 1903, AND AT LANCASTER,
JANUARY 19 AND 20, 1904.

STATE HORTICULTURAL ASSOCIATION OF
PENNSYLVANIA.

OFFICERS FOR 1904.

PRESIDENT.

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CORRESPONDING SECRETARY.

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MEMBERSHIP.

LIFE MEMBERS.

Bartram, J. Hibberd, Milltown, Chester Co.
Boyer, John F., Mt. Pleasant Mills, Snyder Co,
Brinton, Wm. P., Christiana, Lancaster Co.
Chase, Howard A., 1430 S. Penn Square, Philadelphia.
Chase, Charles T., 1430 S. Penn Square, Philadelphia.
Calder, Dr. James, Harrisburg, Dauphin Co. (deceased).
Cornelius, Robert, Philadelphia.
Creasy, Hon, W. T., Catawissa, Columbia Co.
Engle, Henry M., Marietta, Lancaster Co. (deceased).
Engle, John G., Marietta, Lancaster Co.
Engle, Enos B., Waynesboro, Franklin Co.
Ermentrout, Hon. Jas. N., Reading, Berks Co.
Fox, Cyrus T., Reading, Berks Co.

(705 )

45—6— 1908

706 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE : Off. Doc.

Garrettson, Joel V., Floradale, Adams Co.

Good, C. W., Waynesboro, Franklin Co.

Hacker, William, Philadelphia.

Hayes, Charles P., Philadelphia.

Heyser, Jacob, Chambersburg, Franklin Co. (deceased).
Hildrup, W. T., Raleigh, N. C.

Hiller, Casper, Conestoga, Lancaster Co. (deceased).
Hiller, Peter C., Conestoga, Lancaster Co. (deceased).
Hoopes, Josiah, West Chester, Chester Co. (deceased).
Landis, Israel, Lancaster, Lancaster Co.

McCormick, Harry, Harrisburg, Dauphin Co. (deceased).
McCormick, James, Harrisburg, Dauphin Co.

Martin, J. O., Mercersburg, Franklin Co.

Meehan, S. Mendelson, Germantown, Philadelphia Co.
Pannebaker, Wm. M., Virgilina, Va.

Reist, Peter S., Lititz, Lancaster Co. (deceased).

Reist, John G., Mt, Joy, Lancaster Co.

Scribner,- Prof. F. Lamson, Knoxville, Tenn.

Shaffner, Jacob, Harrisburg, Dauphin Co.

Swift, Rev. E. P., Mt. Oliver, Allegheny Co. (deceased),
Thomas, George B., West Chester, Chester Co.
Thomas, Edwin W., King-of-Prussia, Montgomery Co.
Van Deman, H. E., 3630 13th St., N. W., Washington, D. C.
Wertz, D. Maurice, Quincy, Franklin Co.

HONORARY MEMBERS.

Barry, P., Rochester, N. Y. (deceased).

Downing, Charles, Newburgh, N. Y. (deceased).
Ellwanger, George, Rochester, N. Y.

Edge, Thomas J., Harrisburg, Pa.

Garber, J. B., Columbia, Pa. (deceased).

Heiges, Prof. S. B., Saxe, Va.

Meehan, Thomas, Germantown, Pa. (deceased).
Michener, Dr. E., Toughkenamon, Pa. (deceased).
Parsons, Prof. S. B:, Elushing, N. Y.

Parry, William, Parry, N. J. (deceased).

Rathvon, Prof. S. S., Lancaster, Pa, (deceased).
Rowe, Hon. D. Watson, Chambersburg, Pa.
Rutter, John, West Chester, Pa. (deceased). :
Saunders, Wm., Washington, D. C. (deceased).
Stitzel, George D., Reading, Pa.

Thomas, John J., Union Springs, N. Y. (deceased).
Warder, Dr. John A., North Bend, O. (deceased).
Wilder, Marshall P., Boston, Mass. (deceased).
Wickersham, Dr. J. P., Lancaster, Pa. (deceased).
Willetts, Rev. Dr., Philadelphia, Pa,

ANNUAL MEMBERS.

Achellis, George, West Chester. Armsby, Dr. H. P., State College.
Adams, Wm., Enslow. Baker, Dr. A. C., West Chester.
Allison, J. W., Mercer. Balderston, John L., Kennett Square.

Ammarell, Charles, Reading. 3arnhart, Hon. W. R., Greensburg.

i ——

No. 6.

Barnard, C. P., Northbrook.

Bartram, Frank, Stephen Girard Build-

ing, Philadelphia.
Bickel, Isaac, Reading.
Bittenbender, C. P., Bloomsburg.
Bockstose, Wm., Castle Shannon.
Bolton, W. P., Liberty Square.
Bone, George, Thorndale.
Border, Wm., Reading.
Boyd, M. H., Atglen.
Boyd, E. L., Connellsville.
Bracken, J. W., Hollidaysburg.
Breisch, D. D., Ringtown,
Breisch, Robt. A., Ringtown.
Breneiser, Sr., Charles, Reading.
Brenneman, J. D., Harrisburg.
Briggs, W. H., Carrick.
Brinser, C. E., Middletown.
Bromell, J, Horace, Cheyney.
Brumbaugh, A. J. Reading.
Bryfogle, S. G., Bloomsburg.
Bucher, Dr. J. Riley, Lebanon.
Butz, Prof. Geo. C., State College.
Burkey, Joshua R., Reading.
Burns, J. §., Clinton.
Campbell, J. J., Cuddy.
Carnahan, M., Carnegie.
Carter & Son, J. I., Chatham.
Clark, M. N., Claridge.
Clemson, J. W., Halifax.
Collins; R. A., Rodi.
Comfort, H. W., Fallsington.
Cooper, Calvin, Bird-in-Hand.
Cooper, D. W., Sunbury.
Critchfield, Hon. N. B., Harrisburg.
Darlington, Frank P., West Chester.
Davis, W. H. H., West Chester.
Day, Theodore, Dyberry.
Denlinger, Amos B., Iva,
Demming, H. C., Harrisburg.
Derr, Cyrus G., Reading.
Dickson, John, Mt. Lebanon.
Dumn, Henry J., Reading.
Dunlevy, M. C., Carnegie.
Ely, Amos F., Mt. Joy.
Engle, Ezra B., Marietta.
Erb, Amos H., Lititz.
Eslinger, Samuel L., Good Hope.
Fergus, W. P., Mustard.
Fink, Fredk., Green Tree.
Fleming, J. W., Farmers’ Deposit Na-

tional Bank, Pittsburg.
Foster, C. A., Carnegie.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

707

Foster, T. C., Harrisburg.

Fryer, W. J., Woodside.

Funk, Dr. J. H., Boyertown.

Garrahan, M., Kingston.

Gearing, H. C., 2000 Sidney St., Pitts-
burg.

George, J. M., Shermansville.

Grant, Jeremiah K., Reading.

Graybill, Hon. D. W., East Petersburg.

Haines, Mary M., Cheltenham.

Hall, E. H., West Chester.

Hamilton, Prof. John, State College.

Harnish, H. H., Hubers.

Harper, Wm. Warner, Chestnut Hill.

Harris, L. C., Perryopolis.

Harris, Philip, Cabin Run.

Harrison, Orlando, Berlin, Md.

Hartman, D. L., New Cumberland.

Haudenshield, J. E., Carnegie.

Hawley, Jesse G., Reading.

Herr, Joel A., Cedar Springs.

Herr, Danl. D., Lancaster.

Herr, Aldus J., Lampeter.

Herr, David S., Mountville.

Hess, Enos H., Lancaster.

Hiester, Gabriel, Harrisburg.

Hirschinger, John, Enslow.

Hochberg, Wm., Whiteoak.

Hochberg, Jacob, Job.

Hoke, David, Hanover.

Hormel, P. T., Oakdale.

Ingram, E. T., West Chester.

- Jamison, J. E., Swales.

Johnson, W. B. K., Allentown.
Johnson, R. F., Carnegie.

Jones, S. Morris, Westgrove.
Keller, Col, D. C., Reading.

Keppel, Samuel B., Sinking Spring.
Koons, Dr. P. R., Mechanicsburg.
Kready, John, Mt. Joy.

Kraybill, S. S., Mt. Joy.

Krewson & Sons, James, Cheltenham.
Lee, Samuel W., Woodville.
Leinbach, Joseph A., Reading.
Leinbach, Geo. A., Reading.
Lesher, C. M., Northumberland.
Longsdorf, C. L., Floradale.
Longsdorf, D. E., Mechanicsburg.
Long, H. R., Mt. Lebanon.

Loop, A. I., North East.

Lutz, Frank, Gayly.

McGowan, J. G., Geiger’s Mills.
McGowan, H. G., Geiger’s Mills.

708

McFarland, J. Horace, Harrisburg,
McHenry, G. S., Benton.

McKenna, John, Green Tree.
McLanahan, J. King, Hollidaysburg.
McSparran, W. S., Furniss.
Mackall, R. C., Beaver.

Marshall, Mrs. J. L., 239 Fourth Ave-
nue, Pittsburg,

Mashey, Mrs. Geo., 6736 Penn Ave.,
Pittsburg.

Mayer, H. M., Rohrerstown.
Mayer, Dr. J. M., Willow Street.
Meehan, Thomas B., Germantown.
Merritt, Hon. Thomas P., Reading.
Miller, J. W., Tippecanoe.
Moon, Wm. H., Morrisville.
Moon, Samuel C., Morrisville.
Morrow, Thos. J. E., Hickman.
Murray, J. K., Pottsgrove.
Myers, A. D., Eldorado.

Myers, William, Bendersville.
Neil, John C., Canonsburg.
Newcomer, W.S., Glenrock.
Neyhard, John R., Bloomsburg.
Nissley, P. R., Mt. Joy.

Ort, Henry, Lewistown.

Obold, John H., Reading.
Patterson, J. A., Stewartstown.
Peters, Earl, Uriah.

Persing, E, E., Sunbury.

Philip, George, Mt. Lebanon.
Pierce, Geo E., North East.
Pyle, J. W., Willowdale.
Rakestraw, Thomas, Willowdale.
Richards, A. C., New Paris.
Rife, Jacob L., West Fairview.
Roesler, F., Carnegie.

Root, A. W., East Petersburg.
Root, J. W. Manheim.

Rumbel, W. H., Ringtown.
Rupp, D. C., Shiremanstown.
Rupp, Jno. F., Shiremanstown.
Rush, J. G., West Willow.
Schaeffer, Dr, N. C., Lancaster.
Scheidy, Daniel, Pinegrove.

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

Schieck, Jacob, Carick.

Schock, O. D., Harrisburg.

Scholl, Calvin P., Fisherville.

Scott, J. W., 3 Union Street, Pittsburg.

Scott, John, Cliffmire.

Sellers, H. W., Bailey Ave., Pittsburg.

Seyler, D. M., Basket.

Shaffer: Dr: J, As, Carnot:

Shearer, Joseph, Reading.

Sheiner, A. S., Redington.

Smith, Paul, Beadling.

Smith, P. P., Sunbury.

Snavely, H. C., Lebanon.

Snavely, H. H., Lancaster.

Sohn, Henry, Woodlawn,

Stahle, Col. John A., Emigsville.

Stalze, John R., Library.

Stein, Geo. E., East Prospect.

Stone, B. M., Stull.

Stout, Wm. H., Pinegrove.

Stover, F. S., Bowmansville,

Strachan, Wm., Banksville.

Surface, Prof. H. A., Harrisburg.

Thomas, Joseph W., King-of-Prussia.

Traver, F. E., Wyebrook.

Troutman, Gilbert, Millersburg.

Tucker, O. M., 1114 Franklin Avenue,
Pittsburg,

Wagner, Geo. A., Alinda.

Wakefield, S. M., Redstone.

Wallize, H. C., Sunbury.

Watts, Prof. R. L., Scalp Level.

Wenizel, Aug. L., Reading.

Westrick, Frank A., Carrolltown.

Williamson, E. C., Morrisville.

Willams. Dr Ca lCe
Ave., Pittsburg.

Wild, Wm., Carrick.

Woods, T. A., Harrisburg.

Yeager, A. H., Lancaster.

Young, A, P., Millville.

Youngs, L. G., North East.

Zerr, EH. M., Geiger’s Mills.

Zigler, Amos, Rowenna.

24. Washington

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 709

PROGRAM OF THE FORTY-FOURTH ANNUAL
MEWTING OF THE STATE HORTICULTURAL
ASSOCIATION OF PENNSYLVANIA, WITH
SYNOPSIS OF PAPERS READ.

HELD AT HARRISBURG, PA., JANUARY 21 AND 22, 1903.

Wednesday, January 21, 2.00 P. M.
1. Opening announcement.
2. Reading minutes of previous meeting.
3. Roll-call and collection of dues.
4. Election of officers,
5. Reports of officers.
6. Reports of special committees.
. Reports of standing committees.
8. Appointment of committees.

9. New business.

Evening Session—7.30.
10. President’s Address.

11. “Pennsylvania’s Duty to its Horticultural Interests.”
Prof. S. B. Heiges, Ex-Pomologist United States Department of Agricul-
ture, Saxe, Va.

To be followed by addresses by:
12. Prof. John Hamilton, Secretary of Agriculture, Harrisburg, Pa.

18. Hon. A. L. Martin, Deputy Secretary of Agriculture, Harrisburg, Pa.

Morning Session, Thursday, January 22, 9.00.
14. Reports of Committees.
15. Unfinished Business.
16. New Business.

17. “Report on Present Conditions of Fruit Industry in Pennsylvania.”
Gabriel Hiester, Harrisburg, Pa.

710 ANNUAL REPORT OF THB Off. Bec.

18. “Apple Culture in Pennsylvania.”
Prof. R. L. Watts, Scalp Level, Pa.

19. ‘The Fruit-Growers’ Greatest Enemy.”
Wm. H. Stout, Pinegrove, Pa.

20. ‘The Evolution of the Peach.”
Wm. M. Dickson, Woodside, Del.

21. Discussions.

22. Question Box.

Afternoon Session—2.00.

23. “Should We Plant Trees that are Visibly Affected with Crown Gall?”
A. C. Richards, New Paris, Pa.

24. “Is the Custom of Many Nurserymen in Cutting Buds and Scions Continu-
ally from Nursery Rows to be Commended?”
Calvin Cooper, Bird-in-Hand, Pa.

25. “Shall we Fertilize the Land or the Crop?” ?
Prof. Wells W. Cooke, Washington, D. C.

26. “Garden Slips.”
Cc. W. Good, Waynesboro, Pa.

27. ‘“Beautifying Waste Places.”
S. Mendelson Meehan, Germantown, Pa.

28. Final Resolutions.

29. Adjournment.

MINUTES OF THE ANNUAL MEETING OF THE STATE HORTI-
CULTURAL ASSOCIATION.

Wednesday, January 21, 1903, 2.00 P. M.

The forty-fourth annual meeting was held in the Board of Trade
Rooms, Harrisburg, Pa., on Wednesday and Thursday, January 21
and 22, 1903, and was called to order Wednesday, January 21, at 2
o’clock P. M., by President Howard A. Chase.

Minutes of last annual meeting having been read and approved,
the usual recess was taken to give members, and others desiring
to do so, an opportunity to pay their dues.

Wm. H. Moon, H. C. Snavely and H. C. Wallize, were appointed a
committee to nominate officers for the ensuing year.

Mr. Hiester, who was appointed at the last annual meeting to pre-
pare a list of fruits adapted to the different localities in the State,

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 711

was called upon for a brief report. He stated, that at the request of
Secretary Hamilton, he undertook the work of preparing a bulletin,
giving varieties and conditions suited to different localities in the
State. He further stated:

“About 3,000 letters of inquiry were mailed to fruit growers
in different sections of the State, and about 2,000 replies were
received. In the compilation of the bulletin I tried to use the
best judgment of these 2,000 correspondents as to soils, elevation
and climatic conditions in every section of the State as affecting
varieties, and to deduce therefrom some general facts and con-
clusions of permanent value. Of course the information thus gained
is not so valuable as would have been possible by personal visits
and observation.. It is not such as I hoped it would be, not such as
I want, but it is a beginning, and I hope it will result in some good.

“T feel sure that if planters will study the information at hand
they will be able to select lists that will be profitable. They may
not always be able to select the best but it will be a help in that
direction.

“While we have found out that we can grow fruit in every county
in the State, not one per cent. of the 2,000 correspondents has
made any pretense toward giving special care to fruit culture.
Spraying is not generally practiced, farmers believing it not worth
while, or too much trouble to operate, and too expensive to buy
apparatus. I think a good beginning has been made, and an effort
should be made to have the work continued.”

The PRESIDENT: This is a most important subject and deserves
attention. There is scarcely a fruit grower in the United States
but has found that about 50 per cent. of varieties planted are not
suited to his location.

MR. MOON: I am glad to see Mr. Hiester’s work so ably con-
ducted and I hope it will be continued.

PROF. WATTS: To best accomplish this work it could be done
more effectually by personal visits. I would like to see it con-
tinued, so as to properly locate the best varieties of fruit.

MR. BRINTON: I am inclined to doubt whether this plan can
be made practical, whether we can grow Pippins in one locality,
-and Ben Davis, York Imperial and Baldwin in other respective lo-
calities. While to me it looks like nonsense, I don’t want to con-
demn it. While certain trees and plants are adapted and at home
in certain situations and localities, I do not believe we will be able
to cipher out where certain kinds of apples or peaches will grow.
I think I am safe in saying that we can grow all the Rosacea in

712 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

every county in the State. In natural conditions, “the survival

of the fittest” is the rule.

MR. MOON: While reluctant to take exception to the remarks
of the last speaker, I can not endorse his views. He considers it
entirely reasonable that certain varieties of fruits were partial

to certain soils and locations.

After further remarks by Messrs. Lesher, Youngs and Hiester,
the following statement was submitted by the treasurer:

Edwin W. Thomas, Treas.,

To the State Horticultural Association of Pennsylvania:

Dr.
Receipts:

Cashebalance dst mo; 15th, 1902; 2.2. «: eye
Annual dues 1902, collected at Bloomsburg, ..
Life membership fee, John G. Reist, ..0.....
Life membership fee, W. T. Creasy, -...2...- we
Dues for 1902, received since Bloomsburg
meeting, ..... etic a bee oon RSE fee PEA ec ;
Dies ton 903. "in ad VANCE wes a. a ee wietets
ROtMSKeCEIDESCE: Sct. 6 ease; Lede 3. Uae san

Cr,

By amounts paid to:
H. C. Snavely, salary, printing and postage, ..
E. B. Engle, salary, printing and postage,
T. C. Foster, badges and postage,
D. R. Coffman, services as janitor,
J. K. Miller, rent of piano,
Balance cash on hand,

CIO Oe Cho Oo SO Oa

On motion the statement was received and submitted to
ing committee consisting of John G. Engle, A. W. Root and F. A.

Westrick, who subsequently reported same correct.

25
90
50
00
00
00

an audit-

The following report of Executive Committee of Allied Agricul-

tural Organizations was read by the Secretary:

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 113

REPORT OF EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.

The Executive Committee has approved the following resolu-
tions and recommends them to the conference for adoption:

Number one, offered by Mr. E. S. Bayard, of the State Live Stock
Breeders’ Association:

1. “Resolved, That we favor, and hereby instruct our Legislative
Committee to secure, if possible, an increase of $5,000 in the contin-
gent. fund of the Secretary of Agriculture, the same, or as much
thereof as is needed, to be applied to the publication and distribu-
tion of the proceedings of the annual meetings of the State Dairy
Union, the Pennsylvania Live Stock Breeders’ Association, the
State Horticultural Association and the State Poultry Association.”

Number two, offered by Hon. John Hamilton, representing the
State Department of Agriculture:

2. “Resolved, That the Allied Agricultural Organizations of Penn-
sylvania hereby pledge their several organizations to join in the
effort to secure an appropriation by the next Legislature of at least
one million dollars for the permanent improvement of our public
roads.”

Number three, offered by Mr. H. V. White, representing the Penn-
sylvania State College:

3. “Resolved, That this conference request from the next Legis-
lature an appropriation of $10,600 per year for two years for the
Pennsylvania State College to defray the expenses of continuing
the preparation and distribution to the teachers of the public
schools of the State, of bulletins and leaflets on Nature Study, with
special reference to agriculture.”

Number four, offered by Mr. H. V. White, representing the Penn-
Sylvania State College:

4. “Resolved, That we request the State Legislature to make suffi-
cient appropriation for the erection and maintenance at The Penn-
Sylvania State College of a suitable building for the teaching of the
different branches of agriculture, including Dairying and Forestry.”

Number five, offered by Dr. J. T. Rothrock, representing the State
Department of Forestry:

5. “Resolved, That the Legislature of the State of Pennsylvania
be requested to appropriate $25,000.00 to provide instruction in For-
estry, and furnish equipment for this purpose at the State College
of Pennsylvania.”

714 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE ; Off. Doc.

Number six, offered by Dr. J. T. Rothrock, representing the State
Department of Foresiry:

6. “Resolved, That the Legislature of Pennsylvania be requested
to furnish funds requisite for the establishment of a training school
of Elementary Forestry, at Graeffensburg, Adams county, where,
on the State Reservation, the pupils may, by work done on State
forests, earn what it costs the Commonwealth to board, clothe and
educate them, provided, said pupils furnish bond to repay the State
what it cost to educate them if they fail on examination, or are dis-
charged for misconduct.”

Number seven, offered by Mr. W. C. Norton, representing the
Pennsylvania Breeders’ Association:

7. “Resolved, That the report of the Legislative Committee be
accepted and the committee discharged, and that the President of
the Conference be authorized to appoint a Legislative Committee
of five members.”

Number eight, offered by Mr. W. C. Norton, representing the
Pennsylvania Breeders’ Association:

8. “Resolved, That.each delegation of this Conference be charged
with the duty of presenting the work of this Conference to its or-
ganization and of securing for it the active support of that organiza-
tion.”

Number nine, offered by Dr. Nathan C. Schaeffer, representing the
Department of Public Instruction:

9. “Resolved, That it is the sense of this Conference that the ap-
propriation in aid of township high schools be continued, and in-
creased if necessary.”

Number ten, offered by Dr. Nathan C. Schaeffer, representing the
Department of Public Instruction:

10. “Resolved, That we recommend the action of the State Normal
Schools in lengthening the Course of Study to three years so as to
include in said course the Sciences which are needed to fit teachers
for giving instruction along the line of Nature Study.”

Number eleven, offered by Dr. Nathan C. Schaeffer, representing
the Department of Public Instruction:

11. “Resolved, That we favor one or more Summer Schools for the
benefit of teachers who can not attend our State Normal Schools
or the State College, and yet desire opportunities for Nature Study
and other forms of self-improvement.”

On motion of Mr. Hiester, the report was submitted to a com-
mittee of five, with instructions to report at a subsequent session.

The following Committees were appointed by the chair:

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 716

NOMENCLATURE AND EXHIBITS.

J. Hibberd Bartram, J. L. Rife, T. C. Foster.

TO ATTEND ANNUAL MEETING OF STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

John G. Reist, J. L. Rife, W. P. Bolton, Charles Lesher, D. D.
Herr.

NOMINATIONS.

Wm. H. Moon, H. C. Snavely, H. C. Wallize.

LEGISLATION AND ALLIED ORGANIZATIONS.

Gabriel Hiester, H. C. Snavely, Enos B. Engle, W. H. Stout,
Howard A. Chase, ex-officio.

FINAL RESOLUTIONS,
Calvin Cooper, Thos. Rakestraw, L. G. Youngs.

Report of General Fruit Committee not being ready for submittal,
the President referred to the presence of L. G. Youngs and I. A.
Loup, of Erie county, who were here in the interest of the fruit
and grape growers of that section of the State.

Mr. Youngs spoke of the magnitude of the fruit industry in Erie
county, and submitted the following paper, giving statistics in
reference thereto. He also read the subjoined act, which it is pro-
posed to ask the Legislature to pass:

FRUIT GROWING STATISTICS OF ERIE COUNTY.

By L. G. YOUNGS, North East, Pa.

Area of Erie county, 700 square miles.

Farming land, 625 square miles.

Land along the lake suitable for grapes, 50,000 acres.

Land already planted to grapes, 6,000 acres.

Present normal production, 1,800 car-loads.

Value at loading stations, $600,000.

Annual value of berries and other small fruits, $300,000.

Annual production of apples, 95 per cent. of which are only fit for
cider, 400,000 bushels.

716 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Annual value of fruit and produce used by canning factories,
$150,000.

The grape and fruit section comprises about 50,000 acres adjacent
to Lake Erie. The climate of this strip is so equalized by lake
influence, that, to a certain extent, a Northern summer and Southern
winter is produced. The temperature is seldom at or below zero
in winter or above 90 in summer. No other section of the known
world produces Concord grapes of equal quality or quantity. Grape
rot has appeared to such an extent, that a serious inroad has been
made in the output. Mr. J. B. Martin, of East Springfield, reports
a total loss of crop on 65 acres, and an actual damage of more than
$5,000.00 for the season of 1902. Most other growers report small
loss of 1 to 15 per cent.; a few from 30 to 60 per cent. loss.

The history of other grape sections has been, that sooner or later,
grape rot has ruined the industry. Experiments lately carried on
in Ohio by the Ohio Experiment Station show, that proper treatment
under expert directions will prevent the rot and save the crop, and
that the work can be done at a moderate cost per acre. Our grow-
ers do not understand these processes; very few of them can fol-
low intelligently the necessarily compleated directions of a printed
bulletin. They need and must have practical illustration of the
work.

The business of grape growing gives employment to thousands
of people in Erie and adjoining counties in Northwestern Penn-
Sylvania. It is a business that can and will be increased, if a little
aid is given. It is equally true that the industry will be practically
ruined if this is withheld.

There are in this section other lines of fruit growing, in which a
little expert knowledge would work wonders. Years ago it was
a famous apple country; trees bore regular crops of fine fruit. To-
day, their old orchards are going to decay, production is irregular
and fruit almost worthless.

To illustrate: The past season was not a prolific one for apples,
not nearly enough good apples being raised for home consumption,
hence a good many car-loads were shipped in; while on the other
hand a single cider mill in Erie county ground up over sixty thou-
sand bushels for cider. This condition of apple growing is due to ig-
norance of the improved methods of culture and of combating
injurious insects and diseases. Many an orchard will prove a verita-
ble gold mine to its owner, if he is shown how to handle it.

Another thing that will receive attention if experts are sent
to the grape country, and that is, the adaptability of this strip
to the beet sugar industry. It has soil and climate to produce the
beets to perfection; abundant pure water, cheap fuel. Geographical
location and transportation facilities are unequaled.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 717

‘AN ACT.

Making an appropriation to The Pennsylvania State College for the investiga-
tion of diseases and insects injurious to the grape and other fruits and arrest-
ing the spread of, and finding remedies for the same.

Section 1. Be 7t enacted, etc. That the sum of $6,000.00, or so
much thereof as may be necessary, be and the same is hereby speci-
fically appropriated to the trustees of the Pennsylvania State Col-
lege for the two fiscal years beginning on the first day of June, one
thousand nine hundred and three, the same to be expended by the
Agricultural Experiment Station of said College for investigating,
arresting the spread of, and finding remedies for diseases and in-
sects injurious to fruits, particularly the grape.

Section 2. That an amount not exceeding five per centum of the
sum appropriated by this act, may be used by the said Experiment
Station for publishing and printing the results of the experiments
herein provided for in the shape of bulletins, one copy of each of
which shall be sent to every newspaper published in the State, and
to such individuals as may request the same, so far as the means of
the Station may permit, and that the results of the said experiments,
together with an itemized financial statement, shall be published in
the annual report of the said Station to the Governor of the Com-
monwealth. y,

Section 3. That said appropriation be paid in accordance with the
provisions of an act of Assembly, approved March fifteen, one thou-
sand eight hundred and ninety-nine.

After some discussion the matter was referred to the Committee
on Legislation and Allied Organizations. Mr. Hiester, chairman of
committee, subsequently offered the following resolutions which
were adopted:

“Resolved, That the Pennsylvania State Horticultural Association does heart-
ily endorse and approve the action taken by the Allied Agricultural Organiza-
tions at the meeting held January 21, 1902, and hereby pledges the support of its
members to the carrying out of the same, and instructs its legislative com-
mittee to co-operate with the corresponding committee of the Allied Organiza-
tions to that end.

“Resolved, That we approve Senate bill, entitled, An act making an appro-
priation to the State College for the investigation of diseases and insects injurious
co the grape and other fruits and arresting the spread of and finding remedies
for the same.

“Resolved, That the Pennsylvania State Horticultural Association fully
appreciates the efforts made by Secretary of Agriculture, John Hamilton, for
the advancement of the fruit industry in this State, and earnestly urges a
continuance of the good work by him or his successor in office, and especially
recommends a still more thorough and systematic fruit investigation and report,
to the end that the many thousand acres of excellent fruit land now uneulti-
vated and unproductive may be speedily utilized, thus adding to the material
wealth of the State and the prosperity and happiness of its citizens.

“Resolved, That the Pennsylvania Horticultural Association favors the es-

718 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

tablishment of a Division of Horticulture in the Department of Agriculture of
this State for the encouragement and fostering of the fruit and horticultural
interests to such an extent as the importance of the industry deserves.”

In a general discussion which followed on the question of spray-
ing for leaf curl and other diseases, Mr. Youngs urged the importance
of early spraying in order to be most effectual. In this work “an
ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure.” Since he had fol-
lowed this method he has had six successive crops of peaches. Prof.
Watts thought that but little good could be done after trees were
in leaf, as an application strong enough to do any good would de-
stroy or at least injure the foliage. Mr. Youngs also strongly ad-
vocated spraying apple trees for destruction of codling moth, urg-
ing the importance of making the application before the fruit turns
down. Tests between rows sprayed and unsprayed showed the
former were practically immune, while on the latter much of the
fruit was worthless or of inferior grade.

PROF. WATTS: I believe Mr. Youngs’ method is correct. AU dis-
eases of fruits are carried by spores or germs. They live over win-
ter in twigs and buds, and any application before foliage appears
is preventive. The finest specimens of apples on our tables here
are from the orchard of Mr. Simons and they are perfect and free
from scab and disease, because he has sprayed for years.

PROF. HEIGES: Some of our fruit growers make the error of
spraying with the wrong mixture or at the wrong time. Bordeaux
mixture, while an excellent preventive of fungous diseases, scab,
blight, etc., is of no special value as an insecticide, and Paris green,
London purple and similar poisons have but little effect as fungi-
cides, but are excellent remedies for codling moth, tent caterpil-
lar and other injurious insects. Spraying for insects should be suc-
cessive, as they pass from the egg to the larva state. ‘All forms
of fungous diseases propagate more rapidly in damp weather. It
is a principle of nature that the smaller and lower forms of life are
most tenacious of life, and may survive several years without los-
ing the power of development.

MR. LESHER: What is the best time to spray for codling moth,
when in bloom or after the bloom has passed?

PROF. HEIGES: Not until at least three-fourths of the bloom
has passed. Pear and apple blossoms do not all open at the same
time, but during a period of 6 or 8 days in fine weather. It is a safe
rule to spray when the petals have fallen.

Adjourned.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 719

EVENING SESSION.

January 21, 7.30.

President Chase called the meeting to order and stated that he
had no formal address to make. He referred to the present as the
forty-fourth annual meeting of the Association, and while its meet-
ings have been productive of good to the horticultural interests of
the State, it isa matter of regret that its work has been handicapped
on account of its limited list of regular members. Another reason
why interest in its work has declined is owing to the delay in the
publication of its annual reports which are usually issued about two
years after adjournment. While we as members have a duty to per-
form in this matter we believe our great Commonwealth also has
an interest in the great question of horticulture.

The PRESIDENT: We have with us this evening one of our
former presidents who will tell us what, in his opinion, is “Pennsyl-
vania’s Duty to its Horticultural Interests.” I have, therefore, the
pleasure of introducing Prof. Heiges, formerly of Pennsylvania, now
of Virginia.

PENNSYLVANIA’S DUTY TO ITS HORTICULTURAL INTER-
ESTS.

By PROF. 8. B. HEIGES, Saxe, Va.

I would do violence to my feelings, if not grateful for this cordial
reception. I have come at the kind request of your President and
Secretary, and am glad for the opportunity to meet with you on
this occasion.

I think I can say, truthfully, that I have been all over this State.
There is not a county in which I have not spoken once or twice, and in
some, many times, and [ have discussed before your Farmers’ In-
stitutes almost every practical side of agriculture, horticulture and
pomology. I have observed and studied the unlimited resources of
Pennsylvania with great pleasure. There is no state so highly
blessed in natural resources, with such diversity of soil and advant-
ages,and railroad facilities for bringingto market its bountiful crops
from all sections. And yet with all these advantages at command,
I regret to see so little progress made in the direction of horticul-
ture. ‘An empire in herself, Pennsylvania has done less for this in-
dustry than some of the smaller states. Although the question

720 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

has been agitated for years, our Legislature has never recognized
the importance of creating and supporting a Department of Horti-
culture and Pomology, and not until this has been accomplished
will this State stand where she should in this important work. We
have the altitudes and climatic conditions for growing an endless
variety of fruit, and instead of being importers, we should be ex-
porters of the leading varieties grown in the State. Ido not say we
can grow fruit superior to that grown in any other state, but that
our fruit cannot be surpassed. Other states may produce hand-
somer, but in quality ours is equal to any.

In an address at Pittsburg a few years ago, I stated as my posi-
tive convittion that the day of wheat growing at a profit in Pennsyl-
vania was past, and that the most promising occupation for the
tiller of the soil was in the direction of fruit culture and market
gardening.

In comparing my own State with others I realize how little sup-
port is given to horticulture, and often hang my head in shame when
I see what is being done elsewhere. I have asked the Assistant
Pomologist at Washington to give me some statistics showing what
cther states are doing for horticulture and pomology, and he has
sent me the following memorandum in reference to the matter:

HORTICULTURAL APPROPRIATIONS BY VARIOUS STATES.

ILLINOIS.

This State in 1901, the last information available here, appears
to have appropriated $4,500 to the State Horticultural Society, the
society publishing its own report.

MARYLAND.

This State appropriates $1,000, annually, out of which the Society
publishes its own report.

The Peninsula Horticultural Society receives $300 from Delaware
and $300 from Maryland, annually, out of which the Society pub-
lishes its report.

INDIANA.

This State appropriates amounts that vary from about $500 to
$1,000, annually; usually the latter sum.

MICHIGAN.

The State publishes the annual report and appropriates, in addi-
tion to this, an amount varying from $1,000 to $1,500, the latter
amount being the present appropriation.

to
—

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 7:

VIRGINIA.

The State appropriates $500, out of which the Society publishes
its report.

OHIO.

The State publishes the report and appropriates $1,000, annually,
to the Society, according to our latest information.

IOWA.

The State publishes the report and appropriates $2,500 to the
Society, out of which the Society maintains experimental testing
stations in different parts of the State.

MISSOURI.

This State makes an appropriation which, as nearly as we can

ascertain here, is about $2,500, annually, in addition to printing the
report of the Society.

OREGON, CALIFORNIA, WASHINGTON AND COLORADO.

These States maintain State Boards of Horticulture which con-
sist of several Commissioners; but we have no data here on the
amounts expended. They are sufficient to enable the State Boards
to maintain central offices, and in California, Oregon and Washing-
ton, at least, the Commissioners have certain authority to inspect
shipments of nursery stock, fruits, ete., and to quarantine or destroy
them, if necessary. The Secretaries of these Boards are salaried ofti-
cers, and are usually active workers in the Horticultural Societies
of their States. The societies of these States do not receive appro-
priations direct, so far as I can leare.

NEW YORK.

Under her constitution, this State canot appropriate State money
for State Societies, but the same end is accomplished indirectly by
offering a premium of $500 at the State Fair, annually, for the best
collection of fruit exhibited by any Society in the State. The prem-
ium has been secured the last two years by the new organized New
York State Fruit Grower’s Association through the instrumentality
of large and comprehensive fruit exhibits contributed by its mem-
bers.

KANSAS.

This State publishes the annual volume of proceedings, and I
think makes an annual appropriation to the Society besides, but
we have no data as to the amount.

46—6—19038

* 122 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

MAINE.

This State appropriates $1,000, annually, out of which the Society
publishes its proceedings.

From the foregoing you will see that, although this is one of the
original colonies, the Keystone of the arch, yet in respect to its
horticultural interests it is far behind some of the younger states.
I sincerely hope your President will appoint a committee to draft a
bill creating a Division of Horticulture, and that the Legislature
will pass the same. I thank you for the careful attention you have
given me, and regret that other engagements prevent my being with
you during the balance of the sessions.

Prof. Hamilton, Secretary of Agriculture, being unavoidably ab-
sent, the President called upon Hon. A. L. Martin, Deputy Secretary
of Agriculture.

ADDRESS.

By Hon. A. L. MARTIN, Deputy Secretary.

In taking the floor the Deputy Secretary expressed the pleasure he
felt in being able to attend the meeting and coming in touch with its
members. He expressed the hope that not only this Society, but
other organizations such as the Dairymen’s, the Stock Breeders’ and
others should be liberaily encouraged by the State, not only by
words, but by appropriations to aid in defraying expenses of meet-
ings of this kind. The discussions and proceedings of such meet-
ings should be recorded and promptly printed and distributed for
general information, and not delayed until several years old. He
further stated: People who live hundreds of miles away and who
are interested in your work should have prompt access to your re-
port, and when the demand for their early and prompt publication
is properly and earnestly pressed, the man who has an orchard in
Western Pennsylvania will be able in a week or two, to read the re-
sult of your deliberations. I fully agree with Prof. Heiges, that
there should be in this State, a Division of Horticulture, and believe
that if you stand up and combine your efforts, you will have it. That
will be the avenue through which your work will be put on an estab-
lished basis.

We have just entered the threshold of horticultural work in this
State, and the time will come when we will give object lessons in

—— we ai aia

~~ '— —" . so

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 723

spraying, pruning, fertilizing, tilling, etc., and in view of the con-
tinued warfare that must now be waged against diseases and in-
sects, those only who are intelligent, persevering and prepared to
use the latest practical methods of extermination will succeed. If
we have learned anything, it is that there is a vast area of land in
this State that has the proper altitude for growing the finest varie-
ties of apples. There are acres and acres actually lying in waste
to-day, while the great cities and centres of trade are holding out
their hands for choice fruit. Every farmer in Pennsylvania ought
to be, in a certain measure, a grower of fruit. If apples are exten-
sively grown in Berks, Lebanon, Lancaster, York, Columbia, Frank-
lin and other counties, the result is that they will entice buyers from
all directions, and command the best markets everywhere.

New York, Pennsylvania and OChio occupy a place on the map of
the United States unequaled by any state in the Union. New York
with 52 million, Pennsylvania with 37 million and Ohio with 36 mil-
lion bushels of apples, easily lead in this important branch of hor-
ticulture. And when we adopt the latest and most improved
methods, and avail ourselves of the great natural advantages and
resources at our command, we will easily stand first on the list in
the whole line of agricultural pursuits. .

The PRESIDENT: We heard at our afternoon session some ref-
erence to the Allied Agricultural Organizations and the committee
representing them. We have with us this evening the chairman of
that committee, the Superintendent of Public Instruction, Dr.
Schaeffer, and will be glad to hear from him.

ADDRESS.

By DR. N. C. SCHAEFFER, Superintendent of Public Instruction.

The interest I feel in horticulture has brought me here, and inas-
much as the opportunity has been offered, I will try to point out
the close connection between my work and that of this organization.
As a member of the Capitol Commission, I have succeeded in hav-
ing incorporated into the plan of that building an auditorium, and
when completed, this and similar organizations will be invited to
meet there for deliberation. I would say also as chairman of the
Allied Organizations Committee, that we had a very satisfactory

724 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

meeting and the result should be of interest to you. One of the
things needed at State College is a new agricultural building. The
present building is no credit to this State, and it seems to me we
ought to be able to place on the College grounds one that will be a
credit to this great Commonwealth. We also ask that the appro-
priations for correspondence course in “Nature Studies,” which was
cut off on account of insufficient revenue, be again restored, and that
a liberal appropriation be made for the public roads of the State. If
country boys and girls are as good as city boys and girls, they should
have equal advantages in the way of township high schools. Ohio
has about 900, Pennsylvania 80 to 100 high schools. Surely a state
with an annual revenue of 17 million dollars can do something for
the sons and daughters of our farmers. We need only see the class
of illiterates that come to this country from Southern Europe to
realize the great advantages of our common schools.

In conclusion, I would say, that if you can reach the ear of any
legislator, plead with him for a liberal appropriation for the various
items recommended by your committee.

Mr. Hiester urged the importance of a liberal appropriation for
the agricultural building at State College. He stated that boys
who went there, intending to take a course in agriculture, were dis-
couraged by the inferior buildings erected there for the agricultural
course, When compared to those devoted to the scientific and en-
gineering courses; and although they go there with best intentions,
they are “switched off” into other branches because of the superior
facilities offered. He hoped the resolution, when offered, would re-
ceive the hearty support of this organization.

The following paper was then read:

APPLE CULTURE IN PENNSYLVANIA.
BY PRor. R. L. WatTTs, Scalp Level, Pa.

More than a year has elapsed since the writer addressed the Hor-
ticultural Association on the subject of “Apple Culture in Pennsyl-
vania.” The address was entirely extemporaneous and we have very
little recollection of what was said on this topic. At the request
of the Secretary of the Association, a brief article has been prepared,
discussing only a few phases of the subject, without attempting to
treat cultural methods.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 726

AS A BUSINESS VENTURE.

As a business venture apple culture in Pennsylvania is especially
promising. Thousands of acres in the State are admirably adapted
to the cultivation of this fruit. It is grown to the highest standard
of perfection in many counties, and by the proper selection of varie-
ties splendid apples may be grown in every county. Certainly there
is little room for complaint regarding the natural conditions most
favorable for the development of both tree and fruit. q

It is surprising how. tenaciously the great majority of farmers
cling to the raising of grain, particularly wheat, when no profit can
be derived from this line of farming. it works well into a system
of rotation, and the writer, along with a host of other farmers, is
guilty of devoting a small acreage, annually, to rye and wheat. But
there is absolutely no profit in wheat farming in this part of the
country, and profitable substitutes must be chosen to make the
greatest advancement along all lines in rural districts. It is a most
common occurrence for one or two apple trees to give larger re-
turns than an entire acre of wheat on land of the same degree of fer-
tility. Numerous instances of this kind show the great folly of giving
so much attention to the production of cereals. The properly cared
for commercial orchards of the State are yielding the owners hand-
some profits. There is no danger of ever over-stocking our markets
with first-class fruits, and the most extensive apple growers claim
that there need be no fear in this direction.

'A gain, there is a very large acreage of hilly and mountainous lands
in the State which are poorly adapted to general farming and have
the very qualifications essential to the production of first-class
apples. If the owners of such farms could be induced to plant large
areas of well-chosen winter apples, and then give them the proper
attention, it would bring the cultivators an era of prosperity vastly
superior to that occasioned by the selling of coal fields and timber
lands.

THE APPLE VERSUS OTHER TREE FRUITS FOR PROFIT.

It is not our purpose to say anything which would tend to dis-
courage the cultivation of the other tree fruits. It is a fact, how-
ever, that comparatively few in the State have derived satisfactory
profits in the production of peaches and plums, when a series of
years is taken into account. Pears and possibly cherries have made
a better showing on the right side of the ledger; but none of these
fruits are to be compared with the apple as a money-maker. Every
farmer has his family orchard which usually affords a surplus of
fruit for the market and our commercial apple growers are much bet.
ter satisfied with their results, as a rule, than the growers of other

726 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

fruits named above. The apple has well been called “the king of
all the fruits.” It is the most popular fruit with both the rich and
the poor. It may be prepared for the table in a greater variety of
ways than any other fruit. It is used the year round. It is not so
particular about soil or climatic conditions as other tree fruits. It
may be placed in cold storage after harvesting and held for months,
if necessary, until the market price is favorable.

PROCURING THH TREES.

In starting a young orchard the greatest care should be exercised
in procuring the trees. An orchard is expected to live and produce
fruit for fifty or more years and too much thought and attention
cannot be given to this initiative step. The following methods may
be employed:

1. Buying from unreliable nurseries. This is a most common prac-
tice. The statement may be disputed by some, but it would be an
easy matter to find hundreds of witnesses who would testify to the
truthfulness of the assertion. First grade trees are ordered and
second and third grade trees are shipped. Varieties highly valued
for one reason and another are ordered and the nurseryman substi-
tutes to suit himself or pays very little attention to the varieties
wanted. YThis kind of treatment has brought bitter disappointment
to hundreds of farmers in our own State. It is a very poor and un-
safe policy to order trees from any nursery unless you are positive
that the firm is absolutely reliable and trustworthy.

2. Buying from reliable nurseries. There are many in the country.
Their names and addresses may be easily obtained by writing to the
State Experiment Station, Department of Agriculture, or inquiring
of experienced orchardists.

3. Propagating from trees of known value. There is a marked
individuality among fruit trees. Every observing fruit grower has
noticed this. Trees growing under like conditions and receiving
like treatment vary in vigor, habit of growth and fruiting charac-
teristics. Some bear more regularly and uniformly than others, and
there are decided differences in the color, form, size and quality of
the fruits produced. In brief, some trees are much more valuable
than others of the same variety. These are the trees from which
the young trees should be propagated. It will take longer to get
the trees by this method than to order directly from the nursery, but
the results will more than pay for the additional time required.
The trees may be root-grafted at home, and grown on the home farm.
Root-grafting is a very simple art and may be learned from litera-
ture which is profuse on the subject. If this plan is too much trou-
ble send the scions from chosen trees to your nurserymen and let
him do the grafting and return the grafts to you from which the

—

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 127

young trees may be grown. The nurserymen will charge you only
a small sum for the grafting and there is nothing difficult about
growing the trees. This plan will bring certain results without
any anxiety of getting trees not true to name. Another plan is to
plant vigorous growers where the trees are to stand permanently,
and when well-established, top-graft with scions from the most de-
sirable and profitable trees. Northern Spy is a vigorous grower
admirably adapted to form the stock.

VARIETIES FOR THE COMMERCIAL ORCHARD.

It is generally conceded that winter apples are more profitable
than summer or fall varieties. There is frequently an overpro-
duction of early ripening sorts, rendering it difficult to sell the fruit
at remunerative prices. Winter apples may be placed in storage and
held until prices are more satisfactory.

It is not our purpose to furnish a list of apples which should be
planted in the commercial orchard. Each individual grower must
decide this matter for himself. Local conditions and markets have
much to do with the selection of varieties. The following points,
however, should be considered: The ideal winter apple should be
bright in color, at least medium in size, smooth, regular in form,
gocd in quality, texture fine, white fiesh usually preferred, tender
and juicy. The fruit should hang well to the tree so that the per-
centage of windfalls will be small, and should keep well in storage.
The tree should be hardy, vigorous in growth, upright or spreading
in habit of growth, and bear large annual crops with a low percent-
age of small fruit. The ideal winter apple has not been found.
York Imperial and Baldwin are the most extensively grown in Penn-
sylvania. Other winter apples, which at the present time are re-
ceiving considerable attention by commercial growers are, Rome
Beauty, Winesap, Stayman, Paragon, Oliver Red, Sutton, Stark,
York Stripe and a few older varieties as Northern Spy and Smith’s
Cider.

THE FAMILY ORCHARD.

It is to be regretted that the family orchards of our State do not
receive the attention that they deserve. Many are disappearing
very rapidly because of old age and neglect and on many farms no
effort is made to start young trees. Yhe number of trees on our
farms should be, at least, maintained for the pleasure and benefit of
whoever is to occupy the farms. It would be a splendid practice for
at least a few trees to be planted annually on every farm, particu-
larly in nooks and corners and along the roadsides.

728 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe:

Thursday, January 22, 1903, 9.00 A. M.
The business of the session was prefaced by reports of committees.
The Committee on Nominations submitted the following list of offi-

Gers:
PRESIDENT.
RTO WATE ACA CHASES! ~ sk cwisis este crsusle trelesete oa teinie ONSe scsi ale ofeieteleucle eral Philadelphia.
VICE PRESIDENTS.
Gare CUMEML CSU we ereserercteteaste torcievercarter stoves oisisiehovsliovern ofencielcusistehere sieteletsyehe Harrisburg.
PELOTON CASI: Five sure Siete coe one aie, eCeterate cetertucterlallavecie teletonete ve eae iene he Catawissa.
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On motion, Mr. Stout was authorized to cast the ballot of the
Association, and the aforenamed were declared elected.

On motion, Lancaster was selected as the place for next annual
meeting.

On motion of Mr. Engle, the treasurer was authorized to purchase
a book in which to keep a record of the receipts and expenses of the
Association.

The following resolution by Mr. Stout was read and adopted by
the Association:

“Resolved, That the State Horticultural Association of Pennsylvania now
in session, favors the enactment of a law permitting trolley railroads to carry
merchandise, freight and express matter upon all lines and branches of said
roads; and further, that a State tax be levied upon lines accepting the pro-

visions of said act, and that all monies so collected by the proper authorities be
set aside for the improvement of the highways in the State.”

H. C. Snavely, chairman of the General Fruit Committee, sub-
mitted his report, which is as follows:

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 729

REPORT OF THE GENERAL FRUIT COMMITTEE TO THE
STATE HORTICULTURAL ASSOCIATION OF PENNSYL-
VANIA.

By H. C. SNAVELY, Chairman.

Again it has been allotted to me to prepare and present a report
upon the horticultural conditions and progress during the past year.
Nineteen hundred and two, like former years, had its successes and
failures. In some sections of the State the yields of fruits were large
and fine, while in others the results were somewhat discouraging.
While during the last quarter of a century, we have made great ad-
vances in the increase and in the varieties of fruits grown upon
our soil; while the dwellers on the farms and in the towns are sup-
plied almost the year round with an abundance of fruit; yet too
much of this supply is brought from the orchards and fields of other
States. It can not be gainsaid that our State has the soil, the
climate, and her people the intelligence to produce all the apples
pears, peaches, plums and small fruits required by our population,
and yet it is a fact that we frequently go to others to supply us
with much that is consumed here. While our people are as in-
telligent as those of other States, there seems to be a lack of intelli-
gent direction along the line of fruit production. Of course, there
are many exceptions, for our State can justly lay claim to as success-
ful fruit growing as can be found anywhere.

Too often land is selected without regard to its adaptability.
Varieties are planted without any regard to their value for home
use or for the market. Neglect in feeding, cultivating and combat-
ing insects and fungi are the causes of failure.

In fruit growing as in any other sphere of activity one must know
what to do and do it; one must also know what to do next.

Workers in other parts of the country are beset with the same
foes as we are here in Pennsylvania, and if they handicap us it is
because they are more diligent in the care of their fruit trees.

Andrew Carnegie said a short time ago in Washington, that he

is engaged in any one thing; producing libraries. He suceeds. To
* succeed in the horticultural field one must concentrate mind and
muscle upon the work.

One of the main causes of failure, is the lack of sympathy with
nature. Our boys and girls are instructed in about everything
except their environment. The three R’s are supplemented by a
long list of studies. They must know all about the rivers of Africa,

730 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

the mountains of Asia, and the islands and sub-divisions of the Phil-
ippine Archipelago, when they don’t know the names of the trees in
the dooryard or the woodland; much less do they know about the
value of them for the ordinary uses or the influence they exert upon
climatic conditions. Modern education educates the boy away from
the soil. He is stuffed and stuffed, but little is attempted to put
him in sympathy with his environments. No earnest attempt is
made to put the young in communion with Nature. The various
languages she speaks is deeply veiled. The boy of 1903 will not
travel in the old rut; you must show him the new and the better way
or he will join the mad rush to the city.

During the last two years I endeavored to ascertain to what ex-
tent (1) feeding or fertilizing, (2) tillage or cultivation, and (3) spray-
ing or insuring the crop against insect pests and fungous diseases
are practiced in the State. I am forced to the conclusion from re-
ports received that these essentials are sadly neglected. For fuller
information, members are invited to examine reports from the vari-
ous localities.

A summary of the answers to the inquiries follow:

APPLES.

While on the whole, there was a fair crop of this fruit, the results
were very variable. Some of the correspondents, notably, from the
northern and northeastern portions of the State, report the yield
“very good, the largest for years, the largest ever known.” With
some exceptions the yield in the southern section was below the
average. Some counties report an almost total failure; others from
one-eighth to one-half a crop. The central counties, on the average,
report a fair crop.

In some instances, the failure is attributed to adverse climatic
conditions, cold and wet weather during the blossoming period, the
off-year, etc. Unavoidable climatic conditions it is believed con-
tribute far less to fruit crop failures than neglect of the orchard.
The orchard is often the most thoroughly neglected spot on the farm.
It is expected to serve every purpose, pasture lot, potato patch and
so on, except the one for which it was intended, or for which should
be set apart; the production of apples. Neglect is written all ever
it; it is starved, given over to the ravages of insects and fungi, and
then the unhappy owner wonders why his family crop fails.

The varieties reported as doing best over the State are herein
noted. Ben Davis and York Imperial are planted more largely than
any other varieties. The wisdom of this is questionable. The State
will hardly go to the front as an apple-producing state with these
two varieties in the lead. You may catch the crops, but catching
the markets is something else.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 731

Notwithstanding the kicks and cuffs aimed at the Ben Davis, it is
probably to-day planted as largely as any variety, and this, perhaps,
upon the principle that it will stand more neglect in the orchard and
produce a red apple than for any merit as to quality.

It is to be feared that York Imperial planting like Kieffer pear
planting will be overdone. This is not said to discourage the plant-
ing of this variety; but let it be emphasized that there are other
varieties as good, and in better demand, if the care is bestowed on
the tree that orchard trees deserve. Yo the inquiry, What varieties
do best? The following are named: Ben Davis, York Imperial,Smith’s
Cider, Baldwin, Winesap, R. I. Greening, Northern Spy, Fallawater,
Red Astrachan, Maiden’s Blush, Grime’s Golden, Summer Rambo,
Stark, Delaware Winter, Gano, Duchess of Oldenburg, Hawley,
Smokehouse, Rome Beauty, Early Harvest, Rambo, Paradise,
Ladies’ Sweeting, Hubbardston, Jeffries, Wealthy, Primate, Ewalt,
Belleflower, Major Nottingham, Newtown, York Stripe. No doubt
many varieties known only locally are omitted here, and if dissem-
inated would be very valuable.

PEARS.

There was a surplus of Kieffer pears. Of other varieties the yield
over the State was an average one. <A few report a total failure.

This fruit is mostly grown in a limited way, and for home use or
nearby markets. The varieties mentioned as doing best are Bart-
lett, Clapp’s Favorite, B. d@’Anjou, Sheldon, Seckel, Lawrence, Duch-
ess, Howell and Kieffer. The last named should be at the top on
the score of doing best, producing the largest quantity of fruit.
The Clairgeau is hardly mentioned. This is a large showy pear,
about as good or better than Duchess, a thrifty grower and an early
and abundant bearer.

PEACHES

Taking the State over there was probably a half crop of this fruit.
‘In a number of localities the late ripening fruit was a failure, due
to a continued spell of wet weather which caused the fruit to rot
on the trees. The “yeilows” continues to be the great obstacle to
peach culture. The inferenee from reports of correspondents is
that “yellows” is just about holding its own over the State; in-
creasing in some parts, while in others it is less prevalent. The
correspondents from Bedford, Bradford, Lawrence, Mercer and sey-
eral other counties don’t know of this disease in their localities.
Some report trees dying from neglect, others report serious ravages
by the San Jose Scale.

Feeding and cultivation are indispensable conditions to success-
ful peach culture.

Mr. Day reports peaches a failure in his county, except for one
man, who was all right. He sprays and cultivates and has good

732 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

crops. He is rarely affected by climatic conditions. I shall pass
over the varieties mentioned as giving best results in different parts
of the State.

Two varieties proving exceptionally valuable in Lebanon and
Schuykill counties are hardly mentioned. They are the Fox Seedling
and Iron Mountain. Both are white peaches of good quality, very
productive, ripen late. Trees are strong growers. Many mention
the Brandywine, a yellow peach, as fully the equal of the Late Craw-
ford in every particular and of somewhat better quality. Ripens
about same time as the Crawford.

PLUMS.

This fruit was a light crop, claimed by some as being due to the
heavy yield of the previous year. ‘As usual, heavy charges are en-
tered against the curculio and rot.

Vigorous jarring and destroying the “Little Turk” is the remedy
for the former, while spraying thoroughly with the Bordeaux mix-
ture and other fungicides will largely control the rot.

An application of the lime, sulphur and salt wash in March proves
valuable for a fungicide as well as for the control of the San José
Scale.

With the free-bearing varieties of plums, thinning the fruit, as
well as the pruning of the tree should be resorted to, to attain best
results from spraying.

The Japan varieties should be sprayed cautiously. The foliage
is tender, as much so as the peach, and the solution must be diluted
to avoid damage. The Japans are planted most extensively. This
is due largely to the fact that they are practically exempt from the
black knot, are thrifty growers, and bear early and abundantly.
For some of the Japan varieties, where thinning is not practiced,
the curculio is a blessing. One correspondent says: “We get plums
when it just so happens.” Before leaving this fruit let me put ina
good word for the class known as German Prunes. Plant them,
feed them, care for them, and when they produce you will be re-
warded with the best of this fruit.

QUINCES.

It appears that this fruit is receiving less attention every year.
Worms and blight coupled with neglect are the cause of failure.
To succeed with it the soil must be peculiarly adapted, and insects
and fungi most vigorously combated. Only a few report its ecul-
tivation successfully.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 733

CHERRIES.

This crop was variable over the State, depending upon the weather
at the time of ripening. This fruit succeeds well only, especially
the sweet varieties, when the atmosphere is clear and dry.

Rainy and murky weather sometimes ruin the entire crop inside
of twenty-four hours. Spraying with Bordeaux mixture just before
ripening is beneficial. The sour varieties are the most reliable.

There is still complaint of the birds taking an undue share of
the early sweet cherries. The remedy is, more cherry trees. I have
no fault to find with the birds eating cherries, but I shall, later in
this report, pay some attention to the robin.

GRAPES.

The grape appears to be an uncertain crop in this State, except in
what is known as the grape belt on the shore of Lake Erie. Fine
fruit, as per reports, is grown in nearly every county; but spraying
and bagging must be resorted to, to assure a crop. There appears
to be less experimenting with the newer introductions than formerly.
This is probably due to the fact that most of them have shown no
merits to commend them, and often proving less valuable than the
old standard varieties. A number of varieties are mentioned as
doing well, but the Concord is still the old standby. The Campbell
is reported by some as disappointing.

SMALL FRUITS.

There is a marked increase in the production of strawberries in
some parts of the State, while in others there is a decline. The
southern counties of the State are thrown into strong competition
with this fruit from Delaware and Maryland and fruit grown farther
south. Of the varieties as “doing best” may be mentioned, the
Sharpless, Haverland, Clyde, Cumberland, Gandy, Bubach, Bismarck,
Poeomoke, Dunlap, Beder Wood, Brandywine, Sample, Marshall,
Glen Mary, Kentucky, Splendid, Crescent and some more.

Raspberry culture is holding its own. Cuthbert of the red varie-
ties is still the leader, while Kansas, Gregg and Cumberland are the
favorite black caps.

Blackberries are not cultivated extensively. Those named as the
hardiest are, Snyder, Taylor, Minnewaski and Erie. Rathbon, Oh-
mer and Kittatinny are favorably mentioned.

Some correspondents report currant culture as being prefita-
ble, while gooseberries receive but little attention.

734 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

VEGETABLES.

Except for a drouth in the early part of the summer, vegetables
were successfully grown. A few complain of too much rain during
the fall months.

SHRUB.3ERY PLANTS AND FLOWERS.

A number of correspondents report increased interest in the or-
namental side of horticulture. This is commendable, for well-tilled
fields and well-filled garners do not alone betoken’progress. It is
well to have an abundance of the useful, but as we progress we want
to cultivate the beautiful as well as the useful. Every house, yard
or lawn on the farm should have its assortment of shrubbery and
flowers to serve as companion pictures of the fruit and vegetable gar-
dens and orchards. The absence of fruits and flowers on the farm
can not but suggest a life of exile to the young, and human nature
revolts against such banishment.

Let the farmers’ boys and girls live up to their opportunities, and
the brighter and better portion will become attached to country
life.

NATURE STUDY.

A year ago among the inquiries sent out was this: “Is this subject
(Nature Study) receiving increased attention in your section?” The
answers were then almost invariably, “no.” Possibly a little pro-
gress may be noted this year, but not equal to the importance of
the subject.

A correspondent from one of the most populous counties in the
State reports that only eighteen teachers are interested; that in only
eighteen schools is this subject receiving attention. This is per-
haps the best showing of any county in the State.

Our neighbors across the northern border, as I pointed out a
year ago, have taken hold of this matter in earnest, are doing the
work systematically, and will keep the best blood and brains on the
New York farms.

Life and love will characterize the young man and the young
woman on the farm when put in touch and sympathy with their en-
vironments. They will live, not merely exist. They will love, be-
cause they are in sympathy with their work. They will

“Find tongues in trees, books in running brooks,
Sermons in stones and good in everything.”
They will see that

“On every thorn, delightful wisdom grows,

In every rill a sweet instruction flows.”

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 735

SPRAYING.

Failure to protect and insure the crop against insects and fungi is,
in a large measure, the rule in Pennsylvania. In nearly every lo-
cality it is practiced by some, and invariably with beneficial results.
Spraying fruit trees has passed the experimental stage and all suc-
cessful horticulturists recognize it as one of the essentials to suc-
cessful fruit growing. It must be borne in mind that it will not
make up for lack of fertilizing or tillage. A starved tree will not
produce fruit. It will even cease to live, though it be exempt from
insects or fungi.

Successful spraying presupposes a number of other essentials,
such as adaptability of varieties to localities, pruning, feeding and
cultivation. These are all co-ordinate and the overlooking of one
or more impairs the chances of success.

SAN JOSE SCALE.

This pest is scattered over a large portion of the State and its
work of destruction is hardly recognized, nor is the future damage
that is sure to follow, dreaded as it should be. The means of dis-
Semination are many. Nursery stock, whether grown in this or
brought in from other states must have a certificate attached that
it is not infested.

Presuming that this “clean bill of health” is always right and
that all nursery stock is entirely free from scale lice, the fact stares
us in the face that the pest has taken a foothold in many localities.
It is here to stay, to spread and to destroy. Other pests have im-
paired our fruit trees, but none that infested them in the past did
their work of destruction so rapidly as this pest.

Our winged friends, the birds, stand at the front as means of
spreading and infested the trees. Where robins are numerous,
they will not only infest an orchard in a single year, but carry the
young louse to neighboring orchards.

While I prefer friendship for the robin and while he has on his
side the protecting arm of the law, I can not but give him a black
mark for the mischief he is engaged in and the damage he is doing
in infesting our fruit trees with this most pernicious of insects.

One of the remedies mentioned is the destruction of the trees.
This is a heroic remedy, certainly the shortest cut, and effective, but
too costly. Only when trees are very badly infested, or when of no
special value, should they be destroyed. A good tree is worth sav-
ing, and this can be done at reasonable expense. Several years ago
the oil sprays were mostly recommended, and trees were treated
with varied success. The lime, sulphur and salt mixture has been

736 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

used almost, if not altogether, as successfully in the eastern part
of the country as on the Pacific Coast, notwithstanding the adverse
conditions of heavy, driving rains during the season when applica-
tions should be made. An application of this mixture carefully
applied not only effectually controls the scale louse, but proves one
of the best and most valuable fungicides. It can be applied without
any fear of damage to tree or fruit buds.

FEEDING.

While this is done by some in a systematic way, the great mass of
fruit trees are not receiving any special attention as to the feeding.
Often the orchard is to produce crops in the farm rotation, with only
about as much plant food as the rest of the farm receives. This is
better than no feeding, for the trees will appropriate to themselves
at least a portion. Too often orchards get about the same attention
as forest trees.

Many of the correspondents say that stable manure has proven
the most satisfactory. This may be due to the fact, that by the use
of it both humus and plant food are given to the soil. There may be
soils in Pennsylvania so rich in plant food that fertilizing would be
wasteful, but they are unquestionably rare. Heavy crops of fruit
are a severe drain upon the fertility of the soil. Full crops are the
ones that make fruit growing profitable, and unless the fertility is
maintained exkaustion will follow and the result will be unproduc-
tive orchards, and of course unprofitable. The soil may be likened
to a manufacturing plant. In each case raw material is used, with
labor added, to turn out the finished product. Give to the soil such
plant food as is required for the development of the plant or tree
and the fruit and the feeding question is solved.

In this connection, it should be said that soil rich in all the ele-

ments of plant food, but deficient in humus or neglected as to cul-
tivation will not bring the desired results. To supply humus and
fertility, nothing excels the leguminous plants.

TILLAGE.

As to tillage there is a diversity of opinion. About all are agreed
that the orchard should be cultivated up to bearing age, and peach
orchards all the time. Some assert that an apple orchard in sod
will do as well, if not better, than when cultivated. This is likely
true if the matter grown on the ground is left to decay and supply
humus. Many are agreed that larger fruit can be grown in culti-
vated orchards, but question the keeping qualities.

It is asserted that if a sufficient quantity of mulch or cover-mater-
ial were available it would be preferable to cultivation for apple
orchards. :

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 187

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS.

Austin Wright, of Bedford county, reports having tested some
new things in plums, apples and pears. Of the Japan plums only
the Abundance, Burbank and Wickson succeed well.

Of apples, he has rejected the following: Walbridge, Spitzenberg,
Belmont, Dickinson, Fameuse, Delaware, Winter and Early Straw-
berry. He says a good many of the old varieties are now being
planted. The mistake of quantity against quality has been made.
Planters are already realizing that beforelong there will be Ben
Davis apples and Kieffer pears to spare. Fruit growing on the
increase but a lamentable carelessness to combat insect and fun-
gous troubles; but with greater interest in this industry the means
to keep orchards in healthy condition will be better understood.

Oliver D. Schock, of Berks county, says the year was remarkable in
many respects. The season opened with myriads of tent caterpil-
lars, that threatened serious destruction. Their disappearance
was almost phenomenal, as they vanished immediately after a
heavy thunder and rain-storm and did not reappear. Peaches and
plums are becoming more profitable and are being more largely
planted. Ornamental horticulture is receiving increased attention.
More spraying than heretofore with very good results.

FR. M. Wells, of Bradford county, reports the apple crop un-
usually good and unusually large and fine. Thousands of bushels
were shipped from the county. Price of apples delivered in To-
- wanda, 30 cents to 35 cents per bushel.

Jos. W. Thomas, of Chester county, mentions a peculiarity of the
York Imperial by bearing full on only portions of the tree. Prac-
tice spraying with good results. .

Henry A. Brinkman, of Carbon county, says that in winter, De-
cember and January, when trees are dormant, he sprays twice with
soap-suds. This he claims kills all the insects on the trees. In
March or April sprays with Bordeaux mixture, and again after the
blossoms fall. Only the aphides trouble after this and these he
combats by spraying every five days with a strong decoction of
tobacco stems. He cultivates and uses stable manure.

Gabriel Hiester, of Dauphin county, reports the Champion peach
as rotting badly. Not only did the peaches rot but the small twigs
that bore the peaches died. (I had the same experience with this
variety in 1901, but in the spring of 1902 the trees were sprayed
with the lime, sulphur and salt mixture, and the crop was a fine
one. Some of the fruit was left on the trees overripe but did not

47—6—1903

738 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

rot, nor did the twigs die.) He says, for lack of thorough spraying
in spring, due to rains, was troubled more with fungi on fruit and
foliage than usual.

L. G. Youngs, of Erie county, says the season of 1902 was the
wettest known. Excessive moisture and high winds caused a good
deal of damage. Fruit rotted some, especially the grape. Too wet
to cultivate properly. Strawberries and raspberries good yields.
Prices good.

He sprayed with pure kerosene oil in February, which killed the
scale and without injury to the trees.

Daniel N. Pershing, of Fayette county, says all kinds of fruit was
scarce. Wet weather and frost the cause.

Calvin Cooper, of Lancaster county, says the season has been one
of excesses all through, dry and cool in early spring, wet and warm
in midsummer, and very dry and cool during the fall months. Be-
lieves that the cool, dry weather had much to do with the imperfect
setting of apples.

Jno. P. Fredd, of Montgomery county, says, he would like to
sound a note of warning in reference to the San José Scale
louse. It is a terror, and if something is not done to exterminate
the pest, fruit growing is doomed in this State. In this and
the neighboring county of Chester, hundreds of - trees have
been destroyed by this insect. Whole orchards of peaches have
been so badly affected that the owners have been compelled to dig
up and burn them.

J. Q. Atkinson, of Montgomery county, says the Wakefield (Red
Cider) seems to be their best winter apple, with York Imperial as a -
close second. Ward’s Late proves so far the best and most profita-
ble peach.

Dana’s Hovey promises with him the finest and best pear. Quality
nearly equal to Seckel; one month later. Retains foliage till win-
ter. Burbank plums best, but rot badly. Abundance, fine. The
pears of a large Kieffer orchard, 18 miles from Philadelphia, did not
pay for the picking and were left to drop on the ground.

R. F, Schwarz, of Monroe county, mentions a new apple to him,
the Surprise, a large red, fall apple, something like the King of
Tompkins Co.

J. Kk. Murray, of Montour county, says there is little or no atten-
tion paid to the care of orchards in his neighborhood. “I am the
only one I know of who sprays trees regularly. My apples this year
were of superior quality, much better and finer and soon better
than my neighbors, who took no special care

“Most people here farm their orchards Bone with the rest of
the field, thus expecting two crops at same time, with generally
less fertilizer than other parts of the farm.”

D.C. Young, of McKean county, says he has three orchards

No. 6 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 739

(apple orchards I suppose). The one he cultivates and thus pro-
duces much finer fruit than the others. Will cultivate all in the
future. Borers and other insects do less injury in cultivated or-
chards. Fruit growing badly neglected. The trees are set out
and left to grow as nature directs. “It is a wonder we get any
fruit.”

A. B. Peet, of Potter county, says that “never in my remembrance
have we come as near having an absolute failure of all fruits in
this county as the past season. This was principally due to ex-
tremely cold weather during blossoming period or immediately
after.”

No apples, pears or plums except on elevated situations (2,000
feet or more). Strawberries only on high elevations or on old un-
mulched beds. The best cultivated beds returned the smallest
yield. Fungous diseases of all kinds very bad. No San José Scale.
Has many new varieties of trees and small fruits but nothing to
report on account of the bad season.

R. S. Searle, of Susquehanna county, reports an immense crop
of apples but of poor quality. Fruit largely injured by a fungus,
which caused it to rot under the fungus spots. The only salable
apples were the varieties that would do well in cold storage.
“There is no doubt this is one of the very best sections for all kinds
of fruit raising; it only lacks some wide-awake, stirring workers,
who know how and will stick to it. One great trouble is lack of
suitable workers.”

S. M. Baker, of Tioga county, says that by spraying he got a fine
crop of plums. Heretofore his fruit dropped. Spraying is neces-
sary to success.

Theodore Day, of Wayne county, would plant the Rome Beauty
in preference to the Ben Davis. Stayman’s Winesap does well.
Few apples colored or matured just right for lack of sunshine.

DISCUSSION.

PROF. JOHNSON: It seems to me that papers of this kind are
among the most valuable presented at our meeting. I had the pleas-
ure of hearing a similar report by Mr. Snavely two years ago, and
was very much interested in it. These reports usually contain
practical information and facts that will benefit members very
much. They are the more valuable because given by counties, and
showing how varieties are adapted to special localities. .

In regard to “yellows,” I am interested to learn that some coun-
ties in the State are apparently exempt. You are no doubt aware
that there are certain belts or zones where this disease has never
been found. We all know of its ravages in the Maryland Peninsula,
and that there is still a belt there in which it has never been known

740 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

to exist. Two years ago in Georgia, I was told that “yellows” had
never been found there, but the “rosette,’ a similar disease, is
frequently seen.

The reference in report, to a York Imperial tree which bears a
full crop on one portion of the tree, and few or none on the other,
is not unusual, as I have seen this condition frequently. In New
York State I saw an orchard of 900 trees in which all the Bald-
wins and part of the Greenings showed the same tendency. The
orchard had been abandoned and rejuvenated, and now the 900
trees are more valuable than the rest of the farm.

Another case I will cite, is that of a single tree in Columbia county,
New York. The fruit is of the York Imperial type, but was bought
for Wealthy. It would bear regularly while Wealthy would not.
Col. Brackett considered it new and worth propagating. Similar
“sports” are often found, and by propagating from them, valuable
types might be established.

Another interesting statement, was that of Mr. Hiester in ref-
erence to rot on Champion peach. While he had serious loss by
rot, Mr. Snavely saved his crop and had fine fruit by applying lime,
salt and sulphur. The point is that we have come to a place in
fruit culture where we must practice more intensive culture. Under
certain conditions we can get the same amount of fruit on six acres
as we can on ten. By working apples on Doucain stocks the trees
can be dwarfed and kept low, and this object is aimed at by many
growers in New York. Size of trees can be reduced and most of
the fruit can be picked from the ground. In Mr. Hale’s peach
orchard of 250,000 trees, all can be picked without a ladder. Trees
are 13 feet apart. He is now clearing up 200 acres near Hartford,
Conn., on which he will plant from 150 to 170 trees to the acre,
peaches and pears.

As fruit growers we must also realize that San José Scale has
come to stay, and we must arrange to fight it vigorously. The
first 5 or 6 years are most important, and the pest must be kept
well in check. The most effective method with bearing trees is
with cyanide gas in a gas-proof box or tent. Up to 6 years of age
trees can be treated by this method at a cost of about 3 cents
per tree. In the Southern and Western states it is advisable every
other year, say 2, 4 and six years after planting.

In reply to an inquiry, Prof. Johnson stated that the custom of
some nurserymen in fumigating nursery stock in cars, when ready
for shipment, is of very doubtful utility, and likely to be unsatis-
factory. To be successfully done, trees should be piled loosely on
a slat floor under which the gas is generated. Trees packed in
cars are usually tied tightly in bundles and well encased with pack-
ing material, all of which make thorough fumigation impossible.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 741

MR. MOON: In advocating the dwarfing of trees for intensive
culture, I can see how dwarf pear can be kept in this habit, but
with peaches it seems to me the severe pruning would result in
reduced crops of fruit.

PROF. JOHNSON: Not necessarily, because so many more trees
can be grown on same space. We simply take the terminal buds
and branches off, and grow the fruit spurs on or near the trunk
of the tree. Mr. Morrell, of Michigan, is the most successful in-
tensive peach grower in the country, and he goes to Texas to inten-
sify 10,000 acres. I saw in his orchard seven year old trees from
which I could pick a bushel of peaches each sitting on the ground.

MR. WERTZ: In my experience the best and finest colored
peaches always grow on the extremities of the branches. Those on
the lower limbs are pale and green and of inferior quality.

MR. SNAVELY: Are apples on Doucain stocks as long-lived as
on their own roots?

PROF. JOHNSON: I cannot see why they are not nearly as
long-lived as ordinary trees, though the question has not yet been
fully tested, and the point is well taken. When we dwarf any
plant we necessarily impoverish its physical condition.

The following paper was then read:

THE FRUIT GROWERS’ GREATEST ENEMY.
By W. H. Srout, Pinegrove, Pa.

(Suggested by Experience and Observatiuun.)

Although it may be true that the enemies of the fruit grower are
blessings in disguise, the successful orchardist pays dearly for
the same in trouble, annoyance and hard labor. The smaller and
more numerous insects are often the most difficult to combat.
While laws have been enacted to protect the fruit grower against
some of the most dangerous and destructive foes, there yet remains
one to whom reference is seldom made, the largest and most de-
structive of all. Of vegetable origin, bacteria, fungoids, mildews,
spores of various kinds, microscopic objects disseminated all around,
wafted in all directions on summer breezes producing blights, smuts
and decay upon fruit and foliage, are constant dangers and every-

742 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

where present, in the development of leaf blight, bitter and brown
rot, black, knot, crown gall, anthracnose, yellows and rosettes. The
more animate, aphides, the wooly, the black and green, the oyster
shell, the scurfy, and various other scales, with that worse pest,
the San José Scale, are some of the insects, taxing the patience
and industry of the horticulturist. Adding to these, the round
and fiat-head borers, bag worms, leaf crumplers, fall and tent cater-
pillars, tree hoppers, katydids, yellownecks, canker worms, codling
moth, apple maggots and curculios, are enough to tax the time
and ingenuity of the most industrious to make fruit growing a
success. Referring again to anthracnose, seldom mentioned, yet
in some sections, ‘quite prevalent and damaging to trees and fruit,
the specimens at hand plainly show its effects, and a bulletin issued
by the Oregon Station several years ago was the first observed to
illustrate and describe it as apple tree anthracnose.

There is another more serious enemy abroad than any of those
enumerated, in the form of a biped class, vertebra, genus homo,
evolved from a tribe of anthropoids. Given a little time and an axe
as an outfit, will do more damage in a short time than all the rest,
and there is no law yet enacted, but there should be, to restrain this
species from continuing the destruction of fruit trees so much in
evidence throughout the country. The same species is also found
in towns and cities many times absorbing the profits to which
the producer is entitled, posing as dealers, transient and irrespon-
Sible, obtaining supplies from the unsophisticated, for which ac-
count of sales rendered may be entirely omitted or ostensibly
absorbed in expenses, commissions and freight charges, ending in
partial or total confiscation. Considered from all points of view,
the tree butcher is the most destructive being, his work past and
present being in evidence in all sections of Pennsylvania, next to
the irresponsible commission merchant.

The following paper was read:

THE EVOLUTION OF THE PEACH.
BY WM. M. DICKSON, Woodside, Del.

Having all my life been connected with agriculture and its in-
terest in the Delaware Peninsula, my desire to meet in this Capital
City of a great State with an assemblage met, not for civic, political

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 743

or religious purposes, but to consider that deeper and broader sub-
ject, horticulture, in its phases of culture, refinement, pleasure and
profit, caused me to accept your kind invitation with alacrity, that
it will be hard to maintain in the handling of the subject assigned
to me.

The Evolution of the peach, the luscious fruit which alone of all
others, is medicine to the sick, nourishment to the convalescent,
and luxury to the well. One of Longfellow’s verses, slightly trans-
posed, fully describes it:

“For richness of feast
Is the peach of the East,
That grows by the Delaware River;
Whose sweet perfume
Fills all the room
With a benison on the giver.”

The growing of peaches, like all other pursuits, has made rich
and made poor, it has made two blades of grass grow where one
grew before, and also impoverished the land where it grew. All
according to the grower.

Its evolution then must be considered in the abstract as well
as the literal sense, because of its rise, its reign of supremacy, and
decline. The latter period, without any extreme optimistic view,
I believe to be past for the Delaware Peninsula and confident it is
for Pennsylvania, and base the view entirely on the assumption
that progressive horticulturists will make diligent use of the knowl-
edge obtained by sad experience. Perhaps there is nothing from
military strife to the invasion of political adventurers that has
been so potent in the formation of opinions and adoption of meth-
ods on the Peninsula as horticulture, chief of which is both king
and queen, the peach.

It marks an epoch in history from the time when a meager live-
lihood was obtained by plain agriculture and the supply of timber
lands to rapid gains from fruit growing. That accounts, in a great
measure, for the inconsiderate and reckless horticulture practiced.
The one idea with the great majority was to set fruit trees, and
vines, for the money there was in it solely, there being little regard
for the kind of land on which they were set, kind of trees, or varie-
ties used, except, however, the same rule applied to trees that
was used by the man ordering boots, viz: Get them as big as you
can for the money. The varieties were chosen to commence the
season as soon as possible and continue it as long as possible.
The kinds predominating were those which some one had made the
most out of on lands and under conditions in everyway different
from the one who was setting them. “Get the lands in trees,” was

744 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

the watchword. Buy them as cheaply as possible from any Jack-leg
propagator regardless of whether he gathered his pits from the can-
ning factory and cut the scious from the nearest old moss-covered,
diseased, fence-row seedling tree. Or stretch out a little and listen
to the silver-tongued and golden stories of the tree nomad whose
sole possession on earth was a place to get his mail and no hope
for the future, and buy of him at a good price, provided he hurries
forward the discarded trees collected from some reputable nursery-
man. YJhen set them in a mere plow-cross because of lack of time
to dig holes, start them high for ease of cultivation, grow corn in
them until the starved land will do no more. This, gentlemen,
is not an overdrawn picture nor is it confined to isolated cases, but
more often the rule. This is not criticism.

Under this system the evolution of the peach becomes retrogres-
sive, augmented and intensified by increasing prices obtained for
fruit. As the population increased and the markets broadened by
the great transportation companies annihilating distance, we rev-
eled then in the thought that we had God’s chosen place, and we
were the people to grow fruit. You cannot wonder at this when I
tell you that 86 cents was the average price. We marvel now as
much that such a system was in any degree profitable as we wonder
how anything was ever accomplished without the modern appli-
ances of business. It can only be explained by the fact that the
natural enemies were not present owing to the newness of the in-
dustry. Insects and fungi had not appeared to partake of the boun-
tiful repast we had prepared for them; but they learned of our gen-
erosity and they came by legions, invited their friends and kindred
to forsake their lowly life on weeds and brambles to take a place
at the bountiful fruit table spread for them. That this will be
the case in the new countries now growing and commencing to
grow fruit is possible. To dispute it is to dispute the natural law
from man to the lewest insect to supply himself with the best
from the nearest and greatest source of supply. We wonder again
that we can grow fruit at all with this army of invasion, but all
invaders have their periods of prosperity, and comparative ob-
security, through the agency of their enemies and lack of food
supply, as instanced by that dread scourge, the yellows, in its south-
ern journey. Striking the Peninsula in the northern part where
there was the most orchards and passing on to the lower counties
so rapidly that it transferred the peach center from the northern
county (New Castle) through Kent, the middle county, to Sussex,
the lower one, in a period of twenty years.

Behind this force of natural results there has been a strong
helping hand in the persons of the untiring, ever zealous, far-
seeing scientific workers of the agricultural colleges and the strong-

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 745

minded, industrious horticulturist. Scoffed at as theorists and
book-farmers, they have persevered to know the why and how,
fully believing it their duty and privilege to supply the great popu-
lation with fruit until by their works shall you know them. Re-
inforcing them has been the honest, conscientious Rurserymen,
compelled as they have been, to compete with the irresponsible
vender and meet the clamorous hobbyisms of senseless theorists,
still believed in the law of atavism and have put out the best trees
and vines that skill could produce until they have stamped their im-
press on the orchards of American fruit growers.

Allow me here to digress long enough to mention one, properly
fitting this description in every phase, formerly from this county
(Dauphin), but now of Denton, Md., Mr. J. W. Kerr. If you have any
more such we will gladly receive them.

From these classes of yeoman horticulturists, to whom all should
doff the hat of courtesy and bend the knee of gratitude, have we
learned to scrutinize closely the conditions of soil on which we
set trees, and that the large over-grown tree, when cut back to
start the head will, the following year, if examined, show a black-
ened pith showing unhealthfulness, not to be found where a
medium size is used. By this is not meant the dwarfed insect-coy-
ered tree simply because it is small, but a perfectly healthy one
from a reliable source where the volume of business and business
standing will not permit of any misrepresentation. When set they
should be started not more than two feet from the ground (18 inches
preferred by some) and kept well topped out so that the fruit will
grow down as near the source of food supply as possible to increase
its size and color and also to economize in the harvest. We can
no longer afford to use the ladder in the peach orchard, from both
an economical standpoint and point of protection to the fruit.
Thorough culture to preserve soil moisture and make available latent
plant food is imperative and should be assisted by the lavish use
of leguminous cover-crops. The variety should be selected to aveid
as far as possible the gluts of other fruit growing sections.

I have refrained from the use of figures to show either the growth
or decline of this industry, assuming that the great questions with
you in Pennsylvania are those that will give the practical results
under the conditions surrounding you. This brings us to the point
where evolution becomes a prophecy. Prof. Powell said at our
meeting the other day that every section which he had visited
claimed to be the one and only peculiarly adapted place to grow
fruit. It reminds me of when at the World’s Fair in ’93 we took
on our train 1,000 baskets of fine peaches which were distributed
on Delaware Day in front of the Delaware building. We had
always realized the small area of our section and tried to make

746 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

it up in claims, but never suspected there was any one who did not
know where it was. But the question was asked, “Where is this
Delaware that grows such fine peaches?” When, to our consterna-
tion, a Pennsylvanian claimed the whole outiit for Delaware county,
Pennsylvania.

We had no objection to being adopted ourselves at that time be- -
cause the fruit growing was precarious, but we could not spare the
‘peaches. I believe, however, that most sections of this country can
grow to perfection many kinds of fruit not now grown, if the proper
conditions are complied with. The State of Pennsylvania on its
side-hills, caps and rocky tops can grow peaches that will color
much better than ours, owing to the lower temperature you have.
This was fully demonstrated with us the past summer, it being the
coolest one for many years, consequently the fruit come to full
maturity instead of prematuring, before it was colored, from the
extreme heat. These conditions you always have on the caps
and tips of the mountain ranges. Neither are fungus diseases with
you to the extent they are with us, consequently your fruit will
carry longer than ours. Our peaches use to carry for five days
even when shipped ig the ordinary ventilator car, now it takes the
refrigerator car. The same conditions will be with you no doubt
when your orchards become as thick and grown as long as ours.
You, however, will grow it on land that is practically useless for
anything now but grazing, while we wil! have to use our best, level
agricultural land, and grow those varieties that will come between
those of the South and the mountain regions of West Virginia,
Western Maryland and Pennsylvania.

A close study will show the best varieties for you to grow to.
avoid the glut from other sections and suitable to the soil on which
you grow them. ‘The teeming millions of cities and interior towns
will be supplied with healthful fruit. The painstaking, careful hor-
ticulturist and his children after him will receive their reward.
while the communion with Nature and nature’s God will produce
a higher standard of citizenship.

Adjourned.

AFTERNOON SESSION—2.00.
Thursday, January 22, 1908.

After calling the meeting to order, and before the regular pro-
gram was taken up, the President announced the resignation of Mr.
Snavely as Chairman of the General Fruit Committee, owing to ill
health. Mr. Snavely had decided to resign in November last, but
at the urgent solicitation of the President and Secretary of the
Association concluded to continue until this meeting.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 747

The President bore testimeny to his efficiency, and to the able
manner in which his reports were prepared, and regretted that
he was obliged to a¢cept his resignation. He announced also, that
Prof. R. L. Watts, Scalp Level, Pa., had been named as his suc-
cessor.

MR. MOON: I think Mr. Snavely’s report, which was read this
morning, was the best I ever heard before this Association. I con-
sider him an ideal chairman, and while I do not want to place any
unnecessary burdens upon him, I am sorry to see him resign.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON NOMENCLATURE AND EX-
HIBITS.

Your committee begs to report that they find on exhibition the
following:

3 plates apples, H. C. Wallize, Sunbury.

8 plates apples, W. H. Stout, Pinegrove.

14 plates apples, C. P. Scholl, Fisherville.

6 plates apples, Hon. W. T. Creasy, Catawissa.

6 plates apples, D. C. Rupp, Shiremanstown.

7 plates apples, Gabriel Hiester, Harrisburg.

1 plate apples, Calvin Cooper, Bird-in-Hand.

12 plates apples, L. M. Simons, Piketon.

2 plates apples, A. W. Root, East Petersburg.

11 plates apples, J. H. Bartram, West Chester.

1 plate apples, W. H. Hefflefinger, Greenvillage.
9 plates apples, W. P. Bolton, Bonview.
fs plates apples, John G. Engle, Marietta.

2 plates pears, L. F. Haehnlein, Harrisburg.

Mr. Simons’ exhibit of apples deserves special mention, being
entirely free from blemish of any kind.

The exhibit of 5 plates cultivated chestnuts, including one plate
of a new spineless variety, and the display of palms and ferns by
Mr. G. Hanson, or Harrisburg, were particularly attractive, as
also the display of carnations grown by J. J. Styer, of Concord
ville.

In conclusion, your committee desires to make commendable men-
tion of the entire exhibit.

Respectfully submitted,
J. HIBBERD BARTRAM,
JACOB L. RIFE,
T. C. FOSTER.

748 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

The subject of “Crown Gall” was next taken up, and the follow-
ing paper was read by the Secretary:

SHALL WE PLANT TREES VISIBLY AFFECTED WITH
CROWN GALL?

By A. C. RICHARDS, New Paris, Pa.

Emphatically, no; for several reasons. My first acquaintance with
this disease was made four years ago, in a bunch of 1,000 or more
apple trees from a firm in Ohio.

Although they bore the usual inspection tag, I noticed a fungous
growth of peculiar character on the crowns of quite a number of
trees that both puzzled and alarmed me. Fearing it was some dan-
gerous growth, I sent samples to Prof. Butz at State College, who
pronounced it the new, dangerous and mysterious disease “Crown
Gall.” I planted and marked a few of those affected, the larger part
of which are now dead.

While, on account of limited time, my observations have not been
what I desired, as to the nature and effect of the disease, I am con-
vinced that it so destroys the vigor of the tree as to give it a hope-
less future, because of which, as well as the danger from infection,
I am digging out affected trees and destroying them.

In every shipment of trees since received, I aim to throw out all
affected trees, and I have not found a large percentage affected,
until the past fall, when the apple trees bought were badly affected,
near 30 per cent. Another party selling for a Pennsylvania nursery
found about 40 per cent. affected, though he knew nothing was wrong
with his stock till the large part had been delivered to purchasers.

Many persons are selling fruit trees who know nothing about the
disease and others who do, fail to cull out for reasons best known
to themselves.

I saw the past summer a few trees on exhibit at a large gathering,
and on one of these trees a gall. I quietly called the attention of the
exhibitor to the fact, and was surprised that he was not informed
as to the dangerous character of the disease, though he makes large
sales and seemed an honest fellow.

While I do not consider it so highly contagious in our fruits as in
the citrous fruits of the Pacific slope, yet the rapidity with which it
spreads and the dangerous character of the disease, makes it essen-
tial that no trees visibly affected should ever be planted, except for
experimental purposes.

No. f. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 749

With this view, both Profs. Butz and Van Deman, with many
other authorities agree.

Not only should affected trees not be planted, though thousands
are, but radical measures should be taken to stop the reckless ship-
ment and sale of diseased trees, for without such measures the
country will soon be flooded with this dangerous foe to fruit grow-
ing, doubly dangerous because underground. In our dread of San
José Scale let us not overlook a disease equally dangerous.

The following letter on the same topic was also read by the Sec-
retary:

“Washington, D. C., Jan. 16, 1903.
“Mr. Enos B. Engle, Harrisburg, Pa.:

“Dear Sir: I am in receipt of your letter of January 14, and shall
look forward to receiving the additional material.

“Relative to the question of planting trees that are visibly affected
with crown gall, you will find, of course, a great deal of difference of
opinion among scientific and practical men on this point; some hold
that if the gall is very small and can be cut off before planting,
painting the wound with a little copper sulphate diluted in water
at the rate of about one quart of sulphate to 25 parts of water, that
the tree will sufficiently recover to make it reasonably safe to plant.
Among those who hold this view, therefore, it is the custom to throw
out all badly diseased trees and those where the trouble can not be
remedied as suggested, and plant the others, those apparently
healthy and those where the trouble can be remedied. So far as
the scientific study of the disease has gone, however, it does not
appear that the treatment suggested rids the tree of the disease, as
it nearly always breaks out again on the edges of the old wound
and grows gradually larger until the vitality of the tree is seriously
impaired. The gall after it reaches a few years age begins to decay
and offers an entrance for root rot fungi and insects, which have to
be considered as well as the weakening effects of the gall. The dis-
ease is so widespread through the country that it is difficult to find a
nursery where there is not more or less of it. It would, therefore, be
impracticable to boycott nurseries where the disease is found, if the
nurserymen do everything in their power to eradicate the disease
and use uninfected land as far as possible for the growth of new
stuff. We advise, unqualifiedly, however, the discarding of every tree
that is decidedly diseased, and we feel that it is very desirable to go
even a step further than this and discard every tree that shows any
evidence whatever of the disease. In such a case as you mention,
where 95 out of 141 trees show the disease, it is evident that the nur-
sery must have been very seriously infested with the trouble, and in
such cases we would discard the whole shipment.

750 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

“This latter proposition of course is radical and is going perhaps
to the extreme of caution, still if a man is setting out an orchard on
good land he very naturally wants to take every precaution to get
healthy trees. The Department, as well as some of the Stations,
is studying this disease along the same lines as Prof. Toumey, and
we hope to obtain some more definite information than we have at
present. The practice of grafting on pieces of root so that the cal-
lus is about on or below the surface of the ground, is probably re-
sponsible for a great deal of crown gall. We have observed, and I
think it is the general conclusion of all who have studied the ques-
tion, that the callus offers a most favorable location for the devel-
opment of this crown gall parasite. In fact, the parasite seems to
get in nearly always through some serious wound at this portion of
the tree, or through the callus made by grafting. It seems quite |
likely, though the matter has not received sufficient investigation
yet to make a definite statement, that if whole roots could be used
and budded instead of grafted, that there would be less danger of the
development of this disease and especially less danger of its ob-
taining a foothold in the more vital portions of the tree.

“In conclusion, therefore, you will see that no fixed and positive
statement can be made regarding the question of using or discarding
the trees. For my own part, if I were to answer your question No.
23 in the program, I should say, “No, do not plant trees that are
visibly affected with crown gall.”

“Trusting this information may be of some service in your discus-
sion, I am,

“Very truly yours,
“A. KF. WOODS,
“Pathologist and Physiologist,
“U.S. Department of Agriculture.”

Mr. Wertz asked Prof. Johnson’s views on the subject under dis-
cussion.

PROF. JOHNSON: The question has been so ably answered in the
paper just read, and my views are so fully embodied in Prof. Woods’
paper, that but little need be added. As stated by Prof. Woods the
subject is being investigated by the Department of Agriculture at
Washington, and in his opinion it may be eliminated or controlled.

It is almost impossible to find a locality where this disease does
not exist. Its nature and origin seem considerable of a mystery.
In Central Illinois it is a very serious matter, and some.may be ob-
liged to go out of business. f have made some experiments with
infected trees, and the results show that they are dwarfed in growth
and shorter lived. It is most likely to attack trees at the point of
union between graft and root. ‘A two and one-half per cent. solu-
tion of formalin used as a dip, has given satisfactory results.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 751

It must be remembered also that “wooly aphis” is similar in ap-
perance and sometimes mistaken for crown gall in its effect upon
the roots.

In reply to topic No. 24, “fs the Custom of many Nurserymen in
Cutting Buds and Scions Continually from Nursery Rows to be Com-
mended?” Mr. Calvin Cooper said:

MR. COOPER: In my opinion most emphatically, no; first, because
the young scions are too soft and, as a rule, not sufficiently ripened to
make a good connection with the stock upon which the graft is
placed. I have frequently found them browned in the centre more
than one foot from the top, thus leaving a dead spot which lessens
the chances for perfect connection. The young wood,.as in nursery
rows, is usually a forced growth made too rapidly, late in season, con-
sequently cannot ripen before frost kills the foliage, hence is trash
and immature; while those cut from bearing trees, or trees that have
not been forced to make excessive growths usually pass through
the winter season solid and green to the tips. In addition to the
above, when cutting from bearing trees, we should be absolutely
sure that the desired variety is surely obtained, which cannot always
be gotten from nursery rows. While it is true that each variety
has its habits of growth, color of bark, ete., of its kind (but mixtures
do occur even with the most careful persons), I have never felt sat-
isfied in cutting from nursery rows, unless the work was done by
myself, and even then have occasionally erred.

In budding, the situation is somewhat different. The buds must
necessarily be taken while the sap of tree is flowing freely, and the
stock must (for the greatest success) be in vigorous growth. This
method makes the most handsome trees, because the stéck has had
one year to establish itself and after having been budded and cut
back send up long straight stems as a foundation for the future
tree. It has been my practice for years, and have traveled many
miles to procure buds from bearing trees of the very best strain,
and the trees in the most healthy condition. Hence, I am fully con-
vinced that to practice the cutting of scions and buds is not to be
commended, and if persistently done for a number of years the time
of fruiting will be delayed, and the trees shorter lived.

My observation for years has been, that scions and buds taken
ffom young bearing trees and not driven to make the most vigorous
growths, will be longer lived and more productive.

PROF. JOHNSON: This is a very interesting problem and should
be freely discussed. I would rather hear from practical nursery-
men than discuss it myself.

752 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

MR. MOON: I do not see that I can add anything of interest to
what has been read. I heartily coincide and agree with the views
advanced. It has been our experience to travel miles for scions from
good types of fruits and trees.

The PRESIDENT: There is no doubt that the bud or scion, in a
measure, controls the root, hence it is important to get them from
healthy stock and true toname. I would regard the cutting of buds
and scions year after year from nursery rows as not only careless,
but criminal. There may be local conditions affecting trees; but con-
ceding all that, I prefer taking buds as far as practicable from well-
established types of bearing trees. It is my theory also that by care-
ful selections from bearing trees we are likely to produce more aad
earlier fruit. ¥his is not always practical in large comme cial
nurseries, but, where possible, it should be done.

The following address was delivered:

BEAUTIFICATION OF WASTE PLACES.
By S. MENDELSON MEEHAN, Germantown, Philadelphia.

It is my intention to at once dispel any impression you may have
that I am going into the mysteries of landscape gardening, to name
a lot of rules you should follow, and give other specific advice, or
that I intend naming lists of desirable plants, describing their
merits, etc. Such things are details that should be worked out to fit
the individual needs. But rather, I wish to reveal some common op-
portunities by which we may brighten our lives through the medium
of Dame Nature and as students of ornamental plant life. ‘here
is no question but that all country and suburban places have their
waste places; waste because they have either had all the beauty
crowded out of them or have been utterly neglected.

A dwelling-place should be made a home in every sense of the
word. The grounds immediately surrounding the house and beyond
should be made attractive and lovely to those who live right on the
spot. But then we must think of others, too. We want to please

—_~ Se

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 753

our visitors, friends and neighbors, and in fact, every one that passes
by. It is rightly a matter for personal pride that our surround-
ings be made to speak our appreciation for the beauties of Nature.
Therefore we shall be careful to view whatever plans we may make
from the two points.

Have you ever stopped to consider how badly proportioned our
average country places are, having in mind those where farming,
fruit growing or similar rural work is carried on? Fortunate in-
deed is the 50 or 100-acre place that has half an acre of home grounds
about the house. Even there the chickens and other animals are
frequentiy allowed to hold possession to the destruction of any
pretty gardening plans. In comparison with the owner of city prop-
erty, what a much better opportunity has the countryman and fruit
grower with an abundance of low-priced land to have a beautiful
garden home with little expense and accompanied by greater per-
~ sonal interest.

But few country homes exist where from one to five acres could
not be set aside for lawn and flower gardens. “it would not pay,” I
hear some one say. Perhaps the balance in dollars and cents would
be a little less, but is the pleasure and comfort to count for nothing?
If the financial results are to be considered above everything else,
and the loss of that much ground is serious, then the owner must be
working the remainder of his property on very close margins, and
his methods need investigating.

A good expanse of lawn may be considered one of the chief aims,
because when that is set apart, it offers many opportunities for de-
velopment in detail and striking effects. Above ali, set out with the
determination it is to be a good lawn of good grass. To be half-
hearted in home-making is to create waste places, and those we have
no use for.

Decide to have, if possible, a flower garden, not simply flower beds
and border around the grounds, but something of an enclosure into
which one may pass and feel that he is in a different atmosphere,
where flowers are on every side inviting admiration and interest.
I know of no phase of gardening that is more delightful, invigorat-
ing and care-destroying than that which relates to the hardy flowers.
A carefully selected assortment gives a profusion of flowers all the
year, from the very earliest spring days when some will open their
adventurous blossoms almost out from the snow, to the time when
some will defy the lighter frosts of the autumn.

A rose garden, which may be made a section of a general flower
garden, is much more pleasing than where roses are simply scattered
here and there. They are not fitted for promiscuous planting, and
always respond better to definite treatment. If a fine lawn offers

48—6—1903

754 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE “ Off. Dec.

opportunities for detailed development, equally so does the flower
garden. There may be bowers, turf walks and rustic seats; trellises,
vine-covered archways and what not. Utility need not be dismissed
entirely, for some of the handsomest flower gardens are merely gen-
erous borders to vegetable patches. Or where the owner is con-
cerned in marketing, cut-flowers offer opportunities for quite a neat
recompense for labor and expenditure. Would not this idea also
add to the various protiered solutions of the farm question: How
shall we keep the boys on the farm?

Having determined to beautify our home grounds, to have a fine
lawn well-planted, a flower garden and handsome shade and or-
namental trees, what is the best course to pursue in securing them?

Right here let me say that unless the ideas are well thought out
and right plans laid, it would be most unsatisfactory to do anything
unusual. To pian ground for ornamental effect and permancy re-
quires just as much and more care and intelligent judgment as to
plan out a large fruit orchard or piece of farm land. A good knowl-
edge of plants and their characters must be had. The effect they
Will produce in position both at the start and in the future must be
recognized.

The smallest place should have a plan made for it, put roughly on™

paper, or kept well in the head if not intricate; the former method is
much the most satisfactory. Make this plan just as complete as
possible. Allow for every little embellishment, though the minor
details may be subject to change when the work is taken up. The
economy of a plan is in its perfection. Mistakes are not so likely
to occur, and everything is located in harmony.

Above all, such a plan can be carried out one part at a time with-
out the danger of having something interfere with some idea that
might otherwise have presented itself at a future time. The lawn
could be started the first year, and a few trees planted as desired
about the house and at the driveway entrance, with perhaps suffi-
cient properly grouped in intermediate positions to relieve any bare-
ness that might exist. The next season shrubbery borders and

groups might be planted with additional trees on the lawn for orna-:

mental purposes. The flower garden need not follow till later.
Meanwhile, the pleasure accompanying development would be going
on with always some little thing to look forward to.

If you have the time to study all these things out properly it will

be a source of satisfaction and pleasure, and you have but to show
the completed scheme to some one competent to criticise it; if you
have not that time, it will be to your profit to spend a few dollars
on expert advice.

Plant trees and shrubs that have permanent value and not too
ordinary. Avoid the cheap, quick-growing trees which are invaria-

tf
Z

ee en

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 155

bly less satisfactory in the end and are short-lived. I will only name
the oaks as being especially worthy trees, and ones that will never
bring regret. A few really rare plants will increase the interest in
your place wonderfully. Such beautiful things as the Yellow Wood,
Gingko, Sophora and Japanese Varnish tree are not difficult to
obtain, yet they are not common.

This paper has dealt with waste places in a rather broad sense.
There are many little places that would seem to come more strictly
under that heading that I have not mentioned. There may be an
old stump of a tree which would be beautified if a vine were allowed
to clamber over it.

An unused piece of swampy ground could be made beautiful by
planting in it some flags and Japanese Iris, Mallows, Lythrum,
Coreopsis, and even many swamp-loving shrubs like the common
elderberry, White Fringe and Swamp Magnolia. The walls of your
house would likely be very much improved by a clinging vine. The
fence along the front of your property could have a few vines placed
at some of the posts. Many similar places will suggest themselves
to you when you give it thought and it is unnecessary for me to
attempt further detail. My greatest fear is that we men of business
allow waste places to locate in our minds. We think of utility, what
we can plant here for profit and there for profit. Everything must
pay in dollars and cents. These waste places, I hope my hearers
will plant up at once with thoughts of the beauties of nature. All
else that I have suggested will then be carried out in a natural
course.

The following is a synopsis of the remarks by Prof. Wells W.
Cooke, Washington, D. C.

SHALL WE FERTILIZE THE LAND OR THE CROP.

By PRoF WELLS W. COOKE, Washington, D. C.

Several theories have been advanced as to the proper principle
that should underlie the fertilization of the crops. One of the best
known is called the Stockbridge theory. According to this, we
should apply to the land each year or during each rotation what we
expect the crops will remove of fertilizing ingredients. This rule
might hold good if we started out with a first class productive soil
in fine mechanical condition and full of plant food. But such a

756 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

problem is rarely presented to the horticulturist. Most persons
are asking how to improve, by fertilization, a soil that they know is
not sufficiently rich in plant food. The belief is quite current among
farmers that the chemist can analyze the soil and tell them what it
neds. Unfortunately, this is not true. The chemist can ascertain
the total amount of nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash a soil con-
tains, but he cannot tell how much of that is in such a form as to be
available to the plant.

Still a third method has been advocated, called the plot system.
The principle of the test is simple and the details are not difficult
to carry out. The plot is divided into several long narrow strips of
equal size. Some receive no fertilization, some nitrogen alone, some
phosphoric acid alone, some potash alone, others mixtures of two of
these and some all three; that is a complete fertilizer. The field is
ali sown in the same crop and at harvest each plot is harvested and
weighed separately. The applications that have given the largest
yields show what the soil needs most. ‘The objections to this are
twofold. In the first place, results obtained with one crop have but
a limited application to a crop of another nature. In the second
place, the results show what the land needed at the beginning of the
season, and not what it is going to need for the next crop. In other
words, the results tell you what you want to know, one year after
it will do you any good.

Yo my mind both these latter theories are based on an entirely
wrong idea of the proper use of the plant food already in the soil.
In both, the idea is to add to the soil as little new plant food as pos-
sible, and to make the fullest possible use of the plant food already
in the soil.

My own belief is that the proper theory of fertilization should be
based on the idea that all of the plant food of the soil should be con:
sidered as so much working capital and enough added so that this
working capital shall be continually increased. In other words, I be-
lieve that the only proper method of fertilization is to fill the soil
so full of plant food that there is no possibility of the plant lacking
in nourishment.

In this same line I might say just a word about the use of lime.
Most persons use lime in order to make availabie the otherwise un-
available plant food of the soil, consequently, any crop grown by the
use of lime alone leaves the soil just so much the poorer in plant
food and is, therefore, directly opposite to what I have just stated as
what I believe should be the proper idea of crop fertilization. The
fact is that any and all crops need at.their command a great deal
more of plant food than they are to remove from the soil.

Some common crops remove the following amounts of plant food
in pounds per acre:

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 157

——<—_—__—_$———

be}
Oo
3
&
g 5
) 3 a
° n an
& 2 3
= P= ye)
vA Ay Ay
PMNMEDMSIC LG UD TILES Maceici dete stevia ainietaeiaiute’s ea oteietacc leis iciaiciarcraete marie 32 8 46
RDU Le Sy DEA CUES arelaiajcisiaiersisie/sietelsieieleleinve sjetavsia eh aislecisietewatciere 20 4 22
URLS IAS SS TUT ON ho eraia/stalelateieiei tal aia\eisisic of sleiele eveistsiare,nie' eleieieiereisiaaie’ants 32 2 52
For comparison we can add:
ROMDUShHels: Wheat ANd Its StrAW, occciccccccccciwecesecsiens 29 9 5

The above figures show that the fruits need much more potash
than phosphoric acid. On the other hand most commercial fertili-
zers reverse this proportion. The fact of the matter is that prac-
tically all the soils.of Pennsylvania are deficient in phosphoric acid,
and for an original application, enough phosphoric acid should be
given for several years’ crops so as to make sure that there will be
a sufficiency.

In the light of the figures given, a liberal supply of potash is sure
to be a necessity. All fruits need phosphoric acid to ripen both
the fruit and the wood. Potash gives color and sweetness to the
fruit while the phosphoric acid gives size, maturity and firmness.
Nitrogen helps to develop the leaves, but too much delays ripening,
and in the case of strawberries, makes the fruit soft. If thereis a
lack of nitrogen the leaf growth will be small and consequently the
crop be decreased.

In general, a good rule for the fertilization of fruits is to obtain
the needed nitrogen by the growth of clovers or other legumes and
then add phosphoric acid and potash in the form of mineral fertili-
zers. In beginning a system of fertilization on most farms, it is
well to add at first twice as much phosphoric acid as potash, due to
that fact already stated that most Pennsylvania farmg are sadly
deficient in phosphoric acid. Later, for several years, add the two in
equal quantities. Eventually, when the ground soil has become well-
filled with plant food, the potash can be twice the amount of the
phosphoric acid.

In reply to an inquiry, Mr. Simons stated that he does not use
commercial fertilizers generally in fruit culture. Prefers barnyard
manure and ashes and has had satisfactory results.

Mr. Foster offered a series of resolutions, which were subse-
quently withdrawn, whereupon, the Association was declared ad-
journed.

ENOS B. ENGLE,
Secretary.

758 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE FORTY-FIFTH ANNUAL MEETING

10.

alle

12.

13.

14.

OF THE STATE HORTICULTURAL ASSOCIATION OF PENN-
SYLVANIA.

HELD AT LANCASTER, PA., JANUARY 19 AND 20, 1904.

PROGRAM.

Tuesday, January 19, 2 P. M.

. Opening announcement.

. Reading minutes of previous meeting.
: Roll-call and collection of dues.

. Election of officers.

. Reports of officers.

. Reports of special committees.

. Reports of standing committees, including report of General Fruit Com-

mittee.
Prof. R. L. Watts, Chairman.

. Appointment of committees.

. New business.

Evening Session, 7.30.

Address of Welcome.

Hon. Wm. H. Brosius, Drumore, Pa,

Response and President’s Address.
Howard A. Chase, Philadelphia, Pa.

“Ornamental Horticulture for Fruit Growers.”
Samuel C. Moon, Morrisville, Pa.

General Discussion: ‘‘What Legislation for San José Scale?”
Opened by Prof. H. A. Surface, Economic Zoologist, Department of
Agriculture of Pennsylvania.

Adjournment.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 759
Morning Session, Wednesday, January 20, 9 o’clock.

15. Reports of Committees.

16. Unfinished Business.

17. New Business: Selection of place for next annual meeting.

18. “Pruning, Fertilizing and Thinning.”
Dr. J. H. Funk, Boyertown, Pa.

19. “What Next?”
Gabriel Hiester, Harrisburg, Pa.

20. ‘“‘Reminiscences of Fifty Years Among Fruit Trees.”
Calvin Cooper, Bird-in-Hand, Pa.

21. Question Box.

22. Adjournment.

Afternoon Session, 2 o'clock.

23. New and Unfinished Business.
24, “Facts about Ginseng Culture for the Fruit Grower.”
Prof. Geo. C. Butz, State College, Pa.

25. “Cold Storage for Farm and Commercial Orchards.”
Prof. S. H. Fulton, Assistant Pomologist, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture,
Washington, D. C.

26. “Recent Horticultural Introductions of Merit.”
Prof. H. E. Van Deman, Ex-pomologist, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture,
Washington, D. C.

27. Adjournment.

Hvening Session.

28. “Fruit Trees and Plants for Beauty.”
J. Horace McFariand, President American League for Civic Improve-
ment, Harrisburg, Pa.

29. “Wresh-Water Fish and Fish Culture.”
Hon. W. E. Meehan, Commissioner of Fisheries, Harrisburg, Pa.

30. Final Resolutions.

31, Adjournment. 2

760 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

REPORT OF THE FORTY-FIFTH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE
STATE HORTICULTURAL ASSOCIATION OF PENNSYLVA-
NIA, HELD AT LANCASTER, PA., JANUARY 19 AND 20, 1904.

Owing, doubtless, to the deep and general interest felt not only by
horticulturists and fruit growers, but by the community at large,
in city and county on the subject of San José Scale, and best meth-
ods of combating this dangerous pest, the attendance at this meet-
ing was unusually large. Great interest was manifested in the
papers and discussions generally, and particularly in everything per-
taining to injurious insects and diseases.

The following new members were enrolled during the meeting:

F. E. Traver, Wyebrook, Pa.
Amos B. Denlinger, Iva, Pa.

A. H. Yeager, Lancaster.

Wm. Warner Harper, Chestnut Hill, Phila.
Wm. F. McSparran, Furniss.

D. W. Graybill, East Petersburg.
H. H. Snavely, Lancaster.

David 8S. Herr, Mountville.

S. Morris Jones, Westgrove.

Hon. N. B. Critchfield, Harrisburg.
H. M. Mayer, Rohrerstown.

Dr. I. H. Mayer, Willow Street.
Dr. J. H. Funk, Boyertown.

F. S. Stover, Bowmansville.

Enos H. Hess, Lancaster.

C. P. Barnard, Northbrook.

P. R. Nissley, Mt. Joy.

®S. S. Kraybill, Mt. Joy.

Prof. H. A. Surface, Harrisburg.
Jas. A. Patterson, Stewartstown.

The meeting was held in court room No. 2, and was formally opened.

for business on Tuesday afternoon, January 19 at 2 o’clock, by Presi-
dent Howard A. Chase.

Minutes,of previous meeting were read by the Secretary and ap-
proved.

After a recess of five minutes, President Chase, before resuming
the work of the meeting, announced the death of a former President

OS ee

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 761

of the Society, Mr. Josiah Hoopes, of West Chester, Pa., who died
on Saturday last and was being laid to rest to-day.

Mr. Hoopes was one of the founders of this Association, one of
the few members remaining who was present at its organization.
All who knew him felt a deep persenal sorrow in his death, and it
can be said of him that he was true to his God, his country and his
fellow-man.

Calvin Cooper, W. H. Moon and J. G. Reist were appointed a com-
mittee to nominate officers for the coming year.

Treasurer Edwin W. Thomas made his report as follows: Receipts
for the year $154.00; expenses, $142.29, leaving on hand a balance
of $11.71.

J. G. Engle, J. F. Boyer and J. W. Root were appointed a commit-
tee to audit the account and reported the same correct.

Mr. Hiester, as chairman of Committee on Legislation, submitted

the following report:

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON LEGISLATION.

To the President and Members of the State Horticultural Associa-
tion of Pennsylvania:

Gentlemen: I have the honor to report, on behalf of the Commit-
tee on Legislation, as follows:

In accordance with a resolution passed at our last meeting, your
committee prepared an act, entitled “An act to establish a Division
of Horticulture in the Department of Agriculture, and to provide for
the appointment of a Commissioner of Horticulture, and a clerk, and
to fix their salaries,” and succeeded in having it passed by both
Houses of the Legislature, but the Governor vetoed the bill without
granting us a hearing on the subject, although requested to do so by
letters from our President, our Secretary, and the chairman of the
Legislative Committee.

Your chairman desires to express his appreciation of the valuable
assistance rendered, in the passage of the bill through the Legisla-
ture, by Messrs. Crone, of Schuylkill and Rahauser of Franklin
counties, members of the House, and Senators McConkey of York.
and Snyder of Chester counties.

Respectfully submitted,
GABRIEL HIESTER,

Chairman.
MR. HIESTER: As a representative of this society, I attended
also a meeting of the Allied Agricultural Associations, through
49

762 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

whose efforts a bill was passed by the last Legislature appropriating
$12,000 for the maintenance of an Agricultural Department at State
College, and another bill giving $100,000 for the erection of a dairy
building and apparatus, including a proviso, obligating the next Leg-
islature to appropriate $150,000 for its completion. This bill passed
both Houses without a dissenting voice and shows what can be ac-
complished for our farming interest by united effort.

The Chair called attention to the excellent work being done by the
Forestry Department of the State, and commended the suggestion
recently made by Forestry Commissioner Rothrock, that the De-
partment be permitied to sell forest tree seedlings to such citizens
of Pennsylvania as would desire to plant them.

The following letter from the Secretary of the American Pomolo-
gical Society was read by the Secretary:

“Mr. Enos B. Engle, Waynesboro, Pa.:

“My Dear Sir: Let me offer you, and through you, the members of
the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, greeting on behalf of the
Executive of the American Pomological Society. Let me wish you,
also, a successful and profitable meeting. Let me also ask you to
draw the attention of the members of the Pennsylvania Horticul-
tural Society to some of the purposes and functions of the American
Pomological Society. It stands for the improvement of horticul-
tural practice; for the classifying of the principles. underlying the
practice; for the development of systematic pomology, which in-
cludes descriptions and nomenclature; and, finally, for the eleva-
tion of horticultural ideals.

“All these features are combined in the report of the proceedings
of the meeting of the Society recently held in Boston and now in
press. Yhe code of nomenclature adopted by the Society will un-
doubtedly be accepted as the authority on such matters by the fruit
growers of the United States and Canada. For these and many
other reasons, the report is unusually valuable. <A larger edition
than usual is being printed to meet the expected demand. Should
members of your Society wish to secure the report and at the same
time membership in the international society, they can do so by re-
mitting the biennial membership fee of two dollars ($2) to the treas-
urer, Professor L. R. Taft, Agricultural College P. O., Mich., or to
the undersigned.

“Thanking you for your consideration in bringing this matter be-
fore your members, and hoping that your conference will amply
realize the ideals of Pennsylvania horticultural councils, believe me

“Yours faithfully,
“JOHN CRAIG.”
“Ithaca, N. Y., January 13, 1904.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 763

The PRESIDENT: Next in order is the report of the General Fruit
Committee, but in the absence of the chairman, Prof. Watts, we will
be obliged to postpone this paper to a future session. Mr. Cooper,
who is on the program for to-morrow morning, has consented to take
the place assigned to Prof. Watts, and will now give us his “Reminis-
censes of Fifty Years Among Fruit Trees.”

REMINISCENCES OF FIFTY YEARS AMONG FRUIT TREES.

BY CALVIN COOPER, Bird-in-Hand, Pua.

I had hoped that after passing my seventieth birthday I might be
excused from the work assigned me, but having been granted the
privilege of choosing my own subject, I have considerable latitude in
addressing you.

I have been interested in fruit and fruit culture since I was five
years of age, and I sometimes think we do not know much more
than we did 50 years ago. There have, hewever, been great ad-
vances in the increased number of varieties of fruit. Then, it was
not necessary to spray and wage a continual warfare against insects
and diseases as is the case now. The leading varieties of apples
were Smokehouse, Rambo, Early Harvest, Sweet Bough, Red Streak,
Green Pippin and Pennock. Of pears, there were but three or four
varieties before 1840. Peaches were nearly all seedlings, some, of
course, were of good quality. Of grapes, the only varieties known
in my youthful days were Isabella and Catawba, and the wild Fox
grape, and about 1855 the Concord was introduced, and for quality
and an all-purpose grape, it has, in my opinion, never been surpassed.

In recent years sprayers have come into use and my first exper-
ience with them convinced me of their value. 1 had two Rambo
trees, one of which I sprayed with Bordeaux mixture, and to my
surprise, instead of falling off, the fruit on the sprayed tree re-
mained until most of the other winter apples were ready to pick.
They hung like Winesaps, and held their foliage until late in the
fall. Since then I have sprayed regularly until last year, when for
want of help I did not get a tree sprayed, and yet I had the finest
apples I ever grew. We knew nothing of the peach borer until
about 1860, since when it has caused considerable trouble. I have,
in a measure, kept them in check by placing ashes around the trees
until about five years old, after which they will resist their attacks.

764 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Dec.

PROF. SURFACE: Last fail I heard of another remedy for borers.
I have seen it tried and can vouch for its efficacy. The formula is
as follows: One pound of concentrated lye dissolved in 20 gallons
boiling water. Make a funnel-shaped receptacle at base of tree, and
pour therein 1 quart of the mixture while hot. Care must be taken
not to injure the roots or bark of tree when removing the soil.
This remedy is used only for the peach borer, as the apple and pear
borer are quite distinct and usually enter the bark of the tree
higher up.

A method of treating apple trees to protect them from the attack
of borers and vermin has recently been published by Prof. W. B.
Alwood, of the Virginia. Agricultural Experiment Station, and is
vouched for by him. It consists of painting the trunks of the trees
with a mixture of pure linseed oil and white lead. He has tried this
on thousands of trees and has not injured a tree, and has kept them
practically free from borers.

MR. CREASY: Has not the time of year when application of the
hot lye is made, something to do with it? I think borers are more
difficult to reach at some seasons than others?

PROF. SURFACE: The application I have referred to was made
about September ist. I consider the best time from the middle to
the latter part of summer.

The following address was delivered:

RECENT HORTICULTURAL INTRODUCTIONS OF MERIT.
By PROF. H. E. VANDEMAN, Fx-Pomologist, U. S. Department of Agricultwre.

Many varieties of fruits in the United States have been known for
years in some localities, while in a general way they are new.
There are many varieties of this kind, and as the apple is by com-
mon consent the most useful of our American fruits, it will have first
attention.

Some of our new apples are the product of seeds that have been
planted by design and are the result of hybridizing or cross-fertili-
zation. Some are only chance seedings that have been found in the
edge of the forest or in a fence corner. Among those of this char-
acter, one that is much talked about and worthy of trial, is “Stay-
man,” introduced by Dr. J. Stayman, of Leavenworth, Kansas, and
is the most valuable of his seedlings. It is about same character
and shape as Winesap, though not quite so highly colored.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 765

In quality it is the equal of its parent and will keep until spring
in this latitude. The tree exceeds the old Winesap in vigor, is round-
headed and upright in growth, and is better in its root system. I
would say, grow Stayman instead of Winesap for trial at least.
Another variety, comparatively new, is from the State of Arkansas.
1 have been in the vicinity of where it originated, but have not seen
the original tree. It is named the “Senator” or “Oliver.” It is
good size, even and uniform in shape, and well worthy a trial in this
State. “Clayton” is an old apple, but little known, which originated
near Clayton, Indiana. It is of good quality, red-striped, but not
brilliant, somewhat similar to Rome Beauty in shape and one of the
best keepers.

“Sol. Edwards” originated in Kansas from seeds brought from
New York in 1850 to 1855. It is a red apple, very handsome and of
excellent quality. Its flesh is deep yellow, but how long it will keep
here I cannot say. It is an apple that deserves attention and can
be procured from B. F. Pancoast, Iola, Kansas.

“Palouse,” a seedling which originated in Paiouse, Washington,
bears heavily, is a fruit of excellent quality and of handsome ap-
pearance. It has been tested in Maryland and is much liked there.
A good keeper in the West and here also far as tried.

“Virginia Beauty,” from Virginia, is a large red apple of good
quality, and is coming into prominence as a market apple. It isa
good bearer and makes a good, healthy tree.

“Bonum,” is an old apple, but has not been generally planted. It
is a red apple of medium size, and a good shipper. It is one of the
most prolific and regular bearers in Virginia.

“Poor House,” from Tennessee or Georgia, is a medium sized yel-
low apple, of excellent quality, somewhat like Grime’s Golden, and
well worthy of trial.

“Red Cathorde,” from Canada, is one of the most brilliant ved
apples I have ever seen. It is medium size, of excellent quality and
a good bearer.

“Delicious,” origin, Iowa. Size medium, in shape somewhat an-
gular or ribbed. Skin, yellew with light red stripes. In quality, it
is equal to anything I have ever eaten. It is a good orchard fruit,
bears well and is worthy of trial in an amateur way.

MR. HERR: What about “Black Ben Davis?”

PROF. VAN DEMAN: I consider the Ben Davis type of apple
almost a curse to the apple business. A red-hot discussion is now
going on as to whether “Black Ben Davis” and “Gano” are identical,
and each side of the controversy has, strong advocates. I have
studied the two varieties very closely and critically, and in my opin-
ion they are not identical. I think “Black Ben Davis” is more bril-

766 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

liant in ¢olor than Gano, and if I wanted to plant apples of that type,
I would prefer it to Gano. The two varieties, however, have been
badly mixed by nurserymen, and it is very difficult to get scions that
are distinct.

PEARS.

Of pears, there are not many-new varieties. ‘“Rossney,” which
originated in Utah, is large and similar to Kieffer in shape, but no
kin to that variety. It is yellowish green, with red blush, ripening
about with Kieffer, or later than Bartlett.

“Philopena” originated in Putnam county, Indiana, with Reuben
Ragan, a pioneer fruit grower of the Mississippi Valley. It isa
pear, of medium size, tender, melting, juicy and of good quality. It
is well worthy of trial.

PEACHES.

Of new peaches, “Belle of Georgia” is a recent introduction from
Marshallville, Georgia, from the same lot of seed that produced
Elberta. It is a distinct free-stone, creamy white, tinted with red,
a little earlier than Elberta. It is better in quality than Champion
and less liable to rot. It does well in Connecticut and in the Pen-
insula and is one of the coming peaches.

“Hiley” is another Georgia seedling, ripening just before Mt.
Rose. It is a distinct free-stone, creamy white, good color and of
handsome appearance. It is considered one of the best of the new
varieties.

“Sunrise” is a chance seedling from West Virginia. It is a cling,
of the type of Heath Cling, of which it is a seedling. It has con-
siderable color and is quite late.

PLUMS.

Those who want a hardy type of plums from the Northwestern
states should plant some of the Prunus Americana seedlings. “Brit-
tlewood” is about the best of that type and is a seedling by Theo-
dore Williams, of Iowa. it was introduced in the East by J. W. Kerr,
Denton, Md. For that type it is a large plum, one and one-fourth to
one and one-half inches in diameter, and free from the bitterness of
skin so common in native plums. When fully ripe it is sweet, melt-
ing and good, not much subject to curculio.

“Wyant” is another of the same type of plums, not quite so large
as the-first named, round, very rich, and red in color.

“Stoddard” is also of same type, not so large as those already
named, very productive and a good grower. Of the European type,
one introduced by Mr. Burbank, of California, is the “Miracle.” This
is strictly a novelty, being stoneless. There is nothing of Prunus
Sirnoni in its pedigree.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 767

“Thanksgiving” belongs to the “Prune” class of plums so popular
wherever known. It originated in Western New York and is being
largely planted in that section. It is mealy and of good quality and
not much affected by curculio. It is not liable to rot, and I have seen
them after Thanksgiving.

CHERRIES.

“Yan” is a variety of the “Heart” type which originated in Oregon.
It is a large, sweet cherry, black when fully ripe, and bears heavy
crops. It is a good shipper and comes East in fine condition. It is
one of the best varieties on the Pacific Coast, but has not yet been
tested in the eastern part of the United States.

“Bing” is a Jarge, late black sweet cherry from the same place, a
good shipper, and trees are productive, thrifty and vigorous.

“Lambert” is also from Oregon, and is the largest cherry that
grows. I have myseif measured specimens one and one-fourth
inches in diameter. It is very late, dark red, solid and, among sweet
cherries, one of the good ones.

GRAPES.

Among the grapes of recent introduction is “McPike” which ori-
ginated in Alton, Illinois. It is a black grape of large cluster and
berry, and very good quality, by some, considered superior to Con-
cord. The vine is strong and thrifty, and well worthy of trial.

“Charlton” is a comparatively new variety of grape originateé by
John Charlton, Rochester, N. Y. It is about the color of Catawba,
and I have never tasted its equal in the Eastern United States. It
has vinefera blood, and as a table grape is par excellence. The
berry is about as large as Concord, and in health and vigor the vine
is claimed to be all right. I first saw it in 1897 at Madison Square
Garden in New York City. How it will do throughout the country
at large I cannot say.

BLACKBERRIES.

Of the newer blackberries, “Mersereau” and “Rathbun” are worthy
of trial. The former is similar to Lawton and Kittatinny, while
“Rathbun” is one of the low growing type, about half trailer, It
is similar to Wilson’s Early, but not so tender and a little later.

CURRANTS.

Of newer currants, “Chautauqua” is worthy of trial. It originated
with Mr. Fay, in Chautauqua county, New York. The bush is thrifty
and peculiar in its habit of growth. It is sometimes called the
“Climbing Currant,” and I have seen plants as high as the ceiling.
Its season is long, extending weeks after other varieties are gone.

768 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

“White Imperial” is a splendid white variety. While not in de-
mand for market, white currants are superior to red varieties for
table use.

STRAWBERRIES.

Of recent strawberry introductions, “Cardinal” and “Ryckman”
deserve attention. ‘Cardinal’ is a berry of good size and color, and
a good shipper. It is somewhat similar to Gandy. “Ryckman” is
a very excellent berry of brilliant color and delicious flavor. While
not soft, it is not as firm as Gandy. ;

DR. FUNK: In reference to “Senator” apple referred to by Mr.
Van Deman, would say, in my experience, it is subject to stem blight,
probably 5 per cent. being subject to that trouble. As to “Black
Ben Davis,” I have tested it, and consider it identical with Gano.
I do not think that we have any apple that will yieid the amount of
fruit that “Stayman” does.

The PRESIDENT: I can confirm what has just been said about
the “Stayman.” Have fruited it 4 years in Monroe county, and it has
produced more apples than any other variety.

Adjourned.

EVENING SESSION.

Before taking up the work of the evening program the follow-
ing committees were announced by the Chair:

Auditing Committee: J. G. Engle, John F. Boyer, J. W. Root.

Nomenclature and Exhibits: D. M. Wertz, D. D. Herr, W. P. Bol-
ton.

Legislation and Allied Associations: Gabriel Hiester, Ear] Peters,
W. F. McSparran, Hon. W. T. Creasy, Enos B. Engle, Howard A.
Chase, ex-officio. y

Delegates to State Board of Agriculture: Hon. W. T. Crea#7, Dr.
J. H. Funk, Earl Peters, D. C. Rupp, E. B. Engle.

Deceased Members: Gabriel Hiester, Prof. Geo. C. Butz, J. W.
Pyle.

Final Resolutions: Ear] Peters, S. Morris Jones, J. i. Rife.

In the absence of Hon. Wm. H. Brosius, who was expected to de-
liver an address of welcome, that pleasant function was performed
by Mr. W. F. McSparran, who cordially welcomed the members to
the city and county of Lancaster, which would be found a good place
to come to, and a good place to stay. He stated that in our agricul-

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 769

tural and horticultural operations, we need all the information and
talent that may come, and we know we will all be benefited by your
presence. It is always possible to get the advice and practical in-
formation that we hope to glean from your personal association with
us, and we again bid you a hearty welcome.

In behalf of the Association, the President extended thanks for
the hearty welcome tendered. He said: We come among you not as
teachers, but as students, and before our final adjournment, we hope
to learn much from your store of practical knowledge.

We have with us this evening Mr. Cyrus T. Fox, of Reading, who
has charge of Pennsylvania’s Horticultural Exhibit at St. Louis Ex-
position. He will tell us something of the work in which he is en-
gaged.

ADDRESS OF MR. FOX.

Mr. President and Members of the State Horticultural Association
of Pennsylvania: I am not in condition to talk much this evening,
but will try in a few words to tell you what Pennsylvania wants to
do for horticulture at St. Louis.

During the few weeks since I have been appointed to take charge
of this work, I have sent requests to fruit growers, horticulturists
and friends throughout the State, and notwithstanding the delay
in starting this work, the indications are that we will have a good
display. It is our purpose to have a continuous display during the
six months of the Exposition, and will have, not only fruits, but
vegetables and flowers. There will be a display of winter fruit of
1903 crop at the opening, to be followed in May, June and July by
berries, cherries and such summer fruits as are in season. Later,
peaches, pears and apples will be placed on exhibit until the close.
We expect also to make a display of root crops.

The Horticultural Building will cover 6 acres of ground and there
will be a total of 67 acres devoted to plants, trees and shrubbery. It
is hoped that nurserymen will assist, and that owners of private col-
lections will make contributions, and that Pennsylvania will have
occasion to be proud of her exhibit.

I cannot close without expressing my pleasure in coming back to
Lancaster county to meet the members of this Association. Here, in
former years, I met with Mr. Rathvon, Mr. Stauffer, Mr. Hiller, Mr.
Engle and other former members who did so much to build up our
local Horticultural Society in this county. In conclusion, I ask your
hearty co-operation in the work of making a large and creditable
exhibit at St. Louis.

49—6—1903

770 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

The President stated that the next topic on the program is one
of the most important that has ever confronted the fruit growers of
the State, and one in which every farmer and fruit grower has a
deep personal interest. We have with us Prof. H. A. Surface, of
Harrisburg, the Economic Zoologist of the State, who will address
you.

WHAT LEGISLATION FOR SAN JOSE SCALE?

By PROF. H. A. SURFAC®D, Economic Zoologist, Harrisburg, Pa.

1 admit the great importance of the subject as just indicated by
our President, and the responsibility resting upon me in opening
this discussion. I have never appeared before an audience when
I felt so much at a loss as to the proper course to suggest.

It seems to me we are not so much in need of remedies as legisla-
tion, and I trust this discussion will bring out some hints as to what
legislation is necessary and how it can best be secured.

I am here in Lancaster county because sometime ago I -had an
engagement to spray some trees for one of your citizens who had
invited his friends to be present and see a public demonstration of
the work, and which engagement I was very reluctantly compelled
to cancel. I then promised the citizens of this vicinity special aid
in suppressing the San José Scale as soon as possible. I am here,
too, because as horticulturists and fruit growers we are “up against”
the most serious and destructive pest we have ever known. I have
with me some reports and papers from other states, and from Can-
ada, showing how very destructive San José Scale is and how diffi-
cult, even with the greatest care and best cultivation, it will prove
to save our trees and orchards from destruction. From Tennessee
we have a statement that unless some relief be found, fruit interests
will be seriously handicapped; and we have similar reports from
more than half the states in the Union. Few fruit growers seem to
realize its serious import, and consequently are giving it little at-
tention.

One reason this pest is so destructive is, that it is so small that its
presence is not noted until serious injury has been done, and its
effects are not noticed until too late to apply successful remedies.
It has few natural enemies. Another, is, that it multiplies with as-
tounding rapidity, a single pair being able to produce over three
billions of descendants in a season. The few natural enemies that

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 771

have been found thus far have not been able to keep it in check.
The Chinese lady bugs have been imported, but with them have come
parasites for their own destruction, offering but little hope for re-
lief from that source.

Another reason why it is so difficult to control, is because it can-
not be destroyed by ordinary insecticides. It is a suctorial insect,
and Paris green or Bordeaux mixture have no effect whatever. It
not only sucks the sap from the tree, but injects a poisonous liquid
into the living tissue that probably does more damage than loss of
sap. The scale attacks nearly all kinds of fruit trees and many
kinds of shade and forest trees, and will kill a tree in from two to
five years. It revels in the milky juice of the osage orange, and
premises in proximity to osage hedges are in constant danger of in-
festation.

I am often asked how San José Scale is disseminated or carried
from place to place? When in its young or free-moving stage it
is readily carried by other insects, by birds, cats, squirrels, wind,
by horses, and the clothing of workmen. It is not carried on fruit
in shipment from place to place or to foreign countries, and laws
prohibiting the importation of our fruits into foreign countries on
account of San José Scale are unjust and based upon ignorance of
biological facts. |

As to remedies, the lime, salt and suiphur wash has proven safest
and most satisfactory. It is cheap and will not only destroy San
José Scale if properly prepared and applied, but is an excellent fun-
gicide as well. The caustic soda and water application which has
recently been recommended, must be abandoned. If strong enough
to kill scale it will also injure the trees. Now, the question is what
are we going to do? I have been trying to decide, after having cor-
responded with many of our citizens upon this subject and having
studied their replies, my conclusion is that orchard inspection should
be under the supervision of State officials, and that they should de-
cide what shall be done. No infested trees should be permitted to
stand without treatment. The next legislature should make an ap-
propriation to defray the expense of such inspection, and enact a
law providing for the examination of private orchards and prem-
ises, and when deemed necessary, authority should be given to order
infested trees destroyed, with or without compensation, as the law
may provide. It might be said, I have drawn a very gloomy picture
of the future for the fruit grower. In a measure that is true, but
withal there is still a promising outlook for profit and success in
that line. The business will be more expensive and will entail more
labor and trouble, and very close attention; but the prospect for a

772 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

profitable market will be correspondingly bright. The careless and
indifferent persons who will not spray, or endeavor to keep the
scale in check, will be driven out of business, while the enterprising
erchard owner who sprays and adopts modern methods of control-
ling insect pests and fungous diseases, will reap, proportionately,
greater returns. If trees are properly sprayed, one application will
be effective for three years.

To nurserymen this is a question of great importance. Is it just
or right that when one infested tree is found in their nurseries they
must erect a fumigating house and fumigate their trees before sale
er shipment, and their neighbor, who has San José Scale on adjoin-
ing premises, and whose trees are a constant source of infestation
to the entire community, should not be compelled to remove them?
{ think we must admit that this condition of affairs is wrong, and
that some legislation is needed to correct it.

To the man living in a city or village, and who has but a few trees,
the question of destroying or controlling the San José Scale is a diffi-
cult problem. ‘Aside from the fact that his trees are in constant
danger of infestation and re-infestation from the premises of care-
less neighbors, the expense of a spraying outfit, and the time and
trouble necessary to give his trees proper attention, are questions
that are likely to be entirely neglected. It is tedious work to pre-
pare the lime, sulphur and salt mixture properly, and its applica-
tion is a most unpleasant duty. Some one in every community
should own a spraying outfit, and be prepared to treat orchards and
private premises, at so much per diem or per tree, whenever wanted.
Many would patronize and pay liberally for such service rather than
undertake it themselves. The probable effect of the matter may be
to make fruit culture a profession separate from farming. The
legislature should be asked for a large appropriation to fight the
pest, and no one should be discouraged, but simply determined to
fight on until the battle is won.

The present darkness is but to be compared with that “darkest
hour” which precedes the dawn, and the brighter day for the Penn-
sylvania fruit grower is already breaking.

As Moses had to traverse the Valley of Moab before he could enjoy
the heights of Pisgah, so may we feel that we have fairly crossed
our valley of despondency and are now prepared, by the aid of the
scientists and modern methods, to mount the promised land of suc-
cess.

MR. HIESTER: I feel that [am less qualified to speak on this sub-
ject than Prof. Surface. I think all orchards ought to be inspected;
_but the question is where to get competent inspectors? We havea
“vellows” law, but there seems to be no disposition to enforce it. The

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 173

selection of inspectors is made the duty of the supervision of the
district, and in many districts it seems customary to elect as super-
visor, the most ignorant man that can be found. Before we can
properly enforce a law of this kind we must educate men to become
competent inspectors.

DR. FUNK. Whatever is done in this matter should be done
promptly, and a law of this kind may not become operative before
two years. In the meantime the scale will be actively at work, and
many trees will be killed. During the past year I had young apple
trees that made a growth of over 2 feet and matured as fine fruit as
Iever saw. Now on some of the trees the branches have been nearly
killed by scale. In my travels through the State in Farmers’ Insti-
tute work I have found it in many sections where its presence was un-
suspected, in fact it is present in every section of the State, and in
localities claimed to be entirely free. Yet, as stated by Prof. Sur-
face, we should not fee! discouraged because I know it can be kept
in subjection.

MR. CREASY: I think the “yellows” law had a good effect where-
ever enforced, as it has been the means of clearing out many dis-
eased orchards and trees. While we should have a law for the sup-
pression of San José Scale, we should also endeavor to educate the
people in the work of fighting it.

MR. MOON: I heartily endorse Mr. Creasy’s views on this subject.
It is better to educate fruit growers and nurserymen to the work of
extermination than to depend upon the State to do it. About the
only thing in horticulture that supervisors and county officials have
ever learned, is “graft.”

DR. FUNK: I don’t think the method that has been suggested for
one individual to spray a number of orchards in any neighborhood
would be practical. It is a work that must be done promptly and
thoroughly at the proper season, and that time is usually short,
and the demand so great that it would not be feasible.

MR. MOON: How early do you begin spraying?

DR. FUNK: In fall soon as leaves drop, and in spring as early as
1 can get upon the ground.

MR. PETERS: This looks to me like a serious problem, and [ think
we should endeavor to have laws passed to assist us in the work.
1 think it would be possible to have -inspectors appointed who are
competent to examine and condemn, and who would require infested

trees to be taken out.

MR. WERTZ: There is an old saying that two things are certain,

774 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

“Death and Taxes.” I think we may now safely add San José Scale
as the third. While we are talking, the scale is at work, and if we
wish to make any headway in controlling it, we too must work. It
is a condition almost as dangerous as smallpox, and it should be
visited and condemned by the proper official and promptly treated
or destroyed. The law should be strict and severe. It strikes me
as an exceedingly important question, and whatever is to be done,
should be done promptly and by some State official. It has about,
been decided that the best remedy is lime, salt and sulphur, and
there are several questions in relation to this treatment in which
I am specially interested, as no doubt many others presert are.
The best method of preparing the spraying material, the most sat-
isfactory pump, and what number of trees will justify a power pump;
also what is the best motor or power for a spraying outfit. All
these are important questions which could be discussed with profit.

MR. CHASE: I am hardly prepared to express an opinion as to
what should be done, but I think the laws should be enforced by the
highest police powers of the State.

MR. HIESTER: Dr. Armsby has just suggested that the careless
man who has infested trees might be proceeded against as a nul-
sance. I think the best way to get this matter in practical shape is
to refer it to a committee with power to report at a subsequent ses-
sion, and I move that the Chair be authorized to appoint a commit-
tee of five for that purpose.

The motion was adopted.

DR. ARMSBY: I have listened with much interest to this discus-
sion. The great difficulty seems to be the almost omnivorous habits
of this insect. It is hardly possible to exterminate it and we must
fight it. i take it that the nurseryman and enterprising fruit grower
is willing to fight it, but wants to be protected from his neighbor
who will not do so. Might he not be punishable under the general
law as a nuisance.

The Chair appointed the following committee as provided in the
above resolution:

Messrs. Creasy, Moon, Peters, Armsby and Surface.
Adjourned.

Wednesday Morning, January 20, 1904.

President Chase called the meeting to order at 9.30 and stated that
the report of the General Fruit Committee would be first in order.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 775

REPORT OF THE GENERAL FRUIT COMMITTEE.

By PROF. R. L WArTtTs, Chairman, Scalp Level, Pa.

The following report has been compiled from notes received from
nearly every county in the State.

APPLES.

The apple is the most important fruit grown in Pennsylvania. It
is the most highly valued for home consumption and is generally the
most profitable for commercial purposes. This fruit is grown on
almost every farm. It attains a higher state of perfection in some
counties than others, but with good care and a judicious selection of
varieties, good apples are produced in every county.

The apple crop in 1903 was much larger than the preceding year;
but when the entire State is taken into account there was only a fair
yield the past season. <A good or very good crop is reported by 2
correspondents. Twenty-eight growers report a fair or medium
crop, while 15 write that the yield was poor. The crop seemed to be
heaviest in the southeastern portion of the State. The York county
crop was very heavy. ‘Adams, Montgomery, Lancaster, Lebanon,
Dauphin and Franklin counties report full crops. The yield was
generally light in the central and western counties. Failures are
attributed to various causes. Unfavorable seasonal conditions have
received most of the blame. The spring was late, cold and wet,
preventing the proper setting of fruit. Late spring frosts destroyed
the blossoms in many orchards. The want of tillage, farming, fer-
tilizing and spraying were potent factors in the failure of hundreds
of orchards.

The quality of the 1903 crop was generally good. Twenty-eight
correspondents report that the crop was good or excellent in quality.
Twenty-two state that the quality was fair or medium and only two
report poor quality. The absence of injurious insects, particularly
the codling moth, was noticable in many orchards, and this was at-
tributed by some to the cold, wet weather that prevailed during and
immediately following the blossoming period.

The reports on varieties are interesting, although no startling
facts are revealed on this important phase of apple culture. The
old tested varieties are still in the lead and there is little danger of

776 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

the newer sorts superseding them in the near future. Although
there are several very promising, but comparatively new or little
known, apples now offered by nurserymen, it will require years of
testing to establish sufficient confidence for these sorts to be largely
planted. The establishment of an orchard requires time and money
and growers are becoming more and more reluctant about planting
new varieties until their real merit is fully determined. The Bald-
win is reported by 38 growers as one of the best varieties. York
Imperial is favorably mentioned 31 times, Northern Spy 18, Smith’s
Cide 17, Ben Davis 15, Fallawater 7, Grime’s Golden 6, Smokehouse
5. The York Imperial is planted most largely in commercial or-
chards, particularly in the southeastern countries.

PEARS.

The 1903 pear crop was unsatisfactory. Thirty-one correspon-
dents report a light yield, eleven a medium crop, and only four a
good crop. The quality was generally fair or medium, although
quite a number report good quality. The late yield was generally
caused by late spring frosts.

There is great difference of opinion regarding different varieties.
Bartlett receives favorable mention 48 times, Kieffer 34, Seckel 19,
Clapp’s Favorite 15, Duchess 6. If the blight could be fully con-
trolled the Bartlett would occupy a much more prominent place in
pear culture. Kieffer has been most largely planted for commercial
purposes, but its inferior quality is a serious objection. Pears are
not grown as extensively as they should be, either for home use or
for market. The great barrier to increased planting is the blight.
But it is encouraging to note that its ravages the past few years
have not been so serious as formerly. Many growers call attention
to this fact, although a number of orchardists complain bitterly of
this disease.

PEACHES.

The peach crop the past season was a disappointment. Sixty-six
correspondents report on the yield. Eighteen report a total failure,
38 a light crop, 7 a medium crop and only 5 a good crop. Winter
freezes and late spring frosts were the most potent factors in caus-
ing failure. Scale insects, borers and diseases are mentioned as
having an influence on the small yield. The use of the knife and
wire. are universally recommended to control the borers. Trees
should be examined in May, and again in September or October.
Mounding about the tree with ashes or soil is an excellent preven-
tive measure practiced by some growers., No definite conclusions
can be drawn from the reports regarding the yellows. <A few coun-
ties are probably free from the disease. Ten correspondents state
that the disease is on the decrease, while 11 say it is increasing.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 177

As to best varieties, Crawford’s Late is named by 20 growers, 15
erowers report Elberta, 13 Old Nixon, 10 Mountain Rose, 9 Smock, 6
Fox’s Seedling. A large number of varieties receive favorable men-
tion from 1 to 3 times. Every farmer should plant a few peach trees
to supply or partly supply the demands of his family. But for
commercial purposes extensive planting should be limited to dis-
tricts having the most favorable soil and climatic conditions. Thou-
sands of peach trees are planted in this State from which no profit
is derived, when a series of years are taken into account.

PLUMS.

The 1903 plum crop was not a universal success, although many
growers had fine crops. Thirteen correspondents report a very good
yield, 10 a medium crop, 21 a light crop and 10 no fruit. Some grow-
ers report that the crop was very large. Failures were due to late
spring frosts, wet weather during the blooming period, black knot,
curculio and rotting of the fruit.

The Japan class is very much the most popular for extensive plant-
ing. The trees come into bearing early and are very productive.
Burbank and Abundance are the leading varieties, although the
Japan plums are receiving marked attention. The value of the do-
mestica class is not discontinued. The large luscious fruit of the Do-
mestica, as the German Prune, find ready sale at remunerative prices,
and the trees are longer lived than the Japan sorts. Some growers
are abandoning the culture of Japan plums and planting largely of
the Domestica type and also the Wild Goose.

Abundance is favorably mentioned 18 times, Burbank 14, Lom-
bard 18, German Prune 7, Bradshaw 7, Green Gage 7, Damson 6, Wil-
son 6 and Red June 4.

The knife is the only effective means to control black knot, but it
should be used more frequently and thoroughly than is the practice
in many orchards. The rot may be and is controlled by some by
spraying, while jarring seems to be the usual method to check the
ravages of the curculio.

QUINCES.

Very few commercial orchardists are giving the quince any atten.
tion. A limited market for this fruit, a narrow range of soils
adapted to its culture, and the serious depredations of various in-
sects and diseases account for its unpopularity. Borers, blight,
codling moth, curculio and blight are the most prevalent and de-
structive pests. Twenty-one correspondents report that it is sue-
cessfully grown in their counties, mainly for home use.

-~]

78 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

CHERRIES.

Forty-three correspondents report a successful crop. The Feb-
ruary freeze and late spring frosts reduced the yield, but very few
report a total failure. Reports show that it is not planted exten-
sively for market. With the proper selection of varieties, cherries
are, undoubtedly, profitable in many localities and there are evidences
of increased interest in this delicious fruit. The depredations of
insects and diseases can be controlled. Some complain of the birds
getting a large percentage of the crop. We can do nothing better
than repeat the good advice of the former chairman of this committee,
Mr. Snavely, namely, to protect the birds and produce enough cher-
ries to satisfy the owner as well as the birds.

The sour varieties are the most generally successful. The Early
Richmonds heads the list, being favorably mentioned by 23 corres-
pondents. Ten growers report Montmorency as an excellent sour
cherry. Black Tartarian is the most popular sweet cherry, being
mentioned 19 times. Governor Wood is also a favorite. Napoleon,
May Duke and Windsor are named as excellent varieties by a num-
ber of correspondents.

GRAPES.

The past season was unfavorable to the development of grapes.
Late spring frosts, early fall frosts and cold wet weather at various
periods reduced the yield. Notwithstanding these facts many cor-
respondents report satisfactory crops. Erie county and the Chau-
tauqua belt produced large crops. Many growers complain of the
rot and mildew.

Concord is grown more largely than ail other varieties combined;
practically every correspondent gives it favorable mention. For
certain profits it easily takes first place. Niagara is mentioned 25
times, Worden 18, Moore’s Early 13 and no other variety is favorably
mentioned more than 4 times.

SMALL FRUITS.

Reports show that the culture of small fruits is only slightly on
the increase. Yhey may be grown with entire success in every
county, but notwithstanding this fact, hundred of farmers do not
‘ produce enough to supply the home table. The small fruits are
not appreciated as they should be and greater efforts should be made
to extend their culture.

More than 30 varieties of strawberries are mentioned as succeed-
ing well. Sharpless is named the most frequently, followed by Bu-
bach, Clyde, Cumberland, Wm. Belt, Gandy, Sample, Nick Ohmer,
Bismarck and ‘Tennessee.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 179

Grege heads the list of black cap raspberries. It is mentioned by
28 correspondents. Kansas is second in popularity, although only 8
correspondents mention it. Cuthbert is the leading red raspberry.

Snyder is far the most and profitable blackberry. Kittatinny
takes second place. Erie, Wilson, Taylor and Ancient Briton are
also favorite varieties. Currants and gooseberries are little grown
for market.

VEGETABLES.

The past season was not favorable for the production of vegeta-
bles. Late frosts, early drouth, followed by very cold, wet weather,
reduced the yield. Nearly all the reports concerning the profits of
market gardening are favorable and some are very enthusiastic.
There are many towns in the State, however, where only a small per-
centage of the produce consumed is supplied by local growers.

ORNAMENTALS.

It is a pleasure to note that nearly all the correspondents report
a decided increase in the planting of ornamentals. This is partic-
ularly true in and about the towns and cities.

NATURE STUDY.

Twenty-five correspondents report that Nature Study is receiving
attention in the public schools and an equal number report that it
receives no attention. By referring to former reports of this com-
mittee, there is reason to believe that this branch of study is receiv-
ing increased attention.

SPRAYING.

Reports show that spraying is not generally practiced. Most of
the large growers find spraying absolutely necessary to protect both
tree and fruit from the ravages of insects and diseases, but those
growing fruit for home use and some for market give the subject
very little attention.

SAN JOSE SCALE.

Thirty-five correspondents report that this scale insect is known
to be present in their counties and it is possible that there are but
few counties in the State where the insect is not at work. Com-
paratively few people are able to detect its presence, for they have
no knowledge as to the appearance of the scale. Many growers com-
plain of its serious ravages. Entire blocks or even orchards have
been destroyed by this pest or by the owner to get rid of the scale.
One firm in Berks county has lost 5,000 trees through the ravages
of the San José Scale.

780 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

In practically every instance the scale is brought into the commu-
nity on infested nursery stock and when introduced, it is spread by
winds, birds, insects and workmen.

Extensive growers are falling into line very rapidly to stop the
onward march of the San José Scale. Small growers, however, do
not, as a rule, have sufficient interest in the warfare to even examine
the trees for this enemy. This is one of the most discouraging
features in a general movement to combat the San José Scale. The
sulphur, lime and salt treatment is used most frequently, and when
properly prepared and applied it has been found very successful.

FEEDING.

The feeding of fruit trees is receiving more attention. Growers
realize as never before that trees demand skillful feeding to secure
the best results. The supply of humus as well as the various ele-
ments of fertility must be maintained.

TILLAGE.

Village is generally practiced by commercial growers and is ree-
ognized by many to be necessary in the production of choice fruit.
Mulching is practiced by a few and it is especially practicable on
rough, hilly or stony land.

NOTES FROM CORRESPONDENTS.

The following notes are condensed from a few letters received
from fruit growers in different parts of the State.

J. Q. ATKINSON, Three Tuns, Montgomery Co.: “We fear the
Japan plums are too tender and delicate for our county. Bartlett
pears still hold their own in this county as market fruit. Kieffers
lost their leaves early and pears were consequently worthless. As-
paragus came through the summer without rust and bids fair to
regain its lost vigor. All of our peach trees will be destroyed in the
near future unless the San José Scale can be controlled, which is
hardly possible.”

GABRIEL HIESTER, Harrisburg, Dauphin Co.,: “This has been a
very trying season in many ways. First, came two late frosts, the
last about the first of May, that killed all the peach buds, many of
the pears and nearly all the cherry buds. This was succeeded by
an exceedingly dry spell, then came rain just when the sprayer

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 781

should have been at work and the material was washed off as fast
as we could put it on. Between showers the sun came out hot mak-
ing conditions ideal for the growth of fungi. Weeds grew so rapidly
on cultivated ground that we were obliged to let the spraying go
and fight weeds or they would have smothered everything. In spite
of all this and the unusual scarcity of help, we were able to keep our
grapes free from rot and mildew, but considerable leaf blight made
its appearance on the apples and pears, and we had more cloudy
fruit than usual. Fall apples colored up nicely and sold well; but
a heavy storm blew off three-fourths of the Baldwins and York Im-
perials about October 13, just as we were getting ready to pick and
store for winter. We gathered up all that did not show injury from
bruising and stored them in cellar from which they were sold a lit-
tle earlier than they otherwise would have been and, consequently
at a lower price. There was also some lost from rot, as many
bruised apples were picked up in spite of all the care that could be
exercised. Scarcity of barrels prevented our reaching some of our
best markets at a time when good prices prevailed. York Imperial
should be marketed now (December 10), but dealers do not want them
while Baldwins are in the market. Our markets are still full of
second-class fruit that has been shipped in bulk and is selling very
low from wagons on the streets which has a depressing effect on the
price of first-class fruit. It is hard to sell a yellow apple at any
price. Even Yellow Belleflowers are a drug. Baldwin, King and
Rambo are the only apples that will command more than one dollar
per bushel at retail at this writing, December 10.

“IT am more than ever impressed with the uncertainty of the fruit
business and with the importance of proper climatic conditions. I
do not mean the above as a complaint, notwithstanding all the draw-
backs mentioned, and the loss of my entire peach crop which should
have amounted to eight thousand baskets at least. I find I shall
come out ‘ahead of the game’ and see no reason for the Pennsylvania
fruit grower to be discouraged.”

L. G. YOUNGS, North East, Erie Co.; “We had a good year except
grapes, this being the lightest crop in twenty years. A severe sleet
storm late in the spring froze three-fourths of the grape buds ané
also destroyed the fruit buds of the currants and gooseberries.
Peaches were good where sprayed early for the curl and those not
sprayed were a failure. Spraying also controlled the plum rot. We
sprayed three times and had something over a thousand bushels.
We use the J. B. Johnson curculio catcher, of Geneva, N. Y. We
have found spraying too uncertain so far to destroy the curculio. I
drafted the black knot law of the State, and we see that it is en-
forced here so that we hav’nt scarcely any trouble with this dis-
ease.”

782 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

AUSTIN WRIGHT, Alum Bank, Bedford Co.: “Bedford county is
in the fruit belt of the State and the yield and quality of the fruit
grown here are as good as in most other sections of the State and
better than in some. There has been quite an unusual interest
manifested in this county in the planting of apple and peach or-
chards for commercial purposes, but as our market facilities are
poor very little attention is given to the cultivation of the small
cut.”

JOSEPH W. THOMAS, King of Prussia, Chester Co.: “The season
has been peculiar and unusual for the growth of vegetable matter.
The month of March came with April or May weather, with a torrid
atmosphere that brought vegetation forward rapidly so that the
pear, peach, apple and plum trees all bloomed together and nearly a
month too early. The consequence was that when late frosts came
many of the blooms were killed. We had no peaches, plums and
cherries, and only a fair crop of pears and apples. In regard to in-
sect nests we feel sure that it has been a good year for their propaga-
tion. We observe in many places a great luxuriance of oyster shell
scales attacking soft maples, Persian lilacs and other plants. This
insect is not confined to any particular section. In some cases we
know of efforts being made to check the ravages of this insect by
spraying with whale oil soap.”

OLIVER D. SCHOCK, Hamburg, Berks Co.: “It was the writer’s
pleasure to judge the fruit display at the famous Inter-State Fair at
Trenton, New Jersey, Lehigh county fair at Allentown, Pa., and the
York county fair at York, Pa., the three largest and finest collections
of fruit in this section of the country in 1903.

“A most gratifying feature of these exhibitions is the fact that the
nomenclature of fruit is becoming better understood, and that ex-
hibitors have a better knowledge as to how to display their products
more intelligently and successfully. The interest manifested ex-
ceeds that of previous years. It is also a notable fact that the num-
ber of those who grow fruit for the market and the profit that can
be derived from that source is constantly increasing. AI] united
in the claim that the markets will always absorb all the first-class
fruit that can be grown, but that buyers will hesitate to buy in-
ferior products even at concessions.

“The amount of money paid out as premiums by these agricultural
societies, as well as many other such organizations throughout Penn-
sylvania, is very large, and the management deserves the thanks of
the public and a still larger share of patronage for what they are ac-
complishing in this beneficent direction.”

H. C. SNAVELY, Cleona, Lebanon Co.: Mr. Snavely, former Chair-
man of the General Fruit Committee, has given so many practical

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 783

points in his letter that it is published in full as follows: “I have
about forty varieties of apples in my best orchard. It is almost cer-
tain that if we want long keepers we must plant the best they have
to the south of us. I find the Langford and Nero, now in full bear-
ing age, profitable varieties. Lawver is a long keeper but not always
prolific. This and Delaware Winter are identical.

“The Clairgeau pear is a profuse bearer and very attractive. It
is not so good as the B. Anjou but bears earlier and sells better.
The Bartlett has not been superseded yet and, if one has cold stor-
age to prolong the season of this fruit, it is the variety to plant.
People know it and want it.

“My peaches were a failure. Frost in spring and low temperature
in February did the damage. There is an orchard of several thou-
sand trees in the northeastern part of the county that bore a full
crop, the only one in the county that I know of which was a success
the past season. It is planted mostly with Elberta, the buds of
which are not very hardy.

“YT never had a larger yield of plums. The Wild Goose solid readily
at ten cents a quart, while prunes later in the season brought only
five and six cents a quart. Wild Goose plum trees are practically
exempt from diseases and insects and the trees bear abundantly, if
the Miner is grafted over a portion of the tree to insure pollination.
The flowers of the Wild Goose are rarely self-fertile. We never
spray the Wild Goose, except for the San José Scale. The Japans
will go by the board whenever the peach suffers. I think all of the
Domestica have hardy buds.

“T am giving less attention to the small fruits now, for several
reasons. The tree fruits require all my time and the southern berries
have demoralized the markets. The Cuthbert raspberry leaves one
a nice profit. My soil is suitable to its culture.

“The early part of the summer was very dry and vegetables fared
badly, but the latter half was wet and later crops succeeded well. I
saw late cabbage heads as big as a half-bushel and solid and heavy.
The potatoes rotted some, but notwithstanding this, the yield was
very good, averaging about 200 bushels per acre. All the potato
vines in this section went down with the blight. Those on low ground
and shallow planted tubers, suffered most from rot. For earty, I
grow Early Fortune, Irish Cobbler and Boston Market. For late,
Carman No. 3 and Rural New Yorker No. 2.

“YT wish I could report an advance in Nature Study taught in the
public schools. Parents and school officers are indifferent about it
and teachers say they have no time, but most of them are not quali-
fied to interest the children.

“As long as spraying was practiced to combat the codling moth
and fungi, the wide-awake fruit growers derived benefits and the in-

784 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

different fellows had their trees even if they had very little good fruit

3ut since the San José Scale has made its appearance the lazy fel-
lows will lose their trees unless they fight. Those of us who combat
the scale must endure this negligence for awhile or until the neg-
lected trees are dead, for the scale is carried considerable distance
by birds and short distances by winds.

“The fruit grower who neglects either fertilizing or cultivating his
orchard takes a big risk. ‘The one who does this work judiciously
can wear a broad smile at harvest time. His bank account grows
and expands.

“The necessity of intelligent work on the farm becomes greater
every year. We have farmers and farmers, but to my mind the man
on the farm is the greatest need of our times. The man on the farm
has a knowledge of the soil. He knows why he tills it. He knows
how to feed it. He knows how to select crops and varieties adapted
to his soil and environment. He studies the markets. In short,
he is a man, a business man.”

DISCUSSION,

A. Member: In destroying trees infested with San José Seale is
it necessary to burn them?

PROF. SURFACE: It is not essential except in cases of diseases
such as blight, yellows and black knot. When trees infested with
scale are cut down the scale will perish when the sap in the tree is
exhausted.

PROF. VAN DEMAN: Are we to understand there is no danger
in infested scions?

PROF. SURFACE: Only on living twigs or other wood that is to
be used for propagation.

DR. FUNK: One week after pruning I find the scale dead on
branches that have been cut off.

MR. CHASE: While this may be true, I would, nevertheless, burn
them up to enforce the idea that the work had been thoroughly done.

A brief discussion followed on the question of best varieties of
therries and blackberries for general planting. Mr. Chase consid-
sred the Montmorency cherry the most desirable and_ profitable.
Would plant in the proportion of 5 Montmorency, 3 English Morello
and 2 KE. Richmond. Mr. Moon and Dr. Funk also spoke favorably of
Montmorency, while Mr. Creasy condemned it, and has cut down his
trees of that variety. He admitted, however, that they may not have
been true to name.

Prof. Watts has found Snyder blackberry most profitable, but
would like to hear of a better variety.

=~
wo
o

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
Mr. Chase considered Snyder and Taylor the best varieties.
Dr. Mayer inquired about Minnewaski.

Prof. Watts stated that with him it is not productive. It is all
right in quality, but does not produce the bushels.

After brief discussion, Harrisburg was selected as the place for
holding next annua! meeting.
The following address was then given:

WHAT NEXT?

BYoGABRIEL HIESTER, Harrisburg, Pa.

This is a question which confronts the horticulturist on every
hand. Last season was one of the most trying ever experienced,
and many established theories of the past seem to have been over-
thrown. After each new trouble I have asked myself, “What Next,”
and I have concluded to take this text as a basis for a few remarks.

The question of proper altitude for orchard planting has been fre-
quently discussed, and the conclusion arrived at was that just above
the fog line of our valleys was the ideal location for orchards, and
that a northern exposure would protect from late frosts. This, how-
ever, did not hold good the past year, as a majority of the orchards
that were a success, were below the fog line. This shows that we
cannot lay down any rule that will always work out.

The question of spraying also presents new problems. Liquid
spraying is troublesome to prepare and disagreeable to handle.
Dust spray has been highly recommended, and if it proves satisfac-
tory, can be applied more conveniently and cheaply, and in one-third
of the time. My experience with it during the past season was not
satisfactory, as it was too wet and the material was washed off. I
would like to have this question further discussed.

No less important is the problem of farm help. Never, in an ex-
perience of 30 years, have I had so much trouble in securing satisfac-
tory help. It is almost impossible to get native help, and we may yet
be compelled to employ foreigners. Some of them are trustworthy
and industrious, but they do not understand our ways of living and
could not be taken into our homes. If adjoining farmers would unite
and build cheap dwellings for small colonies their help might be
secured as needed.

50—6—1903

786 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Another important question to the fruit grower is that of fruit
packages. It occurs to me there should be some system of unifor-
mity in the packages we use for marketing our fruit. I never saw
so many different styles and sizes of packages as during the past
year. This causes misunderstanding on the part of sellers and
dealers, because quotations are often misleading. For peaches, I
think the 20-pound basket has come to say. They pack easily, are
convenient to handle and pack to great advantage on wagons or
cars. We can pack 200 on a 2-horse spring wagon, while only 80 of
the round or Delaware baskets can be put on same wagon. For
apples and pears [ think barrels are best, but they are hard to get.
Bushel boxes are convenient to handle, but cost much more to pack,
as the fruit must be carefully arranged in layers and fitted up.
There is a limited demand for nice apples, wrapped in paper and
packed in boxes. If barrels are not available I would use Michigan
bushel baskets.

For some fruits,cold storage is necessary and will prove profitable.
The question as to ownership of the cold storage buildings is an
important one. At present they are owned chiefly by dealers, but I
believe they should be owned by the growers on the co-operative
plan. Our leading winter apples here are York Imperial, Ben Davis,
Gano, York Stripe; and the question is do we need artificially cooled
houses to keep them? They usually hang late and keep well with-
out artificial storage.

Closely connected with the storage question is that of marketing
our fruit. We can grow fall and early winter apples of better
quality and color than in New York, and our Spy, King and Bald-
win, can be gathered and marketed so as not to come in competition
with those grown in New York.

In conclusion, I want to say that our Department of Agriculture
has given us a valuable assistant in Prof. Surface, and has also
given us substantial aid in other ways. This is very good and we
appreciate it highly, but our horticultural interests deserve and
should have more. We want to investigate further and find what
soils, altitude and conditions are best for different fruits and where
to find our best markets, so we may plant intelligently and reap the
highest possible reward for our labor. Those investigations were
started 2 years ago, and if continued, thousands of acres of choice
fruit lands would be planted, and we would take rank as the lead-
ing fruit producing state in the Union. We have with us to-day
Mr. Critchfield, our Secretary of Agriculture, and I know his heart
is with us. {I hope we may have the pleasure of hearing from him.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 787

HON. N. B. CRITCHFIELD, Secretary of Agriculture: It is to me
a great pleasure to be able to meet with you to-day. I am glad
to see so many able and practical horticulturists present, and I
feel sure that good must result. I have listened with much
pleasure and interest to Professors Watts and Surface and Mr. Hies-
ter and others, and I know we all have heard their remarks with
profit. I am not able to say what the Department can do. Our ap-
propriation is small and ought to be increased, and with the aid and
influence of this Society we may have it increased by the next legisla-
ture.

I know that some varieties of fruits do not do as well as others,
and the question of locality and adaptation should be well studied.
King, with us is a fall apple and not to be recommended as a good
keeper. I can see the importance of such investigation, and think
it should be continued. This is a great and wealthy State, and we
should call the attention of our legislators to these needs.

I am interested in your handsome display of fruit which I shall
be glad to examine more carefully, if opportunity occurs. I shall
also be glad to become a member of your Association.

MR. CREASY: The question of packages is a very important one,
especially for apples. I lost several sales last fall for want of pro-
per packages. As to fall apples, I do not consider it safe to plant
them for market. There is but a limited demand at that season,
and that is usually supplied by farmers. They must be promptly
disposed of as they will not keep. In my experience, winter apples
pay best.

The CHAIR: On the subject of fruit packages, the Secretary has
received a communication from the Department of Agriculture at
Washington, D. C., which he will read.

“Washington, D. C., August 5, 1903.

“Dear Sir: Perceiving the importance of a definite understanding
among producers, dealers and consumers, concerning the size or
weight or quality of commercial packages of fruits, vegetables, ber-
ries, dairy products and other products of the farm and orchard, and
concerning their qualities or grades, this Department would like to
ascertain what standardization has been adopted by your Associa-
tion.

788 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doce.

“If you will confer the favor of an answer, I beg that you will cover
the ground concerning the various standard packages sold by your
Association far enough to give me the name of each package, size or
dimensions of box, crate, bale, basket, etc., weight (net), or measure
or number contained, and a description of what constitutes the dif-
ferent commercial grades of the articles sold by your Association.

“In addition to the foregoing, please add any other information in
print and by letter pertinent to this inquiry.

“The inclosed envelope may be used for sending your answer with-
out payment of postage.

“Very respectfully,
“GEORGE K. HOLMES,
“Chief, Division of Foreign Markets.
“Mr. Enos B. Engle, Sec. Pa. State Hort. Ass’n, Waynesboro, Pa.”

PROF. VAN DEMAN: I would like to say a word about packages.
I find the box is becoming more and more popular, though it may
not always be practical. On the Pacific Coast they never use bar-
rels as they are not made there.
* I believe the bushel box is the practical package, and the time will
come when it will be made cheaply by machinery. Stave lumber is
getting scarce and apple barrels commanded 75 cents each in New
York last fall, Owing to scarcity of barrels, hundreds of cars of
apples were shipped in bulk and in bad condition. if the use of
boxes will drive the lower grade of apples out of market, they can-
not be adopted too soon. The best place for poor apples is the pig-
pen and cowyard. It is a crime and a sin to send inferior fruit to
market. Better pay a dollar a box for good fruit that $1.50 a bar-
rel for inferior grades. I have known choice apples in New York to
sell at $2.50 per box, and our foreign markets want them in that
shape. Ocean freights are estimated by bulk rather than weight,
and boxes pack much better than barrels. There are plenty of peo-
ple who will buy a bushel that will not buy a barrel, and I believe
a demand could be established for them in a few years.

PRESIDENT CHASE: I heartily agree with Prof. Van Deman
as to the use of the bushel packages. I would pack first-quality
fruit in baskets and boxes, and send second-qualities to the pigs.

DR. MAYER: I have had some experience with boxes. Had 500
made at a cost of 103 cents each, while barrels cost 33 cents apiece.
The only difficulty I have had with boxes was in cold storage. They
pack solidly, and do not cool so rapidly. They should be stored with
air-space between them.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 759

PROF. BUTZ: The letter in reference to fruit packages, from the
Department of Washington, which was read by the Secretary,
should have some attention by this Association. I move that a com-
mittee of three be appointed by the Chair to draft resolutions and
submit them to the Society for approval.

The resolution was adopted and Messrs. Butz, Hiester and Peters
were appointed.

The CHAIR: Will Prof. Butz give us some information concern-
ing the “dust spray” recently introduced?

PROF. BUYTZ: These sprays have been upon the market several
years. If the proper materials are used, and results prove satis-
factory they ought to be adopted. They are more easily prepared
and much less bulky and troublesome to handle than the liquid
sprays, and this is a great point in their favor. In practice, how-
ever, they have not proven so effective as the liquid sprays.

I was interested in some vineyard spraying that was done in Erie
county last summer, and in no instance was dry spray used. In two
adjoining vineyards one was sprayed, the other not. In the one
sprayed there was no rot, while in the other nearly all rotted. The
grapes frem the one went to a good market, the other to the vine-
gar factory. The liquid spray dried on the leaves and kept the
fungus down. I doubt whether dust spray will be as effective, and
the matter can only be decided by experience.

PROF. SURFACE: I felt interested in this spray and, for in-
formation, wrote to the parties in Missouri who introduced it. It
is claimed to be effective as against codling moth, but not effective
as a preventive of plant diseases. In its preparation, a new com-
pound was formed which was not copper sulphate, and consequently
not a Bordeaux mixture. We need a dust spray in which we pre-
serve the copper sulphate, and which should be made according toa
formula which I will publish in my March or April Bulletin. I have
great hope for it as an efficient spray.

A recess of 5 minutes was taken after which the Committee on
Legislation submitted the following report:

“Whereas, A most destructive insect pest known as ‘San José
Scale’ has appeared in three-fourths of the counties of Pennsylvania,
and

“Whereas, This serious pest attacks all varieties of fruit trees and
many other trees and shrubs, including ornamental shrubbery and
hedges, killing them in from one to five years, and

“Whereas, The habits, enemies of and remedies for this pest need
further investigation and careful experimentation in order to give
us simple and effective means for its suppression, and

790 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

“Whereas, The important horticuitural interests of this great
State, ranking among the first in the Union in this regard, are thus
being fatally attacked by a foe more insidious and destructive than
are all other fruit pests combined, and thousands of orchards are at
present being destroyed, values annulled and revenues reduced, be-
cause many orchard owners and farmers do not recognize the pres-
ence and the evil effects of this destructive pest, and do not under-
stand the proper methods for its suppression:

“Therefore, be it hereby resolved by the State Horticultural Asso-
ciation of Pennsylvania: That we, the producers,.whose interests are
being thus so seriously attacked, do hereby ask the Legislature of
the State of Pennsylvania to appropriate to the Agricultural Ex-
periment Station for investigations and experimentation on this
matter of the San José Scale, the sum of $2,500, annually, and the
sum of $10,000.00, annually, for the next two years, to be appropriated
to the Department of Agriculture for the use of the Economic Zoolo-
gist, for the suppression of the San José Scale and other injurious
insects.

“And be it further resolved, That we hereby petition the State
Legislature to modify the present law relating to the San José
Scale, in order to secure greater effectiveness of the same, especially
in regard to preventing its dissemination upon nursery stock and
to secure its suppression on private premises.”

MR. McSPARRAN: In view of the grave importance of this ques-
tion, I do not think we are asking enough money. This State can
afford to give more money for such an important work.

MR. PETERS: I think it is a small beginning to ask for $10,000.
There are individual orchards that have cost that much. It would
not be too much fer Lancaster county alone.

MR. HIESTER: We cannot ask the Legislature for money to do
the work that orchardists and farmers should do themselves. We
can only ask for such assistance as will demonstrate to fruit grow-
ers how to spray.

MR. CREASY: I think with proper management $10,000 will be
ample. It is best to ask for just what you want and insist upon it.

MR. MOON: I think Mr. Creasy’s advice is best. It is useless to
expect money to treat commercial orchards.

The preamble and resolutions were adopted unanimously, after
which the following paper was read:

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 791

PRUNING, FERTILIZING AND THINNING.

By Dr. J.H. FUNK, Boyertown, Pa.

These three are each a sermon in themselves, and happy is the
fruit raiser who intelligently performs the task. He will have the
most luscious fruit in abundance and have the market at his own
door and pleasure and riches will be his boon companions. Never
were the Scriptures better illustrated than by quoting, “To him that
hath shall be given and to him that hath not shall be taken, even that
which he hath,” for the faithful horticulturist, who attends care-
fully to the minor details and looks well after his trees, will have a
constant increase in quantity and quality and good returns for his
product. While the careless, indifferent, good-enough-sort of a
being (it would be a slur on good language to call him a horticul-
turist) who neglects his trees, thinking that nature will take care
of him, he also gets his reward in poor, insipid, ill-colored, knotty,
scabby fruit in great numbers, but small in quantity, and that lit-
tle not marketable, and bis trees soon become forlorn, sickly look-
ing objects with their trunks tunneled by borers, their foliage eaten
by the tent caterpillar, and the little life that remains is sucked out
by the San José Scale and their dead trunks stand as monuments of
a lost hope.

We have an instance similar to the above in my own neighborhood.
A man of fair intelligence but with an inordinary bump of conceit,
one who knows it all, several years back planted several hundred
peach trees, some plum and other trees in a slipshod manner and gave
them the same kind of attention. Many soon died of yellows and
were left standing as a source of contagion. For a couple of fa-
vorable years he received fair crops.

About three years back he came to my place bringing some
peaches well covered with San José Scale. I advised him to spray
and try to get rid of them. The other day the same man came riding
in to where I was mounting a gasoline engine on a wagon to rig up
a power-spraying outfit. After saluting, he said he thought he
would come and tell me that he had just heard that kerosene emul-
sion was good for San José Seale. I told him that had been tried
for several years, but that it had not given satisfaction; that the
lime, salt and sulphur had superseded it and with very good results.

792 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Dec.

He remarked he had tried it but had left out the sulphur as that
was too expensive, so he was using the lime and salt, but found that
it did no good. The scale had about killed all of his peach and plum
trees and they had now got on his large apple trees and he thought
of cuiting them down. On parting, he said, “Doctor, if you were to
furnish free, enough trees to plant an orchard I would not give the
ground.” This is a case of lost faith in a good cause on account of
mismanagement and misplaced confidence.

But to get back to our subject, and we will start with pruning, as
this is the first and one of the most important branches of fruit
raising. If pruning is neglected the tree becomes worthless; if
properly pruned it becomes a thing of beauty and usefulness. It
is as susceptible to good training as a child, in fact, more so, as you
can form a tree as you desire. To trim intelligently you must trim
or prune with certain objects in view. You can trim for shape, for
wood growth, and for fruit.

First, we must prune for tree formation. This commences with
planting, and in planting never accept a peach tree beyond one year
old, or an apple tree beyond two years old (one year preferred), a
straight whip four to six feet high. This is the cream of the nursery
and model stock with which to start an orchard. In planting you
begin with the roots, trim off all torn or mutilated roots and cut
with a sharp knife from below, outward. When the tree is set the
cut surface will be downward, granulations will be thrown out anda
series of small roots will.then shoot downward from the outer sur-
face of this cut, soon anchoring the tree with a new set of roots.
If you get a tree thickly studded with fine roots at the color, look
closely for wooly aphis or crown gall, and in most instances you
will find them; and if so, better throw the tree away as in most cases
it will make a poor tree.

Having planted the trees, your next step is to cut off the tops at
a uniform height of 18 inches to 2 feet. Do not form your tops too
high. A low spreading tree will make you a stronger, more hardy
tree, capable of withstanding heavy winds, remaining more straight
and making it a much easier task gathering the fruit, which can
be done much cheaper from the ground and step-ladder than if you
must pick from a long ladder. As warm weather comes on you find
young shoots coming out in regular order around the entire length
of the stock. When these are about one-half inch long you count
from top downward 6 buds. These you leave to form the head
of vour tree. Those below you rub off by catching around the tree
ath the hand and stripping downward which effectually trims off
all shoots and is quickly done. If your soil is in good condition
and cultivation well attended to, your tree makes rapid growth; very
little more trimming will be needed the first year. An occasional

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 793

shoot must be removed, and sometimes the young tree shoots up-
ward so rapidly as to become topheavy. If such is the case you
must trim back or your tree will become permanently crooked. In
doing this trim to an outside bud, which gives your tree an outward
spreading habit as the top bud always becomes the leader and
always starts with an outward curve. The following spring you
go over the entire orchard treating every tree to a careful inspection.
If you find the tree is shooting up too much, and this is mostly the
case the first few years, trim to an outside bud, as some trees natur-
ally spread too much so; such being the case you trim to an inside
or one on the upper side of the limb when the new shoot will be up-
right. It sometimes happens that one of the young shoots or limbs
has been broken off or the bud failed to deveiop, thus leaving an open
Space on one side; if so, in pruning the limbs on each side nearest the
space, trim to a bud on that side, the new shoots will then curve
toward the open space soon filling it up. It may also happen the
stem of your tree may have an unsightly crook; if so, you can remedy
this by making two or three cuts with a sharp knife up and down
the entire length of the crook, as nature in her effort to repair the
injury throws out granulations, forming wood faster here than
elsewhere and soon remedies the crock. ‘As the growing season ad-
vances you will find too many shoots spring out from the cut back
limbs which if left, makes too much wood, much to the detriment of
the tree. By removing these at once you save your tree and throw
the growth where it will do the most good.

The third spring is one of the most critical in tree formation. In
most instances your tree will have too much wood and it is some-
times difficult to know which limb should come away. Yet come
away they must or in after years you must cut away many large
limbs, often causing a severe shock to the tree. You may find the
tree has become too spreading; if so, resort to inward trimming ‘and
draw the top together. You can with a sharp knife and good judg-
ment shape a tree as you will. From this time on the tree needs
careful watching, cutting out all crossing limbs and any limb you
think may eventually come in the way. Cut out all the water
sprouts, but do not cut off the fruit sprouts. These are what bears
the fruit and these you want to nurture and care for.

Many a fine orchard is ruined by some professional tree butcher
who claims to know it all, starts out with a hatchet or hand axe
cutting off all the fruit spurs and at the same time cuts many a gash
into the limb. Your tree was perhaps a little slow coming into bear-
ing. Your professional told you there was too many little stubby
limbs on the larger ones and that they took the strength away. Now
since he removed the cause you wait anxiously for them to begin. At
last after several years your tree begins bearing, but all the fruit

794 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

is at the outside and top of the tree. If they have a fair load the
limbs bend and unless thinned, break. Whereas, if the tree had had
proper pruning it would have borne much sooner and carried twice
the load of fruit without breaking a limb. Experiment with your-
self. Extending the arm at full length you can hang a 50 pound
weight at the elbow and hold it; but remove the weight further
from the body and you find when you reach the hand 25 pounds is
as much as you can hold. So with the tree when the fruit is dis-
tributed through the entire tree it will bear double the weight
without breaking. If you have a tree that makes too much wood
growth prune in June; this will develop fruit buds and check wood
growth.

FERTILIZER.

This is another important factor in the proper development of
the tree. Should the soil in which the orchard is to be planted be
very poor or deficient in plant food and humus, it would be well to
give a good covering of well rotted stable manure in the fall and
plow in. This will furnish the necessary humus and nitrogen and
sufficient phosphoric acid and potash for the early stages of the
orchard. When the principal function it has to perform is wood-
making, before setting the trees, harrow the ground thoroughly, as
cultivation is next to food and is an auxiliary to it. When you have
nothing else to do cultivate your orchard and if you are busy, cul-
tivate it anyway. It will pay you in the thrift of your trees. The
first few years you can put some hoed crop between your trees, such
as potatoes and fertilize them well with some complete manure, and
that means one with at least 10 per cent. of potash; and while you
are feeding and cultivating your potatoes you will be feeding and
cultivating your trees and they will respond accordingly and the
potatoes will pay the bill. The more you will cultivate the more it
will pay and the better the growth of the trees. In my orchard of
6 to 8 years of age the trees run from 6 to 8-inch stem diameter
from 16 to 20 feet high and 20 feet across the tops. Ihave no trou-
ble of adding one inch stem diameter each year. Many people who
see my orchard remark if they would have such luck they would
plant. There is no luck about it. It is done by giving close atten-
tion to the minor details; little things that are trivial for most
people, by giving the proper food in sufficient quantities and keep-
ing the soil constantly stirred until about July when I stop all eulti-
vation to give the wood time to ripen and develop fruit buds. As
long as you continue cultivating, your trees will continue growing
and go into winter with too soft undeveloped or ripened wood,
when both buds and tree suffer from freezing. I have young apple
trees that are 8 years old this coming spring that gave me over 6

Ne. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 795

bushels of apples per tree. I have peach trees the same age with
a diameter of from 30 to 33 feet that bore me 10 bushels of peaches
this past season and have borne me annual crops since their second
summer. Is this luck? Nota bit of it. If you wish to raise a 600-
pound hog you must feed it well, never leaving it to get stunted. So
with a tree, feed it well and as it attains age stop all cropping, but
don’t stop the feed.

But you must change the diet as you have a different object to
attain. In the early stages you wanted wood growth. You wanted
a tree and for that you needed more nitrogen, but now having the
tree you want fruit and for this you need potash and phosphoric
acid; the latter to develop the kernel, the true seed, and the potash
_to develop and harden the wood. Develop fruit buds. Give to
the fruit its color, its flavor, to develop the saccharine matter. And
if all these things are properly attended to, you will have no off-
year. This I know is contrary to the opinions of most people, but
is not contrary to the laws of nature. In fact nature calls for an
annual reproduction, and to accomplish this it must develop seed
and with proper care you develop the edible part at the same time.
You do not expect the grape, or corn, or cereals to fruit only on al-
ternate years, neither should you expect the apple to fail in fulfilling
the mission required by nature. The only reason they do fail is
that they produce such enormous crops that it completely exhausts
the energy of the tree, depriving it of its vitality to such an extent
that it is unable to store up enough strength in its buds to develop
a crop the following year. It may bloom just as full but there is
not enough vitality in these blossoms to give fruit. The result is
they nearly all drop. It is then called the “off-year,” whereas, if the
trees had been fed sufficient available food, for both tree and fruit,
and the tree had been properly thinned, the tree would have brought
as large and better paying crop, and at the same time stored up vi-
tality enough in its fruit buds and its sap to have developed a full
crop the following season and performed the functions required by
nature.

THINNING

This is the third essential to large perfect well-developed fruit
of high quality. In its effort of reproduction the tree has little re-
gard for the edible portion of the fruit. The seed or kernel is the
part upon which it expends all its energies. The peach in its ori-
ginal state was not an edible fruit. It was only after years of high
culture and cross fertilization that it became the fine luscious fruit
it is at the present time. The outer or edible part is nearly all water
and can be developed to very large size. By thinning or removing the
larger proportion of the fruit set, you relieve the tree of its burden-

786 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

some task of developing so many seeds when it expends its surplus
energies upon the development of the fruit remaining. If you but
try a few trees, removing fully three-fourths, leaving no two touch-
ing, and if it be the peach, leave no two closer than 5 to 6 inches,
you will indeed be astonished with the results.

If these three essentials are carefully and conscientiously carried
out you would no longer hear the oft-remark that fruit raising does
not pay; but the horticulturist would then take the position his pro-
fession merits, the seat of honor.

The Chair announced that at 1.30 P. M. Prof. Surface would give
a practical demonstration of how to prepare a solution to kill San
José Scale that could be quickly and easily prepared without boil-_
ing.

Adjourned.

Afternoon Session, 1.30 P. M.

At 1.80 o’clock Unis afternoon, Prof. H. A. Surface demonstrated
to a large number of interested spectators how to prepare a solu-
tion to kill the San José Seale which would be immediately ready
for use. The solution now used is the ime, sulphur and salt wash,
but on account of its being disagreeable to handle and the necessary
prolonged boiling in making, it is not readily accepted as an insecti-
cide.

The new solution which Prof. Surface showed how to make is
composed of lime, sulphur and soda. It is composed of 33 pounds
of unslacked lime, 17 pounds of sulphur, 43 pounds of caustic soda
and 50 gallons of water.

First, the caustic soda is dissolved in water and then one-half the
lime is placed in enough water to slake it, but not to burnit. ‘After
the lime is slaked, one-half the sulphur is gradually added and the
solution stirred. Then the remainder of the lime is added, and while
the boiling is continued from the slaking of the lime the balance of
the sulphur is put in. While it is yet steaming add one-third of the
caustic soda, and when the boiling has ceased add another third of
the soda. When the boiling caused by this addition ceases add the
remainder of the soda and by the time the boiling has ceased it will
have assumed a brick red color. It should then be applied to the
trees whiie hot, as it will run through the nozzle more freely. He
recommended the use of the Vermerel nozzle. The sulphur used
should be flowers of sulphur.

The Professor said he would not recommend this wash for or-
chards over half an acre in size, but would use the lime, sulphur, salt
wash, as the former is more expensive to prepare and it is doubtful
if it is as effective as the latter mixture.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 797

The Professor added that he ig making a trial of the lime, sulphur,
soda solution at present, but is unable now to tell the result, as his
experiment is not finished. This remedy should not be used in sum-
mer, but whale oil soap or kerosene solution should be used then.

The regular program of business was resumed at the close of the
experiment made by Prof. Surface.

Inquiry having been made concerning crown gall, the Secretary
read the following letter:

“Washington, D. C., Jan. 18, 1904.

“Mr. E. B. Engle, Secretary State Horticultural Association of Penn-
sylvania, Box 607, Harrisburg, Pa.:

“Dear Sir: Mr. Woods has referred to me for attention your letter
of January 13, relating to crown gall.

“While we have been studying this disease to some extent and are
planning some experiments directed toward its control, there has
been no very material progress during the past year. However, I
might call your attention to some matters in relation to this trou-
ble. In our Eastern orchards and nurseries most of the crown gall
is on the apple, while in the South and West, especially in the far
Southwest, the disease is very se ious on the stone fruits as well as
the apple. To the orchardist we may say, reject all crowa gall nur-
sery stock. Do not plant them in the orchard. Make a careful in-
Spection or examination of all trees, especially apples, to avoid let-
ting any of the gall slip in. There is another trouble with apples,
resembling somewhat crown gall in its effects, which is probably re-
lated to it. This is the so-called hairy root of the apple. The typi-
cal hairy root has an extra number of fibers growing directly out of
the crown of the tree or the main tap root, sometimes scattered on
the tap root, but more frequently originating from little clusters
which seem to start from a warty growth or perhaps from a small
crown gall. In some cases there is a large crown gall.covered with
these fibrous roots. There are all grades between the clean, smooth
galls and the typical hairy root. We think all this kind of stock
should be rejected in planting orchards.

“The problem, then, is for the nurseryman to grow clean stock.
Since crown gall stock will be rejected by the State inspectors or
the orchardist, it falls upon the nurseryman ‘to avoid this disease
as much as possible in his nursery blocks. We regret to say that
we can give little assistance at the present time to the nurseryman
on this problem, but suggest that nurserymen give special atten-
tion to the source of supply of their seedlings. Notice the condition
carefully of these seedlings, especially the presence or absence of

798 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

crown gall or hairy root on the seedling stocks for grafting or bud-
ding. Second, we have advocated in a recent paper before the Ap-
ple Growers’ Congress the trial of disinfection of apple seedlings
before grafting. This matter has not been put to the test as yet
.and, therefore, too new to recommend in commercial work. The
material which we shall try for disinfecting consists of formalin di-
luted at the rate of one pint to thirty gallons of water. Third, ap-
ple nurseries should be planted out on land which has not been in
nursery stock for several years, or, if possible, land which has not
been planted to the apple or perhaps other fruit trees for some time
previous.
“Yours very truly,
“M. B. WAITE,
“Pathologist in Charge of Investigations of Diseases of Orchard
Eruits:”

PROF. VAN DEMAN: In some parts of the West nurserymen have
had serious trouble with crown gall. Trees may be infected when
grown in nursery blocks, and even in seedling beds. I have seen the
disease on seedlings when brought to the grafting table, and it may
be transmitted from root to root by the grafting knife. The union
of root and graft is the most vulnerable point, and if germs are in
the soil, the trouble will likely first manifest itself at that point.
Again, a tree may be entirely free, and if set in an orchard where
infected trees have stood, it will readily take the disease.

DR. FUNK: Where the hairy root is in evidence do we not usually
find wooly aphis?

PROF. VAN DEMAN: The knots or growth caused by wooly aphis
are distinct from crown gall. I do not think wooly aphis causes
hairy root.

PROF. BUTZ: You can always satisfy yourself whether it is
crown gall or woolly aphis, by cutting with a knife. In the former
the gall is hard and woody, in the latter it is soft. Hairy root is
most likely to be found in wet soil, but we do not find any enlarge-
ment except where crown gall exists.

MR. BRINTON: Some 45 years ago Mr. Thos. M. Harvey conducted
a nursery and had some of the worst cases of crown gall I ever
saw. He sold trees all over Chester and Lancaster counties, and
some of the best orchards grew from those trees. His manager said
the trees would come all right and they apparently did. I saw in
West Chester nurseries 20 years ago the worst cases of woolly aphis
I ever saw, and the following year there was none to be seen. It
seems to be the case with insects frequently, that they come and go
without any apparent cause, or effort to destroy thena.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 799

PROF. VAN DEMAN: One word of caution to nurserymen. In
grafting apple roots if any are found with crown gall throw them
out and burn~at once. Have carbolic acid on the table, and wipe
blade of grafting knife with it frequently and any germs present
will be destroyed. I have never noticed any difference between
grafted or budded trees. It cannot be killed with sulphate of cop-
per (blue stone).

ELECTON OF OFFICERS FOR 1904.

Mr. Cooper of Committee on Nominations, submitted the follow-
ing list of officers for the current year:

President, Howard A. Chase, Philadelphia.

Vice Presidents, Gabriel Hiester, Harrisburg; Hon. W. T. Creasy,
Catawissa; D. C. Rupp, Shiremanstown.

Recording Secretary, Enos B. Engle, Waynesboro.

Corresponding Secretary, Wm. P. Brinton, Christiana.

Treasurer, Edwin W. Thomas, King of Prussia.

On motion, Mr. Cooper was authorized to cast the ballot of the
Association, and the afocrenamed were declared elected.

The following resolution was offered by Dr. Funk and unanimously
adopted: ;

“Resolved, That having learned that the office of the Economic Zoologist is
not regularly equipped with a stenographer, and as it is very important that
we as practical producers be promptly supplied with full and complete informa-
tion from that important office, both by personal correspondence and through
the publications, we, the members of the State Horticultural Association of
Pennsylvania do hereby respectfully request the Governor of this Common-
wealth and the Secretary of Agriculture to aid us by trying to find a means of
engaging a stenographer for the office of Hconomic Zoologist until the next
session of the Legislature, when proper appropriation should be made for the
same. We ask this in order to receive full benefit of the efficient work of this
Division of the Department of Agriculture.

Prof. Butz, of Committee on “Fruit Packages,” stated that said
committee was not ready to report at present and asked permission
to hold over until next annual meeting. There being no objection
the request was granted by the Chair.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON NOMENCLATURE AND
EXHIBITS.

Your Committee on Exhibits begs leave to report the following:
Apples, 9 plates by J. G. Rush.

Apples, 6 plates by Danl. Smeych.

Apples, 7 plates by A. W. Root & Bro.

800 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Apples, 7 plates by C. P. Scholl.
Apples, 5 plates by D. C. Rupp.

Apples, 10 plates by Mayer & Son.
Apples, 2 plates by John G. Reist.
Apples, 3 plates, by Dr. J. H. Funk.
Apples, 3 plates by Wm. T. Creasy.
Apples, 3 plates by W. P. Bolton.
Apples, 8 plates by J. B. Lindeman.
Apples, 3 plates by Valentine Wise.
Apples, 1 plate by John Kready.

Pears, 1 plate by Daniel Smeych.
English Walnuts, 1 plate by J. G. Rush.
Shellbarks, 1 plate by J. G. Rush.
Pecan, 1 plate by J. G. Rush.

Buffalo Berry, 1 plate by John Kready.

In a general way the exhibit was a very creditable one.
Special mention is made of “Oliver Red,” “Stuarts Golden,” and
“Stayman Winesap,” exhibited by Dr. Funk, of Boyertown.
tespectfully submitted,
(Signed.)
D. M. WERTZ,

D. D. HERR,
W: RP. BOUMBON
Jommittec.

The following paper was then read:

FACTS ABOUT GINSENG CULTURE FOR FRUIT GROWERS.

BY PROF..GEO. C. BuTzZ, State College, Pa.

The enthusiast on ginseng culture is looked upon as a crank; but
one who is an experimenter is not permitted to become an enthusi-
ast for he must confine himself to the bare facts, and what I shall
have to say is not to be taken in the way of a recommendation that
any of you should engage in the culture of this very special crop.

I wish to say at the outset, however, that while farmers are being
induced to grow this crop, I believe that nurserymen and fruit
growers are better qualified to succeed with it than is the average
farmer, for it requires more of this sort of attention that horti-
culturists are trained to give. The seed must be stratified between

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 801

the time of ripening and planting just as many horticultural seeds
are handled. The lath house so essential to the growing of the
root is just such a house as commonly used to shelter and shade
azaleas, rhododendrons and other shade-loving plants during the
hot months of summer. Under the lath house it is very cool and
owing to the partial shade the weeds do not grow as thrifty as
in the full sunlight, but the ginseng thrives under these conditions.
If it is planted in the open field it would grow for a few weeks then
as the sun becomes warm the leaves would turn yellow and the plant
eventually would die.

One of the first questions arising when one considers the culture
of such a crop, is whether there is a market for it. I take it for
granted that you are aware of many facts about ginseng, having
read more or less of the literature on the subject recently distrib-
uted. The dried root is all exported to China, where 400,000,000
Chinamen are using this drug as commonly as we Americans use
tobacco, and though our physicians count it worthless as a medicine,
it is no more likely to be dropped by the Chinaman than that the
American will drop tobacco. The collected wild root of America
has been exported ever since the middle of the 18th century and in
recent years has amounted to about $1,000,000.00 worth of dried
root. Owing to the eager search for the wild root the native prod-
uct is rapidly diminishing and the price per pound is correspond-
ingly increasing, so that the profitableness of the garden culture
of this plant is pressing it hard upon the attention of those inter-
ested in the plant, and since it is not likely that the Chinaman will
ever discard it, the market for the cultivated root will exist as
long as the Chinaman exists.

Owing to the high price obtained for ginseng, immense profits are
estimated upon its culture. When the wild root was first collected
in this country 150 years ago it sold to the exporters for 50 cents
per pound. As its value became known and the wild product began
to diminish the price rose to $2.00, $3.00 and $4.00 per pound, when
ten years ago the early attempts at cultivation were made. Now
$6.00 is being paid for the wild root and for the cultivated root,
which is much superior to the wild root, such prices as $8.00, $10.00
and $12.00 are realized, and last fall the price of $13.00 per pound,
was paid for 344 pounds of dry cultivated root grown in the old gar-
dens of Geo. Stanton, at Apulia, N. Y. This was sold at auction,
several exporters bidding and cost the successful bidder close on to
$5,000.00. This quantity of root was grown on one-eighth of an
acre, making the probable income from an acre nearly $40,000.00.
It requires 5 years to grow a crop from two-year old roots. In the
small experiment conducted at the State Experiment Station, which
was the first official experiment in the United States, about 6

51—6—1903

802 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

pounds of cultivated root was sold to an exporter and $8.50 per
pound was received for the root. On the basis of this experiment
I estimated the cost of planting an acre, figuring liberally on the
preparation of the land, erecting a substantial lath house, weeding,
mulching, ete., paying for the two-year old roots (then 10 cents
each), cost of planting, etc., and it summed up to $10,000. Estimat-
ing the product of roots in five years time and selling at $8.50
per pound, gave an income of $25,000, deducting the total expense
of $10,000, leaves $15,000 as a conservative estimate of clear gain
for an acre in five years, which is at the rate of $5,000 per acre
annually. The report of this experiment is published in Bulletin
No. 62, of the Pennsylvania Experiment Station, and those of you
who have not already received a copy, may obtain one by writing
to the Station for it.

{ would caution you against the planting of small wild roots.
Cultivated wild roots at 20 cents each are worth more than wild
roots at 5 cents each. (Samples of each were displayed.) Wild
roots are stunted, wrinkled and in cultivation can make only a
siow growth. They are usually from 5-15 years old, and occasion-
ally 40 years old, through in size they are smaller than good 2-year
old cultivated roots from the seedbed. The cultivated roots are
long, white, smooth, and bear a large, vigorous bud close to the root
and when planted make a quick and rapid growth. The age of a
root can be determined by the number of scars on the “neck” be-
tween the root and head or bud. Each scar represents a year, for it
marks the place of the attachment of the annual growth of each
season.

A word of caution about seeds. Ginseng seeds must never be
allowed to become dry. They lose vitality quickly when they dry.
A packet purchased in a seed store of Philadelphia contained 11
seeds, costing 50 cents, and when thrown in water to test them,
all floated on top of the water, showing them to be worthless.
When seeds are obtained they should be tested in this manner
with water. It is known as the “water test” and every reliable
dealer will sell upon the water test. Be particular to get American
seed. During the past two years Japanese seed, which could be
obtained cheaper than American seed, was imported and sold as
American seed. It produces an inferior grade of root and therefore
should be avoided. An expert can readily detect the foreign seed
as it has ridges over its surface not possessed by the American seed.
Great efforts are bcing made to obtain Manchurian or Korean seed,
because the species of ginseng grown in those countries is superior
to the American. It is claimed, however, that it is impossible
to secure such seeds. Samples of seeds claimed to be Manchurian
have been sent to me for examination and by subjecting them to

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 803

microscopical test I have found that while they closely resembled
the Japanese seed, there was one character constant. with the
Manchurian sample that was not observable upon the Japanese
seed. Such Manchurian samples have come to me from totally
different sources and resembled each other. I am endeavoring to
get guaranteed samples of the foreign seeds through official chan-
nels for purposes of identification. Meanwhile it is safer for be-
ginners in ginseng culture to use only American seed and roots.
The price of fresh seed is $80.00 per pound, containing about 8,000
seeds. When seed has been held for a year in stratification it is
sold at from $160.00 to $240.00 per pound. At the rate of the price
paid for the packet of seeds purchased in a Philadelphia seed store,
50 cents for 11 seeds, the price per pound would be $400.00.

PROF. VAN DEMAN: I have been cultivating ginseng about
three years experimentally. All that Prof. Butz has claimed for it
I can corroborate from what I have seen. So far as I know the
root has no value under the sun. It has no medicinal value but is
used only as a charm by the Chinese. The biggest humbug in gin-
seng is, in the business. There is a firm in New York offering
Manchuria seed at big prices when there is not any such seed in
North America. I would advise the ordinary man to let it alone.
If you have good soil and climate you may be able to grow it by
carefully shading the plants and waiting five years for a crop of
roots. If you want to make sure of your crop you will want your
garden strung with wires and guarded with loaded guns and watch
dogs. It is not a business that I would advise a friend to embark
in.

The following paper was read by Prof. 8S. H. Fulton, Department
of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.:

FRUITS IN COLD STORAGE.

By Prog. 8S. H. FULTON, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.

The history of the development of the fruit growing industry in
the United States is a record of the rapid and extensive growth of a
highly specialized branch of American agriculture. <A half century
ago fruits were raised in limited quantities for home use only,

804 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

commercial orcharding being almost unknown. Within the past
few years whole sections of the country have become famed for
large orchards and extensive production of fruit that meets with
regular demand in the city markets of this country and abroad. In
these well-defined fruit growing areas the small plantings for home
use have given away to large commercial orchards not infrequently
of hundreds of acres in extent.

At the present time there are in this country more than 200 mil-
lion apple bearing trees producing in a normal season, from 120 to
180 million bushels of fruit. This represents an increase of about
80 million bearing trees in the past decade. Georgia with her
16 millions of peach trees, Texas and several of the Southwestern
states with their enormous commercial peach orchards rapidly de-
veloping, afford illustrations of the growth of the peach business.
In other lines of fruit growing the development has been propor-
tionally as rapid though not quite so extensive.

This rapid growth of the fruit industry has called for the highest
development of means for handling and distributing the crop and
for preserving it in sound condition until it can be placed in the
hands of the consumer. The recent application of cold tempera-
tures to the preservation of fruit, boch in the transportation and in
the store-house, is a very important factor in this connection. The re-
frigerator car and the cold storage house have developed with the
growth of the fruit industry and are now indispensable to the sue-
cessful handling and distribution of the crop. No complete sta-
tistics of the American warehouse business have been compiled,
but it is probable that there are from 700 to 1,000 cold storage ware-
houses in the United States that store apples and other fruits to
a greater or less extent and the number is rapidly increasing. This
system of warehouses, cooled by mechanical methods of refrigera-
tion, has largely been developed since 1890. Time is required to
reduce a business of this kind to the best working basis and natu-
rally many problems relative to the proper treatment of fruit for
cold storage still confront the warehousemen, the fruit handler and
the orchardist who stores his fruit. Some of these problems have
received consideration through the pomological investigations of
the Bureau of Plant Industry during the past two years. In these
investigations the fruit has been under observation in the orchard
as well as in the warehouse, so that a full record of the life history
of the fruit has been obtained.

The experiments which have thus far been conducted all point
toward the fact, that so far as the keeping of fruit in cold storage is
concerned, as much or more may depend upon the conditions and
environment under which the fruit is grown as upon the treatment
it receives in the warehouse. For example, take the case of fruit

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. | 805

from young rapidly growing trees. which is apt to be overgrown and
less firm in texture than from old trees. It passes through its life
‘history rapidly and in the storage house frequently breaks down
several weeks or even months before the same variety from old
trees begins to deteriorate. King and York Imperial apples from
young trees stored last October in Jersey City, N. J., have already
passed their best commercial condition, while from old trees the
Same varieties are still firm and sound. Last fall a carload of West
Virginia York Imperial apples was placed in cold storage in Mar-
tinsburg for experimental export shipment during the winter. In
the carload there were 40 barrels of large fruit from thrifty 7-year
old trees, while the remainder was from slow growing trees 25
years of age. On January 12, when these apples were removed from
storage, the fruit from young trees was found to have developed
10 per cent. of scald and fully 50 per cent. of it was mellow. On the
old tree fruit no scald had developed, and the apples were still
firm and sound. It should be stated in this connection, however,
that the vigor rather than the age of the tree determines the keep-
ing quality of the fruit. Old trees supplied with moisture and plant
food to such an extent to induce unusual vigor and growth, may
produce fruit as much lacking in firm texture and durability as
the average young tree fruit. This condition, however, is not often
met with.

~The character of the soil may influence the keeping of the fruit
to a very marked extent. The Baldwin apple grown upon sandy
land colors more highly and grows to a larger size than the same
variety upon clay land. It is more attractive and is worth more
money in the market, but it will not keep so long as the smaller,
less highly colored Baldwin from clay land. The Greening, which
has been under observation from both sandy and clay soils, behaves
similarly.

Experiments have been made with a large number of varieties
picked at two degrees of maturity, first, when nearly full grown,
but only one-half or two-thirds colored, and second, when fully
grown and highly colored. The results obtained indicate that the
more mature fruit usually keeps fully as well as the immature,
and is worth more money because of larger size and better color.
Mature, well-colored fruit is less subject to scald than immature,
light-colored fruit. An exception to the above exists, however, in
the case of large fruit from young trees. Since its development
is rapid, it may become too mature if left upon the trees late in
autumn, and when placed in storage, its period of safe-keeping will
be found to be correspondingly shortened. Such fruit should be
picked while still somewhat immature.

The method of handling fruit after picking, also very largely de-

806 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off; Doce

termines its life period in cold storage. A delay of two weeks in
storing winter apples after picking may result in two months
shorter keeping time in storage, particularly if the weather is warm
at picking time. Sutton Beauty apple from Eastern New York,
delayed two weeks before storing was mellow on entering the
storage house and by December 22d was badly decayed, while the
same variety stored immediately after picking will doubtless keep
in perfect condition until spring. Grime’s Golden, from West Vir-
ginia, delayed a similar length of time was past commercial use
by December 21st, while the same variety immediately stored was
still in perfect condition. Bartlett pears from Western New York
delayed four days between the time of picking and storing began
to break down in the storage house within two weeks, while the
same variety stored at once after picking was in good condition for
two months.

The effect of the package upon the keeping of fruit in cold stor-
age is an important factor, particularly in the case of the more per-
ishable fruits. The larger the package the more slowly does the
content cool down and the faster the ripening progresses before
checked by the cold temperature. With Bartlett pears stored in
barrels, a core of ripe fruit is frequently found to develop in the
center of the package where the fruit has given up its heat slowly.
Such fruit should be stored in boxes or ventilated crates of smaller
capacity than the barrel. Winter apples or other fruits which
are to remain a long time in cold storage keep best in tight pack-
ages which prevent free circulation of air and thus check evapora-
tion. In ventilated crates the fruit may shrivel, particularly, if the
air in the store-room is dry.

Wrappers have a beneficial effect upon the keeping of fruit, pro-
longing its season frequently beyond the normal limit. The spread
of rot spores is largely prevented, and mechanical injury to the
fruit in handling is largely averted. In the case of peaches and
berries the wrapper prevents the absorption of odors likely to be
present during the summer when a variety of commodities are
stored in the same room. The more impervious the paper, the bet-
ter it is for such purposes.

As to temperatures, it may be stated as a general principle, that
the lower the temperature within the limit of safety to the fruit
stored, the longer will the fruit keep. This is explained by the
fact that the lower temperatures retard the life processes of the
fruit to a much greater extent than do the higher. Bartlett pears
stored in a temperature of 36 degrees F. in 1902, and again in 1903,
reached their commercial limit within four weeks, while in a tem-
perature of 32 degrees F. the fruit was still firm and sound at
the end of six weeks to two months.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 807

Kieffer pears stored in October, 1901, in 36 degrees F., were discol-
ored and worthless March, 1902, while the same yariety in 32 de-
grees F., was sound and in good condition until April 1. Low tem-
peratures are more necessary for the quick ripening summer fruits
than for the winter fruits because of the rapidity with which they
pass from ripeness to decay under normal! conditions. For winter
apples a temperature of from 30 to 32 degrees F. is the most ap-
proved, but this low temperature is necessary only to overcome
the effect of delays and severe handling to which the fruit is fre-
quently subjected. If the fruit could be picked, carefully handled
and placed in cold storage immediately, it would keep very satisfac-
torily in a temperature several degrees higher.

There are numerous diseases and affectations common to stored
fruits which tend to shorten their time of keeping. Scald is one
of the most pronounced of these troubles. It is not well under-
stood, but is due to one of the normal oxidizing ferments which
manifests itself in an injurious way only when the life history of the
fruit is well advanced. Scald develops upon the least mature side
of the fruit, and is particularly apt to appear upon fruit picked
before it is wellmatured. Since highly colored, well-matured fruit
is least subject to the trouble, this point has a very practical bear-
ing in orchard management. Growers should aim to produce fruit
of this character.

Black mould is the most troublesome disease to contend with in
the storage of strawbérries, raspberries and blackberries. It is
very apt to appear within from 48 to 72 hours in the case of rasp-
berries, while upon blackberries and strawberries it is almost cer-
tain to manifest itself within a week or ten days from the time of
storing. No method of preventing this trouble is known aside from
careful handling and quick storing of the fruit.

In the storage of cherries, brown rot is apt to be troublesome.
Cold temperatures retard its development to a very great extent,
but do not effectually check the spread of the disease.

Bitter rot and pink mould of apples are quite effectually checked
in the cold storage house, but the blue mould and other fungi fre-
quently manifest themselves to the injury of the fruit.

The behavior of fruit when removed from cold storage depends
upon how far it has already progressed in its life processes, and
upon temperature into which it is removed. Fruit which is nearing
the end of its life history, when withdrawn, cannot be expected to
hold up long after removal from the storage house.

The following tabulation-shows the development of scald in dif-
ferent temperatures upon the York Imperial apples from old and
young trees before alluded to. The young tree fruit was mellow
when removed from storage while the old tree fruit was still firm
and sound.

808 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE _ Off. Doc.

Scald Developed in Different Temperatures upon York Imperial
Apples from Old and Young Trees when Removed from Cold
Storage.

5
&
3 a
Age of Trees. iS 5 f
& o [o}
© a a) E =
* 9 is TT >
pe 2 a Re i
| fae 2 | 8 £ 2
eon a — rm ®
A Qa Ey) & | a n
OL OP aierte cictevalTerisveiceins sere lovclewia cae nie aie ieee loan rcmtante fe CE a Viggo as tan 0 | 0 0 0
MAMET loan decrobpoudeodse Gone Godda saeco dace do ebnede AEG DAD ASeoaaDRO 10 10 10 10
Old esas sstacsehine cos cee ew oe seen se ne Gg eieione | diy TE coradosose 0 | 0) 0 | 0
VOUT ENE nea ye tas PET PR |G Wek SPR erry ae Jams oes ae wanes 10 16 | 20 | 23
OLN saat ers cyafe hehe Meise ek clang Hae lot ae Sete nae | EROR He coms seacee 0 0° 0 | 0
aCe RaY sty, - WA SERN EPR Ne Sees RRC ral Ieee aR Pare a | dizhily TCR eo onda 11 28.| 40 80
OG bs Ge cnahe Mere Acorn CeBe aacie COGe eal oi oe ae CCaeM eS ar PAI 1G erarercletrarene 0 0 | 0) 0
RMOUN SAM eee aes. meet kioe cee tae ee eea an CaS ora aE Ce [uh See oocogene 14 | 5S | 70 | §3

Another tabulation is here given which shows the amount of
decay in Baldwin apples after removal from storage and subjected
to different temperatures.

Amount of Decay After Removal from Storage to Different Tem-
peratures. 1903.

a a - =
i) |
9 Per Cent. Rot.
w
g x
fe) |
& d |
Mo) . : A .
Variety. 2 : 2 & fy i Fy
O88 ev wn n n n
ES G Aad Meat slop aS
ve fs} B b & I
vA On oo on oo
o 2% @ o o ED) oO
S cy) S Le] Ls) be] i]
Q | a) = S 3 S
—— - a 3 | Eee
Bal dil ere tac ccn cece ca oe tec eees Ven th aRmesec cel dictes, Ps) soonadac 0 0 0 0
None. Gegocans 0 0 3 10
Ie Dy los aetereioels/< 0 0 | 12 14
| Mebane o.rce 0 | Otel 24
| Heb: "20, aae sce. 0 | 4 | 23 28
eich ORR tremor oc | 5 | 10 | Srforacatemie) | jee iereteeets

The above tables illustrate the fact that the higher the tempera-
ture into which the fruit is removed, the more quickly will it break
down.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 809

THE QUESTION BOX.

A number of questions were submitted through the “Question
Box.” Among those discussed were the following:

1. “I have 12 acres of ground suitable for pears. Can any one
name a variety that will make me more money than Kieffer?”

PROF. VAN DEMAN: There is perhaps more money in Kieffer
pears than in any other variety. Ga~ber is no better in quality.

PROF. BUTZ: There are some “Garber” pear trees near the col-
lege buildings, where there are 600 boys, and they seldom touch
them.

DR. FUNK: If budded or grafted on French roots they are nearly
equal to Bartlett.

2. “Name best method of pruning a 5-year old bearing peach
orchard.”

DR. FUNK: If the orchard has been neglected the best way is
to cut back and make a new top.

MR. PETERS: Best plan is to cut to a crutch. The growth will
then even up all over the trees.

3. “How many peach and apple trees should a grower have to
justify his having a power sprayer? What should that power be,
and who are the firms manufacturing such machinery, more espe-
cially to control the San José Scale?”

DR. FUNK: It will pay a man with 5 acres, especially if he has
San José Scale. He must have strong, uniform pressure and that
can hardly be maintained without steam or similar power. I use
a No. 6 Morrill & Morley pump. I use a middling fine nozzle, and
can throw spray 40 feet with a Seneca nozzle.

PROF. SURFACE: Dr. Funk will give a public demonstration of
his method of spraying on his premises at Boyertown, this spring.
The time will be announced in the Monthly Bulletin.

4. “In view of the serious pests that now discourage the fruit
grower, and induce him to inquire ‘What next,’ will you advise ¢
man with a growing knowledge of horticulture to embark as an
apple grower? If so, what two or three varieties of winter apples
would you advise him to plant?”

MR. HIESTER: I would not advise any man on such a matter
unless I knew the man. There is every chance for a man like

810 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Mr. McSparran to go into it. As to varieties, 1 weuld not like te
advise. Those in your neighborhood who have been growing apples
can give that information better than I.

6. “What varieties of trees and shrubs are attacked by San José
Scale? What varieties are most and what least injured?”

PROF. SURFACE: This is a very important question, but one
which I am not prepared at present to answer in detail. I would
like to hear from persons who have experience in this direction. I
am working upon this subject and will prepare a list showing the
relative degrees of attack upon different kinds of trees and plants,
and when this is properly completed will publish it in the Monthly
Bulletin of the Division of Zoology.

DR. FUNK: Everything is grist that comes to their mill.

MR. HOOVER: I have never had any trouble with the Scale on
Kieffer pear.

Adjourned.

EVENING SESSION.

Mr. Hiester, of Committee on Necrology, submitted the following
which was unanimously adopted:

The members of the State Horticultural Association of Penn-
sylvania have learned with profound sorrow of the death of Josiah
Hoopes, and desire to express their grief at his loss. He was a
charter member of the Association and served as president for a
longer term than any other man. He was an active, energetic
member, an indefatigable worker, deeply interested in everything
pertaining to our work, an eminent botanist and author, of genial
personality; he was the warm friend of every member. He will be
missed and mourned by us all.

Resolved, That this expression be entered upon our minutes,
and a copy be sent to his family.

GABRIEL HIESTER,

GEO. C. BUTZ,

J. W. PYLE,
Committee.

ADDRESS BY J. HORACE McFARLAND.

An interesting talk on “Fruit Trees and Plants for Beauty,” was
then given by J. Horace McFarland, President of the American

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 811

League for Civic Improvement, of Harrisburg. As the subject im
plies, he pleaded for the beautiful in both city and rural life, at
the same time advocating with equal emphasis the utilitarian and
economic point of view. Instead of planting a superabundance of
ornamental trees along roadways and gardens, he argued in favor
of fruit trees. They serve both purposes, being both a delight
to the eye and a joy to the palate. Fruit trees, he said, cost no more
to raise than ornamental trees. Why not, then, plant them along
the highways, and permit their products to be enjoyed by the
passerby, the same as the present shade tree. Even in the yards,
useful plants and vines would serve a material as well as aesthetic
purpose. Trees were meant to beautify and to be enjoyed. They
tend to better things, beside adding comfort and pecuniary wealth
to the beholder and owner.

Plant trees about your homes and you will not only enjoy them
yourselves, but they will be a source of pleasure and utility to those
who come after. The beautiful is never forbidden or frowned upon
in the Bible. Whatever is useful and beautiful elevates character
and makes better, happier citizens.

The CHAIR: For many years in the history of this organization
we had the counsel and assistance of Prof. Thomas Meehan, of
Germantown, Philadelphia. Until recent years he was always
present at our meetings, and his delightful talks entertained us
as no other man could, on topics pertaining to horticulture and
floriculture. We have with us this evening his son, Hon. W. E.
Meehan, Commissioner of Fisheries of Pennsylvania, who wiil ad-
dress us on “Fresh Water Fish and Fish Culture.” /

ADDRESS OF MR. MEEHAN.

He spoke first of the value of the fish as an article of food, the
large percentage of phosphorus it contains, making it valuable
asa brain nutriment. A fish was defined as a creature possessed of
gills, fins, etc., and generally adapted to the water. Many creatures
are classified as fish, improperly, as, for instance, the whale, which
was originally a land animal.

Mr. Meehan traced the history of the finny tribes from their ear-
liest beginnings. He told an interesting story about the sturgeon.
In the Devonian Age, or age of fishes, the water inhabitants were
so numerous that many of the species were supplied with peculiar
devices to protect them from their voracious enemies. The stur-

812 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

geon was covered with a very hard shell-like affair, with sharp
edges. It resembled armor plate, and the fish was given that nick.
name. In the course of time, when the waters became greatly de-
pleted of their inhabitants, the sturgeon had no further need for
the protection, and it has gradually disappeared, save a little sharp
ridge on the back.

The speaker explained the difference between the fin and finless
fish. The latter propel themselves by undulations of the body.

In dwelling upon present conditions in Pennsylvania, he said that
here, as well as elsewhere, the fish are disappearing with alarming
rapidity through the use of illegal fishing devices. The Commission
is doing an excellent work in its hatcheries, from which the eggs
are developed to maturity and the streams restocked. The hatch-
cries of Pennsylvania this year turned out over 125,000,000, less
than 10,000,000 of which were for game purposes. The Department
is steadily endeavoring to increase the number of fish in Pennsyl-
Vania, but it sorely needs more protection, especially for lake fish,
shad, herring, salmon and trout. The present number of fish war-
dens is insufficient to control the illegal fishing.

Mr. Meehan’s talk was made additionally interesting because of
its stereopticon views.

Mr. Peters offered the following preamble and resolutions, which
were unanimously adopted:

“Whereas, Weare about to close one of the most successful
meetings in the history of the Pennsylvania State Horticultural
Society; and,

“Whereas, We feel ourselves, as a society, deeply indebted to.

those who contributed to our success; therefore, be it

“Resolved, That we heartily thank the county commissioners of
Lancaster county for the use of the court room, and the press of
Lancaster for their faithful report of our proceedings and friendly
notices previous to our meeting, and to the lecturers and speakers
and exhibitors who have aided so materially in making our meeting
a success; also, to the people of Lancaster and vicinity who have
kindly assisted us by their attentive attendance.”

Adjourned.

ENOS B. ENGLE,
Secretary.

is SIXTH ANNUAL MEETING
Pennsylvania Dairy Union

LOCK HAVEN, PA., DECEMBER 2 AND 3, 1903.

OFFICERS OF THE PENNSYLVANIA DAIRY
UNION, 1904.

Dr. H. P. Armsby, President, State College, Pa.

Austin Leonard, First Vice President, Troy, Pa.

Rev. J. D. Detrich, Second Vice President, West Chester, Pa.
Wm. EH. Perham, Treasurer, Niagara, Pa.

Dr. M. E. Conard, Secretary, Westgrove, Pa.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.

Hon W. C. Norton, H. W. Comfort, M. F. Reeder; President and Secretary,
ex-officio.

Wednesday, December 2, 1903, 10 A. M.

PROGRAM.
INGUNESS TOL MWICICOMER so 5 cotsice os sieve siciels olsjohe o,0'0 speieie.s 81s oie's: oe Sore Mayor Jno. T. Cupper.
FVESTOMS Ci arcy clave vevarersteralel ee cepa a.chersvevesefste vs avelelecole\e sreeis) aiekelcbovovclstsuclers ever s.c/e Dr. He 2! Armsby;
PANLOMES SE) ore als ic. sire sic) aleve) sors, Sets «sia! s\suelate.ais/ajeiai sis) Stacele\ s,0/S vb tyctehe,serecoie 6 Hon. N. B. Critchfield.

Secretary of Agriculture of Pennsylvania.

General Business and Appointment of Committees.

Wednesday, December 2, 1.30 P. M.

“Sources of Nitrogenous Foods in the Dairy,”
Dr. A. T. Neal, Director of Delaware College Agricultural Experiment
Station.

Discussion.

“Twenty Years’ Experience in the Science and Art of a Dairy Herd,”
Rev. J. D. Detrich, Flourtown, Pa.

Diseussion.

Wednesday, December 2, 7.30 P. M.

An Illustrated Lecture on ‘‘Dairying in this and Foreign Countries,”
Major H. E. Alvord, Chief of Dairy Division of the Agricultural Depart-
ment, Washington, D. C.

( $15 )

816 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.
Thursday, December 38, 9.30 A. M.

“Immunization of Cattle Against Tuberculosis,”
Dr. Leonard Pearson, State Veterinarian.

Discussion.
she Silo and Silage Crops,”
Prof. Geo. C. Watson, Professor of Agriculture, Pennsylvania State

College.
Discussion.

Election of Officers.

Thursday, December 3, 1.30 P. M.

“Work of the Dairy and Food Division,”
Dr. B. H. Warren, Dairy and Food Commissioner of Pennsylvania.
Discussion.

“Development of Dairy Cattle,’’
Prof. H. H. Wing, Professor of Animal Industry and Dairy Husbandry,

Cornell University, N. Y.
Discussion by M. M. Hollingsworth, Landenberg, Pa.

Adjournment.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE SIXTH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE
PENNSYLVANIA DAIRY UNION, HELD AT LOCK HAVEN,
PA., DEC. 2 AND 3, 1903:

Very few members were present at the time announced for the
formal opening of the meeting, and it was, therefore, postponed until
1:30. P.M.

December 2, 19038, 1.30 P. M.

The meeting was called to order by the President, Dr. H. P.
Armsby, of State College. lhe following address of welcome was de-
livered by Hon. John T. Cupper, Mayor of Lock Haven.

ADDRESS OF WELCOME.

BY THE HON. JOHN T. CUPPER, Mayor.

Gentlemen of the Pennsylvania Dairy Union: I have the honor
to welcome you to our city and to extend to you the freedom and
privileges it affords. I trust that vou will not hesitate in asking

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 817

for any assistance which may contribute to your pleasure or aid
in your work. Not only our citizens, but the people in the commu-
nity are very much interested in your work, and are ready and anx-
ious to assist you in any manner they may.

We were much gratified with the result of the work done by the
‘State Dairy Commissioner in Lock Haven for the analysis of the
milk served by the local dealers. Whether the honor of your pres-
ence is the effect of this or not, we are happy to have you with us,
and wish for you a pleasant and profitable session.

RESPONSE TO THE ADDRESS OF WELCOME.

By DR. H. P. ARMSBY, President.

As President of the Pennsylvania Dairy Union and on behalf of
the members, I desire to thank you for the words of welcome. 1
understand, sir, that so far as we are concerned, your town is now
wide open, and that we are entirely at liberty to call upon the gov-
ernment of the city for any aid aud comfort that may be necessary,
and that if any of us should be tempted too far by the attractions of
your city, your officers will play the part of the Good Samaritan, im
binding up our wounds and pouring in oil and butter-milk, per-
haps, bring us back safely to the Fallon House and take care of us.
Whether you will follow the exampie of the Good Samaritan any
farther and make a deposit with the host for our benefit, we should
hardly presume to suggest.

I feel that it is a fortunate thing for any permanent organization
to meet occasionally in a city and come in contact with city condi-
tions. I think it is good for both parties. {f think there is apt to
grow up a feeling among the dwellers of the cities that the farmer
is rather an unimportant member of society, good to raise corn and
potatoes, but not of very much account otherwise; and, on the other
hand, the farmer is perhaps apt to look upon the city residents as
being ornamental rather than useful, or else as being the sharp
men who get their living at the expense of the farmer. It is a good
thing for both parties to come together and to get better acquainted.

Neither of these views, of course, represents the truth, as we all
understand. Neither the farmer nor the city dweller can do without

52—6—1903

818 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

the other. To use a Scriptural citation: “We are members, one of
another.” The farmer has, primarily, the great function in society
of producing food; secondarily, clothing, for the human race. If
he stops his activities, everything stops. Agriculture lies at the
base of all the industries of civilized life. On the other hand, the
farmer cannot prosper, unless he has a market for his products.
That market is furnished largely by the city and village communi-
ties. He can, of course, live without this market. He can live and
support himself, but neither the farmer nor the city dweller can
thrive or grow rich without the other. So, I think these meetings
serve to emphasize the mutual importance of the farmers, and dairy-
men particularly, as part of the farming world, and of the city dwel-
lers to each other.

I am glad, therefore, that we meet in this place of whose hospi-
tality many of us know, personally, in past years through meetings
of other organizations. JI again thank you, sir, for the very hearty
welcome which you have extended to us.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.

Mr. Chairman and Fellow-Members: Your Secretary begs to make
the following partial report. Since our last annual meeting held at
Harrisburg, we procured, after some delay, copies of nearly all of
the papers read on that occasion, and had them printed in bulletin
form, making three thousand copies, which were distributed to farm-
ers, dairymen and creamerymen throughout the State, sent direct
to their home or business address. We have also arranged the pro-
gram for the present meeting, which you now have.

The cost of printing 3,000 copies of bulletin was ........ $57 00
HO wrapping and maLlinge SAamMey 2. .o0o.-.2 2062 ose = 35 35
Cost of printing 2,000 copies of program, .............. 34 00
Born wrapping and mailing, 2.2. secs toe 5 bes eer oe oe T 00
Cost of printing letter heads and envelopes, ............ 9 00
$142 35
Cash received for ads. in program, ............. $24 50
HGHAdS. LO: DE COleCTO 2. itn ie We ete eoenk ae 55 00
$79 50
79 50
GRC EALOn CALC as 5: 2)o 2S aoe Cie a) oft arava eve a cee Can Oe eee $62 85

And, furthermore, your Secretary wishes to state in the recent
chances of officers, all records of previous meetings, together with

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 819

the Constitution and By-laws of the Union, seem to have been Lost,
and we find ourselves without the proper evidence of organization;
so we recommend that this meeting make and adopt a Constitution
and By-laws, and that in so doing we carefully consider the advisa-
bility of fixing some central point where the annual meeting shall
always be held, and that semi-annual meetings, should there be such,
could be held at such places as may be selected from time to time, by
the proper authority. Also, that the officers consist of a president,
two vice presidents, one secretary, one treasurer, and an executive
committee of three, and that it shall be one of the duties of said exe-
cutive committee to appoint exhibit committee consisting of one
dairyman, one creameryman and one commission merchant, who
shall have charge of obtaining exhibits, and offering and awarding
prizes at the annual meetings. The president and secretary to be
members ex-officio of both committees.

We make the foregoing suggestions with a hope, in a measure, of
dividing the work without sufficiently shifting the responsibility
from anyone to make them neglectful of their duties,

M. E. CONARD,
Secretary.

It was moved and seconded, the report of the Secretary be adopted
as read. Carried.

REPORT FROM THE TREASURER.

MR. W. C. NORTON: Mr. Perham’s wife was taken very sick last
Saturday and died on Monday morning, and until Saturday night
he had expected to be present. He had not time to send his book
as treasurer to me and, therefore, I have no statement to make, ex-
cept that which he gave me over the telephone, that there were $2
left in the treasury, and that he wished that the dues be paid to Dr.
Conard, who would keep a record and forward the same to him.

The PRESIDENT: I would suggest the propriety of the Dairy
Union taking some action in expressing the sympathy of the Society
with Mr. Perham in his bereavement.

MR. W. H. COMFORT: I move that the President, on behalf of the
Pennsylvania Dairy Union, send to ‘Mr. Perham an expression of the
sympathy of the members in his sudden bereavement.

Seconded and carried.

The PRESIDENT: A subject which emphasizes to my mind the
progress which has been made in agriculture and agricultural educa-

820 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

tion in the last 25 years, is the discussion of the sources of protein
on the farm. Twenty-five years ago a speaker on such a topic would
not have been present in such a society. The intelligent farmer of
to-day is perfectly familiar with such questions, and the interest
taken in these somewhat technical matters is very significant of the
advance that has been made.

Dr. A. T. Neal, Director of the Delaware Agricultural Experiment,
Station, read a very excellent paper on, “Sources of Nitrogenous
Foods in the Dairy,” but it is to be regretted that his paper was not
furnished for publication, though requested to do so, by the Secre-
tary.

The PRESIDENT: Before calling for the discussion of this paper,
there is a matter of business to be attended to. Mr. Susendorf, in
charge of the Dairy Exhibit at St. Louis, is here and desires to be
heard in regard to this subject.

MR. SUSENDORF: I want to say that I am here, first and last,
in the interest of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, to extend to
the Pennsylvania Dairy Union the most cordial invitation to take
part in our dairy exhibition. The applications for space are numer-
ous. I find that we have only two places left in our space, and our
chief, Mr. Taylor, tells me that we cannot do well without Pennsyl-
vania. Yours is the second largest dairy state in the Union. The
Exposition is providing show-cases, refrigerators, with places in the
cold storage department for butter that may come for storing,
and also furnishes space for fancy butter, showing what the State
can do. Almost all the states have taken space and intend having
a superintendent present.

In looking over the census reports I find that Pennsylvania is the
second largest dairy state in the Union. The returns from its milk
and cream in 1899 amounted to thirty-five million dollars; those of
New York amounted to fifty-five million dollars. Your horticul-
tural products amounted to twelve million dolars in 1899 against
thirty-five million in dairy products. Consequently, your dairy in-
dustry is approximately three times as large as the horticultural.
Your cows of Pennsylvania earned $37 per capita against those of
Iowa at $19 per capita and of Illinois at $29 per capita. With a
display at the Exposition and a superintendent who could call the
attention of the people to this fact the result would be, more dairy-
ing business in Pennsylvania.

The Exposition funishes only floor space. We are having the
cases built at the very lowest figures and the cost, including refrig-
erating, for eight foot spaces is $350 and $500 for the entire term of
the Exposition. This includes room in the cold storage for the
butter that comes for storing. Each show ease will be 8 feet en

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 821

the front, 8 feet deep and 8 feet high, and of the best plate glass.
We would like to see you represented and hope that you will be
able to arrange with the Commission to set aside enough money to
make a creditable showing there.

The PRESIDENT: The subject seems like an important question,
whether a business of thirty-five million dollars a year should not
be represented at this latest, and I suppose, the largest of the In-
ternational Expositions. The question is before you for considera-
tion.

A Member: I would like to ask whether the appropriation made
for this State is in part available for the purpose.

COL. J. A. WOODWARD: The Commission has not yet made
any appropriation for the Dairy Exhibits. The attitude of the
Commission is that it looks upon dairying as a manufacturing enter-
prise like the other manufacturing enterprises of the State, and for
these they have not made any appropriation. I have been instructed
by the executive ofticers to ascertain the sentiment of the Pennsyl-
vania Dairy Union upon the question. Ido not think Iam authorized
to make any promises for the Commission, but they have requested
me to ascertain the mind of the Dairy Union upon the matter of
making an exhibit. Concerning the inquiries I have made I do not
find much of a spirit in the direction of making the exhibit. People
seem to think that the dairy business is one that goes itself and that
it does not need any advertising there. I would like to ascertain the
sentiment of this society in order to report to the Commission. Up
to this time there has been no appropriation made; certainly none
made in the general agricultural appropriation that would be avail-
able for this purpose. Whether or not one could be made if the
Dairy Union were willing to make the effort, I do not know. Per-
haps the Commission might find some one to aid the enterprise. I
hope I have made myself clear, that the Commission simply au-
_ thorized me to come and inquire of the official dairymen of the State
the sentiment in the state, and whether they had any request or
recommendation to make to the Commission. The Commission has
expressed a very great deal of interest in the matter, and hopes
that the dairymen are going to take the matter up and make an ex-
hibit. 7

MR. W. C. NORTON: I do not believe that the individual dairy-
men of the State will take up this matter. I see no reason why the
appropriation should not be used to further the dairy interests of
this State. If my recollection serves me right, there was an appro-

§22 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

priation, altogether, to the World’s Fair of $300,000. I would reeom-
mend that the Commission take up this display at St. Louis and ap-
propriate whatever amount they see fit to give. If it is not done by
the Commission it will not be done at all. It seems to me that out of
$300,000 there should be enough to make a dairy exhibit. I do not
know how one is going to get the individual dairymen to take hold
of this.

COL. WOODWARD: I remember hearing one member of the Com-
mission express himself to the effect that he thought the dairy asso-
ciations of the State would take up the matter in an official way.
He was not, however, speaking authoritatively.

MR. NORTON: f fail to see why the Dairy Union should take up
this matter. We as a Dairy Union, or the Live Stock Breeders’
Association were unable to get any appropriation at all. I think it
is the place of those who got the appropriation through the Depart-
ment of Agriculture to push it forward. They have the money. We
never have been able to get any appropriation. I would make that
as a motion.

Seconded by Major Wells.

The PRESIDENT: Is it the sense of the Dairy Union that an appro-
priation should be made by the State Commission for a representa-
tion of the dairy interests of Pennsylvania at the Louisiana Pur-
chase Exposition?

COL. WOODWARD: I would like to know precisely what is meant
by the expression “taking up the matter and pushing it” used by Mr.
Norton. Mr. Susendorf said that refrigerator spaces and cases
vould be provided at a cost of from $350 to $500. Suppose the Com-
mission would provide that, would the Dairy Union, or some other
union or a union of the organizations of the State undertake to see
to the details of the exhibit, getting the material there and putting
it on exhibition and displaying it. I would like to know precisely
what is the sense of the Dairy Union on this question.

MR. NORTON: I would say, as one of the officers of the Dairy
Union, I fail to see where the money is coming from to do this work.
It looks to me as if the Commission would have to pay for the space
and also for the man to look after the details. Plenty of dairymen
will be glad to furnish the goods, if they are taken care of.

The PRESIDENT: I fail to see, personally, why the dairymen of
the State should be on any other footing in this matter than those
engaged in other branches of farming. As { understand, the Com-
mission has made an appropriation for representing the general
agricultural interests of the State. That provides for collection of
exhibits, for execution of the work and puts at its head Col, \Woad-

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 823

ward. I fail to see why the individual dairyman or the dairymen as
an organization should in anyway be expected to assume this
work. I fail to see any reason why the dairy interests of the State
should not be considered in substantially the same way as the gen-
eral agricultural interests. If any one voluntarily takes it up they
take it up without authority, and it seems to me that some one would
have to do a lot of hard work for the honor, with a considerable ex-
pense, which certainly the treasury of this organization, if the pre-
liminary report be correct, is hardly in a position to assume. There
was reported a balance of two dollars in the treasury. So, in brief,
my feeling is, individually, that the Commission ought to take up
the dairy interests of the State in substantially the same way as
it has taken up the general agricultural interests of the State. The
dairy exhibit should have the sanction of the State, be under the
authority of the State as certainly as the agricultural exhibit.

MR. SUSENDORF: In sending the butter you really need some
one to look after it. Quite a few entries will be made individually
from Pennsylvania. There are a number of creamerymen who will
send butter there and also dairymen. My experience at the World’s
Fair, Chicago, was that when no one was sent in charge of the ma-
terial it stood about and was delivered in poor condition. With the
exhibit that took all the honors, there was a superintendent on hand
to look after it. A number of states are making arrangements to
have their butter consigned and all sent to one central place, and
sent to St. Louis in a refrigerator car. Unless you make arrange-
ments with some one to look after it in this way you will have a poor
display.

A Member: If the State is going to make an exhibit it ought to
be a representative exhibit. As stated by Colonel Woodward,
the general impression is that the dairy interests do not need ad-
vertising. You will find that men making the best brands of but-
ter in Pennsylvania will not take any interest in this matter. They
have all the trade they want. Advertising will not help trade, but
that is the very butter that ought to be represented there. Colonel
Woodward as head of the Department of Agricultural Exhibits,
will want to get a representation of the very finest products of the
State, and it seems to me that the Commission ought to be as much
in favor of, and as much determined that the butter interests of the
State should be represented in the same way. I do not think that
can be done in any other way than by the Commission finding the
best butter men and seeing that exhibits are made from this class.
I exhibited butter at the Chicago Exhibition and nearly all was
scored “off flavor.” I suppose this was because of delay at the ex-
press station,

§24 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

COL. WOODWARD: The scoring of “off flavor’ mentioned by the
last speaker I think was due to the butter being sent in the ordi-
nary express train by the individual exhibitor, and not in the way
Mr. Susendorf speaks of. It has been stated that the very best but-
ter makers would not take much interest in the matter. I would
like to ask, and I am not authorized to speak for the Commission;
suppose that the Commission should undertake to provide the re-
frigeration and possibly provide a proper person to take care of the
exhibits, would these men who make the butter supplied to Penn-
sylvania have sufficient interest to send their exhibit to the place
of consignment from which point it would be sent to the Exposition.

A Member: I think you would have to bring some persuasion to
bear in Chester county.

MR. NORTON: I don’t believe there would be any trouble. There
are a few men who have pride enough to furnish butter if the men
and means are furnished.

MR. W. HO. COMFORT: It does not seem to me possible that the
Commission, representing the agricultural interests, would allow
the dairy interests not to be represented. The Commission is aware
of the condition of the Dairy Union, that it is an organization not
entirely representative and that it has never been able to get any
assistance. The Commission has the sinews of war and it has a
pride in the State, and so has Col. Woodward. I believe that the
Commission should take up the matter, and make an effort to appro-
priate enough money to enable suitable men to get up the exhibit and
put Pennsylvania in the Exposition where she belongs as the second
dairy state in the Union. I do not think that the Commission can be-
lieve that a little organization like this would assume the expense
of appointing some one to look the matter up and take charge of the
exhibit. I presume that the Commission will do this for the State.
It seems to me that we should recommend them to put forth their
best efforts to have us properly represented at St. Louis.

MR. JONES: Dairymen who are getting the top prices in the Phila-
delphia and New York markets cannot send 50 pounds of butter
and have it arrive in as good condition as that from Wisconsin and
states nearby; therefore, they are at a decided disadvantage, and
it will take the utmost-care on the part of the Commission to pro-
vide the best means possible to get the buttter to St. Louis in the
best condition.

MAJOR WELLS: It is better to do nothing than to make a blunder
of it. It is folly to expect any individual dairyman or creameryman
to look after the matter. J think it should be done by the Commis-

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 825

sion. Some arrangement should be made for collecting this butter
through central points and seeing that it gets to St. Louis in proper
condition. I think the dairymen will furnish the goods, if the as-
surance is given that they will be properly handled.

Mk. AUSTIN LEONARD: If dairying is represented at St. Louis
it will have to be done through the Commission. How many of us
are here to-day, and why? Why have we not 500 here in attendance?
if we as dairymen of this State have not enough interest to attend
this meeting we have not enough interest or money to carry on an
exhibit at St. Leuis, and although we do make in this State as fine
butter as is made, we cannot get it to St. Louis unless the Commis-
sion puts it there.

The PRESIDENT: I should not like the suggestion to be under-
stood as pointing toward any diminution in the amount that has
been appropriated for the representation of the general agriculture
of the State. That is a mere pittance at best. What the Dairy
Union wants is not to divert some of the funds already appro-
priated, but the appropriation of an additional contribution for a
specific dairy exhibit. I take it that that is the sentiment of all
who have spoken.

As I understand the question, it is the sense of the Dairy Union
that the State Commission should provide in such ways as they deem
best for the expense of an adequate representation of the Pennsyl-
vania dairy interests at St. Louis.

COL. WOODWARD: I would like to have the wording of the reso-
lution so complete and full that it will express the sense of the
organization and that I shall not be obliged to put any interpreta-
tion upon it.

The PRESIDENT: Mr. Norton, I am sure, will express in writing
that which we all understand the sense of the Dairy Union to be.

Unanimously agreed to.
DISCUSSION OF DR. NEAL’S PAPER.

MR. H. W. COMFORT: I would like to ask whether crimson clover
is a palatable food and easily made? There was a feeling that the
heads of crimson clover were very poor feed, especially for horses.

DR. NEAL: Our people have learned to make the crop earlier in
the year when they intend to feed it to horses. The hull makes an
indigestible mass which, when moistened, distends the stomach of
the horses. In some cases the horses were found dead and an im-
mense mass was taken from the stomach. It has been many years
since the occurrence of a case of that kind, but the lesson taught
has been to cut the grass when it is young.

826 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

The PRESIDENT: Have there been any ill effects like that ob-
served in eattle?

DR. NEAL: None whatever. The horses alone seem to have this
difficulty. Good paper has been made from the manure of horses
on account of the presence of the fbrin which they cannot digest.
Cows do not lave this difficulty.

DR. CONARD: I was much interested in the Doctor’s statements
about the packing down of the clover, and it suggested a question.
We have but one silo which is pretty well filled with silage, and we
have some corn fodder which we want to use as the Doctor is using
it, soften it and use every bit of it. It was my plan to make a vat
or trough about 3 feet wide, 8 or 10 feet long and a couple of feet
deep, and to have a false bottom 1 or 2 inches above the other bot-
tom. I would pack that full of shredded or cut fodder, put a lid
down tightly upon it and introduce steam under the false bottom,
leaving it covered over night or until the next feeding time. In our
case the steam would cost us nothing. Will that answer the same
purpose ia the absence of the silo or not?

DR. NEAL: Will Dr. Armsby explain the difference between cook-
ing and fermentation; thai is, the fermentation taking place in the
silo.

The PRESIDENT: It is easy to state the chemical difference.
Fermentation means a breaking down of the more easily soluble
constituents of the body with more or less formation of acids and
- other aromatic products which would add to the flavor of the fed-
der and the qualities that contribute to its more complete consump-
tion. Cooking simply makes it more digestible, but I take it that
you do not get the flavor that you do by fermentation.

DR. NEAL: Has it been demonstrated that cocked food is net de-
sirable to the dairy cow?

The PRESIDENT: Cooking adds nothing, except that it may con-
duce to the more compiete consumption of the food. There is a cer-
tain amount of food in the cornstalk, but if your cow don’t eat it,
it neither does her nor her owner any good. If by some sort of
treatment you can get her to eat that the probabilities are that it
will be digested and perform its nutritive function. Other things
being equal, however, the cooking is likely to diminish the quality of
the food rather than improve it. The practical experience of a
great many men is that the advantage of cooking food is not great
enough to pay for the cost.

DR. NEAL: There is one thing that can be purchased to make
the shorter fodder more palatable; a low grade molasses which you

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 827

can buy for 7 or 8 cents a gallon. It is a black and bitter stuff as it
comes to you, but when diluted with water it becomes sweet, and
when the water that is used to soften the fodder is sweetened with
this molasses, I have noticed quite an increase of eagerness on the
part of the stock to take it. My men have said, “Why don’t you
sweeten the water before putting it into the silo?” There would be
fermentation and some alcohol. It is not in keeping with temper-
ance principles, but it is very good for young cows.

MR. THOMPSON: Would it increase the fiow of milk?

DR. NEAL: I have made no observation. I only notice that they
eat it better.

The PRESIDENT: In regard te the home production of protein,
looking at it upon the commercial side, it would seem that if we can
buy it cheaper than we can raise it that we would not be warranted
in raising it. I had a feeling that there is a good deal of sentiment
in the advocacy of raising everything on the farm, and especially
in raising our own protein. I am aware, however, that there is the
question of the fertilzation and the value of the residue in the soil.
It is, however, a question whether under many conditions it is not
cheaper to buy protein than to raise it. If we can raise 16 to 25 tons
of silage to the acre, even if there is no protein in it, from the feed-
er’s standpoint it is a question whether we are not going to make
more money so that we can afford to buy our extract proteids.. It
seems to me that this is the side of the question not usually consid-
ered.

DR. NEAL: The question of the provisions for the future is the
point. Some of us can remember a decade ago when bran seld at
$10 a ton and some of us have paid from $21 to $23 this year. We
know that the dairymen of Minnesota and Wisconsin are putting
butter into the Philadelphia markets and they are using bran at the
price at which we used to secure it. Ata recent agricultural meet-
ing held at Atlanta, I attempted to buy between 60 and 70 tons of
cotton seed meal for a little circle of farmers in our neighborhood.
T made a rather close study of the markets around Atlanta and I
found that I could not possibly buy cotton seed meal in Georgia and
send-it up to Philadelphia. We were driven to other parts of the
South to get our cotton seed; and, throughout the session whenever
I approached a Southern man about buying cotton seed I was toid
that every effort was being made to utilize it at home. What we
got later in the year we got from tidewater; where it came from I
do not know; some from Nashville and some from Texas. We must
make some arrangement whereby we can supply our own protein.
Sugar beet is a good product and a good cattle food. When one

828 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

thing goes beyond us, another comes within our reach. It is our
business to look after alfalfa, crimson clover and the soy bean, not
forgetting the pea, which gives us the richest of ail foods; but
somehow it does not satisfy us. Yve must get somebody to take up
these things and find how they can get into our agriculture in a busti-
ness way. We have to search all over the country for the thing that
suits our purpose. If we can make money by buying it, buy it.
Don’t buy bran at $22 a ton when you do not get your money back,
when your trade won’t allow you to use it.

MR. THCMPSON: We are told than bran is worth $16 a ton for
fertilizing.

DR. NEAL: I know this, that when you put it on the ground, you
cannot go there and get it right back again. At the same time,
you are renewing the farm and trying to get more profit. I*do not
feel that it is mine if I cannot get it back. There is many a dollar
goes out as feed that is balanced by what goes into the land, and
you are benefited by it. We want the improvement of the land
thrown in. We want to see the land coming up all the time, but
want something in the bank. The value is there, but I doubt if we
utilize it so as to get it out.

MR. THOMPSON: Can Dr. Neal tell us explicity how to select our
seed corn?

DR. NEAL: I am not an expert, but in a general way it may be
said, that in taking a kernel of corm you will see a mass of white sub-
stance that is starch. If this crown cf starch is large the per-
centage of protein is high, if it is small the percentage is low.

MR. THOMPSON: Would not hominy meal be a good feed for
cows? it has a good deal of proteids.

DR. NEAL: The name hominy meal, may be applied in different
sections of the country to different products.

MR. THOMPSON: I mean the part that contains the germs.

DR. NEAL: It is not a bad food. I used it years ago. It has a
tendency to become rancid and you can therefore use it only in small
quantities. It is rich in oil proteid and rich in starch.

The SECRETARY: Certain conditions are confronting us that it
will be well to make public to the organization and I wish to make
a recommendation. Because of changes in the officers that have
occurred during the past year, it seems that all records of previous
meetings, together with the constitution and by-laws have been lost.
I would recommend that this meeting make and adopt a constitution
and by-laws and in so doing carefully consider the advisibility of

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 829

fixing upon some central point at which all annual meetings will be
held; and, that semi-annual meetings, should they be held, take
place at some point to be selected from time to time.

You will notice that in the official staff there is no change, ex-
cept in the board of directors of six, which is changed to an Execu-
tive Committee of three. It is impossible to get six members to-
gether. Three would feel the responsibility more than six and this
would mean a little more active management than heretofore.

The PRESIDENT: Et seems that we have neither Constitution nor
By-laws and apparently we are not thriving under that state of
health. What action shall be taken?

MR. JONES: Owing to the importance of the matter, would it not
be better to appoint a committee to consider the subject and to re-
port at a future session? With that idea in view I would make a
motion that the Chair appoint a committee of three, or such number
as seems best, to report at a future session of this meeting.

Seconded by Mr. Norton.

The PRESIDENT: Is it the intention that this committee include
in its report a draft of by-laws?

MAJOR WELLS: It should be a committee on reorganization.

The PRESIDENT: Should this committee when it reports, report
a draft of constitution and by-laws?

Mk. JONES: I question whether there is time to properly do that.
I will include that in the resolution, if that is thought best.

The PRESIDENT: It seems to me that it might be done. It is cer-
tainly desirable.

MR. NORTON: The committee should report early in the morning,
because we want to elect officers.

MR. JONES: I would change the motion to that effect. I think
that the Chair should be a member of the committee.

The PRESIDENT: The Chair is ready to give any assistance, but
I think it is just as well not to have him included in the committee.

It is moved and seconded that a committee of three be appointed
on re-organization, with the understanding that a draft of a new
constitution and by-laws be reported at the morning session to-mor-
row.

The Chair would suggest that there might be included in this mo-
tion a resolution to take into consideration the future of the or-
ganization. It is a serious question that confronts us. We have
simply mustered a handful here. I feel that we ought to make a
strong effort to arouse more interest and get better representation

836 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

of the dairy interests of the State. Possibly this committee in the
course of its duties can suggest some measures conductive to that
end.

Motion carried.
Messrs. Jones, Comfort and Leonard were named by the Chair.

MAJOR WELLS: I move that the President and Secretary be
made members exofficio of the committee of three.
Seconded and carried.

MR. NORTON: I move that a Committee on Nominations of
Officers, and a Committee on Resolutions be appointed by the Chair,
consisting of three each.

Carried.

The PRESIDENT: The Chair will announce the committees at the
evening session.
Adjourned to 7.30 P. M.

December 2, 7.30 P. M.
The following committees were announced by the President:

Committee on Resolutions: Messrs. Norton, Jones and Conard.
Committee on Nominations: Messrs. Leonard, Wells and Thomp-
son.

The report of the Committee on Organization:

MR. JONES: The committee met and after considering the mat-
ter, came to the conclusion that it was absolutely impossible to draft
a constitution and by-laws that would be suitable for this associa-
tion, and that it was much better to recommend that a committee be
appointed to draft these resolution and present to our society at
the next annual meeting. We also agreed to make the following
suggestions in regard to the organization and appointment of officers
for this year: 1. That a temporary organization be effected by the
election of the following officers: President, two vice presidents,
secretary, treasurer, and an Executive Committee consisting of three
elected members and the president and secretary ex-officio.

2. That the Executive Committee be instructed to make arrange-
ments for the next meeting in accordance with the practice of previ-
ous years.

3. We recommend that a committee be appointed to draft a consti-
tution and by-laws to present-to owr next annual meeting.

{t was moved and seconded that the report be accepted.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 831

The PRESIDENT: This carries an affirmative action upon the
recommendation in the report.
Agreed to.

The PRESIDENT: The committee already announced upon nomi-
nations of officers will govern itself accordingly in presenting the
list of nominations.

The following illustrated lecture was delivered:

*DAIRYING IN THIS AND FOREIGN COUNTRIES.

By MAJoR H. E. ALVORD, Chief of Dairy Division of Agricultural Department, Washington, D. C.

Dairying is a prominent feature of the agriculture of France and
the industry takes very different forms in different parts of the
country. It is, therefore, necessary to travel about and often in
paths not frequented by tourists in order to find the places of SIE
dairy interest.

After a visit to the Channel Islands and the homes of Guernsey
and Jersey cattle, one may cross the narrow strip of sea, only 15
miles wide, and land upon the west coast of France, in the old pro-
vince of Normandy. Any one of a number of little towns, all noted
—as dairy centers, will answer as a standpoint from which to geta
view of Normandy, its cattle and its butter-making, so we will lo-
cate at Carentan, a place of about 3,000 inhabitants, at the head of
an inlet or arm of the sea, which is kept dredged so as to afford navi-
gation for 12 miles down to the English Channel at Isigny.

_The farms in this vicinity are quite large and mainly in grass. It
is a tide-water region and much of the land is low. The pastures
are permanent and the herbage superb. The very best of the Nor-
mandy cattle, of which France is so proud, the Cotentin strain, here
abound. They are large, coarse, heavy-boned, but sleek and fat.
In color they are red, brown and white, spotted and brindled. ‘They
have a very wide, heavy, homely face and muzzle, but good, full eyes.
The udders are often large, but irregular in shape, with very large
and puffy teats. Good cows average 8 to 10 quarts a day for 10
months, or 5,000 to 6,000 pounds of milk per year. It requires 12
quarts of milk in the winter and 15 in the summer to make one
penne of butter. The butter product of good cows is, therefore, 200
to 225 pounds per year; ordinarily 100 pounds a week from 20 cows

*This lecture was very generously illustrated with lantern sintanes made from photographs col-
lected by Major Alvord during recent visits to the places described. These cannot be reproduced
here and interest in the subject, as presented, is thus reduced at least one half.

832 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

rising at times to 125 to 130 pounds. An American dairyman would
see little about these cows indicative of economic dairy quality, and
would hardly choose them for “duai purpose” animals, yet some
cows among them are claimed to be very profitable. The caives are
simply marvelous, in size, thrift, rapid growth and fatness, making
veal of the highest quality and selling at prices which make one of
the most important sources of farm revenue. Good calves, 6 to
8 weeks old, often sell for $25 te $30 each. If saw carcasses of veal
several times which weighed 250 pounds and over; these calves,
when alive, must have weighed over 400 pounds, and they were not
two months old. The cattle roam in extensive pastures, often at
some distance from the farmstead. During the very long pasture
season, including parts of winter, the female members of the farm-
er’s family, or laborers, usually women, may be seen twice a day
traveling over the farm lanes and country roads, in little donkey
carts or mounted on donkeys, and surrounded by numerous milk
pots or cans, closely resembling those used in Jersey, but running
in larger sizes. The cows are sought in the fields and often found
much scattered. They are not called and do not come up to be
milked. The milkers pass from cow to cow, and kneeling on the
ground, or in the position known as “sitting on one’s heels,” milk
with both hands or one, directly into the small mouth of the milk
pot, or, in somewhat rare cases, onto a strainer clotl stretched over
these openings. The can covers are carried along and when a can
is full, the cover is put on, and the can left standing on the ground,
perhaps in full sunlight, until the end of the milking. The hours
from 5 to 7 form the milking period, at both ends of the day. When
completed, the donkey (which has meanwhile been grazing and wan-
dering about, perhaps carrying the cans to the most distant part of
the field) is driven around to pick up the scattered vessels of milk,
which are then carried to the farmhouse. The building is almost
always of stone, and on a shady side a room has been set apart, with
very thick walls, one or two small windows, and a stone floor, for
keeping the milk. Often it is empty except for the supply of heavy,
earthenware jars which hold from 12 to 20 quarts of milk apiece.
These are called ¢terrines (earthen jars) and chaudiers (warmers).
These vessels stand upon the floor or on a permanent bench around
two or three sides of the room. Into them the milk is strained on
arriving from the field, and atmospheric temperatures alone de-
pended upon for cooling. Natural ice and cold water are scarce
articles hereabouts. These milk rooms are never cold, but, on the
other hand, they never get very warm, even in mid-summer. They
are kept well whitewashed and scrupulously clean, in Normandy,
and considering the large bulk of milk set in one vessel, and the
want of care prior to straining away, the milk keeps sweet an aston-

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 833

ishingly long time. The milkers are by no means as clean as they
might be, in person or dress, the metallic pots are never steamed and
rarely scalded, but are washed clean and aired. The cows are in the
best of health, with the purest of food, but they have poor water.
Their bodies are clean and they are always milked in the open air,
with cleanly surroundings. If the milk sours in less than 24 hours,
as it seldom does, it is churned entire. Otherwise the milk is
skimmed at the end of 24 or 36 hours, and the cream churned the
same day, or the next. Churning ordinarily occurs every morning
and early, while it is cool. The cream when churned has developed
but little acidity, and the butter has a mild and rather flat flavor.
Pure cultures, ferments and starters are unknown. Dash churns are
used, both of vertical and barrel form. Some horizontal barrel
churns are operated by a one-horse sweep-power. The butter is
gathered in the churn, in mass, after very thorough washing, lifted
out and worked in a wooden bowl or long tray, with the bare hands.
Salt is never used, at least not at the farm dairy where churning is
done. In cleaning the churn at the final rinsing, a bunch of the
common nettle plant (Urtica Urens) fresh or dried, is shaken about
in the churn. No reason is given for this, except that it has always
been done; yet some, on being pressed, say they think it helps to
cleanse the churn, and others that it “makes the butter come.” The
churning seems to be exhaustive and the butter is generally well-
made, although rather over-worked. No fat testing is known and
no means exist of telling whether fat losses occur in the skim milk
and buttermilk; these by-products are, however, judiciously fed
to calves or pigs.. The milk room is sometimes large enough to ac-
commodate the churn and churning, but ordinarily this work and
the general dairy cleaning is done in an adjoining room, where there
are provisions for a fire, and set-kettle. The premises and uten-
sils are usually kept very clean. The work is done by women and
there is no stinting of labor. There is no scientific practice or study
of problems involved, all is done according to traditional rules and
habit. Yet the average butter of Normandy is well-made and good
of its kind.

Twice a week the farmers’ wives or daughters take the butter to
market at the neighboring town or village. It is prepared early
in the morning, formed into big lumps, wrapped closely in large,
coarse linen cloths and put into wicker baskets of the shape of a
flower-pot. This form or lump of butter is called a motte. If quite
warm, the mottes are made smaller than the baskets, and between
cloth and baskets the space is filled with clean, unbroken wheat
straw. Straw is drawn over the top, unless the basket has a good
cover. These baskets vary in size and the mottes of butter weigh

53—6—1903

834 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE : Off. Doc.

from 8 to 10, to 50 or 60 pounds. They are carried to market in
the one-horse farm road cart common to all Western Europe, or
in a smaller donkey cart of similar pattern, or in paniers on a saddle
animal. From ten o’clock until noon on the proper days, the roads
leading to the market towns are filled with the neatly and plainly
dressed country women of Normandy, carrying their butter to the
sale.

About eleven o’clock the buying begins. In the market place, or
on the village common, buyers have arranged receiving enclosures
or booths, with provisions for weighing and for paying. These
buyers represent Parisian or other merchants, or the large factories
at which butter is manipulated and further prepared for market.
The. country women gather around the square with baskets on the
ground. As a buyer approaches, the package is uncovered, the top
of the motte exposed, and the buyer, with a peculiar knife or a little
tryer, examines the butter and makes an offer for it, at the same
time placing marks on the surface of the butter, indicating in char-
acters secret to his house, the grade of the article and price offered.
If the owner rejects the offer, these marks are obliterated, the top
of the butter smoothed and another buyer awaited. If accepted,
the basket is at once taken to the proper stall, the motte removed,
unwrapped, weighed and reported to the bookkeeper and cashier at
hand. The butter is weighed on a peculiar platform counter scale
or by steelyards, and unprotected, exposed to sun and storm, dust
or rain. The weigher picks up the lump of butter in his hands and
sends it sailing through the air to an attendant with a very large,
linen-lined basket ready to receive butter of the special grade to
which this is assigned. Yhe owner is paid cash at once, and retires
with empty basket and plethoric purse, to gossip or “shop,” or return
to the farm.

This butter buying at local country markets in France, is done
with remarkable rapidity. Of course the buyers know well the vari-
ous makers and the usual quality of their butter. But every lot is
tested and a decision as to grade and price must be stated and
marked. At a market which I witnessed at Carentan, held on an
August day in the shadow of the fine old church of the 14th century,
which this little town possesses, there were twenty buyers, repre-
senting four purchasing firms or factories. In most cases the butter
was examined by only one person, the sale being virtually fixed in
advance, but very many mottes were tasted three or four times.
The number of makers represented and the total number of mottes,
could not be determined, arriving sellers so rapidly replaced those
retiring, but there were several hundred. The cases were very few
where one person offered over 50 pounds. The best buyers worked
at the rate of 150 lots of butter per hour, and in two hours, that

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 835

day, an aggregate of over 100,000 pounds (or 50 tons) of fresh (un-
salted) Normandy butter arrived, was tested, graded, sold, delivered
and paid for. The sales at this town sometimes exceed 60 tons on
Mondays, but are less in quantity on Fridays. The butter purchased
was placed by the buyers in 18 different grades, with as many differ-
ent prices, ranging from 15 to 30 cents per pound and averaging 24
or 25 cents. j

Most of the butter bought at these country markets in Normandy
is taken for the proprietors of large establishments which are
really blending factories, a kind of butter factory hardly known in
America. One of the oldest and best known of these is located
at Carentan. It is a big concern, employing at least 600 persons
altogether, receiving 25 to 40 tons of butter a day, in a dozen dif-
ferent grades, which is mechanically blended, repacked and sold
in four commercial grades. Sales amount sometimes to 100 tons a
day, although ordinarily only about 30 tons. The business of the
year aggregates 9,000 to 10,000 tons of butter, worth from four to
five million dollars.

South of Normandy is the old province of Brittany with its ex-
cellent little dairy cows, black and white, and its entertaining and
picturesque peasantry. But the dairying of this region does not
differ much in character from that of Normandy. It is not as well
conducted and the butter product ranks lower in quality and price.
There is an agricultural college with a dairy school] annex in Brit-
tany, and away to the west, not far from Brest, an excellent practi-
cal school of dairying for the daughters of peasant farmers. It is
thoroughly a dairymaid’s establishment.

Should one travel still farther south in France, keeping within
fifty miles or so of the west coast, the old province of Poitou would
be entered; lying between the rivers Loire and Gironde. In this
district, and particularly in the Departments of Deux-Sevres, Ven-
dee, Charente and Lower Charente, is to be found the best French
development of the co-operative system of butter-making. The first
factory under this system was organized in 1888, with 88 patrons,
and produced that year 65,000 pounds of butter. There are now
more than one hundred of these co-operative creameries in the
region described, with 50,000 patrons, owning 125,000 cows and pro-
ducing annually about 17,000,000 pounds of butter. Most of these
establishments are less than 8 years old; they have organized in a
strong association. The industry in this region has been devel-
oped in a former wine-making country, where the vines were de-
stroyed, from ten to twenty years ago, by phyloxera. In the rest
of France there are another hundred creameries, but most of these
are proprietary. Half of them are in western departments and
the rest are scattered through other portions of the country. There

836 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

is nothing instructive in these French creameries and they are
hardly worth a visit.

Paris and its milk supply, with the producing farms, are the next
form of dairying to be considered. The main point of interest is
the endeavor to conduct the milk service of this great city almost
entirely without provisions for cooling milk, on the farms, during
transportation or in the city, either by dealers or consumers. Fail-
ure to give satisfaction to anybody is the natural result and sweet
milk is a rare article in Paris, during warm weather, excepting two
or three hours immediately after the deliveries, which take place
twice a day and sometimes thrice. A few of the largest milk supply
companies keep cool milk at their city depots when they succeed in
bringing it sweet from the farms, and there are a very few milk
farms, fairly up-to-date along some lines, within easy access from
Paris. Such an one is the celebrated Farm of Arcy in Brie, where
about 200 cows are kept, and which was the first, so far as known,
to regularly deliver milk to city consumers in sealed glass or
porcelain vessels of small size. The Arcy sealed jar of white
opaque glass, holding one litre (or large quart) first appeared in
Paris in the year 1873. This is still in use, notwithstanding its
great weight and its clumsy metallic cover. At this farm and very
generally in connection with the city milk supply of Paris, the chief
reliance for preserving milk is pasteurization.

It is well worthy of note that at a special show of perishable
dairy products held as an annex to the Paris Exposition, in July,
1900, just outside the city limits, where French producers had every
opportunity of exhibiting their goods in the best possible shape
(although under favorable local conditions after reaching the ex-
hibit), there was a large collection of natural milk and cream. But
the only samples of these products, absolutely free from chemical
preservations, and uncooked, which were sweet and palatable after
noon of the exhibition day, were from dairies in New York and
New Jersey, then eighteen days from the cow! There was also in
the United States dairy exhibit, natural milk and cream from a farm
in Central [linois, in bottles exactly as sent daily to Chicago fam-
ilies, which was only very slightly acid, although twenty days old.
It had kept sweet until the day before this show, and even later it
was better than the best normal French milk only twelve to twenty-
four hours after milking. The American products had been pre-
served solely by cleanliness and cold.

In the northern part of France, or the territory lying between
Paris and the Belgium border, the dairy industry is not especially
developed and presents little of interest. Large farms abound in
that region, with extensive cultivation of wheat, barley, grass,
sugar beets and potatoes. Almost every estate has some industry,

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 837

like the making of sugar or starch or alcohol. There is also an
active live-stock interest; but horses and beef cattle and sheep re-
ceive most attention. There are mines in this region also, coal,
iron and lime, and numerous large manufacturing towns, such as
Amiens, Arras, Douai, Lille and St. Quentin, so that there are large
locai markets for hay and all forage, and so far as there is dairying,
it is nearly all for making milk for town supply. Yet this part of
Frances and particularly French Flanders, is the home of a race
of cattle not widely known, which furnishes by far the best dairy
cows in this part of Europe. These are the Flamandes, a large-
framed, raiugey, dairy type of cattle, uniformly dark brown or almost
black in color, healthy, active but docile, good feeders and producers
of large quantities of rich milk. These cattle justly won the sweep-
stakes prize for dairy animals at the Paris Exposition stock show.
But it is said they always deteriorate rapidly when moved from
the comparatively small district in which they had their origin
or development, and this accounts for the breed being so littie
known elsewhere.

To find other interesting dairy districts in France one must, there-
fore, travel again to the south, and fully half way from Paris to
the Mediterranean Sea. This brings one into the old province of
Auvergne, that very beautiful mountainous district which covers
the present.departments of Puy-de-Dome and Cantal. It is an
elevated territory, near the center of the country, with the great
valleys of the rivers Gironde and Rhone on either side. It is a
favorite region with tourists and with those who enjoy mountain
air and mineral water. The attractions are picturesque hills and
valleys, quaint towns and old castles, peaks like Mont Dore and Puy-
de-Domo (with its 25 famous springs), and numerous health resorts,
among which is Vichy, and its immense hot springs, whose waters
are known the world over. The dairying is influenced by the typog-
raphy of the country and the comparatively scattered population.
Aside from supplying local wants, the chief dairy product is cheese
and this is one of the only two parts of France in which a large
cheese is made. This kind is called the Cantal; in shape it is like
a cask, or an English Cheddar, often two feet high and eighteen
inches in greatest diameter. It is solid, well-pressed, but the curd
is not cooked and the body is soft and white, like an uncured ched-
dar. The exterior of these cheeses is dressed so as to have a white,
chalky appearance; they weigh from sixty to one hundred pounds,
and are regarded as of second quality in the Paris markets.

Passing still farther south, the Department of Aveyron is reached.
Here the country is still more mountainous and very rough, rocky,
bleak and unattractive. The high ridges are almost destitute of
trees and but poorly covered with verdure; the valleys are deep,

838 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

narrow and sparsely settled. Miles can be traveled without seeing
a human habitation. Yet all this apparently remote and unfre-
quented region is traversed by those wonderful public roads to be
found everywhere in France, as substantially built, as smooth and
as well-kept, although not as wide, as the Grand Boulevard and
Riverside Drive in New York City. These magnificent highways
wind around among the mountains, sometimes pass through them
by tunnels, and are carved from the sides of the precipitous clifis,
so as to maintain easy grades, and often span deep chasms, or cross
valleys from mountain to mountain, upon causeways of solid ma-
sonry, with long series of lofty arches. This grand public work,
as complete when passing a hamiet as when approaching a city
like Orleans, commands the admiration of the stranger for the
engineering skill displayed, the evident durability of construction,
the perfection of finish and maintenance, and the beauty of the nu-
merous bridges and arcades.

Aveyron may also be approached from the south, by ae Midland
Railway, which, from the quaint old city of Cotte, on the Mediter-
ranean shore, traverses miles of rock country filled with vast vine-
yards, the town of Narbonne being a great wine producing center,
and then climbs and winds through the hills and a coal and iron
mining district, until it enters the desolate country already men-
tioned. Descending from the carriage of the iron road—as the
Frenchman says—at the station of Tournemire, a hamlet only, upon
the little stream called Soulzon, in a deep valley, one sees clinging
to the face of lofty limestone cliffs what looks at a distance much
like an ancient cliff town in a canon of Arizona. This is the village
of Roquefort, appropriately so called, and which has made its name
known throughout the civilized. world, by the unique variety of
cheese which now, as for many generations, if not centuries, has
constituted the sole industry of this little town and the only radson-
@entre for its existence in that peculiar location.

Following a good highway, winding up the face of the mountain
from the valley, the climb of 2,000 feet is easily made, a pair of
horses carrying a strong vehicle and six men at a trot much of the
way. Then a snug little town is found, solidly built of stone, upon
terraces. It has a fixed population of about 800, temporarily in-
creased to 1,000 in the busy season. The buildings are severely
plain, many old, and nearly all have one side attached to the cliff.
They are two, three and sometimes four stories and most of the
houses are but one room in depth, as light and air are available
only on one side, overlooking the valley. The rocks tower above
the little town 1,000 or 1,200 feet or more, like a lofty rear wall,
and the face of the mountain has a crescent shape, with this queer
settlement clinging to the deepest part of the concave surface, and

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 839.

with a northeast outlook, so that the village experiences a very
short day, and lies in the shadow of the cliffs most of the time.
This adds to the sombre, damp and chilly aspect and feeling of the
place. As often occurs in limestone formations, the mountain be-
hind the town is full of fissures, caverns and passages. And through
these caves there are strong currents of cool, moist air, and little
streams of water. The temperature of these caves is about 45 de-
grees F., varying only a few degrees throughout the year. The
water flowing from numerous springs, sometimes passing through
dwellings or factories, has just about the temperature that is erdi-
narily recognized as “icewater.”

These natural caves, and their uniform atmospheric conditions,
explain the location of this unique town. The circumstances ap-
pear exactly suited to the slow-curing process and the growth of
the blue mold (Penicillium Glaucum) which give the characteristics
to the famous cheese of Roquefort. Perhaps it would be more cor-
rect to say that these local conditions create or make possible the
peculiarities of Requefort cheese. But the important fact must
also be taken into account that this cheese is made from the milk
of ewes instead of cows. The milk of sheep contributes additional!
peculiarities, being especially rich in fat, abundant in casein and
having characteristic flavors.

Roquefort is said to have ‘been first settled in the time of Charle-

magne. It is certain that cheese was made by many peasants in
this region, from sheep’s milk, in the early centuries, and carried
to the caves of Roquefort to be finished and cured for market. The
history of the industry from the 11th century to the present time
seems to be unbroken and indisputable. Nor has time made great
changes in the process of making and the character and quality
of the cheese itself. Economies in production have been developed,
however. Formerly 3,000 or more peasants, or owners of sheep,
made the cheese in as many dairies, scattered over a wide area.
These cheeses were taken to Roquefort and cared for by the in-
habitants of the little village in an unsystematic way, in the moun-
tain caves of various. sizes, numbering altogether perhaps two
hundred. Gradually, there has come about a union of the eave
owners and managers, until the business of Roquefort is practically
controlled by two large companies. Only four of the largest of the
natural caves are now used, these being supplemented by several
ponderous buildings of stone, several stories in height, and which
include immense yaults or artificial caves, tier upon tier, to which
the air currents from the mountain caverns are admitted by tunnels,
in ways which secure some desirable difference in temperature and
moisture, in different apartments. At the same time co-operation
has been effected in the early stages of manufacture. Dairies (lai-

840 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

teries), or, as we would call them, cheese factories, have been built
all through the surrounding country until there are over 100 of
these. To them the peasants carry the milk every morning and
the factory work is under the supervision of the Roquefort com-
panies. In many cases the companies buy the milk at the factories,
paying from $1.75 to $2.60 per 100 pounds, or 16 to 24 cents per
gallon, according to the season and consequent solid contents of
the milk.

The sheep maintained for this dairy industry are a big-bodied,
long-legged, white-faced breed, called the Larzac. Heads, legs and
bellies are bare and the animals yield fleece of medium wool aver-
aging about five pounds. Their tails are never cut and the longer
they are the more the animals are esteemed for milk producers.
Lambs are dropped in mid-winter and the ewes are milked until
July or August. The active cheese-making season is thus limited
to five or six months and the rest of the year the sheep recuperate,
while the Roquefort caves and villagers are busy curing, packing
and shipping cheese. Good flocks of ewes yield an average of one
quart of milk a day per head, during the season. The cheese prod:
uct is estimated at 25 to 30 pounds per year to the ewe. The sheep
contributing to this Roquefort industry are mainly owned within
fifty miles, although some of them are double that distance. Alto-
gether, there are at least half a million (500,000) ewes milked every
year in this region for the purpose of making cheese.

The Roquefort cheese is quite common in American markets.
The details of its manufacture need not be given here. It is usually
about 8 inches in diameter and 3 or 4 inches thick and weighs 4
pounds, or a little more. At the cave a good cheese is worth at
least one dollar. It generally comes to this country closely wrap-
ped in tin-foil. The total annual production of Roquefort proper,
approximates 12,000,000 pounds, and when I visited the caves, in
the month of August, they contained nearly three millions of these
rich, highly prized, and high priced cheeses, in various stages of
curing, finish and preparation for market.

The labor of hauling all this cheese from. the distant factories,
over and through mountains and valleys, up to the town and the
caves, and down again to the railway station, is a heavy tax upon
the industry, but seems to be regarded as a matter of course. The
work is performed with very long-bodied, two-wheeled vehicles
and heavy non-de-script horses, hitched tandem or tridem. The
loads are sometimes very large and curiously balanced by several
hundred-weight of stone, hung in chains, to different parts of the
cart.

From Roquefort in Aveyron, the next move to be made, and the
last, to study French dairying, will be northeasterly to the Jura

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 841

Mountain region. In the territory to the east of the old province
of Bourgogne (Burgandy) were formerly the district or sub-province
called the Franche-Comte and the duchy of Savoy. Here are now
to be found the Departments of Doubs, Jura, L’Ain, Savoy and
Upper Savoy. These are all east and a little north from the city
of Lyons and not far west from the Swiss cities of Geneva and
Neuchatel. This region is the seat of activity in the manufacture
of Gruyere cheese, and is full of interest not only as to present con-
ditions but as regards the history of associated dairying. It is
essentially a mountain industry; mountain pastures, mountain cat-
tle and a comparatively scattered mountain population, contribute
to its characteristics. The cattle of the country have been for
centuries a large, coarse, red-and-white variety, known by the name
of Montbeliarde; this is a regional type, if not a breed, resembling
its neighbor the Simmenthal breed of Switzerland.

The most notable feature of the cheese-making of the French Jura
region is that it has been carried on from a very early period under
a well-defined local system of co-operation among the milk-pro-
ducers and cheese-makers. It has been claimed and believed that
the plan of associated dairying originated in the United States near
the middle of the XIXth century and was first developed in the
form of the co-operative cheese factory. Collectively, the cheese
factories and butter factories or creameries of this country have
been designated as “the American system.” But whatever honor
or credit attaches to the origin of this idea and practice of co-opera-
tion in dairying, must be surrendered to Eastern France. The plan
has been known and followed continuously in this mountain region
between France and Switzerland for several centuries. It undoubt-
edly originated in that region, but how long ago, no one knows.
There exists a historical record of co-operative cheese-making in
the XIIIth century, in the present Department of Doubs, and no
document of like age is known which refers to a like industry in
any other country. In the middle of the XI Vth century little asso-
ciations for cheese-making were numerous and active in Upper
Jura. In the XVIIth century, their number and work were so im-
portant in the Franche-Comte as to be subject of special laws.
These associations became well organized and quite numerous two
hundred years ago.* Examples of the articles of association and of
contracts between the society and its several members, as to con-
tributions or sales of milk, and also as to cheese sales, are still pre-
served, which are 200 years old or more. It is hardly expedient to
further follow here the history of these little factories, or their
present organization and operations, interesting as they are.

Although the variety of cheese for which the whole Jura region
‘has been noted, is not believed to have been materially changed in

54 ‘

342 | . «ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

character during all these centuries, it has changed its name. it
was ai first and for some hundreds of years known as wachelin.
But at the beginning of the XIXth century, the home supply of
cheese was insufiicient for France, and importations from Switzer-
land rapidly increased. The cheese of the French Jura seems to
have been “not without honor save in its own country,” and that
of the Swiss Jura practically the same thing, became such a favorite
in France that its Swiss name, Gruyere, was adopted as a substitute
for vachelin, and has been in use ever since.

The name Gruyere comes from a small but very old village in
the canton of Fribourg, Switzerland, situated only a few miles
northwest from Lake Geneva. This little place was formerly the
capital of the county of same name. The castle of the Counts of
Gruyere is an ancient one, overlooking the village. They were
powerful noblemen, possessing a wide territory extending from the
lake well into the Alps. But the last Count of Gruyere was a
profligate and spendthrift and in the year 1554 the possesions of
thre family were divided and dispersed and the title ceased to exist.

The Departments of Jura and Doubs lead in this industry but
it is also active in L’Ain, Savoy and Upper Savoy. These five de-
partments produce about 40 million pounds annually, and the same
variety is made more or less in at least 30 other departments. The
total yearly product of Gruyere cheese in France is, therefore, 45
million pounds, sold by the makers for over five million dollars.
(The average price for the last five years has been rather more
than 114 cents per pound.)

_ The importance of the dairy industry in Eastern France has re-
sulted in the establishment of several institutions in its interest.
There are thirteen (18) practical schools of cheese-making in this
region, the most important of which is located at Poligny in the De-
partment of Jura. The only National Dairy School of France is
also in this part of the country, being located at Mamirolle, in the
Department of Doubs. This is a weli-organized establishment, in
goed hands and, although not largely attended, it is doing excel-
Jent work. Central dairy instruction is given, but the specialties
of ‘the school are the manufacture of Gruyere and Emmenthal
cheese. These two kinds resemble one another closely and yet
there is a distinction. Just as the cheese-makers of the French
Alps years ago borrowed the name Gruyere under pressure of
Swiss competition, so, in recent years, what may be called an im-
pfoved Gruyere, has come into France from Switzerland and won
an enviable reputation under the name of Emmenthal. Nearly all
Swiss cheese imported is now of this variety. To meet this new,
or renewed competition, the school at Mamirolle is leading in a
movement to improve the Gruyere of Eastern France and to adopt

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. $43

the latest Swiss name.. The Emmenthal cheese differs from the
average Gruyere in these particulars: Less cream is taken from
the night’s milk and the skimming better regulated according to the
season, so that the fat content of the milk made into cheese is
greater and more uniform. Gruyere is usually made from milk
carrying little more than 3 per cent. of fat and often less; milk
for Emmenthal should have 3.6 to 3.7 per cent. of fat. Of course
the cheese produced is richer and better. Very strong rennet is
used, prepared with extra care. The separation of the whey is
very complete before cooking. The pressing of the cheese is
stronger and longer. After pressing, there is a brine bath for two
days. The curing room is held at a higher temperature—from
68 degrees to 72 degrees F. The Emmenthal is made considerably
larger (170 to 200 pounds) and with more finish. Altogether, it
is a Gruyere (or Vachelin) or Switzer-kase, of high grade.

The pictures which were shown illustrated fully and graphically
the various portions of the subject above described, as well as parts
necessarily omitted here. There were, in addition, a considerable
number of interesting views representing scenes, special features
and peculiarities, of the dairy industry in Switzerland, Sweden, Den-
mark, Holland and Great Britain.

December 3, 1903, 9 A. M.

The meeting was called to order by the President.

The PRESIDENT: { would like to call attention to a matter with-
out leaving the Chair regarding the action of the last Legislature m
providing for the construction of an agricultural building at the State
College. I think it particularly appropriate to call the attention of
this organization to the matter, because the movement of the farmers
and agriculturists and the dairymen of the State which culminated in
the passage of that act, really had its inception in the meeting of
the Dairy Union at West Chester. “Some of you will recollect that
at that meeting a committee was appointed to consider the state of
dairy education in Pennsylvania. Later in the same year other agri-
cultural organizations, the Grange and the State Board of Agricul-
ture, took similar action with regard to agricultural education in
general, and the State Board of Agriculture finally took the initia-
tive in calling the conference in what has come to be called the Allied
Organizations. So, I think the Dairy Union can take just pride in
having focused this sentiment of the State in agricultural education.
As you know, the last Legislature appropriated $100,000 to begin
the erection and equipment of an agricultural building and accom-
panied that with provisions, which virtually pledge, $150,000 more to

844 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

complete the structure. That is intended to-house all the agricultural
interests of the institution so far as they relate to instruction. It
was the understanding that this building was for purposes of in-
struction in the varied branches of agriculture, including forestry.
In view of the manifest importance of the dairy interests of the
State, I would like to make two suggestions:

1. It seems to me that the Pennsylvania Dairy Union ought to
recognize in some formal way the action of the Legislature and of
the Governor in passing and approving this bill which has proved
for this State Dairy Building, which we believe will be the equal, if
not the superior of any dairy building in the country. The Legisla-
ture and Governor treated us very generously and we shall put our-
selves in a false position, if we adjourn without some expression of
appreciation. Possibly the Committee on Resolutions may think it
well to bring in a resolution bearing upon this matter.

2. I think it would be very appropriate for the Dairy Union to
be officially represented at the dedication of this building, which
we expect will take place in January or February. I think some ar-
rangement can be made for an official delegation-of the Pennsylva-
nia Dairy Union to be present at the dedication of this dairy build-
ing which we have done so much to secure.

The Nominating Committee asked that the reading of the report
and election of officers be postponed until the close of the session.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON RESOLUTIONS.

“Resolved, ‘That it is the sense of the Pennsylvania Dairy Union that adequate
and ample provision should be made by the Pennsylvania Commission for a
full representation of the dairy interests of this Commonwealth at the Louisiana
Purchase Exposition, and that to this end the Commission be urged to pro-
vide sufficient space at the Exposition and to arrange for securing typical
specimens of the best dairy products of the State, and for their transportation
to and reception at the Exposition under such conditions as shall ensure their
being exhibited in prime condition.”

The resolution as read by Mr. Norton was considered the official
expression of the sense of the Dairy Union upon the matter discussed
the day previous.

“Resolved, That the Pennsylvania Dairy Union hereby expresses its great
satisfaction at the unanimous passage by the Legislature and the approval of
the Governor of a bill appropriating $100,000 for beginning the construction at
The Pennsylvania State College of an agricultural building.

“Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions be sent to the Governor and to
the chairmen of the Senate and House Committees on Appropriations.”

It was moved and seconded that the resolution be adopted. Car-
ried.

“Resolved, That the executive committee be empowered and instructed to
Sfficially represent the Pennsylvania Dairy Union at the dedication of the

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 845

new Dairy Building at The Pennsylvania State College, and that they be
authorized to add to the delegation such other members of the Union as may be
practicable.”

Moved, seconded and carried.

“Resolved, That the Pennsylvania Dairy Union hereby records its commenda-
tion of the active and efficient administration of the dairy and pure food laws of
the Commonwealth by the present Dairy and Food Commissioner, Dr. B. H.
Warren, and pledges its support to every effort to secure the suppression of

fraud in the sale of these products and the impartial and thorough enforcement
of the laws upon this subject.”

Moved, seconded and carried.

DR. CONARD: Mr. Perham has asked that I receive the dues and
forward them to him. The Dairy Union will be at considerable ex-
pense, not only for the cost of the meeting, but for the publication
of the transactions, which I hope will be accomplished in a short
time. Since the statement was made yesterday of there being two
dollars in the treasury, I have received a letter from Mr. Perham
stating that he has received from our former secretary, thirty-six
dollars, giving us thirty-eight dollars. I hope that those who are
present will pay their dues promptly.

The PRESIDENT: if the Dairy Union is to accomplish anything
it must have a moderate sum of money. We cannot do this work
for nothing. I certainly hope that all members of the association
will feel that it is not a duty but a pleasure to contribute the small
amount of dues, a dollar a year, to the support of this organization.

MR. JONES: Might we not add that we would like to have others
join the association also?

The PRESIDENT: That should be made very emphatic.

REV. MR. DETRICH: I would not become a member of this or-
ganization for fear you would make me an officer. I find, however,
that you have made me an officer without my becoming a member,
but I shall be glad to pay the dollar.

The PRESIDENT: I do not see how the gentleman can very well
help it.
The following paper was then read:

NOTE: The Reverend Mr. Detrich delivered this address without notes or
manuscript. It is a stenographic report, but we all feel that much of the
valuable address has been lost, as Mr. Detrich, while a clear and distinct
speaker, has a rapid utterance and thoughts flow so readily from one sentence
to another that little or no time elapses between sentences, and the stenog-
rapher has never been found who has been capable of making a verbatim report

of Mr. Detrich’s addresses. -
It is to be regretted, in this instance, as in many others, that such is the case.

846 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Two very noted reporters in 1903 at the State Dairy meeting held in Hartford,
Connecticut, tried to get Mr. Detrich’s memorable address on that occasion,
but failed in their attempt. We publish the stenographic report, with the
explanation that we have given above, as being due both Mr. Detrich and the
reporter.

TWENTY YEARS’ EXPERIENCE IN THE SCIENCE AND ART
OF A DAIRY HERD. —

By Rey. J. D. DETRICH, West Chester, Pa

I am very glad to speak this morning upon this subject. Scien-
tific knowledge is only attained by the rudimentary knowledge
given us by scientific men. It is the foundation of agriculture
to-day. It is folly not to make use of the present day literature
upon these matters. The knowledge which has been brought to
us by scientific men through chemistry in the last twenty-five years
has taught us more about the earth and Nature, and the growing
of crops than that taught in the whole previous history of the
world. hat which had been done before was done by guesswork.
Nearly every person planted according to the signs, and it was not
strange to find persons superstitiously believing that if crops or
seeds were not planted on such a day they would not grow, and that
if a cow did not have a pink string tied to its ear or its horns bored,
it was likely to have all sorts of evils befall it. This knowledge
gained in the last 25 years is invaluable to the man living on the -
farm and handling the dairy animal according to the most recent
facts obtained.

We knew nothing about the animal until we took up the matter
and studied it as a layman can. Books on the subject can be had
for the asking; but there is really no good book on feeding or breed-
ing, for such rapid progress is being made that no man could keep
pace with it and put in book form that which he had written and be
satisfied to see his name attached to it two years afterward. It is this
rapidly acquired knowledge that the Dairy Union should spread be-
fore the community. There is not a farmer but what would be bene-
fited by the knowledge given out in such bulletins. _ We preach to-day
that there is nothing so grand as the earth. It is the source of an
immense amount of pleasure, and strength and thanksgiving,
whether we study the rocks, the plants, the soil or the farm. The
earth is filled with wisdom by the Deity who made it, and made you
and made me.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 847

Consider the dignity of the farmer: He can turn to a bit of soil
and have it bring forth crops. In proportion as he complies with
the law of the Deity is he a man successful with bis farm and flock.
if a man does not follow these laws he is doomed to have but 1,000
instead of 15,000. God is not going to feed a man’s flock which the
man has neglected to do himself.

The system employed at the Flourtown farm is the soiling system
and we have found it satisfactory, because the animal is kept from
breaking up the field and because you can take your by-products and
foods grown and so balance them that some of the cows will milk 330
days in the year. Who heard of a balance ration 35 years ago? Who
heard of a silo 50 years ago? Who heard of our breeding of cattle
until a few years ago? Some persons say that we do not hear of the
36 and 49 pound cow in these days. What we want is to improve our
breed of cows that we may have a number of milkers that will give us
20 quarts a day instead of having one or two that will give more. We
do not want to raise a stock of corn 20 feet high, but such corn from
which you can raise 100 bushels to the acre; not one stalk of grass
above the rest, but the whole crop of a.good quality and 4 tons to
the acre. :

In handling our herd, we keep the cows in the dairy barn and only
exercise them by leading them out with a halter. A well-fed animal
wili not work, as a rich man will not walk much. You must work
according to the laws of Nature and use your good judgment. The
intelligent brain of man, choosing the animal, has improved over the
native animal of the plain and forest. As man comes into knowl-
edge of the laws of his Maker he improves his powers of mind and
is enabled to add to his crop and to his herd. We know that these
laws have been laid down for us and we have tried to conform to
them. Instead of making an animal more wild we have made her
more domestic. We are, however, obliged te know the secrets so
that we do not damage her health and retard her product. Every
‘ animal in its natural state is in the open air and when you bring her
within the walls of a building you have te watch her that you do
not weaken powers contributory to the purpose for which she was
intended. In order to do this we have watched the temperature of
a dairy barn carefully. It is singular how the wind affects animals.
An east wind will always take cattle off their milk. You will find
that the milk flow will be lessened, no matter how you feed or water
or care for the cows. The cold northwest wind seems to be bracing
to them. The south and west winds have no effect. You should
be careful not to allow any draught from an east wind come over
the cattle. Why this is so it is difficult to say. You should be very
particular about the ventilation of a dairy barn. It is ten times
better to keep a thermometer in the barn than to expose the herd

848 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

to an unknown temperature at this time of the year. Yesterday I
saw plenty of animals out on these cold hills. Take an animal that
has been out a day like yesterday, put her in a dairy barn and leave
the windows open and nothing will sooner produce tuberculosis. I
have noticed that when you and I catch cold it is when we are ex-
posed to the cold, contrary to our general habits. We will find that
animals standing in the drenching rains are the ones that develop
disease. You can scarcely make be believe, after 15 to 20 years ex-
perience with dairy animals in stalls, that domesticity weakens the
constitution and produces disease. The temperature of a dairy
barn should not be up to-day and down to-morrow. When the
stables are being cleaned both doors should not be open. From the
1st of October no two docrs should be open at the same time. The
stable should be cleaned every day, and there should be disinfection
and whitewashing. The comfort of the animal should be considered
just as carefully as the food. You cannot make me believe that
there is any use in allowing an animal to go out over a number of
acres of ground and try to make a living for one’s family. The dairy
animal is intended as a milk producer. Domestication has changed
the animal and has changed everything, houses, railroads, etec., and
are we weakening? No, there are more brains in America than ever.
The dairy business has become a science, and we must have agricul-
tural colleges and educate our farmers if we expect the State of
Pennsylvania to hold her position in the raising of animals and crops
for the good of its many citizens.

It requires a wider range of knowledge to be a farmer than a law-
yer or a preacher. One of the difficulties about the dairy barn is to
keep the atmosphere pure. There are different views about the car-
bonic gas formed. If you lie down flat in the barn you will find out
that there seems to be a difference in the atmosphere than when you
stand erect. The getting up and lying down of the animal raises
the gas to the top of the barn.

In the production of animals, I have not tried to get phenomenal
milkers, but profit-makers. We study to know each animal indi-
vidually and try to meet its needs.

The care of the manure from the dairy barn is as important as the
care of the milk. If the milk is not cared for my customers find
fault; if the manure is not cared for my fields will not be satisfied.
Fermentation in the manure acts upon the most volatile part, and
if it is put on as a top dressing after being exposed for five or six
weeks, the loss is in proportion to the amount of fermentation and
the land suffers accordingly. Experts in the testing of soil have told
me that my soil is three inches deeper than my neighbors, the finest
soil they had ever examined, and that it had five million bacteria to
the 1-30 of a cubic inch, four times as many more than the best soil

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 849

the chemist had ever examined. This result has been brought about
by starting on this little farm on the basis of science and putting
that science into practice. We raise all our head fodder, because we
would much rather buy feed than commercial fertilizers. These ex-
perts are trying to find what kind of bacteria are in the soil. Con-
sider the value this knowledge will be to the agricultural world. Here
is a farm which originally had one horse and two cows and bought
hay, to-day the soil is marvelled at for its richness. These bac-
teria will never be found in poor soil. This is the scientific knowl-
edge that we have of the soil to-day. What did our forefathers
know about the bacteria of soils? They would talk about poor and
rich soil, but they never knew of the life that was in the.earth. We
know of it to-day. Therefore, the position which I hold in relation
to the world about us is that we should know the laws of Nature
and obey them. Farming then will never be guesswork but will be
founded on a scientific basis.

DISCUSSION.

MR. AUSTIN LEONARD: [I am not a speaker, but I wish to re-
late an observation verifying the force of Mr. Detrich’s remarks.
I have a friend in New York State whose two sons preferred to
stay at home on the farm rather than seek positions in railroad and
other business offices. They were graduated from their high school,
and afterward went to Cornell Agricultural College. They didn’t
buy commercial fertilizers, because they had learned how to make
them. To show what education will do, these boys asked their
father what he would rent them the five-acre orchard for for five
years. It had been rented for several years for half the product.
The father agreed to rent it to them at $50 a year. They plowed the
ground, harrowed it, sprayed the trees, and last year they sold 600
barrels of apples. They went through the same operation last
spring and sold 1,100 barrels of apples at $2 a barrel. The father
said, “I guess it was for three years that you rented the farm?” But
they said, “No, it was five years, father.” They raised potatoes and
cabbage and other agricultural products, wheat and oats. Their
‘potato business amounted to something. They asked their father
what he would give them for spraying his potatoes and he said he
didn’t think it amounted to much, but that he would give them the
amount of the result of the spraying. This increase amounted to 64
bushels to the acre. If such advances can be made in agriculture,
why not in ours?

I might tell you some of my work in the dairy. When { was a
youngster my father thought I was not strong enough for farming
and he brought me up as a school-teacher but afterward I went back

54—6—1903

350 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

to the farm. The first year the dairy yielded an average of 125
pounds of butter to the cow. Butter was high at that time and the
returns were good. We did not have the advantages of the dairy
schools then, but I began to test the milk, not with a Babcock test,
but by raising the cream and finding the per cent. of cream which a
cow gave. I had one beautiful short-horned cow, but she gave only
a two per cent. of cream. This I had an opportunity to trade and I
bought a Jersey bull. This helped considerably and I got a separa-
tor and I think my best yield was 352 pounds to the cow a year; 6
pounds of buiter to the 100 pounds of milk the year through. Lots
of dairymen exceed that, but this illustrates what I have done with |
just the little opportunity I had. Anybody can do it if they try.

QUESTION: At what temperature do you keep the stable?

MR. DETRICH: At 59. Some persons say, “Oh, yes, you can do
this; you have a small farm.” (A gentleman saw me nine or ten years
ago. He was not satisfied with his results and began observing my
methods. Every now and then he would adopt this and that plan
and it turned cut all right. This spring he told me that before he
met me all he could sell of his dairy products was $900 worth, and
that this year he had sold to the amount of $1,900.

QUESTION: You did not tell us the kind of cattle you have.

MR. DETRICH: Jerseys.

QUESTION: What is the number of tons of silage you average per
acre?

MR. DETRICH: Thirty tons to the acre. We sow rye broadcast
and harrow it and top-dress it.

QUESTION: What time in the year?

MR. DETRICH: Anytime. The rye is never sowed later than
the 15th of October. We put in the rye, top-dress it and keep on
top-dressing it until the field is needed and then go elsewhere and
top-dress. The rye will be very heavy. We never sow timothy with
it, and there is nothing but rye stubble when we cut the grain.

MR. NORTON: How much ensilage is a ration?

MR. DETRICH: About 35 pounds a day. We always have a mixed
feed and mix the ration every time, so much ensilage and so much
eut hay.

MAJOR WELLS: Did you ever experiment with two feedings or
three?

MR. DETRICH: By feeding three times a day we get more milk
in the evening.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 851

QUESTION: In the dry products, what have you found to be tlie
most successful ration, and in what proportion do you give them?

MR. DETRICH: We try to mix a ration to suit the cow’s lactation.
We give a cow all she will digest, and of this the manure is the best
test. If the manure is right, the cattle and milk are right. We
give a quarter of a pound of salt a day and we use table salt; they
take this in preference to the coarse. Dairy animals are creatures
of habit to a large extent. We know just when they are going to
lie down and when they get up.

The PRESIDENT: In making this difference in ration for the
heavy or light milker, do you feed more grain?

MR. DETRICH: We make the mixture to suit the herd. We use
the cotton seed meal, and always give more when the cow is fresh.
This, with linseed and gluten, we use for animals in full lactation.
We regulate the amount of cotton seed largely by the manure.

The PRESIDENT: What do you use for the basis of your cut feed?

MR. DETRICH: We always use some cotton seed and some gluten
and bran.

QUESTION: Do you depend upon the mixture, or add water?

MR. DETRICH: In mixing the feed the ensilage goes to the bot-
tom. We spinkle the water over the top and give that one mixing
before putting in the by-producis.

MR. JONES: What is the proportion of ensilage and hay?

MR. DETRICH: We feed about 35 pounds of ensilage a day and
we like to feed a cow about 5 pounds of hay a day. It is surprising
how much more milk we get when we milk three times a day. ‘AIL
the energies of the cow are directed to that udder, and as long as she
does not have pain she will secrete the milk. Thirty days before
the cow is fresh and thirty days afterward will tell what the cow
will do in the year.

PROF. WATSON: Mr. Detrich says that 30 days before and 30 days
after the cow is fresh will tell what she will do. I would like to

ask whether he does not think there are other conditions affecting
her, entirely independent of proper feeding and proper care?

MR. DETRICH: Yes, the individuality of the animal enters into
the consideration.

PROF. WATSON: I believe we take the best care of the animals,
but sometimes they will do better than others. They will start in bet-
ter. I am unable to offer any explanation why that is so, but there

852 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE OfEy Doce

is some physiological reascn beyond my understanding. There is a
good deal, 1 believe, in starting in right.

Mik. HERR: I would like to ask Mr. Detrich what special treat-
ment he gives the cow 30 days before she is fresh.

MR. DETRICH: A man ought to be particular about those things.
A good dairyman always marks down his service and he will know
whether the cow is right. The important thing in caring for a
dairy cow is to get her dry. Plenty will not go dry by the method
of some dairymen. The proper thing is to give timothy hay and
water, give exercise by the haiter and skip teats in milking. On this
treatment a cow will go dry in six days. People will tell you that
they do such things, or that the hired man does them, but I know
that people tell a great many things that are not exacily so. The
cow must be perfectly dry, not so that she gives a little bit of milk.
The whole thing is to feed her. Give her the exercise, feed her the
bran and commence to feed her linseed by the hand. When she is
fresh, give her salts. Give her 3 pints of water at 105 degrees F.
as a drench and feed her pretty much as before she was fresh. The
third day she will refuse the water and bran. We give three to
four quarts of cold water as soon as the cow is fresh and one pint.
of bran five to six times a day. Add the linseed. On the fourth and
fifth day add more linseed until you give half a pound at atime. On
the sixth day give her gluten meal, linseed and hay. Do not feed
her cotton seed until the fourth or fifth week after she is fresh.

DR. CONARD: I would like to ask ‘Mr. Detrich whether he thinks
it is just as practicable to keep 206 cows on 100 acres as two cows
on one acre?

MR. DETRICH: Every dairyman should keep a record of which
cows are going dry. They should be named and numbered and
there should be kept also the name and number of the sire. If
there is a re-service, that too is marked down. We have a gesta-
tion table and the mark is put down opposite the name.

Mik. JONES: I would like to ask Mr. Detrich how much help he
keeps?

MR. DETRICH: A boy and a man.

DR. CONARD: What is the average per year?

MR. DETRICH: We expect a cow to milk about six or seven
quarts; that is, the run of the herd.

The following paper was read:

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 853

THE SILO AND SILAGE CROPS.

By PROF, GEORGE C. WATSON, Professor of Agriculture, State College.

The history of the silo in the United States, in many respects, re-
sembles that of other new and important inventions which have
tended more or less to revolutionize well-established practices
and customs of the agricultural people. Many new contrivances
are used by seme, successfully, by others with a less degree of
satisfaction, and are thoroughly condemned by the most unsuccess-
ful. In view of this, it has seemed to me that we can study the
development of the appliances and practices which have to do with
the preservation of that which we now recognize as a most import-
ant stock food—silage

in order to determine, in some degree at
least, whither we are drifting, to discover if we can the direction
of modern progress, and to discover if possible some of the forces
which are most potent in shaping the development of modern agri-
culture. Without attempting to analyze this question sufficiently
in detail to determine the slight distinctions between different
causes and different effects, it is the object of this paper to note,
if possible, a few of the general tendencies.

When I accepted an invitation to prepare a brief paper on the
subject of silos and silage crops, my thought was to present some
phases of the silo question, which may be only suggestive, as to
the changes which are indicative of advancement or of retrogression
or both.

There seems to be a general law in nature that marked changes
which we recognize as improvements, cannot be obtained without
some corresponding sacrifice. That is, we cannot build something
out of nothing. Nature has not provided man with means of build-
ing without destroying; so the balance between the constructive
and the destructive will determine whether progress or retrogres-
sion has resulted. Can we not therefore with profit look for the
changes in American agriculture which have come with the silo,
and study as best we can the tendencies that are for good and these
that are not so pronounced as to their desirable effects? We are
accustomed to judge material things by their effects. We ask of
a man what has he done, signifying our willingness to accept his
record as a guarantee for future performances. While it is un-
doubtedly true that we are often misled by this method of reason-

854 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

ing, as men who improve by experience are enabled to perform better
work and to give more satisfactory service, yet the words of the
distinguished statesman whe judged the future by the past may give
us the key to the situation as to the future uses and development
of the silo.

As one studies the history of the silo in the United States he
eannot fail to be impressed with the idea that man makes many
mistakes in dealing with the unknown. When the silo was first
placed before the American people as a means of satisfactorily
preserving forage crops, its advantages were set forth and even
highly lauded without announcing the disadvantages, objections
and even dangers, besetting the advent of the new custom. As
with many other new inventions, we heard a one-sided report only.
The newspapers and other publications set forth the advantages
without presenting objections. It is possible, however, that the
most serious ones may not have been known at that time. However,
the interested agriculturists were evidently over-confident. Those
who have studied the people of various nations recognize that the
American people are intensive, eager to improve, willing to take
risks, and even make great sacrifices in order to achieve distinction
and advancement. Consequently we should not be surprised to
find the existing eonditions pertaining to many new things com-
paratively unstable and changing. American people without doubt
stand in marked contrast to the older European nations as regards
the eagerness with which new enterprises are taken up and old
habits and appliances discarded. The Englishman and the German
adhere to the old with contentment. The former accepts new
inventions from this country, which he calls “The ‘Yankee’ patent
things,” as the onward march of progress compels him to accept
them. In America, however, many new things are tried, some of
which are failures, but the trial enables the farmer to select the
worthy and to reject that which is unfit for his use. Many farmers
who have had comparatively little knowledge of silos or of feeding
silage have constructed silos in an endeavor to make silage an im-
portant part, and in some cases the major part of the ration of
various classes of domestic animals. Failures have resulted; ex-
pensive lessons have been learned. Not only did these farmers not
know how to harvest and preserve most efficiently and cheaply, but
they did not understand how to feed to the best advantage that
which they had preserved. Consequently, the silos have been
praised and condemned as their uses have been advantageous or
detrimental. The silo has been the means of furnishing examples
of both extremes—failure and success. Some who maintained that
only a good crop of corn and the silo were necessary have learned
bitter lessons when they have attempted to maintain on silage alone

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 855

productive flocks and herds through the long, severe winters of
this latitude. Some farmers of Pennsylvania or rather some man-
agers of extensive farms attempted to carry through the winter
large flocks of sheep on silage alone, and, of ceurse, failed miserably,

With the advent of the silo, the American farmer came to a
fuller realization of the importance of providing some succulent
food for dairy cattle. Those who preferred to raise mangels ap-
preciated them more on account of the experience of them neigh-
bors who were adherents to the silo. Corn silage undoubtedly
helped the farmers to understand better than ever before the true
value of mangel-wurzels and it was those who persisted in rais-
ing mangel-wurzels for dairy cattle who first learned the true
value of succulent food and the manner in which it should be fed.
The feeders of roots learned a lesson that was not learned so early
by those who fed corn silage, and even yet corn silage is not under
stood and appreciated in its true sense by the majority of feeders.
Those who have been feedingroots for years have learned that the
value of this food is due, in a broad sense, to its relation to other
foods. The value of roots as a food is not considered alone, neither
is it compared to other foods entirely different in composition
and character, but when fed with others its value is most marked
and most appreciated. Roots are not plaeed in a ration to take
the place of other and perhaps more expensive food, but to increase
the effect of other foods and to promote the general health of
the animal, and to place the animal in a better condition for useful-
ness. Leaders among feeders long ago learned that the value of
roots is not estimated by the value of digestible constituents which
this food contains. On the other hand, the silage feeder has too
oiten considered the value of silage wholly from the commercial
value of its food constituents as compared with corn and other
commercial products. Corn silage was formerly compared to cured
field corn, and we have not gotten very far away from this com-
parison at the present time. _In a general way, one product was
considered to be about as digestible as the other, and cne was har-
vested about as cheaply as the other. So many farmers held that
there was not very much difference between the two as to their

feeding value.

Unless some decided gain is likely to be made, the expenditure
of any considerable amount of money should be regarded with sus-
picion. Agriculturists are becoming more and more like business
men in looking for profitable returns on investments. If such
returns seem doubtful the investment is not made. With im-
proved machinery for harvesting and handling the silage crop, the
advantage has turned somewhat in favor of the silage when com-
pared with field-cured corn on the basis of digestible nutrients
alone.

856 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

The many questions asked of the Experiment Station as to the
feeding value of roots and silage, clearly indicate that the value
of succulent food for dairy cattle is not fully appreciated by many
of the leading farmers in Pennsylvania to-day. While feeding stand-
ards are probably used to-day with a broader and more general
application than formerly, yet the value of corn silage has been
estimated largely on its constituents as given in the feeding stand-
ards. This has had the effect of eliminating largely the proper
consideration of the value of silage as a succulent food when fed
in combination with other dried coarse fodders and concentrates,
both carbonaceous and nitrogenous. The modern tendency has
been to supply that form of food which will give the greatest imme-
diate returns for the least expenditure of money and effort without
,duly considering the effect that the practice may have on the
future usefulness of domesticated breeds, which a few master
breeders have produced at a great sacrifice.

The dairy cow by nature is fitted to use to the best advantage
large quantities of unripe fodder material in a fresh condition.
This, in a general and rather indefinite way, we have termed “suc-
culent food.” Dairy animals may be said to be especially prepared
to use this juicy and tolerably dilute food to the best advantage,
not only for the production of milk and the many milk products,
but for the promotion of the general health of the animal which
best fits it for the propagation of the breed or species as the
case may be. Practice has unmistakably shown that the flush
of June feed approaches most nearly the ideal! food for dairy cows.

Man in his intense struggle for improvement finds many things
in nature that for his purposes may be improved upon. He there-
fore changes and shapes them that they may better conform to his
uses. In other matters he tries to imitate nature and approach
the natural as his highest standard. In supplying the wants of the
dairy cow he tries to imitate nature at its best, and thus far he has
not been able to make marked improvements on that which nature
provides.

The standard conditions as to food and temperature, for which
the dairyman is continually striving to obtain for his herd, is best
provided by nature in May and June.

It is said, with a good deal of emphasis by those to whom we look
for authority, that every breeder who has made marked improye-
ments in our domestic animals, those who have added something
material to that with which they were dealing, or in other words,
have made some breed of live stock better than they found it, have
had a clear-cut standard or ideal toward which they were contin-
ually striving.

High standards, better standards continually kept in mind are

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 857

essentials to systematic imaprovement. We have gone too far,
have improved too much to secure further improvement without
system. Hap-hazard work willnot do. As improvement progresses,
each step in progress becomes more difficult. A better knowledge
and a closer application of principles is required at the present
time to secure advancement than was required generations ago.

If we have not erred in selecting owr standard or ideal as to
that which is best adapted for the production of milk and the pro-
motion of the general health and vigor of the animal, we will funda-
mentally fail if we neglect to provide a liberal allowance of succu-
lent food. Not wholly because the animal system uses it to the
best advantage, considering its feeding value when taken alone,
but also to ameliorate those conditions which an artificial and
unnatural diet tends to produce.

In very recent times marked changes have béen made as to the
kind and quality of food provided for dairy stock. The inventive
American in his efforts to produce something new has placed on
the market a large number of food products for the human family
that only a few years ago were entirely unknown. The manufac-
turers of these new foods have placed before the dairymen a vast
number: of by-products of varying usefulness for his use as stock
foods. Probably never before has there been consumed by the dairy
stock of this country so large a proportion of by-products as at the
present time. This means a great change, and great changes bring
somewhere great disturbances—what the outcome will be no one
can foresee. Is this tendency one of progress or one of retrogres-
sion? Will the good that is obtained by the new order of things
outweigh the undesirable? ‘he effect on the vigor and constitu-
tiow of the animals cannot be determined by a few experiments.
Generations of time alone will record the results. The gain of a
few dollars will not eompensate for the loss if the usefulness of
our stock is impaired. The onward march of by-products is undis-
puted and recognized by ali. If I can read the signs of the times
aright, the use of these foods is practically sure to increase, but
is it not the part of wisdom to feed with these artificial products a
liberal allowance of that feod which most nearly approaches the
ideal?

As a basis, conservative Americans will adhere to that which
lias been proven to be wholesome and economical. It is often re-
marked that the success ef many individuals is due in a large
measure in their ability to use most advantageously the compara-
tively cheap material at their command. Many thrifty farmers use
profitably that which the less provident will permit to waste or
to bring comparativedy slight returns. The ease with which corn
is psoduced male it ome of the cheapest ef stock foods that can

858 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE . Off. Bec.

be universaily provided on the farms throughout Pennsylvania.
In my judgment the safest and most successful feeder of the future
will be he who will make the best use of America’s most abundant
and cheapest food—piant corn.

The English farmer imports American corn and sorely laments
the fact that he is unable to produce that which is produced abund-
antly with so much ease in America. During the past three years
repeated efforts have been made to secure seed corn from Northern
Minnesota, that will sufficiently mature in Great Britain to pro-
duce good silage, hoping to procure for the English farmer that
which is so valuable in this country.

The Holland farmer has successfully made silage of grass in

_earthen pits for many generations. From an almost exclusively
grass-diet he has produced a most productive and sturdy breed of
dairy cattle. His endeavor has been to approach that condition
which we have selected as our ideal or “nature’s best.” He cuts
his grass for hay while it is immature, yet nutritious, and provides
warm stables for his cattle in winter, placing them in comfortable
stalls in the same building that provides shelter for himself and
family. Probably there is no advanced dairy country where the
farmers for centuries have maintained their dairy cattle on whole
plant natural food te a greater extent than those of Holland; and
nowhere do we find a more vigorous, productive and strong con-
stitution breed of cattle.

Of all forage crops produced abundantly on the farms through-
out Pennsylvania that are consumed in a succulent condition there
is none that so nearly approaches the ideal food that nature so
abundantly provides in the forepart of the growing season than
good corn silage. In view of the facts pertaining toe this food,
which we have been able to gather, that is, those which may be
considered essentials as to economical dairy feeding, as, cheapness,
wholesomeness, value as a food product alone, the effect on the
ration when combinel with other foods, as well as the unknown
effects of the vast amount of by-products that are now consumed,
it seems to me that the dairymen of Pennsylvania to-day cannot
afford to omit from the winter ration, which is provided for dairy
cows, 2 liberal amount of good corn silage.

MR. DETRICH: I am so well pleased with the paper that I have
ho questions to ask.

DR. CONARD: I would like to ask Professor Watson whether
he considers it practicable to make silage of rye and crimson clover
mixed, cutfing both at the same time, and if so, what would be the
feeding value of it?

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. | 859

PROF. WATSON: I do not believe I can answer that, never hay-
ing tried it: I cannot speak from experience, and if I were to
speak from abstract knowledge, perhaps the doctor’s reasons would
be as good as mine.

The PRESIDENT: You would not hesitate to try it?

PROF. WATSON: No; I have enough American spirit to try most
anything that presents a reasonable chance. for improvement. I
should want the rye not overripe. I have a feeling that there is
danger in putting the rye into the silo if the stem is very ripe.

MR. DETRICH: I was in Delaware last week on Bancroft’s farm
where this feeding was being tried and it makes a magnificent
Silage. Rye is as good as clover when it is coming into head and
has the same feeding value. When it commences to get woody
it makes a poor food.

DR. CONARD: Do they ordinarily ripen together?
’
MR. DETRICH: Yes. 7

MAJOR WELLS: I would like to ask Professor Watson if he is
familiar with, or can give the value of dried beet fibre?

PROFESSOR WATSON: We have made no experiments, though
I know that experiments have been made. The results of these,
however, I do not know. The results of some experiments in which
it has been fed in the fresh condition have not been satisfactory.

MAJOR WELLS: There are factories along the border:-line of
New York State where this dry feed is made, but I have been unable
to learn the value of it

The PRESIDENT: As I understand it, it is simply the beet dried, -
with sometimes the addition of lime. The pulp dried down with
some of the waste molasses has been’ used in European feeding
with satisfactory results. Allowing for the water contents it will
have about the same feeding value as the fresh pulp, but without
the advantage of its succulence. The dried foods in foreign coun-
tries has been very satisfactory. -

MR. HERR: In making silage of rye and clover, would you put it
up in the condition it is, or would you have the rye cut?

PROF. WATSON: I should have it cut by all means.

MR. COMFORT: Last fall at the Trenton Fair a gentleman told
me that he had been making a satisfactory silage of wheat and
clover, and that in his experience the results were very much more

satisfactory with grass for ensilage than rye; fer, unless the rye,
were cut at exactly the right time it was woody.

860 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

I was also speaking with a man with a large herd of cattle, a
very careful and successful feeder. As a business proposition we
must see where the profit is coming from, and I would like to ask
Mr. Detrich whether he could tell us whether he can produce a
quart or a pound of milk as economically as the average farmer;
or, whether he can tell us what it costs to produce a pound of milk
under his plan of farming.

MR. DETRICH: I never weighed a pound of stuff raised on the
field, and never bothered about what it cost me to raise it, because
I am convinced that it pays to feed the dairy, bearing in mind the
value to the land of the manure. I do not believe a man can afford
to feed bran, and throw the manure into the barnyard. .I pay $640 -
for concentrated foods in a year for horses and cattle.

The PRESIDENT: No wonder your land it getting rich.

MR. DETRICH: Yes, but crops will grow again.

The PRESIDENT: Most of your crops go back there finally.

MR. DETRICH: Yes, 365 cart loads of manure, of cotton seed,

linseed, gluten, but we don’t buy commercial fertilizers. By the
use of these foods I can get two products.

ELECTION OF OFFICERS.
The Nominating Committee made the following report:
President, Professor H. P. Armsby, State College, Pa.
First Vice President, Mr. Austin Leonard, Troy, Pa.
Second Vice President, Rev. J. T. Detrich, Flourtown, Pa.
Treasurer, W. E. Perham, Niagara, Pa.
Secretary, Dr. M. E. Conard, Westgrove, Pa.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.

Hon. W. C. Norton, H. W. Comfort, M. F. Reeder. President and
Secretary, members ex-officio.

Mr. Jones moved that the Secretary cast the ballot for the
officers named in the report. The ballot was cast.

Mk. NORTON: In regard to the By-laws and Constitution, re-
ported to have been lost, I am almost sure that I have several copies
at home. I think the Constitution should be changed from having
a Board of Directors of five to an Executive Committee of three.

This motion was made, seconded and carried.

MR. DETRICH: I would like to ask whether the Pennsylvania
Dairy Union is a voluntary organization, a State organization, or

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 861

whether the different farmers’ clubs throughout the country send
delegates to the meeting?

The PRESIDENT: It is entirely a voluntary organization; has
no official character; has never been recognized as an official or-
ganization, that is, it has never had an appropriation made by the
State for its support.

MR. THOMPSON: Would it not be well for the President to state
the object of this organization. There may be some present who
would like to join.

The PRESIDENT: While I have not been so closely in touch with
the organization as some others, I am glad to state my understand-
ing, subject to correction. As I understand it, it is a voluntary
organization of those interested in the promotion of dairy interests
of the Commonwealth, which is a very right interest when we con-
sider that last year the dairy interests of the State amounted to
thirty-nine million dollars. Primarily and centrally the idea is to
bring together the opinions and interests of the dairymen of the
State so that they may have their proper influence upon legisla-
tion affecting dairy interests; upon the better education in dairy
matters through the various instrumentalities throughout the State,
such as the public schools, farmers’ institutes and meetings of
various organizations; and, finally, and perhaps the most important
of all is the development of the individual dairyman through the
contact with each other and with experts brought about by meet-
ings of this sort, and by the publication of proceedings in the farm
bulletins and tracts which has already been begun. It seems to
me that a progressive dairyman of the present cannot afford to
cut himself off from these sources of knowledge. He cannot afford
it any more than a manufacturer in other lines.

We may say what we please about the importance of legislation
in the interests of dairying; but, after all, you can no more make
a dairyman successful by legislation than you can make people
honest by legislation. It comes like everything else, to the indi-
vidual. Such an organization helps the individual dairyman to
raise himself to a higher level of knowledge and practice. The
organization is open to all, and we hope that all will come in and
help to make the sessions of this Dairy Union, and its bulletins as
valuable to the dairy interests of Pennsylvania as possible. This
will only be accomplished when the dairymen of the State as a
whole take hold of this matter. I hope we shall have a large in-
crease in membership.

MR. DETRICH: I think what the President has stated is exactly
correct about the Dairy Union. It seems to me that every farmers’
club of Pennsylvania ought to send a delegate to the Dairy Union.
I think this is the only way we can get this dairy business carried
out in different local sections and the only way in which the dif-

362 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

ferent local sections will eome into close touch with each other.
It seems to me rather unfortunate that in a State having a dairy
business of $39,000,000 per year, we shouid have such a small number
present at this meeting. There are sections of this State that ought
to be interested in this Dairy Union, and we ought to recognize
the farmers’ club; for you know there is coming gain from con-
tact. There is a friction that brings about good results.

MR. NORTON: I think I cannot add anything to what has already
been said. My idea has been that we should allow every creamery-
man in the State to send a delegate by paying their dues; also that
the farmers’ clubs should become members and be entitled to one
vote through a delegate. This has never been carried out.

Another thing we ought to do is to become an incorporate body,
so as to be a responsible body. Under the present system the Dairy
Union is not such a body. I think this should be done and before
next year. I also believe that every creameryman should be urged
to become a member by paying his dues and be allowed to send
one ‘delegate; also every farmers’ club in this State. We should
work hand in hand. There is no use in jealousy between dairymen
and creamerymen.

The Department of Agriculture has been very liberal with us;
had they not, we would not have seen a Dairy Union meeting here.
There are not enough dues collected to run the organization. The
Department of Agriculture stands ready to help us to-day. I un-
derstand also that according to the new Constitution that if we
got an appropriation from the State it would have to go through the
Department of Agriculture. There can be no State appropriation
to any society unless it comes under the supervision of the State
officials.

MR. HERR: I think Mr. Norton has touched the keynote. An
organization which the State recognizes has some foundation. Un-
fortunately the different farmers’ clubs throughout the State have
no connection among themselves. It is unfortunate that the State
Grange has its. meeting at the same time as this Dairy Union.

MR. JONES: I would make a motion that the President and Sec-
retary and the Executive Committee be appointed a committee to
look over the Constitution and make some recommendations to
come before our next annual meeting with reference to incorpora-
tion of the society; that the recommendations shall be published
before our next annual meeting so that members shall understand
what they are expected to vote upon.

Seconded by Mr. Norton.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 863

MAJOR WELLS: The great difficulty here is lack of interest
among the dairymen of the State. We ought to correct that apathy.
There can be no better investment for a dairyman than to be present
at the presentation of the able articles to which we have listened
to-day.

The PRESIDENT: It has been moved and seconded that this sub-
ject be referred for consideration to the Executive Committee.
Carried.

MR. JONES: I would move that if in the opinion of the Presi-
dent and Secretary it would seem better to change the date of the an-
nual meeting, that they be authorized to make that change.

The PRESIDENT: Is it not understood that the Executive Com-
mittee fixes the date of meeting?

MR. JONES: As I understand it we are living under the old Con-
stitution, which I think fixes the time of the meeting.

MR. NORTON: Our Constitution calis for a meeting the same
week as the State Grange. Last year a motion was made that the
time and place of meeting be left with the Board of Directors and
the Secretary and President. I would make a motion that the time

be left with the President and Secretary and Executive Committee.

MR. C. P. FAUCETT: Yesterday there was something said of
a regular time and place for the annual meeting and then of having
other meetings at local points. I think we could not have the
annual meeting at a better time than this. While willing to abide
by the decision of the committee I would dislike to see the time
changed. Early in December is a time suitable to almost every one.
The committee might decide upon the time of the local meetings;
but I hope they will see their way clear not to change the time of the
annual meeting.

The motion to refer the time of the next annual meeting to the
Executive Committee was carried.

Adjourned to 1.30 P. M.

No afternoon session held.
M. E. CONARD,
Secretary.

APPENDIX.

, 868 )
35—6—1903

OFFICIAL DOCUMENT, No. 6.

—— SS!

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE PENNSYLVA-
NIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

*Report of the State Board of Agriculture, 336 pages, 1877.
*Report of the State Board of Agriculture, 625 pages, 1878.
*Report of the State Board of Agriculture, 560 pages, 1879.
*Report of the State Board of Agriculture, 557 pages, 1880.
*Report of the State Board of Agriculture, 646 pages, 1881.
*Report of the State Board of Agriculture, 645 pages, 1882.
*Report of the State Board of Agriculture, 645 pages, 1883.
*Report of the State Board of Agriculture, 648 pages, 1884.
*Report of the State Board of Agriculture, 645 pages, 1885.
*Report of the State Board of Agriculture, 646 pages, 1886.
*Report of the State Board of Agriculture, 650 pages, 1887.
*Report of the State Board of Agriculture, 648 pages, 1888.
*Report of the State Board of Agriculture, 650 pages, 1889.
*Report of the State Board of Agriculture, 594 pages, 1890.
*Report of the State Board of Agriculture, 600 pages, 1891.
*Report of the State Board of Agriculture, 604 pages, 1892.
*Report of the State Board of Agriculture, 713 pages, 1893.
*Report of the State Board of Agriculture, 646 pages, 1894.
*Report of the Department of Agriculture, 878 pages, 1895.
*Report of the Department of Agriculture, Part 1, 820 pages, 1896.
*Report of the Department of Agriculture, Part 2, 444 pages, 1896.
*Report of the Department of*Agriculture, Part 1, 897 pages, 1897.
*Report of the Department of Agriculture, Part 2, 309 pages, 1897.
*Report of the Department of Agriculture, 894 pages, 1898.
*Report of the Department of Agriculture, Part 1, 1080 pages,
1899.
*Report of the Department of Agriculture, Part 2, 368 pages, 1899.
*Report of the Department of Agriculture, Part 1, 1010 pages,
1900.
*Report of the Department of Agriculture, Part 2, 348 pages, 1900.

*Note.—Edition exhausted.

(867)

868 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

*Report of the Department of Agriculture, Part 1, 1040 pages,
1901.

*Report of the Department of ‘Agriculture, Part 2, 464 pages, 1901.

Report of the Department of Agriculture, Part 1, 1030 pages, 1902.

Report of the Department of Agriculture, Part 2, 324 pages, 1902.

Report of the Department of Agriculture, 958 pages, 1903.

BULLETINS.

No. 1.* Yabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 24 pages,

No. 2.* List of Lecturers of Farmers’ Institutes, 36 pages, 1895.
No. 3.* The Pure Food Question in Pennsylvania, 38 pages, 1895.
No. 4.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 22 pages,

No. 5.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 38 pages,
No. 6.* Taxidermy; how to collect Skins, etc., 128 pages, 1896.
7.* List of Creameries in Pennsylvania, 68 pages, 1896.

No. 8.* Report of ‘State Horticultural Association, 108 pages,

No. 9.* Report of Dairymen’s Association, 96 pages, 1896.
No. 10.* Prepared Food for Invalids and Infants, 12 pages, 1896.

No. 11.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 22 pages,
1896.

No. 12.* Road Laws for Pennsylvania, 42 pages, 1896.

No. 18.* Report of Butter Colors, 8 pages, 1896.

No. 14.* Farmers’ Institutes in Pennsylvania, 92 pages, 1896.

No. 15.* Good Roads for Pennsylvania, 42 pages, 1896.

No. 16.* Dairy Feeding as Practiced in Pennsylvania, 126 pages,
1896.

No. 17.* Diseases and Enemies of Poultry, 128 pages, 1896.

No. 18.* Digest of the General and Special Road Laws for Penn-
sylvania, 130 pages, 1896.

No. 19.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 40 pages,
1896.

No. 20.* Preliminary Report of Secretary, 126 pages, 1896.

No. 21.* The Township High School, 24 pages, 1897.

No. 22.* Cider Vinegar of Pennsylvania, 28 pages, 1897.

5 a

*Note.—Edition exhausted.

No.
No.

No.

1899.
No.

bo Le bo bo

52.

Farmers’

No.
1899.

8 .

. 42.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 869
Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 31 pages,
Pure Food and Dairy Laws of Pennsylvania, 19 pages,
Farmers’ Institutes in Pennsylvania, 8 pages, 1897.

Farmers’ Institutes in Pennsylvania, 74 pages, 1897.
The Cultivation of American Ginseng, 23 pages, 1897.

.* The Fungous Foes of the Farmer, 19 pages, 1897.

Investigations in the Bark of the Tree, 17 pages, 1897.
Sex in Plants, 17 pages, 1897.

The Economic Side of the Mole, 42 pages, 1898.

Pure Food and Dairy Laws, 30 pages, 1898.

Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 42 pages,

Preliminary. Report of the Secretary, 150 pages, 1898.
Veterinary Medicines, 23 pages, 1898.

Constitutions and By Laws, 72 pages, 1898.

Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 40 pages,

Farmers’ Institutes in Pennsylvania, 8 pages, 1898.
Farmers’ Institutes in Pennsylvania, 88 pages, 1898.
Questions and Answers, 206 pages, 1898.

Preliminary Reports of the Department, 189 pages, 1899.
List of Creameries in Pennsylvania, 88 pages, 1899.
The San José Scale and other Scale Insects, 22 pages,

Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 62 pages
od >) 5 >]

Some Harmful Household Insects, 138 pages, 1899.
Some Insects Injurious to Wheat, 24 pages, 1899.

Some Insects Attacking Fruit, etc., 19 pages, 1899.
Common Cabbage Insects, 14 pages, 1899.

Methods of Protecting Crops, etc., 20 pages, 1899.

Pure Food and Dairy Laws of Pennsylvania, 33 pages,

Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 69 pages,

Institute Managers, etc, 296 pages, 1899.

.* Farmers’ Institutes in Pennsylvania, 1899-1900, 94 pages,

No. 54.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 163
pages, 1899.

No. 55. The Composition and Use of Fertilizers, 126 pages, 1899.

*Note.—Edition exhausted.

870 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Oft. Dec.

No. 56. Nursery Fumigation and the Construction and Manage-
ment of the Fumigating House, 24 pages, 1899.

No. 57. The Application of Acetylene Illumination to Country
Homes, 85 pages, 1899. :

No. 58. The Chemical Study of the Apple and Its Products, 44
pages, 1899.

No. 59. Fungous Foes of Vegetable Fruits, 39 pages, 1899.

No. 60.* List of Creameries in Pennsylvania, 33 pages, 1899.

No. 61. The Use of Lime in Pennsylvania Soils, 170 pages, 1900.

No. 62. A Summer’s Work Abroad in School Grounds, Home
Grounds, Play Grounds, Parks and Forests, 34 pages, 1900.

No. 63. A Course in Nature Study for Use in the Public Schools,
119 pages, 1900.

No. 64. Nature Study Reference Library for Use in the Public
Schools, 22 pages, 1900.

No. 65. Farmers’ Library List, 29 pages, 1900.

No. 66. Pennsylvania Road Statistics, 98 pages, 1900.

No. 67. Methods of Steer Feeding, 14 pages, 1900.

No. 68.* Farmers’ Institutes in Pennsylvania, 90 pages, 1900.

No. 69. Road Making Materials of Pennsylvania, 104 pages, 1900.

No. 70.* @abulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 97 pages,
1900.

No. 71. Consolidation of Country Schools and the Yransporta-
tion of the Scholars by Use of Vans, 89 pages, 1900.

No. 72.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 170
pages, 1900.

No. 73. Synopsis of the Tax Laws of Pennsylvania, 132 pages,
1901.

No. 74.* The Repression of Tuberculosis of Cattle by Sanitation,
24 pages, 1901.

No. 75.* Tuberculosis of Cattle, and the Pennsylvania Plan for its
Repression, 262 pages, 1901.

No. 76. A Co-operative Investigation into the Agricultural Seed
Supply of Pennsylvania, 50 pages, 1901.

No. 77. Bee Culture, 101 pages, 1901.

No. 78.* List of County and Local Agricultural Societies, 10 pages,
1901.

No. 79. Rabies, 28 pages, 1901.

No. 80.* Decisions of the Department of Agriculture on the Pure
Food Act of 1895, 20 pages, 1901.

No. 81.* Concentrated Commercial Feeding Stuffs in Pennsylva-
nia, 136 pages, 1901.

No. 82.* Containing the Law Creating a Department of Agricul-
ture in Pennsylvania, and Giving the Various Acts of Assembly

*Note.—Edition exhausted.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 871

Committed to the Department for Enforcement; Together with De-
cisions and Standards Adopted with Reterence to the Pure Food
Act of 1895. 90 pages, 1901.

N. 83.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 132 pages,
1901.

No. 84. Methods of Steer Feeding; the Second Year of Co-opera-
tive Experiment by the Pennsylvania State Department of Agri-
culture and the Pennsylvania State College Agricultural Experi-
ment Station, 16 pages, 1901. A

No. 85.* Farmers’ Institutes of Pennsylvania, 102 pages, 1901.

No. 86.* Containing a Complete List of Licenses granted by the
Dairy and Food Commissioner, from January 1, 1901, to July 1, 1901,
etc., 422 pages, 1901.

No. 87. Giving Average Composition of Feeding Stuffs, 42 pages,
1901.

No. 88. List of Creameries in Pennsylvania, 33 pages, 1901.

No. 89.* Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 195
pages, 1901. .

No. 90. Treatment for San José Scale in Orchard and Nursery,
8d pages, 1902.

No. 91. Canning of Fruits and Vegetables, 57 pages, 1902.

No. 92.* List of Licenses Granted by the Dairy and Food Commis-
sioner, 193 pages, 1902.

No. 98. The Fundamentals of Spraying, 35 pages, 1902.

No. 94. Phosphates—Phosphatic or Phosphoric Acid Fertilizer
87 pages, 1902.

No. 95.* County and Local Agricultural Societies, 1902, 12 pages,
1902.

No, 96. Insects Injurious to Cucurbitaceous Plants, 31 pages,
1902. |

No. 97. The Management of Greenhouses, 41 pages, 1902.

No. 98. Bacteria of the Soil in their Relation to Agriculture, 88
pages, 1902.

No. 99. Some Common Insect Pests of the Farmer, 82 pages,
1902.

No. 100.* foe Statement on Work of Dairy and Food Di-
vision from January 1, 1902, to June 30, 1902, 223 pages, 1902.

No.101.* eee reas ses of ‘epee Fertilizers, 137
pages, 1902.

No. 102. The Natural Improvement of Soils, 50 pages, 1902.

No. 103.* List of Farmers’ Institutes of Pennsylvania, 67 pages,
1902.

No. 104. Modern Dairy Science and Practice, 127 pages, 1902.

No. 105. Potato Culture, 96 pages, 1902.

*Note.—Edition exhausted.

872 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doe.

No. 106. The Varieties of Fruit that can be Profitably Grown in
Pennsylvania, 50 pages, 1902.

No. 107. Analyses of Concentrated Commercial Feed Stuffs, 62
pages, 1903.

No. 108. The Hession Fly in Pennsylvania, —— 1903. (Not out
of press.)

No. 109. Yabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 208
pages, 1893.

No. 110. Containing Statement of Work of Dairy and Food Di-
vision from July 1, to December 31, 1902, 248 pages, 1903.

No. 111. Small Fruits, their Origin, Culture and Marketing, 66
pages, 1903.

No. 112. List of County and Local Agricultural Societies, 10
pages, 1903.

No. 118. Methods of Milking, 96 pages, 1963.

No. 114. Pabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 116
pages, 1903.

No. 115. Proceedings of Annual Meeting of Farmers’ Institute
Managers and Lecturers, 210 pages, 1903.

No. 116. Farmers’ Institutes in Pennsylvania, Season 1903-1904,
64 pages, 1903.

No. 117. Potash Fertilizers—Sources and Methods. of Applica
tion, 46 pages, 1903.

No. 118. Containing the Laws Creating the Office of Dairy and
Food Commissioner in Pennsylvania, and also a Digest of the Acts
of Assembly Committed to his Administration, 62 pages, 1903.

No. 119. Tabulated Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers, 115
pages, 1903.

No. 120. The Apple-tree Tent-caterpilar, 46 pages, 1903.

No. 121. Address of Hon. Joseph W. Hunter, State Highway
Commissioner, Delivered at Annual Meeting of State Board of Agri-
culture, January 28, 1904, 16 pages, 1903.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 873

FERTILIZER VALUATIONS—1903.

The object of an official valuation of commercial fertilizers is to
enable the consumer to judge approximately whether he has been
asked to pay for a given brand more than the fertilizing ingredients
it centains and market conditions prevailing at the time would war-
rant. It is clear, therefore, that no attempt is made in this valua-
tion to indicate whether the fertilizer valued possesses a greater or
less crop-producing capacity than another fertilizer; but only
whether it is higher priced than another of the same general com-
position.

For this purpose it must be so computed as to include all the ele-
ments entering into the cost of a fertilizer as it is delivered to the
consumer. These elements may be conveniently grouped as fol-
lows:

1. The wholesale cost of the ingredients.

2. Fhe jobbers’ gross profit on the sale of the ingredients; this
includes office expenses, advertising, losses, etc.; for the purpose of
the present computation it may be assumed that the sum of this
eross profit and the wholesale cost of the ingredients, is equivalent
to the retail price of the single ingredients near the wholesale
markets in ton lots of original packages for cash.

8. The expense and profit of mixing: This item applies only to
complete fertilizers, rock and potash, and ammoniated rock; not to
dissolved or ground bone, or to dissolved rock.

4, The expense and profit of bagging.

5. Agents’ commission: This item includes not only the commis-
sion proper, but every advance in price due to the sale of the goods:
through an agent in small quantities on time, rather than directly
to the consumer in ton lots for cash.

6. Freight from the wholesale market to the point of delivery.

The valuations for 1902 were based:

1. Upon the wholesale prices from September 1, 1901, to March 1,
1902, of the raw materials used in fertilizer manufacture, the quota-
tions of the New York market being adopted for all materials ex-
cept acidulated phosphate rock and ground bone.

2. Upon an allowance of 20 per cent. of the wholesale prices, above
mentioned, to cover jobbers’ profits.

By adding the 20 per cent. allowed for jobbers’ gross profit to the
wholesale price of tle several raw materials, the retail price in
original packages at the jobbers’ warehouse is obtained.

874 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Since the amount of the several valuable fertilizing constituents
in the various raw materials is known, it is a simple matter to de-
termine the corresponding retail value per pound of the valuable
fertilizing constituents yielded by each raw material. A schedule of
these pound values afiords a convenient basis of computation of the
value per ton of various fertilizers, whose composition is ascer-
tained by analysis. ~

The values assigned, for the present, to the other elements in the
cost of the fertilizer at the point of delivery are:

3. For mixing, $1.00 per ton.

4. For bagging, $1,00 per ton, in all cases except those in which the
article was sold in original package; the cost of the package being,
in such cases, included in the wholesale price.

5. For agents’ commissions, 20 per cent. of the cost of the goods
f. o. b. at the jobbers’ or mixers’ warehouse.

6. For freight, $2.00 per ton; the cost of the freight in lots of
twelve tons or over, from the seaboard to Harrisburg, averaging
$1.88 per ton.

The following valuation of dissolved South Carolina rock illus-
trates the method:

Phosphoric acid. Percent. Weight per ton.

SSC) 0) (ee eater a eae eae aac, ee lets) 230 Ibs. at 3c. $6 90
FEGVERUCO «%.. Sitetietae canoes gorau avers 2.50 50 Ibs. at 24c. 1 25
MISOUTOTCS aia Sabet. vie bcwenhem en. 1.00 20 Tbs. at Ide. 3

etal Cash valle rOt, mere lems: © irs kei oiaaiecece atlas eee - . $8 40
eee OTN ae) a sons tires, Seis Eee Meena Plier toe a Mac anaes sey 1 00
Cashevalue of goods ready Lor shipment, 22. «2.426 eases $9 4d
MOSM hs ACOMMISSION «20 Per eGEmi.w ari. cits siryeke de ene onere 2 Wesg
LUN or a ie LEAN, RR (oe ae Lente eaten eg eee 2 00
Commericial svalue Per COM sa... 6 oc cetera te octele's oes eae toes sue $138 34

It is not to be expected, of course, that the valuations thus comn-
puted will precisely represent the fair price to be charged for a
brand in each locality and in every transaction. Market conditions,
competition, distance from factory, all introduce minor variations.
Nevertheless, to make the approximation reasonably close, the
average valuation of a given class of goods ought to agree closely
with its ascertained average selling price. Whenever such an
agreement is no longer obtained by the use of a schedule, it is evi-
dent that the schedule of retail values of the constituents, or the
added allowances for mixing, ete., requires revision.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 875

It is needful to note here another factor greatly affecting the prac-
tical accuracy of these approximations. Their computation would
offer little difficulty and their usefulness be far greater, if, by the
ordinary methods of analysis, the exact nature of the ingredients
used to supply the several fertilizer constituents, were capable of
certain determination. This is, however, possible, to-day, to only a
limited extent. The valuations are, therefore, based on*the assump-
tion that the fertilizers are uniformly compounded from high quality
ingredients, such as are commonly employed in the manufacture of
fertilizers of the several classes. Consumers should carefully avoid
the error of accepting such valuations as infallible; they are not de-
signed to be used for close comparisons of single brands, but only to
indicate whether the price asked for a fertilizer is abnormal, as-
suming good quality for the ingredients used. From this it is clear
that, except as high freights may require, the selling price of a
brand should not far exceed the valuation; but that a fertilizer may
be made of inferior materials and yet have a high valuation.

The valuations used during 1901 were modified for use during 1902
in accordance with the changes in wholesale prices of fertilizing
ingredients and to make the valuations more closely follow the sell-
ing price.

The following comparative statement shows the valuations and
selling prices of the several classes of fertilizers during 1900 to
1902:

876 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.
SE
| g
| 8
ui ao
3 Ze
E re
Fertilizers 2 3 Ss
i as 2 2
° sc be o>
Sui > | an
2 : E 3 8
5 3 z eS
oO
a > v2 A
Dennen eee eee eee
Spring, 1900.
OMMPISLS! Se peiece eo ele ele. e.c.0je eierelcleszioisleinieycinivininnie)e\sieiefe(o{eie/azo(0|s 0/0is\e/eininia\s\s\eie(e 276 24.61 25.38 —0.77
Rock-and-potash, .....cseececcececceee renee ecererceenceceseecerens 48 14.71 17.25 —2).64
PUSSOLVEC MDOMEH | cetcete cieleselalelareleletaielaleielolelelb)-|eleletele}e\«1s1elajels{wio\(air/a/el=!sioleiein/o 2 30.87 26.00 4.87
GETOUME) DOME) | cepctejate crereiticiefesecaisin a(s(cieieielolole eleipie{s\cilainiejofe/<\oia\ojelelninleje\eialsielainte 30 25.91 28.41 —2.51
MD ISSOMV-CCLOCIE, lecisistaisisteletsiate efeiele c}slofe1s(s[vialelstn)s\nicluisls) iml/=/>\=\n\e/e(si~0\0/s(a.e76]9\0 56 13.48 13.57 —0.09
Fall, 1900.
(G{oymayoAK SuooontaocantonD DD ODaUOnOOOdod4b coddo an ondddnobdodudGoosd 130 24.00 23.22 0.81
PROC 211 — POLS Ee me teyetetaie sreielelieraintalolalctetoie)eletersrsisiclatarc=’eio\c\oveisteletereiarsyereintelersiel= 33 14.63 18.11 —3.48
POESSONVEC mi OTLO sme erere rare reletayeeyeletele els isieiencieverercle releleiwiereistetaletefotoleletetelefetelatefoisstels 2 22.74 23.50 —0.76
[eryeiaal Yevyots) Soto soooncoosuaconnodonndel ooo baUc oO SnpaodsqucobnODaD 17 26.87 28.73 —1.86
IDs Ha hiek see Seco cohasoboudo0n GuMcNDedendcboudnoncuodaenpoonaodcn Be 13.11 13.96 —0.85
Spring, 1901
GOTMDICTSS oops. «sisters oioterare wich sleve sicpsVo (ers avs D alain tags aicveve aleyerstetavaiale, cle ele sie olsjetelee 291 24.76 23.92 0.84
LOCK AIT OLAS Hy mame yeteletateistey = clafonstarsrmreloislsisioiat ciel niciavercieielciaiete sioleleiersierotelatate 60 14.60 16.20 —1.60
ADISSBUVEM OTE ian oacie se 6 viele nisicisrers rae (ele'n win) c.titeloielajereis ie) clase stololeletefanisie-ebs 1 29.00 28.00 1.00
GPOUMA APOC ee oan as ene tees eins ale cisrcretertioeiciente ve seat miss aie rekeepalseisce 44 28.71 27.59 1.12
PIS SONG SO OCH eirct steel oiafeseleretele eictoiere oiaveteteleieisicicloreieelchebeisieleteifolele cielsielsieieterere 49 13.51 13.90 —0.39
Fall, 1961. :
(UMM LO LS Meme reetrierelate svete fave eveisve siaters etstarcicva shatetssrevenmiersievotstctefeyels olaraisistereieiefstarsior 179 23.75 22..28 1.47
UOC Kae ATCO OLDS Ingymrorsienereisiarsiatorele cheterereloverormiereteiststaraceisiale eleretercrelsisietorets eicre 42 14.23 16.09 —1.86 |
MissOlwed® HOME, ws.ci ke cease wsineie se cc see esas nse oe wtarecrs as a sieeterss 5 3.36 23.91 —0.55 |
ronnadmbone! eft See eG ta i Oe eee eateae eps 33 7.69 | 25.94 1.75 .
PDUSSOUVEOM LOCK, his a craco,cit seller vice. oc eveve ots wis ncejste/siefslete\evetoinialevsyeieininlafelateis!s 49 13.82 13.18 0.64
Spring, 1902
(Clayeal vite Sogn sdeaonootaecdacoMbdabeocodanns DocosasadeccaabeocoCUble 289 25.33 24.10 1.23
MOCK AI =POCASI samc ecerinrec te cisistele cisielstaveiotoletercreeietavelsiciele srercisisioteteteiete (ore 66 15.05 16.45 —1.40
BISSOL VC MO OTL rie ots (ete afercisici ate slaiatuieic!ofereherchelevels, siejetetare etsielevereteievelelese cielatalerstere 66 15.05 16.45 —1.40
EeTeOHTITA TIONS. Cte rcic ei atatescrstats carcis slale essieve avereieieiesrornie aie ele itre etcleiere -leleinislaieieie siete 29 26.80 28.52 —1.72
TS SOMME CTO CB pete tesetcroteseinte ralete/ciarere eves ote vivo lererarcic ctelelors alelelstetersreleielerecoleisatat 59 13.49 13.73 —.24
Fall, 1902.
MS REVI LET ies eynsnteta lane cietalelelnyaistarninia nfa’e:t cherdn cine oie eleimjateteleletaln arelemiatsin tele’ steers 229 23.31 21.83 1.48
ERC Hc TNl PIO LELSTAywelcivintelel iat els (evel evolale ole eintele ele (nis oreiutuiece) Glelelevetelald.s eie/vei sie} 62 14.46 15.98 —1.52
TSS oye Cea ILE suate referee ats ctete oreleteiarclereleierriciclelateis eleiaiole ole elcielelotercleleletefeleisieleters 6 27.08 25.30: 1.78
TOOLING OTIC oencre ratwie lets iare) clels ots. ¢) sha. eteisiers siele eisteroreiais alalele\steiaicials siete cteleleloreiols 27 27.51 28.09 —.58
PPISSOMVS CET OCLs eters so jsrelcrste.c oyaia'slatetere’ stole ale eiexeleie,e1c%aiaTele/ateteroreye) sve eYelersisieta\e[syels 56 18.70 13.47 23

The general tendencies of the wholesale market may be judged
from the following comparative statement, obtained from the
weekly reports of the O7zl, Paint and Drug Reporter, of New York
City, showing the average wholesale prices of fertilizer raw ma-
terials from September 1, 1901, to March 1, 1902, and from Septem-
ber 1, 1902, to March 1, 1903. :

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 877

Wholesale Prices of Fertilizer Ingredients, New York:
Oil, Paint and Drug Reporter.

a i os %
23 a8 me
ay oe a
ens aot |e
| re ©
Substance. 3 86 ie Fe 4s
3 aS ES i §
a P=} ae Bo
2 92 o 2 ie ae
c 1) bn -~2 01
5 8 7 © oF ee
g 28 Vs cio
bs an] rer hom et
< < < Ay
SLCALE MOL AIIM OMIA me are catecieeiscicie + sale’ cle'sfere sie/e/eieys GWibe parc stareiaretsrctovele 2, 8324 3, 0484 107.6
PLC Me Ee CHE H fiate royal alosnie int efatejo}n’ ale «/n/a/asainieleiavalale’sie(eie\e sis (Oh, mA nOTIORE DONG 1,9889 1, 9873 99.9
PATO LOO peta Gre ie eieiwiciaiviciele asiele,s velo c.cheiea's sis ore Unit (20 Ibs.), ..| 2, 2375 2,4969 111.6
Goncentrated: tankagze, .inccccccccvccccccnsccseee ETOn Sy aioe neva 16.25 15.50 - 95.4
ERAS UE Eo UAM LS OTICAEE weve eioteisteveleisis(e'a/oisicieve/olelstels/sisjo\vieiciese,e sisistelare TF ONG ciaciside scoetel| 18.25 17.00 93.2
Bera SE LAME HAD CO ates ateletnie siele'st/als/alej tote elsie]si</elelsis\eisisie/0\ (eis ANOS Gas sGhcieo te 20.50 20.50 100.0
LOIS TNL nhosbacbcoppadesoscosondede aBaenuSsoOdCE Be OTe e nnitetaretetencre 17.72 19.72 111.3
PEPE PEEL ATT OCCULT VW") outa csocccrele(cfernrerai stein /erure'e'e'eva's cio vefaiataisie'S FPO a arses tae 24.50 B35) 111.6
SE IESPIMUE“TICLING) (CELCIGL) wiveielc « vreiciosciaivisis ie'slalelole/ejs ernie eiereiecoce TONE: c-crcsGietees oe 13.25 14.23 | 107.4
RORUSE BDONC=DIACIS chtccalciete onic aeaiiecne/causaieajece Mons femecceetieh | 19.00 18.06 | 95.1
iPhosphatesrock (Charleston), -..c cmc cecee on acces ROM Merete ea 7.48 9.125 122.0
Phosphate rock (Tennessee), ..............secces TON: | vececwsescicts @ 3.328 3.953 118.8
PN CLOME RL OSDIGICE? oe teiisisiocicre saree Ware's lain sjeislea cies, sleisie/davete Unit (20 lbs.),.. 625 -625 100.0
IMGOUpLESIMANULE SAlUS. Feleccsistes csv sissies owieaieon ee Swit Gawiiselecinieiciets 1.13 1.1025 97.6
Sulfate Of POtasSh,. Je \sceis sclecslecis leas os va'cislaaierine (Oy; mo ncandnoncee 2.125 2.12 | 99.3
Ikea trlle Pa GD OBES OO DOOGU TEND SUCTCRC ACHE TC CP RASS Onn STOMA,“ cfevel catsisieterereis 9.05 9.05 100.0
VINR IST ALO MO Ls OCASH a reiess elstcinj=/2/ stele tlelsielei-/a/a.sioinls'eleisia(sieisie AWing, lodeocsasdooc 1.8475 1.8325 99.2
Dultunicr acid’ 660 GeS wi Bre. ccs. once cleo saraele sw veiclejactes (OM en onodassaeeon 1.573 1.319 83.9

In ammoniates, such as dried blood, the unit is of ammonia,
of which 82.35 per cent. is nitrogen; in acid phosphates the unit
is of phosphoric acid (phosphorus pentoxid).

The nitrogenous materials and animal sources of phosphoric acid
show considerable variations from last year’s prices. Sulfate
of ammonia, dried blood, and fish guano have advaneed markedly,
while in the case of concentrated tankage, refuse bone-black and
rough bone there has been a distinct falling off; nitrate of soda and
ground bone have remained stationary. Bone meal prices have ad-
vanced 11 per cent. over last year’s figures. The following data are
from the monthly reports of Thos. J. White & Co., fertilizer brokers,
Baltimore, Md., giving wholesale quotations upon ammoniates:

878 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Wholesale Prices of Ammoniates: Reports of Thos. J. White & Co.,
Baltimore, Md.

a ce)
5 5
a a
2 BS}
pe) »
oC 2
vs g
a a
os 83
ert Kr
Ay Ay
Sulfate of ammonia, per cwt.: 5
Horciony Wf. 10s, Dae BAaltimOres vscisasiececeis css icccisecisishise ssielelsieisicivveisicieicieine 2.79 §3.05
INDErate Ol SOG. TCI CWibs,. a xi ciclsctetelais «lsicteicicie/s.ciersieieleis eicvele ele) ofelatalelsleiele’ ole’evslsjele/e/eiatele/sielsie) | nis \eVeleleielelereis.« 1.9275
Ground blood, f. o. b. Chicago, per unit aMMOMNIA, .........cccccccereccceccvecs 2.015 2.2925
Concentrated tankage, f. 0. b .Chicago, per unit ammonia, ......---eseeceeee- 1.875 2.085
Crushed tankage, f. o. b. Chicago, per ton:
10% per cent. ammonia, 15 per cent. bone phosphate, ........csccceccescecclecccccsceces 723.75
10 per-cent. ammonia, 15 per cent. bone phosphate, ...........scssecseees ZO G0) || ecieleerstecrtetate
10 per cent. ammonia, 10 per cent. bone phosphate, .........ccecceeees 19.49 722.75
Crushed tankage, c. a. f: Baltimore, per unit ammonia, sec ccccccscacascs PAWAN Nab Sanccs0c0
9° ‘per icent. ammonia, 20) per cent. bone PHOSPHALE, wires siecle cise sise|icioeice scelsiceis 2.505
Crushed tankage, f. 0. b. Kansas City, per unit ammonia:
8 per cent. ammonia, 25 per cent. bone phosphate, .......ccscccsccccese locccccccese 11.95
Ground tankage, f. o. b. Chicago, per ton:
1046 per cent. ammonia, 15 per cent. bone phosphate, .........ccccsccccceleccrrccresce *24.53
10 per cent. ammonia, 10 per cent. bone phosphate, .............cccecclecccsccccces *#23 00
6 per cent. ammonia, 25 per cent. bone phosphate, ........ccccccceccees |sccccscescce $14.75
944 per cent, ‘ammonia, 20' percent: HOME PHOSPHALE, <ecesiccisec ccesccsjsia sels cicieniswceies $722.90
DPriedisishi! fo; ib) factory, Per UNIt AMMONIAs, copies d cicicleciele veleisielecieclecicstere 42.175 2.40
Hoot meals ft 0. bs iGhicacoy per WIMit AMMONIA. seicicjeicicicic cisiels slorieierslaieisieis eieleiel| wieveleielsieioie stale 42.16

§c. i. f. Baltimore and New York.

fQuotations for September only.

*September quotations lacking.

**Quotations for September and February lacking.
fQuotations for January and February only.
7iQuotations for February only.

ttQuotations for September and October lacking.

These figures show a marked increase in the price of ammoniates
over last year. “

The Engineering and Mining Journal, of New York City, gives
quotations of nitrate of soda for January, 1902, $1.95 @ $1.97 per
ewt. Following this, prices increased, reaching a maximum in
April of $2.40 for spot and $2.05 for futures. From this time on
prices became lower, the year closing at $1.974 for spot and $1.85
for futures.

In case of sulfate of ammonia, the average price for the year
(1902) was $3.00 for spot and $2.97 for shipments. These figures
confirm those previously quoted.

The following summary from the Engineering and Mining Journal
shows the prices of rock phosphates. The general tendency to
centralize management has been in evidence in the phosphate in-
dustry, and, as a result, important changes have been brought about.
During 1902 there were produced 1,580,997 long tons of all grades of

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 879

phosphates as against 1,503,623 tons in 1901. The shipments for
1902 were almost 50,000 tons larger than the production. The ex-
port trade in 1902 amounted to 827,230 long tons, as compared with
750,000 tons in 1901.

Florida Phosphate.—The year 1902 shows an increase in produc-
tion of about 11.6 per cent. over 1901. The exports of high grade
rock in 1902 were 484,000 long tons, as against 424,120 tons in 1901.
None has been sent to domestic markets. The average price for
the year f. 0. b. Fernandina was $6.95, as against $6.83 in 1901.

The production of land pebble was about 368,845 long tons, an
increase of 115,887 tons over the previous year. Land pebble was
quoted at $3.00 to $3.25 throughout the year, making an average
of $3.13, as compared with $3.79 in 1901.

During January and February of this year, high grade rock was
quoted at $6.00 to $6.50 and land pebble at 43.00 to $3.25.

Peace River phosphate was produced to the extent of 20,000 to
25,000 tons, the American Agricultural Chemical Company con-
trolling the field and taking the bulk of the output.

Tennessee Phosphates.—The total shipment in 1902 was 437,500
tons, of which 139,500 tons were for export. Owing to an under-
standing between the larger companies in the Mt. Pleasant fields,
prices f. 0. b. were better than in 1901. Export prices, owing to
keen competition with Florida rock, have suffered somewhat. In
ganuary to April export rock (78-82 per cent. bone phosphate of
lime) was quoted at an average of $3.50 per ton f. 0. b. Mt. Pleasant;
in May, at $3.75; June, $3.25 to $3.75, and thereafter at $3.25 to
$3.50, making an average for the year of $3.47 as against $3.38 in
1901.

Domestic high grade rock (78 per cent.) sold, f. o. b., Mt. Pleasant,
between $3.00 and $3.25, making an average of $3.13, compared with
$2,97 in 1901. Domestic 75 per cent. rock brought $2.75 to $3.00,
or an average of $2.88 f. 0. b., as against $2.74 for the previous year.

The 70-74 per cent. grade sold at $2.10 to $2.40, which compares
with $2.00 to $2.75 in 1901.

Prices on export rock for January and February of this year
were $3.25 to $3.50, and for domestic grades $3.00 for 78 per cent.,
and $2.75 to $3.00 for 75 per cent. rock.

In South Carolina production has been curtailed owing to smaller
consumption and the dismantling of large works. Shipments have
decreased as compared with 1901. Prices f. 0. b., Ashley River, for
land rock, averaged $3.25 per ton; river rock, $1.75 to $3.00, both
prices showing a decrease from bee year. During January and
February of this year, land rock was quoted at $3.25 and river rock
eat $2.75 to $3.00.

Raw Materials of Acid Manufacture.—The Engineering and Min-
ing Journal comments as follows:

880 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Brimstone.—@onsumption in the United States has increased. It
is estimated that the annual imports of crude brimstone into this
country amount to 36 per cent. of the total exported from Sicily.
The demand for brimstone in the fertilizer acid trade is being satis-
fied by pyrites, which furnishes the sulphur at a lower cost. Prices
in 1902 show an increase over those for the previous year. The ay-
erage price of spot brimstone was $23.54 for best unmixed seconds
and $21.65 for best thirds, being an increase of 59 cents per ton for
best unmixed seconds and 95 cents for best thirds.

Pyrites.—The high price of brimstone has caused increased con-
sumption of pyrites. Domestic production and imports have in-
creased, prices continuing firm. The total imports of pyrites in
1902, according to the Engineering and Mining Journal, were about
410,500 long tons, an increase of 3 per cert. Spanish pyrites fluctu-
ated between 12 and 134 cents on the basis of 46-51 per cent. of
sulphur. Domestic pyrites sold at $5.00 per ton for lump ore and
10 cents per unit for “fines,” f. o. b. Mineral City, Va., or Charle-
mont, Mass. The American pyrites contains on an average 42 to
44 per cent. of sulphur. The price of raw materials for acid manu-
facture have apparently changed but little.

Sulphuric acid has remained firm throughout the year. Whole-
sale price quoted by the combination have been, for 66 degree
acid, $1.20; 60 degree, $1.00 to $1.05 per 100 Ibs., f. 0. b. New York;
for 50 degree acid in bulk, $13.50 to $14.00 per ton; 60 degree, $18.00;
66 degree, $21.00.

New York wholesale quotations for acid phosphate, per unit of
available phosphoric acid, were, according to the O2l, Paint and
Drug Reporter, during 1901-2, 62.5 cents; during 1902-3 this price
remained stationary.

Potash Salts.—The reports of the U.S. Bureau of Statistics show
the following entries for consumption during the fiscal years 1901
and 1902:

1901. | 1901.
MIT ATS (DOMMES) | setecere civic tiniecsrelore veins deeinosa oaisoreenie ce lowicleinsintalsivle Ge sisieeeicle 138, 561, 091 140,124, 418
Feserifs kainit, sete), (CONS), coc icruisis ate visis'sieleleielsiaisre ¥iacele epoteclale-oslelersierisibive ieee 187,470 228,112

The community of interest agreement between the German Kali
Syndicate and the Virginia-Carolina Chemical Co., makes it pos-
sible, according to the Hngineering and Mining Journal, for the
latter. company, as well as the American Agricultural Chemical
Company, to obtain supplies of potash salts at advantageous rates.
These two concerns, being the largest consumers in America, no

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 881

change has been made in the published schedule of prices from 1901.
On the basis of large lots sold through brokers for cash and deliv-
ered at Boston, New York or Philadelphia, the schedules of the
syndicate on the same basis as heretofore are as follows

Co)
>
o
rt
Ld
os a
o
Salt. a a
- EI
. 3
z s
2 =
& <
Muriate:
(Sinco ko. per cent... so per cent. basis): CW, scncceccscsceccteocsecuseccence $1 80 $1 83
Koenemrcent.. “OU mpers CED. DASIS), 1CWiks,, <cice'cic.c\cle.a ce’ vinjasele te aials vielele(e aierateayeleietels 1 83 1 86
Sulfate:
COMBE Cent. mon pereCent., DASIS)i. CWitey asiesiele cin ele s\0\s,01s\o\ele a siecle nists eels siclee elersis 2 08 211
(WGEDerscent. GOeper Cent. (DASIS) CWE: ele ccicieies' vj ctsrles o decieccmecis ce decors 211 214
Double manure salt (48 to 50 per cent. basis), cwt., ......cccccccvccccvescsccce 1 09 112
Kainit (12.4 per cent. actual potash) per ton at point of ehipraent; Saleetinterabe BOL ecu casters
SMivM Cem Here WN t) POTASSIUM. ‘SUITALTE) Scere c © com's oc ouicicietaersselse ePorvicie win sie eles pate Beet iceooracasce
Manure salt (20 per cent. potash); per unit potash, ......c0ccscccncccccecccesees 62-64 | aceaieie: slalaocaee

This trade is so managed that, before March 1, nearly all whole-
sale deliveries of the year are contracted for.

Composition of Raw Materials——In order to form a correct idea
of the cost per pound of the fertilizer constituents of these ma-
terials, it is needful to determine their composition; or, in other
words, the quantities of valauble constituents each contains. The
following table shows the composition of the raw materials used
in the manufacture of fertilizers. Very few analyses of these
materials, with the exception of ground bone and dissolved rock,
have been made in Pennsylvania. MYThe figures in the following
table include the averages of the results of analyses made in Con-
necticut, Massachusetts, New Jersey and Pennsylvania during the
past year, except in the case of ground bone and dissolved rock
phosphates, where Pennsylvania results alone are included.

56—6—1903

882 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Composition of Non-Acidulated Fertilizer Ingredients (Per Cent.).

aes. ’
1 7
a
a
n S
2 (3)
2 3
E 2
a 5
4 6
° a
d g
ay o : a.
2Qn bo é =
& > aA taf is}
33 = Ss =
vA vA Ay B
Ss
Sul€@te Of (AMMONIA, fests saejete are cleo sieeve. sie10, ca 10 (0 eretacetuieiers ere 3 20.91 ar se eysve ove tela Steere ADD
IVLTEATS OL (SOG A) © haresstapeis/s)o/<10y 5's) stute,sfate =v cieivve stots roca Riel wiiace siarelelore 12 15.61 Jeweeeee pease |e eecclnececms
DPIC ADI OOS eae nice ceerarctee no cieletahalariciecs siete fetersloreteve svelecrorers 5 aD BY ia aonoeapoao arocoacobAsc
(Grdopronele) verse scocken p HOnCOOADDHOAUOOOCOS Gotan BOoTEe OOO oc noo 27 Cee Sl enpedaasee 56 A 23.47
FRAN KE ON Siac cparese siclare ein sieroela «cles wspia’aswajercieia'elertalelornyerctevere S Nacerareravate 15 by 8 Be ercosooanos 12.57
GOUT ATS H Ne oe. cleierara cisions. ho reve sieeve ats \cfere Sralale, occa veba avers aratefave a7ers _ 22 MTT lose steroreein tore 7.29
Covton=-Seed. MEAT GT coisa c.cisis.c cle sicie/etelswiercinte cic cieteresa ee erat scares. tate 3 7.08 1.90 3.15
CaStOrepOMaCes) Ercaacsectewciae s coos sade slole saieleaeceiet sare 3 5.24 1.00 1.90
Sultare of potash hishserade. v0. .cndsecee seme s doen e eee Sy loequcouscboc CER hal Seo Bncor ance
IMUuniate iOf spOtASH?, «sists ccc.ovie dla fs ccc temo enon ouaioaie seers DB Ils cto: thereto ce 50.34: ih. eee eee
ESAT TUBS a ave spans arom aveisinye ste siai ciateteis Sided ora ccheteiais seisie nares edie eke aleistors bial aprorias todd Pees A CN gsocuaa +
Double sulfate of potash and magnesia, .............+. bial Ron eonaontice 2532s catcatoeitenat

Composition of Acidulated Fertilizer Ingredients (Per Cent.).

alyzed.
Reverted phosphoric acid
Insoluble phosphoric acid.

Total phosphoric acid.
Soluble phosphoric acid.

Number of samples an-

Dissolved HoOne=blaAck,, sige. cccecccceesceeaaces 2
IDISSOLVEO DONE; * ire etes. ae sie soso dials lao alle ojovarstee pena 6
Dissolved) rock phosphate, 2. ¢-cccencccecins one 115

*Also contains 2.85 per cent. nitrogen.

Comparing these figures with those of previous years and con-
sidering only those cases where a considerable number of analyses
are available, the results seem to indicate no great change in the
composition of raw materials used in fertilizer manufacture.

Cost per Pound of Fertilizer Constituents.—With the composition
of these raw materials and their price per ton, hundred weight, or
other unit of measure as a basis, the wholesale cost per pound of
the valuable constituents can be readily calculated. In many cases
the ammoniates are quoted “per unit of ammonia,” the term unit
being equivalent to per cent.; in goods sold by the ton of 2,000 Ibs.,
the unit is equal to 20 ths., and 20 tbs. of ammonia contain 16.47 Ibs.
of nitrogen.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 883

{n the case of refuse bone-black, unacidulated, the mean, 28.25
per cent. of phosphoric acid, is assumed to represent the average
material on the market.

Phosphate rock is sold by the ton of 2,240 Ibs., and on the basis
of the bone phosphate of lime it contains, with drawbacks for in-
jurious constituents. sone-phosphate of lime contains 45.8 per
cent. of phosphoric acid; therefore, each per cent. of bone-phosphate
in a long ton is equivalent to 22.4 Ibs. and contains 10.26 Ibs. of
phosphoric acid.

In the wholesale trade, dried blood, azotine, concentrated tankage
and hoof meals are usually sold on the basis of ammonia, disre-
garding the phosphoric acid present.

Insoluble phosphoric acid in dissolved rock is likewise omitted
from consideration, contracts being based solely upon the “avail-
able” phosphoric acid; nor in rock phosphates is any claim made
for the small quantities of nitrogen and potash they contain, nor
in dissolved bone for the potash present.

Under these conditions, the wholesale cost per pound in New
York of the valuable constitutents of such materials as furnish but
a single fertilizing element, these materials being assumed to be
in the state of preparation and in the packing in which the manu-
facturer purchased them,are given in the following table; also, a
figure representing a fair retail price at the factory, the materials
having undergone no change in treatment or packing and the allow-
ance for expense and profit in retailing being 20 per cent.:

884 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Wholesale Cost Per Pound of Fertilizer Constituents (New York).
I. Ingredients Supplying One Constituent.

| &
: :
5 a
12)
Ik ®
oO
Material. Constituent Valued. a is
a,
2 oe
3 3
3 ao
= a ea
z zg
| 2 e
SCUNENREY Che Eheotsolenel SagogqougaHODOHOOOOGOOONOOD INGELOS EM | ericrerecijeieieiel tee elsieieieforake 14.58 17.50
INDE AC] OL SOMES ~~ eictoiejcrare sie'nlele'e,citstelalciovs.e-sjsheieisterels INOS Sepaanosnoononepadlacdl 12.73 15.28
Drieds blood; “high Verades occ. c<lesiscissc cele eres Infligdepevssal, GacgooHaorngoncoun[DGS 15.16 18.19
Concentrated stankase, Ajeet cae cislertelseisiessierere sets INLEY OCT uetapielalcisrttetaalevelarereinioiemele 9.41 11.29
FVEHUSE: DOMESDLACK Sy oe orojarctere ersialeis ae eveivlslorsiereletstereleinrs Phosphoric acid, total, ...... 3.20 3.84
Phosphate rock:* :
(Peace river, G04pericent.)),) ssemc cee esses Phosphorie acid, total, ...... | sisietete saree creiet | wie ee pe totenanee
(Gennessees 78) per=Cent.)i se cidece -oeciclensne Phosphoric acid, total, ...... | 375 ~45
(South Carolina, 60 per cent.), ...........- Phosphoric acid, total, ...... 53 67
PNGIOM DROS DRA LCM marsrretercisterateweieticle aio eis leisintcitalerersiete Phosphorie acid available, | 3.13 3.76
WOUDIS WANUNE: SACS, sc)..cs. dscieeaidle cle wajcicseanisiner | PPOCASHS — re arctsinieisieselovsis'osetp sieje oreicreisiens 4.20 5.04
LACS IO Lap O CAS IN ararccayelatslaicioiel starches sistolarciste staleteieleletas PPOtASH, o vacsinrsjcrsieracs oles s Seer o sisieie eeeotele 4.28 5.14
Muriate Of DPOtASH, scijcieiacascjsi.s sisisiviciseisiseieisjeis'sye TIRES Sassogdenosuagaabpoacsds 3.56 4.27
MSSUTTATE Yoycca ers ietaler=\avais eters acs evelaic ic wis |sfsiarnleveictele eietetere sraterere Oba SH eae acterstetelainelsteleistersia\scis siete 3.55 4.26

*The prices of phosphate rock are f. o. b. at the respective points of shipment, not New York,
and are taken from the reports of the Engineering and Mining Journal, The prices for-potash
are taken from the schedule of the Syndicate and those of the remainder from the Oil, Paint
and Drug Reporter.

The quotations for bone are given without specific reference to
quality, so that.it is impossible from these data to fairly apportion
their several wholesale values to the nitrogen and phosphoric acid
contained in this material. As compared with tankage, the gen-
eral tendency is to assign a higher commercial rating to the phos-
phoric acid in bone and to the nitrogen a rating not very different
from that given in tankage. The quotations of Thos. J. White &
Co. show an average wholesale rate in Baltimore during Septem-
ber, 1902, to March, 19038, for crushed tankage to have been $2.505
per unit of ammonia and $0.10 per unit of bone phosphate of lime.
This is equivalent to $3.04 per unit of nitrogen and $0.218 per unit
of phosphoric acid. The average composition of the ground bone
and bone meal samples analyz 7 last fall in Pennsylvania was:
Phosphoric acid, 23.47 per cent.; nitrogen, 3.23 per cent. The pre-
pared bone contains less fat and moisture and often less nitrogen
than the ordinary “rough bone,” but these differences tend, in a
manner, to neutralize each other.

Assuming for the rough bone quoted in the New York market
the same composition as the bone meal sold in Pennsylvania and
for the value of the nitrogen $3.04 per unit, the values per pound of
the several constituents would be:

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 885

Wholesale Cost per Pound of Fertilizer Constituents, New York.
II. Bone.

plus

Grade, Constituent Valued.

Wholesale price.
Wholesale price
per cent.

ERCh12 UIE) NLS le te/ece caloric eietevelarveceia'slvicisis’e eielatarsicidrerccaien pe INGER OE CTL iamrcisistescinie a lelarareleletsi ister eeiele 15.2
Phosphoric acid... ccccijcm es
RERMCUNTTTCI UN) XIE ns stesalaloieieierwla/orelaleveio-eleia:e eisieiejelclsie erareveicieie Nitrogen,

Phosphoric) acids) waeasequecmets 1.86

$3
re Bo &
Bozk

The method of computation here used, applied to the present case
in which a drop in the price of the entire raw material is noted,
with a concurrent rise inthe value of the nitrogen, judged by the
quotations for tankage, results, of course, in an abnormal depres-
sion of the cost value computed for phosphoric acid. . it must not
be overlooked, therefore, that this indirect method of computa-
tion has very pronounced limitations to its use.

The average ground bone and bone meal on the retail market are
probably inferior in composition to the rough bone on the whole-
sale market, hence, these figures tend to be too high. Direct esti-
mation of the wholesale pound values of acidulated bone (animal
bone) cannot be made, as there are no wholesale data available for
this purpose; for this computation dependence must be placed upon
the retail selling prices.

Valuations in Neighboring States.

It is desirable, from all points of view, that the schedules of val-
uation throughout a district in which similar market conditions
prevail, should differ as little as possible. It has been our practice
in the past, to conform our schedule to that adopted after very care-
ful co-operative study of market conditions for each year, by the
New England States and New Jersey, except where the peculiar
conditions of our market have made the valuations diverge too
largely from the actual selling prices, as in the case of ground bone
and dissolved rock phosphates. The schedules for these states for
1902 and 1903 are as follows:

886 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Trade Values Adopted by the New England States and New Jersey.

Cents per Lb. g
oes
Aa! re
al
PP)
ae
1902. 1903. ee
°
B43
38
- O
S 3)
Nitrogen:
In vaImmoninvsalts: ce mesc ede cc scien nein codon acaba es@enner csbemeanee 164% 17% |>> 106.1
Ihe silent soouss5sadbon ons 2a90Kds poSdCHoDduEDoUCHeSuSdbosgaoOsagOdC 14 16 107.1
Pnmary an deine: Sound etishs salieeiscccsiseieiceee nee n ceteris aie scien 16% ily 103
In meat, blood and mixed fertilizers,-........ eralevaidssopiereiaieuetaicesie 1614 17 103
In‘ fine ground bone and tankagse, sows csiicies verte cls vicleinwislsiele cls'e 1644 16% 100
in} (cOarse bone vand: PAaAnKaAees asieteyercicte «cm micleleteisisisis le (ossistalereine aieteteieys 122 12 100
Phosphoric acid:
VUES ASOLO Perersict-sa.crelctaverstatctetorereists elelasa rea 1atacovatoge teteiotelalsteratavelereiee eye atotsvare 5 41 90
WTETaAtS: SSO TES |e Ke feces craters ovesciciole Saletere aie terctele -Tottoiste atoerere overcle-clelavetercielelars 446 4 88.9
In cotton-seed meal, castor pomace and wood ashes, ........ 4 4 100
In dry, fine ground fish, bone and tankage, ..............eee0- 4 4 100
imuccarse ish. sponesandutankaces mactensa cues aces cceteceeee 3 3 100
TueIMixed cet zers) usOlLUp lO maeeeeeriaeecter ceccisincncecine 2 2 100
Potash:
in forms? free from! muriate) (Chlorid), <. ccs csacchieseceescoee » 5 Bs 100
AGE PIOUTIATE ya Mai oseeracets omic ceeaaccion sateen cree cece name Oren 44 | 4V% 100

Upon a careful consideration of the changes and tendencies of the
wholesale prices of fertilizer ingredients and of the discrepancies
occurring since the adoption of the 1902 schedule of valuation, it
has been decided that the schedule for use during 1903 should be the
same as that adopted for the use of New Jersey and New England
except at two points.

For reasons fully discussed in earlier bulletins, it is needful to in-
clude in the Pennsylvania schedule of valuations, a distinct set of
values for phosphorie acid derived: from rock as contrasted with
that derived from animal materials. Reference to the tables, given
on an earlier page, showing the wholesale cost of a pound of phos-
phoric acid, will make it plain that when it comes from phosphate
rock, it costs the fertilizer maker about one-half of a cent at the
‘mines, on the Atlantic’ seaboard; when from refuse bone- black, de-
livered at New York, 3.2 cents; when from tankage, about 1.1 cents;
and from bone 1.85 cents.

There is nothing to indicate that, after acidulation, ‘ie available
phosphoric acid from bone is at all better for the crop than that
from a good rock lime phosphate. But so long as the consumer is
persuaded that bone phosphoric acid is worth more for his crop than
an equal weight of rock phosphoric acid, just so long will the manu-
facturer of fertilizers be able to command a higher price for those
fertilizers reputed to derive their phosphoric acid from bone, and

’
No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 887

just so long will he, in turn, be obliged to pay more for it on the
wholesale market. Now, in some states, the volume of rock phos-
phoric acid used is relatively small and the need for its separate
valuation not apparent; in other states it predominates to the al-
most entire exclusion of bone phosphoric acid, so that no distinct
valuation for the latter is required; but in Pennsylvania both occupy
important positions upon the-market and each requires its own set
of values.

Despite the advance in the market quotations for phosphate rock,
brimstone and pyrites, prices of sulfuric acid, though fluctuating
less than during 1901, were on the average lower than in that
season, and the New York quotations for acid phosphate remain un-
changed» Yhe fact that the two great fertilizer combinations mine
a large fraction of their own phosphates, relieves their products
from muck of the speculative element of variation in value.

In view of this condition and of the close concordance of com-
puted valuations of dissolved rock and the ascertained average sell-
ing price during the fall of 1962, the schedule of values used in 1902
for rock phosphoric acid have been adopted for 1903.

For similar reasons, nitrogen and phosphoric acid in ground bone
are valued at Jower rates in Pennsylvania than in New England.
Owing to the slight changes in wholesale prices for rough bone and
the fairly concordant agreement between the computed valuation
for ground bone on the retail market last fall, and the ascertained .
average selling price, the schedule of valuations for bone constitu-
ents used in 1902 have also been adopted for 1903.

The schedule for 1903 as a whole is as follows:

888 ANNUAL REPORT OF THH Off. Doc.

{
Schedule of Values for Fertilizer Ingredients, 1903.

Le]
=I
5B
°
a
he
o
2
n
—s
S|
CO)
6)
Nitrogen:
MU ANIMAO TILA SALES i cle sis chile sisters a staioioletc esulatelcielendieidieiets.ci bis elaiece cleveleisialereiteinie cietetoeviataieletete's ala latercietsiereiene 17%
ra eTTT ER AICOS mien sisretelatstare siovciote te i ole cepele inarntale eteleters otelaieielalate(sioiete ehevelazolaretuke:elaictate te eoveners cat cieretele ove lahat eheieterstetateet 15
Inmet. dried blood and) mixed -fertiliZere,, arcjecc.cieiclosc.cere.cpoivlelicivis svi clajcreinicieielsisain stewie ices 7
In cotton-seed meal and castor-pomace, ........... dia is Sta, tele Ga, cs ompners aiese elolvera ee felteetisils 16%
MNofinereround) HONE an staAMKAS SS oo isic/- oysre oielciaitis/oceisistavecsisteis/ele,c\ she (alesis etelslsista's e's mine Sos eee oteretotehe li
Im COATSE ONE? ANG) “TAMALES, 5 sseverereeiesateiaisieisssieredeisisvelnle;cisierstaiele’e te siete ere; ofo. vis rornte’e(eiaverenistare ee teeeaniaere | 9
Phosphoric acid:
Soluble “in’ swaiter, in, bone sLertilazens ay ess ciccejs,srelchesstass/ore: vlsvory.a;cia)eietslozs lala/ave, wietawete eyelets. ebtelsietsios 41g
Solupbleyin' water: In rocksfertiliZenss = aeswerc nies atctesaesomicecmne cielo praeistneletciem clei meister nes $
Soluble insammonwini ‘citrate, in Done PETtiliZers, ccs crare o°t vicie cre aivicie’s npsle’e evelele violatelsieisietele 4
Solublesin ammonium) citrate in rock fertilizers crc cscs ceri amare vie ete eels eieloreeisicieie 21%
Insoluble’ in ammonium citrate, in: bone fertilizers, <2... 6.22 6 cx rer cine slemetelevolsiele l= acrere 2
Insoluble in ammMOoniUmM Citraves 1) TOC | ees iclercic\s/ec/oie es eielesetaje aievevare aveveye njstetehelete ota re/eiaraicierevers 1%
incfine bone. tankage: amd: fShis, Sarit ecciceeie sles see eiclelea. © whe, vieinrerc 01s ccc ehateristoate eal ate hrele mist ai tia cer 3
in'seoarse: bone and). tamka eres) isteeiaersiicicieleereeissesus.cle les clatous sicko eterelernsia eta aieetora vate Sain Cree REE 216
In cotton-seed meal, castor pomace and Wo00d ASHES, ..........ccccsccececceccvesencece 2%
Potash:
Invhigh grade! sulfate or in) forms freé from muriate,”....o.2..csccco+- +s tee ceiceviccenee 5
As muriate, ...., Fais;cls- hs}eys/eveynlais tare roles etaleiaralstertisievaYatelevelsieieievete ayetetelalaya(eisiele sletcierere lo ateisieicieis le lelesales ebetenre rele 44

Potash in excess of that equivalent to the chlorin present, will be
valued as sulfate, and the remainder as muriate.

Nitrogen in mixed fertilizers will be valued as derived from the
best sources of organic nitrogen, unless clear evidence to the con-
trary is obtained.

Phosphoric acid in mixed fertilizers is valued at bone phosphorie
acid prices, unless clearly found to be derived from rock phosphate.

Bone is sifted into two grades of fineness: Fine, less than 1-50
inch in diameter; coarse, over 1.50 inch in diameter.

The result obtained by the use of this schedule does not cover the
items of mixing, bagging, freight and agents’ commission. To cover
these, allowances are made as follows:

For freight, an allowance of $2.00 per ton on all fertilizers.

For bagging, an allowance of $1.00 per ton on all fertihizers, except
when sold in original packages.

For mixing, an allowance of $1.00 per ton on complete fertilizers
and rock-and-potash goods.

For agents’ commission, an allowance of 20 per cent. is added to
the cash values of the goods ready for shipment.

The mean quotation on freight from New York, Philadelphia and
Baltimore to Harrisburg, in Janwary, 1897, was $1.68 per ton, in lots

a ee ee eee ee ee a ae ware

.
No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 8389

of twelve tons or over. In May, 1899, quotations by the Pennsyl
vania Railroad were: From New York, $2.40; from Philadelphia,
$1.70; and from Baltimore, $1.55; mean rate from the three points,
$1.88.

For the present year and under similar conditions of shipment,
quotations by the Pennsylvania Railroad were: From New York,
$2.40; from Philadelphia, $1.90, and from Baltimore, Md., $1.75;
mean rate from the three points, $2.02.

FERTILIZER ANALYSES, JANUARY 1 TO ANGUST 1, 1903.

Since January 1, 1903, there have been received from authorized
sampling agents eleven hundred and twenty-six fertilizer samples,
of which five hundred and forty-two were subjected to analysis
the remainder being rejected either because they represented brands
analyzed last season, or because they were regarded as not certainly
representative of the brand whose name they bore. When two or
more samples representing the same brand were received, equal
portions from the several samples were united and the composite
sample was subjected to analysis.

The samples group themselves as follows, 365 complete fertilizers,
furnishing phosphoric acid, potash and nitrogen; 3 dissolved bones,
furnishing phosphoric acid and nitrogen; 82 rock-and-potash fer-
tilizers, furnishing phosphoric acid and potash; 56 acidulated rock
phosphates, furnishing phosphoric acid only; 27 ground bones, fur-
nishing phosphoric acid and nitrogen; 5 miscellaneous fertilizers,
which group includes potash salts, nitrate of soda and other sub-
stances not properly classified under the foregoing heads.

830 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

present in green sand mar! and crushed minerals, and even some of
that present in vegetable materials such as cotton-seed meal, not
being included because insoluble in water even after long boiling.
(4) Nitrogen—this element is determined by a method which simply
accounts for all present, without distinguishing between the quanti-
ties present in the several forms of ammonium salts, nitrates or or-
ganic .matter. (5) Chlorin; this determination is made to afford a
basis for estimating the proportion of the potash that is present as
chlorid or muriate, the cheaper source. The computation is made
on the assumption that the chlorin present, unless in excess, has
been introduced in the form of muriate of potash; but doubtless
there are occasional exceptions to this rule. One part of chlorin
combines with 1.326 parts of potash to form the pure muriate; know-
ing the chlorin, it is, therefore, easy to compute the potash equiva-
len thereto. (7) In the case of ground bone, the state of sub-divi-
sion is determined by sifting through accurately made sieves; the
cost of preparation and especially the promptuess of action of bone
in the soil depends very largely on the fineness ‘of its particles, the
finer being much more quickly useful to the plant. ;

The law having required the manufacturer to guarantee the
amount of certain valuable ingredients present in any brand he may
put upon the market, chemical analysis is employed to verify the
guaranties stamped upon the fertilizer sacks. It has, therefore,
been deemed desirable in this report to-enter the guaranty filed by
the manufacturer in the office of the Secretary of Agriculture, in
such connection with the analytical results that the two may be
compared. An unfortunate practice has grown up among manu-
facturers of so wording the guaranty that it seems to declare the
presence in the goods of an amount of a valuable constituent rang-
ing from a certain minimum to a much higher maximum; thus, “Pot-
ash, 2 to 4 per cent.” is a guaranty not infrequently given. In
reality, the sole guaranty is for 2 per cent. The guaranteed amounts
given for each brand in the following tables, are copied from the
guaranties filed by the maker of the goods with the Secretary of
Agriculture, the lowest figure given for any constituent being con-
sidered to be the amount guaranteed. For compactness and because
no essentially important fact is suppressed thereby, the guaranties
for soluble and reverted phosphoric acid have not been given sepa-
rately, but are combined into a single guaranty for available phos-
phorie acid; in cases where the maker’s guaranty does not specific-
ally mention available phosphoric acid, the sum of the lowest figures
given by him for soluble and reverted phosphorié acid is used.
The law of 1879 allowed the maker to express his guaranty for
nitrogen either in terms of that element or in terms of the am-
monia equivalent thereto; since ammonia is composed of three

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 891

parts of hydrogen and fourteen parts of nitrogen, it is a very simple
matter to calculate the amount of one, when the amount of the
other is given; the amount of nitrogen multiplied by 1.214 will give
the corresponding amount of ammonia, and the amount of am-
monia multiplied by 0.824 will give the corresponding amount of
nitrogen. tn these tables, the expression is in terms of nitrogen.

The law of 1901 abolishes this alternative and requires that the
guaranty shall be given in terms of nitrogen. Many manufacturers
after complying with the terms of the law, insert additional items
in their guaranties, often with the result of misleading or confusing
the buyer; the latter will do well to give heed to those items only
that are given as the law requires and that are presented in these
tables.

A summary of the analyses made this season may be presented as
follows, excepting the miscellaneous class:

Summary of Analyses Made This Season.

wa
3 a
= g *
= 8 3 5 é
a 2 2 S
g 3 E 2 2
g z Mg Lc z
g & 4 A 2
S = ° = q
is) A & A oO
a
|
Number of analyses, ........ccee-seececsenee 365 3 82 56 27
Moisture, per Cent., .....--eeee sere ee eeeeer ere 9.89 6. 84 11.17 9.67 6.14
Phosphoric acid: }
Motale, ME CONC). o.sec-samiee sissies cic sare esen 10.47 17.30 11.61 15.62 22.86
Solaple,, Der CONE, © sce ccccnn scien asiamsieee 4.84 2.32 5.45 8.98) |. conteenerces
Reverted, per cent., ...--..-ssseseeeseees 3.54 pba 4.80 5.20 Vora takes
Insoluble, per Cent., .......s.eeeeseeseeee 2.09 3.87 1.36 14 oa ee
Potash, per Cent., ....--.c.eeseececescsceeeece Sie Ui Teratnatalolatarater eke rae Hd ISR SEP EES loeb ce
Nitrogen, Per CeNt., ....ceceeceeeeessereesees 1.40 3.09 [eveeereeeees| ceeeeeeeeees 3.20
Mechanical analysis of bone: |
BENIN es chet tolale a felohl<i= aie afsis h o1efornie, 4 esoin'v « 210) s'b,0/«'= |iviaidle ale wioio.cie'e][a7aisveiaisiaie'ajelnia\liaie ajeisistelavisloje| ainsi msinlera/ecs 70
(Qafadsie. Cane cossoncecoees SORA A are BE Ae Setar lia te rcicie ctotet ave ales Maja cinco [Ne vacctataterte toss I eis Sietereie ptaywinse 30
@ommercial’) valuation, -.......ccecgecnsserres $24.29 $30.87 $14.73 $13.32 $26.70
Average selling Pric2?, .....-...eeeeeeeeeeees } 24.57 SL. 17 | 17.20 15.13 28.67
Commercial value of samples whose selling ;
price is ascertained, .........ceeeeeeseeenene | 24.15 30.87 | 14.74 13.34 | 27.25
5 |

The cases of departure of goods from their guaranteed composi-
tion observed this season, including only those cases in which it
amounted to two-tenths per cent., or more, were as follows:

892 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

Summary of Instances of Deficiency from Guaranty.

i .

8 a

= . MS 3

_ oe

3 E 6 5 é

a 2 a 2 E

® se] zc ce] 2

~~ rt) s v

s re . Es y

a ° ad ° 5

& a e a re)

o = ° = eB

1S) A [aa A oS
Deficient in’ Four CONStIEWUENES, . cce.cis.cfe close cie'|\ee ss cise s a « si] ores in/sie)e/ ei vinye'| oleiaye overs ereravotel | oferove aye <eacalelaiel | er eteteteeeente aaa
Deficient in three constituents, ............ 18 1 77 HORROR SOO a amtied dacs. ~
Deficient in two constituents, ............... AG samateccm eras 5 Alc arevelerssetaverataa
Deficient in ‘one constituent, .............. he enero nea 20 9 6

Total samples in which deficiency oc- | |
GCUINTO OE Sears patovctsiata.arnasr cies cesicmeaee aoe 187 | 1 27 | 13 9

The cases of deficiency noted during the past nine seasons in

the goods as compared with their guaranties expressed in percent-

age of the total number of goods of each class analyzed, are as fol-
lows:

Percentage of Deficiency, 1899-1903.

*
o S =I oi 3
3 2
% ea ales 3 canis Huila
oe a = =
é ee ~ <i - a - | ~
on 6 H to La to on
& aS i t 3 = ie . 5
rm — fe i w ao =I = ie
a is] fo) t @ ray oo fey inj
To wee OD |i Di Fe D f a
' ' Lien! t ' H
| |
Complete fertilizers, .......... 38.4 33.7 42.0 40.8 31.6 34.6 40.0 | 36.7 37.5
IDISSOIVEGMDONC ys cana cieiseciee< 50.0 14.3 | 750.0] *50.0 | 7 | 40.0) *100.0 50.0 33.3
Rock jand (potashs | sa ceoscceee- 19.1 34.2 29.2 33.3 | 31.7} 26.2 30.3 43.5 32.9
Dissolved rock, ...............- 3.8 14.5 5.4 19.4] 22.5 8.2 15.2 | 8.9 23.2
TOMNG DOME we wy aeidlsicisis = a0/-leie'e ie ee 18.4 25.3 36.7 118) 3487 18.2 17.2} 25.9 33.3
All classes except misceliane- |
ONE mnee wopcobetdodn a atearoonec 30.9 29.2 35.2 34.3 30.8 | 27.6 | 34.2 | 33.2 | 35.1
| |

Marked variations in the general percentages of deficiency occur
from year to year. During the past season, they have been some-
what above normal. In most samples which are found below
guaranty at one point, there is an excess at some other point, in-
dicating that the cause of the departure from the composition
guaranteed lay not in the failure of the manufacturer to use the
requisite components, but in his failure to secure a uniform mixture.
Considering all cases of complete fertilizers in which guaranties

*Only two samples analyzed.
*Only one sample analyzed.

~—=*

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 893

were strictly comparable with stated analytical results and suflici-
ently complete for the purpose: Of the 137 samples in which there
was deficiency at some point, there were only 26 in which there
was not distinct excess above guaranty at some other point, though
sometimes such excess was not sufficient to counterbalance the de-
ficiency. Naturally, the tendency is toward excess of the cheaper
constituent, phosphoric acid, and deficiency of potash or nitrogen,
as appears below.

More than two-thirds of the brands were up to or above guaranty
at all points. The true average condition of the market for com-
plete fertilizers will be more fairly exhibited by a comparisun of
the average composition of all samples for which guaranties are re-
corded with the average of the corresponding guaranties; they are
as follows:

Average Composition and Guaranty Compared.

cent.
Average
cent

& Me
C7) 5)
a ay
g :
o >
_ ~
= &
a o
° Be
a S
5 =
=I fo
o
Co)
oo
3
i
co)

Fall, 1901.

Phosphorie acid:

NOLAN precnieoseeosee ee tee See Nie Mee See ee ae a le oe arte otets ctor eee 11.51 9.82

ESTAR ET OES Rone sea pocacoCuE Or hc UB Oraan UOOOSEn CODECS aT Aton amOAseaa noc SnsocancG 10.60 | 8.06

HRACs Leen SS ET mm fafctcras cre ccaroae Shere sinis ve efete:<icrsictera late rate liver setana als wiaseleisivrat aie’ o:aralvlete\ ela!» afaferem aiters/apete nietaisee 2.77 | 2.66

INHER CES OTE rece es cls iefare esaterecs, #\cTs a telossle stave soto: ctsisfa(e "eis ls(aleine \arere nis%s eS OPER OP UT OOD ACL. O.00D Joc oaic 1.39 | 1.39
Spring, 1902.

ETC SUSTNCOMRENG Wat CUCL © Metso et eicteiersspvatmeniate’</anel crenata tava ale sleiatavateter oie cfetel oss) ereleycieielel sie Os alettte tet teteteienl=te | 10.80 | 9.29
TOG. Soogdedosbeasaonnnaoeas onc doo Conponban oo NAOpURGDSenoSGoeCeacHoces adcacunen Gon 10.80 | 9.29
EMBER NN AEN © SUMMA ercicrarat feta votnvelal aise s ntacciewiateieel clare hiro velPistaleioieralavel<iscaleye x/a}eieveseta-stela(sleisietatersialetere sista 8.25 7.82

IEGUDSY, noddooocoBBos BaCRO Re EOS C OOD D ExT J OUREOO DOOD UCC C ECG OORN TO nCHerbOceborurrnaconc 3.90 | 3.66

RSTTED SELMER ots rece oe wines seine ns Rete won Reppisce Tame Toasts wnt cee eee 1.62 | 1.58

Fall, 1902

Phosphoric acid: |
TOW, espa acnouddeseqaononponopaoosd] ec teem ema ai steraratetatatetetcioloie isle iste aiciaie cents eietoreiareteietater 12.58 | 11.40
POST EMUL DED LE Mamata tel cts alate atetale aiatarars avs e nieintole aioe ete tafeigiele «/feletata:aleiinio, sie szeleleieisicle ¥itiele v cicip sie sini 9.95.9} 9.29

THONSEIS, Sy opssagoodcae ROSOB ECO DBOCGRUCOOdE Jal COC CCU OCRUERC CASTOREODS donc SSpCOCLOC CaO Te 2.69 | 2.60

NI RSC TIO CIatetsfornse wlan oeialo eile e/ainie-ciaierelbisic/otere e[ ola ciels Siajsle vie eialaii\s/s oha/sto ainyelpiojsteelsisrelajsisiente sine 5; els 1.67 | 1.55

Spring, 1903.

Phosphoric acid:

BUN Coecuil Mn Nepevedate tors atte lateherotc tote cralo's-s 0 orca ctararetn ataccteterele wiatsiere einlcmnis alata wis aiaiere winlera’saisiate oe etesate 11.90 10.67
BENT N A CUED L@ cpm sieves ofet ancteie wei aisTe eioteraie eisie Wrercisi rave Kiccu's © o diavensyerele ci acsiPslale's, sini civrs' a, ciate Glee Sepeleiaibiois 9.36 8.73
VESESE RSS MET ae et state aes Sreretsvave iu; iss nick apuiai Clare teoa cle recast ie eins wie wer wins d'd Shadi 'ej ase 10,01 rw, 0 Bie ocelot es ale ete 3.85 3.63

BNE UN OE CUM mares teysiciatte care aie) ole wicts cele Siete cle toreicte wakiera.© cisivie wvarcpe/sleinadidtals’b diere 91 oPera10\s, os/einjeraseepwelererers ] 1.58 | 1.61

It is of interest to note how closely the system of valuations,
based upon the wholesale prices of raw materials in the principai

894 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc. ~
e_
markets during the most important buying season and upon certain
average allowances for expenses and profit on the part of the mixer
and jobber, coincides with the retail prices later ascertained. A
comparison for several seasons past is given below:
Comparison of Selling Price and Valuation, 1899-1903.
8
~~ .
$8
ca
g eS
: Se
5 8 Py
~ i
EI g Z 2) e
3 3 HO
RD > is)
Complete fertilizers:
SIO Spring 2.0 ek costes cde nenidsce ve tates cee rere one cee ose eae ea $23.60 $24.70 $1.10
100 Pea Oe ree ARIA oho EER Sete pase 22.98 23.42 44
SLT NSS) og 0 a nee NE Cee Oran ac aEcEeTAeEnon Benner cen becke cocuediane 25:38 24.61 —.7
Ba Te” see ene eek ces ee ee ee 3.22 | 23.84 62
AIS Drines winks haat saree eae ee LA eee cee ree 23.92 | 4.76 84
ALLA 2c sector Se ees on a ee ee 22.28 23.75 1.47
ASORMSS DYING: ee ase ects ee oe eee eee 24,10| — 25.38 1.23
Hiei Bic stlcceee eat ee eis eS. hee, | 21.83 | 23.31 1.48
ISDS SPLINE wa cortse onc sat mente Oe ee eee 24.57 W156, —.42
Dissolved bone: } |
DBO9 SSVI Sy 1 cis siste sie leeicvowsin ci cele aCe Pete tnhe once eee ee ee oS ER ee ees 2L.7e | 21.81 06
1 GE Laer ence MP cor RO Si RE OMe nom ll | 19.00 21.12 2.12
A900 SDEENE ii. ccteatisie sect cons enlace ecient or Perr ee aos meet eran 26.00 | 30.87 | agi
SPAT eset ote cass arteries Ue ER OCD Cee eT Ee 28.50 | 22,74 —.76
ASOT SMTA By Pee eens ca eR ete EY Ce ee | 28.00 29:00 | 1.00
BCT ee ina aaah Ree ee Ea ane. Feb ch RN er Pe ca Ue 23.91 23.36 | —.55
UCTS oy 9 bolle oe he en Dee ARO ae ORC a mene Hic Me DEre Chime Ono nee 16.50 17.35 -8d
BRAT pee aie sete ees os sais ae aaa aed ones ne eC 25.30 | 27.08 | 1.78
1908, Spring, .......... Bee ati: Salen ia eM Cet oth hon a 31.17 30.87 —.80
Rock and potash: |
ASSO SAS DEIN eee ps ee de acramte tac Glace ae oe atehehe at Se Ce eae 16.83 | 16.16 1.67
lal ious Soe eee BIN hath akan aces eee eo ok cE eh a 17.28 14.53 —2.75
ASOD HSprin ee.) aeercciones ace e Sacer OR eee Ee ae oe ents 17.35 | 14.71 —2.64
EVAL dere se UNS Scere ee Pe a eee: 18.11 | 14.68 —3.48
SOL ere DENS. ora th ee eee ca TA cst jae ae ae ee ee 16.20 | 14.00 —1.60
REMI Leen pate igs slates ats age an eee oo rhe 16.00 | 14.23 —1.88
19025 Sorin ewer Ateh. wachle sere acetate eee Lecce eae ene | 16.45 | 15.05 | —1.40
Walls. veAeeaeecetsas eens eee oe ee eee ee 15.97 14.46 | 1.51
PO0S a SDIINS NE dasse note deca e ee ee ee Oe ee eda | 17.20 | 14.74 | —2.46
Dissolved rock:
A899 Mi Sppin oe eo leeds vlcike ce staan teed tact eiacatclanclerd stare Baer |: 18.36 | 14.03 | .67
Ata oie eae, eke re ee Me OE Cc eee | 12.64 | 13.18 49
LSOU Sorin eed hte Beate rer cce eee A aiic Sea ee 13.57 | 13.48 —.09
STUN Dy ce Aka eles em ce ee ee Pepe aes 18.96 13.11 =80
ASUL-E Springs. Rosin soa ticc doe eee eee 13.90 | 13.51 —.39
BUA 8. aoe a diseye to ales iejes MOMSEN ae RE NE Sa | 13.18 18.82 .64
AOOQES Prine. oie ohn. desk ool SaaS re cere ara es 13.78 | 13.49 | —.24
ALI 5 fs.2e aeoapaals Sec oeaee toch ee rae ee ee ha 13.54 13.70 | .12
1909 Sprim eh doc swden area e ree einai ec ees | 15.13 13.34 —1.79
Ground bone: |
UL U Ua s 10) 2 bo Bao brat acme Sek end rane mebancia oncdar ine AcannqodneeRase } 26.67 28.11 1.44
MAIL ciate hats ave so Sou euntte cocanet haan dae ees Me oe 24.98 27.23 2.25
TOM SDTINE § scemkrraties dcee ccate tases t-nan ee ame tere Neer reer el 28.42 25.91 —3.51
MAL Me seein conte acttn ls cee nate eat ee ee 28.73 26.87 —1:86
AEA TE STS 10) y 60 de arm RM PRA SR GhE ON tGR Fick AGRA Sinner eer Seer ee 27.59 28.71 1.12
WALL cece traces Soe Se eee te eee eee 25.94 27.60 1.75
ASOD Spr eee cos eter eee aie: cr ae ae tr eee ae 28.52 26.80 is
ILA crane Meee OPE ian kc eee NRE et ce Le 28.09 27.51 —58
DONS ASTIN Ee ce aciecseesumentetelote ibvetoialetalsiciah es sap wiactterctal cates ie ieetintee 28.67 27.25 —1.42

No. 6. ' DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 895

The schedule of valuation adopted for use this year has given
valuations which run below the selling prices in all grades of goods,

. although the agreement between the computed value and selling

price in case of complete fertilizers is closer than for several sea-
sons. Yhe true relation can be ascertained only by taking into ac
count the average freight to points of sale from which samples were
taken this year. Rock-and-potash selling prices are always high
in comparison with those of complete fertilizers and the disparity
this spring is greater than for several seasons. The most striking
deficiency, in view of those observed in earlier seasons, is that ip
dissolved rock goods.

It has been thought that a study of the relation existing between
the valuations and selling prices of fertilizers offered for sale in
different sections of the State might prove of interest as affording
an idea of the effect of freight rates in these sections and also the
effect of remoteness from manufacturing centers. For this pur-
pose the State has been divided into sections as follows: (I) The
Southeastern section, bounded on the north by and including the
counties of Centre, Snyder, Dauphin, Schuylkill and Northampton,
and on the west by Huntingdon and Franklin. (11) The North-
eastern. section, bounded on the south as above and on the west by
Tioga, Lycoming and Clinton counties. (III) The Southwestern
section, bounded on the east as stated and on the north by and
including Beaver, Allegheny, Indiana and Clearfield counties. (IV)
The Northwestern section, including the remaining counties of the
State.

The following table shows the average valuation and selling price
on all grades of goods in each of these sections:

| 4 g
é 5
E Ee
o) =>
Oo ° oo
z age
6 3 : S s
e ae a8
= Esa o>
i) o> 4 Oo
WD 0 ca)
SELON EMD ere cain isis cin'tleleinisiels ~/01c <10is/ols[ela oie els[eis « siele/a{e/ala'e slejoln a(s s)s10 sinip/uialalelnieie(eiein's $22.50 | $22.28 $0.22
Se etilgrie didi nyo clei eiaterate cists eiorm tool (ol olalnsa’alole/ a eiela(elsinie(e clea s\=/enuipinie.maiceiniy sisisicins'e esis 22.93 21.52 1.41
Se CL TNG PED a ee leletetaisin sie oralaiate en nisln(o’eininloln'aie/u nin/n’g wie mia\e njs(0 elvis Sian sieinielsisin s\s/e(eve 22.50 21.09 1.41
SC LIC META VE tiie occ cicieiele e oictelelecicjersisioysiniele wininieicinge we einistevelwimvin(ele sieistelnininie s'eie' e’elnls « 23.65 20.38 3.27

It appears from these figures that in a large portion of the State
the agreement between the valuations and selling prices is quite
close. It is to be noted, however, that in case of Section IV there
is a marked difference. A perfect analysis is impossible without a

896 - ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

careful study of freight rates to local centers, but the excess of
average selling price over average valuation is probably more than
increased freight rates can explain.

FERTILIZER ANALYSES, AUGUST 1 TO DECEMBER 31, 1908.

Since August 1, 1903, there have been received from authorized
sampling agents nine hundred and twenty-nine fertilizer samples,
of which four hundred and sixty-three were subjected to analysis,
the remainder being rejected either because they represented brands
analyzed last season, or because they were regarded as not certainly
representative of the brand whose name they bore. When two or
more samples representing the same brand were received, equal
portions from the several samples were united and the composite
sample was subjected to analysis. .

The samples group themselves as follows, 264 complete fertilizers,
furnishing phosphoric acid, potash and nitrogen; 11 dissolved bones,
furnishing phosphoric acid and nitrogen; 74 rock-and-potash fer-
tilizers, furnishing phosphoric acid and potash; 60 acidulated rock
phosphates, furnishing phosphoric acid only; 49 ground bones, fur-
nishing phosphoric acid and nitrogen; 5 miscellaneous fertilizers,
which group includes potash salts, nitrate of soda and other sub-
stances not properly classified under the foregoing heads.

The determinations to which a complete fertilizer is subjected are
as follows: (1) Moisture, useful for the comparison of analyses, for
indication of dry condition and fitness for drilling, and also of the
conditions under which the fertilizer was kept in the warehouse. (2)
Phosphoric acid—total, that portion soluble in water, and of the
residue, that portion not soluble in warm ammonium citrate solution
(a solution supposed to represent the action of plant roots upon
the fertilizer), which is assumed to have little immediate food value.
By diiference, it is easy to,compute. the so-called “reverted” acid,
which is the portion insoluble in water but soluble in the citrate.
The sum of the soluble and reverted is commonly called the “avail-
able” phosphoric acid. (8) Potash soluble in water,—most of that
present in green sand marl! and crushed minerals, and even some of
that present in vegetable materials such as cotton-seed meal, not
being included because insoluble in water even after long boiling.
(4) Nitrogen—this element is determined by a method which simply
accounts for all present, without distinguishing between the quanti-
ties present in the several forms of ammonium salts, nitrates or or-

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 897

ganic matter. (5) Chlorin; this determination is made to afford a
basis for estimating the proportion of the potash that is present as
chlorid or muriate, the cheaper source. The computation is made
on the assumption that the chlorin present, unless in excess, has
been introduced in the form of muriate of potash; but doubtless
there are occasional exceptions to this rule. One part of chlorin
combines with 1.326 parts of potash to form the pure muriate; know-
ing the chlorin, it is, therefore, easy to compute the potash equiva-
lent thereto. (6) In the case of ground bone, the state of sub-divi-
sion is determined by sifting through accurately made sieves; the
cost of preparation and especially the promptness of action of bone
in the soil depends very largely on the fineness of its particles, the
finer being much more quickly useful to the plant.

The law having required the manufacturer to guarantee the
amount of certain valuable ingredients present in any brand he may
put upon the market, chemical analysis is employed to verify the
guaranties stamped upon the fertilizer sacks. It has, therefore,
been deemed desirable in this report to enter the guaranty filed by
the manufacturer in the office of the Secretary of Agriculture, in
such connection with the analytical results that the two may be
compared. An unfortunate practice has grown up among manu
facturers of so wording the guaranty that it seems to declare the
presence in the goods of an amount of a yaluable constituent ranging
from a certain minimum to a much higher maximum; thus, “Potash,
2 to 4 per cent.” is a guaranty not infrequently given. In reality,
the sole guaranty is for 2 per cent. The guaranteed amounts given
for each brand in the following tables, are copied from the guaran-
ties filed by the maker of the goods with the Secretary of Agricul-
ture, the lowest figure given for any constituent being considered
to be the amount guaranteed. For compactness. and because no
essentially important fact is suppressed thereby, the guaranties for
soluble and reverted phosphoric acid have not been given sepa-
rately, but are combined into a single guaranty for available phos-
phoric acid; in cases where the maker’s guaranty does not specific-
ally mention available phosphoric acid, the sum of the lowest figures
given by him for soluble and reverted phosphoric acid is used.
The law of 1879 allowed the make to express his guaranty for
nitrogen either in terms of that element or in terms of the am-
monia equivalent thereto; since ammonia is composed of three
parts of hydrogen and fourteen parts of nitrogen, it is a very simple
matter to calculate the amount of one, when the amount of the
other is given; the amount of nitrogen multiplied by 1.214 will give
the corresponding amount of ammonia, and the amount of am-
monia multiplied by 0.824 will give the corresponding amount of
nitrogen. In these tables, the expression is in terms of nitrogen.

57—6—1903

898 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

The law of 1901 abolishes this alternative and requires that the

guaranty shall be given in terms of nitrogen.

Many manufacturers

after complying with the terms of the law, insert additional items
in their guaranties, often with the result of misleading or confusing
the buyer; the latter will do well to give heed to those items only
that are given as the law requires and that are presented in these

tables.

A summary of the analyses made this season may be presented
as follows, excepting the miscellaneous class:

Summary of Analyses Made this Season.

eee
7

INGMPEr TOL ANALY BOS as wrest sletarelaiteiatcieis oteiclsisiaicieicraivicisie/ ose
NIGISEHTOC; DOr ECON emi csicisicivisieieis cieresieiersis teaiditicieisteeiee tices
Phosphoric acid:
Total) Per CEN... . cas.cicsiaojoclesiaicisiosaclwwiee essences |
Soluble; MO cCeNts py ccece sete mace eaaicccis weenie:
ROVETCEG | MeELICONE, ican caleisivicicctate cscieisinie wise sretsinteree cle |
Insoluble, Sper’ (cent: 5 6.1: ccicemiercisiewieists tacescece en sec
POTASH DCL SCCM Gay Maissiocles'c'c Saicisiciviels\eccinectenen clsiseciecicae
INLEFOBSM SP PCTICOMC., mciccceialsiem selec eaciecictete sisiciewinters ceisterel|
Mechanical analysis of bone:

CORTE acces caicccsisine
Commercial valuation,
Average selling price,
Commercial value of samples whose selling price

ASPASCErCAIDEO EY (sj dem nciesicca since single colnze oes eerv om eaiine

Dissolved bone.

eee

$14.85 |
15.96 |

14.86 |

$24.57
23.67

24.57

er ry

2
:

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 899

The only noteworthy departure of valuation from selling price
is in the case of dissolved rock. The cases of departure of goods
from their guaranteed composition observed this season, including
only those cases in which it amounted to two-tenths per cent., or
more, were as follows:

Summary of Instances of Deficiency from Guaranty.

“Total samples in which deficiency occurred, 100 | if | $3 12 a

960 ANNUAL RHPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

The cases of deficiency noted during the past ten seasons in
the goods as compared with their guaranties expressed in percentage
of the total number of goods of each class analyzed, are as follows:

Percentage of Deficiency, 1899-1903.

gilf. e)|. Salve s g ||
=| [3 | s-| 3 13-| 3.) Sage
= a ye ee | ae : a Boil bene
to wo | ae é | 86
8 ae eo | eh We f= =a «|S eal
i=] Lex} =] La} i= oa w l=} = Lex |
Fy a en a a
| @ | BE] Be Biel el¢
|
| | | { - |
Complete fertilizers, .......... ngasnacour 38.4 | 33.7 | 42.0 | 40.8 | 31.6 | 34.6 40.0 | 36.7 | 87.5 | 37.9
DISSOLVE MDOMEN ice reyejelelsiainiseicier-ievaielerete sie cts 50.0 | 14.3 |*50.0 *50.0 7 | 40.0 | *100.0 | 50.0 | 38.3 | 63.6
Rock ‘and! POtaShy Ver ee cain ccleisswessisieleneise 19.1 | 34.2 | 29.2 | 83.3 | 31.7 | 26.2 30.3 | 43.5 | 82.9 | 43.2
WDISSOMUVEGIEROCK W cieerciereisictoisiclateiate arelete stareisieia’e 13.8 | 14.5 5.4 | 19.4 | 22.5 8.2 15.2 8.9 | 23.2 20.0
Chaopbhte(Mtietsn sannercn icaane oo lOre eSB races 18.4 | 25.3 | 36.7 | 11.8 | 34.1 | 18.2 17.2 | 25.9 | 33.3 |
All classes except miscellaneous, ....| 30.9 | 29.2 | 35.2 | 34.3 | 30.8 | 27.6 34.2 | 33.2 | 35.1 44.7
*Only two samples analyzed.
yOnly one sample analyzed. . -

During the past season, the general percentages of deficiency
have been high, although as, heretofore, in most samples which are
found below guaranty at one point, there is an excess at some other
point. Of the 100 samples in which there was deficiency at some
point, there were only 21 in which there was not an excess above
guaranty at some other point.

No. 6. , DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 901 -

A comparison of the average composition of all salnples of com-
plete fertilizers for which guaranties are recorded with the average
of the corresponding guaranties, for several seasons past including
those of this season follows:

Average Composition and Guaranty Compared.

Phosphoric acid: |
motal, Bletetstatalciel=latateis)=intsie‘cfalutec}e(o.slslefeis, «.sintacefoioe (sie sisininelele)sielete tieis.= cicjeistetesteneisterete ereteeeieteite } 11.51 9.82
ANICUIE DISS “Gantings Shoarpacoc dbapaanondoconaenoarenoaccbnerpdoneeana Errnchise oaerosie 10.60 | 8.06

IPOMEIRIS oasGgp 6dubbosa a Cer Us OdUnODREPRMAeCSO CANBECOUG e AoA Abe haart a MEP rE Mi me 2.77 | 2.66

SIS ULO Ss CUIn fas sre soialclelots nlolec sicletetniniaier wicis cisis els c eaisterctereinemeretale Disietetoteteseteve iecetwe\atalatststeisiciststelelens ratte 1.39 1.39

Spring, 1902.

Bboephorte acid: } es Nee
PICCLUEN Pegs shel ats efersytictsts’s*shetoipicis <celeie’eis ois isis joyaystoreteie ol ole orcs ele stoimteaterccaicetate slant er toe Selaielaisiereia -80 9.25
POSSE ELE levsterelesnicvajalctemiste ete fe’ sisis c/oralayaveerosic elarsistots lotro cis tubeh ie oleic eI RT bieecameel 8.25 7.82

IRIS. l3deqngdcdoqUC canoe CHOC ODHD Coe SOR On CRTC ORR OOHTGeD OTST IDURD ERED Aeee aa oe SRaeEEAl ot 3.66

PNUD REE Ta stare romtsietetetereicyetetsieciptarae hints ‘araeiotets To icra sar ate. lp ,cicts. eisleotaets ofeleoino cise aete cies rales 1.62 1.58

Fall, 1902.

Phosphoric acid:

TRG TGNG | condo goth GOAGBEAOESS Su BESCE CSET CRBC CEI NET e re IT SORE ret oe SON ch mr eed 12.58 ae

BNU ALL VIN Omer eraiararcteoraia'e sterebeicisraie slpleretelesicceaintetsie ois opetaie ols aletoie clepiaielereraote mice eicetersieiienstiniarels see a

LRGUDSI el, ogo Se Q BROOD pC HDOCUOOSURDED -aoeD Hednr ack nist accoaAlodar DbOnoCRmE Enon nbccnmanes ze et

INAS RO ESS on SER ES OC CODERS WaCR SORE TIC ai MIE eae Ie ar reo ae ae i re 8 eee sc 1.57 -55
Spring, 1903.

“a erm SER e002)...’ AN eee Paee ee et 11.90 10.67
Tota RMT reratalsiocetetototats ntcin: c's ataretetaleraiayslala/sistatels (ei nielelsieioiclera sles : nee ne
BENG RTL DOLE sew crete vstelerereie) sis sais oleiereis’aie’aye «isie:eie iste aretevofel slaves’ aiordbaioteseivevshh wleia elo elais\alovetsioialotscstsiernete ae Be:

RESCUE MMM cal ctet aloha aintot dete seve ete a leic ataierces|atn #-sisi otal aie uote aictote wrove eieiclotelaisl nici wvelnyoiaravetaeie etsleleetaiel emtatave fine | e

PLE ARCT OL Mma ernie telale sirusis arsistereis siovarare weet ceia eines etiavs'eie, ate ee salen totte Rintaclc'a.n averepeioiata ac atatavapelstet breietiee 4 J

Fall, 1903. ~ |

Phosphorie Acid: | 10.78 | arte
Total, sda dobotnbcoodaccownncedue esON CoH Nen Tao EUoucoamAeCdgo fae eae as cael ue
BENNER UNCLE 1 © sala ohcta ete nfote ras ciataletnlsyatetate) sieleyeie otatslaieivialctaratriala(ets mie’sters ele/arsintoia'a%ereta\s | Hs | or

Potash, Dat COCOURT COCEO SEO BOOT IISDOC A COCR SCOTT C OOM EIBOa TInt ncrner: Gar rmerG ee | ne

NMG GENET” Gad 5 sass cbdenp sep gBOnaento JBC OO SGG00000 Jd COOCOE dau O SPOR RONDO ria seasaricncoc } :

A comparison of selling prices with the computed commercial
value is presented in the following table:

902 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE : Oft. Doe.

Comparison of Selling Price and Valuation, 1899-1903.

: aBé
bh d >eu
= o = as
b= |
2 | 2 | iy
& MS &
Complete fertilizers: |
$905 SLING. les eeesie ere Soggnodentonaedse noseptonodese PBocodcsad noe $23.60 $24.70 $1.10
Mall ele sccinsiestece cee Saqc8esc Diaiateieioleiatn(erateretavars Riciciasteueciaisctr wieveiaiaieletr 22.98 | 23.42
TUT Bese aye” Sh aetodianccmosd s6caqores psietsieletctais erecee a pivise'sle'slalole eicielsieine 25.38 24.61 —.7T
UATE Somaesn versie seielelor e's cicie wei eiizicieciueiere restos olersyan' are naacabOsatoS 23.22 | 23.84 62
TIO SDLING eacinesenincicisoclsies celasteas cee SYate winfatele eieie acetate Cisiate,c cre e'anreia! | 23.92 24.76 | 84
ENTIRE eR RR AOTECE in oat pcre canSEeOe ean sere 22.28 | 23.75 1.47
NOU2: # SVAN ors Weise cae sasee islet ciewotlleciicsacrsieraieciioate iste ciclo clones 24.10 | 25.33 1.23
GUUS cizeiw-ataleabeluia: clatetn eiviele'=\s sleisis/ cfs ere elaiere sucalele Qua eluicie isis eles ainisinisis vleie's | 21.83 23.31 1.48
IER iRise tts) Hongda ceuodaoopSAccHansosonacgoDLssodoonocunS Ape anu cCead : 24.57 | 24.15 | — 42
IORI acnonseapcnarecpagooes Bonene Soapecdarecadan ae oie 21.98 22.77 | -19
Dissolved bone:
STD MAMI] Soo Wotelsisie/ere'ejelaietatn stele simieietetefere aielwietaleloletsiovete\eleisinveve ate sieteietewiciaie’e seats | 21.75 21.81 06
TEAL EO eteretavo sieiaie siaweiele(orenielciets ayo ealalu/eleterarsislererstvetemrsmie iam oicemocieenias 19.00 21.12 | 2,12
LIOR SDUUNS pheminccecceetsenideuiteisinice onisie tins alee ine eo clewioe wieiele wet mete elete 26.00 30.87 . 4.87
Brees Cae each S Sak 2 eter dain en see Sena ees 2 23.50 22.74 —.76
AGOU STEM Vorcta's o cintare's wiersisiereielcnielolers ticlesela aves wivicvenielevers Gitte elsestelaieietoieietere 23.00 29.00 1.00
VAT Baier ceisiseatetisicis emacs oeileicete Mpiartsstioe sistem nreiein ce eeisiee ceva 23.91 23.36 =.
NOOZS) SPVINE asa wsice siecle Biicieicinieleinalelneleishalctictstte vicseiniee sie sicieinmioneleiees 16.50 17.35 85
VENTE ereleivin oe elels)si=iaisiaie's ole aleta’e(siatw iste isiateteictateiateiet=inieicieiate ele aleteieteioreteferatciete 25.30 27.08 538
IIR o WF | Boe so peqasencconcaodd RRR celeste eeicleni cece BSonb0e $1.17 30.87 / —.30
Bra Mean cmon scooter ac eee Brea acta eae eee, 23.67 _ 24.57 8)
Rock and potash: =p.
ASO9Ns Spring i caine osacis stsiasle s!oleejin = ce clolNeo eisisteisisiiticie siere.s bphoencbeconcs| 16.83 15.16 —1.67
LOR | PORE SOME ESE Si ees as anand Coca Sa a 17.28 14.53 —2.75
POTN a o> ULI Pr ptmeaters wiaterareie eile cictelealerele cistaisrere acatte ers Hooesoooone matoieteeeiteiiste 17.35 14.71 —2.64
18.11 14.63 —3.48
1901, 16.20 14.60 —1.60
16.00 14,23 —1.86
1902, 16.45 15.05 —1.40
15.97 14.46 —1.51
1908, 17.20 14.74 —2.46
f 15.96 14.86 —1.10
Dissolved rock:
1899, Spring, 13.36 14.03 | ri
12.64 13.13 49
1900, 13.57 13.48 —.09
13.96 13.11 —.85
1901, 13.90 13.51 —.39
13.18 13.82 64
1902, 13.78 13.49 —.4
13.54 13.70 12
19038, 15.13 13.34 | —1.79
14.64 13.12 —1.52
Ground
1899, 26.67 28.11 1.44
24.98 27.23 2.25
1900, 28.42 25.91 | —2.51
| 28.73 26 87 | —1.86
1901, 27.59 28.71 | 1.12
| 25.94 27.69 1.75
1902, | 28.52 26 80 | —1.72
28.09 27.51 | —.58
1903, 28.67 27.25 —1.42
27.52 27.07 —.45

It is interesting to observe the fact that, despite the relatively
high price of dissolved rock during the season, the selling price
of rock-and-potash fertilizers exhibited, during this season, less
excess above the commercial valuation than ever before.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURIE 902

LIST OF FERTILIZER MANUFACTURERS AND
BRANDS OF FERTILIZERS LICENSED FOR
SALE IN PENNSYLVANIA FOR THE YEAR
1903:

THE ABBOTT & MARTIN RENDERING CO., No. 232 N. High Street, Co-"
lumbus, Ohio.

. “Ideal Grain Grower.”

. “Peerless Bone and Potash.”
“Harvest King.”

. “New York Special.”
“Tennessee Phosphate.”

. “Hercules Phosphate.”

. “Universal Fertilizer.”

. “Fine Raw Bone Meal.”

AHRENS, C. K., Esterley, Pa.
1. “Bone Meal.”

ALLEGHENY CITY FERTILIZER WORKS, Allegheny, Pa.

1. “Pure Raw Bone Phosphate.”
. “Potato Raw Bone Meal.”

. “Potato Manure.”

. “Banner Phosphate.”

. “Dissolved Bone and Potash.”
“Odorless Lawn and Garden Plant Food.”
. “Full Value Phosphate.”

. “Butcher’s Bone Meal.”

. “Grain and Grass Phosphate.”
10. “Special Potash Phosphate.”’
11. “Acid Phosphate.”

co Cc m1 OH Ol Be OO bb

THE ALLENTOWN MANUFACTURING CO., Allentown, Pa.

1. “High Grade Truck and Garden Phosphate.”’
2. “High Grade Potato Phosphate.”

. “Complete Bone Phosphate.”

. “Special $25.00 Phosphate.”

“Phosphate and Potash.” -

“Pure Ground Bone.”

“Acidulated Phosphate.”

. “Economical Phosphate.”

. “Pure Bone and Meat Fertilizer.”’

THE ALLIANCE FERTILIZER CO., Alliance, Ohio.

1. “Button Bone Special.”
2. “Button Bone.”

904

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

AMERICAN REDUCTION CO., No. 1942 Forbes’ Street, Pittsburg, Pa.

Om ow rr

THE

ro
oS

THE

1
2
3.
4
5
6

THE

wCaNA NP wh PE

ee ee
a

THE

oe wh

. “Pittsburg Guano.”

Iron City.
“Common Sense.”

. “Vegetable Manure.’
. “Fine Ground Bone.”

AMERICAN AGRICULTURAL CHEMICAL CoO., No. 326 Broadway, New
York, IN. ¥.

. “Pure Ground Bone.”
. “Fine Ground Bone.”

“Muriate of Potash.”
“Genuine German Kainit.”

. “Dissolved Animal Bone.”

“Gem Alkaline Phosphate.”
“Grove’s Standard.”

. “Big Crop Phosphate.”
. “Special Potash Manure.”
. “High Grade Bone and Potash.”

A. A. C. CO., BRADLEY’S BRANCH, P. O. Box 217, New York, N. Y.
“Bradley’s Dissolved Bone and Potash.”

. “Bradley’s Bean and Potato Phosphate.”

“Bradley’s Soluble Dissolved Bone.’’

. “Bradley’s Niagara Phosphate.”’
. “Bradley’s Alkaline Bone with Potash.”
. “Bradley’s B. D. Sea Fow! Guano.”

A. A. C. CO., CANTON CHEMICAL BRANCH, P. O. Box 407, Baltimore,
Md.

. “Canton-Chemical C. C. C. Special Compound.”’

“Cantcn-Chemical Baker’s Standard H. G. Guano.”

. “Canton-Chemical Baker’s Fish Guano.”

. “Canton-Chemical Potato Manure.”

. “Canton-Chemical Resurgam Guano.”

. “Canton-Chemical Baker’s Special Wheat, Corn and Grass Mixture.”’
. “Canton-Chemical Harrow Brand Crop Grower.”

. “Canton-Chemical Eagle Phosphate.”

. “Canton-Chemical Soluble Aikaline Bone.”

. “Canton-Chemical Soluble Bone and Potash.”

. “Canton-Chemical Baker’s Dissolved Bone Phosphate.”

. “Canton-Chemical Baker’s Dissolved S. C. Bone.”

A. A. C. CO., CHICOPEE GUANO BRANCH, No. 88 Wall Street, New
VOTE EINE Yi.

. “Chicopee Farmers’ Reliable.”
. “Chicopee Standard Guano.”

A. A. C. CO., CLARK’S COVE BRANCH, P. O. Box 1779, New York,
ING WG

“Clark’s Cove Atlas Bone Phosphate.”

“Clark’s Cove Triumph Bone and Potash.”

“Clark’s Cove Defiance Complete Manure.”’

. “Clark’s Cove King Philip Alkaline Guano.”
. “Clark’s Cove Potato and Hop Grower.”

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 905

THE A. A. C. CO., CROCKER BRANCH, Buffalo, N. Y.

. “Crocker’s General Crop Grower.”

. “Crocker’s Universal Grain Grower.”

“Crocker’s Complete Manure.”

. “Crocker’s New Rival Fertilizer.”’

“Crocker’s Wheat and Corn Fertilizer.”
“Crocker’s Potato, Hop and Tobacco Fertilizer.”
“Crocker’s Ammoniated Bone Super-Phosphate.”
. “Crocker’s Dissolved Bone and Potash.”

. ““Crocker’s Dissolved Bone Phosphate.”

THE A. A. C. CO., CUMBERLAND BRANCH, No. 27 William Street, New
ViOnK NG ve

. “Cumberland Dissolved Bone Phosphate.”
“Cumberland Bone and Potash.”
“Cumberland Hawkeye Fertilizer.”

. “Cumberland Guano.”

. “Cumberland Ammoniated Dissolved Bone.”

THE A. A. GC. CO., DETRICK BRANCH, No. 26 Chamber of Commerce, Balti-

more, Md.
1. ‘“Detrick’s Quickstep Bone Phosphate for Potatoes and Tobacco.”
2. “Detrick’s Kangaroo Komplete Kompound.
3. “Detrick’s Royal Crop Grower.”
4. “Detrick’s Standard Potash Fertilizer.”
5. “Detrick’s Corn and Oats Fertilizer.”
6. “Detrick’s Imperial Compound.”
7. “Detrick’s Paragon Ammoniated Bone Phosphate and Potash.”
8. “Detrick’s P. & B. Special Fertilizer.” : i.
9. “Deirick’s Bone and Potash (16x4) Mixture.”
10. “Detrick’s Soluble Bone Phcsphate and Potash.”
11. “Detrick’s Dissolved S. C. Bone.”
12. “Orchilla Guano.”

THE A. A. C. CO., GREAT EASTERN BRANCH, Rutland, Vt.

1. “Great Eastern Northern Corn Special.”

2. “Great Eastern Vegetable, Vine and Tobacco.”
3. “Great Eastern Wheat Special.”

4. “Great Eastern General.”

5. “Great Eastern English Wheat Grower.”

6. “Great Eastern Soluble Bone and Potash.”

7. “Great Eastern Dissolved Bone.”

8. “Great Eastern Unammoniated Wheat Special.”
9. “Great Eastern High Grade Cabbage Grower.”

THE A. A. C. CO., LAZARETTO GUANO BRANCH, Merchant’s Bank Building,
Baitimore, Md.

. “Lazaretto Crop Grower.”

. “Lazareitto Bone Compound.”

. “Lazaretto Special Potato Fertilizer.”

; “Lazaretto Ammoniated Bone Phosphate.”
. “Lazaretto Excelsior A. A. A.

oR wD eR

906 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

6. ““‘Lazaretto Dissolved Bone and Potash.”
7. “Lazaretto Dissolved Bone Phosphate.”
8. “Lazaretto H. G. Dissolved Bone and Potash.”

THE A. A. C. CO., MARYLAND BRANCH, No. 30 S. Holliday Street, Baltimore, —

Md. :

. “Maryland Ammoniated Bone.” >
. “Maryland O. K. Ammoniated Fertilizer.”

. “Maryland Alkaline Bone.”

. “Maryland Linden Super-Phosphate.”

. “Maryland Bono Super-Phosphate.”

. “Maryland Dissolved 8. C. Phosphate.”

. “Maryland Compound for Potatoes and Tobacco.”

“1 Of Rm OH DD

THE A. A. C. Co., MICHIGAN CARBON WORKS BRANCH, Detroit, Mich.

. “Red Line Phosphate.”

“Red Line Phosphate with Potash.”
“Red Line Complete Manure.”

. “General Crop Fertilizer.”’

. “Homestead “A”? Bone Black Fertilizer.”

Oe wn

THE A. A. C. CO., MILSOM BRANCH, East Buffalo, N. Y.

1. “Milsom’s Erie King Fertilizer.”

2. “Milsom’s Wheat, Oats and Barley Fertilizer.”
. ‘“Milsom’s Buffalo Guano.”

. “Milsom’s Buffalo Fertilizer.”

. “Milsom’s Potato, Hop and Tobacco Fertilizer.”
“Milsom’s Corn Fertilizer.”

. “Milsom’s Vegetable Bone Fertilizer.”

. “Milsom’s Dissolved Bone and Potash.”

. “Milsom’s Acid Phosphate.”

10. “Milsom’s Dissolved Bone Phosphate.”

WOO oe w

THE A. A. C. CO., MORO-PHILLIPS BRANCH, No. 708 The Bourse, Phila
delphia, Pa.

. “Moro-Phillips Pure Phuine.”’
“Moro-Phillips Soluble Bone Phosphate.”
“Moro-Phillips Wheat Special.”
“Moro-Phillips Farmers’ Phosphate.”
“Moro-Phillips Farmers’ Potato Mixture.”
“Moro-Phillips Alkaline Bone Phosphate.”’
“Moro-Phillips Special Fertilizer.”
“Moro-Phillips C. & G. Complete Fertilizer.”
. “Moro-Phillips Standard Guano.”

CP ONAMP wp

THE A. A. C. CO., NIAGARA BRANCH, P. O. Box 189, Buffalo, N. Y.

1. “Niagara Grain and Grass Grower.”

2. “Niagara Wheat and Corn Producer.”
3. “Niagara Dissolved Bone and Potash.”
4. “Niagara Dissolved Bone Phosphate.”

» Ade DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 907

THE A. A. C. CO., PACIFIC GUANO BRANCH, P. O. Box 2360, New York, N. Y.

om OD =

. “Pacific Dissolved Bone Phosphate.”

. “Pacific Dissolved Bone and Potash.”
. “Pacific A. No. 1 Phosphate.”

. “Pacific Nobsque Guano.”

. “Pacific Potato Phosphate.”

THE A. A. C. CO., PACKERS UNION BRANCH, Rutland, Vt.

. “Packers Union Gardeners’ Complete Manure.”

. “Packers Union Animal Corn Fertilizer.”

. “Packers Union Potato Manure.”

. “Packers Union Universal Fertilizer.”

.“Packers Union American Wheat and Rye Grower.”
. “Packers Union Banner Wheat Grower.”

. “Packers Union Acidulated Bone.”

. “Packers Union Wheat, Oats and Clover.”

THE A. A. C. CO., QUINNIPIAC BRANCH, No. 27 William Street, New York,

wm CO bo he

Nee.

. “Quinnipiac Soluble Dissolved Bone.”

. “Quinnipiac Dissolved Bone and Potash.”
. “Quinnipiac Mohawk Fertilizer.”

. “Quinnipiac Climax Phosphate.”

THE A. A. C. CO., READ BRANCH, No. 88 Wall Street, New York, N. Y.

il
2.
3
4

. “Read’s Standard Super-Phosphate.”
‘“Read’s Leader Blood and Bone.”

. “Read’s Farmers’ Friend Super-Phosphate.”’
. “Read’s Acid Phosphate (14 Per Cent.)”’

. “Read’s Bone and Potash.”

. “Read’s Dissolved Bone.”

THE A. A. C. Co., REESE BRANCH, Equitable Building, Baltimore, Md.

. “Reese’s Standard.”

2. “Reese’s Potato Phosphate.”

. “Reese’s Mayflower.”

. ‘“Reese’s Potato Manure.”

. “Reese’s Ammoniated Bone Phosphate Mixture.’
‘“Reese’s Harvest Queen.”

; “Reese’s Pilgrim Fertilizer.”

. “Reese’s Challenge Crop Grower.”

. “Reese’s Half and Half.”

. “Reese’s High Grade Potash Mixture, 12x5.”
. “Reese’s Crown Phosphate and Potash.”

. “Reese’s Grass and Grain.”

. “Reese’s Wheat Special.”

. “Reese’s Dissolved Phosphate of Lime.”

. “Reese’s Elm Phosphate.”

908 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

THE A. A. C. CO., SHARPLESS & CARPENTER BRANCH, No. 124 S. Delaware
Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa.

1. “Sharpless & Carpenter Corn and Truck Guano.”
2. “Sharpless & Carpenter Gilt Edge Potato and Tobacco Manure.”
3. “Sharpless & Carpenter No. 1 Bone Phosphate.”
4. “Sharpless & Carpenter Royal Spring Mixture.”
5. “Sharpless & Carpenter Soluble Bone and Potash.” ’
6. “Sharpless & Carpenter Farmers’ Bone Phosphate.”
7. “Sharpless & Carpenter Dis. Bone Phos. for Potatoes and General Use.”’
8. “Sharpless & Carpenter No. 2 for Grain and Grass.” 7
9. “Sharpless & Carpenter Soluble Tampico Guano.”
10. “Sharpless & Carpenter Acid Phosphate.”

THE A. A. C. CO., STANDARD BRANCH, No. 40 Exchange Place, New York,
IN; YS

. ‘Standard Dissolved Bone Phosphate.”

. “Standard Bone and Potash.”

. “Standard “A” Fertilizer.”

. “Standard Guano.”

hm CoO DD

THE A. A. C. CO., SUSQUEHANNA BRANCH, Cor. South and Water Streets,
Baltimore, Md.

. “Susquehanna Potato Phosphate.”

. “Susquehanna Pure Bone Phosphate.”
“Susquehanna Ammoniated Bone Phosphate.”’
“Susquehanna XXV Phosphate.”

. “Susquehanna Crop Grower.”

“Susquehanna High Grade Bone and Potash.”
. “Susquehanna Alkaline Bone Phosphate.”

. “Susquehanna Superior Rock Phosphate.”

9. “Susquehanna Soluble Bone Phosphate.”

10. “Susquehanna Grain and Grass Grower.”

AARNE WD e

THE A. A. C. CO., TYGERT-ALLEN BRANCH, No. 708 The Bourse, Phila-
delphia, Pa.

. “Tygert-Allen Star Guano.”

. “Tygert-Allen Star Potato Grower.”
“Tygert-Allen Star Dissolved Bone Phosphate,”’
“Tyeert-Allen Star Soluble Bone and Potash.”

. “Tygert-Allen Star Bone Phosphate.”’

. “Tygert-Allen Standard Bone Phosphate.” .

. “Howitz’s Acid Phosphate.”

. “Allen’s Popular Phosphate.”

. “Allen’s Special Brand Potato Manure.”

. “Allen’s Special for Wheat and Grass.”

. “Allen’s Nitro-Phosphate.”’

. “Allen’s Alkaline Bone Phosphate.” :
18. ‘““Yearsley’s Philadelphia Standard Phosphate.”

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me oO

THE A. A. C. CO., M. E. WHEELER & CO. BRANCH, Ruiland, Vt.

1. “Wheeler’s Corn Fertilizer.”
2. ““Wheeler’s Potato Manure.”

No.

Gre

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

. “Wheeler’s Superior Truck.”

“Wheeler’s Royal Wheat Grower.”
“Wheeler’s Wheat and Clover Fertilizer.”

. “Wheeler’s Electrical Dissolved Bone.”
. “Wheeler’s Unammoniated Wheat Grower.”

909

THE A. A. C. CO., WILLIAMS &*CLARK BRANCH, No. 27 William Street,

New York, N. Y.

. “Williams & Clark Acorn Acid Phosphate.”
. “Williams & Clark Dissolved Bone and Potash.”
. “Williams & Clark Prolific Fertilizer.”

“Williams & Clark Royal Bone Phosphate.”

. “Williams & Clark Americus High Grade Special.”
. “Williams & Clark Americus Universal Ammoniated Dis. Bone.”
. “Williams & Clark Good Grower Potato Phosphate.”

THE A. A. C. CO., ZELL GUANO BRANCH, No. 32 South Street, Baltimore, Md.

. “Zell’s Special Compound for Potatoes and Vegetables.”
. “Zell’s Ammoniated Bone Super-Phosphate.”
. “Zell’s Hustler Phosphate.”

“Zell’s Economizer Phosphate.”

. “Zell’s Little Giant.”

“Zell’s Dissolved Bone Phosphate and Potash.”

. “Zell’s Electric Phosphate.”’
. “Zell’s Dissolved Bone Phosphate.”

ANSTINE, A., Stewartstown, Pa.

1. “Bone Phosphate.”

THE ARMOUR FERTILIZER WORKS, No. 205 LaSalle Street, Chicago, Ni.

. “Bone Meal.”

2. “Raw Bone Meal.”

lle
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.

. “Phosphate and Potash.”

“Wheat, Corn and Oats Special.”
“Ammoniated Bone and Potash.”
“Ryuit and Root Crop Special.”

. “All Soluble.”

. “Bone, Blood and Potash.”

. “Armour’s Royal Amm. Bone.”
. “High Grade Potato.”

“Grain Grower.”

“Star Phosphate.”

“Cereal Phosphate.”

“Phosphate and Potash No. 2.”

“Aymour’s Wheat Special.” >
“Special Mixture.”

AUCKHR, R. S., Shamokin, Pa.

1. “Pure Bone Meal.”
2. “Bone Meal with Potash.”
3. “High Grade Bone and S. H. Phosphate.”

910 ANNUAL REPORT OF. THE Off. Doe.

. “Grade A. Bone and Slaughter House Phosphate.”
“Grade B. Bone and Slaughter House Phosphate.”

. “Grade D. Bone and Slaughter House Phosphate.”
. “Grade E. Bone and Slaughter House Phosphate.”
. “Economy Potash Phosphate.”

. “High Grade Potash.”

DOONAN &

BALTIMORE FERTILIZER COMPANY, 206 Spear’s Wharf, Baltimore, Md.

1. “Success.”

2. “King of the Harvest.”

3. “Homestead.”

4. “Old Honesty.”

5. “Soluble Bone and Potash.”

6. “High Grade Acid Phosphate.”

BALTIMORE PULVERIZING COMPANY, Nos. 13 and 15 North Street, Balti-
more, Md.

. “Penniman’s Excelsior Fertilizer.”
. “Special Spring and Fall Mixture.”’
. “Penniman’s Special Guano No. 1.”
. “South Carolina Bone Phosphate.”
. “High Grade Wheat Compound.”

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BARTENSCHLAGHR, J. H., Stewartstown, Pa.
1. “Bartenschlager’s Champion Bone Mixture.”

BAUGH & SONS COMPANY, No. 20 S. Delaware Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa.

1. “Baugh’s Raw Bone Meal, Warranted Pure.”
2. “Baugh’s Pure Dissolved Animal Bone.”
3. “Export Bone with Potash.”
4. “Baugh’s Animal Bone and Potash—Compound for all Crops.”
5. “Baugh’s Double Eagle $25.00 Phosphate.”
6. “Baugh’s General Crop Grower—For all Crops.”
7. “Baugh’s Soluble Alkaline Super-Phosphate.”
8. “Bangh’s Wheat Fertilizer—For Wheat and Grass.”
9. ‘“Baugh’s Potato Fertilizer.”
10. “Baugh’s Corn Fertilizer—For Sugar Corn and Garden Truck.”
11. “The Wrapper Leaf Brand—A Special Manure for Seed Leaf Tobacco.
12. ‘““Baugh’s Special Potato Manure.”
13. “Baugh’s High Grade Acid Phosphate.”
14. “Baugh’s Ammoniated Soluble Aikaline.”
15. “High Grade Vegetable Guano.”
16. “Complete Animai Bone Fertilizer.”
17. “Excelsior Super-Phosphate.”
18. “Genuine Lobas Peruvian Guano.”’

”

BAUGHMAN, WILLIAM F., Rinely, Pa.

1, “Potato and Tobacco Special.”
2. “Ammoniated Bone Phosphate.”
3. “Harvest Queen Phosphate.”

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 91)

BAXTER, H. V., Chester, Pa.

1. ‘“‘Pure Ground Bone.”
2. “IXL Phosphate.”

BEARD, A. H., & SON, Reading, Pa.
eae. A. Brand.”

BERG COMPANY, THE, Port Richmond, Philadelphia, Pa.

1. ““Berg’s Special Potato Guano.”

. “Berg’s Lymph Guano for all Crops.”

. “Berg’s $35.00 Potato Manure.”

“Bereg’s Standard Bone Manure.”

“Berg’s Pure Dissolved Bone and Potash.”
. “Berg’s Pure Raw Bone, Fine.”

. “Berg’s Special $25.00 Bone Manure.”

AD Te w& PbO

BERGER BROTHERS, Easton, Pa.

1. “Berger Bros., H. G. Acid Phosphate.”
2. “Peerless.”

3. “Wheat and Grass Special.”

. “Lehigh Superior Phosphate.”

. “Potato and Truck Special.”

BIRELY, A. D. & SONS, Ladiesburg, Md.

1. “Ammoniated Bone Phosphate.”
2. “Special Mixture for Wheat and Grass.”
3. “Dissolved Animal Bone and Potash.”

BLAKER, A. H., & Co.,. Fox Chase, Philadelphia, Pa.

1. “Biaker’s Acid Phosphate.”
2. “Blaker’s General Use.”

3. “Blaker’s Potato.”

4, “Blaker’s Wheat and Corn.”

BONDAY, JAMES, JR., & CO., No. 302 Merchants’ Bank Building, Baltimore,
Md.

1. “Sulphate of Potash.”
2. “Muriate of Potash.”
3. “German Kainit—Old Reliable Brand.” :
BOWKER FERTILIZER COMPANY, THE, No. 43 Chatham Street, Boston,
Mass.

. “Stockbridge Potato and Vegetable Manure.”
. “Bowker’s Potash or Staple Phosphate.”
“Bowker’s Sure Crop Phosphate.”
“Bowker’s Ammoniated O. I. O.”

. “Bowker’s Super-Phosphate and Potash.”

. “Bowker’s Apex Phosphate.”

. “Bowker’s Dissolved Bone Phosphate.”

912 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doce.

8. “Bowker’s 6 Per Cent. Potato Fertilizer.”
9. “Bowker’s Potash Bone.”
10. ““Bowker’s Empire State Bone and Potash.”
11. “Bowker’s Hill and Drill Phosphate.”
12. “Bowker’s Farm and Garden Phosphate.”
13. “Bowker’s Wheat Grower.”
14. “Bowker’s Market Garden.”’
15. ““Bone Meal.”
16. “Soluble Bone.”
17. “Corn and Grain Grower.”’
18. ““Market Bone.”’

BRADLEY & GREEN FERTILIZER CO., Ninth Street and Girard Avenue,
Philadelphia, Pa.

. “Potato Guano No. 1.”

“Harvest Home.”

“High Grade Acid Phosphate.”

. “Popular Phosphate—Special for Wheat.”

. “Standard Bone Phosphate—For Corn, Wheat and Peas.”’

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BRILLINGER, HORACH, Emigsviile, Pa.
1. “Brillinger’s Special Wheat, Corn and Grass Mixture.”
2. “Standard High Grade Phosphate.”

BRODBECK, S. M., Brodbecks, Pa.

1. “Standard.”
2. “Reliable.”
3. “Alkaline.”
4. “Ruth Dissolved Bone.”

BROWN, WILLIAM, No. 18. Front Street, Philadelphia, Pa.

1. “Grain and Grass Manure.”
2. “Cereal Bone Phosphate.”

BROWN, J. W., Tilden, York County, Pa.

1. “No. 7 Compound Fertilizer.”
2. “Animal Bone Fertilizer.”

BRUBACHER, ELIAS S., Millbach, Pa.
1. ““‘Wheat and Grass Special.”

BUCYRUS FERTILIZER CO., THE, Bucyrus, O.
1. “Buckeye Wheat Grower.”’

CAMBRIA FERTILIZER COMPANY, Johnstown, Pa.
ate “Pure Fine Ground Bone Dust.”

. “Lion Ammoniated Bone Phosphate.”

. “Standard Phosphate.”

. “Corn and Potato Manure.”

“B. & B. Phosphate.”

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CARROLL, G. & W. H., Plymouth Meeting, Pa.
1. “C. Prepared Lime and Potash.”’

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

CHICAGO FERTILIZER CO., THE, Security Building, Chicago, 111,

. “No. 1 Acid Phosphate.”

. “Bone, Blood and Potash.”

. “Potash Special.”

“Corn and Wheat Special.”

“Diamond Phosphate.”

. “Calumet Phosphate.”

“Western Bone Black and Potash.”

. “New York Leader.” “
. “Chicago Raw Bone.”

(2 OO ID OP oo LO

CINCINNATI PHOSPHATE CoO., THE, Cincinnati. O.

1. “Capitol Wheat Grower.”

2. “Capitol Dissolved Bone and Potash.”
3. “Capitol Tobacco Food.”

4. “Capitol Complete Fertilizer.”

5. “Alkaline Bone.”

COE COMPANY, E. FRANK, No. 133 Front Street, New York, N. Y.

“High Grade Soluble Bone.”

“XXV Ammoniated Bone Super-Phosphate.”’
. “Prize Brand Grain Fertilizer.”

. “Special Dissolved—Bone and Potash.”’

. “High Grade Acid Phosphate.”

. “Pennsyivania Grain Special.”

. “Columbian Corn Fertilizer.”

. “Columbian Potato Fertilizer.”

. “XXX Acid Phosphate.”

CONTINENTAL COMMERCIAL CO., 33 S. Holliday Street, Baltimore, Md.

1. “Special Potato and Tomato Phosphate.”
2. “Standard Dissolved Bone.”

3. “Ammoniated Bone.”

4. “Potashed Bone.”

5. “High Grade Soluble Phosphate.”

COPE, HENRY, & COMPANY, Lincoln University, Pa.

1. “Acid Phosphate.”

2. “Soluble Bone and Potash.”

. “Ammoniated Bone Phosphate.”

“Pure Bone Phosphate.”

“Potato and Corn Phosphate.”’

. “Dead Shot Phosphate.”

. “Pure Ground Bone.”

. “Queen of Elk Valley.”

. “Wheat Grower and Complete Manure.”
10. “High Grade Soluble Bone and Potash.”

OO WD OP ww

COPE, JOSIAH, & COMPANY, Lincoln University, Pa.

1. “Pure Bone Phosphate.”
2. “Try Me Bone Phosphate.”

58—6—1905

914 : ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

“Ammoniated Bone Phosphate.”

. “Wheat and Grass Special.”

“Potato and Tobacco Phosphate.”

. “Acidulated Phosphate.”

. “Soluble Bone and Potash.”

. “Steamed Bone.”

. “Ground Raw Bone.”

10. ““High-Grade Soluble Bone and Potash.”

CORSON, G. & W. H., Plymouth Meeting, Pa.

1. “‘Corson’s Prepared Lime and Potash.”

CRONISTER, W. M., Philipsburg, Pa.

1. “‘Cronister’s Ammoniated Bone Fertilizer.”

DARLING & CO., Union Stock Yards, Chicago, Ill.

. “Darling’s Farmer’s Favorite Brand.”
. “Darling’s Sure Wianer Brand.”

. “Darling’s Chicago Brand.”
“Darling’s Western Brand.”

. “Darling’s General Crop Brand.”

. “Darling’s Pure Ground Bone.”

. “Darling’s Two and Twenty Bone.”

. “Darling’s H. G. Acid Phosphate.”

. “Darling’s Ground Raw Bone.”

DARON, E., Dover, Pa.

1. “Daron’s Harvest King Bone Phosphate.”

DICKEY, J. SCOTT, No. 630 Prince Street Lancaster, Pa.

1. ‘“Dickey’s Tobacco Stem Fertilizer.”
2. “Dickey’s Wheat Brand.”

DOWNWARD & COMPANY, JAMES G., Coatesville, Pa.

1. ““Ammoniated Bone Phosphate.”

2. “Soluble Bone and Potash.”

3. “Special Wheat and Grass Fertilizer.”
4, “High Grade Acid Phosphate.”

®. “Royal Bone Phosphate.”

6. “Special Potato Phosphate.”’

7. “Special Corn Manure.”

8. “Pure Ground Raw Bone.”

9. “Pioneer Raw Bone Phosphate.”

10. “Special Mixture.” Ff
11. “Special Bone Fertilizer.”

DUNGAN, WALLACE, Doylestown, Pa.

1. ‘“Pebel Hill Home-Made Animal Bone Mixture.”
2. “Bone Flour.”

No. 6.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

91h

EBY, AMOS, Lehman Place, Pa a

1. “Pequea Bone.”’

2. “Pequea Economy.”

3. “Pequea Ammoniated.”

4. “Pequea Bone for Potatoes.”’
6. “Farmers’ Mixture.”

EUREKA FERTILIZER COMPANY, Perryville, Md.

1. “Farmers’ Favorite Bone Phosphate.”
2. “Standard Bone Phosphate.”

8. “Grain and Grass Mixture.”

4. “Corn and Potato Special.”

5. “P. & P. Super-Phosphate.”

6. “Potato and Vegetable Fertilizer.”
7. “Fish, Rock and Potash.”

8. ‘Alkaline Bone and Potash.”

9. “Ground Bone.”
10. “Eureka Complete Compound.”

11. “Eureka Wrapper Leaf.”
i2. “Pure Dissolved Animal Bone.”
13. “Bailey’s Special Mixture.”
14. “High Grade Acid Phosphate.”

EWING, WASHINGTON, Landenberg, Pa.
i. “Pure Raw Ground Bone.”

2. “Eclipse Raw Bone.”
3. “Waste Land Potato Phosphaie.”

FAIRLAMB, R. C., & SONS, Brandywine Summit, Pa.

‘1. “Potato Special.”
2. “Corn Special.”

FARMERY’ FERTILIZER COMPANY, Westminster, Md.

1. “No. 3 Bone Phosphate.”

. “XX Bone Phosphate.”

. “Carroll Bone Phosphate.”
. “P. A. & P. Phosphate.”

. “Acid Phosphate.”

. “No. 1 Bone Phosphate.”

Oo Ol m W db

FARMER, W. S., & CO., No. 21 S. Gay Street, Baltimore, Mad.

1. “Standard Phosphate.”

2. “Harvest Queen Phosphate.
3. “Clyde Brand Phosphaie.”
4. “B. & P. Phosphate.”

5. “Dissolved S. C. Bone.”

”

FRETZ, MAHLON, Sellersville, Pa.
1. “Fretz’s Standard Phosphate.”

GAWTHROP, JOSEPH R., Kennett Square, Pa.
1. “Fine Ground Raw Bone Meal.”

916 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

2. “Champion Bone Fertilizer for Wheat and Grass.”
3. “Complete Ammoniated Bone Phos. for Corn, Oats, Potatoes and Wheat.”
4. “Acid Phosphate Rock.” .

GLICK, I. N., R. F. D. No. 6, Lancaster, Pa.

1. “Glick’s Up-to-Date Grain and Grass Grower.”
2. “Glick’s Up-to-Date Vegetable and Tobacco Compounds.”

GOODLEY & CO., CHAS. P., Brandywine Summit, Pa.
1. “Fish, Potash and Animal Bone Phosphate.”

GRIFFITH & BOYD, No. 9 S. Gay Street, Baltimore, Md.

1. “Cereal Bone Plant Food.”

2. “Valley Fertilizer.”

3. “Peerless Fertilizer.”

4. “High Grade Acid Phosphate.”

5. “Harvest Queen Fertilizer.”

6. “XX Potash Manure.”

7. “Original Super-Phosphate.”

8. “Farmers’ Potato Manure.”

9. “Ammoniated Bone Phosphate.”’
10. “farmers’ Improved Phosphate.”
11. “Spring Crop Grower.”

12. “Fish, Bone and Potash.”
13. “Special Grain Grower.”

14. “Royal Potash Guano.”

15. “Stable Manure Substitute.”
16. “Soft Ground Bone Meal.”
17. “Special Guano.”

HAGER, H. F., Quakertown, Pa.

1. “Hager’s Ammoniated Super-Phosphate.”’
2. ‘Panic Phosphate.”
3. “Farmers’ Favorite Phosphate.”

HANOVER FERTILIZER COMPANY, N. E. Cor. Gay and Lombard Streets,
Baltimore, Md.

. “Dissolved S. C. Rock.”

“Royal Bone and Potash.”
“Farmers’ Crop Winner.”
“Blood and Bone Compound.”
“Excelsior Combine.”

“Klondike Special.”

“Pure Bone Meal.”

. “High Grade Bone and Potash.”
. “Dissolved Bone Phosphate.”

CHAM TP WN

HARDY PACKING COMPANY, THE, No. 189 Madison Street, Chicago, Ill.

1. “‘“Hardy’s Crop Producer.”

2. “Hardy’s Tankage, Bone and Potash.”
3. ‘“Hardy’s Potash Fertilizer.”

4. ““Hardy’s Fort Dearborn Phosphate.”

No.

5.
6.
Ue
8.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

“Hardy’s Security Phosphate.”
“Hardy’s Corn and Wheat Grower.”
“Hardy’s Imperial.”

“Packers Raw Bone.”

HARTRANFT, FRANK, Coatesville, Pa.

als
2. “Ammoniated Bone Phosphate.”
3. “Potato Phosphate.”

4,
5
6
tf

“Ground Bone.”

“Special Phosphate.”

. “Acid Phosphate.”
. “Cook’s Bone Phosphate.”
. “Soluble Bone and Potash.”

HASTINGS, WILLIAM §&., & SON, Atglen, Pa.

ule
2.

“Clear Acid Phosphate.”
“Soluble Bone and Potash.”

917

HESS, S. M., & BRO., S. E. Cor. Fourth and Chestnut Streets, Philadelphia, Pa.

HEWETT FERTILIZER COMPANY, THE, Scranton, Pa.
i

“Ammoniated Bone Super-Phosphate.”’

il
2. “Keystone Bone Phosphate.”
3. “Wheat and Grass Manure.”
4, “Emperor Phosphate.”

By,
6
7
8

“Potato and Truck Manure.”

. “Ground Bone.”

. “Special Compound.”

. “Special Corn Manure.”

. “Special Potato Manure.”

. “Soluble Bone.”

. “Soluble Bone and Potash.”
2. “Acid Phosphate.”

. “Wish and Pctash Manure.”
. “The Scientific Manure.”

. “Tobacco Manure.”

“Pure Ground Bone.”

HOFFMAN, P., & BRO., Raubsville, Pa.

ie
2.

“Potato Phosphate.”
“King Phosphate.”

HUBBARD, M. P., & COMPANY, No. 612 Equitable Building, Baltimore, Md.

1. “Celebrated Dissolved Bone Phosphate for Generali Use.”
2. “Farmers’ Acme.”

3. ‘Warmers’ Cld Economy.”
4,
5
6
7

“H. S. Soluble S. C. Phosphate.”

. “Hubbard’s Harvest King.”
. “Hubbard’s Soluble Bone and Potash.”
. “Steininger Bro’s Gem Phosphate.”

918 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

HUBBARD FERTILIZER COMPANY, THE, No. 708 Merchants’ Bank Building,
Baltimore, Md.

. “Hubbard’s Standard Bone Super-Phosphate.”

. “Hubbarad’s Royal Ensign—For Early Market Vegetables ”’
“Hubbard’s Farmers’ IXL Super-Phosphate.”

“Hubbard’s Wheat Grower’s Jewel.”

“Hubbard’s Oriental Phosphate.”

. “Hubbard’s Columbia Gem Phosphate.”

. “Hubbard’s Soluble Bone and Potash.”

. “Hubbard’s High Grade Soluble Tennessee Phosphate.”

. “Hubbard’s Climax Bone Super-Phosphate.”’

. “Hubbard’s Crescent Soluble Crop Producer.”

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INDEX COMPANY, THE, No. 426 N. Third Street, Philadelphia, Pa.

i. “Radix Fertilizer.”

. “Index Bone Phosphate.”

. “Index Ground Bone.”

. “Index Bone Meal.”

“Index Bone Fiour.”

“Spiro Bone Meal.”

. “Michell’s Bone Phosphate.”
. “Michell’s Pure Bone Meal.”

INTERNATICNAL SEED COMPANY, Rochester, N. Y.

1. “International Grain and Grass Fertilizer.”
2. “International Potato’'and Truck Manure.”
8. “International A 1 Special Manure.”

JARECKI COMMERCIAL COMPANY, Sandusky, Obio.

. “Lake Erie Fish Guano.”

. “Fish and Potash Grain Special.”

. “Number One Fish Guano.”

“C. O. D. Phosphate.”

“Pure Ground Bone.”

. “Dissolyed Bone Black Wheat Special.”
“Bish and Potash Potato and Tobacco Foad.”
“OQ. K. Fertilizer.”

. “Dissolved Bone with Potash.”

. “Square Brand Phosphate and Potash.”

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JONES, W. C., SONS, Doe Run, Pa.
1. “High Grade Dissolved S. C. Rock.”
2. “Dissolved Bone Phosphate.”
JOYNT, JOHN J., Lucknow, Ontario, Canada.
1. “Canada Hardwood Ashes (Joynt Brand).”

KENDERDINE, T. 8., & SONS, Newtown, Pa.

1. “Kenderdine’s Potato Phosphate.”
2. “Kenderdine’s Bone Phosphate.”
3. “Kenderdine’s A. Phosphate.”

No.

KEYSTONE FERTILIZER COMPANY,

NADP wd

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Penna.

. “Fish, Blood and Bone Guano.”
. “Fox Brand Guano.”

“Old Pennsylvania Compound.”

. “All Crop Guano.”

. “Tip Top Brand.”

. “Rock Potash.”

. “Dissolved Bone Phosphate.”

KUHNS, DAVID, Lehighton, Pa.

1. “Pure Ground Bone Meal.”

KURTZ, D. S., New Holland, Pa.

1. “Conestoga Regulator.”
2. “Conestoga Fancy.”

LACKAWANNA FERTILIZER & CHEMICAL CO., Moosic, Pa.

. “Moosic Phosphate.”
. “Special Manure.”
. “Our Admiral.”

—

“Bone Super-Phosphate.”

. “Alkailine Bone.”

“Warranted Pure Ground Bone.”
“Acid Phosphate.”

p ebig yield.
. “Wyoming Guano.”
. “Kali Chief.”

LANCASTER CHEMICAL COMPANY, Lancaster, Pa.

—

2 90 I OV ym Go pO

. “Tobacco and Vegetable.”
. “Dewey Brand.”
. “Pure Dissolved Animal Bone and Potash.”

“Rising Sun Animal Bone.”
“Pure Dissolved Animal Bone.”’
“Elag Brand.”

“Hard Times Fertilizer.”
“Heconomist Fertilizer.”

. “Acid Phosphate.”

. “Keystone Brand.”

. “Alkaline Bone.”

. “Bone Meal”

. “Special Potash Manure.”

. “Wheat and Grass Fertilizer.”

. “General Crop Special.”

LEIB, J. C., & CC., Stewartstown, Pa.

1. “Gemmill’s Mixture.”

LETHERBURY, D. A., Chester, Pa.
1. “Chester Brand Bone Phosphate.”

91%

No. 405 Drexel Building, Philadelphia,

920 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

LEVAN, DANIEL, Lebanon, Pa.

1. “Wheat and Grass Special.”

2. “Keystone Bone Fertilizer.”

. “Bone and Potash Compound.”
. “Special Corn Fertilizer.”
“Wheat and Grass Fertilizer.”’
. “Lebanon Special Fertilizer.”
. “General Crop Grower.”

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LISTER’S AGRICULTURAL CHEMICAL WORKS, Newark, N. J.

1. “Lister’s Animal Bone and Potash.”

. “Lister’s Animal Bone and Potash No. 2.”

. “Lister’s Corn and Potato Fertilizer.”

. “Lister’s Success Feftilizer.”

“Lister’s Standard Pure Bone Super-Phosphate of Lime.”
“Lister’s Corn and Potato Fertilizer No. 2.”
“Lister’s Special Corn Fertilizer.”

. “Lister’s Special 10 Per Cent. Potato Fertilizer.”

. “Lister’s “G’”’ Brand.”

. “Lister’s Special Crop Producer.”’

. “Lister’s Ammoniated Dissolved Bone Phosphate.”
. “Lister’s Harvest Queen Phosphate.”

. “Lister’s Potato Manure.”

. “Lister’s U. S. Super-Phosphate.”’

. “Lister’s Alkaline Bone.”

. “Lister’s Special Fertilizer for Wheat and Rye.”

. “Lister’s Celebrated Ground Bone Acidulated.”’

. “Lister’s Pure Raw Bone Meal.”

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McCALMONT & CO., Bellefonte, Pa.
i. “McCalmont & Co’s $25.00 Ammoniated Bone Super-Phosphate.”

MAPES FORMULA AND PERUVIAN GUANO CO., No. 143 Liberty Street, New
Works Newye

1. “Mapes Potato Manure.”

2. “Mapes Tobacco Starter Improved.”

3. “Mapes Tobacco Manure (Wrapper Brand).”

4. “Mapes Fruit and Vine Manure.” :

5. “Mapes Vegetable Manure or Complete Manure for Light Soils.”
6. “Mapes Average Soil Complete Manure.”

7. “Mapes Economical Potato Manure.”’

8. “Mapes Caulifiower and Cabbage.”

9. “Mapes Corn Manure.”

10. ““Mapes Complete Manure, “A” Brand.”

11. “Mapes Complete Manure for General Use.”

12. “Mapes Ammoniated Dissolved Bone with Potash.”
13. “Mapes Cereal Brand.”

14. “Mapes Grain Brand.”

15. ‘Mapes General Crop Brand.”

16. “Mapes Top Dresser Improved—Half Strength.”

MARKEL, NOAH, Seitzland, Pa.
1. ‘“Markel’s Ammoniated Bone Phosphate.”

No.

2.
3.
4.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

“Markel’s Potato Grower.”
“Markel’s Electric Phosphate.”
“Markel’s Special Phosphate.”

MARTIN CoO., THE D. B., 1204 Land Title Building, Philadelphia, Pa.

if
2. “Pure Dissolved Animal Bone.”
3. “Ground Bone.”

4. “Gilt Edge Potato Manure.”

5.
6
tf
8
9

“Claremont Dissolved Bone and Potash.”

“Corn and Oats Special.”

. “Organic Compound.”

. “Extra Animal Bone and Potash.”’
» Crop. Producer.”

. “Martin’s Sure Grower.”

10.
inks

“Martin’s Complete Vegetable Manure.”
“Acid Phosphate.”

MEHRING, FREDERICK, Bruceville, Pa.

ile
2.
3.
4.

MILLER FERTILIZER COMPANY, No. 411 E. Pratt Street,

ef
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“Dissolved Raw Bone.”
“Twenty-Six Dollar Phosphate.”
“General Crop Grower.”

“Acid Phosphate.”

. “Ammoniated Dissolved Bone.”
. “Harvest Queen.”

. “Special Potato.”

. “Hustler Phosphate.”

“WwW. G. Phosphate.”

. “Standard Phosphate.”
. “Clinch Phosphate.”

“South Carolina Rock.”
“W. & A. Tiger Bone Stock.”

. “Ground Bone.”

Baltimore, Md.

MORTIMER, EDMUND, & CO., No. 13 William Street, New York, N. yee

“Genuine Peruvian Guano.’’

MOWREY-LATSHAW HARDWARE CO., THE, Spring City, Pa.

ile

“Red Clover Brand.”

MYERS, W. L. & H. L., Doylestown, Pa.

iL.

“Special Compound for all Crops.”

NASSAU FERTILIZER CO., No. 5 Beaver Street, New York, N. Y.

“Soluble Bone Phosphate.”

2. “Grass and Grain Fertilizer.”

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. “Potash and Phosphate.”’

“Wheat and Grass Grower.”

. “General Favorite.”

921

6. “Nassau Practical.”
7. “Common Sense Fertilizer.”
8. “The Harvester.”
9. “Plow Brand.”

10. “Special Potato Fertilizer.”

11. “Gladiator Truck and Potato.”

NEWPORT, WILLIAM C., & CO., Willowgrove, Pa.

. “Evan’s Brand Potato and Tobacco Manure.”
. “Rectified Phosphate.” -

. “Gilt Edge Potato and Tobacco Manure.”

. “Fish, Bone and Potash.”

“Farmers’ Ammoniated Bone Phosphate.”
. “Grain and Grass Special.”

. “Soluble Bone and Potash.”

. “Acid Phosphate.”

. “Bone Meal.”

. “No. 1 Bone Phosphate.”

. “Truckers’ Joy.”

12. “Potato, Tobacco and Truck Guano.’’

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POD ONDO PR wD

13. “Special Compound.”
14. “Top Notch Brand.”

15. “Clear Acid Phosphaie.”’
16. “Frog Brand Guano.”
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OBER, G., & SONS, No. 33 S. Gay Street, Baltimore, Md.

1. “Ober’s Special Plant Food.”

2. “Ober’s Farmers’ Mixture.”

3. “Ober’s Dissolved Bone Phosphate and Potash.”

4, “Ober’s Dissolved Bone Phosphate.” ;

5. “Ober’s Independent Ammoniated Super-Phosphate.”’
6. “Ober’s Standard Potash Compound.”

OHIO FARMERS’ FERTILIZER CoO., Columbus, O.

. “Superior Phosphate.”

. “Soluble Bone and Potash.”

. “General Crop Fish Guano.”

. “Corn, Oats and Wheat Fish Guana.”

“Wheat Maker and Seeding Down.’’ -
“Ammoniated Bone and Potash.”’

“Alkaline Bone:’’

“Wxcelsior Guano,’’

. ‘Raw Bone Meal,’’

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OSCEOLA FERTILIZER COMPANY, Osceola Mills, Pa.

1. ‘Pie Brand Ground Bone.’’
2. “Ideal Manure.”’

OXFORD PACKING WORKS, Oxford, Pa.
1. “O. P. W. Magic Top Dresser.’

No, 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

“O. P. W. Number One.”
“O. P. W. Number Two.”
“QO. P. W. Number Three.”
. “O. P. W. Number Four,”

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PATAPSCO GUANO COMPANY, P. O. Box 213, Baltimore, Md.

1. ‘““Patapsco Pure Ground Bone.”

2. “Patapsco Soluble Bone and Potash.”

3. “Patapsco Fish Guano.”

4. “Patapsco Special Wheat Compound.”

5. “Sea Gull Guano.”

6. “Coon Brand Guano.”

7. “Baltimore Soluble Phosphate.”’

8. “Baltimore Pure Dissolved S. C. Bone.”
9. “Grange Mixture.”

10. “Patapsco Grain and Grass Producer.”’
11. ‘“Patapsco Early Trucker.”
12. “Patapseco Tobacco and Potato Fertilizer.”
13. “Patapsco Corn and Tomato Fertilizer.”’
14, “Patapsco High Grade Bone and Potash.”

15. “Battle Axe Phosphate.”

PATTERSON FERTILIZER CO., No. 4025 Market Street, Philadelphia, Pa.

1. “Patterson’s Mineral Compound.”

PENNSYLVANIA AMMONIA AND FERTILIZER CoO., LIM., Harrisburg, Pa.

1. “Potato, Vegetable and Tobacco.”
. “Dauphin Brand.”

. “Capital Bone Super-Phosphate.”
. “Royal Mixture.”

. “Soluble Bone and Potash.”

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PERKINS, J. DOUGLASS, Coatesville, Pa.

1. “Perkins’ Monarch Phosphate.”
2. ‘Perkins’ Special Bone Manure.”
3. “Perkins’ Globe Phosphate.”

4. “Perkins’ Acidulated Phosphate.”

PIEDMONT-MT. AIRY GUANO CO., THE, No. 109 Commerce
more, Md.

. “Levering’s Standard.”

. “Piedmont High Grade S. C. Bone.”

. “Piedmont Royal Ammoniated Bone and Potash.”
. “Piedmont Pure Raw Bone Mixture.”
“Levering’s Harvest Queen.”

“Tevering’s [XL Phosphate.”

. “Diamond (S) Soluble Bone.”

“Piedmont Pennsylvania Potato Producer.”’
. “Piedmont Special Potash Goods.”
“Levering’s Ammoniated Bone.”’
“Piedmont Bone Meal.”

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Street, Balti-

924 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

PITTSBURG PROVISION CO., Pittsburg, Pa.

1. “No. 1 Pure Raw Bone Meal.”

2. “Pure Raw Bone Meal.”

3. “Crescent Butchers’ Ground Bone.”
4, “Pure Bone with Potash.”

5. “Corn and Potato Fertilizer.”

6. ‘Keystone Fertilizer.”

7. “Guano Fertilizer.”

8. “Acid Phosphate.”

9. “Phosphate and Potash.”

10. “Tobacco Special.”

POLLOCK, R. H., No. 51 S. Gay Street, Baltimore, Md.
1. “Dissolved S. C. Bone.”
2. “Victor Bone Phosphate.”
8. “Superior Corn and Tomato Fertilizer.”
4. “Owl Brand Guano.”
5. “Special Potato and Tobacco Fertilizer.”
6. “Special Wheat Grower.”
7. “Ammoniated Bone Phosphaie.”’
8. “Soft Ground Bone.”
9. “Dissolved Animal Bone.”

POWELL, W. S., & CO., No. 300 Water Street, Baltimore, Md.
1. “Dissolved S. C. Bone.”

PUGH & LYON, Oxford, Pa.

1. “Ground Raw Bone.”
2. “Bone Phosphate.”

RAMSBURG FERTILIZER COMPANY, Frederick, Md.
1. “Excelsior Plant Food.”
2. “Old Virginia Compound.”

“Ammoniated Bone Phosphate.”

. “Alkaline Phosphate.”

. “Dissolved Bone Super-Phosphate.”

. “Ramsburg’s Queen.”

RASIN-MONUMENTAL COMPANY, No. 300 Water Street, Baltimore, Md.
. “Rasin’s Empire Guano.”

. “Rasin’s Ammoniated Super-Phosphate.”’

. “Rasin’s Bone and Potash Fertilizer.”

. “Rasin’s Acid Phosphate.”

“Rasin’s IXL Fertilizer.”

. “Special Formula for Corn and Buckwheat.”

. “Seawall Special.”

. “XXV Fertilizer.”

. “Potato Manure.”

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RAUH, E., & SONS, No. 419 S. Penn Street, Indianapolis, Ind.
1. “Dissolved Bone and Potash.”
2. “Soluble Bone.” bd
3. “Ideal Phosphate.”

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 925

REESE, JACOB, No. 400 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa.
1. “Odorless Slag Phosphate.”

REICHARD, J. G., & BRO., Allentown, Pa.

1. “The Lehigh Potato Manure.”
2. “Surpass Phosphate.”
3. “Little Giant Phosphate.”

ROCHESTER FERTILIZER WORKS, THE, Moosic, Pa.

. “Blood and Bone Guano.”

. “Blood and Bone X. X.”

. “Genesee Guano.”

. “Vegetable Phosphate.”
“Universal Phosphate.”
“Pure Ground Bone.”
“Alkaline Bone Guano.”

. “Dissolved Bone Phosphate.”
. “Animal Tankage.”

. “Bone and Potash.”

SALH, GEORGE F. (Sandiford), Philadelphia, Pa.
1. “Geo. F. Sale’s Special Manure for all Crops.”

SCHAAL-SHELDON FERTILIZER COMPANY, Erie, Pa.

1. “Sheidon’s Empire.”

2. “Sheldon’s Farmers’ Favorite.”

3. “Schaal’s Standard.”

4. “Sheidon’s Grass, Grain and Potato.”
5. Schaal’s Corn and Potato.”

6. “Sheldon’s Guano.”

7. “Schaal’s Pure Bone Meal.”

8. “Dissolved Bone and Extra Potash.”
§. “Dissolved Bone and Potash.”

10. “Dissolved Bone.”

11. “Truckers’ Manure.”’

12. “Onion and Cabbage.”

SCHMUCHER, A. B., Hazleton, Pa.
1. “Hazel Brand.”

SCIENTIFIC FERTILIZER CO., THH, Pittsburg, Pa.

1. “Scientific Corn and Grain Fertilizer.”

2. “Scientific Economy.”

3. “Scientific Bone, Meat and Potash Fertilizer.”
4. “Scientific Potato Fertilizer.”

5. “Scientific Dissolved Bone Fertilizer.”

6. “Scientific Phosphate and Potash Fertilizer.”
7. “Bone and Meat.”

8. “Pure Raw Bone Meal.”

9. “Scientific Wheat and Clover Fertilizer.”

10. “Scientific Grain Grower.”

11. “Scientific Bone and Potash Fertilizer.”

12. “Patrons’ Special.”

926 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

SCOTT FERTILIZER CO., THE, Elkton, Pa.

. “Sure Growth Super-Phosphate.”
. “Standard Phosphate.”

. “Elk-Head Super-Phosphate.”’

. “Corn and Oats Grower.”

. “Tip Top Soluble Bone.”

. “Potato Grower.”

. “Wheat and Grass Grower.”
“Tip Top and Potash.”

. “Sure Growth Compound.”

. “Kyitch’s Special for Grain and Grass.”’
. “Grain Special.”

. “Potato and Truck Special.”

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SHENANDOAH FERTILIZER COMPANY, THH, Shenandoah, Pa.

1, “Ringtown Clover.”

2. “Gold Eagle.”

3. “N. & S. Complete Clover.”’
. “Pure Ground Bone.”

5. “Shenandoah Brand.”

SHOEMAKER, M. L., & CO., Cor. Delaware Avenue and Venango Streets,
Philadelphia, Pa.

. “Swift Sure Phosphate for General Use.”

“Swiit Sure Phosphate for Potatoes.”

“Swift Sure Phosphate for Tobacco.”

“Swift Sure Special 10 Per Cent. Potato Fertilizer No. 1.”
. “Swift Sure Special 10 Per Cent. Potato Fertiiizer No. 2.”
. “Swift Sure Guano for Tomatoes, Truck and Corn.”

. “Swift Sure Guano for Fall Trade.”

. “Swift Sure New Jersey Special for Oats.”

. “Swift Sure New Jersey Special for Wheat and Clover.”

. “Swift Sure Bone Meal.”

. “Swift Sure Dissolved Bone.”

. “Good Enough Phosphate.”’

. “Echo Phosphate.”

. “Twenty-Three Dollar Phosphate.”

. “Dissolved S. C. Rock.”

. “Pure Raw Bone Meal.”

. “Dissolved Bone and Potash.”’

. “Pure Raw Ground Bone.”

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SICKLER, CHAS. A., & BRO., Wilkes-Barre, Pa.

1. “Special Manure for Potatoes and Vegetables.”’
2. “Vegetable and Vine Fertilizer.”

3. “Empire Phosphate.”

4. “King Phosphate.”

5. “Monarch Phosphate.”

6. ‘““Pure Ground Bone.”

7. “Graves Potato and Tobacco Manure.”’

8. “Peerless Phosphate.”’

9. “Empire Lawn Fertilizer.”

10. ‘‘“Muriate of Potash.”

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

SIMON, F. A., Maud P. O., Pa.

1. “Truck and Corn.”
2. “Potato Grade.”
3. “General Use.”

SLAGLE, E. A., Paxinos, Pa.

yi: “Xtra Bone Phosphate.”
2. “Crop Grower.”

SMYSER, H. H., York, Pa.

1. “Chicago Soluble Bone.”

2. “Chicago Crop Grower.”

3. “Chicago Bone and Tankage.”
4. “Chicago Bone and Potash.”

SOUTHERN FERTILIZER COMPANY, York, Pa.

1. “Ox Brand Ammoniated Dissolved Bone.”
. “Ox Brand Special Potato Grower.”

. “Ox Brand General Crop Grower.”

. “Ox Brand Farmers’ Choice Brand.”

“Ox Brand Dissolved Bone Phosphate.’’
“Bone and Potash Mixture.”

. “Royal Wheat and Grass Grower.”

. “Farmer’s Mixture.”

STANDARD GUANO COMPANY, P. O. Station “G,” Baltimore, Md.

1. “F. R: and P. Guano.”
2. “Standard Guano.”

STERNER, E. H., Codorus, Pa.

1. “Sterner’s Dissolved Bone Phosphate.”

SWIFT & COMPANY, Union Stock Yards, Chicago, Ill.

. “Swift’s Super-Phosphate.”

. “Swift’s Complete Fertilizer.”

. “Swift’s Pure Raw Bone Meal.”

. “Swift’s Bone Meal.”

“Swift's Diamond (S) Phosphate.”

“Swift's Onion and Potato and Tobacco Special.”
. “Swift’s Special Bone Meal.”

. “Swift’s Champion Wheat and Corn Grcewer.”
. “Swift’s Special Phosphate and Potash.”

. “Swift’s Garden City Phosphate.”

. “Swift’s Bone and Potash.”

CONRAN PRwOND

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TAYLOR PROVISION COMPANY, THE, Trenton, N. J.

. “Special Potato.”

“High Grade Corn and Truck.”
“Ammoniated Dissolved Bone and Potash.”
. “Bone Tankage and Potash.”

928 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doce.

TEMPIN, J. M., Honeybrook, Pa.

1. “No. 3. Farmers’ Complete Fertilizer.”’
2. “No. 4. Atlas Brand.”

8. “No.5. High Grade Acid Phosphate.”’
4. “No. 8. High Grade Potash Manure.”

THOMAS, D. A., Hagerstown, Md.

1. “Thomas’ Bone Mixture.’’
2. ““Thomas’ Mixture.”
3. “Dissolved Bone Phosphate.”

THOMAS, JAMES, Williamsport, Pa.

1. ‘Thomas’ High Grade Bone Super-Phosphate.”

2. “Thomas’ Klondike Brand.”

3. ‘“Thomas’ Special Compound for Wheat, Oats, Corn and Grass.”
4. “Thomas’ Standard Bone Phosphate.”

5. “Thomas’ Florida Bone Phosphate.”

6. “Thomas’ Dissolved Florida Bone and Potash Phosphate.”

7. “Thomas’ Fish, Bone and Potash Potato and Tobaeco Manure.”
8. “‘Thomas’ Dissolved Soluble Bone Phosphate.”

THOMAS, I. P., & SONS COMPANY, No. 2 8. Delaware Avenue, Philadelphia,
Pa.

. “S$. C. Phosphate.”

. “Karmers’ Choice Bone Phosphate.”
. “Normal Bone Phosphate.”’

. “Improved Super-Phosphate.”

. “Special Corn Fertilizer.”

. “Alkaline Bone.”

. “Special Alkaline Bone.”

. “Dissolved Phosphate.” |

. “Tip Top Raw Bone Super-Phosphate.”
. “Pure Ground Animal Bone.”

. “Potato Fertilizer.”

12. “Champion Bone Phosphate.”

13. “Superior Super-Phosphate.”’

14. “Special Truckers’ Fertilizer.”

15. “Wheat and Corn Fertilizer.”

16. “Raw and Acidulated Bone.”

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TRENTON BONE FERTILIZER CO., Trenton, N. J.
1. “Trenton Corn Mixture.”
2. “Trenton $32.00 Potato Manure.”
3. “Trenton Special Potato Manure.”
4. “Trenton XX Brand Fertilizer.”
5. “Trenton Potato Manure.”

TRINLEY, JACOB, Linfield, Pa.

1. ‘Pure Raw Bone Meal.”

. “Pure Raw Bone Super-Phosphate.”
“Grain and Grass Grower.”

. “Ravene Bone Phosphate.”
“Soluble Bone and Potash.”

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No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 929

TUNNELL, F. W., & CO., No, 15 N. Fifth Street, Philadelphia, Pa.

1. “Electrical Soluble Bone.”

“Soluble Bone and Potash.”

. “Universal Grower.”

. “Excelsior Phosphate.”

“TI. X. L. Guano.”

“Ammoniated Bone Phosphate with Potash.”’
“H. G. Truck and Potato Guano.”

“Raw and Acidulated Animal Bone.”

. “Royal Wheat Grower.”

“Ammoniated Dissolved Bone and Potash.”
11. “Re-sieved Phosphate.”

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TUSCARORA FERTILIZER CO., Lock Box No. 541, Baltimore, Md.

1. “Ammoniated Phosphate.”

. “Tuscarora Standard.”

2 Bie; (4) Brand.”

“Animal Bone.”

“Bone and Potash.”

. “Tuscarora Bone Phosphate.”
. “Acid Phosphate.”

. “Tuscarora Potato.”

. “Tuscarora Phosphate.”

TUSTIN, I. J., Phoenixville, Pa.

1. “Pickering Valley Special for Potatoes.”
2. “Pickering Valley Special.”
3. “Pickering Valley High Grade.”

TYGERT, THE J. E., COMPANY, No. 42 S. Delaware Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa.

1. “Bone Phosphate.”

“Pure Ground Bone.”

. “Soluble Bone and Potash.”
. “Potato Guano.”
“Ammoniated Super-Phosphate.”
. “Popular Phosphate.”

. “Golden Harvest Phosphate.”
. “Acid Phosphate.”

. “Gold Edge Potato Guano.”

. “Early Truck Guano.”

. “Standard Bone Phosphate.”

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ULMER, JACOB, PACKING COMPANY, Pottsville, Pa.
1. “Ulmer’s Blood, Meat and Bone Super-Phosphate.”

UNIONTOWN FERTILIZER WORKS, Uniontown, Pa.

1. “Fell’s Pure Ground Bone.”
2. “Fell’s Gold Premium Bone Phosphate.”

WAHL, EMIL, MANE’G CO., Nos. 3970-3986 Pulaski Avenue (Nicetown), Phil-
adelphia, Pa.
1. “Emil Wahl’s Warranted Pure Philadelphia Button Bone Dust.”

59—6—1903

930 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

WALKER, STRATMAN & COMPANY, Herr’s Island, Allegheny, Pa.

. “Four-Foid.”

. “Grain King.”

. “Big Bonanza.”

. “Potato Special.”

. “Meat, Blood and Bone with Potash.”
. “Help-Mate.”

. “Phosphoric Acid and Potash.”
“Bone and Meat.”

. “Pure Raw Bone Meal.”

. “Acid Phosphate.”

. “Grain Manure.”

. “Potash and Bone Phosphate.”

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WALKER, J. C., & SON, Gap, Pa.

1. “Pride of Pequea.”
2. “Pride of Peauea, High Grade.”

WARNER, S. F., Indiana, Pa.
i “Marl Fertilizer.”

WHANN, W. E., William Penn P. O., Pa.

. ‘Special Potato and Truck Fertilizer.” : °
. “Raw Bone Super-Phosphaie.”

. “Wish and Potash Fertilizer.”

. “Ammoniated Super-Phosphate.”

“No. 2 Ammoniated Super-Phosphate.”

. “Special Ammoniated Super-Phosphate.”

. “Soluble Bone and Potash.”

. “Available Ammoniated Super-Phosphate.”

. “South Carolina Phosphate.” aaa
. “Sweet Potato and Celery Mixture.”

. “Pure Ground Bone.”

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WHANN, JOHN, & SON, No. 28 8S. Delaware Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa. aoa

1. “Our Brand Raw Bone Phosphate.”

“A. A. Acid Phosphate.”

. “J. W. & S. Special Mixture.”

. “Reliable Ammoniated Super-Phosphate.”’

. “Whann’s Soluble Bone and Potash.”

“Whann’s No. 1. Ammoniated Bone Phosphate.”
. “Pure Ground Bone.”

. “Imperial Potato Manure.”

WILLS, CHAS. T., Parnassus, Pa.

1. “Special Compound for Vegetables, Grain and Grass.”’

WOOLDRIDGE, THE R. A., COMPANY, No. 33 S. Gay Street, Baltimore, Md.

1. “Florida Acid Phosphate.”
2. “German Potash Mixture.”
3. “Liberty Bell Potash Mixture.”

“1 > Ol >

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

. “Champion Giant Phosphate.”

. “Chieftain Bone Stock Phosphate.”
. “Triumph Pure Bone Phosphate.”
. “Tuckahoe Bone Meal.”

YORK CHEMICAL WORKS, York, Pa.

u,
re
. “Prosperity.”

. “Harvest Queen.”

“Plow Brand.”
“Standard.”

“Pure Dissolved Bone.”
“Ammoniated Raw Bone.”’

. “York Special.”

. “Standard Potash.”

. “New York.”

. “Half and Half.”

. “Red Cross.”

. “Black Cross.”

. “Wheat Special.”

. “Dissolved Phosphate.”
. “Special Tobacco.”’

. “Potato and Truck Special.”
. “Pure Ground Bone.”

ZEIGLER, E. H., & CO., Stewartstown, Pa.

le
2. “Zeigler’s Potato Phosphate.”
3:

4. “Zeigler’s Crop Grower.”

“Bone Phosphate.”

“Zeigter’s Mixture.”

ZOOK, HENRY S., Elverson, Pa.

ifs
2.
3.

“No. 5. Pride of Chester Corn, Oats and Wheat Fertilizer.”’
“No. 6. Pride of Chester Dissolved Animal Bone Phosphate.”

931

“No. 7. Pride of Chester Dissolved Animal Bone Phosphate for General

Use.”

. “No. 4. “Zook’s Clear Acid Phosphate.”

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

932

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933

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937

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

No. 6.

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7 = . =

NNSYLVANIA.

COMMONWEALTH OF PE

OFFICERS FOR 1904.

PRESIDENT.

Hon. Samuel W. Pennypacker, Governor.

' VICE PRESIDENT.

Dr. B. H. Warren, Dairy and Food Commissioner. —

TREASURER.

» Hon. N B. Critchfield, Secretary of Agriculture.

SECRETARY.

. Dr. Leonard Pearson, State Veterinarian.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 929

OFFICERS OF THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE
GRANGE, 1904.

Master, W. F. Hill, Mont Alto, Franklin county.

Overseer, Hon, A. C. Barrett, New Milford, Susquehanna county.
Lecturer, A. M. Cornell, Altus, Bradford county.

Steward, H. M. Gooderham, Patton, Cambria county.

Assistant Steward, Harry H. Pratt, Goshenville, Chester county.
Chaplain, Rev. H. G. Teagarden, Punxsutawney, Jefferson county.
Treasurer, S. EH. Nivin, Landenberg, Chester county.

Secretary, J. T. Ailman, Thompsontown, Juniata county.
Gatekeeper, Wallace Chase, Fall Brook, Tioga county.

Ceres, Mrs. V. B. Holiday, Crooked Creek, Tioga county.
Pomona, Mrs. Mary Fisher, Lincoln University, Chester county.
Flora, Miss Florence Rhone, Centre Hall, Centre county.

L. A. S., Mrs. Della Hunsinger, Colley, Sullivan county.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.

I, Frank Chandler, Toughkenamon, Chester county.
Hon. Louis Piollet, Wysox, Bradford county.
G. W. Oster, Osterburg, Bedford county.

FINANCE COMMITTEE

D. B. McWilliams, Burnham, Mifflin county.
S. B. Brown, Sulphur Springs, Bedford county.
John T. Patton, Warriors Mark, Huntingdon county.

LEGISLATIVE COMMITTER.

W. F. Hill, Mont Alto, Franklin county.
Hon. W. T. Creasy, Catawissa, Columbia county.
Hon. S. R. Brunges, Tunkhannock, Wyoming county.

940 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off.. Doc.

STATE FARMERS’ ALLIANCE AND INDUS-
TRIAL UNION.

OFFICERS FOR 1904.

W. A. Gardner, President, Andrews Settlement, Pa.

Jacob J. Miller, Vice President, Waynesboro, Pa.

L. W. Smith, Secretary and Business Agent, Hast Benton, Pa.
Andrew Storry, Treasurer, R. F. D. No. 9, Meadville, Pa.

LECTURERS.

District No. 1, Northeast—C. W. Brodhead, Montrose; comprising the coun-
ties of Tioga, Susquehanna, Wyoming, Pike, Montour, Columbia, Monroe,
Bradford, Wayne, Sullivan, Lackawanna, Union, Northumberland, Luzerne
and Carbon.

District No. 2, Northwest—Anna L. Teed, Black Ash; comprising the coun-
ties of Erie, Warren, Potter, Venango, Elk, Clinton, Butler, Jefferson, Craw-
ford, McKean, Mercer, Forest, Cameron, Lawrence, Clarion and Centre.

District No. 3, Southwest—R. J. Nedamyer, St. Lawrence; comprising the
counties of Beaver, Armstrong, Cambria, Huntingdon, Somerset, Washington,
Fayette, Allegheny, Indiana, Blair, Mifflin, Westmoreland, Greene, Bedford
and Clearfield.

District No. 4, Southeast—D. M. Omwake, Greencastle; comprising the coun-
ties of Snyder, Perry, Lebanon, Berks, Northampton, Franklin, York, Ches-
ter, Bucks, Juniata, Dauphin, Schuylkill, Adams, Lehigh, Lancaster, Dela-
ware, Montgomery and Philadelphia.

EXECUTIVE BOARD.

G. W. Kilmer, Monroeton.

W. K. Salisbury, Upsonville.

G. M. Branthaver, Chambersburg.
Charles Brelsford, Williamsport.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 941

PENNSYLVANIA HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

FOUNDED 1827.

OFFICERS FOR THE YEAR 1904.

PRESIDENT.
James W. Paul, Jr.

VICE PRESIDENTS.

James M. Rhodes, Edward Le Boutillier,
Henry F. Michell, Dr. George Goebel.
TREASURER.
S. W. Keith.
SECRETARY.

David Rust, Horticultural Hall, Broad Street, below Locust, Philadelphia.

PROFESSOR OF BOTANY.

Stewardson Brown,

PROFESSOR OF HORTICULTURAL CHEMISTRY.

Dr. Persifor Frazer.

PROFESSOR OF ENTOMOLOGY.

Dr. Henry Skinner.

PROFESSOR OF BIOLOGY.
Dr. Ida A. Keller.

EXECUTIVE COUNCIL.

Robért Craig, William K. Harris,
John McCleary, John W. Pepper,
Dr. J. Cheston Morris, John Westcott.

MEMBER OF THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.
Edwin Lonsdale.
HOUSE COMMITTEE.
Cc. Hartman Kuhn,

William F.. Dreer, James M. Rhodes.

LIBRARIAN.
David Rust.

942 ANNUAL REPORT.OF THE Off. Doc.

THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE AGRICULTURAL
SOCIETY.

OFFICERS AND COMMITTEES FOR 1904.

PRESIDENT.
Hiram Young, York.

FIRST VICE PRESIDENT.

C. H. Bergner, Harrisburg.
VICE PRESIDENTS.

MPD NECOS WiOOTHEES 2 San Seis cree cictere odes «Sess ertnken Seetebeere = aisle Philadelphia.
2- William) EH. Wanamaker ie. tcle ccs adeee sic ka Gel hia.
3. Benjamin, IS. Roun Kles se. .e eb ee sete eee adel pinta
45 Israel W. Durbam,. 25 cee. scyscsrac iets se eres eaiee seis Philadelphia.
Dimas ds CASSALE, c.ohin coembietaru: tc Secon eeeet ns mueees tee LL aaelpihiasr
GomWi eRe TCAS Varicose ne ete eee: cri an CCA LSSae

Tf aDavid) Yar WalSON se -.c.ce ee ds. eR E ee eee COCHTANS Viner
SaSamuel W.. Pennypacker #20... cam eens san eters ELALrisbure:
9

Mains tl.) POSTUS Diciem ater cds cin welt cereis eens staereiepacrante Drumore.
TOS MOUS Al WAtTeSay wi ecsie tsi ce tenure. oe 6 Mies he gisea. ae Scranton.
ASA. VOUS. 5) cterefars vast ay shetenete tie lar sete leis) £5 ofeteobe iejeer ati eiage Millville.
OPED EAs COLVIN cierslere are ce side te cithew tetra inva cacvagatatare volute vere Dalton.
Nee SOc OO ELEZ Oe scree ere ee Sis) sta eee seeks RT aro oneal's ee Slate Reading.
TOO) (ei BB ads Fh on er eae ae ce eR nn ee Pp cet Granville Centre.
MR AGy ADE PAY wes stas cake stomata RE SEE OS eT OS erIC . Pottsville,
GERI OSLBAS. EN OTY. orrcps mesa cx wisieia aisle wie fecha Mice tere remea iteeies Cedar Springs.
(easSami1el VBSrKIMDINEG sis clots oleae Seis tie.ay out fe eve, Shay aiele ene oa ele Northumberland.
1b B al Cad & Beng) 612) gia c=) oo ee wen 5 oOo CCC RR ae Tern ouG Harrisburg.
193g: Be Critchfield, sia che Oe cee cistirs ce De rari Ss Dunes
202 James: Ao uStahnle® <e, wc oss ae ee oes cess ee York.
Vite NVO. TPartersOn:s © a:dcetes cece susie ela Pe inacoee sos ...state College.
Dee!) ct EQNS TD UGE CH, OF, 3,0 ors tates ceteris ccla'e, toes ere ie ane oor ehaete North Liberty.
2S LN OVIMCOMs. «« tent ek aos acini deicere eee omence Et alLVelwe
Dae ASS Tose Wi antint sae <e poets eet ae Gace cial ee ee One ote . Harrisburg.
Zoe Wit. CPOWE)D, Ametaers com cas cats 1c eee COR anes .. Springboro.
26s James At Beavers bate inate memes tie seco eaten .-.. Bellefonte.
dos: “Ci Sibley, «standouts. nccuutyaueen.. ieee se MeRUV Ine:
29> ©nas. A. StONGy }.0<s.c2.06 dele oRereunl s Uln aa see eehiok ceie MUA ELeDs
DOM IOS! 4SDECCE?) Ghesmns acsieeiec cet oscmretie tie LL US DUE.
BUSS Wit cAS STONE.» saat ce. aot tint Poa ae Ee Pittsburg.
Se OT MELATAUECON YS <5 Mess cere i eiecxiort balatcre crated auntie eetclare State College.

ene a VV ACIMIET Sc esis ak Me are, SRB co ake teta Ntaeme searcyeape aia eye Pittsburg.

7 Meee PF nee,

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 943

ADDITIONAL MEMBERS EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.

Ad SLAC RO ORS sy boc wralaizivie scare 5's) +'S eno vio pute © Ripe Sle st eae Harrisburg.
Thos. W. FRAUDGIROTLORG eisai alse +: o.a:aioisinatalede o.nierctsene acetemaciana Harrisburg.
SU TY TONS ER TTR ISOL © ih a-0 aciaidts, viyjere save, sae Raenety ate Nt art 01a" 5 0's. le aateremmts Harrisburg.
Nhs AD 18521) &] oY) ae a A 0 Nee ad eA i, 5 Harrisburg.
RR INISISI OY 5). xe sto.s.c Ries oereteeieeceres ss sid wip Bites cis 2 sye/es eae ereie Hummelstown.

CORRESPONDING AND RECORDING SECRETARY.

IMME MEINISSLOW Se. , Soeicie cothslubctertinaieircry «ait WEG \ee ocie: « ecers’ Sevecate otatePare Hummelstown.

CHEMIST AND GEOLOGIST.

EL Mm CUT TCO Mae tr syercteeay = silcle ‘ilctel«.clisjsvovetoferetels: oteissic‘eie ie! avelelerele(e Harrisburg.
LIBRARIAN.
UST Ta mE EC CLIC GI Be kien Cate rain cuoce 1 wie,s fale ei atd otoreisel sled eval afeisistele Harrisburg.

COMMITTEE ON ARRANGEMENTS.

EAU EAIT MAO LITE inc eet ere nies sis icne ct crete Yon: cste ote! «:lotale' s olelo eile wisteveysioxs oh e York.
BILITY Sree etter axe Peichorers: ciottcls fete che a or slavaus cheicioncichete tole: ere¥ele. staid she Hummelstown.
PPV ORV VULS OTD.) feceteuavn)ere cls srsiniens)-\ cieversicyale oleic sieisielefeysieie evelere e/a 018.6 Cochransville.
ADV Sem: TlTe Ed oVSt OVC ome va page, 2.0 Tey arch ayayre. sis eve: «01 e%e elete syrare vars lave yee, o/elerehate Harrisburg.

MGS TEMES CSOT R CTa cr sess otek oh gfev aie) exe. 0 ctaveisl ol'eiei so: sree) ole! ature “sys, crater wi sieielel sie Harrisburg.

COMMITTEE ON LEGISLATION.

Se EPES UTED Cate MPN hcl ad sc <.sisie shale. o's. cr'seBeis oldie rebels % lalvecvetevelain viele, slauereers) oe Harrisburg.
‘OL IRL. IBGIRRIGICS Gy aUSSbanSs Od Sep aD no mOsornto a oomen Meme conc Harrisburg.
BURP SE ePCECT OL Ci iicte sii disis)/o10: 4. cles © leis’ 0 steve o\clsis:c/eteiocs susiaile wveie'erere's Harrisburg.
iL, We, TDG neon An oc pncrin oben ons Se AanN Sao nana renin ae Philadelphia.
PM irzeAT TMNT Meee tie < tcl e slies< slele.«isletslo (wee c'ai'e are 6 u/eie'e ols'e wreeioie York.

PE MINCEUUMDYACO TENT 2 3c) cts ciples helejstels fe cia eitueceia tsa rois, Sere atasa\e & seis euaiee York.

di, 12. TAUSRIEN ee Baia etog finn Some COS mIao COM CCC an oe aeInr rae Hummelstown.
AOE PES MENTION © i. cet eerederrerese| « velen cferapets) steveiteve tists rove e-els olete vols Harrisburg.
NEBL DUET CD LOUG!,.. ete tereystereigareittete cates we <6 oS 6 hier oeiowisie oe Harrisburg.

SNM GM CTNON CG. ccisasietes.0 arewietereice «fe iereie cau. 0's ce ateeictors vers Harrisburg.

944 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE: Off. Doc.

PENNSYLVANIA LIVE STOCK BREEDERS’ AS-
SOCIATION.

PRESIDENT.
Hon. W. C. Norton, Aldenville.

FIRST VICE PRESIDENT.

Dr. Leonard Pearson, Philadelphia.

SECOND VICE PRESIDENT.

M. P. Shoemaker, Greensburg.

SECRETARY.

E. S. Bayard, East End, Pittsburg.

TREASURER.
J. F. Lantz, Glenmoore.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.

W. G. Powell, Shadeland. William Berry, Washington.
Edward Walter, West Chester. George C. Watson, State College.
D. Norman App, Selinsgrove. James Bair, Hartstown.

The officers of the Association, ex-officio.

LEGISLATIVE COMMITTEE.

Dr. Thomas Turnbull, Allegheny. W. F. Gable, Altoona.
H. W. Comfort, Fallsington. S. E. Nivin, Landenburg.
R. L. Munce, Canonsburg. Henry Palmer, Avondale.

The President and Secretary, ex-officio.

COMMITTEE ON TRANSPORTATION.

T. E. Orr, Beaver. Jos. T. Fleming, Belleville.
Dr. J. Cheston Morris, Philadelphia. EF, C. Bosler, Carlisle.
F. J. McCain, Mercer.

COMMITTEE ON FAIRS.

W. C. Black, Mercer. Rev. J. D. Detrich, West Chester.
W. H. H. Riddle, Butler. W. EF. McSparran, Furniss.

J. L. Henderson, Washington. ~ L. D. May, Granville Center.

elt DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE COLLEGE.

SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURE.

1904.

FACULTY.

GEORGE W. ATHERTON, LL. D., President.

WILLIAM A. BUCKHOUT, M. 8§8., Acting Dean,

Professor of Botany and Horticulture.

HENRY PRENTISS ARMSBY, Ph. D.,

Lecturer on Stock Feeding.

WILLIAM FREAR, Ph. D.,

Professor of Agricultural Chemistry.

GEORGE C. WATSON, B. Agr., M. S.,

Professor of Agriculture and Superintendent of Correspondence Courses.

GEORGE C. BUTZ, M. &.,

Professor of Horticulture.

THOMAS I. MAIRS, M. &.,

Assistant Professor of Animal Industry.

OTHER INSTRUCTORS.

I. THORNTON OSMOND, M. &5., M. A.,

Professor of Physics.

LOUIS E. REBER, M. &.,

Professor of Mechanics and Mechanical Engineering.

GEORGE GILBERT POND, M. A., Ph. D.,
60—6—1903

945

be’ : 4s
f Chemistry and Director

FRED. E. FOSS, B. S., M. A.,
Professor of Civil*Engineering.
JOSEPH M. WILLARD, B. A.,
Professor of Mathematics.
FRED LEWIS PATTHE, M. A.,

; Professor of English and Rhetoric.
HARVEY A. SURFACE, M. S.,

Professor of Zoology.

M. EDWARD WADSWORTH, A. M., Ph. D.,

Professor of Mining and Geology.

M CARL D. FEHR, M. A.,

Professor of German.

‘ANNA E. REDIFER,

Assistant Professor of Industrial Art and Design.

IRVING L. FOSTER, M. A.,

Assistant Professor of Romance Languages.

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 947

THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE COLLEGE AGRI-
CULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

1O04.

ADVISORY COMMITTEE OF BOARD OF TRUSTEES.

Li HON. JOHN A. WOODWARD, Chairman, <...7.....-..-. Howard.

NOMA MEV VEEN TDN} WeSC) 8 Peter cfortes cin tein tcracevaici'e ove. of0 levsyese si Ssoraye oi stavae alerele) leliais o/s Bloomsurg.
Tes ree ON GAS ERD Se IV Tos Ds ie Flersivsa a‘ e's ave:as eb sic ss elaiere sieraiaeleusislelayelejalslealaveisiale Westgrove.
SVN easeD en eNO Vege Es ev EA DD Nes PS OIE hou ntt rats) aint vin terarslera s/c ossiove eieystaiel stste}a'e eielere o's) «(6 =16 Mont Alto.
GEO. W. ATHERTON, LL. D., President of the College, ........ State College.

HENRY PRENTISS ARMSBY, Ph. D., Secretary: of the Committee.

- OFFICERS AND ASSISTANTS.

THE PRESIDENT OF THE COLLEGE.

IBN DINU RAS TARA DINMMESSS JURIST oy) Gey a! 240 Dhaene GaGa nou NOnOnaUe CO sooue re ons Director.
OUR NTA OH Ee PANEL) (slay D Se L <tcieisc/orc clesereinr ele cicielc ose cis ele ose elie Vice Director and Chemist.
Ryaeaeney les leASIVEn Arey Es [| CuIRSET UES, IVE, Sig | Fiche erareess cienic oie w nicieie blo wlebsve in eiaieicieisieleteler’ ale Botanist.
RecistCO ED (Guia TAO ae EM anrVEs Sia crecet src steusteierere «vo <vo py simis: aisus's, elajeta\e, aie) Siete fate w/e aialate Horticulturist.
GCS Co. WATSON, Mi Sly cic. sdsdcsas.ccscesceeecsovasso sees ABTIGUlburist.
—_— Se ABOU DOB UROOn.OCO CHDOEDD Ud COD) 4 GODC OO SOOO OanOepaCcdr neon Dairy Husbandry.
\IUBIDIV AINE (OR aep NG RAR ON StS ONT Se coe oopeodaedanameoos Superintendent of the Farm.
VTS Sree Ac Cu AED ACER ING Es) GEV ASY cs fe ersisic sate ole slew pintels a Seeretary and Librarian.
AM Gi Te CERES ES. I igu isle clata clersiclccslsls «isis. 20 se ae Assistant in Animal Nutrition.
MITNIDMEOIS| Te WKOIDIOAWADIDIES NESS Boa pon enn Soodoe couopuIsd First Assistant Chemist.
eine Tee) TIVES Ete NGS ES UR, injec cies tiers cjeisivimsiclaise «le seins Assistant in Horticulture.
WATE WAU, GEly TEdG(Cge I Dia teenies Epo co Guo eC UOMOOn OURO SeeIemnODce « ssistant Chemist.
PARTOAVALIN ISG MEEEVIES OS HUEG 4 i soleeiercic crete ieiie,ofo/e'aleheierchelerer sis eitie'o aie ols Assistant in Agriculture.
PIUE TCO VEVIN GE Var ACE EEN RU EER y WES) (Ooty) acictepsts\siet cles oie's1s (0 2/ele's @\>
VWWHRDIDIU AI WE IBY RISK OW IB OSES ogor conoo ne OOUGoO COD OORE Assistant Chemists.
ORS BR SU AT PING HER, IM VAT Seis cin oe vse ccresncces
WINFRED W. BRAMAN, B.S., ........ Second Assistant in Animal Nutrition.
SS | SS COCCI O OOHRS DOADICG COC OOOO IGCIO SIS eErGe Fellow in Dairy Husbandry.
SPARNIEIC a F NUAIOICTARI Gyin'4 ganas ais -»oaee os Fellow in Agricultural Chemistry.
ECAC ECE CRV een oben ty DIVE Dies. C)IN 2 pe cvefetctste love nave cwvee tin cia) sist ei simeroisa cislecle's Laboratory Assistant.

Telegraph, Postoffice, Railroad and Express Station
STATE COLLEGE, CENTRE COUNTY, PA.
Telephone Connection.

The bulletins and reports of the Station will be mailed regularly, free of
charge, to all residents of the State who request it, so far as the supply will
permit. Address, Director of Experiment Station, State College, Centre County,
Pas

Visitors will be welcomed at all times and given every opportunity to inspect
the Station and all its departments.

OFFICIAL DOCUMENT, No.

INDEX BY AUTHORS.

ALVORD, MAJOR H. E., Dairying in this and foreign countries, ..............sseeseeeecees
ATWOOD, PROF. GEO. C., San José Scale and methods for its destruction,

PASEO Eh) Leta Se. ty Penne OL CHE LATIN: <:c:<1l ce <leicloleie/aelaieiniers sia viele leleisiersicictelessieilelc rele) olalsiale cates
BECK, HON. W. F., How to make reasonably sure of a successful crop of potatoes on
REA MUUTMESTONE SOM), © <<). . .c1e.cjo'ccicie‘ose's clsicisisisisieliese\eie Fatal. sid ale:slotoiatere ovetavaveimits elev eteie eisle.e « oieve eine cinrarsioe ai scatera meee
BRODHEAD, C. W., Practical and pathological horseshoeing,
BUCKHOUT, PROF. W. A., Report of Botanist for 1902,
EXE OLIEO ESO CANIS ted OF OOS Mate re cts stefactelalelele siayalotatetelerete st letetstalalel sinters isversiaveleteinintcletats aietersie laters felts ntelettia sieteieie
PUM N See Sem SLCC NES Deir Ol Vea meretetstelorateie ove mieteisieiebelomicletelovelare ais eleielclole cise eleie wjsicleleieteteloiciateievelclelaleleeteisiod ale
BUTZ, PROF. GEO. C., Growing fruits and vegetables for canning factories,
Facts about ginseng culture for fruit growers,

Cc.

CONARD,; DR. M. E., Report of Committee on live stock for 1902, ........0..ccesceee recesses
COOKE, PROF. WELLS W., The value of farm manure and how to retain it,............-.
Shallawemtertilnze snes land (OT st HemCLOD perl sale cis statoteixtstnte:oic/a(eiols oiejattie:eicieicva)si< eiatalers(eistels{a/sieis <takere sieisi<
COOPER, CALVIN, Reminiscences of fifty years among fruit trees,
COX, J. W., Easiest and most profitable way to grow potatoes,
CRITCHFIELD, HON. N. B. (Secretary of Agriculture):
ERS EI CHES OO Sos toto ercteteestayeteieirateiay stele ota vcYetersicie aieiereisteieratveYeleisistete.craioseyeya(eleleiatsiricisielerctceleiateisieists c\c/cie, sieinistslelnictarsteieieisierere
(Charo WEISS. eoosoaunoopoononpnso0us dad dodpoAnoebodbooodoEd bce odusoCUpbpuUocL UdbodudC conosco daCn
PENTRU ID LMR EV CULES LTSY eter tela ratcvoraterelateieiacsiare tn ottieyetaisieratciorereieistercleicreiera berate’ ole icleisiniessiel ofa lois mote ict lsiejohetateteletersie/eleteiorsteleratere
Evidences of improvement in agriculture,
WiOTk, Of the D epartnients) fic cisceticiciels «sexi clelee
Discouraging features of the year,
ATIC MILT Al ASSO CITA LIONS py lejels overs! slelsta: sie'elsis\els nYe/<leleleicicis e/e)ese]olole sicisinie\e/e/e[0]e\0(e]eje)+/alele/e e\=)\=\e/s'm1s/e(a(elaYetelstatelshs
Publications of the Department,
JN eae uihege whey le abeta phen GsSagnonocassede conan don pouCcdOoPeUUDHOL JOE CboLSOnuoU OE unbOSuscoécr
Address, annual meeting Farmers’ Institute Managers,

DEMMING, COL. HENRY C., Report of Mineralogist for 1902, ............:seee cere eee eee eens
Report Of Mineralogist fOr 1903, .........cccccececccccecceccescr teen eeer eter esestenasacssecesvens
DETRICH, REV. J. D., Feed, breed and care of the dairy animal, ..........-+.seeseeeeeeeeees
Twenty years’ experience in the science and art of a dairy herd,

ENGLE, ENOS B., Report of Committee on fruit and fruit culture for 1902, ................

FOX, CYRUS T., Report of Pomologist for TSOP coe fc venict cia ictaroeinn sistemeereels oie atns eanaie steruseielelsie
Report of Pomologist for 1903, ..........seceeeceee ese e este eect neers neste es een essence essen sseeees
Address, annual meeting State Horticultural Association, AGOS: | 5: saidis were: Natmatednlele as/a rsa atciats

FREAR, DR. WM., Report of Chemist for 1908, ....-..... sees cece cece ee ere eee t eee eee reece eee

FULTON, PROF. S. H., Fruits in cold storage, .....-.....eee sees eee eee teense ee tee eee teen es

FUNK, DR. J. H., The San José Scale, ........... eee cece eect eeee ete e eee e teen renee eens eee es
Pruning, fertilizing and thinning, ......... a aay ie icin otis olen, n c\avare Wiese a csi ernrere ceils emis tejate eivle cicrele/ae.erece -

252

233
536
769
590
803
556
791

950 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. (Doc:
H.
Page.
HAMILTON, PROF. JOHN, Address, annual meeting Farmers’ Institute Managers,........ 375
Address, annual meeting State Board of Agriculture, 1904, .............. mates aeseee Astin imi 518
HARMAN, T. D., What constitutes a practical education for a farmer, 429
HEIGES, PROF. S. B., Pennsylvania’s duty to its horticultural interests, pe 719
HIESTER, GABRIEL, What next? ..... DOr OO SRSORONC SonnGde Bacon HC ACaeS nObU co COUR AACA SOG OES oon 785
HOLMAN, A. T., How to grow and utilize the Indian corn plant og the best advantage, .. 694
HUNTER, HON. JOS. W., Our mew road Jaw, ....... 66 fs js aio, sinicle’s sya siete Duis ene sb statys Ac eee ees 657
HUTCHISON, G. G., Addres ss of welcome, annual meeting Farmers’ aawticute Nanviesera 311
i

ILLMAN, DR. G. Morton, A case of hydrophobia with autopsy, .............cceeecceeeeerves ? 153"
L.

LEDY, J. H., General fruit growing—how to take care of trees, ...............cceeeeseeeteee 462

Me eCuiture ia PENNSYLVANIA, fs.s aicjoloie afore icicles uicieYarciojatn'e)eiere stares seis crema hroteidynicieiete mraieve aibitebaiovete ee Tae 564
LEE, DR. BENJ., Report of Sanitarian for 1902, ve 210i 7.

Report ofasanitarian: fOr A903 sw. ciereteyele ticle siercicisheleisia nattiale werereieerereicere aie 604 :
LIGHDY, EE. 5w., Making: and jselling: fine dairy Bubters. < . cicies viclsaiiveciis «cece < -siciten sic etieeae 455 2
LONSDALE, EDWIN, Report of Committee on floriculture for 1902, ......................-. 263

Report of ‘Committee on floriculture Wor 1908. sic cote nerecciseoc occile tics cites selcissicels ele met tee 516

“

u -

!
McCARTY, DR. D. J., A pathology for forage poisoning of horses, ...........2........-+-s-0- 148
McDO Wit, PROB MM, (Ss eSoll vamos time. ccieceja0 1 sews oieieicictorsict wis) <ioreracarstereiei je scien oie eres a eee 340
McEARLAND: J. HORACE; Fruit trees and plants) for beauty, <.e2. sem. -nceeecae miei 810

McGOWAN, H. G., Report of Committee on commercial fertilizers, 1903, ..................5 524 ‘

Theiman) HDehinG THe plO ws. «<i. ctois\oreiciceteglelsecsclies o ceea arectelcteisic ia leievciataiele cieie wrale ele crarcre oleic Telecine eae tee 685
MARTIN, HON. A. L., (Deputy Secretary and Director of Farmers’ Institutes):

PREDOLUROL jy coisa: crarsiaieisie(ernreieseje’s, = alototalol slelolstoiei cis otajale’<jc a iniersvereislcloenerets tre ciowicioietcrs siaicterd hie < NTT ne etal a ee 23

General list of lecturers and essayists with their subjects, 2.0.0.5. cscveveswcsecis cideeeeon 24

Farmers’ institutes, season 1902-1903, ........... Mavoisicteteisisie/eiateicintels sisteleieractetevei sie oieveterete Te wie oti aloo 50

Apri cultural (SOCLEUICS iiacecercici rece) cratetose;u/<ieleternto aleve siv/a ies atoracsts etatetotstaie (ate avaletace fvateye s/esieleisis evereisteis ores steers 56

List of local agricultural societies and dates for holding fairs, 1903,..............-...20000 67

WO TODOLUG 07 raiatieclu wetsiet vies late crerese ioristere ale ihosa als eve) ctele alalevaretouats al oteroj ate aucte aver irerete Rp Ie Tein cic > Cater ena Tena 63

Address, annual meeting Farmers’ Institute Managers, 1908, .......5......scseeeeceeereces 317

Address, annual meeting State Board of Agriculture, 1904, ..............ccccesceccccccccees 529

Address, annual meeting State Horticultural Association, 19038, ................cseeseenseee 722

Mapulateds crop: TEPOrt fOr GSE ease csinie meters weiainie «ici asetoieinloletera aleralero(ereterets/orasic/s/oleletutajererelats ialeele i eroteenreiaes 932
MASSEY, PROF W. F., The southern cow meet and its probable place in the agriculture of

EN OHIMTC AIO SS EALCS c Secs yw sre os ciclelae atee eieretera sictatciote sierat sisielsie cre bleinia wie) sialace eleva marie et encoya/sfalnterels eects eee 273
MEEHAN, HON. S. MENDELSON, Beautification of waste places, ...........sscceseeceeeees 752

Mresh wateransh andi fish Cultures wacrern civics civics Oo leieiciew <icicleisicsse/ereioic © steleiene siatatelcte avs oisre ot tOat enero S11
MENGES, PROF. FRANKLIN, Feeding powers and habits of some agricultural plants, . 440
MILLER, JACOB S., Economy in feeding the farmer’s family, ..............ceececcecccecscece 21

N.
NELSON, J. W:, Report of ‘Committee’ on apiary for 1908) ~.<..,...s0-02..c sees vee e Ceeeee eee 613
NORTHUP, H. W., Report of Committee on dairy products for 1903, ...........-..ececcceee 507
Specialties: im Tain oye. sr. repjotar os vjaloteretavainiaieiclatapatela’ s1a(ain’s,siaiv atercva tee eyette tieiniore Selalvie oe ele ee ae toma 650
oO.
ORR, Le Bi, sBoul try sOUSES cease tissara.c ve arerets sieqate vib fe acoeclarens brawe arale ieterdiecs miei raieue a aeate ake cic oe ‘ 391
igh =
PARTON, J. Y.,, Breeding ‘and feeding opultry,,<-.2..<-.-e ences cece Mere c ceeine is eeeee eee 381
PRACEH Yi Ja F.,.. Che making Of @) LANM) © cactescesic.cis<:00s «Settle ola eee etdclawsis a cs ciate one ae 333
PEARSON, DR. LEONARD (State Veterinarian):

RGD ONG Olee ay cisieue: ofalaye nrutge ous iaie.Crato\s «, e\ntn.ipce.esoterginis ‘rvsewareteratovn tater tre jakaia ante stctevorsieretata tart thats areiol etalon eraeainents ete 87 =

Work of the Division? wT ele. a(os0'e binibloie. © oiSvs alors wiaue ole aimcere.vipvaleia ta pvorere munis Sie mid teraraie celet feast tatee tne 87

The raising of cattle in Pennsylvania, ................ iis G4 a9 waa ys oie as a aie eae v 89

No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

Work of laboratory of State Live Stock Sanitary Board, ...cccsccesccscssscceceeccceseecones
Development of dairy interests in Pennsylvania,
Expenditures of State Live Stock Sanitary Board,
NALA OVS wees eins vials a fica sieiele a6 4 BINS clue vie vaiawnd presMta iersiotalarain a's ataver= cla ASG SAAN A) Tico ARSEORSCTOS eee
INSULAR. SCS? COSC QUE ORE IRD DODO DUAN TTC SEAC TIO 30 Cn" SHOSABCEDOS TE Cacho HOR Can ORR BOR erick 4 conker
SIA CIWOUALCCY, | cscaccocccse
Spotted fever of cattle,
PEMEULCES ale ssie's, isis) clk 's 0 fase niel 8 ietatecaivined
Forage poisoning of horses, .
NERC OUITD OM, plot foreie ohare cis s(siaiciacclo'e eiaiotern ios
TAOS VCHOIETAL Sante gs nes «sis :
Mange of horses,
Infectious abortion of cattle,

TIT OT OTOL GLO. Wats nc: aaivinls ore W arsrele's ole ta iterate Pintalaaie(ats w 9's°o «ov istalolaierere'e cce'sle
TAYRETCUIOSIS OF (CAtELES Fe o:.jai nines o1-s\5's via.aeroastoibiainiors
BE DET CUI TECSES yi is crete hie attiniciomtr7e 5701s, 5 sialon ateioraLe Te nisistorerns®
Appendix No.1: Directions for treating an abortive herd,
Appendix No. 2: Preliminary report upon forage poisoning of horses, ................«.-
Appendix No. 3: A pathology for forage poisoning of Horses, .........ecceeceeecceecctessees
Anpendix No, 4: “A ‘case. of bydrophobia with AULtOPSY, <.ceisce > cee vivo cs ceesbelioeve ric vsrabas
PENNYPACKER, HON. S. W. (Governor of Pennsylvania):
Address before annual meeting of State Board of Agriculture, 1904,.............00eeeeeeeee
PHILIPS, HON. T. J., Commercial fertilizers, their nature and use, .......... Sais aera keretoe
R.
RAVENEL, DR. M. P., A pathology for forage poisoning of horses, tet ee eae
RICHARDS, A. C., shall we plant trees visibly affected with crown gall? ................
ROBERTS, PROF. I. B., The responsibilities and duties of State Boards of Agriculture
SMO, CeEACHers (Of ASTICUIPUTEW <0 o\< cca oe s'e.0 a cleivieisieicisie fells tataiale ls elers nieicia'etg ais aie bisteleisyelsteraiee hie menisoee
RODGERS, MATTHEW, The relation of electric railroads, telegraph companies, etc.,
tonehe agricultural interests of the State, cic ccsccceiccenccisiewcnsis asics nictaisteisicrate safe siape tomtereislatatere
ROTHROCK, DR. J. T., Report of Committee on Meets POMS IGO 2 Were nite eem cries gantaswhens
epoca of Committee! on! forestry for 1903S oie cic cle wicics wien eis civiv oreicisie oi ied sie take e ainlere es aeels
8.
SCHAEFFER, DR. N. C., Address, annual meeting State Horticultural Association,
SEN cs ore Totes heey care ote mie 21a to. 6 enol arelajeiatslataWyateletaisicrals'atelelats/ejsin'cisie)sieroisisio'e a7 s\eleloinveld’ sium sivialsicinie oela eevee
SCHWARZ, HON. R. F., Market gardening and the marketing of produce,............. eee
Spe) Semin ev Lee CONStICULES pay COMMUTE LOTNC i cote cya' w(atarots\s\0)e/aTe\eleis/o\e/0\s)<!a/e s\e'aisisioisiaiere ee esis ane
SEXTON, HON. JASON, Report of Committee on legisiation for 1902, ...................0..
REMOTE Ot COnIMILLee ON wCEISIALION= LOM sass, (clecisieie.s cicieria}~ieeicialeicic\o = nie'e = » | «-21o eiaieforeus avaletnere oreerermiere
SNAVELY, H. C., Report of General Fruit Committee, annual meeting State Horticul-
tural Aissociation for 1902; ....0...6..00.00 Binlelelainie'e/a) sis wvelalatelaioteisie) efore sieleleta’ielelels ic)ateloinloleisi staves = en Tal ice tee
SLOUM We Hn.) NCR irIIb i SrOWEr Ss /SLEALESE CDCI, oe i0'- veis/omeisicle.e's vivloisisie vie vicivldas's «so cieulemaiate
SURFACE, PROF. H. A. (Economic Zoologist):
Report of, ..... noeaae ORS AOS EOHAC SRA CCHOARODA DIDO OOTOROO ATTA OUDEO nee fs: elavalnra’o tat p/cikie a(afac> olstsiny ieee
Presentueqiwipmene Gl. DIVISIONS: cece aneele -eieielels viele sce OS TROIDCOASROCURMAZREN GOODE pose obs s
GET ESPON GRICE pt cose ni ose cio cles rie ne 2 PPIs rsielere clot iste re solors yen cha rale <isiaiove. ave sic ave wfalarwa a: Merarnieye eater Ser ae emai
THVEStICATIONSEANG EXDEFITMCTES, co piectssices vislaisiclsisiele av vilc'e'asieroin u's cite se Sujal «)enalais'e/Slclsin ie obeletn iets stares
PROMISE LEGS) ATG COMCCLIGIISs 0 ciclo etets avs’ evntnisls’=sa)s/e:</s%sigre'si0's v-ala:ois orn io cisie'a: cies « eib'e.v axe o/ste ein a athe mara eters

Collection for St. Louis Exposition,
Summer collecting and investigating,

TS VEThA ee MMB ee tr. <p oR Godcotcoooe TCO Un CACnCSUEDSOREOMGUSOORG SOC Anenaron qaatemsc saeco
A review of Economic Zoology in Pennsylvania for 1903, ..........ccscecercasccseccecscecees
Reporte Of special ZOOIOPIeCAL features Urine 1903, \cjesiee conic secce owe cece ce vole enna cinne veces ae
Report of nursery inspection, .......... Betws cai Aipiatace dcatete aiovelnns'G eloleminis elolain + oases a eee ae te mine
Nursery inspection in Pennsylvania, ......... CARS GODOC CONDE DDOROCIAO TOM ee
PASE PORSIMITReTYINETIO IME CONSVINVALTILG ns «cio asia sista cla’s «:<joitie\s ec mole o/aiuinyerncslo/ale e-s's:¢inie'e'eleieie's elenlele ata
Meeting of State Nurserymen’s Association of Pennsylvania,
Report of Ornithologist for LOM) See cee roa's staat eae eee ears ott ci crete
Address, annual meeting Farmers’ Institute Managers, .........cceccsscccccsecesuvcccceecuce
Report of Ornithologist for 1903, ..............008 Baia apes ornve's alas p1='aala/e(ePaipiaiatetets a/ctetere acetate eee
What legislation for San José Scale? ........-..-+.5+- eielatmiaVe avasimin wYelminers, ata aie aleiwintete’ avs terdie cre oeeetee
Mle

RG Wels Bre ELON IN. wernt OMLLEY GLOL=DLOM Goss cieia sec craic suieuicwemubeev cs annmenn ne sweeten s occeeen

Reporte on Committees onepaultry, LOD 1908) sce. wscate inc cies sia(sinisids aiasae cinionise me seen m= paves eeeeine

DEANE, J. A., Cloverpast food: for TertiliZer.. cacicn cine vv scnchajenisicc Ce timtebels vescclesiscec

289°
640
221

952 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.
Vic
Passes
Van Deman, Prof. H. E., Recent horticultural introductions of merit, ...................... 764.
Ww.
WADSWORTH, DR: M! EB. Report of Geologist for 1902, 2. sits. -::ieciaterm cielo sie s/s(atnteieinieieitix/=/o/aistele 223
WALTZ, S. W. H., The apple CiONEN Zo CS onBEOSHeCOORCE GUL UDO OSHROURIBEAAD orn nMocsceshoudesosananc 466
WARREN, DR. B. H. (Dairy and ood Comimissiguen:
EUGTIORE + OL 5 Mictercsesatere erate evetese ose. ists ove Bie oiacaie efelararajatete ote ovaktyn atetecay cle layer efetata ole io faratarete ste lovasayeente esta tctaretnte: taittenettaret ts 64
SWVIOT COL) LPL VLSI CNN ey aretereyercreveca cic/ele cvcte nteveleverstararsyate,wyaveteisyeya/esieieiere = fe elisyafs 0\ folie eicselese/etelchel ol ielerei st atejelemeeietateteietate 64
PUTE) TOOGMICLISIACIONS, Wapetecstarevesns cre(cie noe lero c, e1cie bros win’efein eyoteveleje crcvejpiereievelaaiblatel elelo\siela\aie creietateletetotteetateneeat 66
NOOG, DPLESELVAELVIES! eleretavare ais oie. ciczess efaia\c elo 'e o,<1e sioletersiayalele.»loreieraelcls|<ictetavere al care syoratexe)=/evals(atele stelofepateletale sty tatetteme 66
XAMAININS CMS TL he STUD PLY stiles eleis nl ole eleletere « cleleievslel eteyelers'eis)sisvo(elaraia) <lalelelels,ofaiaiaieiaietstotefaitiovelatetesielefettteisl tetdiete 68 —
leas Ghoyelpbolerdelolsle sBdocuascoooOdoDUNEOUGDO SLU D Count addun cCODUuG oC otadoos co dabEnGoooGnCotsanancodestoos 68
VAN ANVSESTOL DECIR, cerajcierstetsicieis.celeletetale ciceyoletere orc. .2 Mite lae eretale le: 27e[0le1 faye oualererovelatsle\ a) aVeioteiciayelaletatniovelayeta canta aieteraat 69
isithesmMaybil Cbatet C asonoconppoondcooonboog soc ecaL JOO RUBS OD OOS BOSD ONBO DADO OD OAn Ibe CanuOOCs PEC SAOC 71
PlOleomarecarine and Tenovated DiUCbS rr ye cacy stnieleia = aielelel elas asetatetol=/alain(a\ere)olnlojoleleletnbetelcielatebateletetatetsieieta 12
Oleomarearine! in! (Charitable) inStilutiONs, i ste ~ cele «nse cjernjsleletn viein/esesela/aye 10/0) o/0/a\n/vle/uhuyelnloeleielele/= iets B
(Chavesiayeribaysl WEIWol Goa oacHonanoncuasdGoO nds soonee ab oonpeAnhoUue pong conobunodeccoondncodbassus oad Souy 74
S WAM emdite OMIM SV Lv TTS) se ceresciccicloverstere sieteterete 5 Clete’s yale late lalelelotelaiejsreaiaisteletareitessale}oleloieicfeleletcieielolcjettete eisiettetetatete “165
Analytical work, 75
SLE HHSS VEN fase Hap maya watetslensyole G56 Gonna nonode dude Cogn OdUC CBN eo cuocionocdsSo dots edogneoo sasG04555054275 76
Meats TC OSC Cm Cl RC IULE Sa ereteisbetaterststetaictsssiaie io clei oseyervie severe eteletelcle/=isterereie’s(ererstel ela ccetsleteters) sfete/steieievetclere]everctorers 76
ODJECtiomaPlS nS ul MWICSS avec ctetereteieteletetecclevcretestiete tera lela tereveielslotatataletetateeteteictetehetete/oeetetciay otereterabereyete arateYelo)e1t=/etateterae= 7
TIM PUTS OUU ESE aT i We CVCTIES severe etajeleieltevefehelalere/aictevs natelsrstovereletelerel sfofeisiste/etctecsValelstaipisielerercetsyaletaistelate sonata 78
1p bate ehelol aoroyok joybulleyiiele Anco noacocosnecHoducaupaconoEnoopodETonsbenpaccbacconagaonoocauddoDnoatde 80
LOC CLP USMOLs MD VALSL OM, we roceyayetvarelaloyotcieterslavcteroreveralalatevoioelerstalere evevalayete(atelaseseve cfevetavererarsvalvyal=isterets/eleiarelsieraltaielcietare tenets 84
MWZATSONE PROG? GEO! Ce The) silovand silaezeicrops: seme. caaacescctacesmecee scl eeeer en eeeeine 853
VATS PROM OR. is low plants fecdiramGdeSmOws eelstciecieireleiew ele eet ivlele[evets oreleilellaleleleieielnleketsioereiere 327
ADDIE T GUITUne Il PRenaSY Lye cmrerss<erstlsetetee ielelerorcletelele/s/sicialte e evetabste,c/elsinistaverehevelnicveroievelets/ siecle) otaveleteletercheteiet 724
Report of General Fruit Committee, annual meeting State Horticultural Association
LOPILIGSS ee sree ayereserasetonct ct estes eiste casa esis ote abe ateta ere otorsictote sisters ey tetectciatahsic (are sictststeretatal steve loyele cisin 8 onterereieraieietematers 775
WEIDNER, £f. A.,, Report of Committee on cereals! for’ L902, ce... icici: « stoi wie « lein ainie clstatetere/steletetaists 261
\MSHtMD es eR Ave. ON jadop vole Vale” Soeqoceasocqn soon addon laooopaooDUb On co ooSdcs0CpdnaonndoeDEsesdeS 644
5 =
VOUNGS: E: ‘Gash ruit Srowinge Statistics, Of MrlerCOUMC Ya yer cielceleleiciere vic lclclels slele wise cieicleletetetele facies 715

OFFICIAL DOCUMENT, No. 6.
INDEX BY SUBJECTS.
A. | ie}.
Page. Page.

Abortion of cows, ..... we elalelele olele(eruivleere ele lejeie., 120} Bacteria of the soil, uses of, ............ 329
Adulteration of foods, new methods of Barnyard manure, value of, and how to ‘

(nlyacyamveals - Sob qeuoseoopeeconoadtods netetee esiefets 65 MELAMINE we ietelslsictelsleietefetoleleie ctcieiaeisiaiqieve'sisieletelelerete 363
Adulteration of foods, tendency ito, ...... 65; Barnyard manure, average composition
Adulteration of cereal products, ........... 67 OL; Feleteteieraleleletosslclatels ete eleisieve’ejole)ele’«re/e,cisieleselelsietaloteretate 364
eAGUteration: Of MILK Joes cecwccses sce ciece 68| Barnyard manure, value of, depends on
Adulteration of malt and vinous liquors,.. 69 IIMS OL GAUSS, Fraiareie olalstnielelaeisie sietetcloiee= es. 365
Adulteration of lard, ................. Aoesoao 74| Barnyard manure, comparative composi-
Agriculture, a broader view of, ........... 644 tion of liquid and solid parts of,......... - 3866
Agriculture, the ‘Specialist in, ............. 646 | Barnyard manure, absorbent of, .......... 267
Agriculture, Department of, official list,. 1} Barnyard manure, losses of, ........... +.» 368
Agriculture, Department of, Report of the IB COT AGUILERA LLONS OL ctacietaicielstornleicistele sisistoreisiais 69

Peach Ua ara ctn le aio lela sa) sis /oleiniataelelaiaie sieiatsla ie slalars SUPBECL MALY SES) Ole, | teieiacieistelcloie(s'sicie/cleteletsisic a600 69
Agriculture, Department of, work of,..... GiltBees, habits: (Of5. scaecscicnseismie tejste ieieicie aareicters 514
Agriculture, Department of, publications Bees, diseases peculiar to, ...........e.see- 514

Qi Gkduondobadcdoandouads ph duspornocuusbusason 867 | Bees, management of, ..... Aodpaocouaroe ddocs 515
Agriculture in Pennsylvania, evidences of Black quarter, not so prevalent in State,. 105

APU EOVECROACING Hm ayeisisleje cisiciste(aleieisieipisveisiviereiels Deicicicte AN Botanist, Report (of, 19020 isis cise scisleecls 220
Agriculture in Pennsylvania, discouraging Botanist, “Report Of, 619085 oc < cissicieisicieiscicraias 587

POMAUITES OL, CME AVC, sac elses nlvve'ecwsisiecieicie ote Si MBronchiti smi pealviesercaieeierictercletetcieletslelisiens - 139
Agriculture in Pennsylvania, resume by Butter, dairy, making and selling fine,.... 445

BH GM SCCROLEIT Vp auctictecisiacisisiciciaiste/eie1sisieis)sisisiereleleyare 13) Buttery SellinewOl,, sacicveresiclectelsiac seiscsieeeieraets 450
Agriculture in Pennsylvania, statistics of, 266] Butter-making, feed for, ................+.. 446
Agricultural associations, helpfulness of, 11| Butter-making, ripening of the cream,.... 448
Agricultural societies, -.........- goonooacuss 56 | Butter-making, the churning, ............. 448
Agricultural societies, list of local and Butter-selline in’ VHrances, facies cleiceicecjcleccipeis 833

county fairs, with names, etc., of offi-

IO TSS eerfetotetc ys oie ietets} sat efalarere)=\aistotsic{stalsre1s:s]6 s/={ei=lateteis cists 57 |
Agricultural societies, list of local and (on

county fairs, with dates of, .............. 60
Alfalfaras’ 2 protein: fOOd, <. once eccct cases S26 Calves; bronchitis; in, <.cccsces ss ceneecseneen 139
PANTIEU DY SCSIOMMD EL Ean laiviciinie'c)-isic/sieiaie elticeieicie.siesie sieve 69" ‘Cattle, spotted dever in, a... <-eescee sesso. 105
PANAIVSES (Of FErtiliZers) << <cicisjse0sc00 nc s'siews ae 873) Cattle; tuberculosis’ of, joscsacceeescwentoone 125
Anthrax, where occurred in State, ...... 5 ai Cattle, tuberculosis of, history of, ...... 13
AMtOTAUE, VACCINATION LOL) So. <ccecneccecces 102 | Cattle, directions for treating an abortive
Anthrax, methods of disposing of carcass 16\=3 60 ba aS BROCE ACIGC ACD ATICOn AGRORGEEeChe nce 142

Dy SMNACLINMS ROL | qc clelelelsiclsiolereteloiere sieloiclolelalsiciaiare 108 | Cereals, Report of Committee on, 1902, .... 261
Apiary, Report of Committee on, .......... 518 | Cheese-making in France, ................0. 839
PENIS PC TA CLL Rainye (eels iciesclsislefereieistaterelels(ctels|s elefeisialeisinisic 865 | Cheese-making in France, Roquefort
PT DICS Me LOGUCELON: Ol n Weiciisieicle o/s)<a01e\elelsioie’ste's/s 233 CHEESES Wiase sceieisaisicletataniareisieteleinelnclncincieiee Geeta 839
Apple culture in Pennsylvania, ........... ‘A "Chemist, Report ore 1908) sasseseeseeseeeeee 590
Apple culture as a business, ............... 725 | Clover as a food and fertilizer, ......... eos §©=L
Apple culture, versus other tree fruits for Clover, experiments with, as a fertilizer, $28

OAS = SeposaocodS Home daddoboodoonarccoddcosen 725 | Clover, importance of, as a fertilizer,..... 324
Apple culture, procuring of trees,.......... fab iClover;, sfertilitys ins ccceeseeseeecee ee eeeee 324
Apple culture, varieties for commercial Glover: when to"Sows) sc dsesccceehose. cee eee. 825

ELITIORES Wa c)aiavaleicisiaie/elele/etelale saaoao peialsiseieiclelelsi« 727| Clover, when and how to sow on grain
FADDIGTONCDATG. “thE; coc ccccscessswciecivewecs ve 466 SEUDDIE). 4/5). asia ck ctalcteiele wel slate cere mee eee eee 349
Apple orchard, soil for, ..... oucagnogsanensed 468 | Corn, how to utilize to best advantage,... 694
- Apple orchard, location of, ............... 464,469’ | Corn, how to: cultivate, .0...cc..cccusscccee 695
Apple orchard, selecting trees for,..... eee | 402 Corn’ kinds of sseed> (on .c-msecineceneeieesciones 696
Apple orchard, when to plant, ............ 472\|\Gorn, feeding, valuevof, 2. accesses oseeeee eee 697
Apple orchard, distance apart to plant Corn, ‘advantages Ofiiencaccocceecnoeeneeeenes 699

EGE.) ainic;ctalelewfeisiertrelseedele (cise aeyeiete’ SOnHGOD see A021 COWS) @DOLtlon Of," scaceanne' Pe neitoscsots 120
Apple orchard, cultivation of, .............. At9)\\ Cows; milk: fever Of soeeesscecceecseoseesee Eo bal
Apple orchard, cultivation of, .............. 474 | Cow-pox, prevalence of, ..........e..se0s wee, | 215
Apple orchard, sunlight, for, ...... sietaieiatere 476 | Cow-pox, mature of disease of, ............ = mh

61 ( 953 )

964

Page.

Cow pea, the southern, its probable place

in the agriculture of the Middle States,
Cow pea, acclimatizing LSE fcieisiasie sie SO08008
Cow pea, supplementing the clover,
Cow pea, varieties of,
Country home, what constitutes a,
Country home, the model,
Crop, value of,
Crop report, tabulated, DE BESS RD sean

Dairy, the, how te make it succeed, .....
Dairy, food for the, ......-...... ojelsislateietereve e's
Dairying, twenty years’ experiences in,

Dairying, discussion on,

ee eee ry wee

Dairying in foreign COURTRICS Sa nieeien sess
Dairyinpwmien Krance: eusecesn sede see.
Dairy animal, the, feed, breed and care

Ole Me reisle eutepici ston cinco cee eeee nee te
Dairy business, statistics of CHEN fo corienne
Dairy cows, law governing inspection of,
Dairy interests, importance of pure water

DOD aesieisjelenancari eee ea ae eee nee mee
Dairy products, Report of Committee OU}.
Dairy and Food Division, Report of Com-

AMUISSIONCL A eit cater come cie ce dedonconacce
Dairy and Food Division, ene of,
Dairy and Food Division,

DUDIICHE Berane -tianaelcnatcceetne ee En:
Dairy and Food Division, analytical work

OF 9 Ngan cnn ddopao sero Gn TO GUC GE ae nop aee ee
Dairy and Food Division, State laboratory

a Pap brqadessosncnoemscadaddend snocsecss
Dairy and Food Division, monthly bulle-

INS POP cceetiecmicsleniee Aarne nfslelele /sjelesesaiaialeretelsie
Dairy and Food Division, receipts of,

J Nee BIE IRES ae Sedaccesancobecenbenc
Dairy and Food Division, aid given other

OreaniZationss Bomeceeseeecee ceemceer eee
Department of Agriculture, official list of,
Department of Agriculture, Report of Sec-

MEUALY 6 sates sloiasiclsieinicineisitelsaeeisoaseeni ae earPotas
Department of Agriculture, work of
Department of Agriculture, publications

OL Me alelelsl ane irdee eee eo oe ee
Deputy Secretary, Report of,
Distillers menains, sdriedsss.c easel o wee
Division of Dairy and Food, Report of,...
Division of Eeonomic Zoology, Report of,.
Division of Veterinary Science, Report of,

Economic Zoology, Report of Zoologist,...

Economic Zoology, review of, in Pennsyl-

TOME. Sqdandscocéane cccceee eis iernicisis miatelsYalutalsioteiste
Economic Zoology, report of special zoo-

Logical features) fOr Years cies csie (sialic) nci-
Electric railroads, ete., relation of, to

agricultural interests of State, ...........
Ensilage, feeding of, to beef cattle, ......

Mari, the; Ny S1ene Of, |) ..enacie cece sejeissicionte ¢
Farmer, the making of &, ..........cceseccs
ATMEL.) tHE SRUCCESSIUN | Mislecculs cist siscleaiiclice
Farmer, what constitutes a practical edu-

PL ULOM LOT CLO) aan cla ele isreid nie (aleisceistalnteie'sieisisfeleiersivia
Farmer, benefit of reading ide ENG aiacteiacstaree
Farmer, necessity to know art of writing,
Farmer, the man behind the plow, ........
IDREMET ICME SUCCESSLUL: Mo ccwecicuacecniverieutic

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

7
|

623
362

685
686

Off. Doe.

Page.

Farming, specialties he te ARE ea sees =

Farming, the importance of specialists in, 651

Farmer’s family, economy in feeding the, 621

Farmer’s family, what to eat and when,. 622
Farmer’s family, feeding of, discussion

OU eisieie «/'siniv'e vieleininisielcanieeeiaecinne tate cee ee 426
Farmers’ Alliance, officers and commit-

VOCS MOB To eiaicis)s cisi-lcraiseieln see se eee ere S500H 940
Farmers’ Institutes, Report of Director

OE fo nciaeeaniecsiateee hy mite eee cece cecesise 23
Farmers’ Institutes, work OLS aacierseets Aotic 23
Farmers’ Institutes, list of lecturers with

their subjects) -sasseee ee eee Gocrade mA
Farmers’ Institutes, summary of, ...... ate 49
Farmers’ Institutes, schedule of dates

ANd) PIACES; Mice saceiccen once eee 50
Farmers’ Institutes, proceedings, annual

meeting of managers and lecturers}... 303
Farmers’ Institutes, list of county chair-

MENS (OLS zs ctjatsrn ok soe eee beck eee ae Tee . 3805
Farmers’ Institutes, list of State speakers, 307
Farmers’ Institutes, program annual

meeting of, managers and lecturers, 308
Farmers’ Institutes, minutes of annual

meeting of managers and lecturers, 308
Farmers’ Institutes, two speakers or more

28} ee GUD OROOD Ob CG ABE DUCE AaB Tabi inbecicsase 486
Farmers’ Institutes, the use of the Ino

poard: Inh eaeeccscccte ais ace/siate(areielsisisioreise eens 487
Farmers’ Institutes, how to quiet a ~

Speaker Vcccsee wee cee ease ae aaltetetea tee 492
Feeding stuffs, digestible pounds in a ton, 321
Feeding stuffs, composition of, .......... 590
Feeding stuffs, standards OL, ara steryericemerets 856
Feeding stuffs for the dairy, ........ crelesiereye 857
Fertilizers, their nature and UREA Baoonnec 358
Fertilizers, Report of Committee on, 1903, 524
Fertilizer valuations for 1908, ............ - 873
Fertilizer ingredients, schedule of, ....... 888
Fertilizer analyses, Springs 19035 .pascemee 889
Fertilizer analyses, spring, summary of

analyses Made. sacs cae eee eae 891
Fertilizer analyses, average composition

OG nie aletale ewleloisitre siete oie Shela eee eet ee ene 893
Fertilizer analyses, fall, 1908, .:........-.. 896
Fertilizer analyses, fall, summary of, 898
Fertilizer manufacturers, list of, and

brands manufacturered, ..........ecee08 Ot a ths.)
Fertilization, shall we fertilize the land or

GEOD) a relelelsinisjslajoie. erin cele sisieieieteieissle valet eee ORE 755
HUSh eS CuLtuTer Ol, te.meeren eters cick eee 811
Floriculture, Report of Committee on, for

1902). -ciseecincrs aie taeaheiaecr tec arenes eee 263
Floriculture, Report of Committee on, for

AGOBS, icistesiciewiates caste Oe ae Reece eee ene 516
EMGOG preservatives; cliccsccesemecenceos sete 66
Forage poisoning, preliminary report on, . 145
Forage poisoning, a pathology for, ...... 148
Forage poisoning, symptoms of, ....... we. 149
Forage poisoning, pathological report of,.. 150
Forestry, Report of Committee on, for

LOO ZS JWars cisin:s ovelste merece trees ictacets dor ooconaGsencdn ot 244
Morestry;, DUTPOSeS! Of .. vccticeemee hoes 246
Morestry;,, laws relative to, <ceccccsesocsers 248
Forestry, Report of Committee on, for

90S FE cicierercteere falalatelatelafeteteteislsiaie/ssniutorerelele rele are lentes 609
Fruit, the growing of, in Pennsylvania, 233
Pruits of Pennsylvania, nce sneonenacoeene 240°
Bruits: injicold storage,” secs ucccecuccceneeee 803
Mruits,, keeping, of Os icaccheusiech enon ema 804
Fruits, experiments as to keeping quali-

LOS 5 =! rite scr sioleietv eleisiolelaluinicte ein icra pacedoeso0s «. =805
Fruits, temperature for stored, ........ «+» 806
Pruits;) packages fOr, <.sccs.ccesccciccdemenian 806
HMruits; disease of stor@d,, ccc. 0< oscencten en 807
Fruits, testing of stored, ..... Serctnale Meelets ss 808.

No. 6.

Fruit culture in Pennsylvania, general ob-
BETVATIONS, creesccecccccecceeseecs BOER ETIOO
Fruit culture, soil and location for,
Fruit culture, Report of Committee for
LO0A Mateenteaas Ora aaS nc oneaccnnnicts dNGCmhod aieleleve
Fruit culture in the State, .............++.
Fruit culture, relative to planting trees
affected with crown gall,

Fruit culture, what next,

Fruit culture, packages for fruit, .......
Fruit culture, pruning, fertilizing and
Dich Webel We eS BEG oto COODCEOUD COC TOGO ORE oon

Fruit culture, importance of pruning, ..

Fruit culture, fertilizing for, ..............

Fruit culture, thinning trees, ............. é

Fruit, growing of, for canning factories,
Fruit growing, the planting of an or-

CLICHE “CosgshsarnCenenne Badoucocdoodo™ Raeteaiceieters
Fruit growing, how to take care of trees,
Fruit growing, location of orchard, ..... 5
Fruit growing, statistics of Erie county,
Fruit growers greatest enemy, ..........
Fruit trees, spraying Of, ............ssseeeee
Fruit trees, twenty years’ reminiscences

PUYET ONS ic este stare estate clsia e sleieloisie/elieleletoiasvisic ic)aieeie
Fruit trees, crown gall in, :............ 30
Fruit treees and plants for beauty, .......
Fungicides for insects, ........ss..sssseeees

a,
Geologist, Report of, for 1902, .......... :
Ginseng, factS about, .......-.s.sseeesevees
Ginseng, market and price of, .......... -
Ginseng, cultivation of, ........+.+s+s+eees .
Glanders, extent Of, ....-...5.2.-c.ce0- oodn
Glanders, method of dealing with, ..... fs
Good roads, material for cost of, .........
Good roads, the new road law, ...... Rieter

Good roads, purpose of the new road law,
Good roads,
law,
Good roads, discussion of new road law,
Grange of Pennsylvania, officers and com-
mittees of,

provisions of the new road

Grape industry of Erie county, .............

Grape industry, law proposed for protec-

LOD VOL, | caicciesisiscnciviciccsivels «/s'e Brelareielslnisi aisle rcs cere
15h

Hay, best substitutes for, ........+---++++-

Hay, what to substitute for shortage of,
‘Health boards, powers and duties of, ....
Health boards, establishment of,
Health boards, number of, in State,
Health boards, work of, for 1903, ........-
Hog cholera, prevalence of,
Horses, preliminary report upon forage
poisoning of, ......... aso epapoedondde aauedda
Horses, a pathology for forage poisoning,
Horseshoeing, pathological and practical,
Horseshoeing, preparation of feet for, ....

Horseshoeing, errors in .......-..+..+- Seco
Horseshoeing, hot-fitting, ........+-.-seeeeee
Horticultural interests, Pennsylvania’s
duty to: Lts) oss Risimaiveinticla eleven e-s\eieiaele Siaieiere
Horticultural appropriations of various
MESES, are ccisiceiaescistclelecision eseinisle'a cinieieisislve selene

Horticultural introductions of merit, .....
Hydrophobia, a case with autopsy, ......

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

956
Page, Page.
Hygiene of the farm, sanitary regula-

238 HOWE) isesceur Gar cindiets secs 6cu e's v daw pi Made 423

PAL

252} - 115

564
TMpuTrey ALU RAs eres ccc cca nts spend ecanie wes 73

748) Insects, classeS Of, .....ccssccvecescecesores 398

748 | Insects, remedies for, ........seccccccecsces 399

786 | Insects, spraying fOr, ......sesceceescessores 400
Insecticides, ........ Coe aiics ote om ai hewal «diate 547

791| Institutes, farmers’, Report of Director

792 O Lom telssinvsieterers otaletston ciswibielare iaintateie = ACBOAET SOLOOTe! 23

794 | Institutes, farmers’, list of lecturers, etc., 24

795 | Institutes, farmers’, summary of, ..... nae 49

871 | Institutes, farmers’, schedule of dates,

, SEC Pan cimtotetatesicjeniosa inn nies eeeeioes sdocus aretolofaet exe Ba)

462 | Institutes, farmers’, proceedings of an-

462 nual meeting of managers and lecturers, 303

464 | Institutes, farmers’, list of county chair-

715 TTA OLS) Wareisisterefeisie sein tornniersl ise lalnielal sia: oin'aamccapiate 5

741 | Institutes, farmers, list of State speakers

400 OL eieramiayaisotolstetayelois mi slaisicisinteleieietaiate sioleleveisiere stele saew a OOT
Institutes, farmers’, minutes of annual

763 meeting of managers and lecturers, 311

797

810

399 L.

Lard, compound, adulteration of, ......... 74

Legislation, Report of Committee on, for
GU i terateicistere crelaiejesciete| sieietaiaveiats eteretsteleys nacaanobade 255

Legislation, Report of Committee on, for

Basie eI SOS op mescisin tecerines secren/scee RADOSE EBD HES weeceas #,bSL

800 | Lime and limestone of Pennsylvania, .... 618

801 | List of nurserymen in Pennsylvania, ...... 184

802 | List of publications of the Department,.. 867

991 Tist of fertilizer manufacturers, ......... 903

101] Live stock, Report of Committee on, for

563) 1902, ...... BAS SU BOC Hae poritigamonna Aconc seas, CR oee

657

658

660 M.

667 Mange of Horses, ........ccccsceneccnsccesncs 11$
Market gardening and the marketing of

939

produce, ...... SonabopacondgcaadaonacuoaDdouct 284

716 Market gardening, soil for, 284
Market gardening, how to market pro-

117 CUCE yn cence ce alas = 287
Malt, preparation of, 593
Milk, large production of, in State, ...... 88
Milk, importance of water for, ............. 96
Milk and its relation to health, ........... $7
Milk supply of France, .......ccseesceseces $36

355 | Mills fever Of COWS, ....cecceceeceeceeeeceees 121

407 | Mineralogist, Report of, for 1902, .......... 225

ae Mineralogist, Report of, for 1903, .......... 616

607

608 =

118 N.

145 Nursery inspection, report on, ...........+- 181
Nursery inspection in Pennsylvania, ..... 188

148 4 : -

412 Nurserymen in Pennsylvania, list of, 184

413 Nurserymen’s Association, meeting of, 190

415

420

Co}

719
Official Wst; cniciccccce cncc sie tiecier scwusiovis secs : 1

729 | Oleomargarine in charitable institutions, 78

7e4| Ornamentation of country homes, ....... 752

153 Ornithologist, Report of, for 1902, ....... 227

491 | Ornithologist, Report of, for 1903, ....... $11

Hyetene of the farmy -..c..---..--+0s cece

956

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE

Page.
Pp
Peach, evolution of the, ......... ndeooaae 742
Peat for LUT, « cecaeisceece wicisiewises(clewe/ecreisie isis 620
Pennsylvania Dairy Union, proceedings

Of}: Geieiesissiae s50b0u5 melalarntoteisietsisieteie pooonqbbecdann 813
Pennsylvania Dairy Union, officers of, .... 815
Pennsylvania Dairy Union, minutes and

papers of annual meeting, .............. 816
Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, offi-

eers and committees of, ........cc.ssece. a REN
Pennsylvania State Agricultural Society,

officers and committees of, ............. 942
Pennsylvania Live Stock Breeders’ Asso-

ciation, officers and committees of, 944
Pennsylvania State College, faculty of, .. 945
Pennsylvania Experiment Station, offi-

(iF GNI Gndgaseppaone doSbadcocoacumcaodacnpad 947
Plants, how they feed and grow, ....... 327
Plants, physical condition of soil for, .. 327
Plants humus: fOr, Fesiece sie aiclerelereiarsio Gackish 328
Plants, use of bacteria for, ...... acadnboos 329
Plants, agricultural, feeding powers and

NAPITS MOL sSOMES A acer icisesicts eieteiaeteintelolee Oatelere 440
Plants, amount of water ink \o....6.scesesse 341
Plants, elements in the make-up of, 359
Pomologist, Report of, for 1902, ......... 233
Pomologist, Report of, for 1908, ......... 536
Potatoes, how to raise a crop on limestone

BOD parc stayeretceretale:stereisseisve clejcfete'sin(a/ejetereletaisveles areiemsicfohs 296
Potatoes, easiest and most profitable way

LOSS LOW ai asec sien ere ogsbcaduosnnaccooudaabaone4o 386
Potatoes, influence of soil on, ........... - 886
Potatoes, when to plow for, ............0. 388
Potatoes, Cultivation lof, Jscenecewdocs sce cece 389
Potatoes; enemicsOteascaeecnenaaee ne caeae 390
Poultry efor’ “profit, waceacasecieiodencenencse 289
Poultry, sselection Of. accu-eeeesoceenocieneens 290
Poultry) LOO LOr Ay caceicmcatiesacccoeesccect 293
Poultry, breeding and feeding of, ......... 381
Poultry, Report of Committee on, for

LSB atarerereistaley eters steer mais ceimisielericcierans SHéopeo 640
POULT) DFCCGINE) OL; weemicieteietsisisicieiaicioe 642
IPoultryeDOusess, cr scl eletaicie ere onddonapoubenoobo 391
Poultry houses, dimensions, etc., - 893
Poultry houses, light and ventilation of, 394
Buremfood Verislation.) iiiccececiccsis cccsicne ss 5 66
Pure food laws, publicity of rareines . 78

i:
Rabies, laws relative to quarantining

CORSE arate sisleleners a}eiatareistape™a eialesavsioieletoisle oe ole Wowie etree 94
Rabies, the prevalence Of, .........s..ecee 107
Rabies, skepticism relative thereto, ....... 109
ELA DIES CAMISeS! Of. |< iociensic ses sieisieie cisielelaseisieienis 110
Rabies, muzzling of dogs, 111
Rabies, plan adopted in dealing with, 112
Report of the Secretary of Agriculture, 3
Report of the Deputy Secretary, ........... 23
Report of Dairy and Food Commissioner, 64
Report of the State Veterinarian, .......... 87
Report of the Economic Zoologist, ........ 159
Robin, the economic value of the, ...... 615

Ss.
Sanitarian, Report of, for 1902, ............ 211
Sanitarian, Report of, for 1903, ........... 604
Salty in eOnNSYLVAUIG, © Kawiascier.scsicn\oisicies siclsle 619
San Jose Scale, remedies for, ....... seraierenia 539
San Jose Scale, menace of the, ......... 0 539
San Jose Scale, legislation on, 542

Off. Doe.
Page.
San Jose Scale, methods for its destrue-
LOM ceetesteteisiecteelorelsincie iets bApoooscc Nscrelais peopel
San Jose Scale, fumigation for, .........5 22 BBO.
San Jose Scale, prevalence of, in State!’ . 2“hks
San Jose Scale, habits and life history 17
OL nc rsticocsuemdeie cae ee ee shin Spee
San Jose Scale, general treatment for, ... 5a
San Jose Scale, summer treatment of, ... 560
San Jose Scale, spraying outfit for, ...... - 561
San Jose Scale, life history of, and prac-
tical remedies\ for, .se.ceeseeesseeeteee tone BBR
San Jose Scale, reasons why so injurious, 567
San Jose Scale, how disseminated, ........ 568
San Jose Scale, remedies for, .......... BS 570
San Jose Scale, how and when to spray, 571
San Jose Scale, winter remedy for, ....... 571
San Jose Scale, discussion on remedies of, 578
San Jose Scale, what legislation for, .-.. 770
San Jose Scale, why so difficult to destroy, 1770
San Jose Scale, solution for destruction
Ofenciin ceistnanierete aja dlelote svete elcloiantelateietets 796
Sheep husbandry, foc... .0-smecisjeseets 455
Soil molstures, isciec <cielow cite seer 340
Soil moisture? Joss! in, <-sociceselieneiiee nes 343
Soil moisture, conservation of, 344
Soil bacteria, their use in agriculture, .... 329
Silo and! silage, Crops) (cece ssw cies gcwcac ase Soe
Silo; importance of the, ...c:....c.c0s ooeee Spe
Silage, feeding values of, ............2. olen OUD
Spotted fever of cattle, prevalence of, .... 105
State Board of Agriculture, proceedings of
annual meeting: 1908), cccccccwscctictes velesiee 193
State Board of Agriculture, members of,
DOOD Tatars isrciercleieterereloterevateter ieteiesieeromteeeeictees Ppeoo = ils
State Board of Agriculture, minutes of
annual! meeting, 1908; 2. -acecceneeeeaneet 201
State Board of Agriculture, Reports of
Specialists of the Board, 1903, ...... sineie(ae sale
State Board of Agriculture, Reports of
Committees, annual meeting, 1903, ...... 244
State Board of Agriculture, papers read
at annual meeting, 1903, {ict ccoeeeeeeeme 266
State Board of Agriculture, proceedings
of annual meeting, 1904, ....:........ fe 499
State Board of Agriculture, members of,
90S) <c:cis:sjstorsiele'delaiars crete oars stoi age elec SSE Rea 501
State Board of Agriculture, minutes of
annual meeting; 1904, + 5. cecmcsienemene ~c. 607
State Boards of Agriculture, responsibili-
ties and duties) Of; 2. <0... sneceasiellieecteeieee 266
State Horticultural Association, proceed-
ings of annual meeting, 1908, ........... « 703
State Horticultural Association, officers
ANG MEWMDELS MOL cee ce sejeiniesietereletete Maonoce ils,
State Horticultural Association, minutes
and papers of annual meeting, 1903, .... 710
State Horticultural Association, Report of
General Fruit Committee for 1902, ....... 729
State Horticultural Association, proceed-
ings of annual meeting, 1904, ............. 758
State Horticultural Association, minutes
of annual meeting, 1904, ................ 760
State Horticultural Association, Report of
General Fruit Committee, for 1908, ...... 775
State Live Stock Sanitary Board, work
OF, « eieretiovsleletoeinie elerete evarercrecianemtcreetercecie Shadeeee 87
State Live Stock Sanitary Board, work
Of, VADOLTA LON cee cece tclelctelerste esis sielewete 90
State Live Stock Sanitary Board, work
Of (DStHOLOGISE, Wremeie ccminsiccelleiatelactetecete Seeie ieee 92
State Live Stock Sanitary Board, expendi-
EUUPES) OL; cc lletcieie cleiciejeleisiele/e(ereiese Seicseaiee seteleteenes 98
State Live Stock Sanitary Board, laws
regulating mad dogs, .......-.+- sie erecleleeee 678
State Live Stock Sanitary Board, officers
of 938

No. 6.

Page.

At,

Jvbe: ulosis of cattle, law enacted rela-

T2Ve) 2 2MELOtOy) <cere caves scces aaieaiaelsih's«/s\c\e.a'
* aberculesis of cattle, losses from disease,
-ubercu'osis of cattle, inspection of herd,

Vv.

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